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List of Big Brother (U.S. TV series) episodes (2010-present)

List of Big Brother (U.S. TV series) episodes (2010-present)

vadde bharaa dee suchi (yuu.aiss. tii. vee. ladiwar) episode (2010-varatman)

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Center for Population Economics

Center for Population Economics The Center for Population Economics (or CPE) is a research center at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business. The work of the CPE is funded primarily by the U.S.'s National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health. Population Growth and Economic Development Introduction The relationship existing between population growth and economic development is one of the subject areas which scholars have explored extensively[1]. The current prediction from researchers is that, various high-income countries are likely to experience slow population growth. On the other hand, it is feared that population growth has always been a problem and will continue to be a challenge as long as people continue to depend on the limited natural resources available [2]. This will eventually affect long-term economic development. Population growth affects various aspects including international migration, population age structure, the size of the workforce and economic inequality. These factors are critical factors that determine economic growth of any nation. Additionally, they are also affected by economic depending on the number of people living in a particular country. The effects of population can be determined in terms of GDP and per capita output. One of the famous authors whose theory has been used in assessing economic growth is Thomas Malthus. According to the author population growth would at some point suppress living standards in the long term. In order to put the theory in to perspective, he used the quantity of fixed land[3]. If the population continues to grow and the people still uses the same amount of land, then the amount of resources consumed will definitely reduce. This will eventually lead to starvation, war and diseases. He further provided a solution for this problem by suggesting that, these adverse effects of population growth could only be avoided if the people could from moral restraint that is by restraining from having several children. At the time this assumption was being made, the author did not put in to consideration future technological developments that have been used in reducing infectious diseases and improve agricultural production. For this reason, the world population has continued to grow despite the fear that it would have depleted all the available resource[4]. However, from his point of view it is clear that population growth has potential detrimental to economic development and this has been the basis for formulation of international policies towards curbing excess population growth in different parts of the world especially in developing nations. Malthusian Theory According to Malthus, population growth at some point must collide with shrinking returns [5]. It is all about arithmetic food supply and exponential population where increase in population and food supply can be balanced through the establishment of positive checks and preventive measures[6]. Malthusian theory consists of various elements that have been put forward to help with further understanding of the relationship between population growth and economic development. Even though the theory tries to put different aspect of population growth and economic development in to perspective, it does not cover every factor as it did not consider the fact that technology could be used to improve food production and reduce prevalence of diseases around the world. i.               Preventive Checks The theory suggests that encouraging things like self-control, late marriage and simple living would be helpful in balancing food supply and population growth[7]. Balancing the relationship between population growth and economic development requires the establishment and implementation of policies and measures that improve living standards of the people. ii.             Positive Checks According to this theory, population control is left to nature as it has its own way of weeding population. When nature comes in to control population, it takes the population level back to a size where the available food supply can sustain it [8]. Nature controls population through earthquakes, famine, wars, flood and epidemics among others. The role of nature is to control population when it is beyond control y other measures that have been established.            iii          Population and Food Supply According to Malthusian theory, population growth takes place in a geometrical fashion. When population growth takes place, food supply decreases and this is always an indicator of more people depending on the same amount of resources[9]. It basically means that food supply will be diminishing due to strains put on the available resources. When population increases and the number resources available remains the same, it basically means will have to struggle to get food.             iv         Checks on Population Disequilibrium exists the rate at which population increase is higher than that of food supply. As a result, lack of enough food will cause deaths as there would be not enough food for people to survive on[10]. Coupling inadequate food supply with natural adversities of positive checks, at some point population will be reduced. The Optimum Theory of Population The theory focusses on establishing a relationship between creation of wealth and the size of the population [11]. Compared to Malthusian theory, optimum theory of population is more realistic. Optimum population suggests that, if the ideal population of a country id combined with necessary means and resources, the manufacturing industry will yield the most output or income per capita[12]. Other authors who have expanded on the theory have defined it differently. According to Robbins, the best population is that size that makes the most returns[13]. Carr-Saunders on the other hand define the theory as population which yields the most economic welfare[14]. Lastly, Dalton viewed it optimum theory as population which gives the most income per capita[15]. Considering all the definition that have been given by these authors, optimum population is basically an ideal population size which can achieve the most income per if the available resources are properly utilized. However, if the population increases or decreases below the ideal size, then the maximum returns will diminish [16]. According to this theory, in case population increase is followed by per capita income increase, then the country has low population. It therefore means that, it can still afford population increase until the optimum level. On the other hand, if decrease in per capita happens as a result of population increase then the country is overpopulated and there is need for population reduction in order to achieve maximum income per head. The Theory of Demographic Transition The theory in question has focused mainly on the real population trends of developed countries. In this theory, population development is a three-stage process which these countries go through. In the first phase of population growth, the death is high while birth is low hence low population growth. In the second phase, death decreases while birth remains the same. Due to this the rate of population growth increases [17]. However, in the last phase of population growth, death rates equals birth rates. This is as a result of a steady decline in the rate at which children are born. Unlike Malthusian theory, demographic transition has not dwelt on food supply and does not take opportunity to give population growth any negativity. Population Growth Population growth is characterized by both positive and negative impacts on economic development[18]. The rapid population growth is basically experienced in developing countries with an average increases of 2.2 percent annually while others record as high as 3 percent per year. The 1950s development economists were not keen on population control policies. Their major interests were on theories that could be used to dramatically raise total output by investing in crash programs. On the other hand, they partly believed that changes in the population growth could be controlled through values and social attitudes. However, the scholars and researchers have realized that population growth is a complicated matter and developing nations are even experiencing unwanted births. Different birth control strategies and policies have been implemented to curb population growth which have been successful in some nations while others are still grappling with this problem. However, there are numerous challenges associated with population control through birth control especially because of the attitude that people have on this strategy[19]. Population growth has complications of its own withstanding the fact that it can be exploited strategically to achieve economic development in every country. Balancing between population growth and economic development requires different strategies and policies supported by different agencies including national government. Different approaches have been presented to explain the relationship between population growth and economic development. Expansion of Domestic Industry The development of domestic industry depends on the amount of labor available in a country. For the manufacturing sector to expand, population growth is fundamental [20]. It is one of the sectors in the economy that draws in a lot of workers in any country. Labor force is fundamental in any economic development and nations require population growth for that. Just like manufacturing industry, agriculture sector is also dependent on population growth[21]. With most developing countries grappling with the reality of excess population growth, a number of issues are cropping up that needs to be dealt. For instance, the manufacturing industry would have siphoned some of the labor force but as population continues to increase, unemployment becomes a problem[22]. This means that at some point, there comes a need to either control population growth or find new ways of creating more jobs for the unemployed individuals. The aspect of population growth is complicated since in one hand it is good for economic growth while on the other hand its negative effects put strain on natural resources, social amenities and leads to environmental degradation [23]. The fact is manufacturing industry will definitely expand as a result of population growth but at the end of the day, when there is need for more resources, the community will struggle to survive due to straining that are put on available resources. Complications of Rapid Population Growth Rapid population growth comes with different complications. First of all, it leads to reduced investment. As a result of increased and rapid consumption of income, future investments becomes a challenge as there are not enough savings [24]. The second challenge that comes with increase in population is overuse of resources. An increase in the number of people depending on resources leads to overexploitation of resources. This s because, the demand for commodities increases and this requires manufacturing industry to source for raw materials hence overuse of resources[25]. Rapid population growth also comes with urbanization challenges. Planning for housing and provision of social amenities such as transport, water and water among others becomes difficult. It also leads to retarded income per in three different ways [26]. Firstly, it puts more pressure on of the increasing population on land. Additionally, it leads to inflation of consumption goods which results into a strain on family income. Furthermore, population increase affects income per capita as it declines capital accumulation as family expenses cannot allow the family to save more [27]. Such consequences are what causes a decline in the standard of living of the people in a country. This is because, if population increases and income does not increase, it means that standard of living have to decrease as the little amount earned has to be used in taking care of everybody[28]. Other complications of rapid population growth include unemployment, scarcity of social infrastructure, environmental damage and reduced investment. Conclusion Most countries around the world are struggling with the complications of increased population growth ranging from unemployment to scarcity of social amenities. These problems have persisted as population continues to increase [29]. Somehow, it seems like the measures and policies that have been implemented have failed in curbing population growth. Most developing countries are affected by the intensity of population and understanding their predicament through the theories of population growth is in no way helping their cases[30]. As a matter of fact, population growth is still expected in most parts of the world and this will continue to impact on economic development. However, in the same manner population growth affects economic development, it is the same way economic development can lead to increased population growth[31]. Favorable economic development makes it easier for population growth as services such as health care, food supply and other necessities are available. Population growth remains an important factor of economic development since resources cannot be utilized on their own without the input of human capital. References Ahmad, M., & Khan, R. E. A. (2019). Does demographic transition with human capital dynamics matter for economic growth? A dynamic panel data approach to GMM. "Social Indicators       Research", "142"(2), 753–772. Amundsen, E. S., & Skonhoft, A. (2022). "Impatience to Consume and Population Growth in a Simple Agrarian Economy" (No. 2022/01). IFRO Working Paper. Baldassare, M. (2020). The growth dilemma. In "The Growth Dilemma". University of California Press. Chen, X., & Fu, F. (2018). Social learning of prescribing behavior can promote population optimum of antibiotic use. "Frontiers in Physics", "6", 139. Dasgupta, P., & Beard, S. J. (2021). Optimum Population and Environmental Constraints–A Utilitarian Perspective3. "CLIMATE ETHICS", 193. Enflo, K. (2022). Measuring Social Welfare by Proximity to an Optimum Population. "Pacific Philosophical Quarterly". Geissdoerfer, M., Savaget, P., Bocken, N. M., & Hultink, E. J. (2017). The Circular Economy–A new sustainability paradigm?. "Journal of cleaner production", "143", 757-768. Hashmi, R., & Alam, K. (2019). Dynamic relationship among environmental regulation,  innovation, CO2 emissions, population, and economic growth in OECD countries: A panel investigation. "Journal of cleaner production", "231", 1100–1109. Prosekov, A. Y., & Ivanova, S. A. (2018). Food security: The challenge of the present. "Geoforum", "91", 73–77. King, J. E. (2019). Hugh Dalton (1887–1962). In "The Palgrave Companion to LSE Economics" (pp. 289–310). Palgrave Macmillan, London. Oladimeji, Y. U. (2017). Food production trend in Nigeria and Malthus theory of population: empirical evidence from rice production. "Nigerian Journal of Agriculture, Food and  Environment", "13"(1), 126–132. Okunolа, A. M., Nathaniel, S. P., & Festus, V. B. (2018). Revisiting population growth and food production nexus in Nigeria: an ARDL approach to cointegration. "Agricultural and Resource Economics: International Scientific E-Journal", "4"(1868-2019-383), 41–51. Riva, F., Ahlborg, H., Hartvigsson, E., Pachauri, S., & Colombo, E. (2018). Electricity access  and rural development: Review of complex socio-economic dynamics and causal diagrams for more appropriate energy modelling. "Energy for Sustainable   Development", "43", 203–223. Robbins, L., & Howson, S. (2018). "Lionel Robbins on the principles of economic analysis: the  1930s lectures". Routledge. Rukmana, D. (2018, March). Rapid urbanization and the need for sustainable transportation policies in Jakarta. In "IOP conference series: earth and environmental science" (Vol. 124, No. 1, p. 012017). IOP Publishing. Sakanko, M. A., & David, J. (2018). An Econometric Validation of Malthusian Theory:   Evidence in Nigeria. "Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi", "7"(1), 77–90. Smil, V. (2001). "Feeding the world: A challenge for the twenty-first century". MIT press. Unat, E. (2020). A review of Malthusian theory of population under the scope of human   capital. "FORCE: Focus on Research in Contemporary Economics", "1"(2), 132–147. ----[1] Geissdoerfer et al., 2017 [2] Smil, 2001 [3] Geissdoerfer et al., 2017 [4] Smil, 2001 [5] Unat, 2020 [6] Oladimeji, 2017 [7] Sakanko & David, 2018 [8] Oladimeji, 2017 [9] Unat, 2020 [10] Okunola et al., 2018 [11] Enflo, 2022 [12] Dasgupta & Beard, 2021 [13] Robbins & Howson, 2018 [14] Amundsen & Skonhoft, 2022 [15] King, 2019 [16] Chen & Fu, 2018 [17] Ahmad & Khan, 2019 [18] Riva et al., 2018 [19] Rive et al., 2018 [20] Hashmi & Alam, 2019 [21] Prosekov & Ivanova, 2018 [22] Hashmi & Alam, 2019 [23] Hashmi & Alam, 2019 [24] Rukmana, 2018 [25] Rukmana, 2018 [26] Baldassare, 2020 [27] Baldassare, 2020 [28] Rukmana, 2018 [29] Ahmad & Khan, 2019 [30] Enflo, 2020 [31] Hashmi & Alam, 2019

jonoxongkhya orthonitir kendro jonoxongkhya orthonitir kendro (baa chi. pi. ee.) hoise sikagu biswobidyaloyor booth skool owo bijnesor etaa gowexona kendro. chi. pi. ee.-ror kaamor baabe mulotoh eu. e.-ror dwara puji jugan dhora hoy.ess.'rastriyo swasthyo protisthanxomuhor boyox briddhir uporot rastriyo protisthan. jonoxongkhya briddhi aaru orthonoitik bikax porisoy jonoxongkhya briddhi aaru orthonoitik bikaxor maajot bidyoman xomporko hoise ponditxokole byapokbhabe onwexon koraa bixoixomuhor bhitorot etaa. gowexokxokolor bortomanor purbanumantu hoh "lo je, bibhinno uscho aay thoka dexe jonoxongkhya briddhir goti hraax puwar xombhawona aase. aanhate, axongka koraa hoise je jonoxongkhya briddhi xodayei ek xomosya hoi aahise aaru jetiyaloike manuhe upolobdho ximito prakritik xompodor uporot nirbhorxil hoi thaake tetiyaloike ee ek proityahban hoiyei thakibo. iyar folot owoxexot dirghomyadi orthonoitik unnoyonot probhab poribo. jonoxongkhya briddhiye antohrastriyo probrojon, jonoxongkhyar boyoxor gathoni, kormoxoktir aakar aaru orthonoitik boixomyoke dhori bibhinno dix probhabito kore. ei karokbur hoise jikunu dexor orthonoitik bikax nirdharon koraa guruttopurno kaarok. iyar uporiu, etaa nirdisto dexot baax koraa lukor xongkhyar uporot nirbhor kori teuluk orthonoitikbhabeu probhabito hoy. jonoxongkhyar probhab ji. di. pi. aaru jonomuri utpadonor bhittit nirdharon koribo paari. orthonoitik bikaxor mulyayon korat ji totwo byobohar koraa hoise xei bikhyat lekhokxokolor bhitorot ejon hoise thomas malthas. lekhokor mote jonoxongkhya briddhiye kunu etaa xomoyot dirghomyadi jiwan dharonor mandondo domon koribo. totwotu dristibhongir xoite rakhiboloi teu nirdisto bhumir poriman byobohar korisil [3]. jodi jonoxongkhya briddhi hoi thaake aaru manuhe etiyau eke porimanor bhumi byobohar kore, tente byobohar koraa xompodor poriman nischitbhabe hraax paab. iyar folot owoxexot onahar, juddho aaru rugor sristi hoh "bob. teu logote ei xomosyar xomadhanor baabe poramorxo disil je jonoxongkhya briddhir ei protikul probhawbur tetiyahe protirudh koribo paari jodihe jonoxadharone noitik niyontronor poraa orthat keibatau xontan jonmo diyar poraa niyontron koribo paare. ei onuman korar xomoyot, lekhokgorakiye xongkramok rug hraax koriboloi aaru krixi utpadon unnot korat byobohar koraa bhobisyotor projuktigot unnoyonor kotha bibesona koraa nasil. ei karonot, biswor jonoxongkhya briddhi hoiyei aase jodiu ee xokolu upolobdho xompod nixex koribo paare buli bhoy korisil. obosye, teur dristikunor poraa eitu sposto je jonoxongkhya briddhir orthonoitik bikaxor baabe kyotikarok huwar xombhawona aase aaru ee biswor bibhinno prantot bixexkoi unnoyonxil dexxomuhot otirikto jonoxongkhya briddhi niyontronor dixot antohrastriyo niti prostut korar aadhar hoi aahise. malthusian totwo malthasor mote, kunu etaa xomoyot jonoxongkhya briddhir xoite hraax puwa laabhor xoite xonghat hoh "bob lagibo [5]. eitu xokolu ganitik khadyo jugan aaru xusokiyo jonoxongkhyar bixoye zo 'too jonoxongkhya briddhi aaru khadyo juganor xontulitota itibasok porikhya aaru protirudhmulok byowostha protisthar joriyote sthapon koribo paari. malthusian totwot bibhinno upadan thaake jibur jonoxongkhya briddhi aaru orthonoitik bikaxor maajor xomporko odhik bujat xohay koriboloi aagborhuwa hoise. jodiu ei totwotuwe jonoxongkhya briddhi aaru orthonoitik bikaxor bibhinno dixok dristibhongire rakhiboloi chesta kore, tothapiu ee protitu kaarok xamori luwa naai kiyonu ee ei kothatu bibesona koraa nasil je khadyo utpadon unnot koriboloi aaru biswojuri rugor pradurbhab hraax koriboloi projukti byobohar koribo paari. moi. protirudhmulok porikhya ei totwotuwe poramorxo diye je aatmo-niyontron, derikoi bibah aaru xorol jiwan dharonor dore bixoixomuhok utxahito koratuwe khadyo jugan aaru jonoxongkhya briddhir maajot bharxamyo bojai rokhat xohayok hoh 'bob. jonoxongkhya briddhi aaru orthonoitik unnoyonor maajor xomporkor bharxamyo bojai rakhiboloi jonoxadharonor jiwan dharonor mandondo unnot koraa niti aaru byowostha protistha aaru rupayonor proyujon. 2. positive chek ei totwo onuxori, jonoxongkhya niyontron prokritir uporot eri diya hoy kiyonu iyar opotrino nirmanor nijoswo poddhoti aase. jetiya prokritiye jonoxongkhya niyontron korar kotha koy, tetiya ee jonoxongkhyar storok ene aakaroloi loi yaay zo 'too upolobdho khadyo juganoi iyak bojai rakhibo paare [8]. prokritiye bhumikompo, durbhikhyo, juddho, banpani aaru mohamarir joriyote jonoxongkhya niyontron kore. prokritir bhumika hoise jonoxongkhya niyontron koraa jetiya ee niyontronor bahirot thaake aaru onyanyo byowostha jibur protistha koraa hoise. 3. jonoxongkhya aaru khadyo jugan malthusian totwo onuxori, jonoxongkhya briddhi jyamitik dhorone hoy. jetiya jonoxongkhya briddhi hoy, khadyo jugan hraax paay aaru ee xoday eke porimanor xompodor uporot nirbhor kori odhik lukor ek xusok hoy [9]. iyar mool ortho hoise je upolobdho xompodor uporot saap porar baabe khadyo jugan hraax paab. jetiya jonoxongkhya briddhi hoy aaru upolobdho xompodor xongkhya ekei thaake, tetiya iyar mool ortho hoh "lo khadyo paboloi xonggram koribo lagibo. iv jonoxongkhya porikhya korok oxomota bidyoman ji haarot jonoxongkhya briddhi khadyo juganotkoi besi hoy. pholsworupe, porzapto khadyor obhabot mrityu hoh 'bob kaaron manuhor jiyai thakiboloi porzapto khadyo nathakibo [10]. oporzapto khadyo juganok itibasok porikhyar prakritik protikulotar xoite xongzug korile, kunu etaa xomoyot jonoxongkhya hraax paab. jonoxongkhyar xorbuttom totwo ei totwotuwe xompod sristi aaru jonoxongkhyar aakaror maajot xomporko sthaponor uporot gurutwo aarup kore [11]. malthusian totwor tulnat jonoxongkhyar xorbuttom totwo odhik bastobbadi. xorbuttom jonoxongkhyai poramorxo diye je, jodi ekhon dexor aai. di.-ror aadorxo jonoxongkhya proyujoniyo upay aaru xompodor xoite ekotrito hoy, tente utpadon udyugtuwe jonomuri xorbadhik utpadon baa uparjon prodan koribo [12]. totwotur uporot xomproxaron koraa aan lekhokxokole iyak beleg dhorone xongyayito korise. robinsor mote, xorbosrestho jonoxongkhya hoh 'lo xei aakar ji xorbadhik laabh kore [13]. aanhate ker-sondorse ei totwotuk jonoxongkhya hisape xongyayito korise jiye ataitkoi orthonoitik kolyan prodan kore [14]. xexot, daltone iyak xorbuttom totwo hisape jonoxongkhya hisape dekhisil jiye jonomuri xorbadhik uparjon prodan kore [15]. ei lekhokxokole diya xokolu xongya bibesona kori, xorbuttom jonoxongkhya mulotoh ek aadorxo jonoxongkhyar aakar ji upolobdho xompodxomuh xothikbhabe byobohar korile protitut xorbadhik uparjon laabh koribo paare. obosye, jodi jonoxongkhya aadorxo aakaror tolot briddhi baa hraax paay, tente xorbadhik laabh hraax paab [16]. ei totwo onuxori, jodi jonoxongkhya briddhir pisot jonomuri aay briddhi hoy, tente dexkhonor jonoxongkhya komm. xeyehe iyar ortho hoise je ee etiyau xorbuttom storoloike jonoxongkhya briddhir xamorthyo bohon koribo paare. aanhate, jonoxongkhya briddhir folot jodi jonomuri hraax hoy tente dexkhonor jonoxongkhya oti besi hoy aaru pro muror xorbadhik uparjon laabh koriboloi jonoxongkhya hraxor proyujon hoy. jonogathonigot poribortonor totwo prosnor xiddhantotuwe mulotoh unnot dexxomuhor prokrito jonoxongkhyar probonotar uporot gurutwo aarup korise. ei totwot, jonoxongkhya bikax hoise ekhon tini-porzayor prokriya jaar maajere ei dexbure paar hoy. jonoxongkhya briddhir prothom porzayot mrityur haar besi huwar biporite jonmor haar komm huwar baabe jonoxongkhya briddhi komm hoy. dwitiyo porzayot mrityu hraax paay aaru jonmo ekei thaake. iyar folot jonoxongkhya briddhir haar briddhi paay [17]. obosye, jonoxongkhya briddhir ontim porzayot mrityur haar jonmor haaror xoman. iyar kaaron hoise xontan jonmo huwar haar kromanwoye hraax puwa. malthusian totwor biporite, jonogathonigot poriworton khadyo juganor uporot gurutwo diya naai aaru jonoxongkhya briddhik kunu netibasokota diyar xujug luwa naai. jonoxongkhya briddhi jonoxongkhya briddhi orthonoitik unnoyonor uporot itibasok aaru netibasok duyuta probhawor dwara sinhito koraa hoy [18]. unnoyonxil dexxomuhot drut jonoxongkhya briddhi mulotoh barxik gorh 2.2 xotangxo briddhir xoite onubhob koraa hoy aanhate aanbure proti bosore 3 xotangxoloike uscho record kore. 1950-ror doxokor unnoyon orthonitibidxokol jonoxongkhya niyontron nitir proti aagrohi nasil. teulukor prodhan aagroh aasil xei totwoxomuhor uporot jiburok cress progremot biniyug kori natokiyobhabe muth utpadon briddhi koriboloi byobohar koribo paari. aanhate, teuluke angxikbhabe biswax korisil je jonoxongkhya briddhir poriworton mulyobudh aaru xamajik monubhawor joriyote niyontron koribo paari. obosye, pondito aaru gowexokxokole upolobdhi korise je jonoxongkhya briddhi ek jotil bixoy aaru unnoyonxil dexxomuhe aanoki obansito jonmor xonmukhin hoise. jonoxongkhya briddhi niyontronor baabe bibhinno jonmo niyontron kouxol aaru niti rupayan koraa hoise jibur kisuman dexot xofol hoise aanhate aanbure etiyau ei xomosyar xoite juji aase. obosye, jonmo niyontronor joriyote jonoxongkhya niyontronor xoite jorito oxongkhyo proityahban aase bixexkoi ei kouxolor uporot manuhor monubhabor baabe [19]. jonoxongkhya briddhir nijakoi jotilota aase ei kothatu maani soliboloi je iyak protikhon dexot orthonoitik unnoyon laabh koriboloi kouxolgotovabe xuxon koribo paari. jonoxongkhya briddhi aaru orthonoitik unnoyonor maajot bharxamyo bojai rakhiboloi rastriyo sorkaroke dhori bibhinno xongsthar dwara xomorthito bibhinno kouxol aaru nitir proyujon. jonoxongkhya briddhi aaru orthonoitik bikaxor maajor xomporko byakhya koriboloi bibhinno poddhoti uposthapon koraa hoise. ghoruwa udyugor xomproxaron ghoruwa udyugor bikax ekhon dexot upolobdho sromikor porimanor uporot nirbhor kore. utpadon khondor xomproxaronor baabe jonoxongkhya briddhi moulik [20]. ee orthonitir onyotomo khondo jiye jikunu dexot bohu sromikok aakorxon kore. jikunu orthonoitik unnoyonor baabe sromik xokti moulik aaru iyar baabe rastroxomuhok jonoxongkhya briddhir proyujon. utpadon udyugor dore krixi khondu jonoxongkhya briddhir uporot nirbhorxil [21]. besibhag unnoyonxil dexe otirikto jonoxongkhya briddhir bastobotar xoite juji thokar baabe, keibatau xomosya utthapon hoise jiburor mukabila korar proyujon. udahoronsworupe, utpadon udyugtuwe kisuman sromik xoktir opobyobohar korisil jodiu jonoxongkhya briddhi huwar loge loge, bekari ek xomosya hoi pore [22]. iyar ortho hoise je kunu etaa xomoyot jonoxongkhya briddhi niyontron koraa baa kormohin byoktixokolor baabe odhik sakori sristir notun upay bisari uliuwar proyujon hoy. jonoxongkhya briddhir dixtu jotil kiyonu efale ee orthonoitik bikaxor baabe bhaal aanhate aantu faale iyar netibasok probhabe prakritik xompod, xamajik xubidhar uporot saap pelay aaru poriwexor owonoti ghotay. prokritote jonoxongkhya briddhir pholsworupe utpadon udyug nischitbhabe xomproxarito hoh "bob kintu dinor xexot jetiya odhik xompodor proyujon hoy, tetiya upolobdho xompodor uporot saap diyar baabe xomprodaituwe jiyai thakiboloi xonggram koribo. drut jonoxongkhya briddhir jotilota drut jonoxongkhya briddhi bibhinno jotilotar xoite aahe. prothomote, iyar folot biniyug hraax paay. aayor briddhi aaru drut byoboharor pholsworupe, bhobisyotor biniyug ek proityahban hoi pore kiyonu porzapto xonchoy naai [24]. jonoxongkhya briddhir loge loge ohaa dwitiyo proityahbantu hoh "lo xompodor otyadhik byobohar. xompodor uporot nirbhor kori manuhor xongkhya briddhi huwar folot xompodor otyadhik xuxon hoy. iyar kaaron hoh "lo, xamogrir sahida briddhi paay aaru iyar baabe utpadon udyugok kesa xamogrir utxor proyujon hoy xeyehe xompodor otyadhik byobohar hoy [25]. drut jonoxongkhya briddhir logote nogorikoronor proityahbanu aahe. aawax aaru poribohon, paanee aaru panir dore xamajik xubidhar byowosthar baabe porikolpona koratu kothin hoi pore. iyar folot protibar tinita bhinno dhorone monda aay hoy [26]. prothomote, ee bhumir uporot bordhito jonoxongkhyar uporot odhik saap pelay. iyar uporiu, ee upobhug xamogrir mudrasfitir sristi kore jaar folot poriyalor uparjonor uporot saap pore. iyar uporiu, jonoxongkhya briddhiye jonomuri uparjonot probhab pelay kiyonu ee muldhonor xonchoyok hraax kore kiyonu poriyalor khorosxomuhe poriyalok odhik xonchoy koriboloi dibo nuware [27]. ene porinamor folot ekhon dexor jonoxadharonor jiwan dharonor mandondo hraax paay. iyar kaaron hoh "lo, jodi jonoxongkhya briddhi paay aaru uparjon briddhi nohoy, tente iyar ortho hoise je jiwan dharonor mandondo hraax hoh" bob lagibo kiyonu uparjon koraa xamanyo porimantu xokolure jotno lo "boloi byobohar koribo lagibo [28]. drut jonoxongkhya briddhir onyanyo jotilotaxomuhor bhitorot aase kormohinota, xamajik antohgathonir obhab, poriwexor khyoti aaru biniyug hraax. upoxonghar biswor besibhag dexei briddhi puwa jonoxongkhya briddhir jotilotar xoite juji aase, zo "too kormohinotar poraa aarombho kori xamajik xubidhar obhaboloike aase. jonoxongkhya briddhi obyahot thokar loge loge ei xomosyabur obyahot aase [29]. kunumote, ene lagise zen rupayan koraa podokhyep aaru nitixomuhe jonoxongkhya briddhi niyontron korat byortho hoise. besibhag unnoyonxil dex jonoxongkhyar tibrotar dwara probhabito hoy aaru jonoxongkhya briddhir totwor joriyote teulukor durdoxa buji puwatuwe kunu dhorone teulukor khetrot xohay nokore [30]. dorasolote, biswor besibhag ongxot jonoxongkhya briddhi etiyau aaxa koraa hoise aaru ee orthonoitik unnoyonor uporot probhab obyahot rakhibo. obosye, jonoxongkhya briddhiye orthonoitik bikaxot probhab peluwar dore, orthonoitik bikaxe jonoxongkhya briddhir dixoloiu loi jaabo paare [31]. swasthyoxewa, khadyo jugan aaru onyanyo proyujoniyo xewa upolobdho huwar baabe onukul orthonoitik bikaxe jonoxongkhya briddhir baabe xohoj kori tule. jonoxongkhya briddhi orthonoitik bikaxor ek guruttopurno kaarok hoiyei aase kiyonu manob muldhonor input obihone xompodbur nijakoi byobohar koribo nuwari. proxongoxomuh aahmed, em., & khaan, aar. ee. e. (2019). orthonoitik bikaxor baabe manob muldhonor gotixilotor xoite jonogathonigot poriworton guruttopurno neki? ji. em. em.-ror baabe etaa gotixil penel tothyo poddhoti. "xamajik xusok gowexona," "142" "(2), 753-772. amundsen, ee. ess., & sconhoft, e. (2022). "ek xorol krixi orthonitit grohon aaru jonoxongkhya briddhir baabe odhirota" (nohoy. 2022/01). aaifro 'working pepar. baldasare, em. (2020). bikaxor dwidha. bikaxor didhadwondo" too. university owo california press. chenn, ex., & Fu, f. (2018). aasoron nirdharon korar xamajik xikhyai jonoxongkhyar xorbuttom antibiotic byowoharok utxahito koribo paare. "podartho bigyanor xeema", "6", 139. daxgupto, pri., aaru daari, ess. je. (2021). xorbuttom jonoxongkhya aaru poriwexgot ximabodhota-ek upojugi dristibhongi 3. "jolobayu noitikota", 193. enflue, key. (2022). xorbuttom jonoxongkhyar usorot thokar dwara xomaj kolyanor porimap koraa. "proxanto mohaxagoriyo darxonik troimaxik". gaisdorfer, em., sabgate, pi., boken, eno. em., & hultink, ee. je. (2017). brittakar orthoniti-ek notun xusthirotar dristanto?. "journal owo cleaner production", "143", 757-768. haswami, aar., & aalom, key. (2019). poriwex niyontron, udbhawon, nirgomon, jonoxongkhya, aaru oh "kedi dexxomuhor orthonoitik bikaxor maajot gotixil xomporkoh ek penel todonto. "journal owo cleaner production", "" "233", "1100-1109. preskov, e. waai., & ivanuva, ess. e. (2018). khadyo xurokhyah bortomanor proityahban. "jiufram", "91", 73-77. roja, je. ee. (2019). hoog dalton (1887-1962). el. ess. ee. orthonitir pulgrave xohojugi" (pri. 289-310). pulgrave mcmillan, london. oladimeji, waai. eu. (2017). nigeriat khadyo utpadonor probonota aaru jonoxongkhyar malthas totwoh dhaan utpadonor poraa porikhyamulok proman. "nigerian journal owo agriculser, food endo environment," "13" "(1), 126-132. ukunula, e. em., nathaniel, ess. pi., & festus, bhi. bi. (2018). nigeriat jonoxongkhya briddhi aaru khadyo utpadonor xomporko punorikhyonoh ekotrikoronor baabe ek proxidho dristibhongi. "krixi aaru xompod orthonitih antohrastriyo boigyanik ee-journal", "4" "(1868-2019-383), 41-51. ribha, ef., aaholborgo, eis., heartvigson, ee., posouri, ess., & kolombu, ee. (2018). bidyutro prowexadhikar aaru gramyo unnoyonoh odhik upojukto xokti modelingor baabe jotil aarth-xamajik gotibidya aaru karongoto sitror porzaluchona. "bohonkhyom unnoyonor baabe xokti", "43", 203-223. robinos, el., & houson, ess. (2018). "orthonoitik bislexonor nitir uporot lionel robinsoh 1930-ror doxokor boktrita. rutlez. rukmana, di. (2018, march). drut nogorikoron aaru jakortat bohonkhyom poribohon nitir proyujoniyota. aai. oh". pi. xonmilon sringkholah prithibi aaru poriwex bigyan "(khondo. 124, naai. 1, pi. 12017). aai. oh '. pi. prokax. sakanoku, em. e., & david, je. (2018). malthusian totwor ek orthonitigot boidhota-nigeriat proman. "signifikanoh journal ilmu ik 'noo' mii," "7" "(1), 77-90. smile, bhi. (2001). "biswok khadyo jugan dhorah ekbingxo xotikar baabe ek proityahban. mitt press. unot, ee. (2020). manob muldhonor porixoror odhinot jonoxongkhyar malthusian totwor ek porzaluchona. "boloh xomoxamoyik orthonitir gowexonar uporot gurutwo diya," "1" "(2), 132-147. ----[1] gaisdorfer aaru onyanyo.2017 [2] haahi, 2001 [3] gaisdorfer ityadi.2017 [4] haahi, 2001 [5] unaat, 2020 [6] oladimeji, 2017 [7] sakanoku aaru david, 2018 [8] oladimeji, 2017 [9] unaat, 2020 [10] ukunula aaru onyanyo., 2018 [11] enflue, 2022 [12] daxgupto aaru daari, 2021 [13] robinos endo houson, 2018 [14] amundsen aaru sconhoft, 2022 [15] king, 2019 [16] chenn endo fu, 2018 [17] aahmed aaru khaan, 2019 [18] ribha aaru onyanyo., 2018 [19] ribh ett ol., 2018 [20] haswami aaru aalom, 2019 [21] godyokov aaru ivanuva, 2018 [22] haswami aaru aalom, 2019 [23] haswami aaru aalom, 2019 [24] rukmana, 2018 [25] rukmana, 2018 [26] baldasare, 2020 [27] baldasare, 2020 [28] rukmana, 2018 [29] aahmed aaru khaan, 2019 [30] enflue, 2020 [31] haswami aaru aalom, 2019

jonosongkha arthaniti kendra jonosongkha arthaniti kendra (baa cpe) holl shikago bishwobidyaloyer booth school off bijneser ekti gobeshona kendra. cpe-err kaaj prathomikbhabe eu dwara arthayan koraa hoy.esha.'jatiya swastho instituter bardhokyo somporkito jatiya institute. jonosongkha briddhi oo orthonoitik unnayan bhumika jonosongkha briddhi ebong orthonoitik unnoyoner modhye vidyaman somporko holl emon ekti vishay jaa ponditora byapokbhabe anusandhan korechen. gobeshokder bortoman bhabishyadwani holl jey, bivinno uchcho ayer deshguli jonosongkhar dheer briddhir obhiggota laav korte paare. onnodike, ashanka koraa hachche jey jonosongkha briddhi sabsamoi ekti samasya hoye dandiyeche ebong jotokkhon naa manush seemit prakritik sompoder upor nirbharshil thakbe totokkhon etty ekti challenge hisabe abyahoto thakbe. etty shesh porjonto dirghameyadi orthonoitik unnoyone prabhab felbe. jonosongkha briddhi antorjatik abhibasan, jonosongkhar boyoser kathamo, kormoshoktir akaar ebong orthonoitik baisamma soho bivinno dikke probhabito korey. eyi karonguli jey konao desher orthonoitik probriddhi nirdharan korey. uporontu, ekti nirdishto deshe bosobaskari manusher sankhyar upor nirbhar korey taaraa orthonoitikbhabeo probhabito hoy. jonosongkhar prabhab gdp ebong mathapichu utpadoner vittite nirdharan koraa jete paare. tommus malthus hollen seii bikhyato lekhokder modhye ekjon, jaander totto orthonoitik probriddhir mulyayane byabohrito hoyeche. lekhoker motey, jonosongkha briddhi dirghameyade jeebonjatrar manke eka porjaye domon korbe. tottotike drishtibhongite rakhar jonno, tini sthir jomir poriman byabohar korechilen [3]. jonosongkha briddhi abyahoto thakle ebong manush jodi ekoi poriman jommy byabohar korey, tahle sompoder poriman aboshyoi hrass paabe. etty shesh porjonto anahar, juddho ebong roger dike porichalito korbe. tini arow bollen, jonosongkha briddhir eyi birup prabhabguli tokhonyi edano jete paare jokhon manush noitik sangjam theke arthat ekadhik santan jonmo deoa theke biroto thakte paare. eyi anumanti jokhon koraa hachchilo, tokhon lekhok sangkramak roga hrass ebong krishi utpadoner unnotite byabohrito bhabishyater projuktigoto unnoyoner kotha bibechona korenni. eyi karone, bishwer jonosongkha briddhi abyahoto rekheche eyi ashanka sotteo jey etty samasta upolobdho sompodke hrass korbe [4]. tobey, taanr drishtikon theke etaa sposhto jey, jonosongkha briddhir foley orthonoitik unnoyoner jonno khotikor howar sombhabona royeche ebong ate bishwer bivinno ongshe, bishesh korey unnayanshil deshgulite, atirikto jonosongkha briddhi rodh korar jonno antorjatik neeti pranayaner vitti. malthusian totto malthuser motey, jonosongkha briddhi aboshyoi konao naa konao somoye sankuchito ayer saathe sangharsha korbe [5]. etty ganitik khaddo sarbaraha ebong suchakiya jonosongkhar bishoye jekhane jonosongkha briddhi ebong khaddo sorboraher bharsamyo bojay rakha jete paare itibachak porikkha ebong protirodhmulok byabostha protisthar madhyome [6]. malthusia totto bivinno upadan niye gothito jaa jonosongkha briddhi ebong orthonoitik unnoyoner modhye somporko arow bojhar jonno sahayata korar jonno saamone rakha hoyeche. jodio eyi tottoti jonosongkha briddhi ebong orthonoitik unnoyoner bivinno dikke drishtibhongite rakhar chesta korey, tobuo etty protiti vishayake antarbhukta korey naa kaaron etty eyi satyati bibechona korey naa jey prajuktiti khaddo utpadon unnoto korte ebong vishwajude roger pradurbhab hrass korte byabohar koraa jete paare. aaee. protirodhmulok porikkha tottoti poramorsho deyo jey atmo-niyantran, bilambito bibah ebong sorol jeebonjaponer moto vishaygulike utsahito koraa khaddo sarbaraha ebong jonosongkha briddhir bharsamyo bojay rakhte sahayak hobey. jonosongkha briddhi ebong orthonoitik unnoyoner modhye somporker bharsamyo bojay rakhte jonogoner jeebonjatrar maan unnoto korte neeti oo podokkheper protistha oo bastobayon prayojan. prayojan।. positive check eyi totto onusare, jonosongkha niyantran prokritir upor chhede deoa hoyeche kaaron err agacha tolar nijaswa poddhoti royeche. jokhon prokriti jonosongkha niyantraner kotha boley, tokhon etty jonosongkhar storke emon akare niye yaay jekhane upolobdho khaddo sarbaraha etike bojay rakhte paare [8]. prokriti bhumikampa, durbhikkho, juddho, bonna ebong mahamari soho anyanno bishoyer madhyome jonosongkha niyantran korey. prokritir bhumika holl jonosongkha niyantran koraa jokhon etty niyantraner baire ebong anyanno byabostha jaa protisthito hoyeche. 3. jonosongkha oo khaddo sarbaraha malthusian totto onusare, jonosongkha briddhi jyamitik poddhotite ghote. jokhon jonosongkha briddhi ghote, tokhon khaddo sarbaraha hrass paay ebong etty sarbada ekoi poriman sompoder upor nirbhar korey arow beshi loker ekti suchak [9]. err mool ortho holl, upolobdho sompoder upor chaaper karone khaddo sarbaraha hrass paabe. jokhon jonosongkha briddhi paay ebong upolobdho sompoder sankhya ekoi thaake, tokhon err mool ortho holl khaddo pawar jonno sangram korte hobey. 4 jonosongkhar upor nazardari asamata vidyaman jey haare jonosongkha briddhi khaddo sorboraher cheye beshi. falaswarup, porjapto khabarer abhabe mrityu ghotobe kaaron manusher benche thucker jonno porjapto khaddo thakbe naa [10]. aporjapto khaddo sorboraher sange itibachak porikkhar prakritik protikulotar sangjog ghotole, eka porjaye jonosongkha hrass paabe. jonosongkhar sarbottama totto eyi tottoti sompod srishti ebong jonosongkhar akarer modhye ekti somporko sthaponer upor drishti niboddho korey [11]. malthusia totter tulna, jonosongkhar sarbottama tottoti arow bastobsommoto. sarbottama jonosongkha theke bojha yaay jey, jodi ekti desher adarsha jonosongkha prayojaniya upay ebong sompoder saathe milit hoy, tahle utpadon shilp mathapichu sorbadhik utpadon baa aay korbe. anyanno lekhakra jaaraa eyi totter upor prosarito hoyechen taaraa etike bhinnobhabe sangyayita korechen. robbinser motey, sabcheye valo jonosongkha holl seii akaar jaa sabcheye beshi aay korey [13]. onnodike kyara-sanders eyi tottotike emon jonosongkha hisabe sangyayita korechen jaa sabcheye beshi orthonoitik kalyan pradan korey [14]. sobsheshe, dalton etike sarbottama totto hisabe jonosongkha hisabe dekhechilen jaa mathapichu sorbadhik aay deyo [15]. eyi lekhokder deoa samasta sangya bibechona korey, sarbottama jonosongkha mulat ekti adarsha jonosongkhar akaar jaa upolobdho sompod sathikbhabe byabohar koraa holey proti maase sorbadhik aay orjon korte paare. tobey, jonosongkha jodi adarsha akarer niche briddhi baa hrass paay, tobey sorbadhik aay hrass paabe [16]. eyi totto onusare, jonosongkha briddhir porr mathapichu aay briddhi holey deshe jonosongkha qama thaake. sutrang err ortho holl, etty ekhono sarbottama stor porjonto jonosongkha briddhir samortho rakhe. onnodike, jonosongkha briddhir foley mathapichu hrass peley deshti atirikto jonosongkhar hoye othe ebong mathapichu sorbochcho aay orjoner jonno jonosongkha hrass koraa prayojan. jonosongkhagoto rupantarer totto eyi tottoti mulat unnoto deshgulir prokrito jonosongkhar probonotar upor drishti niboddho koreche. eyi totto anujayi, jonosongkha unnayan ekti tinn-porjayer prokriya jaar modhyo diye eyi deshguli yaay. jonosongkha briddhir prothom porjaye mrityu beshi ebong jonmo qama howar karone jonosongkha briddhi qama hoy. dwitiya porjaye, mrityu hrass paay ebong jonmo ekoi thaake. err foley jonosongkha briddhir haar briddhi paay [17]. tobey, jonosongkha briddhir shesh porjaye, mrityur haar jonmo haarer soman. etty shishuder jonmer haar kromagoto hraser falaswarup. malthusia totter biporite, jonotatik rupantar khaddo sorboraher upor nirbhar korey naa ebong jonosongkha briddhike konao netibachokota deoar sujog neyo naa. jonosongkha briddhi jonosongkha briddhi orthonoitik unnoyoner upor itibachak ebong netibachak ubhoy prabhab dwara chinnito koraa hoy [18]. unnayanshil deshgulite druto jonosongkha briddhi mulat barshik gadey 2.2 shotangsho briddhi soho anubhuto hoy, onnora proti bochor 3 shotangsher moto record korey. 1950-err doshoker unnayan orthonitibidra jonosongkha niyantran nitite agrahi chhilen naa. taader prodhan agroho chhilo emon tottogulir upor jaa crash programe biniyog korey moat utpadon natokiyobhabe badate byabohar koraa jete paare. onnodike, taaraa angshikbhabe biswas koroto jey, jonosongkha briddhir poriborton mulyabodh oo samajik monovaber madhyome niyantran koraa jete paare. tobey, pondito oo gobeshokra bujhte perechen jey jonosongkha briddhi ekti jotil vishay ebong unnayanshil deshguli emonki abanchito jonmer sammukhin hachche. jonosongkha briddhi rodhe bivinno jonmo niyantran kaushal oo neeti bastobayito hoyeche jaa kichhu deshe sofol hoyeche, abar onnora ekhono eyi samasyar sange mokabila korche. tobey, jonmo niyantraner madhyome jonosongkha niyantraner saathe jukto asankhya challenge royeche biseshoto eyi kaushaler proti manusher monovaber karone [19]. jonosongkha briddhir nijaswa jotilota royeche eyi satyati meney chola jey protiti deshe orthonoitik unnayan orjoner jonno etike kousholgotobhabe kaaje lagano jete paare. jonosongkha briddhi ebong orthonoitik unnoyoner modhye bharsamyo bojay rakhte jatiya sarkar soho bivinno sangosthar dwara somorthito bivinno kaushal ebong neeti prayojan. jonosongkha briddhi ebong orthonoitik unnoyoner modhye somporko byakhya korar jonno bivinno poddhoti uposthapon koraa hoyeche. deshiya shilper samprasaran deshiya shilper bikash nirbhar korey ekti deshe upolobdho shromer porimaner upor. utpadon khettrer somprosaroner jonno jonosongkha briddhi moulik [20]. etty orthonitir onnotomo ekti khettro jaa jey konao deshe prachur shromikke akrishto korey. jey konao orthonoitik unnoyone shramshakti aporiharjo ebong err jonno deshgulir jonosongkha briddhir prayojan. utpadon shilper moto krishi khettroo jonosongkha briddhir upor nirbharshil. beshirbhag unnayanshil desh atirikto jonosongkha briddhir bastobotar sange ladai korche, besh koyekti samasya saamone asche jaa mokabela koraa darkar. udahoronsorup, utpadon shilp kichhu shromshoktike apobyobohar koroto kintu jonosongkha briddhi abyahoto thakay bekarotto ekti samasya hoye othe [22]. err ortho holl, eka porjaye jonosongkha briddhi niyantran koraa baa becker byaktider jonno arow kormosongsthan srishtir notun upay khunje berr koraa prayojan. jonosongkha briddhir dikti jotil kaaron ekodike etty orthonoitik probriddhir jonno vall, onnodike err netibachak prabhabguli prakritik sompod, samajik sujog-subidhar upor chup srishti korey ebong poribeshgoto abokkhoyer dike porichalito korey. bastobota holl, jonosongkha briddhir foley utpadon shilp aboshyoi prosarito hobey, kintu deane sheshe jokhon arow sompoder prayojan hobey, tokhon upolobdho sompoder upor chaaper karone sampradayti benche thucker jonno sangram korbe. druto jonosongkha briddhir jotilota druto jonosongkha briddhi bivinno jotilotar sange aase. prothomoto, err foley biniyog komey yaay. aay briddhi ebong druto byaboharer foley, bhabishyater biniyog ekti challenge hoye othe kaaron porjapto sanchaya nei [24]. jonosongkha briddhir sange sange dwitiya jey chyalenjti aase taa holl sompoder atirikto byabohar. sompoder upor nirbhar korey manusher sankhya briddhi sompoder atirikto shoshoner dike porichalito korey. kaaron, ponner chahida briddhi paay ebong err jonno utpadon shilpoke kanchamaler utso hotey hoy, taai sompoder atirikto byabohar [25]. druto jonosongkha briddhi nagarayaner chyalenjgulir sangeo aase. abason ebong anyanno samajik sujog-subidhar jemon poribohon, joll oo joler jonno parikalpana koraa kathin hoye porey. etty tinti vinno upaye proti ayer khettreo mondar dike porichalito korey [26]. prothomoto, etty jomir upor kromobordhoman jonosongkhar upor arow chup srishti korey. uporontu, etty bhog ponner mudrasfitir dike porichalito korey jaar foley paribarik ayer upor chup porey. uporontu, jonosongkha briddhi mathapichu ayke probhabito korey kaaron etty muldhan sanchaya hrass korey kaaron paribarik byoy poribarke arow beshi sanchaya korte deyo naa. eyi dharaner porinotir folei ekti desher manusher jeebonjatrar maan hrass paay. err kaaron holl, jodi jonosongkha briddhi paay ebong aay naa briddhi paay, taar maane holl jeebonjatrar maan hrass korte hobey kaaron arjito samanno poriman ortho protteker jotno neoar jonno byabohar korte hobey [28]. druto jonosongkha briddhir anyanno jotilotar modhye royeche bekarotto, samajik porikathamor abhab, poribeshgoto khoti ebong biniyog hrass. uposonghar bishwer beshirbhag desh bekarotto theke shuru korey samajik sujog-subidhar abhab porjonto bordhito jonosongkha briddhir jotilotar sange ladai korche. jonosongkha briddhi abyahoto thakay eyi samasyaguli abyahoto royeche [29]. konovabe, money hachche jey podokkhep ebong nitiguli bastobayito hoyeche taa jonosongkha briddhi rodhe byartho hoyeche. beshirbhag unnayanshil desh jonosongkhar tibrotar dwara probhabito hoy ebong jonosongkha briddhir totter madhyome taader durdosha bojha konovabei taader khettre sahajyo korey naa. prokritopokkhe, bishwer beshirbhag ongshe jonosongkha briddhi ekhono prottashito ebong etty orthonoitik unnoyoner upor prabhab abyahoto rakhbe. zaihok, jonosongkha briddhi jemon orthonoitik bikashke probhabito korey, temonyi orthonoitik unnayan jonosongkha briddhir dike porichalito korte paare. swasthoseba, khaddo sarbaraha ebong anyanno prayojaniya porishebar moto porishebaguli upolobdho howa anukul orthonoitik unnayan jonosongkha briddhir jonno sahaj korey toley. jonosongkha briddhi orthonoitik unnoyoner ekti guruttopurno kaaron hisabe roye geche kaaron manob muldhan biniyog chhada sampadguli nijerai byabohar koraa yaay naa. reference ahmed, emm., & khaan, arr. ee. ayee. (2019). orthonoitik probriddhir jonno manob muldhan gotishilotar sange jonotatik poriborton kii guruttopurno? zii. emm. emm-err jonno ekti gotishil panel detta poddhoti. "samajik suchak gobeshona," "142" "(2), 753-772. amundsen, ee. esha., & sconhoft, ayee. (2022). "ekti sadharan krishi orthonitite bhog ebong jonosongkha briddhir proti odhoirjota" (naa. 2022/01). ifro working pepper. baldasare, emm. (2020). briddhir dwidha. briddhir dwandwa". university off california presha. cheena, eksa., & phu, eff. (2018). acharan nirdharoner samajik shikkha jonosongkhar sarbottama antibiotic byaboharer prochar korte paare. "podarthobiggane seemana", "6", "139. dashgupta, pri., ebong dadi, esha. jeey. (2021). sarbottama jonosongkha ebong poribeshgoto simabaddhata-ekti upojogitamulok drishtibhongi 3. "jalbayu naitikata", 193. enflo, keey. (2022). sarbottama jonosongkhar kachakachi theke samajkalyan porimap koraa. "pacific darshonik troimasik. geisdorfer, emm., savagate, pri., boken, enn. emm., & hultink, ee. jeey. (2017). brittakar arthaniti-ekti notun sthayitter dristanto?. "journal off cleaner pradakashana", "143", 757-768. hashmi, arr., & alom, keey. (2019). poribeshgoto niyantran, udbhaban, nirgomon, jonosongkha ebong oo. ee. dii deshgulite orthonoitik briddhir modhye gotishil samparkah ekti panel todonto. "journal off cleaner pradakashana", "" "233", "1100-1109. prosekov, ayee. oyai., & ivanova, esha. ayee. (2018). khaddo nirapottah bortomaner challenge. "geophorum", "91", 73-77. raja, jeey. ee. (2019). hoog dalton (1887-1962). dya pulgrave companion too ell. esha. ee economics" (pri. 289-310). pulgrave mcmillan, london. olidimeji, oyai. eu. (2017). nigeria khaddo utpadoner probonota ebong jonosongkhar malthus tottoh dhaan utpadon theke obhiggotagoto proman. "nigerian journal off agriculture, food anned environment," "13" "(1), 126-132. okunola, ayee. emm., nathaniel, esha. pii., & festus, vee. bii. (2018). nigeria jonosongkha briddhi ebong khaddo utpadoner sangjog punorbibechonah ekikaraner ekti probol pontha. "krishi oo sompod orthonitih antorjatik boigyanik ee-journal", "4" "(1868-2019-383), 41-51. riva, eff., aholborg, eich., heartvigson, ee., pachauri, esha., & columbo, ee. (2018). bidyut sarbaraha ebong gramin unnayanah arow upojukto shaktir modelingyer jonno jotil arth-samajik gotishilota ebong karjokaron chitrer porjalochona. "teksoi unnoyoner jonno shakti", "43", 203-223. robbins, ell., & housen, esha. (2018). "orthonoitik bishleshoner nitigulir upor leonel robinsoh 1930-err doshoker boktrita. rutt. rukmana, dii. (2018, march). druto nagrayan ebong jakartai teksoi poribohon nitir prayojaniyata. iop sommelon sirijah arth anned environmental sayensa" (khondo. 124, naa. 1, pri. 1. 2017). aaee. oo. pii prokashona. sakanko, emm. ayee., & david, jeey. (2018). malthussia totter ekti orthonitike boidhota-nigeria proman. "significanh journal ilmu ikonami," "7" "(1), 77-90. smill, vee. (2001). "bishwoke khawanoh ekbingsho shatabdir jonno ekti challenge. mitt presha. unat, ee. (2020). manob muldhaner aota jonosongkhar malthusian totter ekti porjalochona. "boloh somosamoyik orthonitite gobeshonar upor focus korun," "1" "(2), 132-147. ----[1] geisdorfer ebong annannora.2017 [2] hassie, 2001 [3] geisdorfer ebong annannora.2017 [4] hassie, 2001 [5] unat, 2020 [6] olidimeji, 2017 [7] sakanko oo david, 2018 [8] olidimeji, 2017 [9] unat, 2020 [10] okunola ebong anyanno., 2018 [11] enflo, 2022 [12] dashgupta oo dadi, 2021 [13] robbins anned housen, 2018 [14] amundsen oo sconhoft, 2022 [15] king, 2019 [16] cheena anned phu, 2018 [17] ahmed oo khaan, 2019 [18] riva ebong anyanno., 2018 [19] ribha ebong anyanno., 2018 [20] hashmi oo alom, 2019 [21] goddokov oo ivanova, 2018 [22] hashmi oo alom, 2019 [23] hashmi oo alom, 2019 [24] rukmana, 2018 [25] rukmana, 2018 [26] baldasare, 2020 [27] baldasare, 2020 [28] rukmana, 2018 [29] ahmed oo khaan, 2019 [30] enflo, 2020 [31] hashmi oo alom, 2019

vastee arthshaastra maatenu kendra vastee arthshaastra maatenu kendra (athavaa see. pii. ee.) university off shikago booth school off business khaatenu aek sanshodhan kendra chhe. see. pii. ee. naa kaaryane mukhyatve yuu. aesa. dwara bhandol purun padvama aave chhe.aesa.'raashtriy aarogya sansthaona vruddhatva parnee raashtriy sanstha. vastee vrudhdhi aneey aarthik vikaas parichay vastee vrudhdhi aneey aarthik vikaas vachcheno sambandh aee aek vishhay chhe jenu vidhyanoae vyaapakpane sanshodhan karyoo chhe. sanshodhakoni vartmaan aagaahi aee chhe keey, viveedh uchch aavak dharaavtaa deshomaa vastee vrudhdhi dheemee thavaani sambhavna chhe. beejee taraf, aevo bhay chhe keey vastee vrudhdhi hammesha aek samasya rahee chhe aneey jyaan sudhee loko uplabdh maryadit koodarti sansadhno parr nirbhar rahe tyaan sudhee teey aek padkaar bunny raheshe. aaa aakhare laambaa gaalaana aarthik vikasne assar karashe. vastee vrudhdhi aantarrashtriy sthalaantar, vastee vaya maalakhu, kaarybalnu qada aneey aarthik asamanta saheet viveedh pasaone assar karey chhe. aaa pareebalo nirnayak pareebalo chhe jeey koipan raashtrani aarthik vrudhdhine nirdharit karey chhe. vadhumaa, teo koee chokkas deshmaa raheta lokonee sankhyana aadhare aarthik reete pann prabhaavit thaay chhe. vasteeni asaro jee. dii. pii. aneey mathadith utpadanna sandarbhma nakki curry shakaay chhe. thomas malthus aevaa prakhyaat lekhakomana aek chhe jemnaa siddhaantno upyog aarthik vikasnun mulyankan karvaa maate karvaamaa aavyo chhe. lekhaknaa janaavya anusaar vastee vrudhdhi laambaa gaade jivandhoranne amuk samaye dabavshe. siddhaantne pariprekshyamaa mukavaa maate, temane nishchit jameenna jaththaano upyog karyo [3]. jooe vastee satat vadhati raheshe aneey loko haju pann tetali jaj jameenno upyog karashe, too vapraashmaa levaata sansadhanonu pramaan chokkaspane ghatashe. aaa aakhare bhukhmaro, yuddh aneey rogo taraf doree jashe. temane vadhumaa soochavyu hatoo keey, vastee vrudhdhini aaa pratikool asarone tyaare jaj taalee shakaay chhe jyaare loko naiteek sanyamthi etale keey ghanaa baadako pedaa karvaathi atkavi shake. jyaare aaa dhaarnaa karvaamaa aavee rahee hatee, tyaare lekhake bhavishyanaa takneeki vikasne dhyanma leedha naa hataa jeno upyog chepee rogo ghatadva aneey krushee utpadanma sudhaaro karvaa maate karvaamaa aavyo chhe. aaa kaaranosar, vishwani vastimaa aaa bhay hovaa chhataa satat vadhaaro thato rahyo chhe keey tenaathi tamaam uplabdh sansadhno khatam thaee gayaa hashe [4]. jooe keey, temnaa drashtikonthi aee spasht chhe keey vastee vrudhdhi aarthik vikaas maate sambhaveet haanikaarak chhe aneey vishvanaa viveedh bhagoma, khaas kareene vikasshil deshomaa, vadhaaraani vastee vrudhdhine rokvaa maate aantarrashtriy niteeo ghadvaano aaa aadhaar rahyo chhe. malthusian siddhaant malthasna janaavya anusaar, vastee vrudhdhi amuk samaye ghatata valtar saathe takraavi jaj joiae [5]. teey maatra ankganeet khoraak purvatho aneey ghaataankiy vastee vishe chhe, jyaan vastimaa vadhaaro aneey khoraak purvathaane hakaaraatmak tapaas aneey nivaarak pagalaanni sthaapnaa dwara santulit curry shakaay chhe. malthusian siddhaantmaa viveedh tatvono samaavesh thaay chhe jeey vastee vrudhdhi aneey aarthik vikaas vachchena sambandhni vadhu samjanma madad karvaa maate aagad mukvaamaa aavyaa chhe. aaa siddhaant vastee vrudhdhi aneey aarthik vikasna viveedh pasaone pariprekshyamaa mukvaano prayaas karey chhe, tema chhataa teey darek pareebalne aavari leto nathee kaaran keey temaa aee hakeekatne dhyanma levaamaa aavee nathee keey khaadhy utpadanma sudhaaro karvaa aneey vishvbharma rogonaa prasaarne ghatadva maate takneekeeno upyog curry shakaay chhe. aaee. nivaarak tapaso aaa siddhaant soochave chhe keey aatm-niyantran, modaa lagna aneey saral jeevan jevee baabtone protsaahan aapvu aee khoraak purvatho aneey vastee vrudhdhine santulit karvaamaa madadarup thashe. vastee vrudhdhi aneey aarthik vikaas vachchena sambandhone santulit karvaa maate niteeo aneey pagalaanni sthaapnaa aneey amalikaran jaroori chhe jeey lokonaa jivandhoranmaa sudhaaro karey. II. positive check aaa siddhaant anusaar, vastee niyantran prakrutee parr chhodi devaamaa aavyu chhe kaaran keey tenee vastimaa nindanni potaani reet chhe. jyaare prakrutee vasteena niyantranni vaat karey chhe, tyaare teey vasteena starne teey qada parr laee jaay chhe jyaan uplabdh khaadhy purvatho tene takaavi shake chhe [8]. prakrutee bhookamp, dushkaal, yuddho, puur aneey rogchaalaa dwara vasteene niyantrit karey chhe. jyaare vastee niyantranni bahaar hoya tyaare aneey sthaapit karvaamaa aavela anya pagalaao parr niyantran rakhvani prakrutini bhoomika chhe. 3. vastee aneey khaadhy purvatho malthusian siddhaant anusaar, vastee vrudhdhi bhaumeetik reete thaay chhe. jyaare vastimaa vadhaaro thaay chhe, tyaare khaadhy purvatho ghate chhe aneey aaa hammesha samaan sansadhanona aadhare vadhu lokonaa soochak chhe [9]. teno mulbhoot arth aee chhe keey uplabdh sansadhno parr dabaanne kaarane khaadhy purvatho ghatashe. jyaare vastee vadhe chhe aneey uplabdh sansadhanoni sankhyaa samaan rahe chhe, tyaare teno mulbhoot arth aee chhe keey khoraak melavaa maate sangharsh karvo padashe. 4 vasteeni tapaas asantulan astitvamaa chhe, jeey darr parr vastimaa vadhaaro khoraak purvathaa karataa vadhaare chhe. parinaame, purtaa pramanma khoraaknaa abhaave mrutyu thashe kaaran keey loko maate tucky rahevaa maate purato khoraak nahee hoya [10]. apurtaa khaadhy purvathaane hakaaraatmak tapasni koodarti pratikultaao saathe jodvathi amuk samaye vastimaa ghataado thashe. vasteeno mahattam siddhaant aaa siddhaant sampattinaa sarjan aneey vasteena qada vachcheno sambandh sthaapit karvaa parr dhyaan kendrit karey chhe. malthusian siddhantni sarkhaamanimaa, vasteeno mahattam siddhaant vadhu vaastavik chhe. mahattam vastee soochave chhe keey, jooe koee deshnee aadarsh vastee jaroori saadhno aneey sansadhno saathe jodaay, too utpaadan udhyog mathadith sauthee vadhu utpaadan athavaa aavak aapshe [12]. anya lekhako keey jemane siddhaant parr vistaran karyoo chhe temane tene alag reete vyakhyayit karyoo chhe. robinsnaa janaavya anusaar, sauthee vadhu valtar [13] aapnaru qada sauthee vadhu vastee chhe. beejee taraf kaar-sonders aaa siddhaantne vastee tareeke vyakhyayit karey chhe jeey sauthee vadhu aarthik kalyan aape chhe [14]. chhelle, dalton tene mahattam siddhaant tareeke juae chhe jeey vastee chhe jeey mathadith sauthee vadhu aavak aape chhe [15]. aaa lekhako dwara aapvama aaveli tamaam vyakhyane dhyanma letaa, mahattam vastee mulbhoot reete aek aadarsh vasteenu qada chhe jeey uplabdh sansadhanono yogya reete upyog karvaamaa aave too sauthee vadhu aavak praapt curry shake chhe. jooe keey, jooe vastee aadarsh kadthee ochhi vadhe athavaa ghate, too mahattam valtar ghatashe [16]. aaa siddhaant anusaar, jooe vastimaa vadhaaro thaay aneey mathadith aavakma vadhaaro thaay, too deshnee vastee ochhi chhe. tethee teno arth aee chhe keey, teey haju pann mahattam star sudhee vastimaa vadhaaro curry shake chhe. beejee taraf, jooe vastee vadharana parinaame mathadith ghataado thaay too deshnee vastee vadhee jaay chhe aneey mathadith mahattam aavak haansal karvaa maate vastimaa ghataado karvaanee jaroor chhe. vastee vishhayak sankramanno siddhaant aaa siddhaant mukhyatve vikaseet deshoni vaastavik vasteena pravaaho parr kendrit chhe. aaa siddhaantmaa, vastee vikaas aee trana tabakkani prakriyaa chhe jemathi aaa desho pasaar thaay chhe. vastee vruddhinaa pratham tabakkama mrutyuaank uncho chhe jyaare janm ochho chhe tethee vastee vrudhdhi ochhi chhe. beeja tabakkama, mrutyu ghate chhe jyaare janm samaan rahe chhe. aaney kaarane vastee vruddhino darr vadhe chhe [17]. joke, vastee vruddhinaa chhella tabakkama mrutyudar janm darr jetalo jaj chhe. aaa baadakono janm thavaana darmaa satat ghatadanu parinam chhe. malthusian siddhantthi vipareet, vastee vishhayak sankraman khoraak purvathaa parr kendrit nathee aneey vastee vrudhdhine koee nakaratmakta aapvani taka letee nathee. vastee vrudhdhi vastee vrudhdhi aarthik vikaas parr hakaaraatmak aneey nakaaraatmak banne asaro dwara vargikrut thayel chhe [18]. vikasshil deshomaa zadpi vastee vrudhdhi mulbhoot reete vaarshik sarerash 2.2 takaana vadhaara saathe anubhavaay chhe jyaare anya deshomaa darr varshe 3 takaa jetalo uncho vadhaaro nondhaay chhe. 1950naa daykana vikaas arthshashtrio vastee niyantran niteeo maate utsuk nahota. temnaa mukhya heeto aevaa siddhaanto parr hataa jeno upyog crash prograamma rokaan kareene coole utpadanma natyatmak reete vadhaaro karvaa maate thaee shake chhe. beejee taraf, teo anshatah maantaa hataa keey vastee vrudhdhimaa ferfaarone moolyo aneey saamaajik valan dwara niyantrit curry shakaay chhe. jooe keey, vidhyano aneey sanshodhakone samajaayu chhe keey vastee vrudhdhi aek jatil baabat chhe aneey vikasshil desho anichchhaniy janmono pann anoobhav curry rahyaa chhe. vastee vrudhdhine ankushma raakhvaa maate viveedh janm niyantran vyooharachnaao aneey niteeo amalmaa mukvaamaa aavee chhe jeey ketlaak deshomaa safal rahee chhe jyaare anya haju pann aaa samasya saathe zazoomi rahyaa chhe. jooe keey, janm niyantran dwara vastee niyantran saathe sankalaayela asankhya padkaaro chhe, khaas kareene aaa vyooharachnaa parr lokonaa valanne kaarane [19]. vastee vrudhdhimaa tenee potaani jatiltao chhe, jeey aee hakeekatne sweekarine chhe keey darek deshmaa aarthik vikaas haansal karvaa maate teno vyuhaatmak reete upyog curry shakaay chhe. vastee vrudhdhi aneey aarthik vikaas vachche santulan maate raashtriy sarkaar saheet viveedh agencyo dwara samartheet viveedh vyooharachnaao aneey niteeoni jaroor padey chhe. vastee vrudhdhi aneey aarthik vikaas vachchena sambandhne samjavva maate viveedh abhigamo rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa chhe. sthaaneek udhyognu vistaran sthaaneek udhyogno vikaas deshmaa uplabdh majurni maatraa parr aadhaar raakhe chhe. utpaadan kshetrana vistaran maate vastee vrudhdhi mulbhoot chhe [20]. teey arthtantranaa aevaa kshetromaanu aek chhe jeey koipan deshmaa ghanaa kaamdaarone aakarshe chhe. koipan aarthik vikasma shrambal mulbhoot chhe aneey raashtrone tenaa maate vastee vrudhdhini jaroor chhe. utpaadan udhyogni jaim krushee kshetra pann vastee vrudhdhi parr nirbhar chhe [21]. motabhagna vikasshil desho vadhu padatee vastee vrudhdhini vastivakta saathe zazoomi rahyaa chhe, tyaare sankhyaabandh muddaao ubhaa thaee rahyaa chhe jeno ukel laavvaani jaroor chhe. dakhala tareeke, utpaadan udhyoge amuk shrambalni heraferi curry hashe parantu jaim jaim vastimaa vadhaaro thato jaay chhe tema tema berojgaaree aek samasya bunny jaay chhe [22]. aano arth aee chhe keey amuk samaye vastee vrudhdhine niyantrit karvaanee athavaa berojgaar vyakteeo maate vadhu nokareeo oobhi karvaanee navee reeto shodhvaani jaroor padey chhe. vastee vrudhdhinu paasu jatil chhe kaaran keey aek taraf teey aarthik vikaas maate saaru chhe jyaare beejee taraf tenee nakaaraatmak asaro koodarti sansadhno, saamaajik suveedhao parr dabaan laave chhe aneey paryaavaraniy adhpatan taraf doree jaay chhe. hakeekat aee chhe keey vastee vruddhinaa parinaame utpaadan udhyog chokkaspane vistrut thashe parantu divasnaa ante, jyaare vadhu sansadhanoni jaroor padashe, tyaare samudaay uplabdh sansadhno parr mukvaamaa aavtaa taanane kaarane tucky rahevaa maate sangharsh karashe. zadpi vastee vrudhdhini jatiltao zadpi vastee vrudhdhi viveedh gunchavano saathe aave chhe. sau pratham, teey rokaanmaa ghataado taraf doree jaay chhe. aavakna vadhata aneey zadpi vapraashne parinaame, bhavishyanaa rokaano aek padkaar bunny jaay chhe kaaran keey tyaan puratee bachat nathee [24]. vastimaa vadhaaro saathe beejo padkaar sansadhanona vadhu padata upyog saathe aave chhe. sansadhanona aadhare lokonee sankhyama vadhaaro sansadhanona vadhu padata shoshan taraf doree jaay chhe. aanun kaaran aee chhe keey, chijavastuoni maang vadhe chhe aneey aaa maate utpaadan udhyogne kaacha maalno srot banaavvaani jaroor padey chhe tethee sansadhanono vadhu padato upyog [25] thaay chhe. zadpi vastee vrudhdhi shaherikaranna padkaaro saathe pann aave chhe. aavaas maate aayojan aneey parivahan, paanee aneey paanee jevee saamaajik suveedhaoni jogvai karvee mushkel bunny jaay chhe. teey trana alag alag reete manda aavak taraf pann doree jaay chhe [26]. pratham, teey jameen parr vadhati vastee parr vadhu dabaan mooke chhe. vadhumaa, teey vapraash malsamanna fugavama pariname chhe, jenaa parinaame parivaarni aavak parr dabaan aave chhe. vadhumaa, vastimaa vadhaaro mathadith aavakne assar karey chhe kaaran keey teey moody sanchayma ghataado karey chhe kaaran keey paarivaarik kharch parivaarne vadhu bachat karvaanee manjuri aapee shakato nathee [27]. aavaa parinaamo jaj deshnaa lokonaa jivandhoranmaa ghatadanu kaaran baney chhe. aanun kaaran aee chhe keey, jooe vastee vadhe aneey aavakma vadhaaro naa thaay, too teno arth aee chhe keey jivandhoranmaa ghataado thavo joiae kaaran keey kamaayeli thodee rakamno upyog darekni sambhaal rakhvama karvo padashe [28]. zadpi vastee vrudhdhini anya gunchavanomaa berojgaaree, saamaajik maalkhaagat suveedhaoni achhat, paryaavaraniy nuksan aneey rokaanmaa ghataado saamel chhe. nishkarsh vishvanaa motabhagna desho berojgarithi maandine saamaajik suveedhaoni achhat sudhini vadhati vastee vrudhdhini jatiltao saame sangharsh curry rahyaa chhe. aaa samasyao chaalu rahee chhe kaaran keey vastimaa satat vadhaaro thaee rahyo chhe [29]. koik reete, aevu laage chhe keey jeey pagalaa aneey niteeo laagu karvaamaa aavee chhe teey vastee vrudhdhine rokvaamaa nishfal rahee chhe. motabhagna vikasshil desho vasteeni tivratathi prabhaavit chhe aneey vastee vrudhdhini siddhaanto dwara temnee durdasha samajvathi temnaa kesone koee reete madad malatee nathee [30]. hakeekatma, vishvanaa motabhagna bhagoma vastee vrudhdhi haju pann apekshit chhe aneey aanee assar aarthik vikaas parr chaalu raheshe. jooe keey, jeey reete vastee vrudhdhi aarthik vikasne assar karey chhe, teey jaj reete aarthik vikaas vastee vrudhdhi taraf doree shake chhe [31]. anookool aarthik vikaas vastee vrudhdhi maate saral banaave chhe kaaran keey aarogya sambhaal, khaadhy purvatho aneey anya jaruriyaato jevee sevaao uplabdh chhe. vastee vrudhdhi aee aarthik vikasnun aek mahatvapurn pareebal chhe kaaran keey manav mudeenaa rokaan vinaa sansadhanono upyog jaate curry shakaato nathee. sandarbho ahmed, aema., & khaan, aar. ee. aee. (2019). shun aarthik vikaas maate manav moody gatishilataa saathe vastee vishhayak parivartan mahatvanu chhe? jee. aema. aema. maate gatisheel penal detaa abhigam. "saamaajik soochkaanko sanshodhan," "142" "(2), 753-772". amundsen, ee. aesa., & sconhoft, aee. (2022). "saral krushee arthtantramaa vapraash aneey vastee vrudhdhi maate adhirai" (naa. 2022/01). iphro working papper. baldasare, aema. (2020). vrudhdhini munjhavan. vikaasnee munjhavan" maan. university off california presa. cheena, ex., & phu, aef. (2018). vartan suchavvaanu saamaajik shikshan antibioticna mahattam upyogne protsaahan aapee shake chhe. "bhautikshastrama seemaao", "6", 139. dasgupta, pii., aneey daadhi, aesa. jeey. (2021). mahattam vastee aneey paryaavaraniy avrodho-aek upyogitavadi pariprekshya 3. "aabohva naitikta", 193. enflo, keey. (2022). mahattam vasteeni nikatataa dwara saamaajik kalyannun maapan karavu. "paciphic philosophical trimasik". gisdorfer, aema., sevagate, pii., boken, aena. aema., & hultink, ee. jeey. (2017). paripatra arthtantra-aek navo takaaupanu daakhalo?. "journal off cleaner production", "143", 757-768 ". hashmi, aar., & aalam, keey. (2019). paryaavaraniy niyaman, naveenta, utsarjan, vastee aneey oo. ee. dii. deshomaa aarthik vrudhdhi vachche gatisheel sambandhah aek penal tapaas. "journal off clean utpaadan", "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" " gadhyakov, aee. vaay., & ivanova, aesa. aee. (2018). khaadhy surakshah vartmaanno padkaar. "geophorum", "91", 73-77. raajaa, jeey. ee. (2019). hugg dalton (1887-1962). aela. aesa. ee. arthshaastranaa palgrave saathee" (pru. 289-310). palgrave mcmillan, london. oladimeji, vaay. yuu. (2017). nigeriama khaadhy utpaadannu valan aneey vasteeno malthus siddhaantah chokhana utpadanmathi prayogmulak puraava. "nigerian journal off agriculture, food anned environment", "13" "(1), 126-132". okunola, aee. aema., nathaniel, aesa. pii., anned festus, vee. bii. (2018). nigeriama vastee vrudhdhi aneey khaadhy utpaadan jodanni samikshaah ekikaran maate aek utsaahi abhigam. "krushee aneey sansadhan arthshashtrah aantarrashtriy vaignanik ee-journal", "4" "(1868-2019-383), 41-51". rivaa, aef., ahlborg, aech., hartwigson, ee., pachauri, aesa., & kolambo, ee. (2018). vijadini pahonch aneey graameen vikaasah vadhu yogya urjaa modelling maate jatil saamaajik-aarthik gatishilataa aneey kaaranbhut aakrutioni samiksha. "takaau vikaas maate urjaa", "43", 203-223. robins, aela., aneey housen, aesa. (2018). "aarthik vishleshanna siddhaanto parr leonel robinsah 1930 naa daykana pravachno. ruut. rukmana, dii. (2018, march). zadpi shaherikaran aneey jakartama takaau parivahan niteeoni jaruriyaat. aaee. oo. pii. parishad shrenih pruthvi aneey paryaavaraniy vigyaan" (volume. 124, naa. 1, pii. 1. 2017). aaee. oo. pii. prakaashan. sakanko, aema. aee., & david, jeey. (2018). malthusian siddhaantnu arthshaastra manyataah nigeriama puraava. "significanah journal ilmu economy", "7" "(1), 77-90". smile, vee. (2001). "vishvane khavdavu aekveesmee sadee maate aek padkaar. aema. aaee. tii. presa karoo. unet, ee. (2020). manav mudeenaa avkaash hethal vasteena malthusian siddhantni samiksha. "balah samkalin arthshashtrama sanshodhan parr dhyaan kendrit karoo," "1" "(2), 132-147". ----[1] gisdorfer aneey anya.2017 [2] smile, 2001 [3] gisdorfer aneey anya.2017 [4] smile, 2001 [5] unet, 2020 [6] oladimeji, 2017 [7] sakanko anned david, 2018 [8] oladimeji, 2017 [9] unet, 2020 [10] okunola aneey anya.2018 [11] enflo, 2022 [12] dasgupta aneey daadhi, 2021 [13] robins anned housen, 2018 [14] amundsen anned sconhoft, 2022 [15] king, 2019 [16] cheena anned phu, 2018 [17] ahmed aneey khaan, 2019 [18] riva aneey anya.2018 [19] riva aneey anya.2018 [20] hashmi anned aalam, 2019 [21] gadhyakov aneey ivanova, 2018 [22] hashmi anned aalam, 2019 [23] hashmi anned aalam, 2019 [24] rukmana, 2018 [25] rukmana, 2018 [26] baldasare, 2020 [27] baldasare, 2020 [28] rukmana, 2018 [29] ahmed aneey khaan, 2019 [30] enflo, 2020 [31] hashmi anned aalam, 2019

jansankhya arthshastra kaa kendra jansankhya arthshastra kaa kendra (yaa see. pee. ee.) shikago vishvavidyalaya key booth school off business mein ack shodh kendra haye. see. pee. ee. key kaam koo mukhya roop seey yuu. dwara vitt poshit kiya jaataa haye.aiss.'rashtriya swaasthya sansthanon kii umr badhane parr rashtriya sansthaan. jansankhya vriddhi aur aarthik vikas parichay jansankhya vriddhi aur aarthik vikas key beach maujooda sambandh una vishay kshetron mein seey ack haye, jinka vidvaanon ney vyaapak roop seey anveshan kiya haye. shodhkartaon kii vartamaan bhavishyavani haye kii, vibhinn uchch aaya vaale deshon mein jansankhya vriddhi dheemi honey kii sambhavana haye. doosari or, yeh ashanka haye kii jansankhya vriddhi hamesha ack samasya rahee haye aur jaba taka loga upalabdh seemit praakritik sansadhanon parr nirbhar rahate hain, taba taka yeh ack chunauti bunny rahegi. yeh antatah deerghakaalik aarthik vikas koo prabhaavit karega. jansankhya vriddhi antarrashtriya pravaas, jansankhya ayu sanrachana, karyabal key aakar aur aarthik asamaanta sahit vibhinn pahaluon koo prabhaavit karati haye. yeye kaarak mahatvapurna kaarak hain joe kissy bhee rashtra key aarthik vikas koo nirdhaarit karate hain. isake alawa, way kissy vishesh desh mein rahane vaale logon kii sankhya key aadhar parr aarthik roop seey bhee prabhaavit hotey hain. jansankhya key prabhaavon koo jee. dee. pee. aur prati vyakti utpaadan key sandarbh mein nirdhaarit kiya jaa sakata haye. thomas malthus una prasiddh lekhakon mein seey ack hain jinake siddhant kaa upayog aarthik vikas kaa aaklan karane mein kiya gayaa haye. lekhak key anusaar jansankhya vriddhi kissy samay deerghakaalik jeevan star koo dabaa degi. siddhant koo pariprekshya mein rakhane key liye, unhone nishchit bhoomi kii matra kaa upayog kiya. yadi jansankhya badhati rahee aur loga abhee bhee utani hii bhoomi kaa upayog karate hain, tou sansadhanon kii khapat nishchit roop seey cumm hoe jaayegi. yeh antatah bhukhmari, yuddh aur beemariyon kaa kaaran banega. unhone aage yeh sujhaav dete hue iss samasya kaa samadhan pradaan kiya kii jansankhya vriddhi key inn pratikool prabhaavon seey tabhi bachaa jaa sakata haye jaba loga naitik sanyam seey butch sakein joe kii kaee bachche paida karane seey rokane key dwara haye. jiss samay yeh dhaarana banaai jaa rahee thee, lekhak ney bhavishya key takniki vikas parr vichaar naheen kiya, jiska upayog sankraamak rogon koo cumm karane aur krishi utpaadan mein sudhaar key liye kiya gayaa haye. iss kaaran seey, duniya kii aabaadi iss darr key bavjood badhati rahee haye kii yeh sabhi upalabdh sansadhanon koo samaapt curr dega. haalaanki, unake drishtikon seey yeh spasht haye kii jansankhya vriddhi aarthik vikas key liye hanikarak haye aur yeh duniya key vibhinn hisson mein vishesh roop seey vikaasheel deshon mein atirikt jansankhya vriddhi koo rokane kii disha mein antarrashtriya neetiyon key nirmaan kaa aadhar rhaa haye. malthusian siddhant malthus key anusaar, jansankhya vriddhi koo kissy bindu parr sikudate hue laabh key saath takrana chaahiye. yeh sub ankganitiya khaadya aapoorti aur ghaatiya jansankhya key baare mein haye jahan jansankhya mein vriddhi aur khaadya aapoorti koo sakaratmak jaanch aur nivaarak upaayon kii sthaapana key madhyam seey santulit kiya jaa sakata haye. malthusian siddhant mein vibhinn tatva shamil hain jinhen jansankhya vriddhi aur aarthik vikas key beach sambandhon kii aage kii samajh mein madad karane key liye aage rakhaa gayaa haye. bhale hii yeh siddhant jansankhya vriddhi aur aarthik vikas key vibhinn pahaluon koo pariprekshya mein rakhane kii koshish kartaa haye, lekin isamen harr kaarak shamil naheen haye kyonki yeh iss tathya parr vichaar naheen kartaa haye kii praudyogiki kaa upayog khaadya utpaadan mein sudhaar karane aur duniya bhar mein beemariyon key prasaar koo cumm karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. aaee. nivaarak jaanch siddhant seey pataa chalata haye kii aatm-niyantran, dair seey vivaah aur saral jeevan jaisi cheejon koo protsaahit karna khaadya aapoorti aur jansankhya vriddhi koo santulit karane mein sahayak hoga. jansankhya vriddhi aur aarthik vikas key beach sambandhon koo santulit karane key liye neetiyon aur upaayon kii sthaapana aur karyanvayan kii aavashyakta hoti haye joe logon key jeevan star mein sudhaar karate hain. II. sakaratmak jaanch iss siddhant key anusaar, jansankhya niyantran prakriti parr chhod diyaa gayaa haye kyonki iska niraai aabaadi kaa apana tarika haye. jaba prakriti jansankhya koo niyantrit karane key liye aatee haye, tou yeh jansankhya key star koo usa aakar mein vaapas leey jaati haye jahan upalabdh khaadya aapoorti ise banaae rakh sakati haye. prakriti bhookamp, akaal, yuddh, baadh aur mahamari key madhyam seey jansankhya koo niyantrit karati haye. prakriti kii bhoomika jansankhya koo niyantrit karna haye jaba yeh niyantran seey baahar haye aur anya upaay joe sthaapit kiye gaye hain. jansankhya aur khaadya aapoorti malthusian siddhant key anusaar, jansankhya vriddhi jyaamitiya tareeke seey hoti haye. jaba jansankhya vriddhi hoti haye, tou khaadya aapoorti cumm hoe jaati haye aur yeh hamesha sansadhanon kii samaan matra key aadhar parr adhik logon kaa ack sanketak hotaa haye. iska mool roop seey matlab haye kii upalabdh sansadhanon parr dabaav key kaaran khaadya aapoorti cumm hoe jaayegi. jaba jansankhya badhati haye aur upalabdh sansadhanon kii sankhya samaan rahati haye, tou iska mool roop seey matlab haye kii bhojan praapt karane key liye sangharsh karna hoga. iv jansankhya kii jaanch asantulan vaha darr haye jiss parr jansankhya vriddhi khaadya aapoorti kii tulanaa mein adhik haye. natijatan, paryaapt bhojan kii kamee seey mautein hongi kyonki logon key jeevit rahane key liye paryaapt bhojan naheen hoga [10]. aparyaapt khaadya aapoorti koo sakaratmak jaanch kii praakritik pratikultaon key saath jodkar, kuchh bindu parr jansankhya cumm hoe jaayegi. jansankhya kaa ishtatam siddhant yeh siddhant dhana key nirmaan aur jansankhya key aakar key beach sambandh sthaapit karane parr kendrit haye. malthusian siddhant kii tulanaa mein, jansankhya kaa ishtatam siddhant adhik yathaarthvaadi haye. ishtatam jansankhya seey pataa chalata haye kii yadi kissy desh kii aadarsh jansankhya koo aavashyak sadhanon aur sansadhanon key saath jodaa jaataa haye, tou vinirmaan udyog prati vyakti sabse adhik utpaadan yaa aaya dega. anya lekhak jinhone siddhant kaa vistaar kiya haye, unhone ise alag tarah seey paribhaashit kiya haye. robbin key anusaar, sabse achchi aabaadi vaha aakar haye joe sabse adhik laabh [13] detaa haye. doosari or kaar-sonders iss siddhant koo jansankhya key roop mein paribhaashit karate hain joe sabse adhik aarthik kalyan pradaan kartaa haye [14]. anta mein, dalton ney ise ishtatam siddhant key roop mein dekhaa joe prati vyakti sabse adhik aaya detaa haye [15]. inn lekhakon dwara dee gaee sabhi paribhashaon koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue, ishtatam jansankhya mool roop seey ack aadarsh jansankhya aakar haye joe upalabdh sansadhanon kaa uchit upayog karane parr prati aaya praapt curr sakati haye. haalaanki, yadi jansankhya aadarsh aakar seey cumm hoe jaati haye yaa badhati haye, tou adhikatam laabh cumm hoe jaayega [16]. iss siddhant key anusaar, yadi jansankhya vriddhi key baad prati vyakti aaya mein vriddhi hoti haye, tou desh kii jansankhya cumm haye. isaliye iska matlab haye kii yeh abhee bhee ishtatam star taka jansankhya vriddhi kaa kharch uthaa sakata haye. doosari or, yadi jansankhya vriddhi key parinamswarup prati vyakti mein kamee aatee haye tou desh kii jansankhya adhik haye aur prati vyakti adhikatam aaya praapt karane key liye jansankhya mein kamee kii aavashyakta haye. jansankhyikiya sankraman kaa siddhant vicharadhin siddhant ney mukhya roop seey vikasit deshon kii vaastavik jansankhya key rujhaanon parr dhyaan kendrit kiya haye. iss siddhant mein, jansankhya vikas ack teen-charaniya prakriya haye jisase yeye desh gujarate hain. jansankhya vriddhi key pahale charan mein mrityu darr adhik hoti haye jabaki janm darr cumm hoti haye isaliye jansankhya vriddhi cumm hoti haye. dusare charan mein, mrityu cumm hoe jaati haye jabaki janm samaan rahata haye. isake kaaran jansankhya vriddhi kii darr badh jaati haye [17]. haalaanki, jansankhya vriddhi key antim charan mein, mrityu darr janm darr key barabar hoti haye. yeh bachchon key janm kii darr mein lagaatar girawat kaa parinam haye. malthusian siddhant key vipareet, jansankhyikiya sankraman khaadya aapoorti parr kendrit naheen haye aur jansankhya vriddhi koo koee nakaratmakta dene kaa avsar naheen letaa haye. jansankhya vriddhi jansankhya vriddhi kii visheshta aarthik vikas parr sakaratmak aur nakaratmak donon prabhaav hain [18]. vikaasheel deshon mein mool roop seey teji seey jansankhya vriddhi kaa anubhav kiya jaataa haye, jisamen salana ausatan 2.2 pratishat kii vriddhi hoti haye, jabaki anya mein prati varsh 3 pratishat kii uchch vriddhi darj kii jaati haye. 1950 key dashak key vikas arthashastri jansankhya niyantran neetiyon key prati utsuk naheen they. unake pramukh hita una siddhanton parr they jinka upayog crashes karyakramon mein nivesh karke kull utpaadan koo naatakiya roop seey badhaane key liye kiya jaa sakata thaa. doosari or, unakaa aanshik roop seey maanana thaa kii jansankhya vriddhi mein parivartan koo moolyon aur samajik drishtikon key madhyam seey niyantrit kiya jaa sakata haye. haalaanki, vidvaanon aur shodhkartaon ney mahsoos kiya haye kii jansankhya vriddhi ack jatil mamla haye aur vikaasheel rashtra avaanchhit janmon kaa bhee anubhav curr rahey hain. jansankhya vriddhi koo rokane key liye vibhinn janm niyantran ranneetiyon aur neetiyon koo lagu kiya gayaa haye joe kuchh deshon mein safal rahee hain jabaki anya abhee bhee iss samasya seey joojh rahey hain. haalaanki, janm niyantran key madhyam seey jansankhya niyantran seey judee kaee chunautiyon hain, vishesh roop seey iss ranneeti parr logon key ravaiye key kaaran [19]. jansankhya vriddhi kii apani jatilataaen hain iss tathya koo sweekaar karate hue kii iska upayog harr desh mein aarthik vikas praapt karane key liye ranneetik roop seey kiya jaa sakata haye. jansankhya vriddhi aur aarthik vikas key beach santulan key liye rashtriya sarkaar sahit vibhinn agencies dwara samarthit vibhinn ranneetiyon aur neetiyon kii aavashyakta hoti haye. jansankhya vriddhi aur aarthik vikas key beach sambandhon koo samajhaane key liye vibhinn drishtikon prastut kiye gaye hain. gharelu udyog kaa vistaar gharelu udyog kaa vikas kissy desh mein upalabdh shram kii matra parr nirbhar kartaa haye. vinirmaan kshetra key vistaar key liye jansankhya vriddhi maulik haye [20]. yeh arthavyavastha key una kshetron mein seey ack haye joe kissy bhee desh mein bahut saare shramikon koo aakarshit kartaa haye. kissy bhee aarthik vikas mein shram bull maulik haye aur rashtron koo isake liye jansankhya vriddhi kii aavashyakta hoti haye. vinirmaan udyog kii tarah, krishi kshetra bhee jansankhya vriddhi parr nirbhar haye. adhikansh vikaasheel desh atirikt jansankhya vriddhi kii vaastaviktaa seey joojh rahey hain, kaee mudde saamane aaa rahey hain jinase nipatane kii aavashyakta haye. udaaharan key liye, vinirmaan udyog ney kuchh shram bull kaa durupyog kiya hoga, lekin jaise-jaise jansankhya badhati jaayegi, berojgari ack samasya bunn jaayegi. iska matlab haye kii kissy samay, yaa tou jansankhya vriddhi koo niyantrit karane yaa berojgar vyaktiyon key liye adhik naukariyan paida karane key nae tareeke khojane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. jansankhya vriddhi kaa pahalu jatil haye kyonki ack taraf yeh aarthik vikas key liye achchha haye jabaki doosari or isake nakaratmak prabhaav praakritik sansadhanon, samajik suvidhaon parr dabaav daalate hain aur paryaavaran ksharan kii or leey jaate hain. tathya yeh haye kii jansankhya vriddhi key parinamswarup vinirmaan udyog kaa nishchit roop seey vistaar hoga, lekin dinn key anta mein, jaba adhik sansadhanon kii aavashyakta hogi, tou samudaay upalabdh sansadhanon parr dabaav key kaaran jeevit rahane key liye sangharsh karega. teji seey jansankhya vriddhi kii jatilataaen teji seey jansankhya vriddhi vibhinn jatilataon key saath aatee haye. sabse pahale, yeh nivesh koo cumm karane kii or leey jaataa haye. aaya mein vriddhi aur teji seey khapat key parinamswarup, bhavishya key nivesh ack chunauti bunn jaate hain kyonki paryaapt bachat naheen hoti haye. doosari chunauti joe jansankhya mein vriddhi key saath aatee haye, vaha haye sansadhanon kaa adhik upayog. sansadhanon key aadhar parr logon kii sankhya mein vriddhi sansadhanon key atyadhik dohan kii or leey jaati haye. yeh isaliye haye kyonki, vastuon kii maang badh jaati haye aur isake liye vinirmaan udyog koo kachche maal key srot kii aavashyakta hoti haye isaliye sansadhanon kaa adhik upayog [25]. teji seey jansankhya vriddhi shaharikaran kii chunautiyon key saath bhee aatee haye. awas aur parivahan, paani aur paani jaisi samajik suvidhaon key praavdhaan key liye yojana banaana mushkil hoe jaataa haye. yeh teen alag-alag tarikon seey prati mund aaya kii or bhee leey jaataa haye [26]. sabse pahale, yeh bhoomi parr badhati aabaadi parr adhik dabaav daaltaa haye. isake alawa, yeh upbhog vastuon kii mudrasfeeti kii or leey jaataa haye jisake parinamswarup parivaar kii aaya parr dabaav padata haye. isake alawa, jansankhya vriddhi prati vyakti aaya koo prabhaavit karati haye kyonki yeh poonji sanchay koo cumm karati haye kyonki parivaar key kharch parivaar koo adhik bachat karane kii anumati naheen dey sakate hain. aise parinam hii kissy desh mein logon key jeevan star mein girawat kaa kaaran banate hain. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki, yadi jansankhya badhati haye aur aaya naheen badhati haye, tou iska matlab haye kii jeevan star koo cumm karna hoga kyonki kamai gaee chhoti raashi kaa upayog sabhi kii dekhbhal karane mein kiya jaanaa haye [28]. teji seey jansankhya vriddhi kii anya jatilataon mein berojgari, samajik buniyaadi dhaanche kii kamee, paryavaraniya kshati aur cumm nivesh shamil hain. nishkarsh duniya bhar key adhikansh desh berojgari seey laker samajik suvidhaon kii kamee taka badhati jansankhya vriddhi kii jatilataon seey joojh rahey hain. yeye samasyaaen bunny hui hain kyonki jansankhya mein vriddhi jaari haye [29]. kissy tarah, aisaa lagata haye kii lagu kiye gaye upaay aur neetiyaan jansankhya vriddhi koo rokane mein whiffle rahee hain. adhikansh vikaasheel desh jansankhya kii teevrata seey prabhaavit hain aur jansankhya vriddhi key siddhanton key madhyam seey unaki durdasha koo samajhana kissy bhee tarah seey unake mamalon mein madad naheen curr rhaa haye. vaastav mein, duniya key adhikansh hisson mein jansankhya vriddhi kii abhee bhee ummeed haye aur iska aarthik vikas parr prabhaav jaari rahega. haalaanki, usee tarah jansankhya vriddhi aarthik vikas koo prabhaavit karati haye, usee tarah aarthik vikas jansankhya vriddhi koo badhaa sakata haye [31]. anukool aarthik vikas jansankhya vriddhi key liye ise aasaan banaata haye kyonki swaasthya dekhbhal, khaadya aapoorti aur anya aavashyaktaon jaisi sevaaen upalabdh hain. jansankhya vriddhi aarthik vikas kaa ack mahatvapurna kaarak banaa huaa haye kyonki maanav poonji key nivesh key binaa sansadhanon kaa upayog apane dumm parr naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. sandarbh ahmed, aim., & khaan, aar. ee. aeye. (2019). kyaa aarthik vikas key liye maanav poonji gatishilata key saath jansankhyikiya parivartan mahatvapurna haye? jee. aim. aim. key liye ack gatishil panel detta drishtikon. "samajik sanketak anusandhaan", "" "(2), 753-772. amundsen, ee. aiss., & sconehoft, aeye. (2022). "ack sadharan krishi arthavyavastha mein upbhog aur jansankhya vriddhi key liye adheerta" (naheen. 2022/01). aaee. aff. aar. oh. working pepper. baldasare, aim. (2020). vikas kii duvidha. vikas kii duvidha" mein. university off california press. chain, aiks., & phoo, aff. (2018). vyavhaar nirdhaarit karane kii samajik shiksha antibiotic key upayog key jansankhya ishtatam koo badhaava dey sakati haye. "bhautik vigyaan mein seemaaen", "6", 139. dasgupta, pee., aur daadhi, aiss. jey. (2021). ishtatam jansankhya aur paryavaraniya baadhaaen-ack upayogitaavaadi pariprekshya 3. "jalavaayu naitikta", 193. enflo, key. (2022). ack ishtatam jansankhya kii nikatata dwara samajik kalyan koo maapana. "prashant daarshanik timahi. geisdofer, aim., savgate, pee., bocken, aine. aim., & hultink, ee. jey. (2017). vrittakar arthavyavastha-ack nayaa sthirata pratimaan?. "journal off cleaner production", "143", 757-768. hashmi, aar., & aalam, key. (2019). paryaavaran viniyaman, navachar, utsarjan, jansankhya aur anya deshon mein aarthik vikas key beach gatishil sambandhah ack panel jaanch. "journal off cleaner production", "" "231", "1100-1109. gadyakov, aeye. vaaee., & ivanova, aiss. aeye. (2018). khaadya surakshaah vartamaan kii chunauti. "geophorum", "91", 73-77. raajaa, jey. ee. (2019). hyug dalton (1887-1962). ell. aiss. ee. arthshastra key liye palgrave saathi" (pp. 289-310). palgrave mcmillan, landan. oladymagy, vaaee. yuu. (2017). nigeria mein khaadya utpaadan kii pravritti aur jansankhya key malthus siddhaantah chawal utpaadan seey anubhavjanya pramaan. "nigerian krishi, khaadya aur paryaavaran patrika", "13" "(1), 126-132. thheek haye, aeye. aim., nathaniel, aiss. pee., & festus, vee. bee. (2018). nigeria mein jansankhya vriddhi aur khaadya utpaadan key beach sambandhah ekikaran key liye ack teevra drishtikon. "krishi aur sansaadhan arthshastrah antarrashtriya vaigyaanik ee-journal", "4" "(1868-2019-383), 41-51. reeva, aff., ahlborg, aich., hartwigson, ee., pachauri, aiss., & columbo, ee. (2018). bijli kii pahunch aur graameen vikaasah adhik upayukt oorjaa modeling key liye jatil samajik-aarthik gatishilata aur kaaran aarekh kii sameeksha. "satat vikas key liye oorjaa", "43", 203-223. robbins, ell., & housen, aiss. (2018). "aarthik vishleshan key siddhanton parr shher robinsah 1930 key dashak key vyakhyan. pathbhrashtata. rukmana, dee. (2018, march). teji seey shaharikaran aur jakarta mein tikaau parivahan neetiyon kii aavashyakta. aaee. oh. pee. sammelan shrinkhalaah prithvi aur paryaavaran vigyaan" (khand. 124, naheen. 1, pee. 12017). aaee. oh. pee. prakaashan. sakanko, aim. aeye., & david, jey. (2018). malthusian siddhant kaa ack aarthik pramanah nigeria mein sakshya. "significanah journal ilmu ikonami", "7" (1), 77-90. smill, vee. (2001). "duniya koo khilaanah 21veen sadee key liye ack chunauti. mii. press. unet, ee. (2020). maanav poonji key dayare mein jansankhya key malthusian siddhant kii sameeksha. "balah samkaaleen arthshastra mein anusandhaan parr dhyaan kendrit karein," "1" "(2), 132-147. ----[1] gasdofer aur anya.2017 [2] smill, 2001 [3] gasdofer aur anya.2017 [4] smill, 2001 [5] yuu. aine. aeye. tii., 2020 [6] oladimeji, 2017 [7] sakanko aur david, 2018 [8] oladimeji, 2017 [9] yuu. aine. aeye. tii., 2020 [10] okenola aur anya.2018 [11] enflo, 2022 [12] dasgupta aur daadhi, 2021 [13] robbins aind housen, 2018 [14] amundsen aur sconehoft, 2022 [15] raajaa, 2019 [16] chain aind phoo, 2018 [17] ahmed aur khaan, 2019 [18] riv aur anya.2018 [19] riv aur anya.2018 [20] hashmi aur aalam, 2019 [21] gadyakov aur ivanova, 2018 [22] hashmi aur aalam, 2019 [23] hashmi aur aalam, 2019 [24] rukmana, 2018 [25] rukmana, 2018 [26] baldasare, 2020 [27] baldasare, 2020 [28] rukmana, 2018 [29] ahmed aur khaan, 2019 [30] enflo, 2020 [31] hashmi aur aalam, 2019

janasankhya arthashaastrada kendra janasankhya arthashaastrada kendravu (athawa sii. pii. ii) chikago vishvavidyaalayada booth school off bisinessionalli samshodhanaa kendravagide. sii. pii. ii. yaya kelasakke prathamikavagi yuu. ess. dhanasahaayavannu niiduttade.ess.'rashtriya aarogya samsthegala vruddhaapyada rashtriya samsthe. janasankhye belavanige mattu arthika abhivruddhi parichaya janasankhya belavanige mattu arthika abhivruddhiya naduvina sambandhavu vidvaamsaru vyaapakavaagi anveshisida vishaya kshetragalalli ondaagide. samshoodhakara prastuta munsuchaneyendare, vividha hecchina aadaayada deshagalu nidhaanagatiya jansankhyeya belavanigeyannu anubhavisuva saadhyateyide. mattondede, jansankhyeya belavanigeyu yavagalu samasyeyagide mattu janaru labhyaviruva seemita naisargika sampanmoolagala mele avalambitaragiruvavarege idu savaalaagi munduvariyuttade endu bhayavide. idu antimavagi deerghaavadhiya arthika abhivruddhiya mele parinama biruttade. jansankhyeya belavanigeyu antaaraashtriya valase, jansankhyeya vayassina rachane, karyapadeya gaatra mattu arthika asamanate seridante vividha amshagala mele parinama biruttade. ee amshagalu yaavude raashtrada arthika belavanigeyannu nirdharisuva nirnayaka amshagalaagive. hechchuvariyagi, nirdishta deshadalli vasisuva janara sankhyeyannu avalambisi avaru aarthikateyinda prabhavitaraguttare. jansankhyeya parinaamagalannu zii. dii. pii mattu talaa utpaadaneya aadhaarada mele nirdharisabahudu. arthika belavanigeyannu nirnayisalu balasida prasiddha lekhakaralli thamus malthus obbaru. lekhakara prakara, jansankhyeya belavanigeyu ondu hantadalli deerghaavadhiyalli jeevana mattavannu nigrahisuttade. ee siddhaantavannu drashtikonakke taralu, avaru sthira bhumiya pramaanavannu [3] balasidaru. janasankhyeyu beleyuttale iddare mattu janaru innoo adhe pramanada bhoomiyannu balasidare, aaga balakeyaguva sampanmoolagala pramana khanditavaagiyoo kadimeyaguttade. idu antimavagi hasivu, yuddha mattu rogagalige kaaranavaaguttade. janaru naitika samyamadinda andare halavaaru makkalannu honduvudannu nirbandhisuva moolaka maatra jansankhyeya belavanigeya ee pratikoola parinaamagalannu tappisabahudu endu soochisuva moolaka avaru ee samasyege parihaaravannu odagisidaru. ee uheyannu maaduva samayadalli, lekhakaru saankraamika rogagalannu kadime maadalu mattu krishi utpaadaneyannu sudharisalu balasalaaguva bhavishyada taantrika belavanigegalannu gananege tegedukollalilla. ee karanakkagi, labhyaviruva ellah sampanmoolagalu khaaliyaaguttave emba bhayada horataagiyoo vishvada janasankhyeyu beleyuttale ide. aadaagyoo, avara drashtikonadinda, jansankhyeya belavanigeyu arthika abhivruddhige haanikaravaada sambhavaneeyateyannu hondide embudu spashtavagide mattu idu vishvada vividha bhagagalalli, visheshavaagi abhivraddhishila rashtragalalli, hechchuvari jansankhyeya belavanigeyannu nigrahisuva nittinalli antaaraashtriya nitigala ranchanege aadhaaravaagide. malthusian siddhaanta malthusna prakara, ondu hantadalli jansankhyeya belavanigeyu kugguttiruva aadaayadondige gharshanegollabeku [5]. idu ankaganitada aahara puraike mattu ghaatiya jansankhyeya bagge, allie sakaaraatmaka tapasane mattu tadegattuva kramagalannu sthaapisuva moolaka janasankhye mattu aahara puraikeyallina hechchalavannu samatolanagolisabahudu. malthusian siddhaantavu jansankhyeya belavanige mattu arthika abhivruddhiya naduvina sambandhavannu mattashtu arthamadikollalu sahaaya maadalu mundidalaada vividha amshagalannu olagondide. ee siddhaantavu jansankhyeya belavanige mattu arthika abhivruddhiya vividha amshagalannu drashtikonakke taralu prayatnisidaroo, idu aahara utpaadaneyannu sudharisalu mattu vishvadaadyanta rogagala haraduvikeyannu kadime maadalu tantragyaanavannu balasabahudemba amshavannu pariganisada kaarana idu pratiyondu amshavannoo olagondilla. aii. munnechharikeya tapasanegalu swayam niyantrana, tadavaada maduve mattu sarala jivanavannu proothsaahisuvudu aahara puraike mattu jansankhyeya belavanigeyannu samatolanagolisalu sahayakavaguttade endu ee siddhaantavu soochisuttade. jansankhyeya belavanige mattu arthika abhivruddhiya naduvina sambandhavannu samatolanagolisuvudakke janara jeevana mattavannu sudhaarisuva nitigalu mattu kramagala sthaapane mattu anushthaanada agatyavide. II. dhanaatmaka tapasanegalu ee siddhaantada prakara, jansankhyeya niyantranavu tannade aada kale tegeyuva vidhaanavannu hondiruvudarinda adannu prakrutige bidalaaguttade. prakrutiyu janasankhyeyannu niyantrisalu bandaaga, adhu jansankhyeya mattavannu labhyaviruva aahara puraikeyu adannu ulisikolluva gatrakke kondoyyuttade [8]. prakruti bhookampagalu, baragala, yuddhagalu, pravaaha mattu saankraamika rogagala moolaka janasankhyeyannu niyantrisuttade. janasankhyeyu niyantranakke meeriddaaga adannu niyantrisuvudu mattu sthaapisalaada itara kramagalu prakrutiya patravagide. 3. janasankhye mattu aahara puraike malthusian siddhaantada prakara, jansankhyeya belavanigeyu jyaamitiya shailiyalli nadeyuttade. jansankhyeya belavanigeyu sambhavisidaaga, aahara puraikeyu kadimeyaguttade mattu idu yavagalu adhe pramanada sampanmoolagalannu avalambisi hecchina janara suchakavagide [9]. idara moolabhoota arthavendare labhyaviruva sampanmoolagala mele heralaaguva ottadadindaagi aahara puraike kadimeyaguttade. janasankhyeyu hecchaadaaga mattu labhyaviruva sampanmoolagala sankhye onde agiddaga, idarartha moolabhootavaagi aahara padeyalu henagaadabekaaguttade. IV jansankhyeya mele parisheelane asamatolanavu aahara pooraikeginta jansankhyeya hechchalada pramanavu hechchagiruttade. idara parinaamavaagi, janaru badukalu saakashtu aahaaravillada kaarana saakashtu aahaarada korateyu saavugalige kaaranavaaguttade [10]. asamarpaka aahara pooraikeyannu dhanaatmaka tapasaneya naisargika pratikoolategalondige jodisuvudarinda, kelavu hantadalli janasankhyeyu kadimeyaguttade. jansankhyeya atyuttama siddhaanta ee siddhaantavu sampattina srushti mattu jansankhyeya gatrada naduvina sambandhavannu sthapisuvudara mele kendrikarisuttade [11]. malthusian siddhaantakke holisidare, jansankhyeya garishta siddhaantavu hecchu vaastavikavaagide. ondu deshada adarsha janasankhyeyu agatyavaada vidhaanagalu mattu sampanmoolagalondige samyojisidare, utpadana udyamavu talaa hecchina utpaadane athawa aadaayavannu niiduttade endu garishta janasankhyeyu soochisuttade. ee siddhaantavannu vistarisida itara lekhakaru idannu vibhinnavaagi vyakhyaanisiddaare. raabingala prakara, hecchina aadaayavannu needuva gatravu atyuttama janasankhyeyagide [13]. mattondede, carr-sanders ee siddhaantavannu atyanta arthika kalyanavannu needuva janasankhye endu vyakhyaanisiddaare [14]. koneyadaagi, dalton idannu garishta siddhaantavendu pariganisi, idu talaa athi hecchu aadaayavannu needuva janasankhye [15] endu pariganisidaru. ee lekhakaru needida ellah vyakhyanagalannu pariganisi, garishta janasankhyeyu moolatah adarsha jansankhyeya gatravagiddu, labhyaviruva sampanmoolagalannu sariyagi balasidare prati varshakke hecchina aadaayavannu saadhisabahudu. aadaagyoo, janasankhyeyu adarsha gatrakkinta kadimeyaadare athawa hechchaadare, garishta aadaayavu kadimeyaguttade [16]. ee siddhaantada prakara, jansankhyeya hechchalada nantara talaa aadayadalli hechchalavaadare, deshavu kadime janasankhyeyannu hondide. aaddarinda, idu innoo garishta mattadavarege jansankhyeya hechchalavannu bharisaballadu endartha. mattondede, jansankhyeya hechchalada parinaamavaagi talaa ilike sambhavisidare, deshavu atiyaada janasankhyeyannu hondide mattu prati vyaktige garishta aadaayavannu sadhisalu janasankhyeyannu kadime maaduva agatyavide. janasankhya parivartaneya siddhaanta ee siddhaantavu mukhyavaagi abhivruddhi hondida deshagala naija jansankhyeya pravruttigala mele kendrikariside. ee siddhaantadalli, jansankhyeya abhivruddhiyu mooru hantada prakriyeyagiddu, ee deshagalu adara moolaka haaduhoguttave. jansankhyeya belavanigeya modala hantadalli, saavugalu hechchagiruttave, jananavu kadimeyagiruvudarinda jansankhyeya belavanigeyu kadimeyaguttade. eradane hantadalli, jananavu haageye ulidare, saavu kadimeyaguttade. idarindaagi jansankhyeya belavanigeya daravu hechchaguttade [17]. aadaagyoo, jansankhyeya belavanigeya koneya hantadalli, saavina pramanavu janana pramanakke samanagiruttade. idu makkala jananada pramaanadallina sthiravaada kusitada parinaamavaagide. malthusian siddhaantakkinta bhinnavagi, janasankhya parivartaneyu aahara puraikeya mele kendrikrutavagilla mattu jansankhyeya belavanigege yaavude nakaaraatmakateyannu needalu avakaashavannu tegedukolluvudilla. janasankhye hecchala jansankhyeya belavanigeyu arthika abhivruddhiya mele dhanaatmaka mattu runatmaka parinaamagaleradarindalu niroopitavaagide [18]. abhivraddhishila rashtragalalli tvarita jansankhyeya belavanigeyu moolabhootavaagi vaarshikavaagi sarasari 2.2% rashtu hechchaladondige kandubaruttade, aadare itararu varshakke 3% rashtu hechchinadannu daakhalisuttaare. 1950rahra dashakada abhivruddhi arthashaastragnaru janasankhye niyantrana nitigala bagge utsukaraagiralilla. crash prograangalalli hoodike maaduva moolaka ottu utpaadaneyannu naatakiyavaagi hechhisalu balasabahudaada siddhaantagala mele avara pramukha aasaktigalu iddavu. mattondede, jansankhyeya belavanigeyallina badalaavanegalannu moulyagalu mattu samajika vartanegala moolaka niyantrisabahudu endu avaru bhagashah nambiddaru. aadaagyoo, jansankhyeya belavanigeyu sankirnavaada vishayavaagide mattu abhivraddhishila rashtragalu anagatya jananagalannu saha anubhavisuttive endu vidvaamsaru mattu samshoodhakaru aritukondiddaare. jansankhyeya belavanigeyannu tadeyalu vividha janana niyantrana tantragalu mattu nitigalannu jaarige taralaagiddu, kelavu rashtragalalli yashasviyagiddu, itararu innoo ee samasyeyannu edurisuttiddaare. aadaagyoo, janana niyantranada moolaka jansankhyeya niyantranakke sambandhisida halavaaru savaalugalive, visheshavaagi ee kaaryatantrada bagge janaru hondiruva manobhavadindagi [19]. prati deshadallu arthika abhivraddhiyannu sadhisalu adannu kaaryatantrada reetiyalli balasikollabahudu emba amshavannu oppikolluvudarondige jansankhyeya belavanigeyu tannade aada todakugalannu hondide. jansankhyeya belavanige mattu arthika abhivruddhiya naduvina samatolanakke rashtriya sarkara seridante vividha agencygalu bembalisuva vibhinn kaaryatantragalu mattu nitigalu bekaguttave. jansankhyeya belavanige mattu arthika abhivruddhiya naduvina sambandhavannu vivarisalu vividha vidhaanagalannu prastutapadisalaagide. deshiya udyamada vistarane deshiya udyamada abhivruddhiyu ondu deshadalli labhyaviruva karmikara pramaanavannu avalambisiruttade. utpadana valayavu vistarisalu, jansankhyeya belavanigeyu moolabhootavaagide [20]. yaavude deshadalli bahalashtu kaarmikarannu aakarshisuva aarthikateya valayagalli idu ondaagide. yaavude arthika abhivraddhiyalli kaarmika shaktiyu moolabhootavaagide mattu adakke rashtragalige jansankhyeya belavanigeya agatyaviruttade. utpadana udyamadanteye, krishi valayavoo saha jansankhyeya belavanigeya mele avalambitavagide [21]. hecchina abhivraddhishila deshagalu hecchina jansankhyeya belavanigeya vastavavannu edurisuttiruvaaga, halavaaru samasyegalu udbhavisuttive, avugalannu pariharisabekagide. udaaharanege, utpadana udyamavu kelavu kaarmika balavannu durupayogapadisikondirabahu aadare janasankhye hechchaguttiddante, nirudyogavu samasyeyaguttade [22]. idarartha, ondu hantadalli, jansankhyeya belavanigeyannu niyantrisuva athawa nirudyogi vyaktigalige hecchina udyogagalannu srushtisuva hosa maargagalannu kandukolluva agatyaviruttade. jansankhyeya belavanigeya amshavu sankirnavagide ekendare wandede idu arthika belavanigege olleyadu, mattondede adara nakaaraatmaka parinamagalu naisargika sampanmoolagalu, samajika soulabhyagala mele ottadavannu untumaaduttave mattu parisarada avanatige kaaranavaaguttave [23]. vastavavendare, jansankhyeya belavanigeya parinaamavaagi utpadana udyamavu khanditavaagiyoo vistarisuttade, aadare dinada koneyalli, hecchina sampanmoolagala agatyaviddaaga, labhyaviruva sampanmoolagala mele heralaaguva ottadadindaagi samudaayavu badukuliyalu henagaaduttade. tvarita jansankhyeya belavanigeya todakugalu tvarita jansankhyeya belavanigeyu vividha todakugalondige baruttade. modalaneyadaagi, idu hoodikeyannu kadime maadalu kaaranavaaguttade. aadaayada hechchida mattu tvarita balakeya parinaamavaagi, saakashtu ulitaayavillada kaarana bhavishyada hoodikegalu ondu savaalaagi parinamisuttave [24]. jansankhyeya hechchaladondige baruva eradane savaalu sampanmoolagala atiyaada balakeyagide. sampanmoolagalannu avalambisi janara sankhyeyalli hechchalavu sampanmoolagala atiyaada shoshanege kaaranavaaguttade. ekendare, sarakugala bedikeyu hechchaguttade mattu idakke utpadana udyamavu kachcha vastugala moolavannu hondirabekaaguttade aaddarinda sampanmoolagala atiyaada balake [25]. ksipra jansankhyeya belavanigeyu nagareekaranada savaalugalondige baruttade. vasatigaagi yojane roopisuvudu mattu saarige, neeru mattu nirinantaha samajika soulabhyagalannu odagisuvudu kashtakaravaguttade. idu mooru vibhinn reetiyalli mandagatiya aadayakkoo kaaranavaaguttade [26]. modalaneyadaagi, idu bhumiya mele hechchuttiruva jansankhyeya mele hecchina ottadavannu biruttade. hechchuvariyagi, idu balakeya sarakugala hanadubbarakke kaaranavaaguttade, idu kutumbada aadaayada mele ottadakke kaaranavaaguttade. idallade, jansankhyeya hechchalavu talaa aadaayada mele parinama biruttade ekendare idu bandavaalada shekharaneyannu kadime maaduttade ekendare kutumbada vechchagalu kutumbakke hecchu ulitaaya maadalu avakasha niiduvudilla [27]. antaha parinamagalu deshada janara jeevana matta kusiyalu kaaranavaaguttave. ekendare, janasankhyeyu hechchaadare mattu aadaayavu hechchagadiddare, galisida kadime mottavannu ellara aaraikeyalli balasuvudarinda jeevana mattavu kadimeyagabeku endartha [28]. ksipra jansankhyeya belavanigeya itara todakugalalli nirudyoga, samajika moolasoukaryagala korate, parisara haani mattu kadime hoodike serive. tirmaana prapanchadaadyantada hecchina deshagalu nirudyogadinda hididu samajika soulabhyagala korateyavarege hechchida jansankhyeya belavanigeya todakugalondige horaduttive. janasankhyeyu hechchaguttiruvudarinda ee samasyegalu munduvaredive [29]. hegaadaroo, jaarige taralaada kramagalu mattu nitigalu jansankhyeya belavanigeyannu nigrahisuvalli viphalavagive endu toruttade. hecchina abhivraddhishila deshagalu jansankhyeya tivrateyinda prabhaavitavaagive mattu jansankhyeya belavanigeya siddhaantagala moolaka avara sankashtavannu arthamaadikolluvudu avara prakaranagalige yaavude reetiyalli sahaaya maduvudilla [30]. vaastavaagi, vishvada hecchina bhagagalalli jansankhyeya belavanigeyannu innoo nireekshisalaagide mattu idu arthika abhivruddhiya mele parinama biruttade. aadaagyoo, jansankhyeya belavanigeyu arthika abhivruddhiya mele parinama beeruva reetiyalliye, arthika abhivruddhiyu hechchida jansankhyeya belavanigege kaaranavaagabahudu [31]. aarogya raksane, aahara puraike mattu itara agatya sevegalu labhyaviruvudarinda anukulakara arthika abhivruddhiyu jansankhyeya belavanigege sulabhavaagisuttade. manava bandavaalada olaharivu illade sampanmoolagalannu tammade aada reetiyalli balsikollalu saadhyavillavaaddarinda jansankhyeya belavanigeyu arthika abhivruddhiya pramukha amshavaagi ulidide. ullekhagalu ahmed, emm., & khaan, aarr. ii. aa. (2019). arthika belavanigege manava bandavaalada chalanasheelateyondige janasankhya parivartaneyu mukhyave? gmmg dynamic panel dayta vidhana. "samajika suchakagala samshoodhane," "142" "(2), 753-772". amundsen, ii. ess., & sconhuft, aa. (2022). "sarala krishi aarthikateyalli balakeya asahane mattu jansankhyeya belavanige" (illa. 2022/01). aifro working paper. baldassare, emm. (2020). belavanigeya sandigdhate. belavanigeya sandigdhate". university off california press. chenn, x., & phoo, eff. (2018). nadavalikeyannu soochisuva samajika kalike jansankhyeya pratijeevakagala garishta balakeyannu uttejisuttade. "bhautashaastradalli gadigalu", "6", 139. dasgupta, pue., & gadda, ess. zhe. (2021). garishta janasankhye mattu parisara nirbandhagalu-ondu upayukta drashtikona 3. "havamana neeti", 193. enflo, keey. (2022). garishta janasankhyege hattiraviruva samajika kalyanavannu aleyuvudu. "peciphic tatvika traimasika". geisdorfer, emm., savaget, pue., boken, enn. emm., & hultink, ii. zhe. (2017). vrattakarada aarthikate-ondu hosa susthirateya maadari?. "journal off cleaner production", "143", 757-768. hashmi, aarr., & aalam, keey. (2019). parisara niyantrana, naaveenyate, horasoosuvike, janasankhye mattu oo. ii. dii. dii. deshagalallina arthika belavanigeya naduvina kriyatmaka sambandhah ondu samiti tanikhe. "journal off cleaner production," "233", 1100-1109 ". gadyakov, aa. vaii., & ivanova, ess. aa. (2018). aahara bhadrateh prastutada savaalu. "geophorum", "91", 73-77. king, zhe. ii. (2019). hugg dalton (1887-1962). ell. ess. ii. arthashaastrada palgrave companion" (putagalu. 289-310). palgrave mcmillan, london. oladimagy, vaii. yuu. (2017). naijeeriyaadalli aahara utpaadaneya pravrutti mattu jansankhyeya malthus siddhantah akki utpaadaneyinda prayogika puraavegalu. "nigerian journal off agriculture, phud und environment," "13" "(1), 126-132". okunola, aa. emm., nathaniel, ess. pii., & festus, vii. bii. (2018). naijeeriyaadalli jansankhyeya belavanige mattu aahara utpaadaneya sambandhavannu maruparisheelisuvuduh ekikaranakke ondu utsaahabharita vidhana. "krishi mattu sampanmoola arthashaastrah antararashtriya vaignaanika ii-journal", "4" "(1868-2019-383), 41-51". reva, eff., ahlborg, etch., hartwigson, ii., pachauri, ess., & columbo, ii. (2018). vidyut labhyate mattu graminabhivruddhihi hecchu sooktavaada indhana madarigagi sankeerna samajika-arthika chalanasheelate mattu kaarana rekhaachitragala vimarshe. "susthira abhivraddhigaagi indhana", "43", 203-223. robbins, ell., & housen, ess. (2018). "arthika vishleshaneya tatvagala bagge lionel robbins 1930rahra upanyaasagalu. rootled. rukmana, dii. (2018, march). tvarita nagarikarana mattu jakaartaadalli susthira saarige nitigala agatyate. aii. oo. pii. conferences saranih bhoo mattu parisara vignaana" (samputa. 124, illa. 1, pii. 1. 2017). aiopi publishing. sakanko, emm. aa., & david, zhe. (2018). malthusian siddhaantada arthika maapanada drudhikaranah naijeeriyaadalli purave. "significan journal ilmu ekanami," "7" "(1), 77-90". smile, vii. (2001). "jagattige aharah ippattondane shatamanakke ondu savaalu". mitt press. yunat, ii. (2020). manava bandavaalada vyaaptiyalliruva jansankhyeya malthusian siddhaantada vimarshe. "balah samakaalina arthashaastradalli samshoodhaneya mele gamana kendrikarisi," "1" "(2), 132-147". ----[1] geisdorfer mattu itararu.2017rahra [2] smile, 2001 [3] geisdorfer mattu itararu.2017rahra [4] smile, 2001 [5] yunat, 2020 [6] oladimagy, 2017 [7] sakanko & david, 2018 [8] oladimagy, 2017 [9] yunat, 2020 [10] okunola mattu itararu.2018rahra [11] enflo, 2022 [12] dasgupta mattu gadda, 2021 [13] robbins & housen, 2018 [14] amundsen & sconhuft, 2022 [15] king, 2019 [16] chenn & phoo, 2018 [17] ahmed & khaan, 2019 [18] riva mattu itararu.2018rahra [19] reway mattu itararu.2018rahra [20] hashmi & aalam, 2019 [21] gadyakov & ivanova, 2018 [22] hashmi & aalam, 2019 [23] hashmi & aalam, 2019 [24] rukmana, 2018 [25] rukmana, 2018 [26] baldassare, 2020 [27] baldassare, 2020 [28] rukmana, 2018 [29] ahmed & khaan, 2019 [30] enflo, 2020 [31] hashmi & aalam, 2019

loksankhya arthshastra kendra center phaur population economics (kinwa see. pii. eae.) heey shikago vidyapithachya booth school auph businessmadhil eka sanshodhan kendra aahe. see. pii. eae. chya kamacha nidhi pramukhyane yuu.ess.'rashtriy aarogya sansthanchya vruddhatvavaril rashtriy sanstha. loksankhya vaadh aanee aarthik vikas parichay loksankhya vaadh aanee aarthik vikas yanchyatil sambandh heey eka asey vishay kshetra aahe jyacha vidvananni mothya pramanavar shodh ghetala aahe. sanshodhakancha sadhyacha andaj assa aahe qee, vividh uchch utpann asalelya deshanmadhye loksankhyechi vaadh mand honyachi shakyata aahe. dusarikade, ashee bheeti aahe qee loksankhya vaadh hii nehmich eka samasya rahili aahe aanee joparyant lock upalabdh maryadit naisargik sansadhananvar avalambun aahet toparyant teey eka aavhan rahile aahe. yacha parinam akheris dirghakalin aarthik vikasavar hoil. loksankhyechya vadhicha parinam aantarrashtriy sthalantar, loksankhyechya vayachi rachana, kamgarancha aakar aanee aarthik asamanata yasah vividh pailoonvar hoto. heey ghatak konatyahi rashtrachi aarthik vaadh nishchit karnare mahattvapoorn ghatak aahet. yavyatirikt, ekhadya vishisht deshat deshat lokanchya sankhyenusar tyanchyavar aarthik parinam dekhil hoto. loksankhyeche parinam jee. dii. pii. aanee dardoi utpadanachya drushtine nirdharit kele jaau shakatat. aarthik vadhiche moolyankan karnyasathi jyachya siddhantacha vapar keela gela aahe, tyaa prasiddha lekhakanpaiki eka thomas malthus aahet. lekhakachya matey, loksankhyetil vaadh kahee tappyavar dirghkalasathi jivanman dabel. haah siddhant drushtikonatun mandanyasathi, tyanni nishchit jaminiche praman [3] vaparale. jarr loksankhya vadhat rahili aanee lock ajunahi titakich jameen vaparat rahile, tarr vaparlelya sansadhananche praman nakkich qamee hoil. yamule akheris upasamar, yuddh aanee rog hotil. tyanni pudhe asey suchavoon yaa samasyevar upay suchavala qee, loksankhya vadhiche heey pratikool parinam tevhach talhata yeteel jevha lock naitik sanyam balgoo shaktil mhanje anek mule honyapasoon rokhu shaktil. jevha heey gruheet dharale jaat hote, tevha lekhakane sansargjanya rog qamee karnyasathi aanee krishi utpadan sudharanyasathi vaparlya vaparlya bhavishyatil tantrik vikasacha vichar keela nahee. yaa karanastav, serve upalabdh sansadhane qamee jhaali asateel yaa bhitinantarhi jagachi loksankhya vadhatach rahili aahe. tathapi, tyanchya drushtikonatun heey spasht aahe qee loksankhyechya vadhimule aarthik vikasala haanee pohochanyachi shakyata aahe aanee jagachya vividh bhaganmadhye visheshtah vikasansheel deshanmadhye atirikt loksankhyechya vadhis aala ghalanyasathi aantarrashtriy dhorane tayar karnyacha haah aadhar aahe. malthusian siddhant malthaschya matey, loksankhyechi vaadh kahee tappyavar qamee hott asalelya paratavyashi bhidali pahije [5]. heey serve ann puravatha aanee ghatankiy loksankhyevishayi aahe, jithe sakaratmak tapasanya aanee pratibandhatmak upayayojananchya sthapanedvare loksankhya aanee ann purvathyatil vaadh santulit kelee jaau shakate. malthusian siddhantamadhye vividh ghatak asatat jeey loksankhyechi vaadh aanee aarthik vikas yanchyatil sambandh adhik samajoon ghenyas madat karnyasathi pudhe thewale gele aahet. jaree haah siddhant loksankhyechi vaadh aanee aarthik vikasache vegvegale pailu drushtikonatun thevanyacha prayatna karat asala taree tyat pratyek ghatakacha samavesh nahee kaaran tyat ann utpadan sudharanyasathi aanee jagbharatil rogancha prasar qamee karnyasathi tantradnyanacha vapar keela jaau shakato yaa vastusthiticha vichar keela gela nahee. aay. pratibandhatmak tapasani yaa siddhantanusar, aatm-niyantran, usheera lagn aanee sadhe jeevan yasarkhya goshtinna protsahan dene, ann puravatha aanee loksankhya vaadh yanchyat samtol rakhanyasathi upayukt tharel. loksankhya vaadh aanee aarthik vikas yanchyatil sambandh santulit karnyasathi lokanche jivanman sudharnari dhorane aanee upayayojananchi sthapana aanee amalbajavani aavashyak aahe. II. sakaratmak tapasani yaa siddhantanusar, loksankhyevar niyantran nisargavar sodale jaate kaaran tyachi tantod karanyachi swatachi paddhat aahe. jevha nisarg loksankhyevar niyantran thevanyachya vicharat yeto, tevha too loksankhyechya patalila asha aakarat gheuun jaato jithe upalabdh ann puravatha tyala tikavoon thevu shakato [8]. nisarg bhookamp, dushkal, yuddhe, puur aanee sathichya rogandvare loksankhyevar niyantran thevato. jevha loksankhya niyantranabaher asate aanee sthapit kelelya itar upayayojananvar niyantran thevane hii nisargachi bhoomika aahe. 3. loksankhya aanee ann puravatha malthusian siddhantanusar, loksankhyechi vaadh bhaumitik paddhatine hote. jevha loksankhya vaadh hote, tevha ann puravatha qamee hoto aanee samaan pramanat sansadhananvar avalambun asalelya adhik lokanche heey nehmich eka soochak asate. yacha mulat arth upalabdh sansadhananvar taana padalyamule annadhanyacha puravatha qamee hoil. jevha loksankhya vadhate aanee upalabdh sansadhananchi sankhya tashich rahate, tevha yacha arth mulat ann midvanyasathi sangharsh karava lagel. 4 loksankhyechi tapasani asamatol astitvat aahe jyaa darane loksankhyet vaadh ann purvathyapeksha jaast aahe. parinami, purese ann naslyamule mrutyu hotil kaaran lokanna jaganyasathi purese ann nasel [10]. [10] ann purvathyachi sakaratmak tapasanichya naisargik pratikulateshi jodani kelyas, kahee tappyavar loksankhya qamee hoil. loksankhyecha ishtatam siddhant haah siddhant sampattichi nirmiti aanee loksankhyecha aakar yanchyatil sambandh prasthapit karnyavar kendrit aahe [11]. malthusian siddhantachya tulanet, loksankhyecha ishtatam siddhant adhik vastavadi aahe. ishtatam loksankhya asey suchavate qee, jarr ekhadya deshachya aay. dii. chee aadarsh loksankhya aavashyak sadhane aanee sansadhanansah ektrit kelee gelee tarr utpadan udyogala sarvadhik utpadan kinwa dardoi utpann milel [12]. yaa siddhantacha vistar aakarshit itar lekhakanni tyachi vyakhya vegali kelee aahe. robbinschya matey, sarvat jaast paratava denara aakar hii sarvottam loksankhya aahe [13]. dusarikade cair-sonders yaa siddhantachi vyakhya ashee karatat qee loksankhya jee sarvat jaast aarthik kalyan dete [14]. shevati, daltonne tyachya ishtatam siddhantakade loksankhya mhanoon pahile jeey dardoi sarvadhik utpann dete [15]. yaa lekhakanni dilelya serve vyakhyancha vichar karata, ishtatam loksankhya haah mulat loksankhyecha eka aadarsh aakar aahe joou upalabdh sansadhanancha yogya vapar kelyas sarvadhik utpann midvu shakato. tathapi, jarr loksankhya aadarsh aakarapeksha qamee kinwa qamee jhaali tarr kamal paratava qamee hoil [16]. yaa siddhantanusar, jarr loksankhyechya vadhinantar dardoi utpann vadhale tarr deshachi loksankhya qamee aahe. tyamule yacha arth assa aahe qee, ishtatam pataliparyant loksankhya vaadh karane teey ajunahi paravadu shakate. dusarikade, loksankhyechya vadhimule jarr dardoi ghat jhaali tarr deshachi loksankhya jaast aahe aanee dardoi jastit jaast utpann midvinyasathi loksankhya qamee karanyachi garaj aahe. jansankhyikiy sankramanacha siddhant yaa siddhantane pramukhyane vikasit deshanchya vastavik loksankhyechya kalavar laksh kendrit kele aahe. yaa siddhantanusar, loksankhya vikas hii teen tappyanchi prakriya aahe, jyatoon heey desh jaatat. loksankhyechya vadhichya pahilya tappyat mrutyuche praman jaast asate tarr janm qamee asato tyamule loksankhyechi vaadh qamee hote. hote tappyat, mrutyu qamee hoto tarr janm tasach rahato. yamule loksankhya vadhicha darr vadhato [17]. tathapi, loksankhya vadhichya shevatchya tappyat mrutyuche praman janmadarachya barobariche asate. heey mulanchya janmachya daratil satatyane ghat jhalyamule aahe. malthusian siddhantachya vipareet, jansankhyikiy sankraman ann purvathyavar kendrit nahee aanee loksankhyechya vadhila konatihi nakaratmakata denyachi sandhee ghet nahee. loksankhyechi vaadh loksankhyechya vadhiche vaishishtya mhanje aarthik vikasavar sakaratmak aanee nakaratmak asey donhi parinam [18]. vikasansheel deshanmadhye loksankhyetil vegwan vaadh mulat varshik sarasari 2.2 takkyanchi vaadh anubhavali jaate, tarr itar deshanmadhye darr varshi 3 takkyanitaki vaadh nondavali jaate. jaate dashkatil vikas arthatadnyanna loksankhya niyantran dhorananmadhye rus navhata. crash programsmadhye guntavanuk karoon ekoon utpadan natakiyaritya vadhavanyasathi vaparale jaau jaau siddhantanvar tyanche pramukh hitsambandh hote. dusarikade, tyancha anshatah assa vishvas hota qee loksankhya vadhitil badal moolye aanee samajik drushtikonatun niyantrit kele jaau shakatat. tathapi, loksankhya vaadh hii eka guntaguntichi baab aahe aanee vikasansheel deshanna anavashyak janmahi hott aahet heey vidwan aanee sanshodhakanna samajale aahe. loksankhyechya vadhila aala ghalanyasathi vividh janmaniyantranachi dhorane aanee dhorane rabavali gelee aahet jee kahee deshanmadhye yashasvi jhaali aahet tarr itar ajunahi yaa samasyecha samna karat aahet. tathapi, janm niyantranachya madhyamatoon loksankhya niyantranashi sambandhit anek aavhane aahet, visheshtah yaa dhoranavar lokanchi vrutti [19]. pratyek deshat aarthik vikas sadhya karnyasathi tyacha dhoranatmak vapar keela jaau shakato yaa vastusthitila dharoon loksankhya vadhimadhye swatachya guntagunt aahet. loksankhya vaadh aanee aarthik vikas yanchyatil samtol rakhanyasathi rashtriy sarkarsah vividh sansthanni samarthit keleli vegvegali dhorane aanee dhorane aavashyak aahet. loksankhya vaadh aanee aarthik vikas yanchyatil sambandh spasht karnyasathi vividh drushtikon sadar karnyat aale aahet. deshantargat udhyogacha vistar deshantargat udhyogacha vikas haah deshat upalabdh asalelya shramachya pramanavar avalambun asato. utpadan kshetracha vistar karnyasathi, loksankhya vaadh hii moolbhut baab aahe [20]. konatyahi deshatil kamgaranna mothya pramanat aakarshit aakarshit arthvyavasthechya kshetranpaiki heey eka kshetra aahe. konatyahi aarthik vikasat shramshakti hii moolbhut baab aahe aanee tyasathi rashtranna loksankhya vadhichi aavashyakta asate. utpadan udhyogapramanech krishi kshetrahi loksankhya vadhivar avalambun aahe [21]. bahutansh vikasansheel desh atirikt loksankhya vadhichya vastavashi jhunj dett asatana, anek samasya samore yet aahet, jyaa hatalane aavashyak aahe. udaharanarth, utpadan udhyogane kahee kamgaranchi gairavapar kelee asatee, parantu jasjashi loksankhya vadhat jaate tastashi berojgari hii eka samasya banate [22]. yacha arth assa qee, kahee tappyavar ektar loksankhyechya vadhivar niyantran thevanyachi kinwa berojgar vyaktinsathi adhik rojgar nirman karnyache naveen marg shodhanyachi garaj asate. loksankhyechya vadhicha pailu guntagunticha aahe kaaran ekikade too aarthik vikasasathi changla aahe tarr dusarikade tyache nakaratmak parinam naisargik sansadhane, samajik suvidhanvar taana aanatat aanee paryavaranachya paryavaranachya netat [23]. vastusthiti ashee aahe qee loksankhya vadhimule utpadan udyog nishchitpane vistarel, parantu shevati jevha adhik sansadhananchi garaj bhasel, tevha upalabdh sansadhananvar taana padalyamule samuday tikoon rahnyasathi sangharsh karel. jalad loksankhya vadhichi guntagunt jalad loksankhya vaadh vegvegalya guntaguntinsaha yete. sarvapratham, yamule guntavanuk qamee hote. utpannachya vadhiv aanee vegwan vaparacha parinam mhanoon, bhavishyatil guntavanuk eka aavhan banate kaaran tethe pureshi bachat nahee [24]. loksankhyechya vadhimule yenare dusare aavhan mhanje sansadhanancha ativapar. sansadhananvar avalambun asalelya lokanchya sankhyet vaadh jhalyamule sansadhananche atiaayog hotat. yache kaaran asey qee, vastunchi magani vadhate aanee yasathi utpadan udyogala kachchya malacha srot asane aavashyak aahe, tyamule sansadhanancha ativapar hoto [25]. jalad loksankhya vaadh hii shaharikaranachi aavhane dekhil gheuun yete. gharanche niyojan karane aanee vahtook, paanee aanee paanee yasarkhya samajik suvidhanchi tartud karane katheen hote. yamule prati utpann teen vegvegalya marganni mandavate [26]. pratham, yamule jaminivaril vadhatya loksankhyevar adhik dabav padato. yavyatirikt, yamule upbhogya vastoonchya chalanvadhila chalana milate, jyamule kautumbik utpannavar taana yeto. shivay, loksankhyetil vadhicha dardoi utpannavar parinam hoto kaaran tyamule bhandavalachi sathavan qamee hote kaaran kautumbik kharchanmule kutumbala adhik bachat karata yet nahee [27]. asha parinamanmulech deshatil lokanche jivanman khalavat jaate. yache kaaran asey qee, jarr loksankhya vadhali aanee utpann vadhale nahee, tarr yacha arth assa aahe qee jivanmanacha darja qamee karava lagel kaaran kamavaleli thodi rakkam pratyekachi kalji ghenyasathi vaparali pahije [28]. zapatyane zapatyane loksankhyechya itar guntaguntinmadhye berojgari, samajik payabhoot suvidhanchi kamatarata, paryavaranache nuksan aanee qamee guntavanuk yancha samavesh hoto. nishkarsh jagbharatil bahutansh desh berojgaripasun teey samajik suvidhanchya kamatarateparyantchya vadhatya loksankhya vadhichya guntaguntishi jhunj dett aahet. loksankhya vadhat asalyane yaa samasya kayam aahet [29]. kahee pramanat, lagoo karnyat aalele upay aanee dhorane loksankhya vaadh rokhanyasathi ayashasvi tharalyache disate. bahutek vikasansheel desh loksankhyechya tivratene prabhavit aahet aanee loksankhya vadhichya siddhantandware tyanchi durdasha samajoon ghene tyanchya prakarananna konatyahi prakare madat karat nahee [30]. kharey tarr, jagachya bahutansh bhaganmadhye ajunahi loksankhyetil vaadh apekshit aahe aanee yacha parinam aarthik vikasavar hott raheel. tathapi, jyaa prakare loksankhyechya vadhicha aarthik vikasavar parinam hoto, tyach prakare aarthik vikasamule loksankhyechya vadhimadhye vaadh houu shakate [31]. aarogya seva, ann puravatha aanee itar aavashyak goshti upalabdh asalyane anukool aarthik vikasamule loksankhya vadhisathi sope hote. loksankhyechi vaadh haah aarthik vikasacha eka mahattvacha ghatak aahe kaaran manvi bhandavalachya guntavanukishivay sansadhanancha vapar swatach keela jaau shakat nahee. sandarbh ahmed, emm., & khaan, aar. eae. aaa. (2019). aarthik vikasasathi manvi bhandavalachya gatishilatesaha loksankhyashastriy sankraman mahattvache aahe qaa? jee. emm. emm. sathee eka gatishil puttle deta drushtikon. "samajik nirdeshak sanshodhan," "142" "(2), 753-772". amundsen, eae. ess., & sconehaft, aaa. (2022). "sadhya krishi arthvyavasthet upbhog aanee loksankhya vadhisathi adhirata" (nahee. 2022/01). aay. eff. aar. oo. kamacha kagad. baldasare, emm. (2020). vadhichi duvidha. vadhichya duvidha" madhye. university auph california press. cheen, ex., & phoo, eff. (2018). vartanache vihit karnyache samajik shikshan loksankhyechya pratijaivik vaparachya ishtatam vaparas protsahan deu shakate. "bhautikshastratil seema", "6", 139. dasgupta, pru., aanee dadhi, ess. jeey. (2021). ishtatam loksankhya aanee paryavaraniy nirbandh-eka upayogitavadi drushtikon 3. "hawaman naitikta", 193. enflo, keey. (2022). ishtatam loksankhyechya jawalikane samajik kalyanache mapan karane. "paisiphik tatvik traimasik". gasdorfer, emm., savajet, pru., bocken, aine. emm., & hultink, eae. jeey. (2017). chakriy arthvyavastha-eka naveen shashvatata pratiman?. "journal auph clean utpadan", "143", 757-768. hashmi, aar., & aalam, keey. (2019). paryavaraniy niyaman, navkalpana, utsarjan, loksankhya aanee oo. eae. dii. deshanmadhil aarthik vaadh yanchyatil gatishil sambandhah eka panel tapas. "journal auph clean utpadan", "" "239", "1100-1109". gadyakov, aaa. vaay., & ivanova, ess. aaa. (2018). ann surakshah sadhyache aavhan. "geophorum", "91", 73-77. raja, jeey. eae. (2019). hyoog dalton (1887-1962). daad palgrave companion too ell. ess. eae. economics" (pru. 289-310). palgrave mcmillan, london. oladimji, vaay. yuu. (2017). nayajeriyatil ann utpadanacha cull aanee loksankhyecha malthus siddhantah tandalachya utpadanatil anubhavjanya purava. "nigerian journal auph agriculture, food andd environment", "13" "(1), 126-132". okunola, aaa. emm., nathaniel, ess. pii., & festus, vhee. buub. (2018). nayajeriyatil loksankhya vaadh aanee ann utpadanachya sambandhanchi fervicharah ektrikaranacha eka utkat drushtikon. "krishi aanee sansadhan arthshastrah aantarrashtriy vaidnyanik eae-journal", "4" "(1868-2019-383), 41-51". reeva, eff., ahlberg, etch., hartwigson, eae., pachauri, ess., & columbo, eae. (2018). vijechi upalabdhata aanee grameen vikasah adhik yogya urja modelingsathi jatil samajik-aarthik gatishilata aanee kaaran aakrutinche punaravalokan. "shashvat vikasasathi urja", "43", 203-223. robbins, ell., aanee housen, ess. (2018). "aarthik vishleshanachya tattvanvar leonel robbins 1930 chey vyakhyan. margkraman. rukmana, dii. (2018, march). vegwan shaharikaran aanee jakartamadhye shashvat vahtook dhoranachi garaj. aay. oo. pii. conferences sirijah arth andd environmental science (khand. 124, nahee. 1, pii. 1. 2017). aay. oo. pii. prakashan. sakanko, emm. aaa., & david, jeey. (2018). malthusian siddhantache arthamapak pramanikaranah nayajeriyatil purava. "significanah journal ilmu economy," "7" "(1), 77-90". smile, vhee. (2001). "jagala poshan deneh ekvisavya shatkasathi eka aavhan". emm. aay. tii. press. unat, eae. (2020). manvi bhandavalachya kakshet loksankhyechya malthusian siddhantacha aadhava. "balah samkalin arthshastratil sanshodhanavar laksh kendrit qaraa," "1" "(2), 132-147". ----[1] gasdorfer aanee itar.2017 [2] smitahasya, 2001 [3] gasdorfer aanee itar.2017 [4] smitahasya, 2001 [5] unet, 2020 [6] oladimeji, 2017 [7] sakanko aanee david, 2018 [8] oladimeji, 2017 [9] unat, 2020 [10] okunola aanee itar.2018 [11] enflo, 2022 [12] dasgupta aanee dadhi, 2021 [13] robbins andd housen, 2018 [14] amundsen aanee sconehaft, 2022 [15] king, 2019 [16] cheen andd phoo, 2018 [17] ahmed aanee khaan, 2019 [18] riva aanee itar.2018 [19] riv aanee itar.2018 [20] hashmi aanee aalam, 2019 [21] gadyakov aanee ivanova, 2018 [22] hashmi aanee aalam, 2019 [23] hashmi aanee aalam, 2019 [24] rukmana, 2018 [25] rukmana, 2018 [26] baldasare, 2020 [27] baldasare, 2020 [28] rukmana, 2018 [29] ahmed aanee khaan, 2019 [30] aine. eff. ell. oo., 2020 [31] hashmi aanee aalam, 2019

janasankhya arthashastrako kendra janasankhya arthashastrako kendra (wa sipie) shikago wishwawidyalayako booth schol aff businesko euta anusandhan kendra how. sipeko kaam mukhyataya yu dwara witta poshit chha.ess.'rashtriya swasthya sansthanharuko wridhawasthama rashtriya sansthan. janasankhya wriddhi rar arthik vikas parichaya janasankhya wriddhi rar arthik vikas bichko sambandha euta vishaya khetra how jaslai vidwanharule wyapak rupma anweshan gareka chhan. shodhkartaharuko halko bhavishyavani key how bhane, vibhinna uccha aya bhaeka deshharule susta janasankhya wriddhi anubhav garne sambhawana chha. arkotarf, yo darr chha kii janasankhya wriddhi sadhain euta samasya bhaeko chha rar jabasamma manisharu upalabdha simit prakritik srotharuma nirbhar rahanchhan tabasamma yo chunauti jaari rahanechha. yasale antatah dirghakalin arthik vikasma asar parnecha. janasankhya wriddhile antarrashtriya aprawasana, janasankhya umera sanrachana, karyabalko akar rar arthik asamantaka vibhinna pakshaharulai asar garchha. yee karakharu kunai pani rashtrako arthik wriddhilai nirdharan garne mahatwapurna karakharu hun. thap rupma, tiniharu kunai vishesh deshma basne manisharuko sankhyako adharma arthikbata pani prabhawit hunchhan. janasankhyako prabhawa gdp rar pratiwyakti utpadanko adharma nirdharan garna sakinchha. arthik wridhiko mulyankan garna prayog garieka prasidha lekhakharu madhye ek thomas malthus hun. lekhakka anusar janasankhya wriddhile kunai naha kunai samayama dirghakalin jiwanstarlai dabaunechha. siddhantalai pariprekshyama rakhnaka lagi, unle nishchit bhumiko matra prayog gare [3]. yadi janasankhya badhdai gayo rar janatale ajhai pani saman matrama jamin prayog gare bhane, taba khapat hune srotko matra nishchit rupma cum hunechha. yasale antatah bhokamari, yuddha rar rogharu nimtyaunchha. unle yass samasyako samadhanka lagi thap sujhawa dindai bhane, janasankhya wridhiko yee pratikul prabhawharu kewal taba matra rokna sakinchha jab manisharule naitik sanyambata arthat dherai santan janmaunabata rokna sakchhan. yo anuman garieko samayama, lekhakle bhawishyako prawidhik vikaslai dhyanma rakhena june sankramak rogharu cum garna rar krishi utpadan sudhar garna prayog garieko chha. yass karanle garda, yasale sabai upalabdha srotharu samapta hune darka bawajud wishwako janasankhya badhdai gaeko chha [4]. yadyapi, unko drishtikonbata yo spashta chha kii janasankhya wriddhile arthik vikaska lagi sambhawit hanikarak chha rar yo vishwaka vibhinna bhagharuma vishesh gari vikasonmukh rashtraharuma atirikta janasankhya wriddhilai roknaka lagi antarrashtriya nitiharu banaune adhar baneko chha. malthusian siddhanta malthaska anusar, kunai naha kunai binduma janasankhya wriddhi sankuchit pratifalsanga takarinuparchha [5]. yo sabai ankaganitiya khadya apurti rar ghatiya janasankhyako barema how jahaan janasankhya rar khadya apurtima wriddhi sakaratmak jaanch rar rokatham upayaharuko sthapanako madhyambata santulit garna sakinchha. malthusian siddhantama vibhinna tatwaharu samawesh chhan june janasankhya wriddhi rar arthik vikas bichko sambandhako thap bujhaima maddat garna agadi rakhieko chha. yadyapi yass siddhantale janasankhya wriddhi rar arthik wikasko vibhinna pakshalai pariprekshyama rakhne prayas gardacha, yasale harek karaklai sametdaina kinki yasale khadya utpadan sudhar garna rar vishwabharka rogharuko prasar cum garna technology prayog garna sakinchha bhanne tathyalai vichar gardaina. mahm. rokatham jaanchharu atma-niyantran, dhilo vivaha rar sadharan jiwanyapan jasta kuraharulai protsahit garna khadya apurti rar janasankhya wriddhi [7] lai santulanma rakhnama sahayogi hune siddhantale sujhawa dinchha. janasankhya wriddhi rar arthik wikasbichko sambandhalai santulanma rakhna janatako jiwanstar sudhar garne niti rar upayaharuko sthapana rar karyanwayan awashyak chha. II. sakaratmak jaanchharu yass siddhantanusar janasankhya niyantran prakritilai chhodiyo kinbhane yasako jharapat garne janasankhyako afnai tarika chha. jab prakriti janasankhya niyantran garna aunchha, yasale janasankhyako starlai tyo akarma firta laijanchha jahaan upalabdha khadya apurtile yasalai kayam rakhna sakchha [8]. prakritile bhukampa, anikal, yuddha, badhi rar mahamariharu lagayat anyaka madhyambata janasankhyalai niyantran garchha. prakritiko bhumika janasankhya niyantran garnu how jab yo niyantran bahira chha rar anya upayaharu june sthapit garieko chha. 3. janasankhya rar khadyanna apurti malthusian siddhantanusar, janasankhya wriddhi jyamitiya rupma hunchha. jab janasankhya wriddhi hunchha, khadyanna apurti ghatcha rar yo sansaadhanharuko saman matrama nirbhar garne dherai manisharuko suchak how [9]. yasako muel artha upalabdha srotharuma pareko tanawaka karan khadyanna apurti ghatdai jaane chha. jab janasankhya badhcha rar upalabdha srotharuko sankhya ustai rahanchha, yasako muel artha khana pauna sangharsh garnuparne hunchha. 4 janasankhya jaanch garnuhos asantulan astitwama chha jasma janasankhya wriddhi khadya apurtibhanda badhi hunchha. natijako rupma, paryapta khanako abhawale mrityu nimtyaunchha kinki manisharulai banchnaka lagi paryapta khana hundaina [10]. aparyapta khadyanna apurtilai sakaratmak jaanchko prakritik pratikultaharusanga jodda, kunai naha kunai samayama janasankhya cum hunechha. janasankhyako istatam siddhanta yass siddhantale dhanko sirjana rar janasankhyako akar [11] bichko sambandha sthapit garnama kendrit chha. malthusian siddhantako tulanama, janasankhyako istatam siddhanta adhik yatharthawadi chha. istatam janasankhyale sujhawa dinchha kii, yadi deshko idko adarsha janasankhyalai awashyak sadhan rar srotharusanga milaema, utpadan udyogle prati wyakti sabaibhanda badhi utpadan wa aya dinechha [12]. siddhantama wistar gareka anya lekhakharule yasalai farak tarikale paribhashit gareka chhan. robinska anusar, sabaibhanda ramro janasankhya tyo akar how jasle sabaibhanda badhi pratifal dinchha [13]. arkotarf carr-sundersle yass siddhantalai janasankhyako rupma paribhashit gardacha jasle sabaibhanda badhi arthik kalyan pradan gardacha [14]. antyama, daltonle yasalai istatam siddhantalai janasankhyako rupma here jasle prati wyakti sabaibhanda badhi aya dinchha [15]. yee lekhakharule dieko sabai paribhashalai dhyanma rakhdai, istatam janasankhya mulatah ek adarsha janasankhyako akar how jasle upalabdha srotharuko uchit prayog bhaema prati sabaibhanda badhi aya prapta garna sakchha. yadyapi, yadi janasankhya adarsha akarbhanda tall badhcha wa ghatcha bhane, tyasapachhi adhikatam pratifal ghatnechha [16]. yass siddhantanusar yadi janasankhya wriddhi pachhi pratiwyakti aya wriddhi bhayo bhane deshko janasankhya cum hunchha. tyasaile yasako artha yo how kii yasale ajhai pani istatam starsamma janasankhya wriddhi garna sakchha. arkotarf, yadi janasankhya wridhiko parinam swarup pratiwyaktima kami ayo bhane deshko janasankhya badhi hunchha rar pratiwyakti adhikatam aya prapta garna janasankhya ghataunu awashyak chha. janasankhyikiya sankramanko siddhanta vicharadhin siddhantale mukhyataya wiksit deshharuko wastawik janasankhya prawrittima kendrit chha. yass siddhantama, janasankhya vikas tinn-charan prakriya how jasbata yee deshharu gujranchhan. janasankhya wridhiko pahilo charanma mrityu uccha chha bhane janma cum chha tyasaile janasankhya wriddhi cum chha. dosro charanma mrityu ghatcha jabki janma ustai rahanchha. yasaka karan janasankhya wridhiko darr badhcha [17]. yadyapi, janasankhya wridhiko antim charanma mrityudar janmadar barabar hunchha. yo bachchaharuko janma hune darma nirantar girawatko parinam how. malthusian siddhantako viparit, janasankhyikiya sankraman khadya apurtima kendrit chhaina rar janasankhya wriddhilai kunai nakaratmakta dine awasar lindaina. janasankhya wriddhi janasankhya wriddhi arthik vikasma sakaratmak rar nakaratmak duwai prabhawaharudwara visheshta how [18]. druta janasankhya wriddhi mulatah vikasonmukh deshharuma warshik 2.2 pratishatko ausat wridhiko sath anubhav garinchha jabki anyale prati warsha 3 pratishatko rupma uccha record gardacha. sann 1950 ko dashaka vikas arthashastriharu janasankhya niyantran nitiharuma icchuk thienan. tiniharuko pramukh chasoharu siddhantaharuma thie june kryas karyakramharuma lagani garera natakiya rupma kull utpadan badhauna prayog garna sakinchha. arkotarf, uniharu anshik rupma vishwas garthe kii janasankhya vridhima pariwartanharu mulya rar samajik manovritti marfat niyantran garna sakinchha. yadyapi, vidwan rar shodhkartaharule janasankhya wriddhi ek jatil vishaya how rar vikasonmukh rashtraharule anawashyak janmaharu pani anubhav gariraheka chhan bhanne mahasus gareka chhan. janasankhya wriddhi rokna vibhinna janma niyantran ranniti rar nitiharu lagu garieko chha june kehi rashtraharuma safal bhaeko chha jabki arule ajhai pani yass samasyasanga judhiraheka chhan. yadyapi, janma niyantranko madhyambata janasankhya niyantransanga sambandhit dherai chunautiharu chhan vishesh gari manisharuko yass rannitima raheko manowrittiko karan [19]. pratyek deshma arthik vikas hasil garna rannitik rupma yasako dohan garna sakinchha bhanne tathyalai samana gardai janasankhya wridhiko afnai jatiltaharu chhan. janasankhya wriddhi rar arthik wikasbich santulanka lagi rashtriya sarkarsahit vibhinna nikayaharudwara samarthit vibhinna ranniti rar nitiharu awashyak chhan. janasankhya wriddhi rar arthik wikasbichko sambandha wyakhya garna vibhinna drishtikonharu prastut garieko chha. gharelu udyogko wistar gharelu udyogko vikas deshma upalabdha shramko matrama nirbhar gardacha. utpadan kshetrako wistarka lagi, janasankhya wriddhi adharbhut chha [20]. yo arthatantrako euta khetra how jasle kunai pani deshma dherai kamadarharulai akarshit gardacha. kunai pani arthik vikasma shramashakti adharbhut hunchha rar rashtraharulai yasaka lagi janasankhya wriddhi awashyak chha. utpadan udyogjastai krishi khetra pani janasankhya vridhima nirbhar chha [21]. dheraijaso vikasonmukh deshharu atirikta janasankhya wridhiko wastawiktasanga jujhiraheka chhan, dherai samasyaharu uthiraheka chhan jaslai sambodhan garna awashyak chha. udaharanka lagi, utpadan udyogle kehi shramashaktilai durupyog gareko hune thiyo tara janasankhya badhdai jaanda berojgari samasya banirahanchha [22]. yasako artha kunai naha kunai samayama janasankhya wriddhi niyantran garna wa berojgar wyaktiharuka lagi thap rojgari sirjana garne nayan tarikaharu khojna awashyak pardachha. janasankhya wridhiko paksha jatil chha kinki ekatira yo arthik vikaska lagi ramro chha bhane arkotarf yasako nakaratmak prabhawale prakritik srota, samajik suwidhaharuma dabab dinchha rar watawarniya ksharan nimtyaunchha. tathya key how bhane janasankhya wridhiko parinam swarup utpadan udyog nishchit rupma wistar hunechha tara dinko antyama, jab thap srotharuko awashyakta pardachha, upalabdha srotharuma pareko tanawaka karan samudaya banchna sangharsh garnechha. tiwra janasankhya wriddhika jatiltaharu druta janasankhya wriddhi vibhinna jatiltaharusita aunchha. sarvapratham, yasale lagani ghataunchha. ayako badhdo rar druta upabhogko parinam swarup, bhawishyako lagani ek chunauti banchha kinbhane tyahan paryapta bachat chhaina [24]. janasankhya wriddhisanga aune dosro chunauti srotko atyadhik prayog how. srotharuma nirbhar manisharuko sankhyama bhaeko wriddhile srotharuko atyadhik dohan nimtyaunchha. yasako karan, wastuharuko mag badhcha rar yasaka lagi utpadan udyoglai kachcha malko srotko awashyakta pardachha tyasaile srotharuko atyadhik prayog [25]. druta janasankhya wriddhi pani saharikaranka chunautiharusanga aunchha. awasko yojana rar yatayat, pani rar pani jasta samajik suwidhaharuko prawadhan garna gahro hunchha. yasale tinawata farak tarikama prati susta ayama pani laijanchha [26]. pahilo, yasale jaminma badhdo janasankhyama thap dabab dinchha. thap rupma, yasale upabhog wastuharuko mudrasfiti nimtyaunchha jasle garda pariwarko amdanima tanawa hunchha. yasabahek, janasankhya wriddhile pratiwyakti ayalai asar garchha kinki yasale punji sanchayalai ghataunchha kinbhane pariwarik kharchale pariwarlai badhi bachat garna dindaina [27]. yasta parinamharule deshko janatako jiwanstarma girawatko karan banchha. yasako karan, yadi janasankhya badhcha rar aya badhcha bhane, yasako artha jiwanstar ghatnu parchha kinki kamaisakeko thorai rakam sabaiko herchah garna prayog garnuparnecha [28]. tiwra janasankhya wriddhika anya jatiltaharuma berojgari, samajik purwadharko abhawa, watawarniya kshati rar nyun lagani samawesh chhan. nishkarsh sansarka adhikansh deshharu berojgaridekhi samajik suwidhaharuko abhawasamma badhdo janasankhya wridhiko jatiltaharusanga sangharsh gariraheka chhan. janasankhya badhdai jaanda yee samasyaharu jaari chhan [29]. kunai naha kunai rupma, lagu garieka upayaharu rar nitiharu janasankhya wriddhi rokna asafal bhaeko dekhinchha. dheraijaso vikasonmukh deshharu janasankhyako tiwratabata prabhawit chhan rar janasankhya wridhiko siddhantaharu marfat uniharuko durdasha bujhnule uniharuko mamilaharulai kunai pani hisable maddat gardaina [30]. wastawma, vishwaka adhikansh bhagharuma ajhai pani janasankhya wriddhi hune apeksha garieko chha rar yasale arthik vikasma asar jaari rakhnechha. yadyapi, janasankhya wriddhile arthik vikasma asar parchha, arthik vikasle janasankhya wriddhi badhauna sakchha [31]. anukul arthik vikasle janasankhya wriddhilai sajilo banaunchha kinki swasthya sewa, khadya apurti rar anya awashyaktaharu upalabdha chhan. janasankhya wriddhi arthik wikasko euta mahatwapurna karak baneko chha kinbhane manav punjiko niveshbina srotharu afnai rupma prayog garna sakindaina. sandarbhaharu ahmed, emm., anned khaan, arr. ei. ae. (sann 2019). key arthik vikaska lagi manav punjiko gatishiltasanga janasankhyikiya sankraman mahatwapurna chha? gmma ek gatishil panel deta drishtikon. "samajik suchakharu anusandhan," "142" "(2), 753-772. amundsen, ei. ess., & sconhuft, ae. (2022). "sadharan krishi arthawyawasthama upabhog rar janasankhya wridhiko adhirta" (hoina. 2022/01). ifro working paper. baldasare, emm. (2020). wridhiko duwidha. wriddhi duwidha" maa. university aff california press. chenn, ex., & Fu, f. (sann 2018). wyawahar nirdharan garne samajik sikaile antibiotic prayogko istatam janasankhyalai badhawa dina sakchha. "bhautikashastrama simaharu", "6", 139. dasgupta, pri., rar dahri, ess. jey. (2021). istatam janasankhya rar watawarniya badhaharu-ek upayogitawadi pariprekhya 3. "jalawayu naitikta", 193. enflo, key. (2022). istatam janasankhyako nikatta dwara samajik kalyan mapan garne. "pasific darshanik traimasik". gasdorfer, emm., sabhageta, pri., bokena, enn. emm., & hultink, eae. jey. (2017). circular arthawyawastha-nayan sthirata pratiman?. "journal aff cleaner prodoxon", "143", 757-768. hashmi, arr., & alam, key. (sann 2019). watawarniya niyaman, navinta, utsarjan, janasankhya, rar o. ei. dii. deshharuma arthik wriddhi bichko gatishil sambandhah ek panel anusandhan. "journal aff cleaner prodoxon", "" "233", 1100-1109. gadyakobh, ae. wai., & ibhanobha, ess. ae. (sann 2018). khadya surakshah wartamanko chunauti. "geophorum", "91", 73-77. raja, jey. ei. (sann 2019). hoog dalton (1887-1962). lse arthashastrako palgrebh sahayogi" (pri. 289-310). palgrebh mcmillan, london. olidemagy, wai. yu. (2017). nigeriama khadya utpadan prawritti rar janasankhyako malthus siddhantah dhaan utpadanbata anubhawajanya praman. "nigerian journal aff agriculture, food anned enviornment", "13" "(1), 126-132. okunola, ae. emm., nathaniel, ess. pee., anned fests, v. bee. (sann 2018). nigeriama janasankhya wriddhi rar khadya utpadan sambandhako punah awalokanah ekikaranko lagi ek tiwra drishtikon. "krishi rar srota arthashastraha antarrashtriya vaigyanik eae-journal", "4" "(1868-2019-383), 41-51. riva, ef., ahlborg, etch., hartbhigson, eae., pachauri, ess., & colombo, eae. (sann 2018). bijuliko pahunch rar gramin wikasah thap upayukta urja modlingka lagi jatil samajik-arthik gatishilta rar karan rekhachitraharuko samiksha. "digo vikaska lagi urja", "43", 203-223. robins, ell., rar housen, ess. (sann 2018). "arthik vishleshanka siddhantaharuma leonel robinsah 1930 ko dashaka wyakhyanharu. root. rukmana, dee. (2018, march). druta saharikaran rar jakartama digo yatayat nitiharuko awashyakta. iop sammelan shringkhalaha prithvi rar watawarniya vigyan" (khanda. 124, hoina. 1, pri. 12017). iop prakashan. sakanko, emm. ae., anned devid, jey. (sann 2018). malthusian siddhantako ek econometric manyataha nigeriama praman. "significanah journal ilmu economy", "7" (1), 77-90. smill, wee. (2001). "vishwalai poshanah ekkaisaun shatabdika lagi euta chunauti. mii press. yunata, eae. (2020). manav punjiko dayara antargat janasankhyako malthusian siddhantako samiksha. "balah samakalin arthashastrama anusandhanma dhyan kendrit garnuhos," "1" "(2), 132-147. ----[1] gasdorfer att all.2017 [2] smill, 2001 [3] gasdorfer att all.2017 [4] smill, 2001 [5] unet, 2020 [6] olidemagy, 2017 [7] sakanko rar devid, 2018 [8] olidemagy, 2017 [9] unet, 2020 [10] okunola att all.sann 2018 [11] enflo, 2022 [12] dasgupta rar dahri, 2021 [13] robins anned housen, 2018 [14] amundsen rar sconhuft, 2022 [15] raja, 2019 [16] chenn anned fu, 2018 [17] ahmed rar khaan, 2019 [18] ribha att all.sann 2018 [19] ribh att all.sann 2018 [20] hashmi rar alam, 2019 [21] gadyakobh rar iwanobha, 2018 [22] hashmi rar alam, 2019 [23] hashmi rar alam, 2019 [24] rukmana, 2018 [25] rukmana, 2018 [26] baldasare, 2020 [27] baldasare, 2020 [28] rukmana, 2018 [29] ahmed rar khaan, 2019 [30] enflo, 2020 [31] hashmi rar alam, 2019

janasankhya arthaneeti kendra janasankhya arthaneeti kendra (kimba sii. pii. ee.) heuchhi chikago biswabidyalajara booth skula off bijnesra eka gabeshana kendra. sii. pii. ee. rahr karjya mukhyatah jayu. aii. dwara panthi jogai diajae.ess.'jatiah swasthya pratisthanagudikara bardhakya upare jatiah sansthana. janasankhya brudhi ebong arthika bikash parichai janasankhya brudhi ebong arthanaitika bikash madhyare thiba samparka heuchhi eka bishai khetra jaahaa bidwanamane byapaka bhabare anusandhana karichanti [1]. gabeshakamananka barttamanara purbanumana heuchhi je, bibhinna uccha aajakaree desagudikara janasankhya abhibruddhi manthara hebara sambhabana rahichhi. anyapakhyare, ehaa aashanka karajauchhi je janasankhya brudhi sarbada eka samasya hoi rahichhi ebong lokamane upalabdha seemita prakrutika sambala upare nirbharashila rahiba parjyanta ehaa eka aahwana hoi rahiba. ehaa sheshare deerghakaleena arthika bikashaku prabhabita kariba. janasankhya brudhi antarjatija sthanantarana, janasankhya bayasa sanrachana, karjyabalara aakaar ebong arthika asamanata sameth bibhinna digaku prabhabita kare . ehi karakagudika heuchhi gurutwapurna karaka jaahaa jekaunasi rastrara arthika abhibruddhiku nirdharana karithae. ehaa byatita, semane eka nirdista deshare rahuthiba lokanka sankhya upare nirbhara curry arthika dwara madhya prabhabita huanti. janasankhyara prabhaba jii. dii. pii. ebong mundapicha utpadana aadhaarare nirdharana karajaipariba. arthika abhibrudhira aakalanare jeunmananka siddhantara byabahara karajaichi, sehi prasidha lekhakamananka madhyaru jane heuchhanti thamas malthus. lekhakanka matare, janasankhya brudhi kaunasi naa kaunasi samajare deerghakaleena jibanadharana manaku daman kariba. ehi siddhantaku drustikonare rakhiba paain, shay sthira jamira parimana byabahara karithile [3]. jadi janasankhya brudhi paibare lagithae ebong lokamane samaana parimanara jami byabahara karanti, tebe byabahruta sambalara parimana nischita bhabare hrass paiba. ehaa sheshare anahar, juddha ebong roga srusti kariba. shay ahuri madhya ehi samasyara samadhan paain paramarsha deithile je, janasankhya brudhira ehi pratikula prabhabaku kebala setebele edajaipariba jetebele lokamane naitika sanjamaru arthat aneka santan janmaru nibrutta rahiparibe. ehi anumana karajauthiba samajare, lekhaka bhabisyatara baishajika bikash upare bichara karinathile jaahaa sankramaka roga hrass ebong krushi utpadanare unnati aaniba paain byabahruta hoichhi. ehi karanaru, biswara janasankhya brudhi paibare lagichi, ehi bhaja satwe je ehaa samasta upalabdha sambalaku hrass karideba [4]. tebe, taanka drustikonaru ehaa spust je janasankhya brudhi arthika bikash paain khyatikaraka hoipare ebong biswara bibhinna bhagare, bisesh curry bikashashila rastragudikare, atirikta janasankhya brudhiku rokiba digare antarjatija neeti prastuta kariba paain ehaa aadhara hoi rahichhi. malthusia siddhanta malthasnka matare, kaunasi naa kaunasi samajare janasankhya brudhi hrass pauthiba aaja sahita sangharsha kariba aabasyaka [5]. ehaa heuchhi ganitika khadya jogaana ebong suchakankita janasankhya bishajare jeunthare janasankhya brudhi ebong khadya joganare santulana karajaipariba sakaratmaka jancha ebong pratishedhaka padakhyepa pratistha madhyamare [6]. malthusian siddhantare bibhinna upadan rahichhi jaahaa janasankhya brudhi ebong arthanaitika bikash madhyare thiba samparkaku adhika bujhiba paain sahajya kariba paain upasthapana karajaichi. jadio ehi siddhanta janasankhya brudhi ebong arthika bikashar bibhinna digaku drustikonare rakhibaku chesta kare, ehaa pratyeka karakaku antarbhukta kare naahin kaaran ehaa ehi satyaku bichara karinathila je khadya utpadanare unnati aaniba ebong saaraa bisware rogara bistaraku hrass kariba paain technologyra byabahara karajaipariba . aai. pratishedhaka jancha ehi siddhanta suchita kare je aatma-nijantrana, bilamba bibaha ebong sarala jeebanajapana bhali bishajaku prostahita kariba khadya jogaana ebong janasankhya brudhiku santulita karibare sahajaka heba. janasankhya brudhi ebong arthika bikash madhyare samparkaku santulita kariba paain neeti ebong padakhyepagudikara pratistha ebong karjyanwajana aabasyaka jaahaa lokanka jibanadharana maanare unnati aaniba. 2. sakaratmaka jancha ehi siddhanta anujai, janasankhya nijantrana prakruti upare chhadi diajaichhi kaaran ehara nijaswa niramai pranali rahichhi. jetebele prakruti janasankhyaku nijantrana kariba kathaa aase, ehaa janasankhya staraku epari aakaaraku neithae jeunthare upalabdha khadya jogaana ehaaku bajaiah rakhipariba [8]. prakruti bhukampa, durbhikhya, juddha, banya ebong mahamari aadi madhyamare janasankhyaku nijantrana karithae. prakrutira bhumika heuchhi janasankhyaku nijantrana kariba jetebele ehaa nijantrana bahare ebong anya padakhyepa jaahaa sthapita hoichhi . 3. janasankhya ebong khadya jogaana malthusian siddhanta anujai, janasankhya brudhi eka jyamitika saileere hoithae. jetebele janasankhya brudhi hue, khadya jogaana hrass paae ebong ehaa sarbada samaana parimanara sambala upare nirbharashila adhika lokanka eka suchaka . ehara moola artha heuchhi je upalabdha sambala upare chaap padibaru khadya jogaana hrass paiba. jetebele janasankhya brudhi paiba ebong upalabdha sambala sankhya samaana rahiba, ehara moola artha heuchhi khadya paiba paain sangharsha karibaku padiba. 4. janasankhya jancha karantu khadya jogaana tulanare janasankhya brudhi haarare asantulana rahithae. phalaswaroopa, parjyapta khadyara abhaba mrutyu kaaran heba kaaran lokamane banchiba paain parjyapta khadya naah thiba [10]. parjyapta parimanara khadya joganaku sakaratmaka parikhyanara prakrutika pratikula paristhiti sahita jodiba dwara, kaunasi naa kaunasi samajare janasankhya hrass paiba. janasankhyara sarbottama siddhanta ehi siddhantati sampada srusti ebong janasankhyara aakaar madhyare eka samparka sthapana kariba upare dhyana deithae [11]. malthusian siddhanta tulanare, janasankhyara sarbottama siddhanta adhika bastababadi . sarbottama janasankhya suchaithae je, jadi kaunasi deshar adarsha janasankhya aabasyaka sadhan ebong sambala sahita mishithae, tebe utpadana shilpa munda pichha sarbadhika utpadana kimba aaja pradan kariba. ehi siddhantaku bistara karithiba anya lekhakamane ehaaku bhinna bhabe byakhya karichanti. rabinsanka matare, sarbottama janasankhya heuchhi sehi aakaar jaahaa sarbadhika return deithae [13]. anyapakhyare carr-sanders ehi siddhantaku janasankhya bhabare byakhya karichanti jaahaa sarbadhika arthika kalyana pradan kare [14]. sheshare, dalton ehaaku sarbottama siddhanta bhabare janasankhya bhabare dekhuthile jaahaa munda pichha sarbadhika aaja [15] deithae . ehi lekhakamananka dwara diajaithiba samasta sangyaku bicharaku nei, sarbottama janasankhya heuchhi eka adarsha janasankhya aakaar jaahaa upalabdha sambalaku sathik bhabare byabahara kale sarbadhika aaja hassel karipariba . tebe, jadi janasankhya adarsha aakaar thaaru comm hue kimba hrass paae, tebe sarbadhika return hrass paiba [16]. ehi siddhanta anujai, jadi janasankhya brudhi parey mundapicha aaja brudhi hue, tebe deshar janasankhya comm . tenu ehara artha heuchhi, ehaa sarbottama stara parjyanta janasankhya brudhi bahn karipariba . anyapakhyare, jadi janasankhya brudhi karanaru munda pichha hrass ghate, tebe deshar janasankhya adhika hoithae ebong munda pichha sarbadhika aaja hassel kariba paain janasankhya hrasara abashyakata rahichhi. janasankhikeeja paribartanara siddhanta ehi siddhanta mukhyatah bikashita desagudikara prakruta janasankhya dhaara upare dhyana kendrit karichhi. ehi siddhantare, janasankhya bikash heuchhi eka tini parjyaja prakriya jaahaa ehi desagudika dei gati karithae. janasankhya brudhira pratham parjyajare mrutyu sankhya adhika thibabele janma haara comm thibaru janasankhya brudhi hrass paichi. dwiteeja parjyajare, mrutyu hrass paithae ebong janma samaana rahithae. ehi karanaru janasankhya brudhi haara brudhi pauchhi [17]. tebe, janasankhya brudhira shesh parjyajare, mrutyu haara janma haara sahita samaana. ehaa santan janma haarare kramagata hrasara parinam. malthusian siddhantara bipareet, janasankhikeeja paribartana khadya jogaana upare nirbhara karinahin ebong janasankhya brudhiku kaunasi nakaratmakata deba paain sujoga grahan kare naahin . janasankhya brudhi janasankhya brudhi arthika bikash upare ubhaja sakaratmaka ebong nakaratmaka prabhaba dwara chinhita . [18] druta janasankhya brudhi mukhyatah bikashashila deshagudikare barshika harahari 2.2 pratishata brudhi sahita anubhuta hue, jetebele kii anyamane pratibarsha 3 pratishata parjyanta record karanti . 1950 dashkar bikash arthaneetigyamane janasankhya nijantrana neeti prati agrahi nathile. semanankara pramukh agraha thila sehi siddhantagudika upare jaahaa crass prograamare nibesh curry natakiah bhabare mote utpadana brudhi karibaku byabahruta hoipariba . anyapakhyare, semane aanshika bhabe biswasa karuthile je janasankhya brudhire paribartanaku mulyabodha ebong samajika manobrutti madhyamare nijantrana karajaipariba. tebe, bidwana ebong gabeshakamane anubhaba karichanti je janasankhya brudhi eka jatila bishai ebong bikashashila rastragudika anabashyaka janma madhya anubhaba karuchanti. janasankhya brudhiku rokiba paain bibhinna janma nijantrana ranneeti ebong neeti karjyakaree karajaichi jaahaa keteka deshare saphala hoichhi ebong anyamane eparjyanta ehi samasya sahita sangharsha karuchanti . tebe, janma nijantrana madhyamare janasankhya nijantrana sahita jadita aneka aahwana rahichhi, bisesh curry ehi ranneeti upare lokanka manobhaba [19] karanaru. pratyeka deshare arthika bikash hassel kariba paain ehara rananaitika upajoga karajaipariba ehi satyaku bujhiba sahita janasankhya brudhira nijaswa jatilata rahichhi. janasankhya brudhi ebong arthika bikash madhyare santulana rakhya kariba paain jatiah sarkar sameth bibhinna sanstha dwara samarthita bibhinna ranneeti ebong neeti aabasyaka. janasankhya brudhi ebong arthika bikash madhyare thiba samparkaku byakhya kariba paain bibhinna abhimukhya upasthapana karajaichi. gharoi silpara samprasarana gharoi silpara bikash eka deshare upalabdha shrama parimana upare nirbhara kare . utpadana khetrara samprasarana paain, janasankhya brudhi moulika [20]. arthabyabasthara sehi khetragudika madhyaru ehaa anyatama, jaahaa jekaunasi deshare bahu sankhyaka shramikanku akrusta karithae. jekaunasi arthika bikashare shramashakti moulika ebong ethipain rastragudika janasankhya brudhi aabasyaka karanti. utpadana shilpa bhali krushi khetra madhya janasankhya brudhi upare nirbharashila [21]. adhikansha bikashashila desh atyadhika janasankhya brudhira bastabata sahita sangharsha karuthibabele, aneka samasya srusti heuchhi jahara samadhan karajiba aabasyaka . udaharana swaroopa, utpadana shilpa kichhi shramashaktiku lunthan karithiba kintu janasankhya brudhi paiba sahita, bekari eka samasya hoijae [22]. ehara artha heuchhi, kaunasi naa kaunasi samajare janasankhya brudhiku nijantrana karibara abashyakata rahichhi kimba bekara byaktimananka paain adhika nijukti srusti karibara nutan upaiah khojibara abashyakata rahichhi. janasankhya brudhira diga jatila kaaran gotie pate ehaa arthika abhibruddhi paain bhal hoithibabele anya pate ehara nakaratmaka prabhaba prakrutika sambala, samajika subidha upare chaap pakaithae ebong paribesha abakhyai aadaku neijae. bastabata heuchhi, janasankhya brudhi phalare utpadana shilpa nischita bhabe samprasarita heba, kintu deane sheshare jetebele adhika sambalara abashyakata padiba, setebele upalabdha sambala upare paduthiba chaap karanaru ehi sampradai banchiba paain sangharsha kariba. druta janasankhya brudhira jatilata druta janasankhya brudhi bibhinna jatilata sahita asithae . sarbaprathame, ehaa nibesh hrass karithae. ayara bardhita ebong druta byabaharara phalaswaroopa, bhabishyatare nibesh eka aahwana palatithae kaaran parjyapta sanchai naahin [24]. janasankhya brudhi sahita asuthiba dwiteeja aahwana heuchhi sambalara atyadhika byabahara. sambala upare nirbharashila lokanka sankhya brudhi jogun sambalara atyadhika shoshan hoithae. ehara kaaran heuchhi, drabyara chahida brudhi paithae ebong ethipain utpadana shilpaku kanchamalra utsa aabasyaka hoithae, tenu sambalara atyadhika byabahara [25]. druta janasankhya brudhi saha saharikaranara aahwana madhya rahichhi. abas paain yojana kariba ebong paribahana, jala ebong jala bhali samajika subidha pradan kariba kastakara hoijae. ehaa madhya tinoti bhinna bhinna upaajare prati aajare hrass ghataithae [26]. prathamatah, ehaa jami upare bardhita janasankhya upare adhika chaap pakaae. ehaa byatita, ehaa upabhokta samagrira mudrasfeeti srusti karithae, jahaphalare paribarika aaja upare chaap padithae. adhikantu, janasankhya brudhi munda pichha aajaku prabhabita karithae kaaran ehaa punji sanchai hrass karithae kaaran paribarika kharcha paribaraku adhika sanchai karibaku anumathi deipariba naahin [27]. ebhali parinam jogun gotie deshar lokanka jibanadharana maana hrass paithae. ehara kaaran heuchhi, jadi janasankhya brudhi hue ebong aaja brudhi naah hue, ehara artha heuchhi jeebanadharanara maana hrass karibaku padiba kaaran comm aaja karithiba arthaku samastanka jatna nebare byabahara karibaku padiba [28]. druta janasankhya brudhira anyanya jatilata madhyare bekari, samajika bhittibhumira abhaba, paribesha khyati ebong nibesh hrass antarbhukta . niskarsha biswara adhikansha desh bekari thaaru arambha curry samajika subidhara abhaba parjyanta bardhita janasankhya brudhira jatilata sahita sangharsha karuchanti. janasankhya brudhi paibare lagithibaru ehi samasya jaari rahichhi [29]. kaunasi prakare, laagu karajaithiba padakhyepa ebong neetigudika janasankhya brudhiku rokiba digare biphal hoithiba pari manehue. adhikansha bikashashila desh janasankhyara tibrata dwara prabhabita huanti ebong janasankhya brudhira siddhanta madhyamare semanankara durdasha bujhiba kaunasi prakare semananka mamalare sahajya kare naahin [30]. bastabare, biswara adhikansha bhagare janasankhya brudhi aasha karajauchhi ebong ehaa arthika bikash upare prabhaba pakaiba. tebe, jepari janasankhya brudhi arthanaitika bikashaku prabhabita karithae, sehipari arthika bikash janasankhya brudhi digare madhya agrasara karipare [31]. anukula arthika bikash janasankhya brudhi paain sahaja karithae kaaran swasthyaseba, khadya jogaana ebong anyanya abashyakeeah seba upalabdha. janasankhya brudhi arthanaitika bikashar eka gurutwapurna karaka hoi rahichhi kaaran manab punjira nibesh bina sambalagudikara nijaswa upajoga karajaipariba naahin. sandarbha ahammed, emm., & khaan, aarr. ee. aii. (2019). manab punjira gatisheelata sahita janasankhyagata paribartana arthika abhibruddhi paain gurutwapurna kii? jii. emm. emm. paain eka gatishila panel data abhimukhya. "samajika suchaka anusandhana," "142" "(2), 753-772. amundsen, ee. ess., & sconehuft, a. (2022). "eka sarala krushi arthabyabasthare upavoga ebong janasankhya brudhiku nei adhairjyata" (naa. 2022/01). aai. aif. aarr. oh. warking pepara. baladasare, emm. (2020). abhibruddhi dwandwa. abhibruddhi dwandwa" ray. california biswabidyalaja press. chenn, x., & phu, aif. (2018). acharan nirdharana karibara samajika sikhya janasankhyara sarbottama antibajotika byabaharaku prostahita karipare . "padartha bigyanare seema", "6", 139. dasagupta, pru., ebong dadhi, ess. jay. (2021). sarbottama janasankhya ebong paribesagata pratibandhaka-eka upajogitamoolaka drustikona 3. "jalabaju naitikata", 193. enflo, kee. (2022). sarbadhika janasankhyara nikatata dwara samajika kalyanaku mapa kariba. "prashanta mahasagariya darshanika traimasika". gasdorfer, emm., sawajet, pii., boken, enn. emm., & haltinka, ee. jay. (2017). bruttakara arthaneeti-eka nutan sthirata drustanta?.. "journal off cleaner prodoxon", "143", 757-768. hashmi, aarr., & alam, kee. (2019). paribesha nijantrana, nabasrujana, nirgamana, janasankhya ebong oh. ee. dii. deshagudikare arthika abhibruddhi madhyare gatishila samparkah eka panel anusandhana. "journal off cleaner prodoxon", "" "," ", 1100-1109. prasekov, aii. jaiah., & ivanova, ess. aii. (2018). khadya surakhyah barttamanara aahwana. "geophorum", "91", 73-77. raja, jay. ee. (2019). hugg dalton (1887-1962). ell. ess. ee. arthabyabasthara palgrave saathee" (pru. 289-310). palgrave mcmillan, london. olidimagy, wai. jayu. (2017). naijeriaare khadya utpadana dhaara ebong janasankhyara malthus siddhantah dhaana utpadanaru abhigyatagata pramana. "nigerian journal off agriculture, food anded environment," "13" "(1), 126-132. okunola, aii. emm., nathaniel, ess. pii., & fests, bhi. bii. (2018). naijeriaare janasankhya brudhi ebong khadya utpadana nexsra punah sameekhyah ekikarana paain eka utsahi abhimukhya. "krushi ebong sambala arthaneetih antarjatija baigyanika ee-journal", "4" "(1868-2019-383), 41-51. ribha, aif., ahlberg, etch., hartvigson, ee., pachauri, ess., & columbo, ee. (2018). bidyuta upalabdhata ebong grameena bikashah adhika upajukta shakti madeling paain jatila samajika-arthika gatisheelata ebong kaaran rekhachitrara samikhya. "nirantara bikash paain shakti", "43", 203-223. robbins, ell., ebong housen, ess. (2018). "" "arthika bisleshanara neeti upare leonel rabinsah 1930 dashkar baktabya. pathabhrasta. rukmana, dii. (2018, march). druta saharikarana ebong jakarta ray sthajee paribahana nitira abashyakata. iop sammilani shrunkhalah pruthibee ebong paribesha bigyana" (khanda. 124, naa. 1, pii. 1. 2017). iop prakashan. sakanko, emm. aii., & devida, jay. (2018). malthusian siddhantara eka arthaneetire baidhikaranah naijeriaare pramana. "signifikanh journal ilmu economy," "7" "(1), 77-90. hasantu, bhi. (2001). "biswaku khadya jogaibah ekabingsha shatabdi paain eka aahwana. mitt press karantu. unat, ee. (2020). manab punjira parisara antargata janasankhya upare malthusia siddhantara samikhya. "balah samasamajika arthaneetire gabeshana upare dhyana diantu," "1" "(2), 132-147. ----[1] gasdorfer ebong anyamane.2017 [2] huss, 2001 [3] gasdorfer ebong anyamane.2017 [4] huss, 2001 [5] unata, 2020 [6] olidimagy, 2017 [7] sakanko ebong devida, 2018 [8] olidimagy, 2017 [9] unata, 2020 [10] okunola ebong anyamane., 2018 [11] enflo, 2022 [12] dasagupta ebong dadhi, 2021 [13] robbins anded housen, 2018 [14] amundsen ebong sconehuft, 2022 [15] raja, 2019 [16] chenn anded phu, 2018 [17] ahammed ebong khaana, 2019 [18] ribha ebong anyamane., 2018 [19] ribh ebong anyamane., 2018 [20] hasmi ebong alam, 2019 [21] gadyakova ebong ivanova, 2018 [22] hasmi ebong alam, 2019 [23] hasmi ebong alam, 2019 [24] rukmana, 2018 [25] rukmana, 2018 [26] baladasare, 2020 [27] baladasare, 2020 [28] rukmana, 2018 [29] ahammed ebong khaana, 2019 [30] enflo, 2020 [31] hasmi ebong alam, 2019

jansankhiaa arth shastar laee kendra center phaar population economics (jaan see. pee. ee.) university aaf shikago booth school aaf busions daa ikk khoj kendra haii. see. pee. ee. dey kamm noon mukkh taur 'teey yuu.aiss.'rashtari sihat sansthavan dee umar vadhan baare rashtari sanstha. aabadi witch vaadha atey aarthik vikas jaanh-pachanh aabadi dey vaadhe atey aarthik vikas dey vichkaar maujood sabndh uhanan vishiaan vicchon ikk haii jinhan dee vidvanan neey viaapak taur utte khoj keeti haii. khojkartavan dee maujuda bhavikhbani ih haii kii vakkh-vakkh ucch aamdani vaale deshan witch hauli aabadi vaadhe dee sambhavna haii. dooje paase, ih darr haii kii aabadi witch vaadha hamesha ikk samassiaa rahee haii atey ih udon takk ikk chunhauti bnee rahegi jadon takk lock upalbadh seemat kudrati sarotan 'teey nirbhar rahinde hunn. ih aakharkar lambe samein dey aarthik vikas noon prabhavat karega. aabadi witch vaadha antarashtari parvas, aabadi dee umar daa dhancha, cargeable daa aakaar atey aarthik asmanta samet vakkh-vakkh pahiluaan noon prabhavat karda haii. ih kaarak mahattavpuran kaarak hunn joe kise vee rashter dey aarthik vikas noon nirdharat karde hunn. iss toon ilava, uh kise vishesh desh witch rahinn vaale lokan dee ginti dey adhaar utte aarthikta toon vee prabhavit hunde hunn. aabadi dey prabhav jee. dee. pee. atey pratee viakati utpadan dey roop witch nirdharat keete jaa sakde hunn. uhanan prasidh lekhakan vicchon ikk haii jiss dey sidhant dee varton aarthik vikas daa mulankan curran witch keeti gaee haii, thamas malthus haii. lekhak dey anusar aabadi witch vaadha kise samein lambe samein witch jeevan paddhar noon dabaa devega. sidhant noon drishtikon witch rakkhan laee, usne sathir zameen dee matra [3] dee varton keeti. jacker aabadi vadhadi rahee atey lock haale vee onee hii zameen dee varton karde rahey taan khapat keete sarotan dee matra yakini taur utte ghatt javegi. ih aakharkar bhukhmari, yuddh atey bimariaan daa caarn banega. unhan neey ih sujhaa dinde hoye iss samassiaa daa hall vee ditta kii aabadi vaadhe dey inhan maade prabhavan toon taan hii bachiaa jaa sakda haii jacker lock naitik sanjam toon bach sakde hunn, yaani kii kaee bacche paida curran toon roque keey. jadon ih anuman lagaiaa jaa riha see, lekhak neey bhavikh dey takniki vikas noon dhiaan witch naheen rakkhiaa joe sankarmit bimariaan noon ghataun atey khetibadi utpadan witch sudhar laee varte gaye hunn. iss caarn karke, vishav dee aabadi iss darr dey bavjood vadh rahee haii kii iss naal saare upalbadh sarot khatam hoow jaange [4]. halanki, unhan dey drishtikon toon ih spasht haii kii aabadi witch vaadha aarthik vikas laee nuksandeh hoow sakda haii atey ih dunia dey vakkh-vakkh hissiaan witch, khaas karke vikashsheel deshan witch, vadhu aabadi dey vaadhe noon rokann laee antarashtari nitiaan banaun daa adhaar riha haii. malthusian thioori malthus dey anusar, aabadi witch vaadha kise samein sankuchit return naal takrauna chahida haii [5]. ih sabh ankganit bhojan saplai atey tezi naal aabadi baare haii jitthe aabadi atey bhojan saplai witch vaadhe noon skaratmak janchan atey roktham upavan dee sathapana duaara santulit keeta jaa sakda haii. malthusian thioori witch vakkh-vakkh tatt shamal hunn joe aabadi dey vaadhe atey aarthik vikas dey vichkaar sabandhan dee horr samajh witch sahaita laee agge rakkhe gaye hunn. bhaven kii ih sidhant aabadi dey vaadhe atey aarthik vikas dey vakkh-vakkh pahiluaan noon drishtikon witch rakkhan dee koshish karda haii, parr iss witch harr kaarak noon shamal naheen keeta giaa haii kiunki iss witch iss tatth noon naheen manniaa giaa haii kii technology dee varton bhojan utpadan witch sudhar curran atey dunia bharr witch bimariaan dey prasaar noon ghataun laee keeti jaa sakadi haii. I. roktham jaanch ih sidhant sujhaa dinda haii kii sway-niyantaran, dair naal viaah atey sadharan jeevan jiunh vargiaan cheezan noon utshahit karna bhojan dee saplai atey aabadi dey vaadhe noon santulit curran witch madadgaar hovega. aabadi dey vaadhe atey aarthik vikas dey vichkaar sabandhan noon santulit curran laee lokan dey jeevan paddhar witch sudhar curran valiaan nitiaan atey upavan dee sathapana atey lagu curran dee zaroorat haii. II. skaratmak jaanch iss thioori dey anusar, aabadi niyantaran kudrat utte chhadd ditta giaa haii kiunki iss daa aabadi noon nasht curran daa aapna tarika haii. jadon kudrat aabadi noon niyantrit curran dee gall kardi haii, taan ih aabadi dey paddhar noon ikk ajihe akaar witch waps lae jaandi haii jitthe upalbadh bhojan saplai iss noon kaaim rakkh sakadi haii. kudrat bhuchal, qaal, yuddhan, hadahan atey mahamariaan samet horaan raahin aabadi noon niyantrit kardi haii. kudrat dee bhumika aabadi noon niyantrit karna haii jadon ih niyantaran toon bahr haii atey horr upaa joe sathapat keete gaye hunn. 3. aabadi atey bhojan saplai malthusian thioori dey anusar, aabadi witch vaadha ikk rekhaganitik dhang naal hunda haii. jadon aabadi witch vaadha hunda haii, taan bhojan dee saplai ghatt jaandi haii atey ih hamesha vadhere lokan daa ikko jihe sarotan dey adhaar utte ikk sanketak hunda haii. iss daa mool arth haii kii upalbadh sarotan utte dabaa painn naal bhojan dee saplai ghatt hoow javegi. jadon aabadi vadhadi haii atey upalbadh sarotan dee ginti ikko jihi rahindi haii, taan iss daa mool arth haii kii bhojan prapat curran laee sanghrash karna pavega. IV aabadi dee jaanch asantulan uh darr haii jiss utte aabadi witch vaadha bhojan dee saplai naalon vaddh haii. natije vajon, kaafi bhojan dee ghaat caarn mautan hongiaan kiunki lokan laee jeevat rahinn laee kaafi bhojan naheen hovega [10]. bhojan dee nakafi saplai noon skaratmak janchan deeaan kudrati bipta naal joden naal, kise samein aabadi ghatt hoow javegi. aabadi daa sarvotam sidhant ih sidhant daulat dee sirjana atey aabadi dey aakaar [11] dey vichkaar sabndh sathapat curran 'teey kendrat karda haii. malthusian thioori dee tulna witch, aabadi dee sarvotam thioori vadhere yatharathvadi haii. sarvotam aabadi sujhaa dindi haii kii, jey kise desh dee aadrash aabadi noon zaruri sadhanan atey sarotan naal jodiaa jaanda haii, taan nirman udyog sabh toon vaddh utpadan jaan pratee viakati aamdan devega [12]. horr lekhakan jinhan neey thioori daa vistaar keeta haii, neey iss noon vakkhre tarike naal paribhashit keeta haii. robbins dey anusar, sabh toon vadhiaa aabadi uh aakaar haii joe sabh toon vaddh vaapsee karda haii [13]. dooje paase kair-sonders neey iss sidhant noon aabadi vajon paribhashit keeta haii joe sabh toon vaddh aarthik bhalai pardan kardi haii [14]. ant witch, dalton neey iss noon sarvotam sidhant vajon dekhiaa joe pratee viakati sabh toon vaddh aamdan dindi haii [15]. inhan lekhakan duaara ditti gaee saaree paribhasha noon dhiaan witch rakkhde hoye, sarvotam aabadi mool roop witch ikk aadrash aabadi daa aakaar haii joe pratee saal sabh toon vaddh aamdan prapat qarr sakadi haii jey upalbadh sarotan dee sahee varton keeti jaandi haii. halanki, jey aabadi aadrash akaar toon ghatt jaan ghatt jaandi haii, taan vaddh toon vaddh return ghatt hoow javegi [16]. iss sidhant dey anusar, jacker aabadi witch vaadhe toon baad pratee viakati aamdan witch vaadha hunda haii, taan desh dee aabadi ghatt haii. iss laee iss daa matlab haii kii, ih ajey vee sarvotam paddhar takk aabadi witch vaadha qarr sakda haii. dooje paase, jacker aabadi vadhan dey natije vajon pratee viakati witch qamee aaundi haii taan desh dee aabadi ziaada haii atey pratee viakati vaddh toon vaddh aamdan prapat curran laee aabadi witch qamee dee zaroorat haii. jansankhiaa parivartan daa sidhant swal witch thioori neey mukkh taur 'teey vikast deshan dey asal aabadi dey rujhanan' teey dhiaan kendrit keeta haii. iss sidhant witch, jansankhiaa vikas ikk tinn padavan dee prakiriaa haii jiss vicchon ih desh langhde hunn. aabadi vaadhe dey pahile padaa witch, mautan ziaada hundiaan hunn jadon kii janam ghatt hunda haii iss laee aabadi witch vaadha ghatt hunda haii. dooje padaa witch, maut ghatt hoow jaandi haii jadon kii janam uhee rahinda haii. iss caarn aabadi dey vaadhe dee darr witch vaadha hunda haii [17]. halanki, aabadi vaadhe dey aakhri padaa witch, maut darr janam darr dey barabar haii. ih bacchiaan dey janam dee darr witch nirantar girawat daa natija haii. malthusian thioori dey ulat, jansankhiaa parivartan bhojan saplai utte adharat naheen haii atey aabadi dey vaadhe noon koee nakaratmakta denh daa mauka naheen lainda haii. aabadi witch vaadha aabadi dey vaadhe dee visheshta aarthik vikas utte skaratmak atey nakaratmak prabhav doven hunn [18]. tezi naal aabadi vaadha mool roop witch vikashsheel deshan witch salana 2.2 pratishat dey ausat vaadhe naal anubhav keeta jaanda haii jadon kii horr harr saal 3 pratishat dey roop witch ucch ricard karde hunn. 1950 dey dahake dey vikas arthshastri aabadi niyantaran nitiaan witch dilchaspi naheen rakkhde sunn. uhanan dey pramukh hitt uhanan sidhantan utte sunn jinhan dee varton crashes programan witch nivesh karke kull utpadan noon nataki dhang naal vadhaun laee keeti jaa sakadi see. dooje paase, uh anshak taur utte mannade sunn kii aabadi dey vaadhe witch tabdiliaan noon kadran-keematan atey smajik ravaiye duaara niyantrit keeta jaa sakda haii. halanki, vidvanan atey khojkartavan neey mahisus keeta haii kii aabadi witch vaadha ikk gunjhaldar mamla haii atey vikashsheel desh anchahe janam daa anubhav vee qarr rahey hunn. aabadi dey vaadhe noon rokann laee vakkh-vakkh janam niyantaran rannitiaan atey nitiaan lagu keetiaan gaeeaan hunn joe kujh deshan witch safal rahiaan hunn jadon kii horr ajey vee iss samassiaa naal joojh rahey hunn. halanki, janam niyantaran duaara aabadi niyantaran naal judiaan kaee chunotiaan hunn, khaskar iss ranniti utte lokan dey ravaiye dey caarn [19]. aabadi vaadhe deeaan aapniaan pechidgiaan hunn joe iss tatth noon samajhade hoye hunn kii harr desh witch aarthik vikas noon prapat curran laee iss daa rannitak taur 'teey shoshan keeta jaa sakda haii. aabadi dey vaadhe atey aarthik vikas dey vichkaar santulan laee rashtari sarkaar samet vakkh-vakkh agencies duaara samarthit vakkh-vakkh rannitiaan atey nitiaan dee zaroorat hundi haii. aabadi vaadhe atey aarthik vikas dey vichkaar sabandhan dee viaakhiaa curran laee vakkh-vakkh pahunch pesh keetiaan gaeeaan hunn. gharelu udyog daa vistaar gharelu udyog daa vikas kise desh witch upalbadh mazdoori dee matra utte nirbhar karda haii. nirman khetar dey vistaar laee, aabadi witch vaadha buniaadi haii [20]. ih arthvivastha dey unhan khetran vicchon ikk haii joe kise vee desh witch bahut saare mazdooran noon aakarshit karda haii. kise vee aarthik vikas witch mazdoor shakti buniaadi haii atey rashtaran noon iss laee aabadi vaadhe dee zaroorat haii. nirman udyog dee tarahan khetibadi khetar vee aabadi vaadhe utte nirbhar haii. ziaadaatar vikashsheel desh ziaada aabadi vaadhe dee asliat naal joojh rahey hunn, bahut saare mudde sahmane aaa rahey hunn jinhan naal najithan dee zaroorat haii. udaharan dey laee, nirman udyog neey kujh mazdoor shakti dee heraferi keeti hovegi parr jiven-jiven aabadi vadhadi jaa rahee haii, beruzgari ikk samassiaa bann jaandi haii. iss daa matlab haii kii kise samein jaan taan aabadi dey vaadhe noon niyantrit curran jaan berozgar viaktiaan laee vadhere naukariaan paida curran dey navein tarike labbhan dee zaroorat hundi haii. aabadi vaadhe daa pahilu gunjhaldar haii kiunki ikk paase ih aarthik vikas laee changa haii jadon kii dooje paase iss dey nakaratmak prabhav kudrati sarotan, smajik sahulatan utte dabaa paunde hunn atey vatavaran dey nighar vall lae jaande hunn. tatth ih haii kii aabadi vadhan dey natije vajon nirman udyog daa vistaar zaroor hovega parr dinn dey ant witch, jadon vadhere sarotan dee zaroorat pavegi, taan community noon upalbadh sarotan utte dabaa paunh caarn bachann laee sanghrash karna pavega. tezi naal aabadi dey vaadhe deeaan pechidgiaan tezi naal aabadi witch vaadha vakkh-vakkh pechidgiaan dey naal aaunda haii. sabh toon pahilan, iss naal nivesh ghatt hunda haii. aamdan dee vadhadi atey tezi naal khapat dey natije vajon, bhavikh dey nivesh ikk chunhauti bann jaande hunn kiunki kaafi bacchat naheen hundi [24]. aabadi witch vaadhe naal aaunn vaali duji chunhauti sarotan dee ziaada varton haii. sarotan dey adhaar utte lokan dee ginti witch vaadha sarotan dee ziaada varton vall lae jaanda haii. ih iss laee haii kiunki, vastan dee mung vaddhadi haii atey iss laee nirman udyog noon kacche maal dey sarot dee zaroorat hundi haii iss laee sarotan dee ziaada varton [25]. tezi naal aabadi witch vaadha shehrikaran deeaan chunotiaan dey naal vee aaunda haii. rihaish atey aavajai, paanee atey paanee vargiaan smajik sahulatan dee vivastha laee yojnabandi karna mushkal hoow jaanda haii. ih tinn vakkh-vakkh tarikiaan naal pratee aamdan witch qamee daa caarn vee banada haii [26]. sabh toon pahilan, ih zameen utte vaddh rahee aabadi utte vadhere dabaa paunda haii. iss toon ilava, iss naal khapat vastan dee mahingai hundi haii jiss dey natije vajon parivarak aamdan utte dabaa painda haii. iss toon ilava, aabadi witch vaadha pratee viakati aamdan noon prabhavat karda haii kiunki ih poonji ikkathi curran noon ghataunda haii kiunki parivarak kharche parivaar noon vadhere bacchat curran dee aagiaa naheen dey sakde [27]. ajihe natije hii kise desh witch lokan dey jeevan paddhar witch girawat daa caarn banade hunn. ajiha iss laee haii kiunki, jey aabadi vadhadi haii atey aamdan naheen vadhadi, taan iss daa matlab haii kii jeevan paddhar noon ghatauna pavega kiunki kamai keeti thodhi jihi rakam dee varton harr kise dee dekhbhal laee keeti jaanhi chahidi haii [28]. tezi naal aabadi dey vaadhe deeaan horr pechidgiaan witch beruzgari, smajik buniaadi dhanche dee ghaat, vatavaran noon nuksan pahunchauna atey nivesh witch qamee shamal haii. sitta dunia bharr dey ziaadaatar desh beruzgari toon lae keey smajik sahulatan dee ghaat takk vadh rahee aabadi dey vaadhe deeaan pechidgiaan naal sanghrash qarr rahey hunn. ih samassiaavan baniaan hoiaan hunn kiunki aabadi witch vaadha jaari haii [29]. kise tarahan, ajiha lagda haii kii lagu keete gaye upaa atey nitiaan aabadi dey vaadhe noon rokann witch asfal rahiaan hunn. ziaadaatar vikashsheel desh aabadi dee tibarta toon prabhavit hunde hunn atey aabadi vaadhe dey sidhantan raahin unhan dee musibat noon samajhna kise vee tarahan naal unhan dey mamlian witch sahaita naheen karda [30]. vastav witch, dunia dey ziaadaatar hissiaan witch aabadi witch vaadha ajey vee umeed keeti jaa rahee haii atey iss daa aarthik vikas utte prabhav jaari rahega. halanki, jiss tarahan aabadi witch vaadha aarthik vikas noon prabhavat karda haii, use tarahan aarthik vikas aabadi witch vaadhe daa caarn bann sakda haii. anukool aarthik vikas aabadi dey vaadhe noon assan banaunda haii kiunki sihat dekhbhal, bhojan dee saplai atey horr zaruratan vargiaan sevavan upalbadh hunn. aabadi witch vaadha aarthik vikas daa ikk mahattavpuran kaarak baniaa hoiaa haii kiunki manukkhi poonji dey nivesh toon binan sarotan dee varton aapne aap naheen keeti jaa sakadi. havale ahmed, aimm., & khaan, aar. ee. aii. (2019). qee aarthik vikas laee manukkhi poonji gatishilta naal jansankhiaa parivartan mahattavpuran haii? jee. aimm. aimm. laee ikk gatishil panel daata pahunch. "smajik soochak khoj," "" "(2), 753-772. amundson, ee. aiss., & sconhaft, aii. (2022). "ikk sadharan khetibadi arthvivastha witch khapat atey aabadi dey vaadhe laee basebury" (naheen. 2022/01). aaee. eff. aar. ou. working paper. baldasare, aimm. (2020). vikas dee dubidha. vikas dee dubidha" witch. california university presses chenn, x., & foo, eff. (2018). vivhaar nirdharat curran dee smajik sikkhiaa aabadi noon antibiotic dee sarvotam varton noon utshahit qarr sakadi haii. "bhautik vigiaan witch sarhaddan", "6", 139. dasgupta, pee., atey daadhi, aiss. jey. (2021). sarvotam aabadi atey vatavaran deeaan rukawatan-ikk upyogitavadi drishtikon 3. "jalvayu naitikta", 193. enflo, keey. (2022). samaaj bhalai noon ikk sarvotam aabadi dee nedta duaara mapna. "parshant darshnik timahi". geisdorfer, aim., swaget, pee., boken, ainn. aim., & hultink, ee. jey. (2017). circular arthvivastha-ikk navaan sathirta daa namuna?. "cleaner production daa journal", "143", 757-768. hashmi, aar., & aalam, keey. (2019). vatavaran dey niyaman, navinata, nikas, aabadi atey ou. see. dee. deshan witch aarthik vikas darmiaan gatishil sabandhau ikk panel jaanch. "cleaner production daa journal", "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" praskov, aii. vaaee., & Ivanova, s. aii. (2018). khurak surakhiaa varatman dee chunhauti. "geophorm", "91", 73-77. king, jey. ee. (2019). hugg dalton (1887-1962). ail. aiss. ee. arth shastar daa palgrave saathi" (peepi. 289-310). palgrave mcmillan, london. oladimeji, vaaee. yuu. (2017). nigeria witch bhojan utpadan daa rujhan atey aabadi daa malthus sidhant chawal dey utpadan toon anubhavi saboot. "khetibadi, bhojan atey vatavaran daa nigerian journal", "13" (1), 126-132. okunola, aii. aim., nathaniel, aiss. pee., & fests, v. bee. (2018). nigeria witch aabadi dey vaadhe atey bhojan utpadan dey gathjod noon mudd vicharnaa ekikaran laee ikk shandar pahunch. "khetibadi atey sarot arth shastar antarashtari vigiaanak ee-journal", "4" (1868-2019-383), 41-51. reeva, eff., ahlborg, aich., hartwigson, ee., pachauri, aiss., & columbo, ee. (2018). bijli dee pahunch atey pendu vikasau vadhere dhukvin energy modeling laee gunjhaldar smajik-aarthik gatishilta atey caarn chittran dee samikhiaa. "tikaoo vikas laee oorja", "43", 203-223. robins, aill., & housen, aiss. (2018). "aarthik vishleshan dey sidhantan 'teey leonel robins 1930 dey dahake dey bhashan. rutlege. rukmana, dee. (2018, march). tezi naal shehrikaran atey jakarta witch tikaoo aavajai neeti dee zaroorat. iop conferences seereeza prithvi atey vatavaran vigiaan (valiam. 124, naheen. 1, pee. 12017). iop parkashan. scanco, aimm. aii., & david, jey. (2018). malthusian thioori dee ikk arthshastri pramanikta-nigeria witch saboot. "significan journal ilmu ikonami," "7" "(1), 77-90. muskrao, vee. (2001). "dunia noon bhojan denaau denaau sadee laee ikk chunhauti. mitt presses crow. unet, ee. (2020). manukkhi poonji dey daire witch aabadi dey malthusian sidhant dee samikhiaa. "ballava samkali arth shastar witch khoj utte dhiaan kendrit crow," "1" "(2), 132-147. ----[1] geisdorfer atey horr.2017 [2] muskrao, 2001 [3] geisdorfer atey horr.2017 [4] muskrao, 2001 [5] yuu. ainn. aii. tii., 2020 [6] oladimeji, 2017 [7] scanco atey david, 2018 [8] oladimeji, 2017 [9] yuu. ainn. aii. tii., 2020 [10] okunola atey horr.2018 [11] ainn. aif. ail. ou., 2022 [12] dasgupta atey daadhi, 2021 [13] robins aind hausan, 2018 [14] amundson atey sconhaft, 2022 [15] king, 2019 [16] chenn aind foo, 2018 [17] ahmed atey khaan, 2019 [18] reeva atey horr.2018 [19] rive atey horr.2018 [20] hashmi atey aalam, 2019 [21] praskov atey ivanova, 2018 [22] hashmi atey aalam, 2019 [23] hashmi atey aalam, 2019 [24] rukmana, 2018 [25] rukmana, 2018 [26] baldasare, 2020 [27] baldasare, 2020 [28] rukmana, 2018 [29] ahmed atey khaan, 2019 [30] ainn. aif. ail. ou., 2020 [31] hashmi atey aalam, 2019

janasankhyaa-arthashaastrasya kendram janasankhyaa-arthashaastr-kendram (athavaa see. pee. ee.) shikaago-vishvavidyaalayasya boot-school-aaf-business ityasya anusandhaana-kendram asti. see. pee. ee. ityasya karyasya vittaposhanam mukhyataya yoo. e. dwara bhavati.ess.'rashtriya-swaasthya-samsthananam vruddhataayaah vishaye rashtriya-samsthaa. janasankhyaa vruddhihi tathaa aarthikavikaasah parichayah. janasankhyaa-vruddhihi aarthik-vikaasah cha madhye vidyamaanah sambandhah ekaha vishaya-kshetrah asti yasya vishaye vidvaamsaha vistrutaroopena anveshayanti [1]. samshodhakaih vartamaanam bhavishyavaanim yat, vividhaah uccha-aayinah deshaah manda-janasankhyaa-vruddhim anubhavanti iti. aparam, janasankhyaa-vruddhihi sarvadaa samasyaa asti, yaavat janaah upalabhyamananam simitanam praakrutika-samsadhananam upari avalambante, taavat yaavat chunauteeh eva bhavishyati iti ashanka asti. anena antatah dirghakalinaha aarthikavikaasah prabhaawitah bhavishyati. janasankhyaa-vruddhihi antarashtriya-pravaasam, janasankhyaa-aayu-samrachanaa, karyabalasya aakaarah, aarthik-asamanata ityadini vividhaan pakshan prabhaavayati. ete kaarakaah kasyaapi rashtrasya aarthikavruddhim nirdhaarayanta mahattvapoornaani kaarakaah santi. etadatirichya, te ekasmin deshe nivasataam jananam sankhyayaha aadhaaren aarthiken api prabhaawitaah bhavanti. janasankhyaayaah prabhaawah jee. dee. pee. tathaa prativyakti-utpaadanam cha nirdhaarayitum shakyate. aarthikavruddheh moolyaamkane yasyaah siddhaantasy upayogah krutah, teshu ekaha prasidhah lekhakah thaamas malthus asti. lekhakasy mataanugunam, janasankhyaa-vruddhihi kasminshchit samaye dirghakalam yaavat jeevanastaram kshayishyati. siddhaantam pariprekshyam prati sthaapayitum saha sthirabhoomyaah parimanam prayuktavaan [3]. yadi janasankhyaa vardhamana bhavati, janaah api samaan-parimanam bhoomim upayunjanti, tarhi upabhoga-samsadhananam parimanam nishchayen nyooneebhavati. anena antatah anaharaha, yuddhah, rogaah cha bhavanti. saha api asya samasyaayaah samadhanam upadat yat, janasankhyaavruddheh eteshaam pratikolaprabhaavaan kevalam tadaa eva nivaarayitum shakyate yadi janaah naitika-sanyamanam, arthaat anekaan balan jananaat nivaarayitum shaknuvanti. yadaa etat anumanam krutah tadaa lekhakah bhavishye prayuktaan tantrajnaanaan naa avalambayat, ye sankraamak-rogan nyooneekartum krushi-utpadanasya cha unnatehe krute prayujyante sma. anena karanat, vishvasya janasankhyaayaah vruddhihi nirantaram prachalitaa asti, yadyapi sarvaan upalabhyamanan samsadhanan api saha apachayitavaan iti bheetih aasit [4]. parantu tasya drushtyaa etat spashtam asti yat janasankhyaa-vruddhihi aarthikavikaasaay hanikarah bhavitum arhati, tathaa cha vishvasya vibhinneshu bhaageshu visheshatah vikaasasheel-desheshu atirikta-janasankhyaa-vruddhihi niyantrayitum antarashtriya-neeti-nirmanasya adharaha asti. malthusian siddhantah malthus ityasya matena, kasminshchit samaye janasankhyaa-vruddhihi sankuchita-pratifalena saha avashyam sahagucchati [5]. etat sarvam aahaarasy aapoortih, ghaateey-janasankhyaa cha iti asti yatra sakaratmaka-parikshananam nivaarak-upayanam cha sthapanaya janasankhyaayaah, khaadya-aapoorteh cha vruddhihi santulitaa bhavet [6]. malthusian-siddhaante vividhaah tattvaani santi yaani janasankhyaa-vruddhihi aarthik-vikaasah cha ityetayoho sambandhasya vishaye adhikasamarthanartham sahayyartham prastutah santi. yadyapi ayam siddhantah janasankhyaa-vruddhehe aarthik-vikaasasya cha bhinnan pakshan drushtaante sthaapayitum prayatate tathaapi, etat pratyekam kaarakam naa samecchati, yatah khaadya-utpadanasya unnatehe krute, sampoorne vishve roganam vyaaptim nyooneekartum cha tantrajnaanasya upayogah bhavitum shakyate iti tathyam api naa manyate sma. a. nivaarak-parikshanam siddhantah soochayati yat aatmaniyantranam, wilambawiwaah, saralajeevanam ityadinam protsaahanena khaadyasya aapoortih, janasankhyaa-vruddhihi cha santulayitum sahayyam bhavishyati iti. janasankhyaa-vruddhihi aarthik-vikaasah cha ityetayoho madhye sambandhasya santulanam kartum janaanaam jeevanastarasya unnatehe neeti-upayanam cha sthapanam, kaaryaanvayanam cha aavashyakam. II. sakaratmakam parikshanam asya siddhaantasy anusaaram, janasankhyaa-niyantranam prakrutyaa eva vikshiptam asti yatah tasya swakeeyah niraksharan-paddhatihi asti. yadaa prakrutihi janasankhyaam niyantrayitum aagacchati tadaa saa janasankhyaam punah akaram prati netti yatra upalabhyamanani khaadya-aapoortih tatt sthaatum shaknoti [8]. prakrutihi bhookampaih, durbhikshena, yuddhaihi, jalapralayaih, mahamaribhihi cha janaan niyantrayati. prakrutyaah bhumika asti janasankhyaam niyantrayitum yadaa etat niyantranebhyah bahihi bhavati tathaa sthaapitaani anyaani upayani. 3. janasankhyaa tathaa khaadya-aapoortih malthusian-siddhaantasy anusaaram janasankhyaa-vruddhihi jyaamiteeyaroopen bhavati. yadaa janasankhyaa vruddhihi bhavati tadaa khaadya-aapoortih nyooneebhavati, tathaa cha samaan-samsadhananam parimanasya aadhaaren adhikajananam krute etat sarvadaa soochakam asti [9]. moolatah asya arthah asti yat upalabhyamananam samsadhananam upari upadanena khaadyasya aapoortih nyooneebhavati iti. yadaa janasankhyaa vardhate, upalabhyamananam samsadhananam sankhyaa api tathaiva eva bhavati, tadaa asya mularupena arthah bhavati yat aahaarasy praaptih kashtena bhavet iti. 4 janasankhyaayaah parikshanam asantulanam asti yat aahaarasy aapoorteh apekshayaa janasankhyaa-vruddhihi adhikah bhavati. phalatah, paryaaptasya aahaarasy abhaawah mrutyum janayati yatah jananam jeevanaay paryaaptam bhojanam naa bhavishyati [10]. aparyaapt-aahar-aapoortim sakaratmaka-parikshanasya praakrutika-pratikoolataasu saha samyojayitvaa, kasminshchit samaye janasankhyaa nyooneebhavati. janasankhyaa ishtatam siddhaant ayam siddhantah dhanasya nirmanasya, janasankhyaayaah aakaarasy cha madhye sambandham sthaapayitum kendreekrutah asti [11]. malthusian-siddhaantasy apekshayaa janasankhyaa-ishtatam-siddhantah adhika-yathaarthavaadee asti. ishtatamajanasankhyaa soochayati yat, yadi deshasya aii. dii. ityasya adarshajanasankhya aavashyakaih saadhanaih samsaadhanaih cha saha samyojitaa tarhi utpaadana-udyogah prativyaktihi sarvaadhikam utpaadanam athavaa aayam vaa pradadaati [12]. anyaih lekhakaih, ye siddhaantasy vistaarah krutah, te tasya bhinnarupena vyaakhyaam akurvan. robbins ityasya matena, sarvottamam janasankhyaa tatt aakaarah asti yat sarvaadhikam pratiphalam karoti [13]. aparam, kaar-sonders ityanena asya siddhaantasy vyakhya, sarvaadhikam aarthik-kalyaanam pradadati janasankhyaa iti krutam asti. ante, dalton ityayam asya ishtatamasiddhaantam prativyakti-aayam sarvaadhikam janasankhyaya pradadaati iti drushtavaan [15]. eteshaam lekhakaih pradattam sarvaan paribhasham avalambya, ishtatam-janasankhyaa moolatah aadarsh-janasankhyaa-aakaarah asti, yah upalabdh-samsadhananam samuchita-upayogena prati-aayam praaptum arhati. parantu, yadi janasankhyaa aadarsh-akarat adhah vardhate athavaa nyooneebhavati, tarhi adhikatamm pratiphalam nyooneebhavati [16]. asya siddhaantasy anusaaram, yadi janasankhyaa-vruddhihi prativyakti-aay-vruddhihi bhavati, tarhi deshasya janasankhyaa nyoonah bhavati. ataha asya arthah asti yat, ishtatamastaraparyantam yaavat janasankhyaa-vruddhihi api kartum shaknoti. aparam, yadi janasankhyaavruddheh parinaamen prativyakti-nyunata bhavati tarhi deshasya janasankhyaa adhikah bhavati, prativyakti-adhikatam-aayam praaptum janasankhyaa-nyunatayaha aavashyakataa vartate. janasaamkhyikeeya-parivartana-siddhantah vichaaraadheenah siddhantah mukhyataya vikasitadeshaanaam vaastavikajanasankhyaayaah pravaaheshu kendreekrutah asti. asmin siddhaante janasankhyaa-vikaasah tri-charaniya-prakriya asti yayaa ete deshaah paryavartante. janasankhyaavruddheh prathamapadhye mrutyuhu adhikah bhavati, janmah nyoonah bhavati, ataha janasankhyaavruddhihi nyoonah bhavati. dwiteeya-charane mrutyuhu nyooneebhavati, janma api tathaiva bhavati. anena karanat janasankhyaa-vruddhehe daraha vardhate [17]. parantu, janasankhyaavruddheh antima-charane, mrutyudarah janmadarasya samaanah bhavati. balanam janmasya darasya sthira-hrasasya parinaamen etat bhavati. malthusian-siddhaantasy vipareetam, janasaamkhyikeeya-parivartanam aahar-aapoortim naa ashritya, janasankhyaa-vruddhim nakaratmakam kartum cha avasaram naa sweekaroti. janasankhyaa vruddhihi janasankhyaa-vruddhihi aarthik-vikaase sakaratmaka-nakaratmaka-prabhaawaih nirupita asti [18]. moolatah vikaasasheeladesheshu drutagatyaa janasankhyaavruddhihi anubhavitaa asti yatra vaarshikam 2.2 pratishatam vruddhihi bhavati, anye cha prativarsham 3 pratishatam yaavat vruddhihi abhilekhitavantah. 1950 tame dashake vikasa-arthashaastradnyaah janasankhyaa-niyantrana-neetishu naa utsukaah aasan. teshaam pramukhaani ruchihi siddhaanteshu aasan ye kryaash prograams madhye nivesham krutvaa naatakeeyaroopen samagrotpadanam vardhayitum upayujyante sma. aparapakhe, te aamshikaroopena manyante sma yat janasankhyaa-vruddhau parivartanam moolyaih samajika-manovruttyaa cha niyantrayitum shakyate iti. parantu, vidvaamsaha samshodhakaah cha janasankhyaavruddhihi sankeernah vishayah asti iti avajnaaya, vikaasasheelaraashtraani api anaavashyakaah janmaan anubhavanti. janasankhyaa-vruddhim niyantrayitum bhinnani janma-niyantrana-rananeetayah neetih cha karyanvitaha santi, ye keshuchit raashtreshu safalaani santi, anye cha adyaapi asyaah samasyaya saha saha sambadhaah santi. parantu, jananiyantranena jananiyantranena saha sambadhaah anekaah samasyaah santi, visheshatah asya kaaryaneetau jananam manovruttyaa [19]. janasankhyaavruddheh swakeeyaani sankeershaani santi, pratyekasmin deshe aarthikavikaasaay tasya saamarikaroopen upayogah kartum shakyate iti satyam avalambya. janasankhyaa-vruddhihi aarthik-vikaasah cha ityetayoho madhye santulanam kartum raashtriyasarwakaaren saha vividha-samsthaih samarthitaah vividhaani rananeetayah neetih cha aavashyakaani bhavanti. janasankhyaa-vruddhihi aarthik-vikaasah cha ityetayoho sambandhasya vivaranaartham bhinna-bhinna-drushtikonaan prastutah. aantarik-udyogasya vistaarah deshiya-udyogasya vikaasah deshe kiyat shramashaktih upalabhyte iti avalambate. vinirmaanakshetrasya vistaaraay janasankhyaavruddhihi moolabhootah asti [20]. arthavyavasthaayaah kshetreshu etat anyatam asti yat kasyaapi deshe bahushramikan aakarshayati. kasyaapi aarthikavikaasasya shramashaktih moolabhootah asti, rashtranam krute janasankhyaa-vruddhihi aavashyakah asti. utpaadana-udyogasya sadrusham krushikshetram api janasankhyaa-vruddhim aashritam asti [21]. adhikajanasankhyaavruddheh vaastavikataayaah vishaye adhikaamshaah vikaasasheeladeshaah vyaakulitaah santi, tatra aneke samasyaah udbhootaah santi, ye cha pariharane aavashyakaani santi. yathaa, utpaadana-udyogah katipayaan shramashaktim vyaahrutavaan syaat, parantu yathaa-yathaa janasankhyaa vardhate, nirudyogah samasyaa bhavati [22]. asya arthah asti yat kasminshchit samaye janasankhyaa-vruddhihi niyantrane vaa athavaa nirudyoginaam krute adhika-rojagaar-srushtehe nootan-margan anveshtum vaa aavashyakataa bhavati. janasankhyaavruddheh pakshah sankeeraah asti yatah ekasmin bhaage aarthikavruddheh krute uttamah asti, aparapakhe tasya nakaaraatmakaprabhaavah praakrutikasampadeshu, samajika-suvidhaasu cha bhaaram aagacchati, paryaavaranasya kshayah cha janayati [23]. vastutah janasankhyaavruddheh parinaamen utpaadana-udyogah avashyameva vistaaritah bhavishyati, parantu dinaantare yadaa adhika-samsadhananam aavashyakataa bhavati tadaa upalabhyamananam samsadhananam upari nyastasya karanat samudayah jeevanam yaapayitum sangharsham karishyati. druta-janasankhyaa-vruddhihi drutagatyaa janavruddheh karanena vividhaah sankeeraah bhavanti. sarvaprathamam, etat nivesham nyooneekartum prerayati. ayasya vardhitasya drutasya cha upabhogasya parinaamen, bhavishyasya niveshah ekaha chunauteeh bhavati yatah paryaaptah sanchayah naasti [24]. janasankhyaa-vruddhyaa saha aagacchati dwiteeyam aavhaanam samsadhananam atiprayogah asti. samsadhananam aadhaaren jananam sankhyaa vardhamana samsadhananam ati-dohanam bhavati. yatah, vastoonaam chahida vardhate, ataha utpaadana-udyogasya krute kacchaa-padarthasya srotah aavashyakah bhavati, ataha samsadhananam atyadhikah upayogah bhavati [25]. drutagatyaa janavruddhim saha nagarikaranasya samasyasu api antarbhavati. aavaasasya yojanaa, parivahanasya, jalasya, jalasya ityadinam samajika-suvidhaanaam cha vyavasthaa cha kathinah bhavati. anena prativyaktihi bhinnabhinnaih tribhihi vidhaihi manda-aayah api bhavati [26]. prathamam, etat bhoomau vardhamanajanasankhyayaha upari adhikam chaapam sthaapayati. tadatiriktam, tatt upabhoga-vastoonaam mudraasfeetim udabhavayati, yasya parinaamen parivaarasya aayah badhita bhavati. api cha, janasankhyaa-vruddhihi prativyakti-aayam prabhaavayati yatah tatt poonjee-sanchayam nyunikartti yatah parivaarasya vyayah adhikam sanchayam kartum naa shaknoti [27]. etaadrushaah parinaamaah eva deshasya jananam jeevanastarasya kshayah janayanti. yatah, yadi janasankhyaa vardhate, aayah naa vardhate, tarhi jeevanastarah nyooneekartavyam bhavati, yatah arjitasya alparaashim sarvanam paricharyayam upayoktum bhavati [28]. druta-janasankhyaa-vruddhehe anya-sankateshu berojagaari, samajika-aadhaarabhoot-samrachanaanaam abhaawah, paryaawaran-kshatihi, nyoon-niveshah cha antarbhavanti. nishkarshah vishvasya adhikaamshadeshaah, nirudyogaat aarabhy samajika-suvidhaanaam abhaavaparyantam, vardhita-janasankhyaa-vruddhehe jatilatasu saha sangharsham kurwantah santi. ete samasyaah nirantaram santi yatah janasankhyaa vardhamana asti [29]. kasyaapi prakaaren, yathaa pravartitaah upayaha neetih cha janasankhyaa-vruddhim niyantrayitum viphalah abhavat iti bhaasate. adhikaamshaah vikaasasheeladeshaah janasankhyaayaah teevratayaa prabhaawitaah santi, tathaa cha janasankhyaavruddheh siddhaantaih teshaam durdashaam graheetum teshaam prakarananam krute naa sahayyam bhavati [30]. vastutah vishvasya adhikaamshakshetreshu janasankhyaa-vruddhihi adyaapi apekshitah asti, tathaa cha aarthik-vikaase api prabhaawah anuvartate. parantu, tathaiva janasankhyaa-vruddhihi aarthik-vikaasam prabhaavayati, tathaiva aarthik-vikaasah janasankhyaa-vruddhim api praavartayitum shaknoti [31]. anukoolah aarthikavikaasah janasankhyaavruddhim sulabham karoti yatah swaasthya-sewaah, khaadya-aapoortih, anye aawashyak-vastooni cha upalabhyante. janasankhyaa-vruddhihi aarthikavikaasasya mahattwapoornah kaarakah asti yatah maanav-poonjee-nivesham vinaa samsadhananam upayogah swakeeyaroopen naa shakyate. sandarbhah ahamad, emm., & khaan, aar. ee. a. (2019). aarthikavruddheh krute maanav-poonjee-gatishilataya saha janasaamkhyikeeya-parivartanam mahattvapoornam asti vaa? jii. emm. emm. prati gatisheel-falaka-dattaamsha-drushtikonah. "samajika-soochakaah-anusandhaanah", "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" amundson, ee. ess., & sconhaft, a. (2022). "saralakrushi-arthavyavasthaayaam upabhogasya adhirata, janasankhyaa-vruddhihi cha" (naa. 2022/01). ifro-kaaryapatrakam. baldasare, emm. (2020). vruddhi-duvidhaa. vruddhi-duvidhaa" iti. university off california press. chenn, x., & phoo, cha. (2018). aachaar-vyavahaarasya samajika-shikshanm janasankhyaayaah pratijaivika-upayogasya ishtatam protsaahayitum shaknoti. "bhautikashaastre seemaah", "6", 139. daasaguptah, pru., tathaa kshaurah, ess. jey. (2021). ishtatamajanasankhyaa paryaavaranasya cha pratibandhaah-upayogitavadi-drushtikonah 3. "jalavaayu-neetih", 193. enflo, key. (2022). ishtatamajanasankhyayaha nikatata dwara samajika-kalyanasya maapanam. "prashaanta-daarshanik-traimaasikam" iti. geesdorfer, emm., savaaget, pee., boken, enn. emm., & hultink, ee. jey. (2017). vruttaakaar-arthavyavasthaa-nootanah susthirataa-pratimanah?. "journal aaf cleaner production", "143", 757-768. hashmi, aar., & aalam, key. (2019). paryaavarananiyamanasya, navapravartanasya, utsarjanasya, janasankhyaayaah, aarthikavruddheh cha madhye gatisheelah sambandhah-ekaha samiti-anweshanah. "journal aaf cleaner production", "" 239 ", 1100-1109. gadyakov, a. ya., & ivanova, ess. a. (2018). khadyasurakshayaha vartamaanasya chunauteeh asti. "geophorum", "91", 73-77. raja, jey. ee. 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(2018). "aarthikavishleshanasya siddhaanteshu lionel raabinsh 1930 dashakasy vyakhyanani" iti. maargah. rukmaanaa, dee. (2018, maarch). druta-nagareekaranam tathaa cha jakartadeshe susthira-parivahana-neetayah aavashyakah. aii. o. pee. sammelan-shrunkhalaah pruthvee tathaa paryaavaranavidnyaanam" (khandah. 124, naa. 1, pee. 1. 2017). aii. o. pee. prakaashanam. saakaanko, emm. a., & david, jey. (2018). malthusian siddhaantasy arthashaastr-pramaanah naijiriyaadeshe pramaanam. "signifikaanh journal ilmu ikonami", "7" (1), 77-90. smail, vi. (2001). "jagatam poshanam kurwantah ekavimshatishatakasya krute ekaha chunauteeh" iti. mitt-press iti. unaata, ee. (2020). maanav-poonjee-parikshetrasya antargatasya janasankhyaayaah malthusian-siddhaantasy samiksha. "balah samakaaleen-arthashaastrasya anusandhaanasya vishaye dhyanam dadaatu", "1" (2), 132-147. ----[1) geesdorfer ityaadi.2017 tame varshe [2) smail, 2001 [3) geesdorfer ityaadi.2017 tame varshe [4] smail, 2001 [5] unaat, 2020 [6] olidimagy, 2017 [7] saakaanko & david, 2018 [8] olidimagy, 2017 [9] unaat, 2020 [10] okunolaa ityaadi.2018 tame varshe [11] enflo, 2022 [12] daasaguptah tathaa daadee, 2021 [13] robbins & hausan, 2018 [14] amundasen & sconhoft, 2022 [15] raja, 2019 [16] chenn & phoo, 2018 [17] ahamad & khaan, 2019 [18] riv ityaadi.2018 tame varshe [19] rive ett all.2018 tame varshe [20] hashmee tathaa aalam, 2019 [21] gadyakov & ivanovaa, 2018 [22] hashmee tathaa aalam, 2019 [23] hashmee tathaa aalam, 2019 [24] rukmaanaa, 2018 [25] rukmaanaa, 2018 [26] baldasare, 2020 [27] baldasare, 2020 [28] rukmaanaa, 2018 [29] ahamad & khaan, 2019 [30] enflo, 2020 [31] hashmee tathaa aalam, 2019

makkal thogai porulaathaaththirkaana maiyam makkalthogai porulaathaaththirkaana maiyam (allathu cpe) enbathu sikago palkalaikkazhagaththin vanigap palliyin oru aaraaichi maiyamaagum. cpeyin panii muthanmaiyaaga yuu. ess. aall nidhiyalikkappadugirathu.ess.'thaesiya sugaathaara niruvanangalin muthumai kuriththa thaesiya niruvanam. makkal thogai valarchi mattrum porulaathaara valarchi arimugap pathivu makkal thogai valarchchikkum porulaathaara valarchchikkum idaiyae ulla uravu arinyarkal virivaaga aaraayntha paadap pakuthikalil ontraakum [1]. aaraaychchiyaalarkalin tharpoothaiya kanippu ennaventraal, palvaeru uyar varumaanam konda naadugal methuvaana makkal thogai valarchchiyai anubavikka vaaippullathu. marupuram, makkal thogai valarchi eppoathum oru pirachchanaiyaaga irunthu varukirathu endrum, makkal thodarnthu kidaikkakoodiya varaiyarukappatta iyarkai valangkalai nambiyirukkum varai adhu oru savaalaaga irukkum endrum anjappadugiradhu. idhu iruthiyil neendakaala porulaathaara valarchchiyai paathikkum. makkal thogai valarchi sarvadesa idampeyarvu, makkal thogai vayathu amaippu, thozhilaazhar ennikkaiyin alavu mattrum porulaathaara samathuvaminmai ullitta palvaeru amsangkalai paathikkirathu. inththa kaaranigal endhavoru naattin porulaathaara valarchchiyaiyum theermaanikkum mukkiyamaana kaaranigalaagum. koodudhalaaga, oru kuripitta naattil vasikkum makkalin ennikkaiyaip porutthu avarkal porulaathaaraththaal paathikkappadukiraarkal. makkal thogaiyin vilaivugalai jii. dii. pii mattrum thaninabar urpaththiyin adippadaiyil theermaanikka mudiyum. porulaathaara valarchchiyai mathippiduvathil payanpaduththappatta koatpaattin pugazhpettra ezhuththaalargalil oruvar thamas malthus aavaar. ezhuththaalarin koottruppadi, makkal thogai valarchi oru kattaththil neenda kaalaththirku vaazhkkaith tharatthai adakkum. inthak kootpaattai munnoakkirkul kondu varuvatharkaaka, nilaiyaana nilaththin alavai avar payanpaduththinaar [3]. makkal thogai thodarnthu adhigariththu, makkal athae alavu nilatthaip payanpaduththinaal, payanpaduththappadum valangkalin alavu nichchayamaaga kuraiyum. idhu iruthiyil pattini, poar mattrum noigalukku vazhivagukkum. makkal thaarmeegak kattuppaattilirunthu, athaavathu pala kuzhandhaigalaip peruvathaith thaduppathan moolam mattumae makkal makkal inththa paathakamaana vilaivugalaith thavirkka mudiyum endru parinthuraippathan moolam inthap prachchinaikku avar maelum oru theervai valangkinaar. inththa anumaanam seiyappadum neraththil, thottru noaikalaik kuraippatharkum vivasaaya urpaththiyai maempaduththuvatharkum payanpaduththappadum ethirkaala thozhilnutpa munnaettrangkalai aasiriyar karuththil kollavillai. inththa kaaranaththirkaaga, kidaikkakoodiya anaitthu valangkalum kuraindhu vittana endra acham irunththapoathilum ulaga makkal thogai thodarnthu valarnthu varukirathu [4]. iruppinum, avarathu paarvaiyil, makkal thogai valarchi porulaathaara valarcchikku theengku vilaivikkum saaththiyam ullathu enbathu thelivaagirathu, maelum idhu ulagin palvaeru pakuthikalil kurippaaga valarum naadugalil athigappadiyaana makkal thogai valarcchiyaik kattuppaduththuvadharkaana sarvadesa kolgaigalai uruvaakkuvatharkaana adippadaiyaagum. maltusia koatpaadu malthussin koottruppadi, oru kattaththil makkal thogai valarchi surungum varumaanaththudan moatha vaendum [5]. idhu enkanitha unavu vazhangkal mattrum athivaeka makkal thogai pattriyathu, angku makkal thogai mattrum unavu viniyoagaththin athikarippu nermaraiyaana soathanaigal mattrum thaduppu nadavadikkaigalai niruvuvathan moolam samanilaippaduthappadalaam. maltusia koatpaadu makkal thogai valarchchikkum porulaathaara valarchchikkum idaiyilaana uravaip pattri maelum purinthukolla udhavum vagaiyil munvaikappatta palvaeru koorugalaik kondullathu. inthak koatpaadu makkal thogai valarchi mattrum porulaathaara valarchchiyin vevvaeru amsangkalai munnoakkirkul vaika muyarchiththaalum, unavu urpaththiyai maempaduththuvatharkum ulagengkilum noaikalin paravalaik kuraippatharkum tholilnutpaththaip payanpaduththalaam endra unmaiyai adhu karuththil kollaathathaal idhu ovvoru kaaraniyaiyum ulladakkavillai. aii. thaduppuch soathanaigal suya kattuppaadu, thaamathamaana tirumanam mattrum eliya vaazhkkai poantra vishayangkalai ookkuvippathu unavu vazhangkal mattrum makkal thogai valarchchiyai samanilaippaduththa udhavum endru koatpaadu koorukirathu. makkal thogai valarchi mattrum porulaathaara valarcchikku idaiyilaana uravai samanilaippaduththa, makkalin vaazhkkaith tharatthai maempaduththum kolgaigal mattrum nadavadikkaigalai niruvuthal mattrum seyalpaduththuthal thaevaippadukirathu. II. nermaraiyaana kaasoalaikal inthak kootpaattinpadi, makkal thogaiyaik kalaiyedukkum murai adhan sontha vazhiyaik kondiruppathaal, makkal thogaik kattuppaadu iyarkaiyidam vidappadugirathu. iyarkai makkalthogaiyaik kattuppaduththumpoathu, adhu makkal thogai alavai meendum kidaikkakoodiya unavu vazhangkal adhai nilainirutthakkoodiya alavirku alaiththuch selkirathu [8]. poogambangkal, panjam, poarkal, vellam mattrum thottrunoaikal moolam iyarkaiyae makkalaik kattuppaduththukirathu. iyarkaiyin pangku makkalthogaiyai kattuppaattirku appaarpattirukkumpoathu kattuppaduththuvadhaagum mattrum niruvapatta pira nadavadikkaikal. 3. makkal thogai mattrum unavu vazhangkal maltusia kootpaattinpadi, makkal thogai valarchi vadiviyal paaniyil nadaiperukirathu. makkal thogai valarchi nigazhumpoathu, unavu vazhangkal kuraikirathu, idhu eppoathum athae alavu valangkalaip porutthu athigamaana makkal iruppatharkaana oru kurikaattiyaagum [9]. idhan adippadaiyil, kidaikkakoodiya valangkal meethu azhuththangkal iruppathaal unavu vazhangkal kuraiyum endru arththam. makkal thogai adhigariththu, kidaikkakoodiya valangkalin ennikkai appadiyae irukkumpoathu, adippadaiyil unavu pera poaraada vaendum endru arththam. IV makkal thogai saripaarppu unavu viniyoagaththai vida makkal thogai athikarippu vigitham athigamaaga ullathaal samanilaiyinmai aerpadukirathu. idhan vilaivaaga, makkal uyirvaazha poathumaana unavu illaathathaal poathumaana unavu illaathathaal maranangkal aerpadum [10]. poathiya unavu vazhangkal illaathathaal, nermaraiyaana soathanaigalin iyarkaiyaana thunbangaludan inaithaal, oru kattaththil makkal thogai kuraiyum. makkalthogaiyin uganththa koatpaadu inthak koatpaadu selvaththai uruvaakkuvatharkum makkal thogaiyin alavukkum idaiyilaana uravai niruvuvathil kavanam seluththukirathu [11]. maltusia koatpaattudan oppidugaiyil, makkalthogaiyin uganththa koatpaadu migavum yathaarththamaanathu. uganththa makkal thogai, oru naattin ilatchiya makkal thogai, thevaiyaana vazhimuraigal mattrum valangkaludan inainthaal, urpathtith thozhil thaninabar urpaththi allathu varumaanathai adhiga alavil vazhangkum endru koorukirathu. inthak kootpaattai virivupaduththiya pira ezhuththaalargal adhai viththiyaasamaaga varaiyarutthullanar. rabinsin koottruppadi, sirantha makkal thogai enbathu adhiga varuvaayai eettum alavu [13]. marupuram kaarr-sanders inthak kootpaattai migavum porulaathaara nalanai vazhangkum makkal thogai endru varaiyarukkiraar [14]. kadaisiyaaga, dalton adhai uganththa kootpaattai makkal thogai endru karuthinaar, idhu thaninabar varumaanathai adhiga alavil valangkukirathu [15]. inththa ezhuththaalargalaal valangkappatta anaitthu varaiyaraigalaiyum karuththil kondu, uganththa makkal thogai adippadaiyil oru sirantha makkal thogai alavaagum, idhu kidaikkakoodiya valangkalai muraiyaagap payanpaduththinaal adhigapatcha varumaanathai adaiya mudiyum. iruppinum, makkal thogai uganththa alavai vida athigamaagavoa allathu kuraivaagavoa irunthaal, adhigapatcha varuvaai kuraiyum [16]. inthak kootpaattinpadi, makkal thogai athikarippaith thodarnthu thaninabar varumaanam athikariththaal, naattin makkal thogai kuraivaaga irukkum. enavae, uganththa nilai varai makkal thogai athikarippai adhu innum vaangka mudiyum endru arththam. marupuram, makkal thogai athikarippin vilaivaaga thaninabar thogai kurainthaal, naadu adhiga makkal thogai kondathaaga irukkum, maelum oru thalaivarukku adhigapatcha varumaanathai adaiya makkal thogai kuraippu thaevaippadukirathu. makkalthogai maattrak koatpaadu inthak koatpaadu mukkiyamaaga valarntha naadugalin unmaiyana makkal thogai poakkugalil kavanam seluththiyullathu. inthak koatpaattil, makkal thogai valarchi enbathu moontru katta seyalmuraiyaagum, idhu inththa naadugal kadanthu selkindrana. makkal thogai valarchchiyin muthal kattaththil, irappu athigamaaga ullathu, pirappu kuraivaaga ullathu, enavae kuraindha makkal thogai valarchi. irandaavathu kattaththil, pirappu appadiyae irukkumpoathu, irappu kuraikirathu. idhan kaaranamaaga makkal thogai valarchi vigitham athikarikkirathu [17]. iruppinum, makkal thogai valarchchiyin kadaisi kattaththil, irappu vigithangkal pirappu vigithangkalukku samamaaga ullana. idhu kuzhandhaigal pirakkum vigithaththil nilaiyaana sarivin vilaivaagum. maltusia koatpaattaip poalallaamal, makkalthogai maattram unavu viniyoagaththil thangiyirukkavillai mattrum makkal thogai valarcchikku endha ethirmaraiyaiyum kodukka vaaippaip payanpaduththavillai. makkal thogai valarchi makkal thogai valarchi enbathu porulaathaara valarchchiyil saathagamaana mattrum ethirmaraiyaana thaakkangalaal vagaippaduththappadukirathu [18]. valarum naadugalil viraivaana makkal thogai valarchi adippadaiyil aandukku saraasariyaaga 2.2 sathaveetham athikarippudan kaanappadugiradhu, mattravargal aandukku 3 sathaveetham varai adhiga alavil pathivu seikiraargal. seikiraargal valarchchip porulaathaara vallunargal makkal thogaik kattuppaattuk kolgaigalil aarvam kaattavillai. avarkalin mukiya aarvangkal seyalizhappu thittangalil muthaleedu seivathan moolam moththa urpaththiyai viyaththagu muraiyil uyarththa payanpaduththakkoodiya koatpaadugalil irunththana. marupuram, makkal thogai valarchchiyil aerpadum maattrangkalai mathippukal mattrum samooga anugumuraigal moolam kattuppaduttha mudiyum endru avarkal oralavu nambinar. iruppinum, makkal thogai valarchi oru sikkalaana vishayam enbathaiyum, valarum naadugal thevaiyattra pirappugalai kooda anubavikkirathu enbathaiyum arinyarkalum aaraaychchiyaalargalum unarnthullanar. makkal thogai valarcchiyaik kattuppaduttha palvaeru pirapuk kattupaattu uththigal mattrum kolgaigal seyalpaduththappattullana, avai sila naadugalil vetrtrikaramaaka ullana, mattravai innum inththa prachchinaiyai ethirkolkintrana. iruppinum, pirapuk kattuppaattin moolam makkal thogaiyaik kattuppaduththuvathil aeraalamaana savaalgal ullana, kurippaaga inththa mooloabaayaththil makkal kondulla anugumurai kaaranamaaga [19]. ovvoru naattilum porulaathaara valarchchiyai adaiya mooloabaaya reethiyaaga payanpaduththappadalaam endra unmaiyai porutthu makkal thogai valarchi adhan sontha sikkalkalaik kondullathu. makkal thogai valarchi mattrum porulaathaara valarcchikku idaiyae samanilaippaduththa thaesiya arasu udpada palvaeru mugamaigalin aatharavudan vevvaeru uththigal mattrum kolgaigal thaevaippadugindrana. makkal thogai valarchchikkum porulaathaara valarchchikkum idaiyilaana uravai vilakka palvaeru anugumuraigal munvaikkappattullana. ullnaattu thozhilthuraiyin virivaakkam ullnaattu thozhilthuraiyin valarchi enbathu oru naattil kidaikkum uzhaippin alavaip poruththathu. urpathtith thurai virivadaiya, makkal thogai valarchi adippadaiyaagum [20]. endhavoru naattilum aeraalamaana thozhilaazhargalai eerkkum porulaathaarath thuraikalil idhuvum ontraakum. endhavoru porulaathaara valarchchiyilum thozhilaazhar sakthi adippadaiyaanathu, adharku naadugal makkal thogai valarchi thaevai. urpathtith thozhirthuraiyaip poalavae, vivasaayath thuraiyum makkal thogai valarchchiyai nambiyullathu [21]. perumpaalaana valarum naadugal athigappadiyaana makkal thogai valarchchiyin yathaarththaththudan sikkith thavippathaal, kaiyaalappada vaendiya pala pirachchanaikal uruvaagi varukintrana. uthaaranamaaga, urpathtith thozhil sila thozhilaazhar sakthiyai surandiyirukkum, aanaal makkal thogai thodarnthu adhigariththu varuvathaal, vaelaiyinmai oru pirachchanaiyaaga maarukirathu [22]. idhan porul ennaventraal, oru kattaththil, makkal thogai valarcchiyaik kattuppaduttha vaendiya avasiyam ullathu allathu vaelaiyillaatha thaninaparkalukku adhiga vaelaivaaippugalai uruvaakka puthiya vazhigalaik kandariya vaendum. makkal thogai valarchchiyin amsam sikkalaanathu, aenenil orupuram idhu porulaathaara valarcchikku nallathu, marupuram adhan ethirmaraiyaana vilaivugal iyarkai valangkal, samooga vasathigal aagiyavattril aluththaththai aerpaduththukintrana mattrum suttruchchoozhal seerazhivukku vazhivagukkintrana [23]. unmai ennaventraal, makkal thogai valarchchiyin vilaivaaga urpathtith thozhil nichchayamaaga virivadaiyum, aanaal naall mudivil, adhiga valangkal thaevaippadumpoathu, kidaikkakoodiya valangkal meethu poadappadum azhuththaththin kaaranamaaga samoogam uyirvaazha poaraadum. viraivaana makkal thogai valarchchiyin sikkalkal viraivaana makkal thogai valarchi palvaeru sikkalkaludan varukirathu. muthalil, idhu muthaleettaik kuraikka vazhivagukkirathu. varumaanathin adhigariththa mattrum viraivaana nugarvu vilaivaaga, ethirkaala muthaleedugal poathumaana saemippu illaathathaal oru savaalaaga maarum [24]. makkalthogai athikarippudan varum irandaavathu sawal valangkalai migaippaduththuvathu. valangkalaip porutthu makkalin ennikkai athikarippathu valangkalai migaippaduththuvatharku vazhivagukkirathu. aenentraal, porutkalukkaana thaevai athikarikkirathu, idharku urpathtith thozhil moolapporutkalai aathaaramaaka pera vaendum, enavae valangkalai athigamaaga payanpaduththa vaendum [25]. viraivaana makkal thogai valarchchiyum nagaramayamaakkal savaalgaludan varukirathu. veettuvasathikkaana thittamidal mattrum poakkuvaraththu, neer mattrum neer poantra samooga vasathigalai valangkuvathu kadinamaagiradhu. idhu moontru vevvaeru vazhigalil manthamaana varumaanaththirkum vazhivagukkirathu [26]. muthalaavathaaka, idhu nilaththil adhigariththu varum makkal thogaikku adhiga aluththaththai alikkirathu. koodudhalaaga, idhu nugarvu porutkalin panaveekkaththirku vazhivagukkirathu, idhu kudumba varumanaththil aluththaththai aerpaduththukirathu. maelum, kudumbach selavugal kudumbaththai adhiga alavil saemikka anumathikka mudiyaathu enbathaal, makkal thogai athikarippu thaninabar varumaanathai paathikkirathu, aenenil idhu moolathanak kuvippaik kuraikkirathu [27]. iththagaiya vilaivugalthaan oru naattin makkalin vaazhkkaith tharaththil sarivai aerpaduththukintrana. aenentraal, makkal thogai adhigariththu varumaanam athikarikkavillai endraal, sambaathiththa siriya thogaiyai anaivaraiyum kavaniththukkolvathil payanpaduththa vaendum enbathaal vaazhkkaith tharam kuraiya vaendum endru arththam [28]. viraivaana makkal thogai valarchchiyin pira sikkalkalil vaelaiyinmai, samooga ulkattamaippu pattraakkurai, suttruchchoozhal setham mattrum kuraindha muthaleedu aagiyavai adangkum. mudivu ulagengkilum ulla perumpaalaana naadugal vaelaiyinmai muthal samooga vasathigalin pattraakkurai varai adhigariththa makkal thogai valarchchiyin sikkalkalai ethirkolkintrana. makkal thogai thodarnthu adhigariththu varuvathaal inththa pirachchanaikal thodarnthullana [29]. eppadiyoa, amalpaduththappatta nadavadikkaikal mattrum kolgaigal makkal thogai valarcchiyaik kattuppaduththuvathil thoalviyadainthathaagath therikirathu. perumpaalaana valarum naadugal makkalthogaiyin theeviratthaal paathikkappadugindrana, maelum makkal thogai valarchi koatpaadugalin moolam avarkalin ikkattaana nilaiyai purinthukolvathu avarkalin vazhakkukalukku endha vagaiyilum udhavaathu [30]. unmaiyil, ulagin perumpaalaana pakuthikalil makkal thogai valarchi innum ethirpaarkkappadukirathu, idhu porulaathaara valarchchiyil thodarnthu thaakkatthai aerpaduththum. iruppinum, makkal thogai valarchi porulaathaara valarchchiyai paathikkum athae vazhiyil, porulaathaara valarchi adhigariththa makkal thogai valarcchikku vazhivagukkum athae vazhiyil [31]. sugaathaarap paramarippu, unavu vazhangkal mattrum pira thaevaigal poantra sevaigal kidaippathaal saathagamaana porulaathaara valarchi makkal thogai valarchchiyai elithaakkukirathu. manitha moolathanaththin ulleedu illaamal valangkalai thaanaagap payanpaduththa mudiyaathu enbathaal makkal thogai valarchi porulaathaara valarcchikku oru mukiya kaaraniyaaga ullathu. kurippugal ahmat, emm., & qaan, aarr. ii. auuu. (2019). porulaathaara valarcchikku manitha moolathana iyakkaviyaludan makkalthogai maattram mukkiyama? gmm-kku oru maarum kuzhu tharavu anugumurai. "samooga kuriyeedugal aaraaichi," "142" "(2), 753-772". amundsen, ii. ess., & sconehaft, auuu. (2022). "oru eliya vivasaayap porulaathaaraththil nugarvu mattrum makkal thogai valarcchikkaana porumaiyinmai" (illai. 2022/01). ifro vaelai seiyum kaakitham. baldazare, emm. (2020). valarchchik kuzhappam. valarchchik kuzhappam". california palkalaikkazhagam piras. chenn, x., & phuu, eff. (2018). nadaththai parinthuraikkum samooga karral makkal antifiatic payanpaattin uganththa ookkuvikka mudiyum. "iyarpiyalil ellaikal", "6", 139. daskupta, puughal., & thaadi, ess. jay. (2021). uganththa makkal thogai mattrum suttruchchoozhal kattuppaadugal-oru payanpaattu munnokku 3. "kaalanilai nerimuraigal", 193. enflo, kae. (2022). uganththa makkalthogaikku arukaamaiyil samooga nalanai alaviduthal. "pasipik thaththuva kaalandu". keystorfer, emm., savaget, puughal., pokkan, enn. emm., & hulting, eee. jay. (2017). vattap porulaathaaram-oru puthiya nilaiththanmai munnuthaaranam?. "journal off cleaner protection", "143", 757-768. hashmi, aarr., & aalam, kae. (2019). suttruchchoozhal ozhungkumurai, pudhumai, umizhvu, makkal thogai mattrum porulaathaara valarchi aagiyavattrukku idaiyaeyaana maarum uravu oru kuzhu visaaranai. "journal off cleaner protection", "" "239", "1100-1109". prechkov, auuu. oy., & ivanova, ess. auuu. (2018). unavup badhukaappu tharpoothaiya sawal. "jiophorum", "91", 73-77. king, jay. ii. (2019). huck dalton (1887-1962). else porulaathaaraththin balgrave thunai" (puughal. 289-310). balgrave makemillan, lundon. oladimeji, oy. yuu. (2017). naijeeriyaavil unavu urpaththi poakku mattrum makkal thogai pattriya malthus kootpaadu arisi urpaththiyil irunthu anubava saandrugal. "vivasaayam, unavu mattrum suttruchchoozhal pattriya naijeeriya idhazh", "13" "(1), 126-132". ogunola, auuu. emm., nathaniyal, ess. puughal., & festus, vii. pii. (2018). naijeeriyaavil makkal thogai valarchi mattrum unavu urpaththi inaippai marupariseelanai seithal orunginaippukkaana oru theevira anugumurai. "vaelaan mattrum vala porulatharam sarvadesa ariviyal minnanu idhazh", "4" "(1868-2019-383), 41-51". riva, eff., ahlboarg, ech., hardwickson, ii., pachori, ess., & kolambo, eee. (2018). minsaara anugal mattrum graamappura valarchi migavum porutthamaana erisakthi maathirigalukkaana sikkalaana samooga-porulaathaara iyakkaviyal mattrum kaarana varaipadangkalai mathippaaivu seithal. "nilaiyaana valarcchikkaana erisakthi", "43", 203-223. rabins, ell., & havusan, ess. (2018). "porulaathaara paguppaaivin kolgaigal kuritthu leonel rabins 1930 kalin virivuraigal. vazhithavarich selvathu. rukmana, dii. (2018, maarch). viraivaana nagaramayamaakkal mattrum jagaarththaavil nilaiyaana poakkuvaraththuk kolgaigalin thaevai. aioopi maanattuth thodarh bhoomi mattrum suttruchchoozhal ariviyal" (thoguthi. 124, illai. 1, puughal. 12017). aioopi veliyeedu. sakango, emm. auuu., & davit, jay. (2018). maltusia koatpaattin porulaathaara alaveettu saribarpu naijeeriyaavil saandrugal. "cinifican journal ilmu egaanami," "7" "(1), 77-90". punnagai, vii. (2001). "ulagirku unavalithal irupaththoaraam noottraandukku oru sawal". mitt piras. yunat, ii. (2020). manitha moolathanaththin ellaiyin keezh makkal thogai pattriya maltusia koatpaattin mathippaaivu. "force samagaala porulaathaaraththil aaraaychchiyil kavanam seluththunggal," "1" "(2), 132-147". ----[1] keystorfer mattrum palar.2017 aam aandu [2] punnagai, 2001 [3] keystorfer mattrum palar.2017 aam aandu [4] punnagai, 2001 [5] yunat, 2020 [6] olidimagy, 2017 [7] sakango & davit, 2018 [8] olidimagy, 2017 [9] yunat, 2020 [10] ogunola mattrum palar.2018 aam aandu [11] enfl, 2022 [12] daskupta & thaadi, 2021 [13] rabins & havusan, 2018 [14] amundsen & sconehaft, 2022 [15] king, 2019 [16] chenn & phuu, 2018 [17] ahmat & qaan, 2019 [18] rivaavum mattravargalum.2018 aam aandu [19] rivae mattrum palar.2018 aam aandu [20] hashmi & aalam, 2019 [21] prechkov & ivanova, 2018 [22] hashmi & aalam, 2019 [23] hashmi & aalam, 2019 [24] rukmana, 2018 [25] rukmana, 2018 [26] baldazare, 2020 [27] baldazare, 2020 [28] rukmana, 2018 [29] ahmat & qaan, 2019 [30] enfl, 2020 [31] hashmi & aalam, 2019

janabha aardhika shaastram kosam kendram janabha aardhika shaastram kendram (ledhaa sii. pii. ii) anedi chikago vishwavidyaalayam booth school off businesslo oka parisoedhanaa kendram. cpe paniki pradhanamgaa yuu dwara nidhulu samakuurutaayi.ess.'national institute aann aging off dhi national institute off health. janabha perugudala mariyu aardhika abhivruddhi parichayam janabha perugudala mariyu aardhika abhivruddhi madhya unna sambandham panditulu vistrutamgaa anveshinchina vishaya rangaalalo okati [1]. parisoedhakula prastuta anchanaa emitante, vividha adhika-aadaaya deshaalu nemmadigaa janabha perugudalanu chavichuse avakaasam undhi. marovaipu, janabha perugudala ellappuduu oka samasyaga undi, prajalu andubaatulo unna parimita sahaja vanarulapai aadharapadatam konasaginchinanta kaalam idhi oka savaluga konasaagutundani bhayapadutunnaru. idhi chivariki deerghakaalika aardhika abhivruddhini prabhaavitam chestundi. janabha perugudala antarjaateeya valasalu, janabha vayassu nirmaanam, sraamika shakti parimaanam mariyu aardhika asamaanatatoe sahaa vividha amsaalanu prabhaavitam chestundi. eee karakalu yea desham yokka aardhika vruddhini nirnayinche keelaka karakalu. adanamgaa, vaaru oka nirdishta desamlo nivasistunna prajala sankhyanu batti aardhikamgaa kooda prabhaavitamavutaaru. janabha prabhavalanu zii. dii. pii. mariyu talasari utpatti paramgaa nirnayinchavacchu. aardhika vruddhini anchanaa veyadamlo upayoginchina siddhaantam kaligina prasiddha rachayithalalo thamus malthus okaru. rachayita prakaram janabha perugudala deerghakaalikamgaa edho oka samayamlo jeevana pramaanaalanu anichivestundi. siddhaantaanni drukpathamlo unchadaaniki, athanu sthira bhoomi parimaanaanni upayoginchaadu [3]. janabha perugutuunae undi, prajalu ippatikee adhe mottamlo bhoomini upayogiste, viniyoginche vanarula parimaanam khachitamgaa taggutundi. idhi chivariki aakali, yuddham mariyu vyaadhulaku daariteestundi. prajalu naitika samyamanam nundi antey aneka mandhi pillalanu kanakunda nirodhinchadam dwara matrame janabha perugudala yokka eee pratikuula prabhavalanu nivaarinchavacchani soochinchadam dwara ayana eee samasyaku parishkaranni andinchaaru. eee ooha cheyabadutunna samayamlo, antu vyaadhulanu tagginchadaaniki mariyu vyavasaya utpattini meruguparachadaaniki upayoginchina bhavishyat saanketika parinaamaalanu rachayita parigananaloki teesukoledu. eee kaaranamgaa, prapancha janabha andubaatulo unna vanarulannee ksheenistaayane bhayam unnappatikee perugutuunae undhi [4]. ayithe, ayana drukkonam nundi janabha perugudala aardhika abhivruddhiki haanikaramainadani, prapanchamlooni vividha praantaalalo mukhyamgaa abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaalalo adanapu janabha perugudalanu arikattadaaniki antarjaateeya vidhaanaalanu roopondinchadaaniki idhi aadhaaramani spashtam avutundi. malthusian siddhaantam malthus prakaram, janabha perugudala edho oka samayamlo taggutunna raabaditho dheekonaali [5]. idantaa ganaanka aahara sarafara mariyu ghaataanka janabha gurinchi, ikkada janabha perugudala mariyu aahara sarafaraanu saanukuula tanikheelu mariyu nivaarana charyalanu erpaatu cheyadam dwara samatulyam cheyavachu. malthusian siddhaantam janabha perugudala mariyu aardhika abhivruddhi madhya sambandhaanni marinta ardham chesukovadamlo sahaayapadataaniki munduku tecchina vividha amsaalanu kaligi untundi. eee siddhaantam janabha perugudala mariyu aardhika abhivruddhiki sambandhinchina vividha amsaalanu drukpathamlo unchadaaniki prayatninchinappatikii, idhi prati amsaanni cover cheyadu, endukante idhi aahara utpattini meruguparachadaaniki mariyu prapanchavyaaptamgaa vyaadhula prabalyanni tagginchadaaniki saanketika parignaanaanni upayoginchavacchane vaastavaanni parigananaloki teesukoledu. ii. nivaarana tanikheelu sweeya niyantrana, aalasya vivaham mariyu saralamaina jeevanasaili vanti vishayalanu prothsahinchadam aahara sarafara mariyu janabha perugudalanu samatulyam cheyadamlo sahaayapadutundani eee siddhaantam suuchistumdi. janabha perugudala mariyu aardhika abhivruddhi madhya sambandhaanni samatulyam cheyadaaniki prajala jeevana pramaanaalanu merugupariche vidhanalu mariyu charyalanu erpaatu chesi amalu cheyadam avasaram. II. saanukuula tanikheelu eee siddhaantam prakaram, kalupu teeyadaaniki daani swantha maargam unnanduna janabha niyantrana prakrutiki vadiliveyabadutundi. prakruti janabhanu niyantrinche vishayaniki vasthe, adhi janabha sthaayini tirigi andubaatulo unna aahara sarafara daanini konasaginchagala parimaanaaniki teesukuvelutundi [8]. bhookampaalu, karuvu, yuddhalu, varadalu mariyu antuvyaadhula dwara prakruti janabhanu niyantristundi. janabha niyantranaku minchinappudu niyantrinchadam mariyu sthaapinchabadina itara charyalu prakruti yokka paatra. 3. janabha mariyu aahara sarafara malthusian siddhaantam prakaram, janabha perugudala rekhaganita paddhatiloo jarugutundi. janabha perugudala jariginappudu, aahara sarafara taggutundi mariyu idhi ellappuduu adhe mottamlo vanarulapai aadharapadi ekkuva mandhi vyaktula suuchika [9]. dheeni praathamika ardham andubaatulo unna vanarulapai ottidi kaaranamgaa aahara sarafara taggutundani. janabha periginappudu mariyu andubaatulo unna vanarula sankhya alaage unnappudu, praathamikamgaa antey aaharam pondadaaniki kashtapadaalsi untundi. IV janabhapai tanikheelu aahara sarafara kante janabha perugudala raetu ekkuvagaa unna asamatulyata undhi. phalitamgaa, prajalu jeevinchadaaniki taginanta aaharam lenanduna taginanta aaharam lekapovadam maranaalaku kaaranamavutundi [10]. taginanta aahara sarafaraanu saanukuula tanikheela sahaja pratikuulatalatoe kalapadam valla, edho oka samayamlo janabha taggutundi. janabha yokka vaanchaneeya siddhaantam eee siddhaantam sampada srushti mariyu janabha parimaanam madhya sambandhaanni yerparachukovadampai drushti pedutundi [11]. malthusian siddhaantamtoe poliste, janabha yokka vaanchaneeya siddhaantam marinta vaastavikamainadi. oka dhesha idi yokka aadarsha janabha avasaramaina margalu mariyu vanarulatho kalipi unte, tayari parisrama atyadhika utpatti ledhaa talasari aadaayaanni istundani vaanchaneeya janabha suuchistumdi [12]. siddhaantaanni vistarinchina itara rachayitalu dheenini bhinnamgaa nirvachinchaaru. robbins prakaram, atyadhika rabadi vachhe parimaanam uttama janabha [13]. marovaipu kaar-sanders eee siddhaantaanni atyanta aardhika sankshemaanni andinche janabhaga nirvachinchaaru [14]. chivaraga, dalton dheenini garishta siddhaantamgaa talasari atyadhika aadaayaanni andinche janabhaga chuusaaru [15]. eee rachayitalu icchina anni nirvachanaalanu parigananaloki teesukunte, vaanchaneeya janabha praathamikamgaa aadarsavantamaina janabha parimaanam, idhi andubaatulo unna vanarulanu sarigga upayoginchukunte atyadhika aadaayaanni saadhinchagaladu. ayithe, janabha aadarsha parimaanam kante takkuvagaa unte ledhaa taggithe, appudu garishta rabadi taggutundi [16]. eee siddhaantam prakaram, janabha perugudala taruvaata talasari aadaayam perugudala unte, appudu desamlo janabha takkuvagaa untundi. anduvalla, idhi ippatikee vaanchaneeya sthaayi varaku janabha perugudalanu bharinchagaladani ardham. marovaipu, janabha perugudala phalitamgaa talasari taggudala sambhaviste, appudu desham adhika janabha kaligi untundi mariyu talasari garishta aadaayaanni saadhinchadaaniki janabha taggimpu avasaram. janabha parivartana siddhaantam eee siddhaantam pradhanamgaa abhivruddhi chendina deshaala nijamaina janabha dhoranulapai drushti saarinchindi. eee siddhaantamlo, janabha abhivruddhi anedi eee deshaalu edurkone moodu dasala prakriya. janabha perugudala modati dasalo, maranaalu ekkuvagaa undagaa, jananam takkuvagaa untundi, anduvalla janabha perugudala takkuvagaa untundi. rendava dasalo, maranam taggutundi, jananam alaage untundi. dheeni kaaranamgaa janabha perugudala raetu perugutundi [17]. ayithe, janabha perugudala chivari dasalo, maranaala raetu janana retuku samanamga untundi. idhi pillalu janminche raetu sthiramgaa taggadam phalitamgaa undhi. malthusian siddhaantam vale kakunda, janabha parivartana aahara sarafaraapai aadhaarapadaledu mariyu janabha perugudalaku etuvanti pratikuulatanu ichhe avakaasaanni teesukoledu. janabha perugudala janabha perugudala aardhika abhivruddhipai saanukuula mariyu pratikuula prabhavalu rendinti dwara vargeekarinchabadutundi [18]. abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaalalo vegavantamaina janabha perugudala praathamikamgaa samvatsaraaniki sagatuna 2.2 saatam perugudalato namodavutundagaa, itarulu samvatsaraaniki 3 saatam varaku namodu chestaaru. 1950la abhivruddhi aardhikavettalu janabha niyantrana vidhanalapai aasakti chuupaleedu. crash prograamlalo pettubadi pettadam dwara mottam utpattini natakeeyamgaa penchadaaniki upayoginchagala siddhaantaalapai vaari pradhana aasaktulu undevi. marovaipu, janabha perugudalalo maarpulanu viluvalu mariyu saamaajika vaikharula dwara niyantrinchavacchani vaaru paakshikamgaa vishwasinchaaru. ayithe, janabha perugudala sanklishtamaina vishayam anie, abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaalu avaanchita jananaalanu kooda edurkontunnayani panditulu, parisoedhakulu grahinchaaru. janabha perugudalanu arikattadaaniki vividha janana niyantrana vyuuhaalu mariyu vidhanalu amalu cheyabaddaayi, ivi konni deshaalalo vijayavantamayyaayi, marikonni ippatikee eee samasyatho baadhapadutunnaayi. ayithe, janana niyantrana dwara janabha niyantranaku sambandhinchina aneka savaallu unnaayi, mukhyamgaa eee vyuuhampai prajala vaikhari kaaranamgaa [19]. prati desamlo aardhika abhivruddhini saadhinchadaaniki vyuuhaatmakamgaa upayoginchukovachhu anae vaastavaanni thattukoleka janabha perugudalaku daani swantha samasyalu unnaayi. janabha perugudala mariyu aardhika abhivruddhi madhya samatulyataku jaateeya prabhutvamtho sahaa vividha samsthala maddatugala vividha vyuuhaalu mariyu vidhanalu avasaram. janabha perugudala mariyu aardhika abhivruddhi madhya sambandhaanni vivarinchadaaniki vividha vidhanalu samarpinchabaddaayi. desheeya parisramala vistarana desheeya parisrama abhivruddhi anedi oka desamlo andubaatulo unna kaarmikula parimaanampai aadharapadi untundi. tayari rangam vistarinchadaaniki, janabha perugudala praadhamikamainadi [20]. yea desamloonainaa chaalaa mandhi kaarmikulanu aakarshinche aardhika vyavasthalooni rangaalalo idhi okati. yea aardhika abhivruddhilonainaa sraamika shakti praadhamikamainadi mariyu daani kosam deshaalaku janabha perugudala avasaram. tayari parisrama maadirigaane, vyavasaya rangam kooda janabha perugudalapai aadharapadi undhi [21]. chaalaa abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaalu adhika janabha perugudala vaastavikatato pooraadutunnanduna, parishkarinchaalsina aneka samasyalu talettutunnaayi. udaaharanaku, tayari parisrama kontha mandhi kaarmikulanu dopidi chesi undavacchu, conny janabha perugutuunae unnanduna, nirudyogam oka samasyaga maarutundi [22]. antey edho oka samayamlo janabha perugudalanu niyantrinchaalsina avasaram ledhaa nirudyogulaku marinni udyogaalanu srushtinchadaaniki kotta maargaalanu kanugonaalsina avasaram undhi. janabha perugudala amsam sanklishtamgaa untundi, endukante oka vaipu idhi aardhika vruddhiki manchidi, marovaipu daani pratikuula prabhavalu sahaja vanarulu, saamaajika soukaryaalapai ottidi testaayi mariyu paryaavarana ksheenataku daariteestaayi [23]. vaastavam emitante, janabha perugudala phalitamgaa tayari parisrama khachitamgaa vistaristundi, conny roeju chivarilo, ekkuva vanarulu avasaramainappudu, andubaatulo unna vanarulapai ottidi kaaranamgaa samajam manugada saaginchadaaniki kashtapadutundi. vegavantamaina janabha perugudala yokka samasyalu vegavantamaina janabha perugudala vividha samasyalatho vastundi. annintiloo modatidi, idhi pettubadini tagginchadaaniki daariteestundi. aadaayam yokka perigina mariyu vegavantamaina viniyogam phalitamgaa, taginanta podupu lenanduna bhavishyat pettubadulu oka savaluga maarataayi [24]. janabha perugudalato vachhe rendava savaalu vanarula mitimeerina viniyogam. vanarulapai aadharapadi prajala sankhya peragadam valla vanarula mitimeerina dopideeki daariteestundi. endukante, vastuvulaku demand perugutundi mariyu dheeniki tayari parisrama mudi padaarthaala kosam muulam kaavaali, anduvalla vanarulanu mitimeerina viniyogam [25]. vegavantamaina janabha perugudala kooda pattaneekarana savaallatoe vastundi. gruhanirmaanam kosam pranaalika veyadam mariyu ravana, neeru, neeru vanti saamaajika soukaryaala kalpana kashtamavutundi. idhi moodu vibhina margallo mandaginchina aadaayaaniki kooda daariteestundi [26]. modatidi, idhi bhoomipai perugutunna janabhapai marinta ottidini kaligistundi. adanamgaa, idhi viniyoga vastuvula dravyolbananiki daariteestundi, idhi kutumba aadaayampai ottidiki daariteestundi. antekakunda, janabha perugudala talasari aadaayaanni prabhaavitam chestundi, endukante idhi kutumba kharchulu kutumbaanni ekkuva podupu cheyadaaniki anumatinchananduna muuladhana sekarananu taggistundi [27]. ituvanti parinaamaale oka desamloni prajala jeevana pramaanaalu ksheeninchadaaniki kaaranamavutaayi. endukante, janabha perigi, aadaayam peragakapothe, sampaadinchina takkuva mottaanni prati okkarini chusukovadaniki upayoginchaalsi untundi kabatti jeevana pramaanaalu taggaalani dheeni ardham [28]. vegavantamaina janabha perugudala yokka itara samasyalalo nirudyogam, saamaajika moulika sadupayala korata, paryaavarana nashtam mariyu taggina pettubadi unnaayi. mugimpu prapanchamlooni chaalaa deshaalu nirudyogam nundi saamaajika soukaryaala korata varaku perigina janabha perugudala samasyalatho pooraadutunnaayi. janabha perugutuu undadamtho eee samasyalu konasagayi [29]. amalu chesina charyalu, vidhanalu janabha perugudalanu arikattadamlo viphalamainatlu edho okavidhamgaa telustondi. chaalaa abhivruddhi chendutunna deshaalu janabha teevratatoo prabhaavitamavutunnaayi mariyu janabha perugudala siddhaantaala dwara vaari kashtalanu ardham chesukovadam vaari kesulaku yea vidhamgaanuu sahaayapadadu [30]. nijaaniki, prapanchamlooni chaalaa praantaalalo janabha perugudala ippatikee anchanaa veyabadindi mariyu idhi aardhika abhivruddhipai prabhavam konasaagistundi. ayithe, janabha perugudala aardhika abhivruddhini prabhaavitam chese vidhamgaane, aardhika abhivruddhi kooda janabha perugudalaku daariteestundi [31]. aarogya samrakshana, aahara sarafara mariyu itara avasaralu vanti sevalu andubaatulo unnanduna anukuulamaina aardhika abhivruddhi janabha perugudalanu sulabhataram chestundi. maanava muuladhanam lekunda vanarulanu sontamgaa upayoginchalemu kabatti janabha perugudala aardhika abhivruddhiki oka mukhyamaina karakamga undhi. suuchanalu ahmed, emm., & khaan, aarr. ii. eah. (2019). aardhika vruddhiki maanava muuladhana dynamicsto janabha parivartana mukhyama? gmm kuu dynamic panel dayta vidhanam. "saamaajika suuchikalu parisoedhana," "142" "(2), 753-772". amundsen, ii. ess., & scanhaft, a. (2022). "saadhaarana vyavasaya aardhika vyavasthalo viniyogaaniki asahanam mariyu janabha perugudala" (ledhu. 2022/01). iphro working paper. baldasare, emm. (2020). vruddhi gandaragolam. vruddhi gandaragolamlo". university off california press. chenn, x., & phuu, eff. (2018). pravartananu soochinche saamaajika abhyasam janabhalo antibiatic vadakanni prothsahistundi. "bhouthika saastramlo sarihaddulu", "6", 139. dasgupta, p., & gaddam, s. zhe. (2021). vaanchaneeya janabha mariyu paryaavarana parimitulu-oka upayogakaramaina drukpatham 3. "vaataavarana neethi", 193. enflo, keey. (2022). vaanchaneeya janaabhaaku sameepamlo undatam dwara saamaajika sankshemaanni kolavadam. "pasiphik taatvika traimaasika". geisdorfer, emm., savaget, p., boken, enn. emm., & hultink, ii. zhe. (2017). vruttaakaara aardhika vyavastha-oka kotta susthirata namuunaa?. "journal off cleaner production", "143", 757-768 ". hashmi, aarr., & aalam, keey. (2019). paryaavarana niyantrana, aavishkaranalu, udgaaraalu, janabha mariyu oisidi deshaalalo aardhika vruddhi madhya dynamic sambandhamh oka panel daryaaptu. "journal off cleaner production", "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" " gadyakov, a. vai., & ivanova, ess. eah. (2018). aahara bhadrata-prastuta savaalu. "geophorum", "91", 73-77. king, zhe. ii. (2019). hugg dalton (1887-1962). lse economics kuu palgrave companion" (pp. 289-310). palgrave macmillan, london. olademagy, vai. yuu. (2017). nigerialo aahara utpatti dhorani mariyu janabha yokka malthus siddhaantam vari utpatti nundi anubhavika sakshyam. "nigerian journal off agriculture, phud und environment," "13" "(1), 126-132". okunola, a. emm., nathaniel, ess. pii., & festus, vii. bii. (2018). nigerialo janabha perugudala mariyu aahara utpatti anubandhaanni punahsameekshinchadam ekikaranaku oka teevramaina vidhanam. "vyavasaya mariyu vanarula aardhika shaastramh antarjaateeya shaastreeya ii-journal", "4" "(1868-2019-383), 41-51". riva, eff., ahlborg, hetch., hartwigson, ii., pachauri, ess., & kolambo, ii. (2018). vidyut labhyata mariyu graameenaabhivruddhih marinta samuchitamaina shakti namuunaa kosam sanklishtamaina saamaajika-aardhika gatiseelata mariyu kaarana rekhaachitraala sameeksha. "susthira abhivruddhi kosam shakti", "43", 203-223. robbins, ell., & housen, ess. (2018). "aardhika vislaeshanha suutraalapai lionel robbins 1930la upanyaasaalu. routled. rukmana, dii. (2018, marchi). vegavantamaina pattaneekarana mariyu jakaartaalo sthiramaina ravana vidhaanaala avasaram. aiopi conferences syries erth und environmental sains" (valume. 124, ledhu. 1, p. 12017). aiopi publishing. sakanko, emm. eah., & david, zhe. (2018). malthusian siddhaantam yokka aardhika ganana dhruvikaranah nigerialo sakshyam. "significan journal ilmu ekanomi," "7" "(1), 77-90". smile, vii. (2001). "prapanchaaniki aaharam andinchadam iravai okatava sataabdaaniki oka savaalu". mitt press. yunat, ii. (2020). maanava muuladhanam paridhiloo janabha gurinchi malthusian siddhaantam yokka sameeksha. "force samakaaleena aardhika saastramlo parisoedhanapai drushti pettandi," "1" "(2), 132-147". ----[1] geisdorfer mariyu itarulu.2017 [2] smile, 2001 [3] geisdorfer mariyu itarulu.2017 [4] smile, 2001 [5] yunat, 2020 [6] olademagy, 2017 [7] sakanko & david, 2018 [8] olademagy, 2017 [9] yunat, 2020 [10] okunola mariyu itarulu.2018 [11] enflo, 2022 [12] dasgupta & gaddam, 2021 [13] robbins & housen, 2018 [14] amundsen & sconhaft, 2022 [15] king, 2019 [16] chenn & phuu, 2018 [17] ahmed & khaan, 2019 [18] riva mariyu itarulu.2018 [19] riv mariyu itarulu.2018 [20] hashmi & aalam, 2019 [21] gadyakov & ivanova, 2018 [22] hashmi & aalam, 2019 [23] hashmi & aalam, 2019 [24] rukmana, 2018 [25] rukmana, 2018 [26] baldasare, 2020 [27] baldasare, 2020 [28] rukmana, 2018 [29] ahmed & khaan, 2019 [30] enflo, 2020 [31] hashmi & aalam, 2019

aabadi kii muashiyat kaa markaz center faar populotion aknamiks (yaa see pee ayee) shikago university kay booth school aaf buznis kaa eek tehqiqi markaz hay. see pee ayee kay kaam kii maali aanat bunyadi toor parr yuu kay zariye kii jaati hay.aiss.'national insity teut aaf health kaa national insity teut aann aijing. aabadi mein izafah aur iqtesadi tarqi taaruf aabadi mein izaafe aur iqtesadi tarqi kay darmiyan mojud taaluq inn mozuati shoabon mein say eek hay jinn kii scholars nay baday paimanay parr khooj kii hay. [1] mohqaqeen kii maujudah paish goyee yaha hay kahh mukhtalif aalee aamadni waalay mamalik mein aabadi mein sast namo kaa saamna karnay kaa amkaan hay. dosri taraf yaha khadsha hay kahh aabadi mein izafah hamishah eek masilah rehaa hay aur jabb takk loag dastiyaab mahdud qadarti wasail parr inhasaar kartay rahein gay tubb takk yaha eek challenge hyee rahay gaa. [2] yaha balaakhir taweel madti iqtesadi tarqi kuu mutasir karay gaa. aabadi mein izafah beenn alaqwami hajrat aabadi kii amar kaa dahancha afraadi qoot kaa size aur maashi adam masawaat sameet mukhtalif pahluwon kuu mutasir kartaa hay. yaha awamil aham awamil haine juu kasee bhee qoom kii iqtesadi tarqi kaa tayeen kartay haine. iss kay alawah wah kasee khaas milk mein rehney waalay logon kii taadad kay lahaaz say maashi toor parr bhee mutasir hotay haine. aabadi kay asraat kaa tayeen jee ddee pee aur phee kiss paidawar kay lahaaz say kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. thamas maalthas inn mashhur masnafeen mein say eek haine jinn kaa nazariyah maashi tarqi kaa andazah laganay mein istemaal hawaa hay. masnaf kay mutabiq aabadi mein izafah kasee naha kasee waqat taweel madat mein mayaar zindagi kuu dabanay waala hay. nazariyah kuu naqtah nazar mein laanay kay liyay iss nay muqarrah zameen kii maqdar [3] kaa istemaal kiyaa. agar aabadi badhti rahee aur loag abb bhee atnee hyee zameen istemaal kartay rahay tuu istemaal honay waalay wasail kii maqdar yaqeeni toor parr kumm how jaaye gee. yaha balaakhir faaqah kashee jung aur beemariyon kaa baais banay gaa. inhon nay mazeed yaha tajweez kartay hoay iss masilay kaa hall farahim kiyaa kahh aabadi mein izaafe kay inn manfi asraat say tubb hyee bachaa jaa saktaa hay jabb loag akhlaqi tahmal say yauni kayee bachay paida karnay say rook saktay haine. jabb yaha mafruzah banaya jaa rehaa thaa masnaf nay mustaqabil kii takniki paish raft parr ghoor nahein kiyaa juu mutaadi beemariyon kuu kumm karnay aur zarayi paidawar kuu behatar bananay mein istemaal hoyee haine. iss wajah say iss khoof kay bawajood kahh iss say tamaam dastiyaab wasail khatam how jayein gay duniya kii aabadi mein izafah jaari hay. [4] tahim inn kay naqtah nazar say yaha waazah hay kahh aabadi mein izafah maashi tarqi kay liye mamkanah toor parr nqsan dhah hay aur yaha duniya kay mukhtalif hasoon mein khaas toor parr tarqi pazeer mamalik mein izaafi aabadi mein izaafe kuu roknay kay liye beenn alaqwami policiyon kii tashkil kii bunyaad rahee hay. malthosi nazariyah maalthas kay mutabiq aabadi mein izaafe kuu kasee waqat sukadtay hoay munafa say takrana chahiye [5]. yaha sabb riyaazi kay mutabiq khuraak kii farahami aur teezi say badhti hoyee aabadi kay baaray mein hay jehaan aabadi mein izaafe aur khuraak kii farahami kuu masbat jaanch aur rook thaam kay iqdamat kay qayaam kay zariye matwazan kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. [6] malthosi nazariyah mukhtalif anaasir parr mushtamil hay juu aabadi mein izaafe aur maashi tarqi kay darmiyan taluqat kuu mazeed samajhne mein madad kay liye paish kiye gayey haine. agarcha yaha nazariyah aabadi mein izaafe aur maashi tarqi kay mukhtalif pahluwon kuu tanazar mein rakhnay kii koshish kartaa hay leakin iss mein harr ansar kaa ahatah nahein kiyaa gayaa hay keunkah iss mein iss haqeeqat parr ghoor nahein kiyaa gayaa thaa kahh technology kuu khuraak kii paidawar kuu behatar bananay aur duniya bhar mein beemariyon kay phailao kuu kumm karnay kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. I. ahtiyati cheek nazariyah say patah chalta hay kahh khood parr qabu deer say shaadi aur saadah zindagi jaisi cheezon kii huslah afzayi khuraak kii farahami aur aabadi mein izaafe kuu matwazan karnay mein madadgaar saabat hogi. [7] aabadi mein izaafe aur iqtesadi tarqi kay darmiyan taluqat kuu matwazan karnay kay liye aisi policiyon aur iqdamat kay qayaam aur inn parr amal daraamad kii zarurat hoti hay juu logon kay mayaar zindagi kuu behatar banayein. II. masbat cheek iss nazariyah kay mutabiq aabadi parr qaabu fitrat parr chhod diyaa gayaa hay keunkah iss kaa nikasi aab kii aabadi kaa apnaa tariqah hay. jabb fitrat aabadi kuu qaabu karnay kii baath karti hay tuu yaha aabadi kii satah kuu iss size parr lay jaati hay jehaan dastiyaab khuraak kii farahami asay barqarar rakh sakti hay [8]. fitrat zalzalon qahat jangon sailaab aur wabayi amraz kay zariye aabadi kuu control karti hay. fitrat kaa kirdaar aabadi kuu control karnaa hay jabb yaha qaabu say baahir how aur deegar iqdamat juu qayem kiye gayey haine. aabadi aur khuraak kii farahami malthosi nazariyah kay mutabiq aabadi mein izafah hindsi andaaz mein hotaa hay. jabb aabadi mein izafah hotaa hay tuu khuraak kii farahami kumm how jaati hay aur yaha hamishah wasail kii atnee hyee maqdar parr munhasir ziyadah logon kaa asharah hotaa hay. [9] iss kaa bunyadi matlab yaha hay kahh dastiyaab wasail parr dabao kii wajah say khuraak kii farahami kumm how jaaye gee. jabb aabadi badhti hay aur dastiyaab wasail kii taadad yaksaan rehti hay tuu iss kaa bunyadi matlab hay kahh khuraak haasil karnay kay liye jadujahad karnee paray gee. 4 aabadi kii jaanch adam tawazan wah sharah hay jiss parr aabadi mein izafah khuraak kii farahami say ziyadah hay. natijay kay toor parr kaafi khuraak kii kamee amwaat kaa sabab banay gee keunkah logon kay liye zindah rehney kay liye kaafi khuraak mojud nahein hogi [10]. nakafi khuraak kii farahami kuu masbat jaanch kii qadarti mashkalaat kay saath jodnay say kasee waqat aabadi kumm how jaaye gee. aabadi kaa ziyadah say ziyadah nazariyah yaha nazariyah dolat kii takhliq aur aabadi kay size kay darmiyan taaluq qayem karnay parr markoz hay. [11] malthosi nazariyah kay muqabilay mein aabadi kaa ziyadah say ziyadah nazariyah ziyadah haqeeqat pasandanah hay. ziyadah say ziyadah aabadi say patah chalta hay kahh agar kasee milk kii aayee ddee kii misali aabadi zaruri zaraye aur wasail kay saath mill jaaye thoo menofecturing industry phee kiss sabb say ziyadah paidawar yaa aamadni haasil karay gee. [12] dosray masnafeen jinhon nay iss nazariyah parr tausia kii hay nay iss kii mukhtalif tareef kii hay. raaban kay mutabiq sabb say achhi aabadi wah size hay juu sabb say ziyadah munafa bakhash how [13]. dosri taraf kaar-sanders iss nazariyah kii tareef aabadi kay toor parr kartay haine juu sabb say ziyadah maashi falaah woo behbood farahim karti hay [14]. aakhir mein dalton nay asay ziyadah say ziyadah nazariyah aabadi kay toor parr dekha juu phee kiss sabb say ziyadah aamadni deeti hay [15]. inn masnafeen kii taraf say dee gayee tamaam tareefon parr ghoor kartay huay ziyadah say ziyadah aabadi bunyadi toor parr eek misali aabadi kaa size hay juu dastiyaab wasail kuu munasib tareeqe say istemaal karnay parr phee saal sabb say ziyadah aamadni haasil kirr sakti hay. tahim agar aabadi misali size say kumm hoti hay yaa badhti hay tuu ziyadah say ziyadah munafa kumm how jaaye gaa [16]. iss nazariyah kay mutabiq agar aabadi mein izaafe kay baad phee kiss aamadni mein izafah hotaa hay tuu milk kii aabadi kumm hay. iss liye iss kaa matlab yaha hay kahh yaha abb bhee ziyadah say ziyadah satah takk aabadi mein izaafe kaa muthamil how saktaa hay. dosri taraf agar aabadi mein izaafe kay natijay mein phee kiss kamee waaqa hoti hay tuu milk kii aabadi ziyadah hoti hay aur phee sarr ziyadah say ziyadah aamadni haasil karnay kay liye aabadi mein kamee kii zarurat hay. nazariyah aabadiyati muntaqli zeer bahas nazariyah nay bunyadi toor parr tarqi yaaftah mamalik kii aabadi kay haqeeqi rujhanat parr taujah markoz kii hay. iss nazariyah mein aabadi kii tarqi eek teen marahil kaa amal hay jiss say yaha mamalik guzartay haine. aabadi mein izaafe kay pehley marhalay mein amwaat ziyadah hoti haine jabkah paidaish kumm hoti hay iss liye aabadi mein izafah kumm hotaa hay. dosray marhalay mein moth kumm how jaati hay jabkah paidaish wahee rehti hay. iss kii wajah say aabadi mein izaafe kii sharah mein izafah hotaa hay [17]. tahim aabadi mein izaafe kay aakhri marhalay mein sharah amwaat sharah paidaish kay baraabar hoti hay. yaha bachon kii paidaish kii sharah mein muslisil kamee kaa natijah hay. malthosi nazariyah kay barakas aabadiyati muntaqli khuraak kii farahami parr markoz nahein hay aur aabadi mein izaafe kuu koyee manfi moqaa nahein deeti hay. aabadi mein izafah aabadi mein izaafe kii khususiyat maashi tarqi parr masbat aur manfi donon asraat haine. [18] aabadi mein teezi say izafah bunyadi toor parr tarqi pazeer mamalik mein hotaa hay jehaan salanah austa 2.2 faisad izafah hotaa hay jabkah deegar mein harr saal 3 faisad takk izafah record kiyaa jaataa hay. 1950 kii dahayi kay tarqiyati mahireen iqtesadiyat aabadi parr qaabu paaney kii policiyon kay khwahan nahein thay. inn kii bury dilchaspi inn nazaryaat parr thee jinhein karesh programon mein sarmayah kaaree karkay kill paidawar kuu dramayi toor parr badhanay kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa thaa. dosri taraf inn kaa jazwi toor parr yaha maanna thaa kahh aabadi mein izaafe mein honay waali tabdiliyon kuu aqdaar aur samaji raviyon kay zariye qaabu kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. tahim scholars aur mohqaqeen nay mahsus kiyaa hay kahh aabadi mein izafah eek paichidah muamilah hay aur tarqi pazeer mamalik kuu naapsandidah paidaishon kaa saamna bhee how rehaa hay. aabadi mein izaafe kuu roknay kay liye paidaish parr qaabu paaney kii mukhtalif hakmat emli aur polician naafiz kii gayee haine juu kachh mamalik mein kamiyab rahee haine jabkah deegar abb bhee iss masilay say dochaar haine. tahim paidaish parr qaabu paaney kay zariye aabadi parr qaabu paaney say waabistah mutadid challenges haine khaas toor parr iss hakmat emli parr logon kay royay kii wajah say [19]. aabadi mein izaafe kii apnee paicheedgiyan haine juu iss haqeeqat kuu samajhne kay saath haine kahh harr milk mein maashi tarqi kay hasool kay liye iss kaa strategic toor parr istehsaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. aabadi mein izaafe aur iqtesadi tarqi kay darmiyan tawazan kay liye qomi hukumat sameet mukhtalif agenciyon kii himayat yaaftah mukhtalif hakmat amliyon aur policiyon kii zarurat hoti hay. aabadi mein izaafe aur iqtesadi tarqi kay darmiyan taluqat kii wazahat kay liye mukhtalif naqtah nazar paish kiye gayey haine. gharilo sanaat kii tausia gharilo sanaat kii tarqi kaa inhasaar kasee milk mein dastiyaab mahnat kii maqdar parr hotaa hay. menofecturing kay shobay kii tausia kay liyay aabadi mein izafah bunyadi hay [20]. yaha maeshat kay inn shoabon mein say eek hay juu kasee bhee milk mein behat say karkanon kuu apnee taraf matujah kartaa hay. kasee bhee maashi tarqi mein mahnat kash qoot bunyadi haisiyat rakhti hay aur qomon kuu iss kay liye aabadi mein izaafe kii zarurat hoti hay. menofecturing industry kii tarah zaraat kaa shobah bhee aabadi mein izaafe parr munhasir hay [21]. ziyadah tarr tarqi pazeer mamalik kay saath izaafi aabadi mein izaafe kii haqeeqat say dochaar honay kay saath mutadid masail saamney aaa rahay haine jinn say namatnay kii zarurat hay. misaal kay toor parr menofecturing industry nay kachh leebar force kuu ghaban kirr liyaa hoga leakin jeesay jeesay aabadi mein izafah hotaa jaa rehaa hay bay rozgaari eek masilah bunn jaati hay [22]. iss kaa matlab yaha hay kahh kasee waqat aabadi mein izaafe kuu qaabu karnay yaa bay rozgaar afraad kay liye mazeed mulazimatein paida karnay kay nayey tareeqe talaash karnay kii zarurat hoti hay. aabadi mein izaafe kaa pehlu paichidah hay keunkah eek taraf yaha maashi tarqi kay liye achhaa hay jabkah dosri taraf iss kay manfi asraat qadarti wasail samaji sahuliyaat parr dabao daaltay haine aur mahuliyati inhatat kaa baais bantay haine. [23] haqeeqat yaha hay kahh aabadi mein izaafe kay natijay mein menofecturing industry yaqeeni toor parr phail jaaye gee leakin dunn kay ikhtatam parr jabb mazeed wasail kii zarurat hogi tuu community dastiyaab wasail parr padnay waali dabao kii wajah say zindah rehney kay liye jadujahad karay gee. teezi say aabadi mein izaafe kii paicheedgiyan teezi say aabadi mein izafah mukhtalif paicheedgiyon kay saath aataa hay. sabb say pehley yaha sarmayah kaaree kuu kumm karnay kaa baais bantaa hay. aamadni kay badhtay hoay aur teez khipat kay natijay mein mustaqabil kii sarmayah kaaree eek challenge bunn jaati hay keunkah kaafi bachat nahein hoti hay [24]. aabadi mein izaafe kay saath aaney waala dosra challenge wasail kaa hadd say ziyadah istemaal hay. wasail parr munhasir logon kii taadad mein izafah wasail kay hadd say ziyadah istehsaal kaa baais bantaa hay. iss kii wajah yaha hay kahh ajnaas kii maang mein izafah hotaa hay aur iss kay liye menofecturing industry kuu khaam maal kay liye maakhiz kii zarurat hoti hay iss liye wasail kaa ziyadah istemaal [25]. aabadi mein teezi say izafah bhee shehri kaaree kay challenges kay saath aataa hay. rehaish kii mansubah bundi aur nql woo hamal paani aur paani jaisi samaji sahuliyaat kii farahami mashkal how jaati hay. yaha teen mukhtalif tareeqon say phee aamadni mein kamee kaa baais bhee bantaa hay [26]. sabb say pehley yaha zameen parr badhti hoyee aabadi parr ziyadah dabao daalta hay. iss kay alawah yaha khipat kay saamaan kii afraat zarr kaa baais bantaa hay jiss kay natijay mein khaandaani aamadni parr dabao padta hay. mazeed baraan aabadi mein izafah phee kiss aamadni kuu mutasir kartaa hay keunkah iss say sarmaye kay jamaa honay mein kamee aatee hay keunkah khaandaani ikhrajat khaandaan kuu ziyadah bachat karnay kii ajazat nahein day saktay haine. [27] iss tarah kay nataij hyee kasee milk mein logon kay mayaar zindagi mein kamee kaa sabab bantay haine. iss kii wajah yaha hay kahh agar aabadi mein izafah hotaa hay aur aamadni mein izafah nahein hotaa hay tuu iss kaa matlab yaha hay kahh mayaar zindagi kuu kumm karnaa hoga keunkah kamayi gayee thodi see raqam kuu harr eek kii deekh bhaal mein istemaal karnaa hoga [28]. teezi say aabadi mein izaafe kii deegar paicheedgiyon mein bay rozgaari samaji bunyadi dahanchay kii kamee mahuliyati nqsan aur sarmayah kaaree mein kamee shaamil haine. natijah duniya bhar kay ziyadah tarr mamalik bay rozgaari say lay kirr samaji sahuliyaat kii kamee takk badhti hoyee aabadi kii paicheedgiyon say dochaar haine. yaha masail barqarar rahay haine keunkah aabadi mein izafah jaari hay [29]. kasee tarah aisa lagtaa hay kahh juu iqdamat aur polician naafiz kii gayee haine wah aabadi mein izaafe kuu roknay mein nakaam rahee haine. ziyadah tarr tarqi pazeer mamalik aabadi kii shadat say mutasir hotay haine aur aabadi mein izaafe kay nazaryaat kay zariye inn kii haalat kuu samajhne say inn kay muamilat mein kasee tarah madad nahein milti hay. [30] darhaqiqat duniya kay beshtar hasoon mein aabadi mein izaafe kii toqaa hay aur iss kaa asar iqtesadi tarqi parr padta rahay gaa. tahim jiss tarah aabadi mein izafah maashi tarqi kuu mutasir kartaa hay asee tarah maashi tarqi aabadi mein izaafe kaa baais bunn sakti hay [31]. sazgaar iqtesadi tarqi aabadi mein izaafe kuu aasaan banaati hay keunkah sehat kii deekh bhaal khuraak kii farahami aur deegar zaruriyat jaisi khidmaat dastiyaab haine. aabadi mein izafah iqtesadi tarqi kaa eek aham ansar hay keunkah insani sarmaye kay inn putt kay baghair wasail kuu khood istemaal nahein kiyaa jaa saktaa. hawalah jaat ahmad ayem.yee & khaan aar. ayee. aey. (2019). kiyaa insani sarmaye kii harkiyaat kay saath aabadiyati muntaqli maashi tarqi kay liye ahmiyat rakhti hay? jee ayem ayem kay liye eek mutharik pinal ddita naqtah nazar. "samaji asharay tahqiq" "" "" (2)yee 753-772. amondson ayee. aiss.yee & scoon haaft aey. (2022). "eek saadah zarayi maeshat mein khipat aur aabadi mein izaafe kii bay cheeni" (nahein. 2022/01). aayee aif aar awo working peepar. baldasaray ayem. (2020). tarqi kaa aljhan. tarqi kay mukhmase" mein. university aaf california prais. chunn aiks.yee & & f. (2018). tarz amal tajweez karnay kii samaji taleem aabadi mein ainti biotic kay ziyadah say ziyadah istemaal kuu farogh day sakti hay. "tabiyat mein sarhadein"yee "6"yee 139. daas gupta pee.yee aur daadhi aiss. jay. (2021). ziyadah say ziyadah aabadi aur mahuliyati rukawatein-eek mufeed naqtah nazar 3. "aab woo hawaa kii akhlaqiyat"yee 193. anflow kay. (2022). ziyadah say ziyadah aabadi say qurbat kay zariye samaji behbood kii paimaish karnaa. "paisifik falsafiyana sah maahi". gasdorfer ayem.yee seogate pee.yee bokan aine. ayem.yee & hiltink ayee. jay. (2017). circler maeshat-eek neeya payedari kaa namunah?. "journal aaf cleaner production"yee "143"yee 757-768. haashmi aar.yee & aalim kay. (2019). awee see ddee mamalik mein mahuliyati zabtay akhtaraa akhraaj aabadi aur maashi tarqi kay darmiyan mutharik taluqat: eek pinal investy gation. "journal aaf cleaner production" "233"yee 1100-1109. prosecof aey. Y.yee & ionova aiss. aey. (2018). khuraak kii hifazat: maujudah waqat kaa challenge. "geophorm"yee "91"yee 73-77. kung jay. ayee. (2019). hugg dalton (1887-1962). palgrio saathi baraye eel aiss ayee muashiyat" (pee pee. 289-310). palgrio meek milan landan. auladimi jee waayi. yuu. (2017). nigeria mein khuraak kii paidawar kaa rajhaan aur aabadi kaa maalthas nazariyah: chawal kii paidawar say tajarbati sabut. "nigeria kaa jaridah zaraat khuraak aur mahuliyat" "13" "(1)yee 126-132. oconolah aey. ayem.yee nathneel aiss. pee.yee & fests wee. bub. (2018). nigeria mein aabadi mein izaafe aur khuraak kii paidawar kay gath joad parr nazar saani: humm aahingi kay liye eek parjosh naqtah nazar. "zarayi aur wasail kii muashiyat: beenn alaqwami sciency ayee-journal" "4" "(1868-2019-383)yee 41-51. rewa aif.yee aalborg aich.yee haart wegson ayee.yee pachori aiss.yee & columbo ayee. (2018). bajli takk rasayi aur deehi tarqi: ziyadah munasib tawanayi modeling kay liye paichidah samaji woo iqtesadi harkiyaat aur wajah kay khaakay kaa jaizah. "payedar tarqi kay liye tawanayi"yee "43"yee 203-223. rabanz eel.yee aur housan aiss. (2018). "iqtesadi tajziya kay asulon parr sheeral rabanz: 1930 kii dahayi kay lectures. rotlage. rakmana ddee. (2018yee maarch). jakarta mein teezi say shehri kaaree aur payedar nql woo hamal kii policiyon kii zarurat. aayee awo pee conference seerez: arth aind inviromental science" (jald. 124yee nahein. 1yee pee. 1, 2017). aayee awo pee publishing. sakanko ayem. aey.yee & dude jay. (2018). malthosi nazariyah kii acvanometric tausiq: nigeria mein sabut. "maanee: journal almo akanomi" "7" "(1)yee 77-90. maskarao wee. (2001). "duniya kuu khaana khilana: akiswein sadee kay liye eek challenge. meet prais. anaat ayee. (2020). insani sarmaye kay dairah kaar mein aabadi kay malthosi nazariyah kaa jaizah. "qoot: asree muashiyat mein tehqeeq parr taujah markoz karein" "1" "(2)yee 132-147. ----[1] gees dorfer aur deegar.2017 [2] maskarahat 2001 [3] gees dorfer aur deegar.2017 [4] maskarahat 2001 [5] attan 2020 [6] auladimi jee 2017 [7] sakanko aur dude 2018 [8] auladimi jee 2017 [9] attan 2020 [10] oconola aur deegar.2018 [11] anflow 2022 [12] daas gupta aur daadhi 2021 [13] rabanz aind housan 2018 [14] amondson aind scun haaft 2022 [15] kung 2019 [16] chunn aind fow 2018 [17] ahmad aur khaan 2019 [18] rewa aur deegar.2018 [19] riyo aur deegar.2018 [20] haashmi aur aalim 2019 [21] prosecof aur ionova 2018 [22] haashmi aur aalim 2019 [23] haashmi aur aalim 2019 [24] rakmana 2018 [25] rakmana 2018 [26] baldasaray 2020 [27] baldasaray 2020 [28] rakmana 2018 [29] ahmad aur khaan 2019 [30] anflow 2020 [31] haashmi aur aalim 2019

fff9ea273c445b786e486d1f4733456e7d15b72efd0c392a116d45ffdb336ffd

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59184551

Na Trioblóidí

Na Trioblóidí "Na Trioblóidí" (Irish for The Troubles), is the thirteenth and final episode of the second season of the FX television series "Sons of Anarchy". It was written by Jack LoGiudice, and directed by Stephen Kay. It originally aired in the United States on December 1, 2009. This episode marks the final appearance of Johnny Lewis (Half-Sack Epps), Adam Arkin (Ethan Zobelle), Henry Rollins (A.J. Weston), and Sarah Jones (Polly Zobelle). Production. The episodes title: "Na Trioblóidí" is Irish for The Troubles; a three decade long ethno-nationalist conflict in Northern Ireland between nationalists, loyalists and British Armed Forces that occurred between the late 1960s to the late 1990s. The IRA depicted in the series is a fictionalised version of a dissident republican paramilitary called the Real IRA; a splinter group that was created after the Provisional IRA had a ceasefire towards the end of the conflict. Kurt Sutter, series writer and creator, said that Half-Sack was killed off because Johnny Lewis wanted to leave the show due to creative differences; "We decided we'd find some noble way for him to go. It wasn't my intent to try to be sensational and kill off a main character." Plot. Stahl orders Zobelle released from prison, as he is an FBI informant with information on several high-up players in government and in the Aryan Brotherhood. Zobelle refuses police escort, and the Mayans arrive in Charming to protect their investment in him. Zobelle's plans to skip town are delayed while Polly says goodbye to Edmond. Weston is also released, as Chuck's testimony is deemed unreliable because he is an ex-felon. Weston retrieves his children from state custody and uses their presence to protect himself from SAMCRO's reprisal. SAMCRO is able to isolate him in the bathroom of a tattoo parlor, where Jax kills him with a silenced pistol. Cameron Hayes calls his son Edmond, and orders him to kill Agent Stahl to prove his loyalty to the IRA. Edmond retrieves a gun hidden in his bathroom but fails to execute her. Stahl kills him when he attempts to run, then texts Cameron from his phone claiming that the deed is done. Meanwhile, Gemma spots Polly shopping for flowers and follows her to Edmond's home. Polly goes inside and sees Edmond's body, and when Gemma follows her in with her gun drawn, Polly assumes that Gemma killed Edmond and tries to shoot her. Gemma shoots Polly in the chest before the latter can, killing her, and Stahl emerges, offering Gemma a chance to get out before she is pursued. As Gemma turns to leave, Stahl tosses Gemma her own 9mm, and Gemma catches it instinctively. Stahl trains Polly's pistol on Gemma and tells her to drop the gun; Stahl plans to use Gemma's fingerprints to frame her for both deaths. Gemma calls Unser, who picks her up before the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms ATF can. Zobelle and the Mayans leave without Polly; SAMCRO takes off in hot pursuit. When Stahl reports the killing of Polly and Edmond over the radio, Cameron Hayes overhears over the report on a police scanner. Seeking revenge, he goes to Jax's house, holds up Tara, and kidnaps Abel. When Half-Sack tries to stop him, he is stabbed in the stomach. Jax arrives to find Sack dead, Tara tied up, and Abel missing. He calls Clay, who pulls the rest of the men pursuing Zobelle to rescue his grandchild. They chase Hayes to a marina, but it is too late: Hayes has disembarked in his gunrunning boat, Abel in tow. Reception. Ahead of the airing of the third season, IGN rated Polly Zobelle's and Edmond Hayes death #5 while A.J Weston's was voted #2 in IGN's "SONS OF ANARCHY'S BEST DEATHS". IGN commented on Weston's death by saying; "Rollins' final moment with his son, where he tells his boy to be brave for his brother and that he's always loved both of them, was a wonderfully complicated twist on an easy-to-hate character. And then he just sits in the bathroom stall - our final view of him is his boots still sitting up on the toilet seat. Even in death, he's rigid and unrelaxed. Because he was such a great character, I hated seeing Weston die, but in this case, the saying is true: it's better to burn out than fade away." Zach Handler of The AV Club gave "Na Trioblóidí" a B+ rating, stating; "The way things stand now, with Gemma on the run, and a grief-stricken Cameron kidnapping Abel, means, well, who the hell knows? The trouble brewing between Jax and Clay, temporarily put on hiatus, is bound to come back now—with Jax out of his mind with fear for his son, and Gemma's uniting influence, Daddy's memoirs may be making a come back very soon. After all, the lost baby comes, in a way, from the club's Irish connections, connections based on gun-running that I don't think Dad would've approved of in his day." References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

triyo-poriwex "naa trio" "blo" (xomosyar baabe aairis) hoise fx television dharabahik "" sans owo enarki "" ror dwitiyo sijonor troyudox aaru ontim khondo. iyak jek logiudise likhisil aaru stephen key-ye porisalona korisil. ee mulotoh 2009 sonor 1 disemborot aamerika juktorastrot xomprosarito hoisil. ei khondotuwe johnny luis (huff-sek eps), edaam aarkin (ithaan jubel), henori rollins (e) ror suranto uposthiti sinhito kore.je. weston), aaru sarah jones (polly jubel). utpadon. khondor xirunamoh "naa trio" blo "ee xomosyar baabe aairis; uttor ayarlandot jatiyotabadi, onugoto aaru britis xoxostro bahinir maajot tini doxok dhori soli thoka ek jatigoto-jatiyotabadi xonghat ji 1960-ror doxokor xexor poraa 1990-ror doxokor xexor faale xonghotit hoisil. ei sringkholatut sitrito aaira hoise real aaira naamor ek bhinnomotabolombi gonorajyor ordhoxamorik bahinir ek kalponik xongskoron; xonghator xexor faale osthayi aairar juddhobirotir pisot sristi koraa etaa bischinno gutt. sirijor lekhok aaru sristikorta cart satore koichil je huff-sektu hotya koraa hoisil kaaron sristixil parthokyor baabe johnny lewise swo 'tu eri jaboloi bisarisil; "aami xiddhanto loisu je aami teur baabe kichu mohan upay bisari lo' moo. mur uddesyo aasil sansolyokor hoh "boloi aaru etaa mukhyo soritrok hotya koriboloi chesta koraa nasil." plot. stale jubelok karagaror poraa mukoli korar nirdex diye, kiyonu teu sorkar aaru aarzo bhatritwobudhor keibajonu uscho-storor kheluoir tothyo thoka ejon ef. bi. aai. tothyodata. jubele aarokhyir escourt oswikar kore, aaru mayanxokole teur uporot teulukor biniyug xurokhito koriboloi monumuhabhabe uposthito hoy. jobelor sohor eri juwar porikolpona bilombito hoy aanhate polly admondok biday jonay. westonok mukoli koraa hoy, kiyonu sokor xakhyo obiswosto buli gonyo koraa hoy kiyonu teu ejon prakton fellon. westone nijor xontanxokolok rajyik jimmat thokar poraa uddhar kore aaru samokro 'ror protixudhor poraa nijoke xurokhito koriboloi teulukor uposthiti byobohar kore. sampro "ee teuk tetu parlaror bathrumot prithok koriboloi xokhyom hoy, zo" too jexe teuk nirob pistolore hotya kore. kemeron heyese teur putro admondok phone kore, aaru aairar proti teur anugotyo proman koriboloi agent stalok hotya koriboloi nirdex diye. admonde nijor bathrumot lukai rokha etaa bonduk uddhar kore kintu taik mrityudondo diboloi byortho hoy. stale douriboloi chesta korile teuk hotya kore, taar pisot teur phunor poraa kemeronok sithi likhi daabi kore je karjyotu xomponno hoise. ifale, jemmai fulor baabe bojar kori polike dekha diye aaru admondor ghoroloi teuk onuxoron kore. polly bhitoroloi yaay aaru admondor xorirtu dekhe, aaru jetiya jemmai taair bondukhon tunny loi taik onuxoron kore, polly onuman kore je jemmai admondok hotya korisil aaru taik gulee koriboloi chesta korisil. jemmai pisorjone koribo porar aagotei bukur bhitorot polili kori guli kore, taik hotya kore, aaru stall ulai aahe, jemmak teur pisuwai luwar aagote bahiroloi ulai juwar xujug diye. jemma ulai jaboloi ghuri ohaar loge loge stale nijor 9 mimi jemmak toss kore, aaru jemmai iyak xohojatbhabe dhore. stale jemmat polir pistoltu proxikhyon diye aaru taik bonduktu pelai diboloi koy; stele duyuta mrityur baabe teuk frame koriboloi jemmor aangulir saap byobohar korar porikolpona kore. jemmai uncharok phone kore, jiye taik modd, dhopat aaru aagneyastror byurur aagot tuli loy. jubel aaru mayanxokole polly obihone guchi yaay; samokro "ee gorom onuxoron kori ulai yaay. jetiya stale readyo 'too polly aaru admondor hotyar khobor diye, kemeron heyese aarokhyi scannerot protibedontu xuniboloi paay. protixudh lo 'boloi teu jexor ghoroloi yaay, taara dhori raakhe, aaru aabel opohoron kore. jetiya ordho-syakore teuk baadha diboloi chesta kore, tetiya teur petot suri maara hoy. jexe bostutu mrito, taara bandhi thuwa aaru aabel niruddex huwa bisari paay. teu maatir maatire maat kore, jiye teur naati-natinik uddhar koriboloi jubelok onuxoron koraa baaki manuhbur tunny aane. teuluke etaa marinaloi khoror pisuwai yaay, kintu bohut deri hoiseh khorbure teur bondukore doura naawot naami aahise, aabel inn tuwo. obhyorthona. tritiyo sijonor xomprosaror purbe, igon polly jubel aaru admond heyesor mrityu #5 rating disil.je westonok igonor "xonso owo enarkis besto death" too #2 bhut diya hoisil. igoni westonor mrityur uporot montobyo kori koichil; "putror xoite rolinsor ontim muhurto, zo 'too teu teur lo" raak teur bhatrir baabe xahoxi hoh "boloi koy aaru teu xoday duyuke bhaal paay, etaa xohoj-poraa-ghrina koraa soritror uporot ek bismoyokor jotil murh aasil. aaru taar pisot teu kewol bathrumor stolot bohi thaake-aamar teur ontim drishyotu hoh 'lo teur bootbur etiyau xousagaror aaxonot bohi aase. mrityur xomoyotou teu kothur aaru nirbhorxil. kiyonu teu ene ek mohan soritro aasil, moi westonok mori juwatu ghrina korisilu, kintu ei khetrot, ei uktitu xosah mlaan hoi juwatkoi jwolatu bhaal." e. bhi. clubber jaas handlere "naa trio" blo "di" koo e bi + rating disil, eidore koichil; "etiya ji dhorone bostubur thiyo hoi aase, jemaa douri thokar xoite, aaru ejon xukakul kemeron opohoron ebel, maane, bhaal, kune jaane? jex aaru kler maajot sristi huwa xomosyatu, xamoyikbhabe biroti diya, etiya ghuri ahibo paare-teur putror baabe bhoy kori teur monor poraa jex ulai ohaar xoite, aaru jemar ekotrito probhab, deutar smritikotha oti xunkale ghuri ahibo paare. obosye, heruwa xixuti ek prokare clubber aairis xongzugor poraa aahe, bondukor dourar uporot aadharito xongzug jibur moi nabhabu je deutake teur dinot onumudon korisil."

trayi "naa triobloidae" (airish phara dya troubles), fx television sirijer dwitiya morshumer trayodash ebong chudanta porbo "" sons off anarchy "". etty jack logiudies likhechen ebong stephen keey porichalona korechen. etty mulat markin juktorashtre 1 december, 2009-ayee procharito hoyechilo. eyi porboti johnny luis (huff-sack apps), adam arkin (ethan jobel), henry rollins (ayee.jeey. weston), ebong sarah johns (polly jobel). utpadon. porber shironam "naa triobloidae" holl samasyar jonno airish; uttor irelande jatiyatabadi, onugoto ebong british soshostro bahinir modhye tinn doshok deergho jatigoto-jatiyatabadi sanghat jaa 1960-err doshoker shesher dick theke 1990-err doshoker shesher dike ghotechilo. eyi sirije chitrito ira holl ekti bhinnamatabalambi projatontrer adhasamorik bahinir ekti kalponik sanskaran, jaake asol ira bolla hoy; ekti bichchinno gosthi jaa sanghater shesher dike asthayi ira juddhobirotir porey toiri hoyechilo. curt sutter, sirijer lekhok ebong srashta, bolechen jey ordho-sacti maaraa giechilo kaaron johnny luis srijanshil parthokyer karone shoti chhede jete cheyechilen; "amra siddhanta niyechi jey amra taar yawar jonno kichhu mohot upay khunje berr korob. amar uddeshya chhilo naa jey aami uttejonapurno hoye ekti prodhan choritroke hotya korar chesta korob." plot. stall jobelke karagar theke mukti deoar adesh deyo, kaaron seey sarkarer ebong arjo bhratritter besh koyekjon uchcho-storer kheloader tothyo soho ekjon eff. bii. aaee tothyodata. jobel pulish sahachar prottakhyan korey ebong mayanra taar modhye taader biniyog rakkha korte monomugdhokorvabe aase. jobeler shohor chhede yawar parikalpana bilambito hoy ebong polly edmondke biday jaanaay. westonkeo mukti deoa hoy, kaaron chaaker sakkhyo abishwasto boley money koraa hoy kaaron seey ekjon praktan fellon. weston taar santander rashtriya hefajat theke uddhar korey ebong taader uposthiti byabohar korey samcro protishodh theke nijeke rakkha korey. samcro taake ekti tattu parlarer bathroome bichchinno korte sokkhom hoy, jekhane jacks taake ekti nirab pistol diye hotya korey. cameron heiss taar chhele edmondke phone korey ebong irar proti taar anugatya proman korar jonno agent stalke hotya korar adesh deyo. edmond taar bathroome lukiye thaka ekti banduk uddhar korey kintu taake hotya korte byartho hoy. palanor chesta korle stall taake hotya korey, tarpor taar phone theke cameronke chitthi pathay jey kaajti koraa hoyeche. edike, zema fuler jonno shopping korte dekhe ebong taake edmonder barite anusaran korey. polly vitore yaay ebong edmonder deho dekhe, ebong jokhon zema taar banduk taanaa niye taake anusaran korey, tokhon polly dhorey neyo jey zema edmondke hotya koreche ebong taake gully korar chesta korey. jemma taar booker modhye gully korey, taake hotya korey, ebong stall beriye aase, jemmake taar pichu dhaoa korar agey beriye aasaar sujog deyo. jemma choley yawar dike mukh korey, stall taar nijer 9 mimmy jemmake chhunde feley ebong jemma sahojatobhabe etty dhorey feley. stall jemmer upor polir pistolke proshikkhon deyo ebong taake bandukti namate boley; stall taake ubhoy mrityur jonno frame korar jonno jemmer anguler chhaap byabohar korar parikalpana korey. zema ansarke phone korey, jey taake modd, tamak ebong agneyastrer bureau ayee. tii. eff caner saamone tuley neyo. jobel ebong mayanra polly chharai choley yaay; samcro gorom dhaoa korey. stall jokhon radiote polly ebong edmonder hotyar khobor deyo, tokhon cameron heyes ekti pulish scannerey reportti shune. protishodh nitey giye seey jaxer barite yaay, taaraa dhorey rakhe ebong abelke opohoron korey. jokhon ordho-jhaanp taake thamanor chesta korey, tokhon taar petey chhurikaghato koraa hoy. jacks eshe bostuke mrito, taaraa bendhe ebong abel nikhonj khunje paay. seey kadamati daake, jey taar natike uddhar korar jonno jobeler pichu dhaoa koraa bucky lokder teney niye yaay. taaraa ekti mariner kachhe khader dhaoa korey, kintu onek deri hoye gecheh khada taar bonduker nauka neme eseche, abel inn taau. abhyarthana. tritiya morshumer somprocharer agey, igon polly jobel ebong edmond heyer mrityu #5 reeta koreche.jeey westoner igon 'shha "shha off anarchy' shha best death"-ayee #2 bhot deoa hoyechilo. igon westoner mrityur upor montobbo korey bollen; "rollinser taar chheler saathe shesh muhurta, jekhane seey taar chheleke taar bhaiyer jonno sahoshi hotey boley ebong seey sabsamoy taader dujonke bhalobase, ekti sahaj-theke-ghrinyo choritrer upor ekti ashchorjojonokbhabe jotil modd chhilo. ebong tarpor seey shudhu bathroomer stolle bosey-amader shesh drishya holl taar butguli ekhono toilet seate bosey achhe. emonki mrityur samayo seey kathor ebong niruttar. kaaron tini eto borh choritro chhilen, aami westonke morte dekhe ghrina kartam, kintu eyi khettre, eyi probadti satyah biborno hoye yawar cheye pudey yawa vall." ave cluber jack handler "naa triobloidae" keey ekti bii + retting diyechilen, bolechilen; "ekhon jinisguli jebhabe dandiye achhe, zema daude, ebong ekti shokarto cameron opohoron abel, maane, keey jaane? samoyikbhabe biroti deoa jacks ebong maatir modhye toiri samasyati ekhon firey aste badhyo-taar chheler bhoye taar monn theke jacks berr korey, ebong zemar oikyoboddho prabhab, babar smritikatha khub shighroi firey aste paare. sabkichur porey, hariye yawa shishuti aase, ekrakam, cluber airish sangjog theke, banduk-chaalnar upor vitti korey sangjog jaa aami money corry naa jey baba taar diney anumodan korten."

trikoneey "naa triobloidae" (mushkeli maate irish), aee effx television shrenee "" suns off anarchy "" nee beejee seasonno termo aneey anteem episode chhe ". teey jeeka logudies dwara lakhvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey stephen keey dwara nirdeshit hatoo. teey mulroope united statesma 1 december, 2009naa roj prasaarit thayu hatoo. aaa episode johnny louis (haaf-seeka apps), edam arkin (ethan zobel), henry rollin (aaa.jeey. weston), aneey sarah johns (polly zobel). utpaadan. episodenu shirshakah "naa triobloidae" aee mushkeleeo maate irish chhe; uttar irelandma rashtravadio, vafaadaar aneey british sashastr dado vachche trana daaykaa laambo vansheey-rashtravadi sangharsh jeey 1960 naa daykana antathi 1990 naa daykana anta sudhee thayo hato. shreneema darshavvama aavel iraa aee asantusht prajasattak ardhalashkari dalnu kaalpaneek sanskaran chhe jene vaastavik iraa kahevaay chhe; aek vibhajan jooth keey jeey sangharshnaa anta taraf kaamchalaau iraa dwara yuddhviram karyaa pachhi banavvama aavyu hatoo. shreneena lekhak aneey nirmata curt sattare kahyoo keey haaf-seyk bundh thaee gayo hato kaaran keey johnny lavis sarjanatmak matbhedone kaarane shho chhodva maangato hato; "amey nakki karyoo keey amey tenaa maate koee umadaa rasto shodhee kaadhishu. maaro irado sansanikhej banvaano aneey mukhya paatrane maaree nakhvano nahoto." plooat. stahley aadesh aapyo keey zobelne jailmathi mukt karvaamaa aave, kaaran keey teey sarkarma aneey aaryan bhaicharama ghanaa uchch khelaadioni maahitee saathe fbi maahitee aapnaar chhe. zobel police escortno incar karey chhe, aneey maayno temnaa rokaanne bachavva maate aakarshak reete aave chhe. zobeleni shaher chhodvani yojnaoma veelamb thaay chhe jyaare polly admondne alvida kahe chhe. westonne pann mukt karvaamaa aave chhe, kaaran keey chaknee jubani avishvasneey manvama aave chhe kaaran keey teey bhutpurv fellon chhe. weston tenaa baadakone raajyani custodymathi paachho melve chhe aneey temnee hajarino upyog samkronaa badalothi potaane bachavva maate karey chhe. samecro tene tetu parlornaa bathroom alag karvaamaa saksham chhe, jyaan jaiks tene shaant pistolthi maaree naakhe chhe. cameron heya tenaa putra admondne phone karey chhe, aneey iraa pratyeni tenee vafadari saabit karvaa maate agent stahalne maaree nakhvano aadesh aape chhe. admond tenaa bathroom chhupayeli bandook melve chhe parantu tene chalavvama nishfal jaay chhe. jyaare teey bhagvano prayaas karey chhe tyaare stall tene maaree naakhe chhe, pachhi tenaa fonemathi cameronne patra lakheene daavo karey chhe keey aaa kaary thaee gayoo chhe. darmiyan, jemma phoolo maate khareedi karatee hoya chhe aneey aedmandna ghare tene anusare chhe. polly andar jaay chhe aneey aedmandnu shareer juae chhe, aneey jyaare jemma tenee bandook saathe tene anusare chhe, tyaare polly dhaare chhe keey jemma admondne maaree nakhyo aneey tene golee maarvaano prayaas karey chhe. ratna teneene maaree naakhe teey pahelaa chhatima polly shhoot karey chhe, aneey stall ubharee aave chhe, ratnane teno pichho karvaamaa aave teey pahelaa bahaar nikalvani taka aape chhe. jaim jaim ratna chhodva maate vale chhe, stahl tenaa potaana ratnane 9mm fenki deey chhe, aneey ratna tene sahaj bhaave pakade chhe. stahl polini pistolne jemma parr taaleem aape chhe aneey tene bandook chhodvaanu kahe chhe; stahl tene banne mrutyu maate frame karvaa maate jemmani aangalina nishanno upyog karvaanee yojnaa dharaave chhe. jemma ansarne phone karey chhe, jeey tene daaru, tamaaku aneey hathiyaaronaa beuro samaksh upaade chhe. zobel aneey maayno polly vagar neekali jaay chhe; samecro garam pichhomaa neekali jaay chhe. jyaare stall rediyo parr polly aneey aedmandni hatyaano ahewal aape chhe, tyaare cameron heey police scanner parr ahewal saambhale chhe. badalo levaa maate, teey jaiksna ghare jaay chhe, taaraa pakade chhe aneey abelnu apaharan karey chhe. jyaare adadhi zumpadi tene rokvaano prayaas karey chhe, tyaare tenaa petmaa chhareeo marvama aave chhe. jaiks saleeyano jaththo mrut, taaraa baandhine aneey abel goom thayel shodhvaa aave chhe. teey maateene bolaave chhe, jeey tenaa pautrane bachavva maate zobelno pichho kartaa baakinaa maanasone khenche chhe. teo aek mareena sudhee ghaasno pichho karey chhe, parantu teey khoob modu thaee gayoo chheh ghaas tenee bandukthi chaalati hodeemaa utaryu chhe, ebel ina toow. swaagat. triji seasonna prasaaran pahelaa, ignae polly zobele aneey admond heynaa mrutyune #5 rait karyoo hatoo.jeey westonne ignana "suns off anarches besta dath" maan #2 mutt aapvama aavyo hato. igne westonnaa mrutyu parr tippani kartaa kahyoo; "roleennee tenaa putra saatheni anteem kshan, jyaan teey tenaa chhokarane tenaa bhaai maate bahadur hovaanu kahe chhe aneey teey hammesha teey bannene prem karey chhe, teey aek saral-thee-nafrat paatra parr aek adbhut jatil valaank hato. aneey pachhi teey maatra bathroomni dukaanmaa bese chhe-amaaru chhellu drashya tenaa boot haju pann shauchaalayni seat parr bethaa chhe. mrutyu samaye pann teey kathor aneey nirante chhe. kaaran keey teey aatalo mahaan paatra hato, maney westonne marato jovaano nafrat hatee, parantu aaa kissaamaa, kahevat saachee chheh teey zankhu thavaa karataa badee javu vadhu saaru chhe." aev klabnaa zack handler "naa triobloidae" neey bii + rating aapyu hatoo, jemaa janaavyu hatoo keey; "jeey reete vastuo havey oobhi chhe, jamema saathe dode chhe, aneey shokgrast cameron apaharan ebel, etale, saaru, koona jaane chhe? jaiks aneey maatee vachcheni mushkeli, jeey asthaayi rupe veeram parr mukvaamaa aavee chhe, teey havey paachha aavvaanu bandhaayel chhe-tenaa putranaa bhay saathe tenaa manmathi jaiks bahaar nikale chhe, aneey jemmana ektaanaa prabhaavthi, pappana sansmarano khoob jaj toonk samayma paachha aavee shake chhe. chhevate, khovaayelu baadak aek reete klabnaa irish jodanomathi aave chhe, bandook-dod parr aadharit jodaano keey jeey maney nathee laagtu keey pitaae tenaa divase manjur curry hashe."

naa trikoniya "naa triobloidae" (pareshaniyon key liye ayrish), fx television shrinkhala "" arajakta key putra "" key dusare season kaa terahvaan aur antim episode haye. yeh jack logiudis dwara likhaa gayaa thaa, aur stephen key dwara nirdeshit thaa. yeh mool roop seey 1 disambar, 2009 koo sanyukt raajya america mein prasaarit huaa thaa. yeh prakaran johnny luis (haaf-sack apps), addam arkin (ethan jobel), heinry rollins (aeye.jey. weston), aur sarah johns (polly jobel). utpaadan. episode kaa sheershakah "naa triobloidae" pareshaniyon key liye ayrish haye; uttari ireland mein rashtravadiyon, wafadaron aur british sashastr balon key beach teen dashak lamba jaatiya-rashtravadi sangharsh joe 1960 key dashak key anta seey 1990 key dashak key anta key beach huaa. shrinkhala mein chitrit iraa ack asantusht ganarajya ardhsainik bull kaa ack kaalpanik sanskaran haye jise vaastavik iraa kahaa jaataa haye; ack alag samooh joe sangharsh key anta mein asthaayi iraa key yuddhaviram key baad banaaya gayaa thaa. shrinkhala key lekhak aur nirmaata curt sutter ney kahaa kii haaf-sax koo maar diyaa gayaa thaa kyonki johnny luis rachanaatmak matbhedon key kaaran show chhodana chaahte they; "hamane faisala kiya kii humm unake jaane key liye kuchh achchha raasta khojenge. sansanikhej honey aur mukhya charitra koo maarne kii koshish karna meraa irada naheen thaa." plot. stall ney jail seey zobel koo riha karane kaa adesh diyaa, kyonki vaha sarkaar aur aryan bhaichare mein kaee uchch-stariya khilaadiyon key baare mein jaankaari key saath ack aff. bee. aaee. soochana dene vaalaa haye. jobel pulis anurakshan seey incar curr detaa haye, aur mayan usake nivesh kii raksha key liye aakarshak roop seey aatey hain. shahar chhodane kii jobel kii yojanaon mein deree hoe rahee haye jabaki polly admond koo alvida kahata haye. weston koo bhee riha curr diyaa jaataa haye, kyonki chuck kii gawahi koo avishvasaniya maanaa jaataa haye kyonki vaha ack poorv-fellon haye. weston apane bachchon koo raajya kii hirasat seey nikaal letaa haye aur samcro key pratishodh seey khud koo bachaane key liye unaki upasthiti kaa upayog kartaa haye. samkro usey ack taitu parlor key bathroom mein alag karane mein saksham haye, jahan jacks usey ack shaant pistaul seey maar detaa haye. cameron hays apane bete admond koo bulaata haye, aur usey iraa key prati apani wafadari saabit karane key liye agent stall koo maarne kaa adesh detaa haye. admond apane bathroom mein chhipi bandook koo nikaal letaa haye lekin usey chalaane mein whiffle rahata haye. jaba vaha bhaagne kaa prayaas kartaa haye tou stall usey maar detaa haye, phir usake phone seey cameraman koo sandesh bhejata haye kii yeh kaary kiya gayaa haye. iss beach, jemma foolon kii kharidari karane key liye polly koo spott karati haye aur admond key ghar taka uska peechha karati haye. polly ander jaati haye aur admond key shareer koo dekhti haye, aur jaba jemma apani bandook kheenchkar uska peechha karati haye, tou polly maan letee haye kii jemma ney admond koo maar daala aur usey goli maarne kii koshish kii. mani chhaati mein goli maarati haye, usase pahale kii vaha curr sakey, usey maar detee haye, aur stall nikalata haye, jisase mani koo peechha karane seey pahale baahar nikalane kaa mauka milata haye. jaise hii ratna jaane key liye mudataa haye, stall apane swayam key ratna koo 9 mimi uchhaalata haye, aur ratna ise sahaj roop seey pakad letaa haye. stall polly kii pistaul koo jemma parr prashikshit kartaa haye aur usey bandook chhodane key liye kahata haye; stall ney donon mauton key liye usey frame karane key liye jemma kii ungaliyon key nishan kaa upayog karane kii yojana banaai haye. jemma ansar koo bulaati haye, joe usey sharaab, tambaku aur agneyastron key beuro key saamane uthaati haye. jobel aur mayan binaa paali key chaley jaate hain; samkro germ peechha karate hue nickle jaataa haye. jaba stall radio parr polly aur admond kii hatyaa kii report kartaa haye, tou cameraman hays pulis scanner parr report koo sunata haye. badala lene key liye, vaha jacks key ghar jaataa haye, taaraa pakadata haye, aur aabel kaa apaharan curr letaa haye. jaba aadhaa-thaila usey rokane kii koshish kartaa haye, tou usake pett mein chaku maaraa jaataa haye. jacks koo bory mrit, taaraa bandhi hui aur aabel laapata paaya jaataa haye. vaha mitty koo bulaata haye, joe apane potey koo bachaane key liye jobel kaa peechha karane vaale baaki logon koo kheenchata haye. way ack marina taka ghaas kaa peechha karate hain, lekin bahut dair hoe chuki haih ghaas apani bandook seey chalane vaali naav mein utar gaee haye, abel. swaagat. teesare season key prasaran seey pahale, ign ney polly jobels aur admond hays kii mrityu koo #5 jabaki ack.jey weston koo ign key "arajakta kii sabse achchi mauton key putron" mein #2 vote diyaa gayaa thaa. ign ney weston kii mrityu parr tippani karate hue kahaa; "rollins kaa apane bete key saath antim kshan, jahaan vaha apane ladke koo apane bhaai key liye bahadur honey key liye kahata haye aur vaha hamesha una donon seey pyaar kartaa haye, ack aasaan-seey-nafrat vaale charitra parr ack adbhut roop seey jatil modd thaa. aur phir vaha buss bathroom kii dukaan mein baithata haye-uska antim drishya usake joote abhee bhee shauchalaya kii seat parr baithe hain. mrityu mein bhee, vaha kathor aur niruttar haye. kyonki vaha itna mahaan charitra thaa, mujhe weston koo marate hue dekhane seey nafrat thee, lekin iss mamle mein, kahawat sach haih yeh mitane seey behtar haye kii vaha jall jaae." aeye. vee. club key zach handler ney "naa triobloidae" koo bee + rating dete hue kahaa; "jiss tarah seey cheejen abb khadee hain, jaise kii jemma bhaag rhaa haye, aur ack shokgrast cameraman apaharan ebel, iska matlab haye, thheek haye, kaun jaanata haye? jakes aur mitty key beach paida honey vaali pareshani, asthaayi roop seey viram parr rakhee gaee, abb vaapas aaney key liye baadhya haye-apane bete key darr seey usake dimag seey jakes key saath, aur jemma key ekjut prabhaav, daddy key sansmaran bahut jald vaapas aaa sakate hain. aakhirkaar, khoya huaa bachcha ack tarah seey, club key ayrish connections seey aataa haye, bandook chalaane key aadhar parr connection joe mujhe naheen lagata kii pitaa ney apane dinn mein manjuri dey dee hogi."

mooru janara "naa triobloidae" (tondaregalige airish), efx duradarshana saraniya eradane season naa hadimoorane mattu antima sanchikeyaagide "" suns off anarki "." idannu jack logiudis barediddu, stephen cay nirdeshisiddare. idu moolatah december 1,2009 randu united statesnalli prasaaravaayitu. ee sanchikeyu johnny levis (ardha-sack eps), aadam arkin (ethan jobelle), henry rollens (aa.zhe. weston), mattu saaraa johns (paali jobelle). utpaadane. kantugala shirshikeh "naa triobloidae" tondaregalige airish aagide; uttara airlendnalli raashtriyavaadigalu, nishtaavantaru mattu british sashastra padegala naduvina mooru dasakagala sudirgha janangiya-rashtriya sangharshavu 1960 rahra dashakada antyadinda 1990 rahra dashakada antyadavarege nadeyitu. saranialli chithrisalaada ira embudu nijavaada ira endu kareyalpaduva bhinnamatiya ganarajyada aresainika padeya kaalpanika aavruttiyaagide; sangharshada antyada velege taatkaalika ira kadana viraamavannu maadida nantara rachisalaada ondu vibhajita gumpu. sarani barahagara mattu srushtikarta curt sutter, srujanaatmaka bhinnabhiprayagalindagi johnny levis pradarshanavannu toreyalu bayasiddarinda ardha-syakannu kollalaayitu endu helidaru; "naavu avanige hogalu kelavu udaatta maargavannu kandukolalu nirdharisidevu. samvedanaasheelanaagalu mattu mukhya patravannu kollalu prayatnisuvudu nanna uddeshavaagiralilla." kathaavastuvu. aata sarkari mattu aryan sahodaratvada halavaaru unnata atagarara bagge mahitiyullah eff. bii. aii maahitidaaranaagiddarinda, aata jailininda bidugadeyaguvante stall adeshisuttane. jobelle police bengavalu niraakarisuttaane, mattu mayannaru aatanalli tamma hoodikeyannu rakshisalu aakarshakavaagi agamisuttare. jobelleya pattanavannu bittu hoguva yojanegalu vilambavaguttave, aadare paali edmandge vidaaya heluttaane. weston saha bidugadeyaguttane, ekendare chuck avara saakshyavannu vishvaasaarhavallavendu pariganisalaaguttade ekendare avaru maaji fellon agiddare. weston tanna makkalannu rajyada vashadinda himpadeyuttaane mattu avara upasthitiyannu balasikondu samcrona pratikaaradinda tannannu taanu rakshisikolluttaane. samcro avanannu tatoo parlourn snaanagruhadalli pratyekisalu saadhyavaaguttade, allie jaaks avanannu mounavaada pistulininda kolluttaane. cameron hayes tanna maga edmandge karey maadi, irakke tanna nishteyannu sabitupadisalu agent stall annu kollalu adeshisuttane. edmond tanna snaanagruhadalli adagisitta bandookugalannu himpadeyuttaane aadare avalannu galligerisalu viphalanaaguttaane. avanu odalu prayatnisidaga stall avanannu kolluttaane, nantara aaa krutyavannu maadalaagide endu helikondu avana phonninda cameronge sandesha kaluhisuttaane. etanmadhye, jemma hoovugaligaagi shopping maaduvudannu gurutisuttade mattu avalannu edmondna manege himbaalisuttade. paali olage hogi edmondna dehavannu noduttaane, mattu jemma tanna bandookinondige avalannu himbalisidaga, jemma edmond annu kondu avalannu shoot maadalu prayatnisuttaane endu paali bhaavisuttaane. ratnavu edeyalli edeyolage gundu haarisi, avalannu kolluttade, mattu stall horahommuttade, ratnavannu bennattuva modalu horabaralu avakaashavannu niiduttade. ratnavu horadalu tiruguvaga, stall tannade aada ratnavannu 9 mmg eseyuttaale mattu ratnavu adannu sahajavagiye hidiyuttade. stall jemmaada mele poliya pistul annu tarabeti maaduttade mattu gunn annu bidalu heluttade; stall eradoo saavugalige avalannu frame maadalu jemmaada beralacchugalannu balasalu yojisuttaane. jemma ansarge karey maaduttaale, avalu madya, tambaaku mattu bandookugala byooroda munde avalannu ettikolluttaale. jhobelle mattu mayannaru paali illade horatu hoguttaare; sancro bisi anveshaneyalli horatu hoguttaare. stall rediyodalli paali mattu edmond hatyeyannu varadi madidaga, cameron hays police scannernalli varadiyannu keluttaane. sedu tirisikollalu, avanu jacksna manege hoguttaane, taaraavannu hididukolluttaane mattu abelnannu apaharisuttaane. ardha-cheelavu avanannu tadeyalu prayatnisidaga, avana hotteyalli iriyalaaguttade. jaaks bandu chilavannu kattihakuttane, taaraa sikkibiddiddaane mattu abel kaneyagiruvudannu kandukolluttaane. avanu jedimannannu kareyuttaane, avanu tanna mommaganannu rakshisalu jobelleyannu bennattuva ulida purusharannu eleyuttaane. avaru marinage hullugaavalugalannu bennattuttaare, aadare adhu tumba tadavagideh hullugaavalugalu tanna bandooku oduva dooniyalli iliyuttave, abel tavnalli. svaagata. moorane season prasaaravaaguvudakke munchitavaagi, ign paali jobelles mattu edmond hays death annu #5 endu rait maadidaru.ignra "suns off anarkis best deaths" nalli zhe weston avarige #2 matha nidalaayitu. ign, weston saavina bagge heege pratikriyisidaruh "tanna maganondige rollensna koneya ksana, allie avanu tanna huduganige tanna sahodarana bagge dhairyavagiruvudannu heluttaane mattu avanu yavagalu ibbarannoo pritisuttaane, idu sulabhavaagi dveshisabahudaada patrada mele adbhutavaada sankeerna tiruvu. tadanantara avanu snaanagruhada angadiyalli kulitukolluttaane-avana bootugalu innoo shauchaalayada seatinalli kulitiruvudu avana bagge namma antima notavagide. savinalloo saha, avanu kathina mattu niraatankanaagiruttaane. avanu antaha mahan patravagidda kaarana, weston saayuvudannu naanu dveshisuttidde, aadare ee sandarbhadalli, ee matinalli satyavideh masukaaguvudakkinta suttuhoguvudu uttama." av clubna jaach handler "naa triobloidae" ge bii + rating niididaru, "eega vishayagalu hege nintive, jemma odihogide, mattu dukkhita cameron apaharana abel, andare, surry, narakakke yaarige tilidide? tatkalikavagi viramakke olapadisida jaaks mattu jedimannina naduvina tondare eega marali barabahudu-tanna magana bhayadinda avana manassininda jaaks horabaruttade, mattu jemmaada oggoodisuva prabhaava, appana aatmacharitregalu shighradalle maralabahudu. ellah nantara, kaleduhoda magu, ondu reetiyalli, clubna airish samparkagalinda, bandooku-otada aadhaarada mele samparkagalinda baruttade, adannu tande tanna dinadandu anumodisabahudendu naanu bhavisuvudilla."

thrithwathil "naa triobloidae" (prashnangalude airish), efx television parambarayaaya "" sansu oof anarki "" yude randaam seasonile pathimoonnaamatheyum avasaanatheyum episodaanu ". jacq logiudis ezhuthiya eee chithram steefan keeii samvidaanam cheythu. 2009 desember 1 nuu ithu aadyam amerikkayil sampreshanam cheythu. eee episode johnny levis (haff-sack eps), aadam arkin (ethan sobelli), henry rollins (eiii.jeey. vesttan), saaraa johns (poolii sobel). uthppaadanam. episodukalude thalakketta "naa triobloidae" prashnangalude airish aanu; vadakkan irelandil desheeyavaadikalum vishwastharum britiish sayudha sena thammilulla moonnu pathittaand neenda vamseeya-deseeyavaada samgharsham 1960 kalude avasaanam muthal 1990 kalude avasaanam vare nadannu. yadhaartha ira ennu vilikkappedunna oru vimatha republican ardhasainika vibhaagathinte saangalppika pathippaanu parambarayil chithreekarichirikkunna ira; samgharshathinte avasaanathil thaathkaalika ira vedinirthalinu sesham srishticha oru pilarnna grouppaanu. srishtiparamaaya abhiprayavyathyaasangal kaaranam johnny levis shhow vidaan aagrahichathinaal haff-sack kollappettuvennu seerees ezhuthukaaranum srashtaavumaaya kurt sutter paranju; "addehathinu pookaan njangal enthengilum nalla vazhi kandethaamenn njangal theerumaanichu. oru pradhana kathaapaathrathe senseshanalaayi kolluka ennathalla ente uddeshyam." plott. sarkkarileyum aaryan saahodaryathileyum niravadhi unnatha kalikkaarekkurichulla vivarangalulla oru efbi vivaraavakaashiyaayathinaal sobelle jayilil ninnu mochippikkaan staal utharavidunnu. sobelli police akambadi nirasikkukayum mayanmar avanil avarude nikshepam samrakshikkaan akarshakamaayi athukayum cheiyunnu. sobelli edmontinode vidaparayumbol nagaram vidaanulla sobellinte padhathikal vaikunnu. oru muun phelonaayathinaal chakkinte saakshyam vishwasaneeyamallennu kanakkakkappedunnathinaal westonineyum mochippikkunnu. vesttan thante kuttikale samsthaana kastadiyilekku thirichukonduvarikayum samcroyude prathikaaratthil ninnu svayam samrakshikkaan avarude saannidhyam upayogikkukayum cheiyunnu. oru taattoo paarlarinte kulimuriyil samcroic avane ottappeduthaan kazhiyum, avide jaaks nishabdamaaya pisttal upayogichu avane kollunnu. cameron hays thante makan edmundine vilichu irayodulla vishwasthatha theliyikkaan ejantu staaline kollan utharavidunnu. edmont thante kulimuriyil olippichuvecha oru thokku veendedukkunnu, pakshe avale vadhikkunnathil paraajayappedunnu. oodi rakshappedaan shramikkumbol staal avane kollukayum pinneedu aaa pravrithi poortthiyaayathaayi avakaashappett phonil ninnu cameracaranu sandesham ayakkukayum cheiyunnu. athesamayam, jemma pookkal vaangunna pooliye kandethukayum edmandinte veettilekku avale pinthudarukayum cheiyunnu. poolii akathekku pooyi edmandinte shareeram kaanukayum jemma thante thokku valichedukkunnathumaayi avale pinthudarumbol, jemma edmundine kollukayum avale vedivaykkaan sramikkukayum cheythuvennu poolii anumaanikkunnu. jemma avale kollunnathinu munbu nenjil vedivaykkukayum staal purathuvarikayum avale pinthudarunnathinu munbu jemmaykk purathupokaan avasaram nalkukayum cheiyunnu. jemma pookaan thiriyumbol, staal swantham 9 emm jemma eriyukayum jemma athu sahajamaayi pidikkukayum cheiyunnu. staal pooliyude pisttaline jemmayil pariseelippikkukayum thokku idaan avalodu parayukayum cheiyunnu; rund maranangalkkum avale frame cheyyaan jemmayude viraladayaalangal upayogikkaan staal padhathiyidunnu. jemma ansarine vilikkunnu, aval beuro oof alcohol, pukayila, thokkukal ennivayude munnil avale kondupookunnu. sobelle maayanmarum poolii illaathe pookunnu; samcro choodulla pinthudaralil purappedunnu. poolii, edmund ennivarude kolapathakam staal radioyiloode report cheyyumbol, cameron hays oru police scanneril report kelkkunnu. prathikaram cheyyaan avan jaxinte veettilekku pookukayum taaraye pidichu abell thattikkondupokukayum cheiyunnu. haff-sack avane thadayaan shramikkumbol, avante vayattil kuthappedunnu. chaakk chatthathum thaara kettiyathum abell kaanathaayathum kandethaan jaaks athunnu. avan kalimannine vilikkunnu, avan thante kochumakane rakshikkaan sobelline pinthudarunna bakkiyulla aalukale valichedukkunnu. avar oru mareenayilekku pullukale pinthudarunnu, pakshe athu valare vaikiyirikkunnu pullukal thante thokkukondu oodunna boatil erangiyirikkunnu, abel. sweekaranam. moonnaam season sampreshanam cheiyunnathinu munbu, poolii sobellinteyum edmund haysinteyum maranathe ign rettucheythu.igninte "araajakathvathinte ettavum mikacha maranangalude puthranmaar" ennathil jeey vesttansinu #2 vottu labhichu. vesttante maranathekkurichu ign abhiprayappettu; "thante makanodoppamulla rollinsinte avasana nimisham, avide addeham thante makanodu thante sahodaranodu dhairyamaayirikkaan parayunnu, avan ellaayppozhum iruvareyum snehikkunnu, eluppathil verukkaavunna oru kathaapaathrathekkurichulla athisayakaramaaya sankeernamaaya oru vazhithirivaayirunnu athu. pinne avan baathroom storil irikkunnu-toylet seettil ippozhum irikkunna avante boottukal avanekkurichulla njangalude avasana kazhchayaanu. maranathil polum avan karkkashakkaranum shanthanumalla. addeham atharamoru mikacha kathaapaathramaayathinaal, vesttan marikkunnath kaanunnath njaan veruthirunnu, ennaal eee saahacharyathil, eee pazhanchollu sariyaanu mangunnathinekkaal kathikkunnathaanu nallath." evi klabbile saachu handler "naa triobloidae" kku bii + rating nalki; "ippol karyangal nilakollunna reethi, jemma oodippookumbol, dukhithanaaya camerakkaaran abell thattikkondupokunnu, athaayath, aarkkaan ariyuka? thaalkkaalikamaayi edavela edutha jaxes kalimannum thammilulla prashnam ippol thirichuvarum-makane bhayann manassil ninnu jaxes jemmayude aikya swaadheenavum, dadyude oormmakkurippukal valare vegam thirichuvarum. ellaathinumupari, nashtappetta kunju oru tharatthil, klabbinte airish kanakshanukalil ninnaan varunnath, thokku oodikkunnathine adisthaanamaakkiyulla kanakshanukal, achhan thante kaalath amgeekarikkumennu njaan karutunnilla."

trikoni "naa triobloidae" (trasansathi ayrish) haah eff. ex. durchitravani malikechya "" suns auph enarchy "" chya dusya hangamacha terava aanee shevatcha bhag aahe ". jacq logiudis yanni lihilela aanee stephen keey yanni digdarshit kelela haah chitrapat aahe. too moolatah 1 december 2009 roji americet prasarit jhaala. yaa bhagamadhye johnny louis (haaf-sack eps), addam arkin (ethan zobel), heinry rollins (aaa.jeey. weston) aanee saara johns (polly zobel). utpadan. prakarananche shirshakah 'naa tribloidae' heey samasyansathi ayrish aahe; 1960 chya dashakachya uttaradhapasun 1990 chya uttaradhaparyant uttar irelandmadhye rashtravadi, nishthavant aanee british sashastr dalanmadhil teen dashakancha jaatiy-rashtravadi sangharsh. yaa maliket chitrit kelela iira haah vastavik iira navachya eka bandkhor prajasattak nimalashkari dalacha kalpanik prakar aahe; sangharshachya shevati tatpuratya irachya yuddhaviramanantar tayar jhalela eka futalela gut. malikeche lekhak aanee nirmate curt sutter mhanale qee sarjansheel matbhedanmule johnny louis yanna karyakram sodaycha hota mhanoon ardh-zep nasht karnyat aalee; "aamhi tharvile qee aamhi tyachyasathi kahee uttam marg shodhu. sanasanati honyacha aanee mukhya patrala thaar marnyacha majha hetu navhata." plot. stall zobelala turungatoon sodanyache aadesh deto, kaaran too eff. bii. aay. chaa mahitee denara asoon sarkarmadhil aanee aryan bandhutvatil anek uchch-stariy kheladunchi mahitee deto. zobel polisanchya sanrakshanas nakar dete aanee mayaa lock tyanchya guntavanukiche sanrakshn karnyasathi aakarshakpane yetat. zobelchya shahar sodanyachya yojana vilambit hotat, tarr polly edmandla nirop deto. chuck haah majee fellon asalyamule tyachi saksh avishvasaniy manali jaate mhanoon westonchi dekhil sutka kelee jaate. weston tyachya mulanna rajyachya tabyatoon parat aanato aanee samcrochya sudbuddhipasun swatache sanrakshn karnyasathi tyanchya upasthiticha vapar karato. samcro tyala tattoo parlourchya snangruhat vegale karnyas saksham aahe, jithe jacks tyala shant pistulane thaar marto. cameron heyasne tyachya mulala edmandla phone keela aanee irashi nishtha siddha karnyasathi tyala agent stalla thaar maranyache aadesh dile. edmond tyachya snangruhat lapavaleli bandook parat midvato parantu teela thaar maranyat apayashi tharato. too paloon jaanyacha prayatna karato tevha stall tyala thaar marto, nantar tyachya phonavarun cameronla patra pathavato qee heey kaam jhaale aahe. darmyan, jemma palila fulanchi kharedi kartana pahate aanee edmondchya gharee tichya mage jaate. polly aat jaato aanee edmondcha mrutdeh pahato aanee jevha jemma tichi bandook odhoon tichya mage yete, tevha polii asey gruheet dharato qee jemmane edmandla thaar marle aanee teela golya ghalanyacha prayatna keela. jemma chhatimadhye, jemma karoo shakel tyaadhich golee zadate, teela thaar marte aanee stall baher padato, jemmala ticha pathlag karnyapurvi baher padanyachi sandhee deto. jemma nighun jaanyasathi valate tevha stall tichya swatachya 9 mimichya jemala fekato aanee jemma sahajpane tyala pakadato. stall polychya pistulala jemma varr prashikshan deto aanee teela bandook sodanyas sangato; stall teela donhi mrutyunsathi frame karnyasathi jemmachya botanchya khuna vaparanyachi yojana aakhto. jemma uncerla phone karate, jee teela daroo, tambakhu aanee bandukanchya karyalayasamor gheuun jaate. zobel aanee mayan lock polishivay nighun jaatat; samcro jordar pathalagat nighato. stall jevha rediovar polly aanee edmondchya hatyechi batami deto, tevha cameron heyy polis scannerver ahwal aikato. suud ghenyasathi too jackschya gharee jaato, taara pakadato aanee aabelche apaharan karato. jevha ardh-zot tyala thambavanyacha prayatna karato, tevha tyachya potat chakoo marla jaato. jaxla bote mrut, taara bandhaleli aanee aabel bepatta aadhalate. too chikanmatila bolavato, joou tyachya natula vachavanyasathi zobelcha pathlag karananya urvarit purushanna khechoon kadhato. teey eka naukeparyant gavatacha pathlag karatat, parantu khoop usheer jhaala aaheh gavat tyachya bandukdhari botimadhye, aabel inn tomadhye utarale aahet. swagat. tisya hangamachya prasaranapurvi, ignane polly zobel aanee edmond heyachya mrutyuche #5 asey moolyankan kele.jeey. weston yanna ignachya 'suns auph enarkeys best death' madhye #2 mutt denyat aale. ignane westonchya mrutyubaddal tippani karat mhatale; "rollinscha tyachya mulasobatcha shevatcha kshan, jithe too tyachya mulala tyachya bhavasathi dhadsi honyas sangato aanee too nehmich tyaa doghanvar prem karato, too sahajpane dvesh karata yenyajogya patravar eka aashcharyakarakpane guntagunticha valank hota. aanee mug too fakt bathroomchya dukanat basato-tyache boot ajunahi toilet seatwar basalele aahet heey tyache aamche shevatche drushya aahe. mrutyunantarhi too kathor aanee shant asato. kaaran too itka mahan patra hota, mallah weston maran pavtana pahanyacha tiraskar hota, parantu yaa prakaranat, mhan kharee aaheh lupt honyapeksha jaloon khaq hone changle." aii. vhee. clubchya zack handlerne 'naa triobloidae' laa 'bii +' asey raiting dile, jyat mhatale hote qee, 'aata jyaa prakare goshti ubhya aahet, jemma paloon jaat aahe aanee shokakul cameronne ebelche apaharan kele aahe, yacha arth, theek aahe, narkala kona maheet aahe? tatpurte viram ghetalelya jacks aanee chikanmatimadhye nirman honara tras aata parat yene nishchit aahe-tyachya mulachya bhitine tyachya manatoon jacks baher padalyane aanee jemmacha ekatra yenyacha prabhav, kadachit vadilanchya aathvani lavkarach parat yet asateel. shevati, haravalele baal, eka prakare, clubchya ayrish jodanyanmadhun, bandukichya dhavnyavar aadharit jodanyanmadhun yete, jeey mallah vatat nahee qee vadilanni tyachya kalat manjur kele asate."

tinawata "naa triobloidae" (samasyaharuka lagi iris), fx television shringkhala "" suns aff anarchy "" ko dosro sijanko tehraun rar antim episode how. yo jack lajiudisdwara lekhieko thiyo, rar stephen kedwara nirdeshit thiyo. yo suruma sanyukta rajya americama december 1,2009 maa prasarit bhaeko thiyo. yo episodele johnny luis (haf-sack apps), adom arkin (ethan jobel), heinry rollin (ae.jey. weston), rar sarah johns (poly jobel). utpadan. episodko shirshakah "naa triobloidae" samasyaharuka lagi iris how; rashtrawadi, wafadar rar britis sashastra senaharu bitch uttari ayarlandma tean dashak lamo jatiya-rashtrawadi dwandwa june 1960 ko dashakko antyadekhi 1990 ko dashakko antyasamma bhayo. shringkhalama chitrit ira wastawik ira bhanine asantushta ganatantra ardhasainik senako kalpanik sanskaran how; euta vibhajit samuha june dwandwako antyatira asthayi irale yuddhaviram garepachhi sirjana garieko thiyo. shringkhalaka lekhak rar nirmata curt sutterle bhane kii haf-sack marieko thiyo kinbhane johnny luis rachanatmak bhinnataharuka karan show chhodna chahanthe; "hamile nirnaya garyaun kii hammy usalai janka lagi kunai utkrishta tarika khojchhaun. sanasanipurna banne rar mukhya patralai marney prayas garnu mero uddeshya thiena." plut. stalle jobellai jailbata riha garna adesh dinchha, kinki uni sarkar rar aryan bhaicharama dherai uccha-up kheladiharuko jankarika sath fbi suchanadata hun. jobelle police escortlai aswikar garchhan, rar maya manisharu unima afno laganilai surakshit rakhna akarshak rupma aipugchhan. jobelko sahar chhodne yojanaharu dhilai hunchhan jabki polile admondlai bidai dinchha. chakako gawahi awishwasaniya manieko chha kinbhane uni purva fellon hun bhanera westonlai pani riha garinchha. westonle afna bachchaharulai rajyako hirasatbata firta linchhan rar samkroko pratishodhbata afulai bachauna uniharuko upasthiti prayog garchhan. samkrole unlai tatue parlerko batharumma alag garna saksham hunchha, jahaan jaxley unlai mauna pistaulle marchha. cameron heyasle afno chhora admondlai bolaunchhan, rar iranpratiko afno wafadari pramanit garna agent stallai marne adesh dinchhan. admondle afno batharumma lukeko banduk firta linchha tara usalai mrityudanda dina asafal hunchha. stalle bhagne prayas garda usalai marchha, tyasapachhi kaam sampanna bhaeko dabi gardai afno fonebata cameronlai sandesh pathaunchha. yasaibich, jemmale polilai fulka lagi kinmail gariraheko dekhchhin rar unlai admondko gharma pachhyaunchin. poly bhitra janchha rar admondko sharira dekhcha, rar jab jemmale afno banduk liera unko pachhi lagchhin, polile jemmale admondlai mareko rar unlai goli hanne prayas gareko mandachha. jemmale usalai marnuaghi nai chhatima goli hanchhin, rar stall niskanchha, jemmalai pachhyaunuaghi bahira niskane mauka dinchha. jemma zahn farkanda, stalle afnai 9 mimmy jemmalai fyaankchhin, rar jemmale yasalai sahajai samatchhin. stalle jemmama poliko pistaullai talim dinchha rar usalai banduk chhodna bhancha; stalle jemmako aunlaa chhap prayog garera unlai duwai mrityuka lagi frame garne yojana banaunchha. jemmale anserlai fone garchhin, jasle unlai byuro aff alkohol, surtijanya rar agneyastra atf kyan agadi uthaunchhin. jobel rar mayanharu poly bina nai janchhan; samkrole tato khojima prasthan garchhan. jab stalle radioma poly rar admondko hatyako report garchhan, cameron hejle police scannerma report sunchhan. badala lyne, uu jacksko gharma janchha, taralai samatchha, rar abellai apharan gardacha. jab haf-sackle usalai rokna khojchha, usako petma chhura prahar garinchha. jaxley jhola mrit, taralai baandhieko rar abel bepatta bhaeko fela parchha. usale matolai bolaunchha, jasle afno natinlai bachaunaka lagi jobellai pachhyaundai aeka baanki manisharulai tanchha. uniharule euta marinama ghaansharu pachhyaunchan, tara dherai dhilo bhaeko chhah ghaansharu afno banduk chaliraheko dungama, abel inn toma tall jhareko chha. swagat. tesro sijanko prasaran aghi, ignale poly jobel rar admond heyako mrityulai #5 mulyankan gare jabki ek.jey westonlai ignako "suns aff anarches best death" maa #2 bhota diieko thiyo. iganle westonko mrityuma tippani gardai bhane; "rolinko afno chhorasangko antim kshan, jahaan usale afno ketalai afno bhaika lagi sahasi huna bhancha rar usale sadhain tee duwailai maya gareko chha, sajilai-ghrina garna sakine charitrama ek adbhut jatil mode thiyo. rar tyasapachhi uni kewal batharumko stalma baschhan-unko antim drishya unko boot ajhai pani shauchalaya sitma baseko chha. mrityuma pani, uu kathora rar niruttar chha. kinbhane uni yati mahan charitra thie, mahm westonko mrityu dekhera ghrina gardathen, tara yass awasthama, yo bhanai satya hoh yo haraunu bhanda jalaunu ramro how." ebh clubka jack handlerle "naa triobloidae" lai bee + rating dindai bhane; "zemma bhageko rar shokgrasta cameron apharan ebelko sath, ab kuraharu kasari khada chhan, yasako artha, thik chha, kasalai thaha chha? jacks rar mato bichko samasya, asthayi rupma viramma rakhieko, ab firta auna badhya chha-afno chhorako darle usako dimagbata jacks bahira niskiyo, rar jemmako ektabadha prabhawa, babuko sansmaranharu chaandai firta auna sakchha. jey bhae pani, haraeko bachcha ek prakarle clubko iris jadanharubata aunchha, banduk-daudama adharit jadanharu june malai lagdaina kii bubale afno dinma anumodan garnuhune thiyo."

trayodasha "naa triobloidy" (samasya paain airish), fx television sirij "" suns off enarchy "" rahr dwiteeja sijin rahr trayodasha ebong shesh adhyaja . ehaa jack lajiudisanka dwara likhita ebong stephen kenka dwara nirdeshita hoithila. ehaa prathame december 1,2009 ray aamerikare prasarita hoithila. ehi adhyajati janii louis (haf-sack epps), adam arkin (ethan jobel), henry rollins (aii.jay. weston), ebong saaraa johnes (polly jobel). utpadana. adhyaja sheershakah "naa triobloidy" heuchhi samasya paain airish; uttara aajarlandare jatijatabadi, biswasta ebong british sashastra bahini madhyare tini dashandhi dhari chalithiba jatigata-jatijatabadi sangharsha jaahaa 1960 dashkar shesh bhagaru 1990 dashkar shesh bhaga madhyare ghatithila . ehi shrunkhalare chitrita ira heuchhi eka bhinnamatabadi republican paramilitaryra eka kalpanika sanskarana jaahaaku real ira kuhajae; eka bibhajan gosthi jaahaa sangharshara shesh aadaku asthajee ira judhabirati parey srusti hoithila . dharabahika lekhaka ebong nirmata court sutter kahichanti je haf-sack maari diajaithila kaaran srujanashila matabhed hetu janii louis shoe chhadibaku chahunthile; "aame nishpatti neichu je aame taanka paain kichhi uttam upaiah khojibu. eka sambedanashila heba ebong eka mukhya charitraku hatya kariba more uddeshya nathila." plut. stall jobelnku jelru mukta karibaku nirdesh deichhanti, kaaran shay jane aif. bii. aai. suchanadata ebong sarakaranka ebong arjya bhaichara madhyare aneka uccha-khelalinka bishajare suchana deichhanti. jobel police eskartaku pratyakhyana karanti, ebong majanamane taanka upare semanankara nibeshaku surakhita rakhiba paain aakarshaneeah bhabare pahanchanti . jobelnka sahara chhadibara yojana bilamba heuthiba bele polly edamandanku bidai dianti. weston madhya mukta huanti, kaaran chaknka sakshya abiswasaneeja bolly bibechana karajae kaaran shay jane purbatana fellon . weston taanka pilamananku rajya hepajataru uddhara karanti ebong samkronka pratisodharu nijaku rakhya kariba paain semananka upasthitiku byabahara karanti . samcro tanku eka taatu parlorer batharumre alga karibare sakhyama huanti, jeunthare jacks tanku eka neerab pistalare hatya karanti . cameron heyas taanka pua edamandanku dakithile ebong ira prati tankara aanugatya pramana kariba paain agent stalanku hatya karibaku nirdesh deithile. admond taa 'batharumre luchai rakhithiba eka bandhuka uddhara kare kintu taaku fashi debare biphal hue . jetebele shay daudiba paain chesta kare, stall tanku hatya kare, taa 'parey taanka phonru cameronku chithi lekhi daabi kare je karjyati samapta hoichhi. ehi samajare, zemma palinku phul kinibaku dekhi edamandanka gharaku anusarana karanti . polly bhitaraku jaai edamandanka mrutadehaku dekhanti, ebong jetebele zemma taanka bandhuka taani nei tanku anusarana karanti, polly anumana karanti je zemma edamandanku hatya karithile ebong tanku guli karibaku chesta karithile. zemma taa 'rahr chhaati bhitaraku jiba purbaru taa' chhaati bhitaraku guli curry taaku maridie, ebong stall bahari aase, jemanku taa 'rahr pichha kariba purbaru baharaku baharibara sujoga deithae. zemma jiba paain pheruthibabele, stall niz 9 mimi zema toss karanti, ebong zema ehaaku sahjat bhabare dharithae . stall zemma upare palinka pistalaku talim dianti ebong tanku bandhuka pakaibaku kuhanti; stall tanku ubhaja mrutyu paain frame kariba paain jemanka fingerprinta byabahara karibaku yojana karanti . zemma ansaranku dakanti, jie tanku mudd, tamakhu ebong agnejastra aii. tii. aif. cann byurora sammukhare uthai nianti. jobel ebong majanamane bina polly chhadi chaali jaanti; samcro garam anusaranare jatra arambha karanti . jetebele stall rediore polly ebong edamandanka hatya bishajare report karanti, cameron haze eka police skanarare report sunithanti . pratisodha nebaku shay jaxnka gharaku jaai taaraa dhari aabelanku apaharan kare. jetebele adhaa-sack tanku atakaibaku chesta kare, taanka petare chhuri bajithae . jacks bastuku mruta, taaraa bandhi hoi rahithiba ebong abelle nikhoja thiba dekhibaku asithae. shay kleku dakanti, jie taanka natinku uddhara kariba paain jobelnku anusarana karuthiba anya purushamananku taani nianti . semane eka nouchalakanka pakhaku khadara pichha karanti, kintu bahuta bilamba hoigalah khada taanka bandhuka chalana dangare abataran karichhi, abelle inn toe. swagata. truteeja sijin prasarana purbaru, ign polly jobel ebong admond hejnka mrutyuku #5 rett karithile.jay weston 'saas igner "suns off enarkis best death" ray #2 bhota paithile. ign westannka mrutyu upare mantabya dei kahithile; "taanka pua sahita rolinnka shesh muhurta, jeunthare shay taanka puaku taanka bhainka paain sahasi hebaku kuhanti ebong shay sarbada ubhajanku bhal paanti, eka sahaja-ru-ghruna charitra upare eka chamatkara bhabare jatila mode thila . ebong taa 'parey shay kebala bathroom stalre basithae-taanka bishajare ammer shesh drushya heuchhi tankara jota eparjyanta shouchalaja sitare basichhi . epariki mrutyu samajare madhya shay kathore ebong niruttara. kaaran shay ete mahan charitra thile, mun westananku mrutyu barana karuthiba dekhibaku ghruna karuthili, kintu ehi khetrare, uktitiku satya bolly kuhajaeh misiba apekhya jalijiba bhal." aii. bhi. clubber jaak handler "naa triobloidy" ku eka bii + reting dei kahithile; "bartamana paristhiti kipari rahichhi, zemma daudi palai jauthiba bele, ebong jane sokasantapta cameron abel apaharan kariba, arthat, kie jaane? samajika bhabe sthagita rakhajaithiba jacks ebong clay madhyare srusti heuthiba samasya ebe pheribaku badhya-taanka pua prati bhaja sahita taanka manaru jacks bahara curry, ebong jemanka ekjut prabhaba, bapanka smrutikatha khuba shighra pheripaiba . parisheshare, hozzy jaithiba shishu eka prakarare, clubber airish sanjogaru, bandhuka-dauda upare aadharita sanjogaru aase jaahaa mun bhabunahin je bapa taanka dinare anumodana karithante ."

tinn deshan dee "naa triobloidae" (samassiaavan laee irish), fx television ladiwar "" arajakta dey puttar "" dey dooje season daa teranvan atey aakhri episode haii. iss noon jaik logioodis duaara likhiaa giaa see atey stephen keey duaara nirdeshit keeta giaa see. ih mool roop witch sanyukat raaj witch 1 dasambar 2009 noon prasarit hoiaa see. ih episode johnny luis (addhe-saikk apps), aidam archin (eethan zobel), hannery rollins (aii.jey. weston), atey sarah jonas (polly zobel). utpadan. episode daa sirlekh "naa triobloidae" samassiaavan laee irish haii; uttri ireland witch rashtarvadiaan, vafadaran atey british hathiaarband balaan darmiaan tinn dahake lamba nasli-rashtarvadi sanghrash joe 1960 dey dahake dey akheer toon 1990 dey dahake dey akheer takk hoiaa. luddy witch darsaiaa giaa iraa ikk asantusht gantantrik aradh sainik daa ikk kalpanik sanskaran haii jiss noon asal iraa kiha jaanda haii; ikk vandann vaala samooh joe sanghrash dey ant witch aarzi iraa duaara jangbandi toon baad banaiaa giaa see. ladiwar dey lekhak atey sirjanhar, curt suiter neey kiha kii haaf-saikk noon maar ditta giaa see kiunki johnny luis rachnatmak matbhedan caarn shoa chaddna chahunda see; "aseen faisla keeta kii aseen uss laee jaanh daa koee vadhiaa tarika labbhange. meraa irada sansanikhez banna atey ikk mukkh paatar noon marna naheen see." plaat. stall neey zobel noon jailh toon rihaa curran daa adesh ditta, kiunki uh sarkaar atey aariyan bhaichare witch kaee ucch khidariaan baare jankari vaala ikk eff. bee. aaee. jankari denh vaala haii. zobel pulis escort toon inkaar qarr dinda haii, atey maaiaa uss witch aapne nivesh noon bachaun laee aakarshak roop witch pahunchade hunn. zobel deeaan shehar chaddan deeaan yojnavan witch deree hoow rahee haii jadon kii polly admond noon alvida kahinda haii. weston noon vee rihaa qarr ditta jaanda haii, kiunki chakk dee gawahi noon bharoseyog naheen manniaa jaanda kiunki uh ikk sabka fellon haii. weston aapne bacchiaan noon raaj dee hirasat toon waps liaunda haii atey unhan dee maujudgi dee varton aapne aap noon samkro dey badle toon bachaun laee karda haii. samcro uss noon ikk taitu parlor dey bathroom witch alagg curran dey yog hunda haii, jitthe jaikas uss noon ikk chupp pistaul naal maar dinda haii. cameraman hays neey aapne puttar admond noon phone keeta atey uss noon agent stall noon maaran daa adesh ditta taan joe iraa pratee aapni vafadari saabat keeti jaa sake. admond aapne bathroom witch luki banduk prapat karda haii parr uss noon fansi denh witch asfal rahinda haii. jadon uh bhajjan dee koshish karda haii taan stall uss noon maar dinda haii, firr aapne phone toon cameraman noon ih daava karde hoye message karda haii kii kamm hoow giaa haii. iss dauran, jaima polly noon fullan dee khariddari karde hoye vekhadi haii atey admond dey gharr takk uss daa pichha kardi haii. polly ander jaandi haii atey admond dee laash noon vekhadi haii, atey jadon jaima aapni banduk khich keey uss daa pichha kardi haii, taan polly mannadi haii kii jaima neey admond noon maar ditta atey uss noon goli maaran dee koshish keeti. jaima chhaati witch goli chalaundi haii, uss toon pahilan kii uh qarr sake, uss noon maar dindi haii, atey stall ubbharda haii, jaima noon uss daa pichha curran toon pahilan bahr nikalan daa mauka dinda haii. jiven hii jaima jaanh laee mudada haii, stall aapne aap dey jaima noon 9 millimeter sutt dinda haii, atey jaima iss noon sehaj roop witch fadd lainda haii. stall polly dee pistaul noon jaima utte sikhlai dinda haii atey uss noon banduk suttan laee kahinda haii; stall neey jaima dey fingerprints dee varton curran dee yojna banayi haii taan joe uss noon dovan mautan laee frame keeta jaa sake. jaima neey uss noon phone keeta, joe uss noon sharab, tambaku atey hathiaaran dey daftar dey sahmane chukkda haii. zobel atey maaiaa binan polly dey chaley jaande hunn; samkro garam pichha witch ravana hunda haii. jadon stall neey radio utte polly atey admond dey katal dee report ditti, taan cameraman haze neey pulis scanner utte report baare suniaa. badla lainn laee, uh jaikas dey gharr jaanda haii, taara noon fadada haii atey aabel noon agwa qarr lainda haii. jadon addhi-banduk uss noon rokann dee koshish kardi haii, taan uss dey pett witch chaku maariaa jaanda haii. jaikas bory noon mritak, taara noon bnnhiaa hoiaa atey aabel noon laapta labbhan laee pahunchada haii. uh mitty noon bulaunda haii, joe aapne pote noon bachaun laee zobel daa pichha qarr rahey baaki aadmiaan noon khichda haii. uh ikk marina takk praag daa pichha karde hunn, parr bahut dair hoow chukki haiyav praag aapni banduk naal challan vaali kishti witch utar gaye hunn, aabel inn too. suagat. teeje season dey prasaran toon pahilan, aaee. jee. ainn. neey polly zobel atey admond hays dee maut noon #5 darja ditta.jey weston noon aaee. jee. ainn. dey "arajakta deeaan sabh toon vadhiaa mautan dey puttran" witch #2 vott ditti gaee see. aaee. ainn. neey weston dee maut 'teey tippni kardiaan kiha; "rollins daa aapne puttar naal aakhri pall, jitthe uh aapne munde noon aapne bharaa laee bahadar bannan laee kahinda haii atey uh hamesha unhan dovan noon piaar karda haii, ikk assan-toon-nafrat vaale charittar' teey ikk shandar gunjhaldar modd see. atey firr uh bathroom dee stall witch baithda haii-uss baare saada antam drish haii kii uss dey boot ajey vee tilet seet utte baithe hunn. maut witch vee, uh kathor atey nirvighan haii. kiunki uh inna mahaan charittar see, mainoon weston noon marde hoye dekhan toon nafrat see, parr iss mamle witch, kahawat sacch haiyav alop honn naalon sadna bihtar haii." avy club dey zack handler neey "naa triobloidae" noon bee + rating dinde hoye kiha; "hunn cheezan kiven khadhiaan hunn, jaima bhajj riha haii, atey ikk dukhi cameraman neey abel noon agwa qarr liaa haii, matlab, theek haii, kaunn narak noon janhda haii? jaikas atey mitty dey vichkaar paida hoow rahee samassiaa, jiss noon asthai taur 'teey viram' teey rakkhiaa giaa haii, hunn waps aauni lazmi haii-aapne puttar dey darr naal uss dey dimag vicchon jaikas dey naal, atey jaima dey ikjutt prabhav naal, daddy deeaan yaadan bahut jaldi waps aaa sakdiaan hunn. aakharkar, gumm hoiaa baccha, ikk tarahan naal, club dey irish connectionan toon, banduk chalaun dey adhaar teey connectionan toon aaunda haii joe mainoon naheen lagda kii daddy neey aapne dinan witch manzoor qarr liaa hunda."

trikonamitih "naa trioblouidae" (airish-bhashayam samasyanam krute), ef. ex. dooradarshanasy "suns aaf enaarki" iti dhaaraavaahikasy dwiteeya-satrasya trayodashatamah antimah cha khandah asti. etat jyaak logudies ityanena likhitam, stephen key ityanena nirdeshitam cha. etat moolatah samyuktarajyamerikadesha 2009 december 1 dinaanke prasaaritam. ayam prakaranah jaanee levis (ardha-syaak eps), aadam aarkin (ethan jobel), heinry rollins (a.jey. weston), tathaa saara johns (polly jobel). utpaadanam. prakaranasya sheershakah "naa triobloidae" iti samasyanam airish-bhashayaha naam asti; uttar-ireland-deshe raashtravaadi-nishtaavaan-british-sashastra-balanam cha madhye tri-dashaka-deerghah jaateey-rashtravadi-sangharshah, yah 1960-dashakasy ante 1990-dashakasy ante yaavat abhavat. shrunkhalaayaam chitritam iraa iti vaastavika-iraa iti namna khyatasya asantushtasya republican-ardhasainikasya kaalpanikam samskaranam asti; ekaha vibhaajakah samoohah yah sangharshasya ante taatkaalik-iraa ityasya yuddhaviraamasya anantaram nirmitah aasit. shrunkhalaayaah lekhakah nirmata cha curt sattar ityeshah avadat yat ardha-saake maaritah abhavat yatah jaanee levis rachanaatmak-bhinnatanam karanat pradarshanm nishkaasayitum icchati sma; "vayam tasya krute kimapi uttamm margam anveshtum nishchitavantah. samvedanaatmakam bhavitum, mukhyapaatrasya vadham cha kartum naa mama uddesha aasit." plut. stall-varyaha zobel-ityenam karagarat mukttum aadesham karoti, yatah saha sarvakaare aary-bhraatrutve cha anekeshaam uccha-kridapatunam vishaye soochanaayuktah ef. bii. aii. suchanadata asti. zobel-varyaha arakshakabharanam niraakaroti, maya-janaah tasya niveshasya rakshanarthm aakarshakaah aagacchanti. zobel ityasya nagaram naa gantum yojanam vilambitaa bhavati, paalee edmund ityasmai vidaayam vadati. weston api muktah bhavati, yatah chak ityasya sakshyam avishvasaneeyam iti manyate yatah saha poorva-phelan asti. weston ityeshah swaputraan rajya-abhirakshaatah punah prapnuyat, teshaam upasthitim cha syaamkro ityasya pratikarat swayam rakshayitum upayujyate. saamkro tam tyatoo-parlor ityasya snaanagruhe pruthak kartum shaknoti, yatra jakes ityeshah tam nishshabd-pistol ityanena maarayati. cameron heys ityeshah swaputram edmund ityenam aahvayati, iraa-prati nishtaam niroopayitum agent stall ityenam maaritum aadeshayati. edmund swasya snaanagruhe guptam bandookam punah prapnuyat parantu tam chaalayitum asaphalah bhavati. yadaa saha palaayanam kartum prayatate tadaa stall tam maarayati, tatah swasya durabhashat cameron ityasmai patraani preshayati yat karyam krutam iti. etasmin samaye, jemmaa, paalee ityetam pushpanam krayanm kurvan, edamand ityasya gruham prati taan anugacchati. paalee antah gatvaa edamand ityasya shareeram pashyati, yadaa jemmaa swaswayantrak-yuktena tasyaah pashchadagamanam karoti, tadaa polly manayati yat jemmaa edamand-ityenam mriyat, tam shoot kartum cha prayatate iti. jemmaa, tasyaah mrutyoho poorvam cheshte paalee-praharam karoti, tathaa stall-ityasya udayah bhavati, yena jemmaa-ityasyaah anudhavanat poorvam bahihi gantum avasarah praapyate. yadaa ratnah prasthanam karoti, stall swakeeyam ratnam 9 mii. mee. yaavat visarjayati, ratnam tatt sahajataya graheeyate. stall-varyaha jemmaa-ityasya upari polly-ityasya pistol-ityasya prashikshanm karoti, tam bandookam patayitum vadati; stall-varyaha dwayoh mrutyoho krute tasyaah frame-kartum jemmaa-ityasya angushtichihnaan upayoktum yojanam karoti. jemmaa anser ityenam aahvayati, yah tam madyasya, tamaaku-ityasya, agneyastranam cha karyalayasya e. tii. ef. kena ityasya samaksham taan agruhnaati. zobel, maayan cha paalee vinaa nirgacchati, saamkro iti ugra-anusarane uddeeyati. yadaa stall-varyaha radio-madhyamena polly-edmund-ityetayoho vadhasya vaartaam karoti, tadaa cameron hess-varyaha aarakshak-skyaanar-ityatra prativedanam shrutavaan. saha pratishodham praaptum jaaks ityasya gruham gacchati, taara-gruham dharati, aabel-gruham apaharoti cha. yadaa ardha-saake tam nirodhayitum prayatate tadaa tasya udaram vranitam bhavati. jaaks ityeshah mruta-syutan, taara-bandhitam, aabel-mrutam cha anveshtum aagacchati. saha kle iti aahvayati, yah swasya pautrasya rakshanarthm zobel ityasya anudhaavanaartham sheshaan purushaan taan taan. te naukaayaanasy sameepam paritah te taan anveshanti, parantu idaaneem ateeva vilambah abhavath paritah swayuddhe naukayam abel-ina-too iti upavishyata. sweekaranam. truteeya-satrasya prasaranat poorvam ign ityanena paalee-jobel-ityasya tathaa edmund-heyy-ityasya cha mrutyoho #5 iti mulyankanam krutam.jey. westons ityasya ign ityasya "suns aaf anarches best daith" ityasmin #2 iti matam abhoot. ign ityayam weston ityasya mrutyoho vishaye avadat yat, "rollin-ityasya swaputrena saha antimah kshanah, yatra saha swaputram swabhraataram prati dhairyavaanam bhavitum vadati, tathaa cha saha sarvadaa tau dwau api priyah asti iti, sahaj-dweshee-paatrasya adbhuta-jatilah modaha aasit. tatah saha kevalam snaanagruhasya stall madhye upavishtate-tasya antimam drushyam asti tasya boots iti yat adyaapi shauchaalayasya seat ityatra upavishtate. mrutyoho samaye api saha kathorah, niruttarah cha asti. yato hii saha mahaan paatrah aasit, ataha weston ityasya mrutyum drashtum aham narvachat, parantu asmin vishaye eshaa akhyayika satyah asti-mlanasya apekshayaa jwaalayitum uttamm." ev-club ityasya zaach-nirwaahakah "naa triobloidae" ityasmai e. bii + retting dattavaan, "idaaneem katham sthitihi asti, yatra jemmaa bhaage asti, shokaakulah cameron ebel ityasya apaharanam cha asti, arthaat, kah jaanaati? jakes-kle-ityetayoho madhye utpadyamaanaa samasyaa, asthaayeeroopen viramita, adhunaa punah aagamishyati iti nishchayah asti-tasya manatah jakes-ityanena saha tasya putrasya bhitena, tathaa cha jemmaayaah ekeekrutya prabhaawen, pituhu samsmaranaani sheeghramev punaraavartante. antatah, haaritah shishuhu, ekasmaat prakaaren, club-ityasya airish-samparkaat, bandook-dhavanat aadhrutya samparkaat aagacchati, yat pitaa swadine sveekrutavaan iti naa manyate."

mutthirai kuththuthal "naa trioploidae" (pirachchanaikalukkaana airish), efx tholaikaatchi thodarin irandaavathu season pathinmoondraavathu mattrum iruthi aththiyayam "" araajagaththin magangal "." idhu jaak logiudis ezhuthiyathu mattrum stephen kae iyakkiyullaar. idhu muthalil disambar 1,2009 andru americavil oliparappappattathu. inththa aththiyayam johnny levis (arai-saak eps), aadam arkin (ethan jobelle), hendri rollins (auuu.jay. weston), mattrum saaraah johns (baalii jobelle). urpaththi. aththiyaayangkalin talaippu "naa trioploidae" enbathu pirachchanaikalukku airish aagum; vadakku ayarlaandhil thaesiyavaathigal, visuvaasigal mattrum british aayuthap padaikalukku idaiyae 1960 kalin pirpaguthi muthal 1990 kalin pirpaguthi varai moontru dasaaptha kaala ina-dhesiyavaatha moathal aerpattathu. inthath thodaril sittharikkappatta iraa enbathu unmaiyana iraa endru azhaikkappadum oru athirupthi kudiyarasu thunai raanuvaththin karpanaiyaana pathippaakum; moathalin mudivai noakki thartkaalika iraa poarniruththam seitha piragu uruvaakkappatta oru pilavupatta kuzhu. thodar ezhuththaalarum padaippaaliyumaana curt sutter, padaippu vaerupaadugal kaaranamaaga johnny levis nigazhchchiyai vittu veliyaera virumbiyathaal arai-saak kollappattathu endru koorinaar; "avar sella sila unnathamaana vazhiyaik kandupidippadhaaga naangkal mudivu seithom. oru mukiya kathaapaaththiraththai parabarappaaka vaiththu kolla muyarchippathu enathu noakkam alla." sathi. arasaangkaththilum aariya sagoatharaththuvaththilum pala uyarmatta veerargalaip pattriya thagavalkaludan oru eff. pii. aii thagaval alippavar enbathaal, jabellai siraiyilirunthu viduvikka stall utharavidugiraar. jabelle bolees paathukaappai marukkiraar, maelum maayangal avarukullae thangal muthaleettaip paathukaakka kavarchchiyaaga varukiraargal. nagaraththaith thavirppatharkaana jobellin thittangal thaamathamaakintrana, athae neraththil baalii edmandirku vidaiperugiraar. avar oru munnaal fellon enbathaal sakk saatchiyam nambagaththanmaiyatrathaakak karudhappaduvadhaal westonum viduvikkappadugiraar. weston thanathu kuzhandhaigalai maanila kavalil irunthu meettedukkiraar, maelum samcrovin pazhivaangkum nadavadikkaiyilirunthu thannaip paathukaakka avarkalin iruppaip payanpaduththukiraar. samcro oru pacchai kuththum barlerine kuliyalaraiyil avarai thanimaippaduththa mudigirathu, angku jaaks avarai oru amaithiyaana thuppaakkiyaal kolgiraar. cameron hayes thanathu magan edmandai alaiththu, eeraa meethu thanathu visuvaasaththai niroobikka mugavar stallike kolla uttaravittaar. edmund thanathu kuliyalaraiyil maraiththu vaikkappattiruntha thuppaakkiyai meettedukkiraar, aanaal avalaich seyalpaduththath thavarivittaar. avar oada muyarchikkumpoathu stall avaraik kolgiraar, pinnar avarathu tholaipaesiyilirunthu cameranukku seithi anuppukiraar, antha seyal mudinthuvittathaagak koorukiraar. idharkidaiyil, jemma pookkalai shopping seivathai paarththu avalaip pinthodarnthu edmundin veettirkuch selkirathu. baalii ullae sendru edmundin udalai paarkkiraar, maelum jemma thanathu thuppaakkiyudan avalaip pinthodarum poathu, jemma edmandaik kondradhaagavum avalaich suda muyarchikkiraar endrum baalii karudhugiraar. jemma maarpil poaliyaaga sudugirathu, avalaik kondru, stall velippadugirathu, jemmavaith thuraththuvatharku munbu veliyae vara oru vaaippai valangkukirathu. jemma veliyaerath thirumbumpoathu, stall thanathu sontha jemmavai 9 mimee thookki erikiraar, maelum jemma adhai iyalpaagavae pidikkiraar. stall poaliyin kaiththuppaakkiyai jemmaavil payittruviththu, thuppaakkiyai kaividach solkiraar; stall irandu maranangkalukkum avalai vadivamaikka jemmaavin kairegaigalaip payanpaduththa thittamittullaar. jemma ansarai alaikkiraar, avar madhu, pugaiyilai mattrum thuppaakkikal aee. dii. eff caine paniyagaththin muun avalai alaiththuch selkiraar. jabellum maayangalum baalii illaamal purappadugiraargal; samcro soodaana pinthodarthalil purappadugiraar. stall, baalii mattrum edmund kollappattathai vanoliyil therivikkumpoathu, cameron haes oru bolees scanneril arikkaiyaik ketkiraar. pazhivaangkuvatharkaaga, avar jaxine veettirkuch sendru, thaaraavaip pidiththuk kondu, aapelaik kadatthich selkiraar. arai kutthu avaraith thaduka muyarchikkumpoathu, avar vayittril kuththappadugiraar. saakku iranththu, thaaraa kattapattu, aabel kaanaamal poanathaik kandupidikka jaaks varukiraar. avar kalimannai alaikkiraar, avar thanathu paerakkuzhandhaiyai kaappaattra jobellipe pinthodarum mattra aangalai izhukkiraar. avarkal oru merinavai noakki vaikkoalkalai thuraththukiraarkal, aanaal adhu migavum thamathamakivittathu vaikoal thanathu thuppakki oodum padagil irangkiyathu, abel izhuththu. varavaerpu. moontraavathu season oliparappukku munnathaaka, igni baalii jobellus mattrum edmund haes maranam #5 yena mathippittaar.jay weston "araajagaththin sirantha maranangkalin magangal" ill #2 vaakkalikkappattathu. weston maranam kuritthu ign karutthu therivikkaiyil, "thanathu maganudan rolns iruthi tharunam, angku avar thanathu paiyanidam thanathu cakoothararukkaaga thairiyamaaga irukkach solkiraar, maelum avar eppoathum iruvaraiyum nesikkiraar, idhu elithil verukkakoodiya kathaapaaththiraththil oru arputhamaana sikkalaana thiruppamaagum. pinnar avar kuliyalaraik kadaiyil amarnthirukkiraar-avaraip pattriya engkal iruthi paarvai avarathu boods innum kazhipparai irukkaiyil amarnthirukkirathu. maranaththil kooda, avar kadinamaagavum amaithiyattravaraagavum irukkiraar. avar oru sirantha kathaapaaththiramaaga irunthathaal, weston irappathaip paarppathai naan veruththaen, aanaal inththa vishayathil, inththa pazhamozhi unmaitan marainthuviduvathai vida erikka nallathu." aee. vii. kilappin jaak handler "naa trioploidae" kku oru pii + mathippeettaik kodutthaar, "ippoathu vishayangkal nirkum vidham, jemma oottam, mattrum thukkaththil irukkum cameron kadaththal aepel, athaavathu, surry, naragam yarukkuth theriyum? thartkaaligamaaga idaiveli vidappatta jaaks mattrum kalimannukku idaiyae uruvaagum sikkal ippoathu thirumbi vara vaendiya kattaayaththil ullathu-avarathu maganukkaana payaththudan avarathu manathil irunthu jaaks veliyae varukirathu, maelum jemmaavin ontrinaikkum selvaakku, appaavin ninaivuk kurippugal miga viraivil thirumbakkoodum. ellaavattrirkum maelaaga, ilanththa kuzhandhai, oru vazhiyil, kilappin airish inaippugalilirunthu, thuppakki-oottaththin adippadaiyil inaippugal varukirathu, idhu appa thanathu naalil angeekariththiruppaar endru naan ninaikkavillai."

trayam "naa triobloidae" (samasyalaku airish), efx television syries "" suns off anarchy "" yokka rendava season yokka padamuudava mariyu chivari episode ". dheenini jaak logiudis raasaaru, mariyu stephen kae darsakatvam vahinchaaru. idhi modata december 1,2009naa united stateslo prasaram cheyabadindi. eee episode johnny levis (haaph-saak eps), aadam arkin (ethan jobelle), henry rolls (eah.zhe. weston), mariyu saaraa johns (paalii jobelle). utpatti. episodela sheershikah "naa triobloidae" anedi samasyalaku airish; uttara irelandlo jaateeyavaadulu, vidheyulu mariyu british saayudha dalaala madhya moodu dasaabdaala sudeergha jaathi-jaateeyavaada sangharshana 1960la chivari nundi 1990la chivari varaku jarigindi. eee dharavahikalo chithreekarinchina iraa anedi asammati ganatantra paramilitary yokka kalpita samskarana, dheenini real iraa anie pilustaaru; sangharshana mugise samayaniki taatkaalika iraa kaalpula viramana chesina taruvaata srushtinchabadina oka cheelika samuuham. syries rachayita mariyu srushtikarta ayina curt sutter matladutu, srujanaatmaka vibhedaala kaaranamgaa johnny levis pradarsananu vidichipettaalanukunnandu sagam-saak champabaddadani chepparu; "memu ataniki velladaaniki kontha goppa marganni kanugonaalani nirnayinchukunnamu. sanchalanaatmakamgaa undi, pradhana paatranu champeyalane naa uddesam kaadu." plaatlu. prabhutvamlo mariyu aryan sodarabhaavamlo aneka mandhi unnata sthaayi aatagaalla gurinchi samaachaaramtho kuudina eff. bii. ii informent ayinanduna, jobellenu jailu nundi vidudala cheyaalani stall aadesistaadu. jobelle pooliisu escartnu tiraskaristaadu, mariyu mayanlu atanipai tama pettubadini rakshinchukovadaaniki aakarshanheeyamgaa vastaaru. jobelle pattanaanni daataveyaalani pranaalikalu alasyam avtayi, ayithe paalii edmandku veedkolu palukutundi. weston kooda vidudala cheyabaddaadu, endukante chuck yokka sakshyam nammadaganidigaa pariganinchabadutundi endukante athanu maajee fellon. weston thana pillalanu rashtra custody nundi tirigi pondutaadu mariyu sancro yokka prateekaaram nundi tananu taanu rakshinchukovadaaniki vaari unikini upayogistaadu. samcro atanni pacchabottu parlor baatruumloo vaeru cheyagalugutadu, akkada jaaks atanni nissabdamaina thupaakeetho champutundi. cameron hays thana kumarudaina edmandnu pilichi, iraa patla thana vidheyatanu niroopinchukoovadaaniki agent stallnu champamani aadesistaadu. edmond thana baatruumloo daachina tupaakeeni tirigi pondutaadu, conny aamenu uriteeyadamlo viphalamayyaadu. athanu paaripovadaaniki prayatninchinappudu stall atanni champutaadu, aapai aaa pani jarigindani paerkontuu thana phone nundi cameron kuu sandeshaalu pamputaadu. intalo, jemma puvvula kosam shopping chestu aamenu edmond intiki anusaristundi. paalii lopaliki velli edmond sariiraanni chustundi, mariyu jemma thana thupaakeetho aamenu anusarinchinappudu, jemma edmandnu champi aamenu kaalchadaaniki prayatnistundani paalii bhaavistaadu. ratnamu chaatiiloo kotte mundu, aamenu champi, stall bayatiki vacchi, ratnamu vembadinche mundu bayataku velladaaniki avakaasam istundi. ratnamu vellipovadaaniki marinappudu, stall thana sonta ratnaanni 9 mimi visurutaadu, mariyu ratnamu sahajamgaa daanini pattukuntundi. stall jemmapai paalii yokka tupaakeeni sikshana istundi mariyu tupaakeeni vadalamani chebutundi; stall rendu maranaalaku aamenu frame cheyadaaniki jemma yokka velimudralanu upayoginchaalani yochistondi. jemma ansernu pilustundi, athanu aamenu madyam, pogaaku mariyu thupaakeela beuro mundu teesukuvelataadu. jobelle mariyu mayanlu paali lekunda bayaludaerutaaru; samcro vaedi vembadistuu bayaludaerutumdi. radeo dwara paalii mariyu edmond hatyanu stall nivedinchinappudu, camera hays pooliisu scannerlo nivedikanu vintaadu. prateekaaram teerchukoovadaaniki, athanu jaaks intiki veltaadu, taaraanu pattukuni, abelnu kidnap chestaadu. sagam-saak atanni aapadaniki prayatninchinappudu, athani kadupulo podichi champabadutundi. jaaks vacchi, bottu chanipoyinatlu, taaraa kattabadi, abel kanipinchakundaa povadaanni kanugontaadu. athanu mattini pilustaadu, athanu thana manavadini rakshinchadaaniki jobellenu vembadinche migilina purushulanu lagutadu. vaaru oka mereenaku gaddini vembadistaaru, conny chaalaa aalasyamaindihi gunn running padavalo gaddi padava digindi, abel tavlo. reception. moodava season prasaaraaniki mundu, ign paalii jobelles mariyu edmond hays deth #5 gaa rate chesaaru.ign yokka "suns off anarches best deaths" loe zhe weston kuu #2 ootu veyabadindi. weston maranam gurinchi ign ilaa vyakhyaaninchaadu; "thana kodukutho rolns chivari kshanam, akkada athanu thana abbaiki thana sodarudi kosam dhairyamgaa undamani chebutaadu mariyu athanu ellappuduu vaariddarinii premistaadani, sulabhamgaa dveshinchagala paatrapai adbhutamaina sanklishtamaina malupu. aapai athanu bathroom stallo kuurchunnaadu-athani bootlu inca toilet seatlo koorchovadam athani gurinchi maa chivari drushyam. maranamlo kooda, athanu drudhamgaa mariyu niraadambaramgaa untaadu. athanu antha goppa paatra ayinanduna, weston chanipovadaanni chudatam naaku asahyamgaa undedi, conny eee sandarbhamlo, saameta nijam, adhi masakabaradam kante burn avt cheyadam manchidi." avee club yokka jaach handler "naa triobloidae" kii bii + rating icchaaru, ilaa paerkontuu; "ippudu vishayalu elaa unnaayi, jemma paruguteesukuni, mariyu dukkhamto badhapaduthunna cameron abel apaharana, antey, baga, evariki telusu? tatkalikamga viramam icchina jaaks mariyu clay madhya talette ibbandi ippudu tirigi ravalsi undhi-thana kumarudiki bhayamtho athani manassu nundi jaaks bayataku ravadam, mariyu jemma yokka aikyata prabhavam, doddy yokka ghnaapakaalu chaalaa twaragaa tirigi raavacchu. anni taruvaata, kolpoyina sisuvu, oka vidhamgaa, club yokka airish connectionla nundi, tupaki-parugu aadhaaramgaa connections vastundi, adhi athani rojulo tandri aamodinchi undevaadani neenu anukonu."

teen tarah kii "" "naa triobloidy" "(preshaniyon kay liye aairish)yee aif aiks teeli vision seerez" "sanz aaf annork" "kay dosray seezan kii teerhawein aur aakhri qast hay. asay jeek logiodice nay likhaa thaa aur iss kii hidayat kaaree stephan kii nay kii thee. yaha asl mein yakam dasambar 2009 kuu riyasathaye muthadah mein nashar hawaa. yaha qast jaanee leos (haaf-seek apps)yee addam aarkan (aithan zobal)yee hunry rolans (aey.jay. weston)yee aur saarah jonaz (pouli zobal). paidawar. qaston kaa anwaan: "naa triobloidy" preshaniyon kay liye aairish hay. shamali ireland mein qoom paraston wafadaron aur bartanvi maslah afwaj kay darmiyan teen dahayi taweel nasli-qoom parsat tanazah juu 1960 kii dahayi kay aakhir say 1990 kii dahayi kay aakhir takk hawaa. iss seerez mein dikhaya gayaa aayee aar aey eek ikhtelaaf raaye rakhnay waalay republican neem foji dastay kaa eek afsanvi warzan hay jasay riyal aayee aar aey kahaa jaataa hay. eek alg grop juu tanazah kay ikhtatam parr aarizi aayee aar aey kay jung bundi kay baad banaya gayaa thaa. seerez kay masnaf aur takhliq kaar curt stur nay kahaa kahh haaf seek kuu maar diyaa gayaa thaa keunkah jaanee leos takhliqi ikhtelafat kii wajah say show chhodna chahtay thay. "humm nay faislah kiyaa kahh humm iss kay jaanay kay liye koyee emdah raastah talaash karein gay. miraa aradah sansani khaiz bannay aur markazi kirdaar kuu maarnay kii koshish karnaa nahein thaa." plaat. stall nay zobal kuu jail say rehaa karnay kaa hakam diyaa keunkah wah hukumat aur aareen bhayee chaaray mein kayee aalee khiladiyon kay baaray mein malumat kay saath eek aif bee aayee makhbar hay. zoble police kay saath jaanay say ankaar kirr deeti hay aur maaya iss mein apnee sarmayah kaaree kii hifazat kay liye dilkash andaaz mein pahunch jaati hay. zobal kay shehar chhodnay kay mansubon mein takhir hoti hay jabkah pouli admond kuu alwadaa kehta hay. weston kuu bhee rehaa kirr diyaa jaataa hay keunkah chukk kii gawahi kuu naqabil aetemad samjha jaataa hay keunkah wah eek saabiq filo hay. weston apnay bachon kuu riyasati tahweel say baziyaab kirata hay aur inn kii maujudgi kaa istemaal samkaro kay inteqami aqdaam say khood kuu bachanay kay liye kartaa hay. samkaro asay teto parlor kay baath room mein alg karnay kay qaabil hotaa hay jehaan jaiks asay khamush pastol say maar deeta hay. cameron hees apnay betay admond kuu phone kartaa hay aur asay hakam deeta hay kahh wah airaa kay saath apnee wafadari saabat karnay kay liye agent stall kuu maar daalay. admond apnay baath room mein chhapi hoyee bandoq kuu baziyafat kartaa hay leakin asay phansi deenay mein nakaam rehta hay. jabb wah bhagnay kii koshish kartaa hay tuu stall asay maar daalta hay phir iss kay phone say cameron kuu text bhej kirr daawi kartaa hay kahh kaam how chakaa hay. darein asnaa jeema pouli kuu phulon kii kharidari kartay hoay dekhti hay aur admond kay gahar takk iss kaa peecha karti hay. pouli andar jaataa hay aur admond kii laash kuu dekhta hay aur jabb jeema apnee bandoq khainch kirr iss kaa peecha karti hay tuu pouli farz kartaa hay kahh jeema nay admond kuu maar daala aur asay golee maarnay kii koshish kii. jeema seenay mein iss say pehley kahh wah kirr sakay golee chalati hay asay maar deeti hay aur stall nikalta hay jiss say jeema kuu iss kaa peecha karnay say pehley baahir nikalnay kaa moqaa milta hay. jeesay hyee jeema jaanay kay liye madta hay stall jeema kuu apnaa 9 milly metter phaink deeta hay aur jeema asay fitri toor parr pakad leeta hay. stall pouli kii pastol kuu jeema parr tarbiyat deeta hay aur asay bandoq giranay kay liye kehta hay. stall donon amwaat kay liye asay freem karnay kay liye jeema kay funger prents istemaal karnay kaa aradah rakhta hay. jeema ansar kuu phone karti hay juu asay sharaab tambako aur aatishein aslaha kay beuro kay saamney lay jaati hay. zobal aur maaya baghair pouli kay chalay jaatay haine vovo samkaro garm taaqib mein adaan bharta hay. jabb stall redio parr pouli aur admond kay qatal kii atlaa deeta hay tuu cameron heez police scanner parr report santaa hay. badlah leenay kay liyay wah jaiks kay gahar jaataa hay taaraa kuu pakadta hay aur abeel kuu aghwa kirr leeta hay. jabb aadhi theeli asay roknay kii koshish karti hay tuu iss kay pait mein chharaa ghonp diyaa jaataa hay. jaiks bory kuu mardah taaraa kuu baandh kirr aur aibal kuu laaptah talaash karnay kay liye aataa hay. wah mutty kuu blaata hay juu apnay potay kuu bachanay kay liye zobal kaa peecha karnay waalay baaqi aadmiyon kuu khainchta hay. wah gahaas kaa peecha kartay hoay eek marina takk pahunch jaatay haine leakin ubhee behat deer how chaki hoti hay: gahaas apnee bandoq say chalnay waali kashti mein utar gayee hay abeel. isteqbaliya. teesre seezan kii nashriyaat say pehley agnee nay pouli zobal aur admond hees kii moth kuu #5 darjah diyaa jabkah eek.jay vestins kuu agnee kii "sanz aaf annork kii behtareen amwaat" mein #2 woat diyaa gayaa thaa. agnee nay weston kii moth parr tabsarah kartay hoay kahaa vovo "rolans kaa apnay betay kay saath aakhri lamhah jehaan wah apnay ladkay kuu apnay bhayee kay liye bahadar bannay kay liye kehta hay aur yaha kahh wah hamishah inn donon say pyaar kartaa hay eek aasaan nafrat angez kirdaar parr eek hairat angez toor parr paichidah moad thaa. aur phir wah buss baath room kii dakaan parr bethta hay-iss kay baaray mein humara aakhri nizarah yaha hay kahh iss kay jotay ubhee bhee twilet seet parr bethay haine. moth mein bhee wah sakht aur bay cheen hay. keunkah wah atnaa azeem kirdaar thaa majhay weston kuu martay hoay dekhnay say nafrat thee leakin iss muamile mein kahawat sach hay: khatam honay say jalna behatar hay." aey wee kalb kay zeech handler nay "naa triobloidy" kuu bee + reting deetay hoay kahaa vovo "jiss tarah say cheezein abb khadee haine jeema bhaag rehaa hay aur eek ghum zadah cameron aghwa aibal iss kaa matlab hay theek hay coone jaanta hay? jaiks aur mutty kay darmiyan paida honay waali pareshani jasay aarizi toor parr waqafah diyaa gayaa hay abb waps aaney kaa paband hay-apnay betay kay khoof say iss kay dimagh say jaiks kay saath aur jeema kay muthad honay kay asar woo rasokh say waalid kii yaadein behat jald waps aaa rahee hoan gee. aakhir kaar khoya hawaa bachah eek tarah say kalb kay aairish concussions say aataa hay bandoq chalanay parr mubni concussions juu majhay nahein lagtaa kahh waalid nay apnay zamanay mein manzoor kiye hotay."

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52642700

Alamitos Bay Yacht Club

Alamitos Bay Yacht Club Alamitos Bay Yacht Club is a yacht club located in Alamitos Bay (Long Beach, California), United States. The club belongs to the Southern California Yachting Association. History. Alamitos Bay Yacht Club was founded on August 14, 1924, by twelve local sailors and boat builders. On May 30, 1926, ABYC was formally organized with Richard L. Russell Sr., elected the first Commodore, and ABYC was incorporated within the laws of the State of California on January 28, 1928. Racing. Besides many National and North American Championships, the Clifford Day Mallory Cup in 1976 and the 2002 Snipe Western Hemisphere & Orient Championship, ABYC hosted the following World Championships: Sailors. Chuck Kober, who started sailing Snipes in the 1930s, was continental champion in Dragon in 1964 and became president of the United States Yacht Racing Union (USYRU) in 1982. Peter Barrett was gold medallist in Star at the 1968 Summer Olympics and silver at the 1964 Summer Olympics. Steve Bloemke and Gregg Morton won the Snipe Junior World Championship in 1982. Allison Jolly, also a former Snipe sailor, became the first-ever Gold medalist in the women's 470 event at the 1988 Summer Olympics while John Shadden won the bronze medal in the men's 470. John Latiolait, Jerry Montgomery, Jim McLeod, Don Reiman and Dave Thompson won the Transpacific Yacht Race in 1997. Howard Hamlin and Mike Martin won the 505 World Championship in 1999. Sarah Glaser won a silver medal in the 470 class at the Summer Olympics and was named US Sailor of the Year in 2000. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

alamitus bey iyot club alamitus bey iyot club hoise aamerika juktorastror alamitus bey (long bis, california) too owosthito etaa iyot club. clubtu dokhyin california eating ess "siyesyonor ontorgoto. itihax. 1924 sonor 14 aagostot barjon sthaniyo nabik aaru naau nirmatai alamitus bey yott club protistha korisil. 1926 sonor 30 mey "too rechard el. ror xoite anusthanikbhabe ebaikor aayujon koraa hoisil. rasel ess. aar., prothom commed "ror nirbasito hoisil, aaru 1928 sonor 28 januaryt california rajyor aainor bhitorot ebaik ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. resing. bohutu rastriyo aaru uttor aamerikar championswip, 1976 sonot clifford day mell "ree kaap aaru 2002 sonor snipe western hemisofiyar endo orient championswipor uporiu ebaik-e nimnolikhito biswo championswip aayujon korisiloh nabikxokol. 1930-ror doxokot sweling snip aarombho koraa sok kubar 1964 sonot dragonor mohadexiyo champion aasil aaru 1982 sonot aamerika juktorastror yott resing unionor (iusiru) xobhapoti hoisil. pitter beret 1968 sonor grishmokalin olimpikot starot xunor podok bijoyi aaru 1964 sonor grishmokalin olimpikot rupor podok bijoyi aasil. steve blemoke aaru gregg mortone 1982 sonot snip juniyor biswo championswip laabh korisil. elison joli, egoraki prakton snip chelor, 1988 sonor grishmokalin olimpikot mohilar 470 eventot prothom sworno podok bijoyi hoisil, aanhate john swedene puruxor 470 sonot bronjor podok laabh korisil. john letiyo 'leit, jeree montgomeri, jim mcleod, donn reiman aaru debh thomposone 1997 sonot trenspecific iyot res laabh korisil. haward hemlin aaru maik martine 1999 sonot 505 biswo championswip laabh korisil. sarah glazere grishmokalin olimpikot 470 shrenit rupor podok laabh korisil aaru 2000 sonot teuk bosoror aameras chelor hisape monunit koraa hoisil.

alamitos beey eot club alamitos beey eot club holl markin juktorashtrer alamitos beey (long bitch, california)-ayee abosthito ekti eot club. clubti dakkhin california eoting associationer ontorgoto. itihas. 1924 saaler 14ee august barojan sthaniya nabik ebong nauka nirmata dwara alamitos beey eot club protisthito hoy. 1926 saaler 30shhey meey, abic anusthanikbhabe richarda ell-err saathe sangathito hoyechilo. russell esha. arr.prothom commodore nirbachito hohn ebong 1928 saaler 28shhey januari california rajyer aainer modhye abic antarbhukta koraa hoy. racing. onek jatiya oo uttor american championship chharao, 1976 saale clifford deey mallory cup ebong 2002 saaler snippe western hemisphere anned orient championship, abic nimnolikhito bishwa championshiper ayojan koreh nabikra. chaak cobar, jini 1930-err doshke paltola snipe shuru korechilen, 1964 saale dragone mahadeshiya champion chhilen ebong 1982 saale markin juktorashtrer eot racing unioner (eusiru) sabhapati hohn. pitter barret 1968 grissokalin olympyke tarka bibhage swarnapadak ebong 1964 grissokalin olympyke roupyo podok laav corren. stibha bloomke ebong gregg morton 1982 saale snipe junior bishwa championship jitechilen. allison jolly, jini ekjon praktan snipe nabiko chhilen, 1988 grissokalin olympyke mohilader 470 evente prothom swarnapadak joyee hohn ebong john shadden purushder 470-ayee bronz podok jitechilen. john latiolet, jerry montgomeri, zima mcleod, donn reiman ebong debha thompson 1997 saale trance pacific eot reesa jitechilen. haward hamlin ebong maik martin 1999 saale 505 bishwa championship jitechilen. saaraa glazer grissokalin olympyke 470 shrenite roupyo podok jitechilen ebong 2000 saale us nabik hisabe manoneet hoyechilen.

alamitos beey yaat club alamitos beey yaat club aee united statesnaa alamitos beey (longa beach, california) maan stheet aek yaat club chhe. aaa club dakshin california yatting association saathe sambandhit chhe. itihas. alamitos beey yaat clubney sthaapnaa 14 august, 1924naa roj baar sthaaneek khalasio aneey hoady nirmatao dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee. 30 meey, 1926naa roj, abiknun aupcharik reete richard aela. saathe aayojan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. russel aesa. aar.teo pratham commodore tareeke chuntaya hataa aneey 28 january, 1928naa roj california rajyanaa kayadama abiacyno samaavesh karvaamaa aavyo hato. racing. ghanee raashtriy aneey uttar american championship upraant, 1976maan clifford deey melori cup aneey 2002maan snipe westarn hemisphere anned orient championship upraant, abca neecheni vishva champiyanshipnu aayojan karyoo hatuh khalasio. chuck coober, jemane 1930naa daykama naukaviharni snips sharoo curry hatee, 1964maan dragonma khandeey champiyan hataa aneey 1982maan united states yaat racing union (yusiru) naa pramukh banyaa hataa. pieter barrett 1968naa unaalu olympicma starma suvarn chandrak vijeta aneey 1964naa unaalu olympicma rajat chandrak vijeta hataa. steve bloomke aneey greega mortne 1982maan snippe juniyar vishva championship jeetee hatee. bhutpurv snippe naavik pann ellison jolly 1988naa unaalu olympicma maheelaoni 470 spardhama pratham suvarn chandrak vijeta banyaa hataa, jyaare john shadene purushoni 470 spardhama kansya chandrak jeetyo hato. john latiolet, jairie montgomerry, jima mcleod, doona reiman aneey dave thompasne 1997maan transpacific yaat reesa jeetee hatee. haward hamlin aneey mike martine 1999maan 505 vishva championship jeetee hatee. saaraa glazeray unaalu olympicma 470 vargmaa rajat chandrak jeetyo hato aneey 2000maan tene yuu. aesa. naavik tareeke namankit karvaamaa aavyo hato.

alamitos bey yaat club alamitos bey yaat club ack yaat club haye joe alamitos bey (lamba samudra tata, california), sanyukt raajya mein sthit haye. club dakshini california naukaayan sangh seey sambandhit haye. itihas. alamitos bey yaat club kii sthaapana 14 agast, 1924 koo baarah sthaaniya naavikon aur naav nirmaataon dwara kii gaee thee. 30 maee, 1926 koo, aeye. bee. aaee. see. koo aupchaarik roop seey richard ell. key saath aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. russell aiss. aar., pahale commodore key roop mein chune gaye, aur 28 janwari, 1928 koo california raajya key kaanoonon key bheetar aeye. bee. aaee. see. koo shamil kiya gayaa thaa. daud. kaee rashtriya aur uttar americi championship key alawa, 1976 mein clifford day mallory cup aur 2002 mein paschimi golardh aur unmukh snippe championship, abvc ney nimnalikhit vishva championship kii mejbani keeh navik. chuck cober, jinhone 1930 key dashak mein naukaayan snips shuru kiya, 1964 mein dragon mein mahadvipiya champion they aur 1982 mein sanyukt raajya yaat racing union (yusiru) key adhyaksh baney. peater barrett 1968 key grishmakaaleen olympic mein starr mein swarn padak vijeta they aur 1964 key grishmakaaleen olympic mein rajat padak vijeta they. steve blemke aur gregg morton ney 1982 mein snippe junier vishva championship jeeti. ellison jolly, joe ack poorv snippe navik bhee theen, 1988 key grishmakaaleen olympic mein mahilaaon key 470 event mein pahali baar swarn padak vijeta baneen, jabaki johnn shadden ney purushon key 470 mein kansya padak jeetaa. johnn latiolate, jairi montgomeri, gymclauded, donn rayman aur dave thompson ney 1997 mein transpacific yaat races jeeti. kaise hamlin aur mike martin ney 1999 mein 505 vishva championship jeeti. sarahesar ney grishmakaaleen olympic mein 470 varg mein rajat padak jeetaa aur 2000 mein unhein varsh kaa user seller naamit kiya gayaa.

alamitos bay yaat club alamitos bay yaat club united statesna alamitos kolliyalliruva (californiada long beach) ondu yaat club aagide. ee club daksina california vihaara naukeya sangakke seride. itihaasa. alamitos bay yaat club annu 1924rahra august 14randu hanneradu sthaliya naavikaru mattu dooni tayaarakaru sthaapisidaru. 1926rahra mayee 30randu, richard ell. avarondige abike annu oupachaarikavaagi aayojisalaayitu. russell ess. aarr.modala commoder aagi aaykeyaada abike annu janavari 28,1928 randu california rajyada kaanunugala adiyalli serisalaayitu. racing. aneka rashtriya mattu uttara americada champiyanshipgalu, 1976ralli clifford day mallary cup mattu 2002rahra snip western hemisphere & orient champiyanshipgala jotege, abike ee kelagina vishwa champiyanshipgalannu ayojisitu naavikaru. 1930rahra dasakadalli naukaayaanada snipgalannu praarambhisida chuck cobar, 1964ralli dragonnelli continental champiyan aagiddaru mattu 1982ralli united states yaat racing union (yusiru) naa adhyaksharaadaru. peater barrett 1968rahra besige olympicsnalli starnelli chinnada padaka mattu 1964rahra besige olympicsnalli belli padaka vijetaraagiddaru. steve blenk mattu gregg marton 1982ralli snip junier vishwa championship geddaru. maaji snip naavika alison jaali 1988rahra besige olympicsnalli mahileyara 470 spardheyalli modala chinnada padaka vijetaraadaru, zaan shaden purushara 470ralli kanchina padakavannu geddaru. zaan latiolite, jerri montgomeri, zim mcleod, daan reeman mattu dave thampson 1997ralli trans peciphic yaat rays annu geddaru. haward hamlin mattu mike martin 1999ralli 505 vishwa championship geddaru. saaraa glacer besige olympicsnalli 470neey taragatiyalli belli padakavannu geddaru mattu 2000ralli yuu. ess. naavikarendu hesarisalpattaru.

alamitos bay yaachu club american aikyanaadukalile kaaliforniyayile alamitos bay (long beach) yill sthithicheyyunna oru yaachu klabbaanu alamitos bay yaachu club. thekkan california yaatting associationte bhagamaanu eee club. charithram. 1924 august 14nuu panthrand praadeshika naavikarum boat nirmmaathaakkalum chernnaanu alamitos bay yaachu club sthaapichathu. 1926 meyy 30 nuu richard ell. enn. sii. yodu chernnu abaik aupachaarikamaayi samghadippichu. russell ezz. aarr.aadyathe kamadorayi thiranjedukkappetta abaik 1928 januvari 28 nuu california samsthaanathinte niyamangalil ulppeduthi. racing. niravadhi deseeya, vadakke american chaambyanshippukal, 1976 leeii clifford day mallori kapp, 2002 leeii snip vestten hemisphere & ooriyantad chaambyanshippu ennivaykku purame, inipparayunna loka chaambyanshippukalkku abaik aathidheyathvam vahichu naavikar. 1930kalil kappalyatra aarambhicha chuck cobber 1964ll dragonil kondinental chaambyanum 1982ll yunaittad stetts yaachu racing union (yoosiru) president aayirunnu. 1968leeii venalkkaala olimbiksil peettar baarat staar vibhaagathil svarnnavum 1964leeii venalkkaala olimbiksil velliyum nedi. steevu blomk gregg morton 1982-ll snip juuniyar loka chaambyanshippu nedi. 1988-leeii venalkkaala olimbiksil vanithakalude 470 inathil aadya swarnna medel jethaavaaya alison jolii, purushanmaarude 470-ll joonn shadden venkala medel nedi. joonn lattiyolaitt, jerry montgomery, jiim macleod, doonn rayman, dave thomson ennivar 1997-ll transpaciphic yaatt rays nedi. 1999-ll howard hamlin, mike martin ennivar 505 loka chaambyanshippu nedi. venalkkaala olimbiksil 470 classil sarahisar vellimedal nedukayum 2000-ll yuu. ezz. sailar oof dhaa iyar aayi thiranjedukkappedukayum cheythu.

alamitos beey yott club alamitos beey yott club haah united stateschya alamitos beey (lamb samudrakinara, california) yethe sthit eka yott club aahe. haah club dakshin california naukavihar sanghataneshi sambandhit aahe. itihas. alamitos beey yott clubchi sthapana 14 august 1924 roji baaraa sthanik khalashi aanee nauka bandhavanni kelee. 30 meey 1926 roji, abikeche aupcharik aayojan richard ell. russell ess., pahila commodore mhanoon nivadoon aala aanee 28 janewari 1928 roji california rajyachya kayadyat aii. bii. aay. see. samavisht karnyat aale. sharyat. anek rashtriy aanee uttar american ajinkyapad spardhanvyatirikt, 1976 madheel clifford day mallory cup aanee 2002 chya snippe western hemisphere andd orient ajinkyapad spardhanvyatirikt, ebaikne khaleel jaagtik ajinkyapad spardhanche aayojan keleh navik. chuck cober, jyane 1930 chya dashakat naukanayan snips suru kele, 1964 madhye dragonmadhye khandiy vijeta hota aanee 1982 madhye united states yaat racing unioncha (yusiru) adhyaksh jhaala. pieter barrett 1968 chya unhali olympicmadhye starmadhye suvarnapadak aanee 1964 chya unhali olympicmadhye raupyapadak vijeta hota. steve blemke aanee gregg morton yanni 1982 madhye snippe kanishth jaagtik ajinkyapad spardha jinkley. majee snippe navik dekhil asalelya ellison jolly 1988 chya unhali olympicmadhye mahilanchya 470 spardhet pahilyandach suvarnapadak vijeti tharali, tarr johnn shaddenne purushanchya 470 madhye kansyapadak jinkale. johnn latiolet, jairie montgomeri, jiim macleod, donn rayman aanee dave thompson yanni 1997 madhye trans paisiphik nauka sharyat jinkley. howard hamlin aanee mike martin yanni 1999 madhye 505 jaagtik ajinkyapad spardha jinkley. saara glazerne unhali olympicmadhye 470 vargat raupya padak jinkale aanee 2000 madhye tyanna yuu. ess. seller auph daad ear mhanoon ghoshit karnyat aale.

alamitos bay yatt club alamitos bay yatt club heuchhi eka yatt club jaahaa americara alamitos bay (lang betch, california) ray abasthita . ehi club dakhina california jating association antargata . itihas. alamitos bay yatt club august 14,1924 ray baara john sthaniah nabika ebong danga nirmatanka dwara sthapita hoithila . 1926 masiha meey 30 tarikhare, richard ell. nka saha aanusthanika bhabe abic ayojan karajaithila. russel ess. aarr.pratham commodore bhabe nirbachita hoithiba ebong 1928 masiha januari 28 tarikhare california rajyara ine anujai ebaikaku samil karajaithila. resing. aneka jatiah ebong uttara americae championship, 1976 ray clifford day malori cop ebong 2002 snip westarna hemisphere ebong orient championship byatita, abic nimnalikhita biswa championship ayojan karithilah nabikamane. chuck cober, jieki 1930 dashakare nauchalana arambha karithile, 1964ray draganare mahadeshiah champion thile ebong 1982ray juktarastra americara yatt resing union (jusiru) rahr sabhapati hoithile. pieter barrett 1968 grishma alimpiksare starare swarna padaka ebong 1964 grishma alimpiksare roupya padaka jitithile. stibh bluemake ebong gregg morton 1982 ray snip juniara biswa championship jitithile. allison jallie, jane purbatana snip nabika, 1988 grishma alimpiksare mahila 470 iventare pratham swarna padaka bijeta hoithibabele zohn shadden purush 470 ray bronz padaka jitithile. zohn latiolet, jairie montgomeri, zim mcleod, donn reiman ebong debh thumpson 1997 ray transpacific yatt rays jitithile. haward hamlin ebong mick martin 1999 ray 505 biswa championship jitithile. saaraa glazer grishma alimpiksare 470 shreneere roupya padaka jitithile ebong 2000 ray us seller off dee iyar bhabare manoneet hoithile .

alamitos beey yaakat club alamitos beey yaakat club ikk yaakat club haii joe alamitos beey (lamba beach, california), sanyukat raaj amrica witch sathit haii. ih club dakkhni california kishti sangathan naal sabandhat haii. itihaas. alamitos beey yaat club dee sathapana 14 agast, 1924 noon baaran sathanak malahan atey kishti nirmatavan duaara keeti gaee see. 30 maee, 1926 noon, aii. bee. aaee. see. noon rasmi taur utte richard ail. naal aayojit keeta giaa see. rasel aiss., pahile commodore chunhe gaye, atey 28 janwari, 1928 noon california raaj dey kanoonan dey ander abby. aaee. see. noon shamal keeta giaa see. daud. kaee rashtari atey uttri amriki championshipan toon ilava, 1976 witch clifford daye mellory kapp atey 2002 dee snipe western hemisphere atey orient championship toon ilava, abic neey heth likhiaan vishav championshipan dee mezbani kitia samundari jahaz. chuck cober, jiss neey 1930 dey dahake witch samundari jahazan dee shuruat keeti see, 1964 witch dragon witch mahandeepi champion see atey 1982 witch sanyukat raaj amrica dee yaat racing union (yusiru) daa pardhan baniaa. pieter barrett 1968 dey garmiaan dey olympic witch starr witch soone tagma jetu see atey 1964 dey garmiaan dey olympic witch chaandi daa tagma jetu see. steve blemke atey gregg morton neey 1982 witch sannaip junier vishav championship jitti. ellison jauli, joe ikk sabka sannaip sealer vee see, 1988 dey garmiaan dey olympic witch aurtan dey 470 event witch pahili vaar soone tagma jetu bnee jadon kii john shaddon neey purshan dey 470 witch kaansi daa tagma jittiaa. john latiolet, jairi montgomeri, jimm mcleod, daan rayman atey dave thomson neey 1997 witch transpacific yaat races jitti. haward hamlin atey mike martin neey 1999 witch 505 vishav championship jitti. sarah glazer neey garmiaan dey olympic witch 470 class witch chaandi daa tagma jittiaa atey 2000 witch uss noon saal daa us sealer namzad keeta giaa.

alamitos bey yaat club alamitos bey yaat club iti samyuktarajyamerikadesha alamitos bey (laang beech, california) ityatra sthitah yaat club asti. eshah club dakshina-california-yaating-sanghasya asti. itihaasah. alamitos bey yaat club ityasya sthapana 1924 august 14 dinaanke dvaadasha-sthaniya-naavikaih, naukaanirmaatrubhih cha abhavat. 1926 mey 30 dinaanke, abaik-nagaram aupachaarikaroopena richard ell ityanena saha aayojitam. russell ess. aar.prathama-commoder iti nirwaachitah, 1928 janavaree 28 dinaanke california-rajyasya vidhishu e. bii. aii. sii. iti api antarbhooyat. spardhaam karotu. anekeshaam rashtriya-uttar-american-championship-kreedaasu, 1976 tame varshe clifford-day-melori-cup-kridaayaam, 2002 tame varshe snip-western-hemisphere-orient-championship-kridaayaam cha, api cha e. bii. aii. sii. ityanena nimnalikhitaanaam vishva-championship-kreedaasu ayojanam krutam. naukaah. chak cober, yah 1930 tame dashake naukaayaan-snip-kreedaam aarabhat, 1964 tame varshe dragon-kridaayaam mahadvipiya-chaampiyan aasit, 1982 tame varshe samyuktarajyamerika-yaat-resing-union (yooseeru) ityasya adhyakshah abhavat. peater-barrett 1968 tame varshe greeshmakaaleen-olympic-kridaayaam starr-kridaayaam swarna-padaka-praaptah, 1964 tame varshe greeshmakaaleen-olympic-kridaayaam rajat-padaka-praaptah cha aasit. steve blomke tathaa gregg morton 1982 tame varshe snip-junier-vishva-chaampiyanship-kridaayaam vijayam praaptavantah. poorva-snip-naavikah elison-jaalee 1988 greeshmakaaleen-olympic-kridaayaam mahilanam 470 spardhayam prathamam svarnapadakavijetaa abhavat, jaan-shaadden purushaanaam 470 spardhayam kaamsyapadakam praptavan. jaan-latiolate, jeree-montgomeri, jim-macleod, daan-reeman tathaa dave-thompson 1997 tame varshe transpacific-yaat-spardhayam vijayam praaptavantah. haward-hamlin tathaa maik-martin 1999 tame varshe 505 vishva-championship-kridaayaam vijayam praaptavantah. saara-glacer ityeshaa greeshmakaaleen-olympic-kridaayaam 470 shrenyaa rajatpadakam praapnot, 2000 tame varshe cha yoos-celler-aaf-da-iyar iti naamaankitam abhavat.

alamitos pae yaat kilap alamitos pae yaat kilap enbathu americavin californiavin alamitos virigudaavil (neenda kadarkarai) amainthulla oru padagu kilap aagum. inththa kilap therku california padagu sangaththirku sonthamaanathu. varalaaru. alamitos pae yaat kilap august 14,1924 andru pannirandu ulloor maalumigal mattrum padagu kattupavargalaal niruvappattathu. mae 30,1926 andru, richard ell udan abik muraiyaaga aerpaadu seiyappattathu. russell ess. aarr.muthal commador thernthedukkappattaar, maelum aepichi janavari 28,1928 andru california maanilaththin sattangalukkul inaikkappattathu. pandhayam. pala thaesiya mattrum vada america saambiyanship poattikal, 1976 aam aandil clifford day mallori kooppai mattrum 2002 snipe western hemisphere & orient saambiyanship thavira, abaik pinvarum ulaga saambiyanship poattikalai nadaththiyathu maalumigal. 1930kazhil padakoattuthal snipesith thodangiya sakk gobar, 1964ill tragonil kanda saambiyanaaga irunthaar, 1982ill america padagu pandhaya ontriyaththin (yoosiru) thalaivaraanaar. piittar barrett 1968 koadaikkaala olimpikkil natchatthirap poattiyil thangap pathakkamum 1964 koadaikkaala olimpikkil vellip pathakkamum ventraar. steve bloomke mattrum grake marton 1982 aam aandil snipe juuniyar ulaga saambiyanshippai ventranar. munnaal snipe malumiyaana alison jaali, 1988 koadaikkaala olimpikkil penkal 470 nigazhvil muthal thangap pathakkam ventraar, athae neraththil john shadden aangal 470 ill venkalap pathakkam ventraar. john laudiolite, jerri mondcomery, jiim macleod, dawn reeman mattrum dave thamson 1997 aam aandil transpassibic padagu panthayaththai ventraar. howert haamlin mattrum maik martin 1999 aam aandil 505 ulaga saambiyanshippai ventraar. sarah classer koadaikkaala olimpikkil 470 vaguppil vellip pathakkam ventraar mattrum 2000 aam aandil aandin yus maalumiyaaga peyaridappattaar.

alamitos bay yatch club alamitos bay yatch club anedi united states looni alamitos bay (long beach, california) loe unna oka yatch club. eee club dakshina california padava associationku chendinadi. charitra. alamitos bay yatch klabnu 1924 augustu 14naa pannendu mandhi sthaanika naavikulu mariyu padava tayaareedaarulu sthaapinchaaru. 1926 mae 30naa abike adhikarikamga richard ell. thoo nirvahinchabadindi. russell sr.modati kamodarga ennikaina abike 1928 janavari 28naa california rashtra chattaalalo cherchabadindi. racing. aneka jaateeya mariyu uttara america champiyanshiplatho paatu, 1976loe clifford day malori cup mariyu 2002 snip westran hemisphere & orient chhampiyanshipto paatu, abike eee krindi prapancha champiyanshiplaku aatidhyam ichindih naavikulu. 1930laloe naukayana sniplanu praarambhinchina chuck cobar, 1964loe dragonlo khandantara champiyanga nilichaadu mariyu 1982loe united states yatch racing union (yousiroo) adhyakshudayyadu. peater barret 1968 vesavi olympicslo starr vibhaagamlo bangaaru pataka vijaetagaa mariyu 1964 vesavi olympicslo rajata pataka vijaetagaa nilichaadu. steve bloemke mariyu gregg marton 1982loe snip juuniyar prapancha champiyanshipnu geluchukunnaru. maajee snip navikudu kooda ayina allison jaalii 1988 vesavi olympicslo mahilala 470 eeventlo mottamodati bangaaru pataka vijaetagaa nilichaadu, zaan shaden purushula 470loe kaamsya patakaanni geluchukunnadu. zaan latiolite, jerrie montgomeri, zim macleod, daan reeman mariyu dave thampson 1997loe transposiphic padava resunu geluchukunnaru. haward hamlin mariyu mike martin 1999loe 505 prapancha champiyanshipnu geluchukunnaru. saaraa glazer vesavi olympicslo 470 taragatilo rajata patakaanni geluchukundi mariyu 2000loe yous saylor off dhi iyarga empikaindi.

alamatos bay yaat kalb alamatos bay yaat kalb eek yaat kalb hay juu alamatos bay (laang beach california)yee riyasathaye muthadah mein waaqa hay. kalb kaa taaluq janubi california yaating aisosi aishan say hay. tareekh. alamatos bay yaat kalb kii bunyaad 14 agast 1924 kuu baarah maqami malahon aur kashti bananay waalon nay rakhee thee. 30 mayee 1926 cow abeek kuu bazabtah toor parr richard eel kay saath manzam kiyaa gayaa. rasal aiss aar.yee pehley commodor muntakhib huay aur 28 januri 1928 kuu riyasat california kay qawanin kay tahat abeek kuu shaamil kiyaa gayaa. resing. behat see qomi aur shamali americi champine ship 1976 mein clifford day melori cup aur 2002 mein snipe western hamsfare aind orient champine ship kay alawah abeek nay darj zeel aalimi champine ship kii mezbani kii: milaah. chukk cobar jiss nay 1930 kii dahayi mein jehaaz raani kii snipes sharoo kii 1964 mein dragon mein barazmi champine thaa aur 1982 mein riyasathaye muthadah yaat resing union (yousero) kaa sadr banaa. petter beart 1968 kay summer olympics mein staar mein gold medalist aur 1964 kay summer olympics mein salor medalist thaa. steve blomake aur greeg mortan nay 1982 mein snipe juniyar world champine ship jeeti. elison jooli juu eek saabiq snipe celler bhee haine 1988 kay summer olympics mein khwatin kay 470 avent mein pehli baar gold medalist bunain jabkah jaan sheeden nay mardon kay 470 mein kaansi kaa tamgha jeeta. jaan latiolet jairi montgomeri jumm macleod ddaan reman aur ddio thamson nay 1997 mein trans paisfik yaat rees jeeti. howard hemlin aur mayik maartan nay 1999 mein 505 aalimi champine ship jeeti. saarah glazer nay summer olympics mein 470 klaas mein chaandi kaa tamgha jeeta aur 2000 mein asay yuu aiss celler aaf dee aiyar qaraar diyaa gayaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=355210

1941 Iraqi coup d'état

1941 Iraqi coup d'état 1941 anti-British coup that brought Rashid Ali al-Gaylani to power The 1941 Iraqi coup d'état (, "Thawrah Rašīd ʿAlī al-Kaylānī"), also called the Rashid Ali Al-Gaylani coup or the Golden Square coup, was a nationalist coup d'état in Iraq on 1 April 1941 that overthrew the pro-British regime of Regent 'Abd al-Ilah and his Prime Minister Nuri al-Said and installed Rashid Ali al-Gaylani as Prime Minister. The coup was led by four Iraqi nationalist army generals, known as "the Golden Square", who intended to use the war to press for full Iraqi independence following the limited independence granted in 1932. To that end, they worked with German intelligence and accepted military assistance from Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. The change in government led to the British invasion of Iraq and subsequent occupation until 1947. The coup. From 1939 to 1941 a pro-British government headed by the Regent 'Abd al-Ilah and Prime Minister Nuri as-Said ruled Iraq. Iraq severed relations with Germany on 5 September 1939, following the outbreak of World War II in Europe. However, Nuri had to tread carefully between his close relationship with Britain and dependence on pro-German Army officers and cabinet members. By that time, Iraq became a refuge to Arab leaders who fled Mandatory Palestine as a result of the failed Palestinian Arab revolt against the British. Among the key figures to arrive was the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj Amin al-Husseini, the Palestinian Arab nationalist leader of the failed revolt. The Golden Square coup was launched on 1 April 1941, overthrowing the Regent and installing Rashid Ali al-Gaylani as Prime Minister. On 2 May of the same year, Prime Minister Taha al-Hashimi was forced to resign after the conspirators surrounded the Royal Palace in Baghdad. British response. Empire forces sent to quell the revolt. On 18 April, Britain reacted by landing the Indian 20th Infantry Brigade at Basra, the first used Native Assyrian Levies esp in Habbaniyah. elements of Iraqforce. Britain claimed it was entitled to do this under its defence treaty with Iraq. Siege of Habbaniya. In the following days, the new Iraqi government moved substantial ground forces, including an infantry brigade, an artillery brigade, and 12 armoured cars as well as tanks to the plateau overlooking RAF Habbaniya, the large British Royal Air Force (RAF) base beside the River Euphrates west of Baghdad. Upon arrival, the Iraqis demanded that the British not move any troops nor aircraft in or out of the base. The British responded by first demanding that the Iraqis leave the area and then, following the expiry of an ultimatum given in the early hours of 2 May, launched an attack. The base had a force of 96 lightly-armed aircraft, most of which were either purpose-built trainers or obsolete combat aircraft converted to training use. They also had an understrength battalion from the King's Own Royal Regiment (Lancaster), six companies of Assyrian Levies (troops raised by the British), 18 armoured cars and a company of RAF personnel, giving a total strength of 2,200 troops to defend the base. The Royal Iraqi Air Force, despite having aircraft that included numerous modern British-, Italian- and US-built machines, failed to defeat the RAF. By the second day of fighting (3 May), four Blenheim fighter bombers arrived. With British forces having air superiority, the Iraqi army was forced back to Fallujah and the RAF attacked the Iraqi Air Force bases at Mosul and Rashid. Habbaniya had essentially lifted the siege with its own resources. Reinforcements, officially called "Iraqforce", came from two directions. British and Arab Legion forces arrived in two columns ("Habforce" and "Kingcol") across the desert from Palestine and Transjordan. Additional Indian forces continued to arrive in Basra. The Iraqi army was driven out of Fallujah and pursued to Baghdad, which fell within a week. This cleared the way for the nominal restoration of the Regent and the pro-British government. British military occupation of Iraq continued until late 1947. German and Italian support for the nationalists. In the course of the Iraq war, minor reinforcements for the nationalists were received from first Germany and then Italy. Arriving aircraft were crudely painted with Iraqi colours. Small numbers of "Luftwaffe" (German air force) bombers and heavy fighters, followed a few days later by obsolescent "Regia Aeronautica" (Italian air force) biplane fighters, flew sorties from Mosul against both RAF Habbaniya and the relieving Empire forces moving across from Transjordan. This was done to little effect. The Vichy French authorities in the Syria and Lebanon had helped both the pro-Axis Iraqi nationalists and the German and Italian air forces, providing airfields for staging and refuelling. Even before the end of the Iraq campaign, this had led to RAF attacks on airbases in Syria. Within weeks these events led to British and Empire forces invading of Vichy-administered Syria and Lebanon in the Syria–Lebanon Campaign. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

1941 iraki obhyuthan 1941 sonor iraki obhyuthan di 'etat (, "thaworah rasid aali aal-kaylani"), jaak rosid aali aal-gelani obhyuthan baa xunali borgo obhyuthan buliu kuwa hoy, 1941 sonor 1 aprilot irakot ek jatiyotabadi obhyuthan di' etat hoisil jiye regent 'aabdul-ilah aaru teur prodhanmontri nuri aal-saidor britisponthi xaxonok utkhat korisil aaru rosid aali aal-galanyk prodhanmontri hisape nijukti disil. ei obhyuthanor netritwo disil "dyo golden scower" naamere jonajat sarijon iraki jatiyotabadi xenar generale, jiye 1932 sonot prodan koraa ximito swadhinotar pisot xompurno iraki swadhinotar baabe juddho byobohar koriboloi bisarisil. xei uddesye, teuluke german surangsuwar xoite kaam korisil aaru natchi germany aaru fasisto italyr poraa xamorik xohay grohon korisil. sorkaror poribortonor folot 1947 sonoloike iraak aaru taar pisot britisor aakromon hoisil. obhyuthan. 1939 sonor poraa 1941 sonoloike regent 'aabdul-ilah aaru prodhanmontri nuri aas-seidor netritwot ek britisponthi sorkare iraak xaxon korisil. europot dwitiyo biswojudho aarombho huwar pisot 1939 sonor 5 septemborot irake germanyr xoite xomporko chinno korisil. obosye, nuriye britainor xoite teur ghonistho xomporko aaru germanponthi xena bixoya aaru kebinet xodosyoxokolor uporot nirbhorxilotar maajot xabodhane khuj karhibo logaa hoisil. xei xomoyoloike, iraak aarob netaxokolor aasroyostholi hoi porisil jixokole britisor biruddhe bifol pelestiniyo aarob bidruhor pholsworupe badhyotamulok pelestainor poraa polayon korisil. aahi puwa guruttopurno byoktixokolor bhitorot aasil jerujalemor grand mufoti, hoj aamin aal-huseini, bifol bidruhor pelestainor aarob jatiyotabadi netaa. rajprotinidhik utkhat kori aaru rosid aali aal-galanyk prodhanmontri hisape nijukti di 1941 sonor 1 aprilot xunali borgo obhyuthan aarombho koraa hoisil. britisor protikriya. bidruh domon koriboloi xamrajyor bahini pothiuwa hoisil. 18 aprilot britaine bharotiyo 20tomo podatik brigedok basrat owotoron kori protikriya prokax korisil, prothom byobohrito sthaniyo asiary lebhij bixexkoi habbaniyat. irakof 'rchor upadanxomuh. britaine daabi korisil je irakor xoite huwa protirokya suktir odhinot ee eitu korar odhikar aase. habbaniyar oworudh. poroborti dinburot, notun iraki sorkare bagdador poschime euphrats nodir kaxot thoka brihot britis rajokiyo bayu xenar (raaf) ghaati raaf habbaniyar uporot dristi nibodho kori malbhumit etaa podatik bahini, etaa kaaman bahini, aaru 12taa xakuya garir logote tenkokere jothesto bhu-bahini sthanantor korisil. aagomonor pisot, irakixokole britisxokolok kunu xoinyo baa biman ghaatir bhitoroloi baa bahiroloi sthanantor nokoriboloi daabi jonaisil. britisxokole prothome irakixokolok oncholtu eri jaboloi daabi jonai protikriya prokax korisil aaru taar pisot 2 mey 'ror aarombhonite diya ek suranto xotorkobanir myad xex huwar pisot aakromon aarombho korisil. ei ghatitut 96taa loghu-xoxostro bimanor bahini aasil, jaar odhikangxoi hoyotu uddesyo-nirmito proxikhyok aasil baa proxikhyon byowoharoloi rupantorit hoi thoka oporiwortito juddho biman aasil. teulukor logote rojar nijor rajokiyo rejiment (lancaster) ror poraa etaa komm xoktir betalion, chi company asyrian lebhi (britisor dwara utthapon koraa xoinyo), 18taa xaturi gaari aaru raaf kormosarir etaa company aasil, jiye ghatitu rokhya koriboloi muth 2,200 xoinyor xokti disil. rajokiyo iraki bayuxenai oxongkhyo aadhunik britis, italy aaru aamerika juktorastro nirmito jontro ontorbhukto koraa biman thoka swotweu rafok porasto korat byortho hoisil. juddhor dwitiyo dinoloike (3 mey ') sarita blainheim jujaru buma bisfurok aahisil. britis bahinir bayu shresthotwo thokar baabe iraki xenak falujaloi ubhoti jaboloi badhyo koraa hoisil aaru raafe muxul aaru rasidot thoka iraki bayu xenar ghaati aakromon korisil. habbaniai mulotoh nijor xompodore oworudhtu uthai loisil. anusthanikbhabe "irakof" rcho "buli kuwa xoktixalikoron dutaa dixor poraa aahisil. britis aaru aarob xoinyobahini pelestain aaru trensjordanor poraa morubhumir uporere dutaa stombhot ("hubforce" aaru "kinkle") uposthito hoisil. otirikto bharotiyo bahini basrat aahi puwa obyahot rakhisil. iraki xoinyobahinik falujar poraa bitarito koraa hoisil aaru bagdadoloi khedi juwa hoisil, ji exoptahor bhitorote porisil. iyar folot regent aaru britisponthi sorkaror naammatro punoruddharor poth mukoli hoisil. 1947 sonor xexoloike irakor britis xamorik dokhol obyahot aasil. german aaru italyoxokole jatiyotabadixokolok xomorthon kore. iraak juddhor xomoyot, jatiyotabadixokolor baabe xoru xoru xokti prodan prothome germany aaru taar pisot italyr poraa laabh koraa hoisil. ahibologiya bimanburok iraki rongere birolbhabe rong koraa hoisil. kichu dinor pisot "regia eruntika" (italy bayu xena) biplane jujarur dwara porisalito komm xongkhyok "looftwafe" (german bayu xena) buma bisfurok aaru godhur jujaruxokole musulor poraa raaf habbania aaru trensjordanor poraa paar hoi juwa reloving xamrajyo bahini duyutar biruddhe uron korisil. eitu komm probhabito koraa hoisil. siriya aaru lebanonor bhisi france kortripokhyoi okhyoponthi iraki jatiyotabadi aaru german aaru italy bayu xena duyuke xohay korisil, moncho aaru indhon bhorai diyar baabe bimanghati prodan korisil. iraak obhijan xex huwar aagotei iyar folot siriyar bimanghatixomuhot rafor aakromon hoisil. xoptahor bhitorot ei ghotonaburor folot britis aaru xamrajyo bahiniye siriya-lebanon obhijanot bhisi-proxaxonik siriya aaru lebanon aakromon korisil.

1941 iraqi abhyutthan 1941 saaler iraqi abhyutthan dii 'etat (, "thaoyrah raseed allie all-kaylani"), jaake rasheed allie all-gailani abhyutthan baa golden square abhyutthano bolla hoy, 1941 saaler 1 april irake ekti jatiyatabadi abhyutthan chhilo jaa regent' abod all-ilah ebong taar prodhanmontri nuri all-saider britishponthi shasonke utkhato korey ebong rasheed allie all-gailanike prodhanmontri hisabe nijukto korey. abhyutthaner netritto diyechilen charjan iraqi jatiyatabadi seena general, jini "golden scoir" naame porichito, jini 1932 saale prodotto seemit swadhinotar porey iraqer purno swadhinotar jonno juddhoke byabohar korte cheyechilen. seii lakkhye, taaraa german goenda sangosthar saathe kaaj korechilen ebong natsi germany ebong facist italir kachh theke samrik sahayata grohon korechilen. sarkar poribortoner foley 1947 saal porjonto irake british akraman ebong poroborti dakhaldaritwa hoy. abhyutthan. 1939 theke 1941 saal porjonto regent 'abod all-ilah ebong prodhanmontri nuri aash-saider netritte ekti britishponthi sarkar iraq shasson korey. europe dwitiya bishwojuddho shuru howar porr 1939 saaler 5ee septembara iraq germanyr sange somporko chhinno korey. tobey, nurike brittener sange taar ghonistho somporko ebong jarmanpanthi seena kormokorta oo montriporishder sadasyader upor nirbhorshilotar modhye sabdhane hantte hoyechilo. totodine, iraq arob netader ashrayasthal hoye othe, jaaraa britishder biruddhe byartho palestini arob bidroher foley badhyotamulok palestine theke paliye esechilo. agoto prodhan byaktittoder modhye chhilen jeruzalemer granned mufti, hozz amin all-husseini, byartho bidroher palestiner arob jatiyatabadi neta. 1941 saaler 1laa april rajprotinidhike utkhato korey ebong rasheed allie all-gailanike prodhanmontri hisebe niyog korey golden scoir abhyutthan shuru hoy. britishder protikriya. bidroh domon korte samrajya bahini pathano hoyechilo. 18ee april, britten bharatiya bharatiya podatik brigadeke basra abotoroner madhyome protikriya jaanaay, jaa habbania prothom byabohrito sthaniya assyrian leviz. irakforcer upadan. britten daabi korechilo jey iraqer saathe taar protirokkha chuktir adhine etty korar adhikar royeche. habbania aborodh. poroborti dingulite, notun iraqi sarkar ekti podatik brigade, ekti artillery brigade ebong 12tii sanjoa gaadir pashapashi tank soho jotheshto sthol bahinike baghdader poschime euphrates nadeer paashe abosthito british rayyal aire forcer (ruff) bishal ghanti ruff habbaniar dike nojor deoa malvumite sthanantorito korey. sekhane pouchonor porr, iraqi jonogon britishder kachhe daabi jaanaay jey, taaraa jeno konao sainya baa biman ghantir vitore baa baire naa niye yaay. britishra prothome iraqider elaka chhede choley yawar daabi janiye protikriya jaanaay ebong tarpor, 2 meey bhore deoa ekti ultimatumer meyad shesh howar porey, ekti akraman shuru korey. eyi ghantite 96tii halka-soshostro bimaner ekti bahini chhilo, jaar beshirbhagi chhilo uddeshya-nirmito proshikkhok baa oprocholito juddho biman jaa proshikkhoner kaaje rupantarita hoyechilo. taader rajar nijaswa rajakiya rejimenta (lancaster) theke ekti qama shakti somponno batalion, chhoy company assyrian leevi (britishder dwara utthapito sainya), 18tii sanjoa gaadi ebong ruff karmider ekti company chhilo, jaa ghanti rakkhar jonno moat 2,200 sainyer shakti pradan korechilo. rajakiya iraqi biman bahini, asankhya adhunik british, italiya ebong markin nirmito jontro soho biman thaka sotteo, rafke porajito korte byartho hoy. ladaiyer dwitiya diner modhye (3 meey), charti blenheim juddhobiman eshe pouchoy. british bahinir bimaner shresthotto thakay iraqi senabahinike faluza firey jete badhyo koraa hoy ebong ruff mosul oo rasheed-ayee iraqi biman bahinir ghantite akraman korey. habbania mulat taar nijaswa sompod diye aborodh tuley niyechilo. adhikarikbhabe "eracforce" naame porichito shaktibriddhi duti dick theke esechilo. british oo arob sainyabahini palestine oo transjordan theke marubhumi judey duti kolame ("habforce" ebong "kinkol") eshe pouchoy. atirikto bharatiya bahini basra aste thaake. iraqi senabahinike faluza theke bitadito koraa hoy ebong baghdade taadaa koraa hoy, jaa eka saptaher modhye porey yaay. etty rajprotinidhi ebong britishponthi sarkarer nammatro punoruddharer poth porishkar korey deyo. 1947 saaler sheshbhag porjonto irake british samrik dokhol abyahoto chhilo. jatiyatabadider proti german oo italiya samarthan. iraq juddher somoy, jatiyatabadider jonno chhotokhato shaktibriddhi prothome germany ebong tarpor itali theke pawa jeto. agoto bimanguli iraqi ronge aanka hoyechilo. alpo sankhyak "luftwaff" (german biman bahini) bomaru biman ebong bharee joddhara, koyek deane porey oprocholito "regia aerontica" (italiya biman bahini) biplane joddhara, ruff habbania ebong transjordan theke sorey assa samrajya bahini ubhoyer biruddhe mosul theke udan chaalaay. etty khub qama karjokoribhabe koraa hoyechilo. siriya oo lebanoner vichi farasi kortripokkho akkhapanthi iraqi jatiyatabadi ebong german oo italiya biman bahini ubhaykei sahayata korechilo, manchayan oo jalani bhorar jonno bimankhetro sarbaraha korechilo. emonki iraq abhijan shesh howar agei, err foley syria bimanghantite ruff hamla hoyechilo. koyek saptaher modhye eyi ghotonaguli british ebong samrajya bahinike siriya-lebanon abhijane vichi-shasito siriya ebong lebanon akraman korte porichalito korey.

1941 iraqma badvo 1941 iraq badvo dha 'aetaat (, "thawra rasheed allie all-kayalani"), jene rasheed allie all-gelaani badvo athavaa suvarn choras badvo pann kahevaay chhe, teey 1 april 1941naa roj iraqma aek rashtravadi badvo hato, jene kaarbhaari' abd all-ilah 'aneey tenaa vadaa pradhaan noori all-saidna british tarafee shaasanne uthalaavi didhu aneey rasheed allie all-gelaaneene vadaa pradhaan tareeke sthaapit karyaa. aaa badvaanu netrutva chaar iraqi rashtravadi sainyana senapatio dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jaimne "golden square" tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe, jeo 1932maan aapvama aaveli maryadit svatantrataa pachhi sampoorn iraqi svatantrataa maate dabaan karvaa maate yuddhno upyog karvaano irado dharaavtaa hataa. teey maate, teoae german goopt maahitee saathe kaama karyoo aneey naazi germany aneey fashivadi itali pasethi lashkari sahaay sweekari. sarkarma parivartanne kaarane iraq parr british aakraman thayu aneey tyarbad 1947 sudhee kabajo thayo. badvo. 1939 thee 1941 sudhee kaarbhaari 'abd all-ilah' aneey vadaa pradhaan nuri assa-saidna netrutvamaa british tarafee sarkaare iraq parr shaasan karyoo hatoo. europema beeja vishvyudhnaa faatee nikalyaa pachhi iraqe 5 september 1939naa roj germany saathena sambandho todee nakhya hataa. jooe keey, nooriae britton saathena temnaa gaadh sambandho aneey german tarafee sainya adheekario aneey cabinet sabhyo parnee nirbharta vachche kaljipurvak chaalvu padyu hatoo. teey samay sudhimaa, iraq aee arab netaaono aashray bunny gayo hato jeo angrejo saame nishfal palestinian arab badvaanaa parinaame farjiyat palestine bhaagi gayaa hataa. aheen pahonchela mukhya vyaktioma jerusalemnaa grand mufti, haja ameen all-husaini, nishfal badvaanaa palestinian aarab rashtravadi netaa hataa. golden square badvo 1 april 1941naa roj sharoo karvaamaa aavyo hato, jemaa kaarbhaareene uthalaavi devaamaa aavyo hato aneey rasheed allie all-gelaaneene vadaa pradhaan tareeke sthaapit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. british pratikriyaa. badvaane kaabuma levaa maate saamrajya dado mokalvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 18 aprilnaa roj, britne bhaartiy 20mee paaydal brigadene basra khaate utaraan kareene pratikriyaa aapee, jeey habbaniyaahmaa khaas kareene pratham upyogmaa levaati mool assyrian lavies hatee. irakforcenaa ghatako. britne daavo karyo hato keey teey iraq saatheni tenee sanraxan sandhee hethal aavu karvaano hakdaar chhe. habbaniyano ghero. pachhinaa divasomaa, navee iraqi sarkaare paaydal brigade, aek artillery brigade aneey 12 bakhtarbandh kaar temaj tanco saheet nondhpaatra jameen dalone baghdadni pashchimma euphrates nadeeni bajuma aavela motaa british shaahee havaai dada (raaf) bays, raaf habbania tarafnaa uchchpradeshma khasedya. aagman parr, irakioae maang curry hatee keey angrejo koee pann sainiko keey vimanne beznee andar keey bahaar naa khasede. angrejoae pahelaa irakisne aaa vistaar chhodvani maang kareene javaab aapyo aneey pachhi, 2 menaa roj vahelee savaare aapvama aavela aakhari chetvanini samapti pachhi, humalo sharoo karyo. aaa mathakma 96 hadvaa sashastr vimaanonu dada hatoo, jemathi motabhagna kaan too hetu-nirmeet prashikshako hataa athavaa aprachalit ladaai vimaanone taaleem upyogmaa rupantarit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. temnee paase raajaani potaani shaahee regiment (lankester) nee ochhi takatvali batalian, assyrian leveeni chh companyo (angrejo dwara ubhaa karaayela sainiko), 18 bakhtarbandh kaar aneey raaf karmcharioni aek kampani pann hatee, jeey aadhaarni raksha maate coole 2,200 saineekoni taakaat aape chhe. shaahee iraqi havaai dada paase vimaan hovaa chhataa jemaa sankhyaabandh aadhunik british, italian aneey us-nirmeet masheeno saamel hataa, teey raafne haravvama nishfal rahyu hatoo. ladaaina beeja divas (3 meey) sudhimaa, chaar blanheim fighter bombers aavyaa. british dado havaai shreshthata dharaavtaa hovathi, iraqi senaane faluja parat farvani faraj puddy hatee aneey raafe mosul aneey rasheed khaate iraqi havaai dalnaa mathako parr humalo karyo hato. habbaniya aneevarypane potaana sansadhanothi gherabandhi hataavi leedhi hatee. sattavaar reete "eracforce" tareeke odakhaata sainyabalo beey dishaomathi aavyaa hataa. british aneey aarab sainya dado palestine aneey transjordenthi ranmaa beey stambho ("habforce" aneey "kingkol") maan aavyaa hataa. vadharana bhaartiy dado basrama aavtaa rahyaa. iraqi senaane falujahmathi haankee kadhvama aavee hatee aneey baghdad sudhee pichho karvaamaa aavyo hato, jeey aek athvadiyani andar puddy gayoo hatoo. aanaathi kaarbhaari aneey british tarafee sarkaarni najivi punsthaapnaa maateno maarg saaf thayo. iraq parr british sainyano kabajo 1947naa anta sudhee chaalu rahyo. rashtravadione german aneey italian samarthan. iraq yuddh darmiyan, rashtravadio maate naana sainyabalo pahelaa germany aneey pachhi italythi praapt thayaa hataa. aavtaa vimaanone iraqi rangothi kathor reete rangvaamaa aavyaa hataa. thodaa divaso pachhi "luftwafe" (german havaai dada) bombers aneey bhaare ladvaiyaoni naanee sankhyaa, aprachalit "regia aeronotica" (italian havaai dada) biplane ladvaiyaao dwara anusarvaamaa aavee, jeey ruff habbania aneey transjordenthi aagad vadhata raahat aaptaa saamrajya dado banne saame mozulthi udaan bharee hatee. aaa bahoo ochhi assar maate karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. siriya aneey lebanonmaa witchy french sattavalaoae aksh-samarthak iraqi rashtravadio aneey german aneey italian havaai dado bannene madad curry hatee, staging aneey refuelling maate havaai kshetro puuraa paadya hataa. iraq abheeyanna anta pahelaa jaj, aaa siriyaamaa havaai mathako parr raaf humla taraf doree gayoo hatoo. athvadiyaoni andar aaa ghatanaaone kaarane british aneey saamrajya daloae witchy-prashasit siriya aneey lebnon parr siriya-lebnon abhiyaanmaa aakraman karyoo.

1941 iraq mein takhtapalat 1941 kaa iraqi takhtapalat dee 'etaat (, "thawah rasid allie all-kayali"), jise rasheed allie all-gelani takhtapalat yaa golden squire takhtapalat bhee kahaa jaataa haye, 1 aprail 1941 koo iraq mein ack rashtravadi takhtapalat thaa jisane regent' abd all-ilah aur unake pradhaan mantri noori all-saeed key british samarthak shasson koo ukhaad fenka aur rasheed allie all-gelani koo pradhaan mantri key roop mein sthaapit kiya. takhtapalat kaa netritva chaar iraqi rashtravadi senaa key generalon ney kiya thaa, jinhen "golden squire" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, joe 1932 mein dee gaee seemit swatantrata key baad poorna iraqi swatantrata key liye yuddh kaa upayog karane kaa irada rakhate they. usa anta taka, unhone german khufiya key saath kaam kiya aur naazi germany aur fasiwadi itali seey sainya sahaayata sweekaar kii. sarkaar mein parivartan key kaaran iraq parr british aakraman huaa aur 1947 taka baad mein kabja curr liya gayaa. takhtapalat. 1939 seey 1941 taka regent 'abd all-ilah aur pradhaan mantri noori ass-saeed key netritva mein ack british samarthak sarkaar ney iraq parr shasson kiya. europe mein dwiteeya vishva yuddh key prakop key baad 5 sitambar 1939 koo iraq ney germany key saath sambandh toda diye. haalaanki, noori koo britten key saath apane ghanishth sambandhon aur samarthak-german senaa adhikaariyon aur cabinet sadasyon parr nirbharta key beach saavdhaanipoorvak chalana padaa. usa samay taka, iraq una arab netaaon key liye ack sharan bunn gayaa joe angrejon key khilaf asafal philistine arab vidroh key parinamswarup anivarya philistine seey bhaag gaye they. pahunchane vaale pramukh vyaktiyon mein seey ack they jerusalam key grand mufti, huzz ameen all-hussaini, asafal vidroh key philistine key arab rashtravadi netaa. golden squire takhtapalat 1 aprail 1941 koo shuru kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen rajpratinidhi koo ukhaad fenka gayaa thaa aur rashid allie all-gelani koo pradhaan mantri key roop mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. british pratikriya. samrajya kii senaaon ney vidroh koo dabaane key liye bheja. 18 aprail koo, britten ney bhaaratiya 20veen paidal senaa brigade koo basra mein utaarkar pratikriya vyakt kii, joe pahali baar upayog kii jaane vaali deshi assyrian lavies, vishesh roop seey habbania mein. eracforce key tatva. britten ney daavaa kiya kii vaha iraq key saath apani raksha sandhi key tahat aisaa karane kaa hakdar thaa. habbaniya kii gherabandi. agale dinon mein, naee iraqi sarkaar ney ack paidal senaa brigade, ack topkhana brigade, aur 12 bakhtarband kaaron key saath-saath tank sahit paryaapt jamini balon koo baghdad key paschim mein ufrates nadee key buggle mein badey british shaahi vayu senaa (raaf) adde, raaf habbania koo dekhate hue pathaar parr sthanantarit curr diyaa. aagaman parr, iraakiyon ney maang kii kii british naa tou kissy bhee sanic koo adde key ander yaa baahar leey jaaen aur naa hii vimaan. angrejon ney pahale iraakiyon seey kshetra chhodane kii maang karate hue jawab diyaa aur phir 2 maee key shuruati ghanton mein diye gaye ultimatum kii samaapti key baad, ack hamla shuru kiya. bases mein 96 halke hathiyaron seey lais vimaanon kaa bull thaa, jinamen seey adhikansh yaa tou uddeshya-nirmit prashikshak they yaa aprachalit ladaakoo vimaan they jinhen prashikshan upayog mein parivartit kiya gayaa thaa. unake paas raajaa kii apani shaahi resiment (lankester) kii ack cumm taakat vaali batalian, assyrian levi kii chhah companiyan (angrejon dwara uthaaye gaye sanic), 18 bakhtarband kaaren aur raaf karmiyon kii ack company bhee thee, joe aadhar kii raksha key liye kull 2,200 sainikon kii taakat detee thee. shaahi iraqi vayu senaa, vimaan honey key bavjood jisamen kaee aadhunik british, italvi aur americi nirmit masheenen shamil theen, raaf koo haraane mein whiffle rahee. ladaai key dusare dinn (3 maee) taka, chaar blenheim ladaakoo bamvarshak vimaan aaa gaye. british senaaon key vayu shreshthata key saath, iraqi senaa koo faluja vaapas jaane key liye majboor kiya gayaa aur raaf ney mosul aur rashid mein iraqi vayu senaa key thikaanon parr hamla kiya. habbaniya ney anivarya roop seey apane sansadhanon key saath gherabandi hataa lii thee. aadhikarik taur parr "eracforce" naamak sudridhikaran dou dishaaon seey aaya thaa. british aur arab senaayen philistine aur transjorden seey registan key paar dou stambhon ("habforce" aur "kingkol") mein aaeen. atirikt bhaaratiya senaaon kaa basra mein aanaa jaari rhaa. iraqi senaa koo faluja seey baahar nikaal diyaa gayaa aur baghdad taka peechha kiya gayaa, joe ack saptah key bheetar gir gayaa. isase rajpratinidhi aur british samarthak sarkaar kii nammatra bahaali kaa maarg saaf hoe gayaa. iraq parr british sainya kabja 1947 key anta taka jaari rhaa. rashtravadiyon key liye german aur italvi samarthan. iraq yuddh key dauran, rashtravadiyon key liye mamuli sudridhikaran pahale germany aur phir itali seey praapt kiye gaye they. aaney vaale vimaanon koo iraqi rangon seey chitrit kiya gayaa thaa. kuchh dinon baad aprachalit "regia aeronautica" (italvi vayu senaa) dwi-vimaan ladaakon ney, transjorden seey aage badhate hue ruff habbania aur raahat dene vaale samrajya balon donon key khilaf mojul seey udaan bharee. yeh bahut cumm prabhaav mein kiya gayaa thaa. seeriya aur lebnan mein witchy francisi adhikaariyon ney pro-axis iraqi rashtravadiyon aur german aur italvi vayu senaaon donon kii madad kii thee, joe staging aur eendhan bharane key liye havaai kshetra pradaan karate they. iraq abhiyaan key anta seey pahale hii, isase seeriya mein havaai addon parr raaf hamale hue they. inn ghatnaaon key kuchh hafton key bheetar, british aur samrajya balon ney seeriya-lebnan abhiyaan mein witchy-prashaasit seeriya aur lebnan parr aakraman kiya.

1941 rahra iraq dange 1941 rahra rashid allie all-gelani dange athawa golden square dange endoo kareyalpaduva 1941 rahra iraqi dange dii 'etat, 1941 rahra april 1 randu iraaknalli nadeda raashtriyataavaadi dangeyagiddu, idu british para aadalitavaada rajapratinidhi abd all-ilaa mattu avana pradhana mantri noori all-said avarannu padachyutagolisitu mattu rashid allie all-gelaniyannu pradhana mantriyagi nemisitu. dangeyannu "golden square" endu kareyalaaguva naalku iraq raashtriyavaadi seenaa mukhyastharu munnadesidaru, avaru 1932 ralli niidalaada seemita swatantryada nantara purna iraq swaatantryakkaagi ottada heralu yuddhavannu balasalu uddeshisiddaru. aaa nittinalli, avaru german guptacharadondige kelasa maadidaru mattu naaji germany mattu faasist italigalinda military sahayavannu sweekarisidaru. sarkaarada badalaavaneyu iraq mele britishara akramanakke mattu 1947ravaregoo adara nantarada akramanakke kaaranavaayitu. dange. 1939rinda 1941ravarege rajapratinidhi abd all-ilaa mattu pradhana mantri noori ass-said netrutvada british paravaada sarkaaravu iraq annu aalitu. europnalli eradane mahayuddha praarambhavaada nantara 1939rahra september 5randu iraq germaniyondigina sambandhavannu kadidukonditu. aadaagyoo, noori britannondigina tanna nikata sambandha mattu german para seenaa adhikaarigalu mattu samputa sadasyara melina avalambaneya naduve echcharikeyinda nadeyabekayitu. aaa hottige, britishara viruddha viphalavaada palestiniyada arab dangeya parinaamavaagi kaddaya palesteininda palayana maadida arab naayakarige iraq aashrayavaayitu. agamisida pramukha vyaktigalalli jerusalemna mahaa mufti, viphala dangeya palestinian arab raashtriyavaadi nayaka huzz ameen all-huseni seriddaru. golden square dangeyannu 1941rahra april 1randu praarambhisalaayitu, rajapratinidhiyannu padachyutagolisi rasheed allie all-gelaniyannu pradhaaniyaagi nemisalaayitu. britishara pratikriye. dangeyannu hattikkalu saamraajyada padegalannu kaluhisalaayitu. april 18randu, britton, modala baarige balasida sthaliya assyrian levigalaada basraadalli, visheshavaagi habbaniyaadalli, bhaaratiya 20neey padaatidala brigade annu ilisuva moolaka pratikriyisitu. irachphoresna amshagalu. iraknondigina tanna raxana oppandada adiyalli idannu maadalu tanage hakkide endu britton helikonditu. habbaniyaada muttige. nantarada dinagalli, hosa iraq sarkaaravu ondu padaatidala brigade, ondu firangi brigade, mattu 12 shastrasajjita kaarugalu mattu tankgalannu olagondante gananeeya pramanada nelada padegalannu baghdadna paschimakke euphrates nadiya pakkadalliruva dodda british raayal air force (roff) neleyaada roff habaniyakke abhimukhavaagi prasthabhoomige sthalaantarisitu. agamisida nantara, britisharu yaavude padegalannu athawa vimaanavannu neleya olage athawa horage sthalaantarisabaaradu endu iraakigalu ottayisidaru. britisharu modalu iraakigalu ee pradeshavannu toreyabekendu ottaayisuva moolaka pratikriyisidaru mattu nantara, mayee 2 rahra munjane gantegalalli niidalaada antima echcharikeya avadhiya nantara, daaliyannu praarambhisidaru. ee neleyu 96 laghu shastrasajjita vimaanagala balavannu hondittu, avugalalli hechchinavu uddeshapoorvakavaagi nirmisalaada tarabetudaararu athawa balakeyallillada yuddha vimaanagalannu tarabeti balakege parivartisalaagittu. avaru rajana swanta raayal regiment (lancaster) ninda kadime saamarthyada betalian, aaru kampanigala assyrian levigalu (britisharu beleda padegalu), 18 shastrasajjita kaarugalu mattu roff sibbandiya kampaniyannu saha hondiddaru, idu neleyannu rakshisalu ottu 2,200 padegalannu needitu. raayal iraq vayupadeyu, halavaaru aadhunika british, italian mattu us-nirmita yantragalannu olagonda vimaanagalannu hondiddaroo, roff annu solisuvalli viphalavaayitu. eradane dinada horaatada velege (mayee 3), naalku blenheim fighter bambargalu agamisidavu. british padegalu vaayu shreshthateyannu hondiddarinda, iraq sainyavannu faluzakke hintirugisalaayitu mattu roff mosul mattu rashidnalliruva iraq vayupadeya nelegala mele daali maaditu. habania tannade aada sampanmoolagalinda muttigeyannu moolabhootavaagi tegeduhaakittu. adhikrutavaagi "erachphores" endu kareyalaaguva balavardhanegalu eradu dikkugalinda bandavu. british mattu arab sainyada padegalu palestein mattu transjordanninda marubhoomiyaadyanta eradu tukadigalalli ("habforce" mattu "kingkol") agamisidavu. hechchuvari bhaaratiya padegalu basrage agamisuvudannu munduvaresidavu. iraqi sainyavannu phalloojaadallinda horahaakalaayitu mattu bagdadge himbaalisalaayitu, adhu ondu vaaradolage patanagonditu. idu rajapratinidhi mattu british paravaada sarkaarada naamamaatrada punahsthaapanege daari maadikottitu. irakna british military akramanavu 1947rahra antyadavarege munduvareyitu. raashtriyavaadigalige german mattu italian bembala. iraq yuddhada samayadalli, raashtriyavaadigalige sanna pramanada balavardhanegalannu modalu germany mattu nantara italigalinda padeyalaayitu. agamisida vimaanagalige irakki bannagalinda orataagi banna hachchalaagittu. kelavu dinagala nantara halataaguttiruva "regia aeronatica" (italian vayupade) bipelane faitargalu, alpa sankhyeya "luftwafe" (german vayupade) bambargalu mattu bhaaree faitargalu, roff habbania mattu transgerdanninda haaduhoguva saamraajyada padegala viruddha mosulninda harata nadesidaru. idannu kadime parinamakke maadalaayitu. siriya mattu lebanaannalliruva vichi french adhikaarigalu, iraqi paravaada raashtriyavaadigalu mattu german mattu italian vayupadegalige sahaaya maadi, vaayu nildaanagalannu indhana tumbalu mattu indhana tumbalu odagisiddaru. iraq dandayaatre konegolluva modale, idu siriyaadallina vayunelegala mele roff daaligalige kaaranavaagittu. kelave vaaragalalli ee ghatanegalu british mattu saamraajyada padegalu vichi-aadalitada siriya mattu lebanon mele siriya-lebanon karyacharaneyalli akramana maadalu kaaranavaadavu.

1941 iraakhi attimari rasheed alii alle-gailani attimari allengil golden square attimari ennum vilikkappedunna 1941 iraakhi attimari dii 'ettaatt, 1941 epril 1 nuu iraakhil nadanna oru deseeyavaada attimariyaayirunnu, athu reejant abd alle-ilayudeyum addehathinte pradhaanamantri noori alle-seidinteyum britiish anukoola bharanakoodatthe attimarichu rashid alii alle-gailani pradhaanamanthriyaayi niyamichu. 1932ll anuvadicha parimithamaaya swaathanthryathethudarna poornna iraakhi swaathanthryathinaayi yuddham upayogikkaan uddeshicha "golden square" ennariyappedunna naalu iraakhi deseeya sainika generalukalaanu attimarikk neethrthwam nalkiyathu. athinaayi avar jarmman intalijansumaayi chernnu pravartthikkukayum naasi germmaniyudeyum phaasist italiyudeyum sainika sahayam sweekarikkukayum cheythu. sarkkaarile maattam britiish iraakh adhiniveshathilekkum thudarnnulla adhiniveshathilekkum 1947 vare nayichu. attimari. 1939 muthal 1941 vare reejant abd alle-ilayudeyum pradhaanamantri noori azz-sayidinteyum neethrthwathilulla britiish anukoola sarkkar iraakh bharichu. europil randaam lokamahaayudham pottippurappettathinnettathu 1939 septambar 5 nuu iraakh jarmmaniyumaayulla bandham vichedichu. ennirunnaalum, brittanumaayulla adutha bandhatthinum jerman anukoola sainika udyogasthareyum kaabinat amgangaleyum ashrayikkunnathinum idayil noorikk shradhaapoorvvam nadakkendivannu. briteeshukaarkkethiraaya falasteen arab kalaapathinte falamaayi nirbandhitha palastheenil ninnu palayanam cheytha arab nethaakkalude abhayakendramaayi iraakh mariyirunnu. jarusalemile grand mufti, parajayappetta kalaapathinte palasteen arab deseeya nethaavaaya hajj aamin alle-hussaini, ethiya pradhana vyakthikalil ulppedunnu. reejantine attimarichu rashid alii alle-gailani pradhaanamanthriyaayi niyamichukondu 1941 epril 1 nuu golden square attimari aarambhichu. britiish prathikaranam. kalapam adichamarthaan saamrajyasenaye ayachu. epril 18 nuu, indian 20-aamath kaalalppadaye basrayil irakkiyukondu brittan prathikarichu, aadyathe thaddesheeya assyrian levikal prathyekichu habbaniyayil. iraakh fozhsinte gadakangal. iraakhumaayulla prathirodha udambadi prakaram ithu cheyyaan thangalkk avakaashamundenn brittan avakashappettu. habbaniyayude uparodham. thudarnnulla divasangalil, puthiya iraakhi sarkkar oru kaalaalppada brigade, oru peeranki brigade, 12 kavachitha kaarukal, taankukal ennivayulppede ganyamaaya karasena baghdadinu padinjaaru euphrates nadikkaduthulla valia britiish royal airfozhs (raaf) thaavalamaaya raaf habbaniaykku abhimukhamaayi peedabhoomiyilekku maatti. avide athiyappol, britishukaar sainyatheyo vimaanatheyo thaavalatthilekko puratthekko neekkaruthennu iraakhikal aavasyappettu. aadyam iraakhikal pradesham vidanamennu aavasyappettukondu britishukaar prathikarikkukayum thudarnnu meyy 2 nuu pularche nalkia anthima munnariyipp avasaanichathinethudarnnu akramanam nadathukayum cheythu. eee thaavalathil 96 cheruthaayi aayudhadhaarikalaaya vimanangal undaayirunnu, avayil bhooribhaagavum onnukil uddeshyathinaayi nirmmicha parisheelakaro allengil kaalaharanapetta yudhavimaanangalo aayirunnu. raajaavinte swantham royal rejimentil (laankaastar) ninnulla oru antrengthu bataaliyan, aarr kambani assyrian levikal (britishukaar uyarthiya sainikar), 18 kavachitha kaarukal, raaf udyogastharude oru kambani ennivayum avarkkundaayirunnu, ithu thaavalathe prathirodhikkaan motham 2,200 sainikare nalki. niravadhi aadhunika britiish, itaaliyan, us nirmmitha yanthrangal ulppedunna vimanangal undaayirunnittum royal iraakhi vyomasena raafine paraajayappeduthi. pooraattatthinte randaam divasamaaya meyy 3-oode naalu blenheim yudhavimaanangal ethi. britiish senaykk vyoma medhaavithvam ullathinaal iraakhi sainyam fallujayilekku madangaan nirbandhitharaavukayum raaf mosool, rashid ennividangalile iraakhi vyomasena thaavalangal akramikkukayum cheythu. habbaniah adisthaanaparamaayi swantham vibhavangal upayogichu uparodham pinvalichirunnu. audyogikamaayi "iraakhphozhs" ennu vilikkappedunna shakthippeduthalukal rund dishakalil ninnaan vannath. britiish, arab sainyangal palastheenil ninnum transjordenil ninnum marubhoomiyiloode rund nirakalaayi ("habfozhs", "king kooll") ethi. adhika indian sainyam basrayilethunnathu thudarnnu. iraakhi sainyathe fallujayil ninnu purathaakki baghdadilekku pinthudarnnu, athu oraazhchaykkullil veenu. ithu regentinteyum britiish anukoola sarkkaarinteyum naamamaathramaaya punasthaapanatthinu vazhiyorukki. iraakhile britiish sainika adhinivesham 1947 avasaanathode vare thudarnnu. desheeyavaadikalkku jarmman, itaaliyan pinthuna. iraakh yudhathil, desheeyavaadikalkkaayi cheria sainikabalangal aadyam germmaniyil ninnum pinneedu italiyil ninnum labhichu. athicherunna vimanangal iraakhi nirangal kondu kroorathayode varachirunnu. kurachu divasangalkku sesham kaalaharanapetta "rejia aeronotica" (itaaliyan airfozhs) bipelane faittarukal, raafa habbaniaykkum transjordenil ninnu neengunna saamrajyasenakalkkumethir mosoolil ninnu parannuyarnnu. ithu cheria phalatthil cheythu. syriayileyum lebananileyum vichi franch adhikaarikal achuthandu anukoola iraakhi desheeyavaadikaleyum jarmman, itaaliyan vyomasenakaleyum sahaayichirunnu, stejinginum indhanam niraykkunnathinum airfieldukal nalkiyirunnu. iraakh akramanam avasaanikkunnathin munbuthanne ithu syriayile vyomathaavalangalkk nereyulla raaf aakramanangalilekku nayichu. aazhchakalkkullil eee sambhavangal britiish, saamraajyasenakal syria-lebanon prachaaranatthil vichi-admind syria, lebanon enniva akramikkaan kaaranamaayi.

1941 irakmadhye sattapalat 1941 madheel iraqi uthav daad 'etat (,' thawrah rasheed allie all-kayalani '), jyala rasheed allie all-gelani uthav kinwa golden square uthav asehi mhanatat, haah 1 april 1941 roji irakmadhil rashtravadi uthav hota, jyane' abd all-ilah 'aanee tyache pantpradhan noori all-saeed yanchya british samarthak rajvatila ulthavoon takale aanee rasheed allie all-gelani yanna pantpradhan mhanoon sthapit kele. yaa uthawala 'golden square' mhanoon olakhale jaanare chaar iraqi rashtravadi lashkari senapati netrutva karat hote, jyancha 1932 madhye dilelya maryadit swatantryanantar sampoorn iraqi swatantryasathi dabav taknyasathi yuddhacha vapar karnyacha hetu hota. tyaa drushtine tyanni german guptachar yantranesah kaam kele aanee nazi germany aanee facist italikadoon lashkari madat sweekarli. sarkar badalanyamule britishanni irakvar aakraman kele aanee tyanantar 1947 paryant tyancha taba ghetala. bandkhori. 1939 teey 1941 paryant, 'abd all-ilah' yaa rajpratinidhichya netrutvakhalil aanee pantpradhan noori aus-saeed yanchya netrutvakhalil british samarthak sarkarne irakvar rajya kele. europemadhye dusare mahayuddha suru jhalyanantar 5 september 1939 roji iraqne germanyshi asalele sambandh todale. tathapi, noorila brittenshee asalele tyache jawalche sambandh aanee german samarthak lashkari adhikari aanee mantrimandal sadasyanvaril avalambitva yanchyat kaljipurvak chalave lagale. toparyant, britishanviruddhachya ayashasvi palestini arab bandacha parinam mhanoon anivarya palestinemadhun paloon gelelya arab netyansathi iraq haah aashray banala. united statesmadhye yenanyanmadhye jerusalemche mahamahim, huzz ameen all-hussaini, apayashi bandacha palestini arab rashtravadi neta, heey pramukh hote. 1 april 1941 roji golden square uthav suru karnyat aala, jyat rajpratinidhila ulthavoon rasheed allie all-gelanila pantpradhan mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale. britishanchi pratikriya. bund dadapanyasathi samrajya sainyane pathvile. 18 april roji, brittonne bharatiy 20 vya payadal brigedla basra yethe utaravun pratikriya dilee, jeey pahile sthanik assyrian lavies visheshtah habaniyamadhye vaparale gele. iraq forceche ghatak. irakbarobarchya sanrakshn kararanusar asey karnyacha tyanna adhikar asalyacha dawa brittonne keela. habniyacha vedha. tyanantarchya divasant, naveen iraqi sarkarne bagdadchya paschimes euphrates nadichya kathavaril motha british shahee havai dall (raaf) tall asalelya raaf habniyachya patharavar eka payadal brigade, eka tofkhana brigade aanee 12 bakhtarband qaar tasech takyansah bhareev jaminiche sainya halavale. aagmananantar, irakinni britishanni konatehi sainya kinwa viman talamadhye kinwa baher halavoo naye ashee magani kelee. ingrajanni pratham irakinna haah parisar sodanyachi magani karoon pratyuttar dile aanee nantar, 2 mechya pahate dilelya antim soochana sampalyanantar, hallah suru keela. talakade 96 halakya shastrasajj vimananche sainya hote, jyapaiki bahutek ektar uddeshane tayar kelele prashikshak kinwa prashikshanat rupantarit aprachalit ladhau viman hote. tyanchyakade rajachya swatachya shahee regimentchi (lankester) qamee shaktichi batalian, assyri shulkanchya sahaa kampanya (britishanni ubharalele sainya), 18 bakhtarband gadya aanee raaf karmchanyanchi eka company hotee, jee talala sanrakshn denyasathi ekoon 2,200 sainikanchi takad dett hotee. anek aadhunik british, italian aanee us nirmit yantransah vimane asoonahi shahee iraqi havai dall rafla parabhoot karnyat ayashasvi tharale. ladhaichya dusya divasaparyant (3 meey), chaar blainheim ladhau bombers aale. british sainyakade havai shreshthatva asalyane, iraqi sainyala falujamadhye parat jaanyas bhag padale gele aanee rafney mosul aanee rasheed yetheel iraqi havai dalachya talanvar hallah keela. habania moolatah swatachya sansadhananni vedha uthavala hota. adhikrutpane 'eracforce' mhanoon olakhalya jaananya atirikt sainya done dishanni aale. british aanee arab sainya palestine aanee transjorden yethoon valvantat done tukadyanmadhye (habforce aanee kingkol) pohochale. atirikt bharatiy sainya basaramadhye yet rahile. iraqchya sainyala falujatoon hakaloon denyat aale aanee bagdadparyant pathlag karnyat aala, jeey eka aathvadyachya aat kosalale. yamule rajpratinidhi aanee british samarthak sarkarchya nammatra punarsanchayanacha marg mokala jhaala. irakvar britishancha lashkari taba 1947chya uttaradhaparyant suru rahila. rashtravadyanna german aanee italian samarthan. iraq yuddhadarmyan, rashtravadyansathi lahan sainyabal pratham germany aanee nantar italikadoon prapt jhaale. yenanya vimananna iraqi ranganni kurkuritpane rangavale gele hote. thodya sankhyene 'luftwaff' (german havai dall) bombfecki aanee judd ladhau viman, tyanantar kahee divasanni aprachalit 'regia aeronautica' (italian havai dall) dvi-viman ladhau vimananni, raff habania aanee transjordenmadhun pudhe jaananya samrajya sainyachya viruddha mozulmadhun uddane kelee. yacha farsa parinam jhaala nahee. siiriya aanee lebnonmadhil vichee french adhikaanyaanee, pradarshan aanee indhan bharnyasathi havai kshetra puravanyasathi, aksh-samarthak iraqi rashtravadi aanee german aanee italian havai dall yaa doghannahi madat kelee hotee. iraqchi moheem sampanyapurvich, yamule seeriyatil havai talanvar raaf halle jhaale hote. kahee aathvadyanchya aat yaa ghatananmule british aanee samrajya sainyane siiriya-lebnon mohimemadhye vichee-prashasit siiriya aanee lebnonver aakraman kele.

1941 irakko vidroha sann 1941 ko iraki ku dee 'etat (, "thawaraha rasid alie all-gelani ku wa golden squire ku"), jaslai rasid alie all-gelani ku wa golden squire ku pani bhaninchha, 1 april 1941 maa irakma bhaeko rashtrawadi ku dee' etat thiyo jasle regent 'abda all-ilah rar unka pradhanmantri nuri all-saidako britis samarthak shasanlai ultaera rasid alie all-gelanilai pradhanmantriko rupma sthapit prashasta. sann 1932 maa diieko simit swatantrata pachhi purna iraki swatantrataka lagi dabab dina yuddha prayog garne uddeshyale "golden squire" bhanera chinine chaar iraki rashtrawadi senaka janaralharule vidrohako netritwa gareka thie. tyas uddeshyaka lagi, uniharule german guptacharsanga kaam gare rar nazi germany rar fascist italybata sainya sahayog swikar gare. sarkar pariwartanle irakma britis akraman rar tyasapachhiko kabja sann 1947 samma nimtyayo. vidroha. sann 1939 dekhi 1941 samma regent 'abda all-ilah rar pradhanmantri nuri asses-saidako netritwama raheko britis samarthak sarkarle irakma shasson prashasta. europema dosro vishwayudha suru bhaepachi irakle 5 september 1939 maa germanysangko sambandha todeko thiyo. yadyapi, nurile belayatsangko afno ghanishtha sambandha rar german samarthak senaka adhikariharu rar cabinet sadasyaharuma nirbhartako bichma sawadhanipurwak hindnuparyo. tyatinjel, iraq arab netaharuko sharansthal banyo jo britisharu viruddha asafal palestini arab vidrohako parinamswarup aniwarya palestinebata bhageka thie. aipugne pramukh wyaktiharu madhye jeruselamka grand mufti, haz amin all-husseini, asafal vidrohaka palestini arab rashtrawadi neta thie. golden squire ku 1 april 1941 maa suru bhaeko thiyo, rajapratinidhilai apadastha gardai rar rasid alie all-gelanilai pradhanmantriko rupma sthapit gariyo. britis pratikriya. vidrohalai daman garna samrajyaka senaharu pathaiyo. 18 aprilma, belayatle bharatiya 20 aun paidal sena brigedlai basarama awataran garera pratikriya diyo, june habaniyama pahilo prayog garieko muel assyrian leviharu hun. irakforceka tatwaharu. belayatle iraksangko afno raksha sandhiantargat yasto garne adhikar raheko dabi gareko chha. habbaniako gherabandi. pachhilla dinharuma, nayan iraki sarkarle bagadadko paschimma euphrates nadiko chheuma raheko thulo britis shahi wayu sena (raf) adhar, raf habania, lai herne patharma paidal sena brigade, artillery brigade, rar 12 bakhtarbanda karharu sathai tankharu sahit paryapta jamini senaharu saryo. aipugepachhi, irakiharule britisharulai kunai pani sena wa vimanlai adharbhitra wa bahira natiryauna mag gare. britisharule pahile irakiharulai khetra chhodna mag garera pratikriya die rar tyasapachhi, 2 maiko bihanko samayama diieko ultimatumko myad sakiepachhi, akraman suru gare. besma 96 wata halka sashastra wimanharuko ball thiyo, jasmadhye adhikansh yaa tata uddeshya-nirmit prashikshakharu thie wa aprachalit ladaku wimanharu prashikshan prayogma rupantaran garieko thiyo. tiniharusanga rajako afnai shahi regiment (lancaster) batt cum shakti batalian, assyrian levika chha companyharu (britisharule khada gareka senaharu), 18 bakhtarbanda karharu rar raf karmachariharuko company pani thiyo, jasle adharko raksha garna kull 2,200 sainikharuko shakti diyo. shahi iraki wayu sena, dherai adhunik britis-, italian-rar yues-nirmit messinharu samawesh garne wimanharu bhae tapani, raflai harauna asafal bhayo. ladainko dosro dina (3 mey) samma, chaar blenheim ladaku bamawarshakharu aipuge. britis senasanga hawai shreshthata bhaeko karan, iraki sena falujama farkan badhya bhayo rar rafle mosul rar rasidma raheko iraki wayu senaka adharharuma akraman prashasta. habbaniale aniwarya rupma afnai srotharu prayog garera gherabandi hataeka thie. adhikarik rupma "irakforce" bhanine sudridhikaranharu dui dishaharubata aeka thie. britis rar arab sena palestine rar transjordenbata marubhumima dui stambha ("habforce" rar "kingkol") maa aipuge. basrama thap bharatiya senaharu nirantar aipuge. iraki senalai falujabata bahira nikalieko thiyo rar bagadadsamma pachhyaieko thiyo, june ek haptabhitrai khasyo. yasale rajpratinidhi rar britis samarthak sarkarko namamatra punarsthapanako marga prashasta prashasta. irakma britis sainya kabja sann 1947 ko antyasamma jaari rahyo. rashtrawadiharuka lagi german rar italian samarthan. iraq yuddhako kramama, rashtrawadiharuka lagi sano sudridhikaranharu pahile germany rar tyasapachhi italybata prapta gariyo. aipugeka vimanharulai iraki rangle kathora rupma chitrit garieko thiyo. kehi dinpachhi aprachalit "regia aeronotica" (italian wayu sena) biplane ladakuharule, alpa sankhyama "luftwafe" (german wayu sena) bamawarshakharu rar bhari ladakuharu, duwai raf habbania rar transjordenbata sarne rahat samrajyaka senaharu viruddha mosulbata udan bhare. yo thorai prabhawka lagi garieko thiyo. syria rar lebnanka bhichi francelli adhikariharule pro-axis iraki rashtrawadiharu rar german rar italian wayu sena duwailai staging rar refuelingka lagi hawai kshetraharu pradan garna maddat gareka thie. iraq abhiyanko antya hunuaghi nai yasale syriako hawai addaharuma raf akraman nimtyaeko thiyo. kehi haptaharuma yee ghatanaharule britis rar samrajyaka senaharulai syria-lebnan abhiyanma bhichi-prashasit syria rar lebnanma akraman garna badhya banayo.

1941 iraqi abhyutthana 1941 iraqi abhyutthana dii 'etat (, "thawra raseed allie all-gelani abhyutthana" baa subarna berg abhyutthana), jaahaaku raseed allie all-gelani abhyutthana madhya kuhajae, 1 april 1941 ray iraakare eka jatijatabadi abhyutthana dii' etat thila jaahaa regent 'abda all-ilah ebong taanka pradhanamantri nuri all-saidanka british samarthaka shasanaku uchheda karithila ebong raseed allie all-gelaninku pradhanamantri bhabare sthapita karithila. ehi abhyutthana charijana iraqi jatijatabadi sena jeneralanka dwara parichalita hoithila, jeunmane "golden square" bhabare janashuna, jeunmane 1932 ray manjur hoithiba seemita swadheenata parey sampurna iraqi swadheenata paain chaap pakaiba paain judhaku byabahara karibaku chahunthile. sehi uddeshyare, semane german guinda sahita karjya karithile ebong nazi germany ebong facist italeenkatharu samarika sahajata grahan karithile. sarakarare paribartana phalare iraq upare british aakraman hoithila ebong 1947 parjyanta ehaa dakhal rahithila. bidroha. 1939 ru 1941 parjyanta regent 'abd all-ilah ebong pradhanamantri nuri aasa-sednka netrutware eka british samarthaka sarkar irakaku shasson karithile. juropare dwiteeja biswajudha arambha heba parey 1939 masiha september 5 tarikhare iraq germany sahita samparka chhinn karithila. tebe, nureenku britten sahita tankara ghanistha samparka ebong german samarthaka sena adhikari ebong cabinet sadasyanka upare nirbharasheelata madhyare sabadhanatara saha chalibaku padithila. setebelaku, iraq arab netamananka paain eka ashrajasthala palatithila, jeunmane britishmananka biruddhare biphal palestinian arab bidroha karanaru badhyatamoolaka palestineru palajana karithile. sethare pahanchiba paain pramukh byaktitwamananka madhyare jerujelmar grand mufti, haz amine all-husseini, biphal bidrohara palestini arab jatijatabadi neta thile. 1 april 1941 ray golden square abhyutthana arambha hoithila, rajapratinidhiku gadichyuta curry ebong raseed allie all-gelaneenku pradhanamantri bhabare sthapita karajaithila . british pratikrija. bidrohaku daman kariba paain samrajya bahini pathajaithila. april 18 ray, britten bharatiah 20 tama padatika brigade basra thaare abataran curry pratikrija prakash karithila, jaahaa pratham byabahruta sthaniah assyrian lebhij bisesh curry habanijare . eracforce upadan. britten daabi karithila je iraq sahita ehara pratirakhya chukti anujai ehaa karibara adhikara achhi. habaniah abarodh. parabarti dinare, nutan iraqi sarkar eka padatika brigade, eka artillery brigade, ebong ebong bakhtarabruta carr sahita tyank sameth yathesta sthala bahineeku baghdadar paschimare euphrates nadee parsware thiba bruhata british rajkiah bayusena (raf) bases raf habaniah upare drusti deuthiba malabhumiku sthanantara karithile. sethare pahanchiba parey, irakimane daabi karithile je britishamane kaunasi sainya kimba bimanaku bases bhitaraku kimba baharaku sthanantara karantu naahin. britishamane prathame irakimananku ehi anchala chhadibaku daabi curry pratikrija prakash karithile ebong taa 'parey, meey 2 rahr prarambhika samajare diajaithiba eka ultimatum samapta heba parey, eka aakraman arambha karithile. ehi bases ray 96 tii haluka sashastra bimanara eka bahini thila, jeunthiru adhikansha uddeshya-nirmita prashikhyaka kimba aprachalit juddha biman thila jaahaa talim byabaharare rupantarita hoithila . semananka pakhare rajanka nijaswa rajkiah regiment (lancaster) rahr eka comm shakti bisista batalion, chhaa company assyria lebhi (britishmananka dwara prastuta sainika), 18 bakhtarabastra kaara ebong raf karmacharinka eka company madhya thila, jaahaa bases rakhya karibaku mote 2,200 sainya shakti pradan karithila . aneka adhunika british, italiah ebong america nirmita messin thiba biman satwe, rayal iraqi bayusena raafaku parasta karibare biphal hoithila. dwiteeja dinara ladhei (meey 3) suddha, chariti blanheim juddha biman pahanchila. british sena baaju shresthatwa hassel kariba parey iraqi senaku phalujaku pheribaku badhya karajaithila ebong raf mosul ebong rasidare thiba iraqi bayusena bases upare aakraman karithila. habbania nijara sambala dwara moolatah abarodh uthaineithila. sarkari bhabe "eracforce" kuhajauthiba sudrudheekaranagudika dui digaru asithila. british ebong arab sainyabahinee palestine ebong transgerdanaru marubhumi upare duiti stambha ("habforce" ebong "kingakola") ray pahanchithile. atirikta bharatiah sena basarare pahanchibaku lagila. iraqi senaku phalujaru bitadita karajaithila ebong eka saptaha madhyare bagadadaku anusarana karajaithila. ehaa rajapratinidhi ebong british-samarthaka sarakaranka namamatra punaruddhara paain marga prasasta karithila. iraq upare british samarika dakhal 1947 masiha shesh parjyanta jaari rahithila. jatijatabadimananku german ebong italiah samarthan. iraq juddha samajare, jatijatabadimananka paain prathame germany ebong parey italyru chhot chhot sudrudheekarana prapta hoithila. sethare pahanchuthiba bimanagudiku iraqi rangare chaturatara saha rangajaithila. alpa sankhyaka "luftwaf" (german bayusena) bomabarshaka ebong bhaari joddha, kichhi deane parey aprachalit "regia aeronotica" (italiah bayusena) biplane joddha, ubhaja raf habbania ebong transgerdanaru gati karuthiba mukta samrajya bahini biruddhare mosularu udaana karithile. ehaa alpa prabhaba paain karajaithila. siria ebong lebananre bhichi farasi kartrupakhya ubhaja akhya-samarthaka iraqi jatijatabadi ebong german ebong italiah bajusenaku sahajata karithile, mancha ebong indhan bhartti paain biman khetra jogai deithile. epariki iraq abhijana shesh heba purbaru, ehaa crr biman bandara upare raf akramanara kaaran hoithila. kichhi saptaha madhyare ehi ghatanagudika british ebong samrajya bahini siria-lebanan abhijanare bhichi-prashasita siria ebong lebanan upare aakraman karibaku prerita karithila.

1941 iraak witch takhtapalt 1941 dee iraqi takhtapalt (, "thawrah rasheed allie all-kailani"), jiss noon rasheed allie all-gelani takhtapalt jaan golden squair takhtapalt vee kiha jaanda haii, 1 aprail 1941 noon iraak witch ikk rashtarvadi takhtapalt see jiss neey regent 'abad all-ilah atey uss dey pardhan mantri noori all-saeed dey british pakkhi shasan noon ukhaad suttiaa atey rasheed allie all-gelani noon pardhan mantri vajon sathapit keeta. takhtapalt dee agvai chaar iraqi rashtarvadi saina dey generalan neey keeti see, jinhan noon "golden squair" vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, jinhan daa irada 1932 witch ditti gaee seemat aazadi toon baad puurii iraqi aazadi laee dabaa paunh laee yuddh dee varton karna see. iss laee, unhan neey german khufia agency naal kamm keeta atey naazi germany atey fashiwadi itali toon fauji sahaita savikar keeti. sarkaar witch tabdili neey iraak utte british hamle atey 1947 takk kabza curran daa caarn baniaa. takhtapalt. 1939 toon 1941 takk regent 'abad all-ilah atey pardhan mantri noori ashh-saeed dee agvai vaali ikk british pakkhi sarkaar neey iraak utte shasan keeta. yoorap witch dooje vishav yuddh dey shuru honn toon baad 5 satambar 1939 noon iraak neey germany naal sabndh todd ditte. halanki, noori noon britten naal aapne nazdiki sabandhan atey german pakkhi fauj dey adhikariaan atey mantri mandal dey memberan utte nirbharta dey vichkaar dhiaan naal challna piaa. uss samein takk, iraak arab netavan dee panaah bann giaa joe british virudh asfal falastini arab vidroh dey natije vajon lazmi falastin toon bhajj gaye sunn. pahunchan valiaan pramukh hastiaan witch yerushalam dey grand mufti, hajj ameen all-hussaini, asfal vidroh dey falastini arab rashtarvadi neta sunn. golden squair takhtapalt 1 aprail 1941 noon shuru keeta giaa see, jiss witch regent noon ukhaad suttiaa giaa see atey rasheed allie all-gailani noon pardhan mantri vajon sathapit keeta giaa see. british jawab samraj deeaan faujan noon vidroh noon dabaun laee bhejiaa giaa. 18 aprail noon, britten neey bharti bharti paidal saina brigade noon basra vikhe utaar keey pratikiriaa ditti, joe kii habbania witch pahili vaar vartiaa jaanh vaala mool assyri levi see. erockforce dey tatt. britten neey daava keeta kii uh iraak naal aapni rakkhiaa sandhi tehat ajiha curran daa hakkdaar haii. habbania dee gherabandi. agle dinan witch, naveen iraqi sarkaar neey ikk paidal saina brigade, ikk topkhane dee brigade, atey 12 bakhtarband kaaran dey naal-naal tainkan samet kaafi zamini faujan noon baghdad dey pachham witch faraat nadee dey kinare vadde british shaahi havaai saina (raaf) dey adde, raaf habania noon vekhdiaan pathaar witch lijaiaa. pahunchan 'teey, iraqiaan neey mung keeti kii angrezan noon naa taan koee fauj atey naa hii jahaz adde dey ander jaan bahr naa lijaan. british neey pahilan mung keeti kii iraqi khetar chhadd denh atey firr 2 maee dey shuruati ghantiaan witch ditte gaye ultimatum dee miaad khatam honn toon baad hamla shuru qarr ditta. iss adde witch 96 halke hathiaarband jahazan dee ikk fauj see, jinhan vicchon ziaadaatar jaan taan udesh naal baney trainer sunn jaan aprachalit ladaku jahaz sikhlai varton witch tabdil keete gaye sunn. uhanan cole raaje dee aapni shaahi regiment (lancaster) dee ikk ghatt taakat vaali batalian, assyri leviaan deeaan chhe companyan (british duaara tiaar keetiaan gaeeaan faujan), 18 bakhtarband kaaran atey raaf karamchariaan dee ikk company vee see, joe adde dee rakkhiaa laee kull 2,200 sainikan dee taakat dindi see. shaahi iraqi havaai saina, jahaz honn dey bavjood jiss witch kaee aadhunik british, italvi atey us-billet machines shamal sunn, raaf noon haraun witch asfal rahee. ladai dey dooje dinn (3 maee) takk, chaar blanheim ladaku bambar pahunch gaye. british faujan dee havaai uttmata dey naal, iraqi fauj noon fluja waps jaanh laee majbur keeta giaa atey raaf neey mosul atey rasheed vikhe iraqi havaai saina dey addiaan utte hamla qarr ditta. habbania neey aapne sarotan naal gherabandi hataa laee see. fauj, jiss noon adhikarat taur 'teey "erockforce" kiha jaanda haii, doou dishavan toon aaee see. british atey arab fauj deeaan faujan falastin atey transjorden toon maruthal dey paar doou kalman ("habforce" atey "kingcol") witch pahunchiaan. vadhu bharti faujan basra witch pahunchdiaan rahiaan. iraqi fauj noon fluza toon bahr kaddh ditta giaa atey baghdad takk pichha keeta giaa, joe ikk hafte dey ander-ander digg gaee. iss neey regent atey british pakkhi sarkaar dee namatar bahali daa raah saaf qarr ditta. iraak utte british fauji kabza 1947 dey akheer takk jaari riha. rashtarvadiaan laee german atey italvi samarthan. iraak yuddh dauran, rashtarvadiaan laee pahilan germany atey firr itali toon mamuli mazbooti prapat keeti gaee see. pahunchan vaale jahazan noon iraqi rangan naal rangiaa giaa see. kujh dinan baad "looftwaf" (german havaai saina) bambar atey bhaari ladaku jahazan dee chhoti ginti, jiss toon baad "regia aeronotica" (italvi havaai saina) bipelane ladaku jahazan neey, raaf habbania atey transjorden toon paar jaanh valiaan raahat denh valiaan samraj deeaan faujan dovan dey virudh mosul toon udanan bhariaan. iss daa bahut ghatt prabhav piaa. siria atey lebnan witch vichi franch adhikariaan neey dhura-pakkhi iraqi rashtarvadiaan atey german atey italvi havaai faujan dovan dee madad keeti see, jiss naal staging atey eendhan bharan laee havaai khetar muhaiya karvaae gaye sunn. iraak muhim dey khatam honn toon pahilan hii, iss caarn siria witch havaai addiaan utte raaf hamle hoye sunn. haftiaan dey ander-ander inhan ghatnavan neey british atey samraj deeaan faujan noon siria-lebnan muhim witch vichi-parshasit siria atey lebnan utte hamla curran laee prerit keeta.

1941 iraak-deshe vidrohah. 1941 iraak-vidrohah (, "thavra rasheed allie all-kailani"), rasheed allie all-gelani vidrohah athavaa suvarna-varga-vidrohah iti api kathyate, iraak-deshe 1941 april 1 dinaanke rashtravadi-vidrohah aasit, yena regent abd all-ilaah, tasya pradhaanamantri nooree all-said ityetayoho british-samarthak-shasanam apadat, rasheed allie all-gelani ityetam pradhaanamantreeroopen pratishtaapitam. asya vidrohasya netrutvam "golden square" iti namna prasiddhaih chatwaarah iraki-rashtravadi-senaa-senaapatibhih krutam, ye 1932 tame varshe pradattasy seemita-swatantrataayaah anantaram poorna-iraki-swatantrataayaah krute yuddham upayoktum uddeshitaah aasan. etasmaat uddeshyay te german-guptachar-samsthayaa saha karyam krutavantah, nazi-germany-taha, faasist-italee-deshaat cha sainyasahayam sveekrutavantah. shasanasya parivartanasya karanat iraak-deshe british-akramanam, tadanantaram 1947 paryantam akramanam abhavat. vidrohah. 1939 taha 1941 paryantam rajapratinidhihi abd-all-ilaah, pradhaanamantri nooree ass-said cha netrutve british-samarthak-sarwakaarah iraak-desham ashaasu. europe-deshe dviteeyavishvayuddhasya aarambhasy anantaram 1939 september 5 dinaanke iraak-deshah germany-deshena saha sambandham vicchedayat. parantu nooree-varyaha britton-deshena saha swasya nikatasambandhan, german-samarthak-senadhikarinam, mantrimandalasy sadasyanam cha upari avalambanasya cha madhye savadhanataya chaalayitum baadhyah abhavat. tasmin samaye iraak-deshah arab-netrubhyah ashrayam abhavat, ye british-viruddhe viphalasya palestiny-arab-vidrohinah parinaamen anivaarya-palestiny-deshaat palaayitaah abhavan. aagantaneshu pramukheshu vyaktishu jerusalam-nagarasya mahammad muftihi, asafal-vidrohasya palestiny-arab-rashtravadi netaa haj ameen all-hussaini cha aasit. 1941 april 1 dinaanke golden square-vidrohah arabdha, raajapratinidhim padchyutam krutvaa rasheed allie all-gelani pradhaanamantreeroopen pratishtaapayat. anglanam pratikriyaa. vidrohasya damanartham saamraajyasainikaah preshitaani. april 18 dinaanke, britton-deshah, bhaarateey-20 padaatidala-brigade-samsthaam basraa-nagare, visheshatah habbaniyaah-nagare, prathamavaaram prayuktam deshiyam assyrian-levi-sainyam, utrutya pratikriyaam akarot. iraak-balasya tattvaani. iraak-deshena saha swasamrakshana-sandhyaa etat kartum adhikaarah asti iti britton-deshah avadat. habbania ityasya pariveshtanam. anantaram dineshu, nootanam iraki-sarwakaarah, baghdad-nagarasya paschimadishi yoofrets-nadyaah paarshve vishaalam british-rayal-err-force (raaf) bess, raaf-habbania-ityasya abhimukham, padatisainya-brigade, artillery-brigade, 12 shastrasajjita-kaar-yaanaani, tyaank-yaanaani cha ityadeen paryaptan bhoosenaah pathitavaan. agamananantaram iraki-janaah aagraham akurvan yat british-janaah kimapi sainyam, vimaanam, aadhaarasy antah bahihi vaa naa gantum shaknuvanti iti. british-janaah prathame iraki-janaah kshetraat nishkaasayitum yachanam akurvan, tatah mey-masasya 2 dinaanke praatahkaale dattasy ultimatum ityasya samaapteh anantaram akramanam praarabhant. asya aadhaarasy 96 laghu-sashastra-vimananam balam aasit, yeshu adhikaamshaah uddeshya-nirmita-prashikshakaah aasan athavaa aprachalita-yuddhavimaanaani prashikshan-upayogartham parivartitaah aasan. teshaam api raajnah swasya raaj-regiment (lancaster) ityasya alpabal-bataaliyanah, assyrian-levee-ityasya shut kampanee (british-dwara utthaapitaah sainikaah), 18 bakhtarayuktaah kaar-yaanaani, raaf-karmikanam ekam kampanee cha aasan, yena kularupena 2,200 sainikaah aadhaarasy rakshanarthm aasan. rayal-iraki-vayudalena, vimaanaani aasan, yeshu aneke aadhunik-british-italian-americ-nirmita-yantraani cha aasan, tathaapi raaf-vimaanam paraajayitum asaphalam abhavat. yuddhasya dwiteeyadinam (mey 3) yaavat chatwaarah blenham-faitar-bumber-vimaanaah aagataah. british-sainyasya vaayu-shreshtataa aasit, iraki-senaa punah faluza-nagaram prati nibaddhah abhavat, raaf-senaa mosool-rasheed-nagare iraki-vaayu-senaa-sthavaran aakramayat. habbania moolatah swasampadyaam saha pariveshtanam niroodavaan. aadhikaarikaroopen "eracforce" iti namna khyataha sudrudeekaranaani dwayoh dishayoho aagataah. british-arab-sainyadalaani palestain-transjorden-deshayoho marubhoomau paritah stambhadvayena ("habforce" tathaa "kingkol") aagataah. atiriktaani bharatiyasainikaha basraa-nagaram prati aagacchan. irakisena falloojaa-nagaraat nishkasitva, bagadaad-nagaram prati anugacchat, yat ekasaptaahe eva patitam. anena raajapratinidhinah, british-samarthak-sarvakaarasya cha namamatrasya punarsthaapanasy maargah prashastah abhavat. iraak-deshe british-sainya-akramanam 1947 tamavarshasya ante yaavat anwawartat. raashtravaadibhyah german-italian-deshayoho samarthanam. iraak-yuddhasya samaye, prathame germany-deshaat, tatah itali-deshaat cha rashtravadinam krute laghu-sudrudeekaranaani praaptaah. aagantavyaah vimaanaah iraki-varnaihi kroori-varnaihi chitritaah aasan. alpasankhyakaah "luftwafe" (german-vaayusenaah) bamavarshakaah, bhaaree-yoddhaarah cha, tadanantaram katipayeshu dineshu aprachalitaih "regia-aeronotica" (italian-vaayusenaah) dwi-vimana-yoddhrubhihi, mosool-nagaraat raaf-habbania-ityasya viruddham, tathaa cha transjorden-nagaraat param gacchantah saamraajy-balanam nivaarakaanaam cha viruddham uddeeyant. etat alpena prabhaawen krutam. syria-lebanan-deshayoho vichee-french-adhikaarinah, aksha-samarthak-iraki-rashtravadinam, german-italian-vaayusenaayaah cha sahayyam krutavantah, tathaa cha staging-indhana-punah bharanatham cha vimaanakshetraani pradadat. iraak-abhiyanasya samaapteh praak eva, anena syria-deshasya vaayunaukeshu raaf-aakramanaani abhavan. saptahanam madhye ete ghatanaah british-saamraajy-senaah vichee-prashasita-syria-lebanan-ityetayoho akramanartham syria-lebanan-abhiyanam akurvan.

1941 eeraakkiya aatchi kavilppu 1941 eeraakki aatchi kavilppu dii 'ettaat (, "tawra rasheet alii all-kaelani"), rashit alii all-kaelani aatchi kavilppu allathu colton skoyar aatchi kavilppu endrum azhaikkappadukirathu, idhu eeraakkil aepral 1,1941 andru nadantha oru dhesiyavaatha aatchi kavilppu aagum, idhu british saarbu aatchiyaana' upt all-ilaa 'mattrum avarathu pirathama mandhiri noori all-sayeet aagiyoarai kavizhththu rasheet alii all-keylani pirathamaraaga niyamiththathu. inththa aatchi kavilppukku "colton skoyar" endru azhaikkappadum naanku eeraakki dhesiyavaatha iraanuva thalapathikal thalaimai thaangkinar, avarkal 1932 ill valangkappatta varaiyarukappatta suthanthiraththaith thodarnthu eeraakki muzhu suthanthiraththirkaaga poaraip payanpaduththa virumbinar. antha nokkaththirkaaga, avarkal jerman ulavuththuraiyudan inainthu paniyaattrinar, maelum naji jermani mattrum paasisa itaaliyin iraanuva udhaviyai aetrtrukkondanar. arasaangkaththil aerpatta maattram eeraak meethu aangkilaeyargalin padaiyeduppukkum, adhaith thodarnthu 1947 varai aakiramippukkum vazhivaguththathu. aatchi kavilppu. 1939 muthal 1941 varai, aatchiyaalar abdul-ilaa mattrum pirathamar noori azz-side thalaimaiyilaana british saarbu arasaangkam eeraakkai aatchi seithathu. iroappaavil irandaam ulagap poar vediththathaith thodarnthu, septumber 5,1939 andru eeraak jermaniyudanaana uravugalai thundiththathu. iruppinum, noori pirittanudanaana thanathu nerungiya uravirkum jerman saarbu iraanuva athikaarikal mattrum amaicharavai uruppinargalai nambuvatharkum idaiyil kavanamaaga nadakka vaendiyirunththathu. antha neraththil, britishaarukku ethiraana thoalviyadaintha balastinian arabu kilarchiyin vilaivaaga kattaaya baalastheenaththilirunthu thappiyoodiya arabu thalaivarkalukku eeraak oru adaikkalamaaga maariyathu. vantha mukiya nabarkalil jerusalemin grand mupthi, thoalviyuttra kilarchiyin balastinian arabu desiyavaathath thalaivaraana hajj ameen all-husaini aagiyoar adangkuvar. colton skoyar aatchi kavilppu 1941 aepral 1 andru thodangappattathu, idhu aatchiyaalarai kavizhththu, rasheet alii all-keylani pirathamaraaga niyamiththathu. british pathil. kilarchchiyaith thanikka paerarasin padaikal anupappattana. aepral 18 andru, brittan inthiya 20 vadhu kaalaatpadai padaippirivai pasraavil tharaiyirakkuvathan moolam pathiladi koduththathu, idhu happaniyaavil muthanmuthalil payanpaduththappatta poorveega aseeriya levies aagum. erockforce koorugal. eeraakkudanaana thanathu paathukaappu oppanththaththin keezh idhaich seiya urimai undu endru brittan kooriyadhu. happaniyaavin muttrukai. aduthaduththa naatkalil, puthiya eeraakki arasaangkam oru kaalaatpadai padaippirivu, oru beerangi padaippirivu mattrum 12 kavasa kaarkal mattrum daangkigal udpada kanisamaana tharaip padaikalai paaktaattukku maerkae euphrates aattrin arugae ulla periya british arasa vimaanappadai (roff) thalamaana roff happaniyaavaik kaanum peedabhoomikku nagarththiyathu. eeraakkiyarkal vanththavudan, britishar endhap padaikalaiyum vimaanangkalaiyum thalaththirkul allathu veliyae nagarththa vaendaam endru koarinar. idharku pathiladi koduttha aangkilaeyargal, eeraakkiyarkal muthalil anthap paguthiyai vittu veliyaera vaendum endru koarinar, pinnar, mae 2 athikaalaiyil valangkappatta iruthi echcharikkai kaalaavathiyaagivittathaith thodarnthu, thaakkuthalaith thodangkinar. inththa thalaththil 96 ilaguraga aayutham aenththiya vimaanangkal irunththana, avattril perumbaalaanavai nokkaththirkaaga kattapatta payirchiyaalarkal allathu palamaiyaana poar vimaanangkal payirchi payanpaattirku maattrappattana. avarkal rajaavin sontha arasa padaippirivil (lancaster) irunthu oru kuraivaana palam konda padaippirivu, aaru kambenigal aseeriya varii (britishaaraal ezhuppappatta thuruppukkal), 18 kavasa kaarkal mattrum roff paniyaalarkalin oru niruvanam aagiyavattraik kondirunthanar, idhu thalaththaip paathukaakka moththam 2,200 thuruppukkalai valangkiyathu. arasa eeraakki vimaanappadai, aeraalamaana naveena british, itaaliya mattrum americawal kattapatta iyanththirangkalai ulladakkiya vimaanangkalaik kondirundhaalum, rafait thoarkadikkath thavarivittathu. sandaiyin irandaavathu naalukkul (mae 3), naanku blenheim poar kunduveechchu vimaanangkal vanthana. british padaikal vaan maenmai kondathaal, eeraakki iraanuvam meendum pallujaavukkuth thallappattathu, maelum roff mosul mattrum rasheet aagiya idangkalil ulla eeraakki vimaanappadai thazhangalaith thaakkiyathu. habbania adippadaiyil thanathu sontha valangkaludan muttrukaiyai neekkiyirunthaar. erockforce" endru athikaarappoorvamaaga azhaikkappadum valuvoottalgal, irandu thisaikalilirunthum vanthana. british mattrum arabu padaikal balastinam mattrum transjordenil irunthu paalaivanaththin kurukkae irandu neduvarisaigalil ("hapforce" mattrum "kingol") vanthana. koodudhal inthiyap padaikal thodarnthu pasravukku vanthana. eeraakkiya iraanuvam palloojaavilirunthu virattapattu baghtad varai thuraththappattathu, adhu oru vaaraththirkul veelnththathu. idhu aatchiyaalarin peyaralavil maruseeramaippatharkum british saarbu arasaangkaththirkum vazhi vaguththathu. eeraakkil british iraanuva aakiramippu 1947 aam aandin pirpaguthi varai thodarnthathu. thaesiyavaathigalukku jerman mattrum itaaliya aatharavu. eeraak poarin poathu, thaesiyavaathigalukkaana siriya valuvoottalgal muthalil jermaniyilirunthum pinnar iththaaliyilirunthum perapattana. vantha vimaanangkal eeraakki vannangkalaal murattuththanamaaga varaiyappattana. sila naatkalukkup piragu, "rejia aeronatica" (itaaliya vimaanappadai) iru vimaanap poaraalikal, siriya ennikkaiyilaana "luftwaff" (jerman vimaanappadai) kunduveechchu vimaanangkal mattrum kanaraga poaraalikal, roff habbania mattrum transjordenil irunthu nagarum nivaaranap paerarasin padaikal aagiya irandirkum ethiraaga mosoolil irunthu paranthanar. idhu kuraindha vilaivugalukkae seiyappattathu. siriya mattrum lebanonil ulla vichi pirenchu athikaarikal achu saarbu eeraakki thaesiyavaathigal mattrum jerman mattrum itaaliya vimaanap padaikal aagiya iruvarukkum udhavinar, staging mattrum eriporul nirappuvatharkaana vimaana nilaiyangalai vazhangkinar. eeraak padaiyeduppu mudivadaivatharku munbae, idhu siriyaavil ulla vimanath thazhangal meethu roff thaakkuthalkalukku vazhivaguththathu. sila vaarangkalukkul inththa nigazhvugal british mattrum paerarasin padaikal siriya-lebanon padaiyeduppil visi nirvaagaththil ulla siriya mattrum lebanon meethu padaiyedukka vazhivaguththana.

1941 iraq tirugubaatu 1941 iraq tirugubaatu dii 'etat (, "thawra rasheed ally all-kailani"), dheenini rasheed allie all-gelaanee tirugubaatu ledhaa golden square tirugubaatu anie kooda pilustaaru, idhi iraaklo 1 april 1941naa jarigina jaateeyavaada tirugubaatu dii' etat, idhi regent abd all-ilaa mariyu athani pradhana mantri noori all-sayed yokka british anukuula palananu padagotti, rasheed allie all-gelaaneeni pradhana mantrigaa niyaminchindi. golden square" anie piluvabade naluguru iraq jaateeyavaada armi generals eee tirugubaatuku naayakatvam vahinchaaru, vaaru 1932loe manjuru cheyabadina parimita swaatantryam taruvaata puurti iraq swaatantryam kosam yuddhanni upayoginchaalani bhaavinchaaru. aaa disagaa, vaaru german nigha samsthalatho kalisi panicheesaaru mariyu naajii germany mariyu faasist italii nundi sainika sahayanni angeekarinchaaru. prabhutvamlo maarpu iraq meeda british dandayaatraku, 1947 varaku aakramanaku daariteesindi. tirugubaatu. 1939 nundi 1941 varaku regent abd all-ilaa mariyu pradhana mantri noori ass-sayed netrutvamloni british anukuula prabhutvam iraaknu paalinchindi. airopalo rendava prapancha yuddham praarambhamaina taruvaata 1939 september 5naa iraq germanytho sambandhaalanu tenchukundi. ayithe, noori britaintho thana sannihita sambandhaaniki, germany anukuula sainika adhikarulu, cabinet sabhyulapai aadhaarapadataaniki madhya jagrattagaa nadavavalasi vachindi. aaa samayaniki, british vaariki vyatiraekamgaa viphalamaina paalastiinaa arab tirugubaatu phalitamgaa tappanisari paalastiinaa nundi paaripoyina arab nayakulaku iraq aasrayam ayyindi. ikkadiki vacchina mukhya vyaktulalo jerusalem yokka grand mufti, viphalamaina tirugubaatuku paalastiinaa arab jaateeyavaadi nayakudu huzz ameen all-husseni unnaaru. golden square tirugubaatu 1941 april 1naa praarambhinchabadindi, raajapratinidhini padagotti, rasheed allie all-gailaneeni pradhana mantrigaa niyaminchaaru. british pratispandana. tirugubaatunu anachiveyadaaniki saamraajya dalaalanu pampaaru. april 18naa, britton bhaarata 20va padaatidala brigednu basra vadda dimpindi, idhi modatisaarigaa upayoginchina sthaanika assyrian leviilu, mukhyamgaa habbaniyalo. eracforce yokka amsaalu. iraq thoo thana rakshana oppandam prakaram ilaa cheyadaaniki tamaku hakku undani britton perkondi. habbaniyanu muttadinchadam. taruvaati rojullo, kotta iraq prabhutvam oka padaatidala brigade, oka phirangi brigade, 12 saayudha kaarlu, tankulatho sahaa gananeeyamaina bhuu dalaalanu baghdadku paschimaana uphrates nadhi pakkana unna pedda british raayal air fores (raaf) sthaavaramaina raaf habbaniyaku edurugaa unna peethabhoomiki taralinchindi. raakapai, iraq vaaru british vaaru sthaavaram lopaliki ledhaa velupaliki etuvanti dalaalanu ledhaa vimanalanu taralinchavaddani demand chesaaru. modata iraq vaasulu eee praantaanni vidichipettaalani british vaaru demand chesi, aapai, mae 2 tellavaarujaamuna icchina ultimatum gaduvu mugisina taruvaata, daadi praarambhinchaaru. eee sthaavaramlo 96 telikapati aayudhaalatho kuudina vimanalu undevi, veetilo ekkuva bhaagam prayojanaala kosam nirminchina sikshakulu ledhaa vaadukalo laeni yuddha vimanalu, veetini sikshana viniyogamgaa marcharu. vaariki raaju sonta raayal regiment (lancaster) nundi takkuva balam gala betalian, aaru companyla assyrian leviilu (british vaaru penchina dalaalu), 18 saayudha kaarlu mariyu raaf sibbandi brundam kooda unnaayi, idhi sthaavaraanni rakshinchadaaniki mottam 2,200 mandhi dalaalanu ichindi. raayal iraq vaimanika dalam, aneka aadhunika british, italian mariyu us-nirmita yantraalato kuudina vimanalanu kaligi unnappatikee, raafnu oodinchadamloo viphalamaindi. rendava roeju poraatam (mae 3) natiki, naalugu blenheim faitar bomberlu vachayi. british dalaalu vaimanika aadhipatyaanni kaligi undadamtho, iraq sainyam tirigi falujaaku balavantamgaa tirigi vachindi, mariyu raaf mosul mariyu rasheed vadda unna iraq vaimanika dhala sthaavaraalapai daadi chesindi. habbania tappanisarigaa thana sonta vanarulatho muttadini ettivesindi. eracforce" anie adhikarikamga piluvabade balagalu rendu disala nundi vachayi. british mariyu arab dalaalu paalastiinaa mariyu transjordan nundi edaari meedugaa rendu stambhaluga ("habforce" mariyu "kingkol") vachayi. adanapu bhaarata dalaalu basraku ravadam konasaginchayi. iraq sainyam falluza nundi tarimikottabadi, baghdad varaku vembadinchabadindi, adhi oka vaaramlone padipoyindi. idhi regent mariyu british anukuula prabhutvam naamamaatrapu punaruddharanaku maargam sugamam chesindi. iraakpai british sainika aakramana 1947 chivari varaku konasaagindi. jaateeyavaadulaku german mariyu italian maddatu. iraq yuddha samayamlo, jaateeyavaadulaku chinna upabalaalu modata germany, taruvaata italii nundi andaayi. akkadiki cherukunna vimanalanu iraqi rangulatho krooramgaa chithrinchaaru. koddi sankhyalo "luftwaff" (german vaimanika dalam) bomberlu mariyu bhaarii yuddha vimanalu, konni rojula taruvaata paatha "regia aeronatica" (italian vaimanika dalam) bipelane fiters, raaf habbania mariyu transjordan nundi kadulutunna upasamanam kaliginche saamraajya dalaalu rendintikee vyatiraekamgaa mosul nundi vimanalu eguravesaayi. idhi takkuva prabhaavamtho jarigindi. siriya mariyu lebananloni vichi french adhikarulu axis anukuula iraq jaateeyavaadulu mariyu german mariyu italian vaimanika dalaalaku sahayapadi, staging mariyu indhanam nimpadaaniki vaimanika sthaavaraalanu andinchaaru. iraq dandayaatra mugiselopu, idhi syrialoni vaimanika sthaavaraalapai raaf daadulaku daariteesindi. konni vaaraala vyavadhilo eee sanghatanalu british mariyu saamraajya dalaalu vichii-paripaalanalo unna siriya mariyu lebanon meeda siriya-lebanon dandayaatralo daadi cheyadaaniki daariteesaayi.

1941 iraaq mein baghawat 1941 kii iraqi baghawat daad 'ataat (yee "thawrah rasheed alee ill-kailani")yee jasay rasheed alee alghailani baghawat yaa sunhari marbaa baghawat bhee kahaa jaataa hay 1 apreel 1941 kuu iraaq mein eek qoom parsat baghawat thee jiss nay regent abad ill-ill-ill-ill-ill-ill-ill-sayed aur iss kay wazeer aizam noori ill-sayed kii bartanvi nawaz hukumat kaa takhtah alt diyaa aur rasheed alee alghailani kuu wazeer aizam kay toor parr tayinaat kiyaa. baghawat kii qayadat chaar iraqi qoom parsat foji journelon nay kii thee jinhein "golden squire" kay naam say jaana jaataa hay jinn kaa maqsad 1932 mein dee gayee mahdud aazadi kay baad iraaq kii makmal aazadi kay liye dabao daalnay kay liye jung kuu istemaal karnaa thaa. iss maqsad kay liyay inhon nay german intelli jans kay saath kaam kiyaa aur naazi germani aur fashist atlee say foji madad qabool kii. hukumat mein tabdili iraaq parr bartanvi hamlay aur iss kay baad 1947 takk qabze kaa baais bunny. baghawat. 1939 say 1941 takk bartanvi nawaz hukumat jiss kii sarbarahi regent abad alilah aur wazeer aizam noori sayed nay kii iraaq parr hukumat kii. iraaq nay europ mein dosri jung azeem kay aaghaz kay baad 5 satambar 1939 kuu germani kay saath taluqat manqata kirr liye. tahim noori kuu bartaniah kay saath apnay qareebi taluqat aur german nawaz foj kay afsaran aur kabinah kay arkaan parr inhasaar kay darmiyan ahtiyaat say chalna padaa. iss waqat takk iraaq arab rehnumaon kii panah gaah bunn gayaa juu angrezon kay khalaaf nakaam falastini arab baghawat kay natijay mein lazmi falastin say bhaag gayey thay. pahunchnay waali kaleedi shaqsiyat mein eroshulam kay mufti aazam nakaam baghawat kay falastini arab qoom parsat rehnuma hajj ameen alhasini bhee shaamil thay. golden squire baghawat 1 apreel 1941 kuu sharoo kii gayee jiss mein regent kaa takhtah alt diyaa gayaa aur rasheed alee alghailani kuu wazeer aizam kay toor parr tayinaat kiyaa gayaa. bartanvi jawaab. baghawat kuu roknay kay liye sultanat kii afwaj bheji gayein. 18 apreel cow bartaniah nay besra mein hindustani 20 wein infintry brigade kuu ataar kirr radamil zahir kiyaa juu kahh pehli baar istemaal honay waali maqami asuri levies khaas toor parr habbaniah mein thee. iraaq force kay anaasir. bartaniah nay daawi kiyaa kahh wah iraaq kay saath apnay dafayi muahide kay tahat aisa karnay kaa hqdar hay. habbaniah kaa muhasirah. aglay dunon mein nayee iraqi hukumat nay kaafi zamini afwaj kuu muntaqil kiyaa jinn mein eek infintry brigade eek artlery brigade aur 12 baktar bund kaaron kay saath saath tenkon kuu bhee satah martafa mein muntaqil kiyaa juu baghdad kay maghrab mein daryaae faraat kay kinaray bartanvi shaahi fazaiya (raaf) kaa badaa addah hay. pahunchnay parr iraqiyon nay mutalibah kiyaa kahh angrezon kuu kasee bhee foj kuu naha tuu aday kay andar yaa baahir muntaqil karnaa chahiye aur naha hyee hawai jehaaz kuu. angrezon nay jawaab mein pehley iraqiyon say elaqah chhodnay kaa mutalibah kiyaa aur phir 2 mayee kay awail mein diye gayey alty metum kii meaad khatam honay kay baad hamlah kiyaa. iss aday parr 96 halkay hathiyaron say lees tayaron kii eek force thee jinn mein say ziyadah tarr yaa tuu maqsad kay liye banaye gayey trainer thay yaa matruk jangi tayaray thay jinhein tarbiti istemaal mein tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. inn kay paas baadshah kii apnee shaahi regment (lancaster) kii eek kumm taaqat waali batalin asuri leevi kii chh companiyan (angrezon kay zariah tayaar kardah foji)yee 18 baktar bund kaarein aur raaf ahalkaron kii eek company bhee thee juu aday kay dafaa kay liye 2,200 fojiyon kii kill taaqat deeti thee. shaahi iraqi fazayeh tayaron kay honay kay bawajood jiss mein mutadid jadeed bartanvi atalvi aur americi saakhta machinein shaamil thein raaf kuu shakast deenay mein nakaam rahee. ladayi kay dosray dunn (3 mayee) takk chaar blanheim ladaka bambar tayaray pahunch gayey. bartanvi afwaj kii fazayi bartari kay saath iraqi foj kuu flojah waps jaanay parr majbur kiyaa gayaa aur raaf nay masjid aur rasheed mein iraqi fazaiya kay adoon parr hamlah kiyaa. habbaniah nay bunyadi toor parr apnay wasail say muhasirah uthaa liyaa thaa. kamak jasay sarkaari toor parr "iraaq force" kahaa jaataa hay duu samaton say aayee thee. bartanvi aur arab lashkar kii afwaj falastin aur trans jorden say sahra kay paar duu kalimon ("haib force" aur "kangkol") mein pahunchein. izaafi hindustani afwaj basra mein pahunchti rahein. iraqi foj kuu flojah say nikaal diyaa gayaa aur baghdad takk iss kaa peecha kiyaa gayaa juu eek haftay kay andar girr gayee. iss say regent aur bartanvi nawaz hukumat kii baraye naam bahaali kii raah hamwaar hoyee. iraaq parr bartanvi foji qabzah 1947 kay aakhir takk jaari rehaa. qoom paraston kay liye german aur atalvi himayat. iraaq jung kay doraan qoom paraston kay liye chhoti kamak pehley germani aur phir atlee say mosul hoyee. aaney waalay tayaron kuu iraqi rangon say bay hayayi say paint kiyaa gayaa thaa. loftof" (german fazaiya) bambaron aur bhaari jangjoon kii chhoti taadad jiss kay kachh dunn baad ghair faal "regiya aeronatica" (atalvi fazaiya) biplane fyters ney raaf habaniah aur trans jorden say guzarnay waali najaat bakhash sultanat kii afwaj donon kay khalaaf mosal say parwazein adayein. yaha behat kumm asar kay saath kiyaa gayaa thaa. shaam aur libnani mein wachi francisi hakaam nay mahur nawaz iraqi qoom paraston aur german aur atalvi fazayi afwaj donon kii madad kii thee aur staging aur aindhan bharnay kay liye hawai aday farahim kiye thay. iraaq kii muham kay khaatime say pehley hyee iss kii wajah say shaam mein hawai adoon parr raaf kay hamlay hoay thay. chand hafton kay andar inn waaqiaat kii wajah say bartanvi aur sultanat kii afwaj nay shaam-libanon muham mein wachi kay zeer intezam shaam aur libanon parr hamlah kirr diyaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25404954

South Farmingdale station

South Farmingdale station South Farmingdale was a station along the Central Branch of the Long Island Rail Road in South Farmingdale, New York, United States. History. This station first appeared on timetables of the Central Railroad Extension Company of Long Island (a CRRLI subsidiary) in May 1873, though service may have been delayed a month or two. In 1873, it was named "Farmingdale Station" despite the fact that the LIRR had its own Farmingdale Station. The station depot itself was not built until either August or September 1873, and was located on the east side of Main Street just south of W. C. Dupignac's Hotel. A freight house was erected by the railroad in either April or May 1874 but the station was closed on June 1, 1876. The station was reopened by the Long Island Railroad in June 1936 with a sheltered platform for a stop named "South Farmingdale." In January 1945, local residents petitioned the Public Service Commission to have some Montauk express trains stop at South Farmingdale. The move was opposed by residents of Bay Shore and Islip who thought that it would make the trains too crowded. The station was closed as a station stop again on June 26, 1972, making it the last station to operate along the Central Branch. The station was closed along with two other stations due to low ridership. The station shelter was removed shortly afterwards. In 1979, the Long Island Regional Planning Board undertook a study to determine what types of land use changes should be completed along the Route 110 corridor between the Northern State Parkway and Southern State Parkway. The results were published the following year in Industrial Location Analyses–1980. The study recommended reopening the South Farmingdale station but at the intersection of Route 110 and Route 109. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

dokhyin firmingdale steson sauth firmingdale aamerika juktorastror neworkor sauth firmingdalot long eyeland rail rudor kendriyo xakhar kaxot thoka etaa steson aasil. itihax. ei stationtu prothombaror baabe 1873 sonor mey "maahot long ilandor kendriyo railpoth xomproxaron companyr (etaa kro" rlee xohayok) xomoixusit dekha goisil, jodiu xewat ek baa dui maah bilombo huwar xombhawona aase. 1873 sonot lirortur nijoswo firmdale steson thokar swotweu iyak "firmingdale steson" buli naamkoron koraa hoisil. 1873 sonor aagosto baa septembor maholoike steson diputu nirman koraa huwa nasil, aaru ee warlandor thik dokhyine mool pothor pubo faale owosthito aasil. chi. dupinyakor hotel. 1874 sonor april baa mey "maahot railpothor dwara ekhon malbahi griho nirman koraa hoisil kintu 1876 sonor 1 junot stationtu bondho koraa hoisil. 1936 sonor june maahot long eyeland railpothor dwara" sauth firmingdale "naamor stopor baabe etaa aasroiprapto platformor xoite stationtu punor khula hoisil." 1945 sonor januaryt sthaniyo baxindaxokole rajohuwa xewa aayugok dokhyin firmingdalot kisuman montak express rey "lo rakhiboloi aabedon jonaisil. ei podokhyepor birudhita korisil upoxagoriyo upokul aaru dippunjor baxindaxokole, jixokole bhabisil je iyar folot rey "loburot otyadhik bhir hoh" bob. 1972 sonor 26 junot stationtu punor steson stop hisape bondho kori diya hoisil, jaar folot ee kendriyo xakhar xoite kaam koraa xex steson hisape porigonito hoisil. komm jatrir baabe aan dutaa stationor logote stationtu bondho kori diya hoisil. taar kichu xomoyor pisote stationor aasroisthantu aatorai peluwa hoisil. 1979 sonot long eyeland ancholik porikolpona porixode uttor rajyik udyanpoth aaru dokhyin rajyik udyanpothor maajor 110 corridor pothot ki dhoronor bhumi byoboharor poriworton xomponno koribo laage xeitu nirdharon koriboloi ek odhyoyon haatot loisil. folafolxomuh pisor bosor 1980 sonor oudyugik owosthanor bislexonot prokax koraa hoisil. odhyoyontuwe 110 nong poth aaru 109 nong pothor xongzugstholot dokhyin firmingdale steson punor khular poramorxo disil.

south firmingdale steshana south firmingdale markin juktorashtrer neu iyarker south firmingdaler long iland rail roader kendriya shakha borabor ekti steshana chhilo. itihas. eyi stationti 1873 saaler meey maase long ilander kendriya railpoth samprasaran sangosthar (ekti crorley sahayak sangostha) samaysuchite prothom uposthito hoyechilo, jodio porishebati eka baa dui maas bilambito hotey paare. 1873 saale, lirer nijaswa firmingdale steshana thaka sotteo etir namkaran koraa hoy "firmingdale steshana". steshana depoti 1873 saaler august baa septembara porjonto nirmito hoyney ebong etty prodhan rastar purbo dike abosthito chhilo. shee. dupinyaker hotel. 1874 saaler april baa meey maase railpoth ekti malbahi baadi nirman korey kintu 1876 saaler 1laa june stationti bondho korey deoa hoy. 1936 saaler june maase long iland railpoth dwara "south firmingdale" naame ekti stoper jonno ekti ashray platform soho stationti punra khola hoy." 1945 saaler januaryte sthaniya basindara janaseba komishone dakkhin firmingdale kichhu montak eksapresa train thamanor jonno abedon corren. uposagoriyo upokul ebong dweeppunjer basindara eyi podokkheper birodhita korechilen, jaaraa bhebechilen jey etty traingulike khub beshi bhid korey tulbe. 1972 saaler 26shhey june stationti abar steshana stop hisabe bondho korey deoa hoy, jaa etike kendriya shakha borabor porichalito shesh steshana korey toley. jatri qama thucker karone stationti ebong arow duti steshana bondho korey deoa hoy. err kichukkhan porei steshana ashrayti sariye fela hoy. 1979 saale long iland anchalik parikalpana board uttor rajyo parkway ebong dakkhin rajyo parkware modhye 110 corridor pothe qee dharaner bhumi byaboharer poriborton somponno koraa uchito taa nirdharoner jonno ekti gobeshona grohon korey. falafalguli porer bochor shilp abosthan bishleshone 1980 saale prokashito hoyechilo. gobeshonai dakkhin firmingdale stationti punra kholar poramorsho deoa hoyechilo tobey rutt 110 ebong rutt 109-err sangjogsthale.

south farmingdale station south farmingdale aee united statesnaa nyu yorknaa south farmingdalema longa eyeland rail roadnee madhya shakhanu station hatoo. itihas. aaa station saupratham meey hashe longa eyeland (aek crurley petacompany) nee kendreey railroad vistaran companyna samaypatrak parr dekhaayu hatoo, joke sevama aek keey beey maheenano veelamb thayo hashe. hashe, learernu potaanu farmingdale station hovaa chhataa tenu naam "farmingdale station" rakhvama aavyu hatoo. station depo pote august athavaa september 1873 sudhee bandhvama aavyo naa hato, aneey teey mukhya shereeni purv bajuae W nee dakshine stheet hato. see. dupigneckni hotel. april athavaa meey meey railroad dwara aek malvahak makaan ubhoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo parantu 1 juuna, juuna roj station bundh karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. juuna juuna longa eyeland railroad dwara "south farmingdale" naamnaa stopa maate aashray platform saathe station pharii kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo." january january, sthaaneek rahevasioae jaaher sevaa aayogne dakshin farmingdale khaate ketalik montauk express train rokvaa maate arji curry hatee. aaa pagalaano khaadi kinara aneey taapuna rahevasioae veerodh karyo hato, jemane vichaaryu hatoo keey tenaathi trainoma khoob bheed thashe. 26 juuna, juuna roj stationne fareethi station stopa tareeke bundh karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jeey tene kendreey shaakha saathe kaama karatu chhellu station banaave chhe. ochha musafarone kaarane anya beey stationo saathe station pann bundh curry devaamaa aavyu hatoo. station aashraysthanne toonk samayma door karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. hatoo, longa eyeland praadeshik aayojan boarde uttareey raajy parkway aneey dakshin raajy parkway vachchena maarg 110 corridor parr kayaa prakaarnaa jameen upyognaa ferfaro purn karvaa joiae teey nakki karvaa maate aek abhyaas haath dharyo hato. parinaamo pachhinaa varshe audhyogik sthaan vishleshan 1980 maan prakashit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. abhyasma dakshin farmingdale stationne fareethi kholvani bhalaaman karvaamaa aavee hatee parantu maarg 110 aneey maarg 109 naa aantarchhed parr.

south farmingdale station south farmingdale, nyu york, sanyukt raajya america mein south farmingdale mein long eyeland rail road kii kendriya shakha key saath ack station thaa. itihas. yeh station pahali baar maee 1873 mein long eyeland (ack crolley sahayak) kii kendriya rail vistaar company key samay-saarani parr dikhaai diyaa, halanki seva mein ack yaa dou maheene kii deree hui hogi. 1873 mein, iss tathya key bavjood kii lir kaa apana formdale station thaa, iska naam "farmingdale station" rakhaa gayaa thaa. station dipo kaa nirmaan agast yaa sitambar 1873 taka naheen huaa thaa, aur yeh mukhya sadak key poorv kii or doubleu key thheek dakshin mein sthit thaa. see. dupinack kaa hotal. ack maal dhulai ghar yaa tou aprail yaa maee 1874 mein rail maarg dwara banaaya gayaa thaa, lekin station koo 1 juuna, 1876 koo bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. juuna 1936 mein long eyeland rail maarg dwara "south farmingdale" naamak ack padaav key liye ack aashray munch key saath station koo phir seey khol diyaa gayaa thaa." janwari 1945 mein, sthaaniya nivaasiyon ney lock seva aayog seey dakshin farmingdale mein kuchh montauk express trains koo rokane key liye yachika daayar kii. iss kadam kaa tata aur dweep key nivaasiyon ney virodh kiya thaa, jinhone socha thaa kii isase trains mein bahut bheed hoe jaayegi. station koo 26 juuna, 1972 koo phir seey ack station stop key roop mein bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisase yeh kendriya shakha key saath kaam karane vaalaa antim station bunn gayaa. cumm savaariyon key kaaran station koo dou anya stations key saath bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. station aashray koo kuchh hii samay baad hataa diyaa gayaa. 1979 mein, lambe dweep kshetriya yojana board ney yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye ack adhyayan kiya kii uttari raajya udyaan maarg aur dakshini raajya udyaan maarg key beach maarg 110 key saath kiss prakaar key bhoomi upayog parivartanon koo puuraa kiya jaanaa chaahiye. parinam agale varsh audyogik sthaan vishleshan 1980 mein prakaashit kiye gaye they. adhyayan ney dakshin farmingdale station koo phir seey kholane kii sifarish kii lekin maarg 110 aur maarg 109 key chauraahe parr.

daksina formingdale nildaana south formingdale, united statesna newyorkna south formingdalenalliruva long ailyand railu rasteya kendra shakheya uddakkoo iruva nildaanavaagittu. itihaasa. ee nildaanavu modala baarige 1873rahra mayee tingalalli long ailyaandna (ondu irrl angasamsthe) kendriya railroad vistaranaa kampaniya velapattiyalli kaanisikonditu, aadaagyoo seveyu ondu athawa eradu tingalu vilambavaagirabahudu. 1873ralli, lir tannade aada formingdale nildaanavannu hondiddaroo saha, idannu "formingdale station" endu hesarisalaayitu. nildaanada depowannu 1873rahra august athawa september varege nirmisalaagiralilla mattu idu mukhya beediya purva bhagadallide. sii. dupignockn hotel. april athawa mayee 1874ralli railumaargavu saraku sagane maneyannu nirmisitu, aadare nildaanavannu zoon 1,1876randu muchchalaayitu. long ailyand railroad zoon 1936ralli "south formingdale" emba hesarina nilugadege ashraya vedikeyondige nildaanavannu punah tereyitu." 1945rahra janavariyalli, sthaliya nivasigalu kelavu montouk express railugalannu daksina formingdalenalli nillisuvante saarvajanika sewa ayogakke manavi maadidaru. ee kramavannu bay teera mattu dweepa pradeshada nivasigalu virodhisidaru, avaru idu railugalalli vipareeta jananibidate untumaaduttade endu bhavisiddaru. 1972rahra zoon 26randu nildaanavannu matte nildaana nilugade nildaanavaagi muchchalaayitu, idu kendra shakheya uddakkoo kaaryanirvahisuva koneya nildaanavaayitu. kadime prayanikara sankhyeyindaagi nildaanavannu itara eradu nildaanagalondige muchchalaayitu. swalpa samayada nantara nildaanada aashrayavannu tegeduhaakalaayitu. 1979ralli, long ailyand praadeshika yojana mandaliyu uttara raajya udyaanavana mattu daksina raajya udyaanavanada naduvina maarga 110 caridarnalli yaava reetiya bhoo balakeya badalaavanegalannu poornagolisabeku embudannu nirdharisalu adhyayanavannu kaigonditu. nantarada varsha kaigarika sthala vishleshaneyalli 1980ralli phalitaamshagalannu prakatisalaayitu. adhyayanavu daksina formingdale nildaanavannu matte tereyalu shipharasu maaditu aadare maarga 110 mattu maarga 109rahra chedakadalli.

southu farmingdale steshan amerikkayile newyorkkile southu farmingdalile long ailand reyil roadinte central branchilulla oru steshanaayirunnu southu farmingdale. charithram. 1873 meyy maasathil central railway ekstanshan kambaniyaaya long ailandinte (oru sii. aarr. aarr. ell. aii subsidiary) timetableukalil eee steshan aadyamaayi prathyakshappettu, ennirunnaalum sarvees onno rando maasam vaikiyittundaakam. 1873ll lirinu svanthamaayi fammentdale steshan undaayirunnittum ithinu "farmingdale steshan" ennu perittu. 1873 august allengil septambar vare nirmmichathallaatha steshan dippo, pradhana theruvinte kizhakk bhagathaayi dablyu. sii. dupignakkinte hotel. 1874 eprililoo meyy maasatthilo railway oru charakk veedu nirmmichenkilum 1876 juun 1 nuu steshan adachu. 1936 juunil long ailand railway "southu farmingdale" enna stoppinaayi oru abhaya plaattfomumaayi steshan veendum thurannu." 1945 januvariyil, chila mondaukku express trainukal southu farmingdale nirthanamennu pradeshavaasikal public sarvees commission nivedanam nalki. ithu trainukalil tirakk koottumennu karuthiya bay shoar, ailip nivaasikal eee neekkathe ethirthu. 1972 juun juun steshan stoppaayi veendum adachupootti, ithu central branchil pravartthikkunna avasana steshanaakki. yaathrakkaarude ennam kuranjathinaal mattu rund steshanukalodoppam steshanum adachu. taamasiyaathe steshan shelter neekkam cheythu. 1979ll, vadakkan samsthaana paarkveykkum thekkan samsthaana paarkveykkum edayilulla 110 idanaazhiyil eathutharam bhooviniyoga mattangal poortthiyaakkanamennu nirnnayikkaan long ailand regional planning board oru patanam nadatthi. 1980 leeii vyaavasaayika lokkeshan analysisil adutha varsham phalangal prasidheekarichu. root 110, root 109 ennivayude kavalayil southu farmingdale steshan veendum thurakkaan patanam shupaarsha cheythu.

dakshin farmingdale sthanak sauth farmingdale heey americetil newyorkmadheel south farmingdale yetheel long eyeland railway rodchya madhyavarti shakhetil eka sthanak hote. itihas. heey sthanak pahilyanda meey 1873 madhye long aayalandchya (eka crurley upakampani) kendriya railway vistar companychya velapatrakavar disale, jaree seva eka kinwa done mahine vilambit jhaali asavi. 1873 madhye, learche swatache farmingdale station asoonahi tyala 'farmingdale station' asey naav denyat aale. station depo swatah august kinwa september 1873 paryant bandhala gela navhata aanee too mukhya rastyachya purv bajula doubleu. chya agadi dakshines sthit hota. see. dupignache hottel. april kinwa meey 1874 madhye railwaymargane eka malvahatuk ghar ubharale hote parantu 1 juuna 1876 roji sthanak bund karnyat aale. juuna 1936 madhye long eyeland railwaymargane 'south farmingdale' navachya thambesathi aashray manchasah sthanak punha ughadale." janewari 1945 madhye, sthanik rahivashanni sarvajanik seva aayogakade kahee montauk drutagati gadya dakshin farmingdale yethe thambavanyachi yachika kelee. yaa nirnayala nirnayala aanee dweepkalpatil rahivashanni virodh keela, jyanna vatale qee yamule gadyanmadhye khoop gardi hoil. 26 juuna 1972 roji punha sthanak thamba mhanoon heey sthanak bund karnyat aale, jyamule madhyavarti shakhet kaam karnare teey shevatche sthanak tharale. pravashanchi sankhya qamee asalyamule itar done sthankansah heey sthanak bund karnyat aale hote. tyanantar thodyach velat sthanak niwara kadhoon taknyat aala. 1979 madhye, uttar rajya udyanmarg aanee dakshin rajya udyanmarg yanchyatil 110 margikevar konatya prakarche jameen vapar badal purn karavet heey nirdharit karnyasathi lamb bett pradeshik niyojan mandalane abhyas haatee ghetala. pudhil varshi 1980 chya audhyogik sthan vishleshanat parinam prakashit karnyat aale. abhyasat dakshin farmingdale sthanak punha ughadanyachi shifaras karnyat aalee parantu marg 110 aanee marg 109 chya chhedanbinduvar.

south farmingdale station south farmingdale, newyork, sanyukta rajya americako south farmingdalema lamo tapu rail rodko kendriya shakhako chheuma raheko euta station thiyo. itihas. yo station pahilo patak mey 1873 maa lamo tapu (ek crurley sahayak) ko kendriya railroad wistar companyko samaya talikama dekha paryo, yadyapi sewa ek wa dui mahina dhilai bhaeko huna sakchha. sann 1873 maa, lirko afnai farmingdale station bhae tapani yasalai "farmingdale station" naam diieko thiyo. station dipo afai agasta wa september 1873 samma nirman garieko thiena, rar mukhya sadakko purvatira dablyuko dakshinma awasthit thiyo. see. dupinyakko hotel. april wa mey 1874 maa railmarfat euta malbhada ghar nirman garieko thiyo tara june 1,1876 maa station banda garieko thiyo. june 1936 maa lamo tapu railmargle "south farmingdale" namak stopka lagi ashraya platformko sath station punah kholiyo." janawari 1945 maa, sthaniya basindaharule kehi montak express railharu south farmingdalema roknaka lagi sarvajanik sewa ayoglai nivedan die. yass kadamko khadi tata rar ailipka basindaharule virodh gareka thie jasle railharuma dherai bhid hune socheka thie. june 26,1972 maa feri station stopka rupma station banda garieko thiyo, jasle yasalai kendriya shakhama sanchalan garne antim station banayo. cum sawarika karan anya dui stationsahit station banda garieko thiyo. tyasko kehi samayapachi stationko ashraya hataieko thiyo. sann 1979 maa, lamo tapu khetriya yojana boardle uttari rajya parkway rar dakshini rajya parkway bichko marga 110 corridorma kasto prakarko bhumi prayog pariwartanharu pura garnuparchha bhanera nirdharan garna adhyayan garyo. parinamharu arko warsha audyogik sthan vishleshan 1980 maa prakashit gariyo. adhyayanle dakshin farmingdale station punah kholna sifaris garyo tara marga 110 rar marga 109 ko chheuma.

dakhina farmindale station south farmindale, juktarastra americara nyujarkara south farmindale thaare lang iland rela rodra kendriah shakha nikatare thiba eka station thila. itihas. ehi station prathame meey 1873 ray lang iland (eka crorley sahajaka) rahr kendriah relpath samprasarana companyra samai saaraneere dekhajaithila, jadio seba eka kimba dui maasa bilamba hoithaipare . 1873 masihare, lirinkara nijara farmindale station thiba satwe ehaaku "farmindale station" naamare namit karajaithila. station depo nije august kimba september 1873 parjyanta nirmita hoinathila, ebong water thika dakhinare mukhya rastara purba parsware abasthita thila . sii. dupignac hotel. april kimba meey 1874 ray relpath dwara eka mall paribahana gruha nirmana karajaithila kintu june 1,1876 ray stationku banda curry diajaithila. june 1936 ray lang iland relpath dwara stationku "south farmindale" namaka eka stop paain eka ashrai platform sahita punarbara kholajaithila ." 1945 masiha januari maasare sthaniah basinda janaseba aajoganku dakhina pharmingdelare kichhi montach express train atakiba paain abedan karithile. ehi padakhyepaku upasagariya upakula ebong icelipra basindamane birodha karithile, jeunmane bhabithile je ehaa trainre atyadhika bhida srusti kariba. 1972 masiha juna 26 tarikhare stationku puni thare stop bhabe banda karidiajaithila, jahaphalare ehaa kendriah shakhare karjya karuthiba shesh station hoithila. jatrinka sankhya comm thibaru anya duiti station sahita stationku madhya banda karidiajaithila. ehara kichhi samai parey station aashrajasthalaku hatai diajaithila. 1979 masihare, lang iland anchalika yojana board uttara rajya parkway ebong dakhina rajya parkway madhyare 110 corrider maargare keun prakarara bhumi byabahara paribartana sampurna karajiba uchita taaha sthira karibaku eka adhyajana karithila. parabarti barsha 1980 masihare shilpa sthana bishleshanare phalaphal prakashita hoithila. adhyajana dakhina farmindale stationku puni kholibaku suparish karithila kintu 110 ebong 109 rutra sanjoga sthalare.

dakkhni farmingdale station south farmingdale, dakkhni farmingdale, newyork, sanyukat raaj amrica witch lambe tapu rail road dee kendri shakha dey naal ikk station see. itihaas. ih station pahili vaar maee 1873 witch lambe tapu (ikk crolly sahaik) dee kendri railmarg extension company dey time table utte pragat hoiaa see, halanki seva witch ikk jaan doou maheene dee deree hoee hoow sakadi haii. 1873 witch, iss tatth dey bavjood kii lear daa aapna farmingdale station see, iss daa naam "farmingdale station" rakkhiaa giaa see. station dipu khud agast jaan satambar 1873 takk naheen banaiaa giaa see, atey ih w dey dakkhan witch mukkh glee dey purab vaale paase sathit see. see. dupinack daa hotel. railmarg duaara aprail jaan maee 1874 witch ikk maal gharr banaiaa giaa see parr station noon 1 juun, 1876 noon bnd qarr ditta giaa see. juun 1936 witch lambe tapu railmarg duaara station noon "south farmingdale" namak stop laee ikk panaah munch naal dubara kholhiaa giaa see." janwari 1945 witch, sathanak vasnikan neey lock seva commission noon patishan ditti kii kujh montock express rail gaddiaan dakkhni farmingdale vikhe rukann. iss kadam daa beey shore atey islip dey vasnikan neey virodh keeta see jinhan neey sochiaa see kii iss naal rail gaddiaan witch bahut bheed hoow javegi. station noon 26 juun, 1972 noon firr toon station stop vajon bnd qarr ditta giaa see, jiss naal ih kendri shakha dey naal kamm curran vaala aakhri station bann giaa see. ghatt swariaan dey caarn doou horr stationan dey naal station noon vee bnd qarr ditta giaa see. iss toon thodhi dair baad station shelter noon hataa ditta giaa see. 1979 witch, lambe tapu khetri yojna board neey ih nirdharat curran laee ikk adhiaen keeta kii uttri raaj parkway atey dakkhni raaj parkway dey vichkaar 110 corridor dey naal kiss kisam dee zameen dee varton witch tabdiliaan keetiaan janhiaan chahidiaan hunn. natije agle saal sanati sathaan vishleshan 1980 witch prakashit keete gaye sunn. adhiaen neey dakkhni farmingdale station noon dubara kholhan dee sifarash keeti parr ruut 110 atey ruut 109 dey chaurahe 'teey.

dakshina-faarmingadel-sthanakam dakshina-farmingdale iteedam samyuktarajyamerikadesha nyuyaark-nagarasya dakshina-farmingdale-nagare deergha-dweepa-relmaargadyaah kendriya-shakhayam sthitam ekam sthaanakam aasit. itihaasah. etat sthanakam prathamavaaram 1873 mey-maase lang-ailyaand ityasya (crurley ityasya sahaayak-samsthaa) kendriya-rail-vistaar-kampenee ityasya samayasuchyam drushtam, yadyapi sewaayaah maase vaa dvivaaram vaa vilambah abhavat syaat. 1873 tame varshe, lir ityasya swakeeyam farmingdale-sthaanakam aasit iti satyam satsu api asya naam "farmingdale-sthaanakam" iti krutam. 1873 tame varshe august-maasaparyantam athavaa september-maasaparyantam, swatah sthanaka-bhandaarah naa nirmitah aasit, tathaa cha pashchim-pashchim-pradeshasya dakshinadishi mukhya-margasya poorvadishi sthitah aasit. sii. dupignac ityasya hotel. 1874 tame varshe april-maase athavaa mey-maase railmargen maalavaahanam nirmitam aasit, parantu 1876 tame varshe joon-masasya 1 dinaanke etat sthanakam bandhitam aasit. 1936 tame varshe joon-maase laang-ailyaand-railmargen "sauth-farmingdale" iti namakam viraamaartham ashraya-manchena etat sthanakam punah udghaatitam." 1945 janavareemaase sthaaneeyanivaasinah janasevaa-aayogam prati aavedanam krutvaa kechan montauk-express-relayaanaani dakshina-farmingdale-nagare sthaatum praarthayan. bey-tirasya islip-dweepasya cha nivaasinah asya upayasy virodham krutavantah, ye chintayan yat tena relayaanaani atyadhikam jansammarditam bhavishyanti iti. 1972 joon 26 dinaanke punah sthanaka-viraamaroopen etat sthaanakam bandhitam, yena kendriya-shakhayam karyam kurvataam antimam sthaanakam abhavat. nyoon-yaatrik-sankhyaayaah karanat anyadvayena sthanakena saha etat sthanakam api bandhitam aasit. tatah kinchitkalanantaram sthanakasya ashrayasthanam apasaaritam. 1979 tame varshe, uttararajy-udyaanamaargasy dakshinarajya-udyaanamaargasy cha madhye 110 margasya bhoo-upayog-parivartanam katham poornam karaneeyam iti nirnetum deerghadweepa-praadeshika-yojanaa-mandalam adhyayanm akarot. parinaamaani agami varshe 1980 tame varshe audyogika-sthana-vishleshana-patrikaayaam prakashitani. adhyayanen dakshina-farmingdale-sthanakasya punah udghaatanam anushamsitam, parantu 110 margasya 109 margasya cha sangamasthaane.

therku formingtale nilaiyam therku formingtale enbathu americavin newyorkin therku formingtale ulla neenda theevu rayil saalaiyin maiyak kilayil ulla oru nilaiyamaagum. varalaaru. inththa nilaiyam muthanmuthalil 1873 mae maatham long theevin (oru grauli thunai niruvanam) matthiya irayil paathai virivaakka niruvanaththin kaala attavanaiyil thoantriyathu, iruppinum saevai ondru allathu irandu maathangkal thaamathamaakiyirukkalaam. 1873 aam aandil, lir adhan sontha forming dale nilaiyatthaik kondirundha poathilum, idhu "forming dale nilaiyam" endru peyaridappattathu. nilayak kidangu 1873 august allathu septumber varai kattappadavillai, maelum idhu pirathaana theruvin kizhakkup paguthiyil therku thisaiyil amainthullathu. chii. tubignag hootal. aepral allathu mae 1874 ill irayil paathaiyaal oru sarakku veedu amaikkappattathu, aanaal nilaiyam juun 1,1876 andru moodappattathu. juun 1936 ill neenda theevu irayil paathaiyaal inththa nilaiyam meendum thirakkappattathu, therku forming dale endra idainirutthaththirkaana oru thangkumida thalaththudan." 1945 janavariyil, ulloorvaasigal podhu saevai aanaiyaththidam sila montach express rayilgalai therku formingtale niruththa vaendum endru manuu seithanar. inththa nadavadikkaiyai viriguda kadarkarai mattrum islip kudiyiruppaalargal ethirththanar, avarkal idhu rayilgalil nerisalai aerpaduththum endru ninaiththanar. juun 26,1972 andru meendum oru nilaiya niruththamaaga inththa nilaiyam moodappattathu, idhu matthiya kilayil seyalpadum kadaisi nilaiyamaaga amainthathu. kuraindha payanigalin ennikkai kaaranamaaga mattra irandu nilaiyangaludan inththa nilaiyamum moodappattathu. sirithu neeraththirkup piragu nilaiya thangkumidam agattrappattathu. 1979 aam aandil, neenda theevu piraanthiya thittamidal vaariyam vadakku maanila poongaa paathaikkum therku maanila poongaa paathaikkum idaiyilaana 110 vazhiththadaththil enna vagaiyaana nilap payanpaattu maattrangkalai mudikka vaendum enbathaith theermaanikka oru aaivai maerkondathu. 1980aam aandu thozhilthurai iruppida paguppaaivugalil aduththa aandu mudivugal veliyidappattana. therku forming dale nilaiyatthai meendum tirakka aaivu parinthuraiththathu, aanaal paathai 110 mattrum paathai 109 aagiyavattrin kurukkuvettil.

dakshina formingdale station south formingdale anedi united states looni newyork looni south formingdaleni long iland railu rahadari kendra saakha vembadi unna oka station. charitra. eee station mottamodata 1873 maeloe long iland (oka crurley anubandha samstha) yokka central railroad extension company yokka kaalapattikalalo kanipinchindi, ayithe seva okati ledhaa rendu nelalu alasyam ayi undavacchu. undavacchu, lir kii daani swantha formingdale station unnappatikee dheeniki "formingdale station" anie paeru pettaru. station depo 1873 augustu ledhaa september varaku nirminchabadaledu, mariyu idhi pradhana veedhiki thoorpu vaipuna dakshinaana undhi. sii. dupignock hotel. april ledhaa mae mae railroad dwara oka saruku ravana gruhanni nirminchaaru, conny station juun 1,1876naa moosiveyabadindi. juun juun long iland railroad dwara "south formingdale" anae stop kosam aasrayam pondina platfamto eee stationnu tirigi terichaaru." 1945 janavarilo, sthaanika nivaasitulu konni montach express raillanu south formingdale vadda aapaalani praja seva commissionku petition vaesaaru. eee charyanu bay teeram mariyu dveepam nivaasitulu vyatiraekimchaaru, vaaru idhi raillalo raddeeni penchutundani bhaavinchaaru. 1972 juun 26naa station stapga eee stationnu muusivaesaaru, idhi kendra saakha venta panichese chivari stationugaa nilichindi. takkuva prayaanikula kaaranamgaa maroe rendu staeshanlatoe paatu eee stationnu muusivaesaaru. kasepati tarvaata station sheltarnu tolaginchaaru. tolaginchaaru, long iland praantiiya pranaalika boardu uttara rashtra udyaanavanam mariyu dakshina rashtra udyaanavanam madhya 110 carridar maargam venta yea rakamaina bhuu viniyoga maarpulanu puurti cheyaalo nirnayinchadaaniki oka adhyayananni chepattindi. phalitaalu taruvaati samvatsaram paarisraamika sthaana vislaeshanhalaloo vislaeshanhalaloo prachurinchabaddaayi. adhyayanam dakshina formingdale stationnu tirigi teravaalani sifaarsu chesindi, conny maargam 110 mariyu maargam 109 yokka koodalilo.

saoth farming dail station saoth farming dail janubi farming dail neoyork riyasathaye muthadah mein laang aayee lend rail road kii markazi shaakh kay saath eek station thaa. tareekh. yaha station pehli baar mayee 1873 mein laang aayee lend (eek see aar aar eel aayee zeeli idaarah) kii markazi railway tausiyi company kay tyme table parr zahir hawaa halankah saros mein eek yaa duu maah kii takhir hoyee hogi. 1873 mein iss haqeeqat kay bawajood kahh lair kaa apnaa farming dail station thaa iss kaa naam "farming dail station" rakhaa gayaa. station dapo khood agast yaa satambar 1873 takk nahein banaya gayaa thaa aur yaha markazi glee kay mashriq kii taraf dabliyo kay balkal janub mein waaqa thaa. see. dopgank kaa hotal. railway kay zariye apreel yaa mayee 1874 mein eek maal bardaar gahar tameer kiyaa gayaa thaa leakin station kuu yakam joone 1876 kuu bund kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. laang aayee lend railway nay joone 1936 mein "saoth farming dail" naami stop kay liye eek panah gaah plait faarm kay saath station kuu dobarah khool diyaa thaa." januri 1945 mein maqami rehaishiyon nay publik saros commission say darkhwast kii kahh kachh montak express trainein saoth farming dail mein rakein. iss aqdaam kii khaleej kay kinaray aur jazeeray kay rehaishiyon nay mukhalifat kii jinhon nay socha kahh iss say trainon mein behat ziyadah hujum how jaaye gaa. station kuu 26 joone 1972 kuu dobarah station stop kay toor parr bund kirr diyaa gayaa jiss say yaha markazi branch kay saath kaam karnay waala aakhri station bunn gayaa. kumm musafiron kii wajah say duu deegar stationon kay saath station kuu bhee bund kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. iss kay foraa baad station shelter kuu hataa diyaa gayaa. 1979 mein laang aayee lend elaqayi mansubah bundi board nay iss baath kaa tayeen karnay kay liye eek mutalah kiyaa kahh shamali riyasati paark way aur janubi riyasati paark way kay darmiyan 110 coredor kay saath kiss qasm kii zamini istemaal kii tabdiliyan makmal kii jaanee chahein. nataij aglay saal sanaati mahal waqoo kay tajziye 1980 mein shaye hoay. mutalah nay janubi farming dail station kuu dobarah khoolnay kii sfarish kii leakin roat 110 aur roat 109 kay chorahay parr.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15886302

Daily at Dawn

Daily at Dawn Television series Daily at Dawn was an Australian sitcom that screened in 1981 on the Seven Network. The series was written and produced by Gary Reilly and Tony Sattler, the team behind other popular Australian comedy series such as "Kingswood Country", "Hey Dad..!" and "The Naked Vicar Show". Synopsis. The series was set in the office of a metropolitan newspaper. It was the first Australian comedy series to feature a regular gay character (Terry Bader as journalist Leslie).

doinik ratipuwa daily ett daarn aasil ekhon australian chitcom ji 1981 sonot sebhen networkot prodorxon koraa hoisil. ei sringkholatu geree raily aaru tonny settlere likhisil aaru projujona korisil, ji australier aan jonopriyo comedy sringkhola jene "kingsoud country", "hey deady" ror pisor doll..!"aaru" "nogno bhikar swo" ". xongkhipto biboron. ei sringkholatu ekhon mohanogorir baatori kakotor karzaloyot sthapon koraa hoisil. eitu aasil niyomiya xomokami soritro (xangbadik lexoli hisape terry bedar) dekhuuwa prothomkhon australian comedy sringkhola.

protidin bhore dailey ayata donn ekti australian sitcom chhilo jaa 1981 saale seven networke prodorshito hoyechilo. sirijti likhechen ebong prajojana korechen gyari railey ebong tonny sattler, jaaraa anyanno janapriya australian comedy sirij jemon "kingsvood country", "heyi dyada"-err pichhone royeche..!"ebong" "nogno vicker shoe. sarsongkhep. ekti mahanagar sangbadpatrer office eyi sirijti seeta koraa hoyechilo. etty chhilo prothom australian comedy sirij jekhane ekti niyamita samakami choritro (sangbadik lesley hisabe terry badder) dekhano hoyechilo.

darroj savaare dailey aeta donne australian sitcom hatoo jeey jeey sewen network parr pradarshit thayu hatoo. aaa shrenee geree railey aneey tonny settler dwara lakhvaamaa aneey nirmeet karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey "kingswood country", "heey deady" jevee anya lokpreey australian komedi shreneeo paachhalni team hatee..!"aneey" "nagna paadarino shho". saransh. aaa shrenee aek metropolitana akhbaarni officema seeta karvaamaa aavee hatee. teey niyameet geey paatra (patrakaar leslie tareeke terry badder) darshaavati pratham australian komedi shrenee hatee.

pratidin subah delly aitt donn ack australiyai sitcom thaa jise 1981 mein saat network parr pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa. shrinkhala koo gairi railey aur tonny sattler dwara likhaa aur nirmit kiya gayaa thaa, joe "kingswod country", "haye dadd" jaisi anya lokpriya australiyai comedy shrinkhalaon key peechhe kii team thee..!"aur" "nagna wicker show. saransh. yeh shrinkhala ack mahanagar samachar patra key karyalaya mein sthaapit kii gaee thee. yeh pahali australiyai comedy shrinkhala thee jisamen ack niyamit samlaingik charitra (patrakaar leslie key roop mein terry badder) koo dikhaaya gayaa thaa.

pratidina munjane daili aut daan aastreliyaada sitcom aagiddu, idu 1981ralli seven networknalli pradarshanagonditu. ee saraniyannu gyaari raili mattu toney sattler baredu nirmisiddaare, idu "kingswood kantri", hay dyadnantaha itara janapriya australian haasya saranigala hindina tandavagide..!"mattu" "nagna vikar show". saramsha. ee saraniyannu metropolitan patrikeyondara kacheriyalli sthaapisalaayitu. idu saamaanya salingakami patravannu (patrakarta lesley patradalli terri badder) olagonda modala australian haasya saraniyagide.

ellah divasavum pularche 1981ll seven netvarkkil pradharshippicha oru australian sitcom aayirunnu dayley attu doonn. hayy daddy", "kingswood kantri" thudangiya mattu janapriya australian komadi seereesukalkk pinnilulla gaari raily tonny satlarum chernnaanu eee parambara rachikkukayum nirmmikkukayum cheythath..!"koodaathe" "naked vikar shhow". sangraham. oru metropolittan pathratthinte offeesilaanu eee parambara orukkiyirikkunnath. oru saadhaarana swavarggaanuraagiyaaya kathaapaathrathe (terry badder enna pathrapravarthakayaaya lesley) avatharippikkunna aadyathe australian komadi parambarayaayirunnu ithu.

darroj pahate delly ett donn haah eka austreliyan sitcom hota joou 1981 madhye saven networkwar pradarshit jhaala. hii malika garry railey aanee toney sattler yanni lihili aanee nirmiti kelee, 'kingswood country', 'heey dadd' yasarkhya itar lokpriy austreliyan vinodi malikanmagil sangh..!"aanee" "nagna wicker shhow". saransh. hii malika eka mahanagar vruttapatrachya karyalayat mandanyat aalee hotee. niyamit samalingi vyaktirekha (patrakar lesley mhanoon terry badder) darshavinari hii pahili austreliyan vinodi malika hotee.

dainik bihan deli att dunn euta astreliyali sitcom thiyo june sann 1981 maa sebhena networkma pradarshan garieko thiyo. yo shringkhala gyari railey rar tony sattlerdwara lekhieko rar nirman garieko thiyo, june anya lokpriya astreliyali kamedi shringkhala jastai "kingswod contry", "hey dyad" ko pachhadi raheko tolly how..!"rar" "nagna wicker show. saransh. yo shringkhala euta mahanagariya samacharpatrako karyalayama sett garieko thiyo. yo pahilo astreliyali kamedi shringkhala thiyo jasma niyamit samalingi charitra (patrakar lesliko rupma terry bedder) prastut garieko thiyo.

pratidina bhora samajare deli aut down' eka astreliah sitcom thila jaahaa 1981 ray sebhen netawarkare pradarshita hoithila. ehi dharabahikati 'kingsoud contry ",' hey dadd" bhali anya lokpriya astreliah kamedi dharabahika pachare thiba dala, gaari reily ebong tony satalarnka dwara likhita ebong nirmita hoithila...!"ebong" "nagna bhikara shoe" ". saransha. ehi dharabahikati eka mahanagar sambadapatrara karjyalajare sthapita hoithila. ehaa pratham astreliah kamedi sirij thila jeunthire eka nijamita samalingi charitra (sambadika leslie bhabare terry badder) pradarshita hoithila .

rozana savere delly aitt daan ikk australiaai sitcom see joe satt network utte 1981 witch pradarshit keeti gaee see. ih luddy gairi railey atey tonny settler duaara likhi atey nirmit keeti gaee see, joe kii "kingswod contry", "heey daddy" vargiaan horr prasidh australiaai kamedi seereez dey pichhe dee team haii..!"atey" "nange wicker shoa". sankhep. ih luddy ikk mahanagar akhbar dey daftar witch sathapat keeti gaee see. ih pahili australiaai kamedi luddy see jiss witch ikk niyamat samlingi charittar (pattarkar leslie dey roop witch terry badder) noon pradarshit keeta giaa see.

pratidinam praatahkaale delly att done australia-deshasya sitcom aasit yat 1981 tame varshe saptajaalajaalasy upari pradarshitam. eshaa shrunkhalaa gyaaree rayley tathaa toney sattler ityetabhyam likhitaa, nirmitaa cha, ye "kingswod contry", "hey daid" ityadinam anyaih lokapriyaabhih australian-hasya-shrunkhalaayaah prushtabhaagaah santi..!"tathaa" nagnavikaar sho ". saaraamshaha. eshaa shrunkhalaa mahanagar-vruttapatrasya karyalaye sthaapitam aasit. eshaa prathamaa australian-hasya-shrunkhalaa aasit yasmin niyamitam samalingi-paatram (patrakaararoopen terry bedder lesley) darshitam aasit.

thinamum vidiyarkaalaiyil dailey add dawn enbathu oru australian sitcom aagum, idhu 1981 aam aandil aezhu netvorkkil thiraiyidappattathu. inthath thodarai carrie railey mattrum donny sattler aagiyoar ezhuthi thayaariththanar, idhu kingswood kandri poantra pira pirabalamaana australian nagaichchuvaith thodarkalukkup pinnaal ulla kuzhu, haey appa..!"mattrum" "nirvaana vikaar nigazhchchi". surukkam. inthath thodar oru perunagara seithiththaalin aluvalagaththil amaikkappattathu. valakkamaana orinachchaerkkai kathaapaaththiraththai (paththirigaiyaalar lesley endra kathaapaaththiraththil terri paet) konda muthal australian nagaichchuvaith thodar idhuvaagum.

pratiroojuu tellavaarujaamuna dialy ett daan anedi anedi seven networklo pradarsinchabadina australian sitcom. eee sireesnu gyaarii railley mariyu toney sattler rachinchi nirminchaaru, idhi "kingswood country", hay dodd vanti itara prasiddha australian comedy syries venuka unna brundam..!"mariyu" "nagna vikar show". saaraamsam. eee syries oka metropolitan vaartaapatrika karyalayamlo sett cheyabadindi. idhi oka saadhaarana swalinga samparka paatranu (journalist lesleyga terrie bodder) kaligi unna modati australian haasya dharavahikam.

rozanah sabah kay waqat daili aett done eek austrailvi seet kaam thaa juu 1981 mein seeyon neet wark parr dikhaya gayaa thaa. iss seerez kuu geeri reeli aur tony settler nay likhaa aur prodios kiyaa thaa juu deegar mashhur austrailvi comedy seerez jeesay "kangaz wode kantri"yee "aray waalid" kay peeche kii team hay..!"aur" "nangi vekar show. khalasah. yaha seerez eek metropolitan akhbaar kay daftar mein tartib dee gayee thee. yaha pehli austrailvi mazahiya seerez thee jiss mein eek baqayedah humm jans parsat kirdaar (sahafi lesli kay toor parr terry bedder) kuu dikhaya gayaa thaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=26259462

Journal of Contemporary History

Journal of Contemporary History Quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal The Journal of Contemporary History is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal covering the study of history in all parts of the world since 1930. It was established in 1966 by Walter Laqueur and George L. Mosse. Originally published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson it was purchased by SAGE Publications in 1972. The editors-in-chief are Richard J. Evans (University of Cambridge) and Mary C. Neuburger (University of Texas at Austin). Content and scope. The journal publishes scholarly articles, review articles and book reviews, covering a broad range of historical approaches including social, economic, political, diplomatic, intellectual and cultural, on every country and region of the world within living memory, from 1930 to the present day. The journal also publishes special issues, arising from conferences or from an externally submitted proposal. Since 2008, the journal has included reviews of individual books, in addition to review articles covering a range of books within the compass of a single critical essay. Abstracting and indexing. The journal is abstracted and indexed in Scopus and the Social Sciences Citation Index. Reception. The journal has been described as "an excellent international publication". The "Times Literary Supplement" has described it as "one of the outstanding learned journals of history in the English-speaking world." According to the "Journal Citation Reports", the journal has a 2018 impact factor of 0.769, ranking it 22nd out of 95 journals in the category "History". References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

xomoxamoyik itihaxor alusoni xomoxamoyik itihaxor alusonikhon hoise 1930 sonor poraa biswor xokolu prantot itihaxor odhyoyonok xamori luwa ek troimaxik xomoniya-porzaluchona koraa xoikhyik alusoni. iyak 1966 sonot walter lakur aaru jorjo el-e protistha korisil. muse. mulotoh weidenfeld endo nikulsone prokax koraa ei sobikhon 1972 sonot chaze prokaxonxomuhe kroy korisil. mukhyo xompadokxokol hoise rechard je. ivanos (cambridge biswobidyaloy) aaru meree chi. newberger (ostrinor texus biswobidyaloy). bixoybostu aaru porixor. 1930 sonor poraa bortomanoloike jiwito smritir bhitorot thoka biswor protikhon dex aaru oncholor uporot xamajik, orthonoitik, rajnoitik, kutnoitik, boudhik aaru xangoskritikoke dhori bibhinno oitihaxik dristibhongi xamori loi ei alusonikhone pandityopurno probondho, porzaluchona probondho aaru gronthor porzaluchona prokax kore. alusonikhone xonmilonor poraa baa bahyikbhabe daakhil koraa prostawor poraa udbhob huwa bixex bixoixomuhou prokax kore. 2008 sonor poraa, alusonikhone prithok prithok kitapor porzaluchona ontorbhukto korise, iyar uporiu etaa xomaluchonamulok probondhor compusor bhitorot bibhinno kitap xamori luwa porzaluchona probondho ontorbhukto korise. bimurto aaru xusikoron. alusonikhon bimurto aaru sko 'paach aaru xamajik bigyanor uddhriti xusokot xusibhukto koraa hoise. obhyorthona. alusonikhonok "ek utkristo antohrastriyo prokax" hisape bornona koraa hoise. times literesary poripurok"-e iyak "ingraji bhaxi biswor itihaxor onyotomo utkristo xikhyito alusoni hisape bornona korise." journal citation protibedon" onuxori, journalot 2018 sonor 0.769 ror probhab kaarok aase, jiye iyak "itihax" shrenir 95taa journalor bhitorot bhitorot sthan dise.

somosamoyik itihaser journal dya journal off contemporary histry holl 1930 saal theke bishwer samasta ongshe itihas adhyayaner jonno troimasik piar-review koraa academic journal. etty 1966 saale walter lakuar ebong george ell dwara protisthito hoyechilo. mosses. mulat wedenfeld anned nicholson dwara prokashito etty 1972 saale seja prokashona dwara croy koraa hoyechilo. prodhan sompadok hollen richarda jeey. evance (cambridge vishwavidyalaya) ebong merry shee. newberger (university off texus ayata austin). visayavastu ebong poridhi. journalti 1930 saal theke bortoman deane porjonto bishwer protiti desh oo anchaler upor samajik, orthonoitik, rajnaitik, kutnaitik, buddhibrittik ebong sangoskritik soho oitihasik poddhotir bistrito porisorke antarbhukta korey pandityapurna nibondho, porjalochona nibondho ebong boi porjalochona prakash korey. journalti sommelon baa bahyikbhabe jomaa deoa prostab theke udbhuto bishesh sankhyao prakash korey. 2008 saal theke, journalti ekti ekok samalochanamulak probondher kompaser modhye bivinno boiyer porjalochona nibondho chharao prithak boiyer porjalochona antarbhukta koreche. bimurtokoron ebong suchikaran. journalti bimurto ebong scopus ebong samajik bigyaner uddhriti suchke suchibhukto. abhyarthana. journaltike "ekti chamatkar antorjatik prokashona" hisabe bornona koraa hoyeche. times literature supplement" etike "ingrejibhashi bishwer itihaser onnotomo asamanno shikkhito journal" hisabe bornona koreche." journal citation report" onusare, journaltir 2018 saaler prabhab factor 0.769, jaa etike "itihas" bibhage 95tii journaler modhye modhye sthan diyeche.

samkalin itihaasnu saamyeek samkalin itihaasnu saamyeek aee aee vishvanaa tamaam bhagoma itihaasnaa abhyasne aavari letu trimasik pier-samiksha karelu shaikshanik saamyeek chhe. tenee sthaapnaa sthaapnaa voltara lacure aneey george aela. mose. mulroope wedenfeld aneey nicholson dwara prakashit teey teey rushee prakashno dwara khareedvama aavyu hatoo. mukhya sampadako ritchard jeey. chhe. evance (cambridge university) aneey meerii see. newberger (university off taxas aeta ostin). samagri aneey avkaash. aaa journal 1930 thee aaj sudhee jivant smrutimaa vishvanaa darek desh aneey pradesh parr saamaajik, aarthik, raajkeey, rajdwari, bauddhik aneey saanskrutik saheet aitihasik abhigamoni vyaapak shreneene aavari letaa vidhvatapurn lekho, samiksha lekho aneey pustak sameekshao prakashit karey chhe. saamaayik vishesh muddaao pann prakashit karey chhe, jeey parishadomathi athavaa baahy reete rajoo karaayel darkhastmathi udbhave chhe. 2008 thee, aaa saamyike vyaktigat pustakoni sameekshao upraant, aek jaj vivechanaatmak nibandhni hokayantramaa pustakoni shreneene aavari letaa samiksha lekho pann saamel karyaa chhe. amoort aneey anukramanika. journal amoort chhe aneey scopus aneey saamaajik vigyaan citation indexmaa anukrameet chhe. swaagat. aaa saamyikne "aek uttam aantarrashtriy prakaashan" tareeke varnavama aavyu chhe. times literary supplement" aee tene "angreji bolata vishvamaa itihaasnaa utkrusht vidhvaan saamyikomaanu aek" tareeke varnavyu chhe." journal citation ahevaalo" anusaar, journalma journalma 0.769 noon prabhaav pareebal chhe, jeey tene "itihas" shreneema 95 journalomathi journalomathi sthaan aape chhe.

samkaaleen itihas kii patrika samkaaleen itihas kii patrika ack traimasik sahakarmi-sameeksha kii gaee shaikshanik patrika haye joe 1930 seey duniya key sabhi hisson mein itihas key adhyayan koo cover karati haye. isaki sthaapana 1966 mein walter lakuar aur george ell. mosse. mool roop seey weedenfeld aind nicholson dwara prakaashit ise 1972 mein rishi prakashanon dwara kharida gayaa thaa. mukhya sampaadak richard jey hain. evance (cambridge vishvavidyalaya) aur mairi see. newberger (austin mein texas vishvavidyalaya). vishay aur daira. yeh patrika 1930 seey laker aaj taka duniya key harr desh aur kshetra mein samajik, aarthik, raajneetik, rajanyik, bauddhik aur saanskritik sahit aitihaasik drishtikonon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala koo shamil karate hue vidvaanon key lekh, sameeksha lekh aur pustak sameeksha prakaashit karati haye. patrika sammelanon yaa baahari roop seey prastut prastaav seey utpann honey vaale vishesh muddon koo bhee prakaashit karati haye. 2008 seey, patrika mein vyaktigat pustakon kii sameekshaaen shamil hain, saath hii ack hii aalochanatmak nibandh kii disha mein pustakon kii ack shrinkhala koo shamil karane vaale sameeksha lekh bhee shamil hain. saar aur anukraman. journal koo scopus aur samajik vigyaan uddharan soochkaank mein amoort aur anukramit kiya gayaa haye. swaagat. iss patrika koo "ack utkrisht antarrashtriya prakaashan" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. times literary supplement" ney ise "angreji bhashi duniya mein itihas kii utkrisht vidwan patrikaon mein seey ack key roop mein varnit kiya haye." journal citation report" key anusaar, journal mein 2018 kaa prabhaav kaarak 0.769 haye, joe ise "itihas" shreni mein 95 patrikaon mein seey 22 vein sthaan parr rakhta haye.

samakaalina itihaasada journal journal off contemperary history 1930rinda vishvada ellah bhagagalallina itihaasada adhyayanavannu olagonda traimasika peer-reviewed shaikshanika journal aagide. idannu 1966ralli walter lacure mattu georg ell. moses. moolatah widenfeld & nicholson prakatisida idannu 1972ralli sage prakatanegalu khareedisidavu. mukhya sampaadakaru richard zhe. evance (cambridge vishvavidyaalaya) mattu merrie sii. neuberger (aastinnalliruva texas vishvavidyaalaya). vishaya mattu vyaapti. ee niyatakaalikavu 1930rinda indinavaregu jeevantavaada nenapinalliruva vishvada pratiyondu desha mattu pradeshada bagge samajika, arthika, rajakiya, rajatantrika, bouddhika mattu saamskrutika seridante vyapaka shreniya aitihaasika vidhaanagalannu olagondante pandityapurna lekhanagalu, vimarshe lekhanagalu mattu pustaka vimarshegalannu prakatisuttade. sammelanagalinda athawa baahyavaagi sallisalaada prastapadinda udbhavisuva vishesha sanchikegalannu saha journal prakatisuttade. 2008rinda, ee niyatakaalikavu vaiyaktika pustakagala vimarshegalannu olagondide, jotege onde vimarshaatmaka prabandhada diksoochiyolage halavaaru pustakagalannu olagonda vimarshaatmaka lekhanagalannu olagondide. amoortate mattu suchyanka. journal annu amoortavaagi scopus mattu samajika vignaanagala ullekha soochyankadalli soochisalaagide. svaagata. ee niyatakaalikavannu "atyuttama antaaraashtriya prakatane" endu varnisalaagide. times literary supplement" idannu "inglish maatanaaduva jagattina itihaasada atyuttama vidwat niyatakaalikagalalli ondaagide" endu vivariside." journal citation varadigala" prakara, journal 2018 rahra prabhaavada amshavaada 0.769 annu hondiddu, "itihaasa" vibhagadalli 95 jarnalgalalli 22 neey sthaanadallide.

samkalin itihasache niyatkalik samkalin itihasache niyatkalik heey 1930 pasoon jagachya serve bhagantil itihasacha abhyas karnare samvayaskanni punaravalokan kelele traimasik shaikshanik niyatkalik aahe. tyachi sthapana 1966 madhye walter lackier aanee george ell. moses. moolatah wedenfeld aanee nicholson yanni prakashit kelela haah chitrapat 1972 madhye sej prakashananni vikat ghetala hota. mukhya sampadak richard jeey. evance (cambridge vidyapith) aanee merrie see. newberger (austin yetheel texas vidyapith). samagri aanee vyapti. heey niyatkalik 1930 teey aajtagayat jagatalya pratyek desh aanee pradeshachya jiwant smrutinvar samajik, aarthik, rajkiy, rajnaitik, mutsaddi, bauddhik aanee sanskrutik asha aitihasik drushtikonanchya vistrut shrenicha samavesh asalele vidvattapoorn lekh, punaravalokan lekh aanee pustak punaravalokne prakashit karate. parishadanmadhun kinwa bahyaritya sadar kelelya prastavatun udbhavnare vishesh mudde dekhil heey niyatkalik prakashit karate. 2008 pasoon, yaa niyatkalikat vaiyaktik pustakanche punaravalokan samavisht kele gele aahe, yashivay ekach gambhir nibandhachya dishela anek pustakancha samavesh asalelya punaravalokan lekhancha samavesh aahe. amoort aanee anukramanika. heey niyatkalik amoort aahe aanee scopus aanee samajik vidnyan sandarbh nirdeshankat anukramit kele aahe. swagat. yaa niyatkalikache varnan 'eka utkrusht aantarrashtriy prakashan' asey kele gele aahe. times literary supplement' neey tyache varnan 'ingraji bhashik jagatil itihasachya utkrusht shikalelya niyatkalikanpaiki eka' asey kele aahe." journal citation report' nusar, yaa niyatkalikat 2018 chaa prabhav ghatak 0.769 aahe, joou 'itihas' yaa shrenitil 95 niyatkalikanpaiki 22 vya kramankavar aahe.

samakalin itihasko journal samakalin itihasko journal sann 1930 dekhi vishwaka sabai bhagharuma itihasko adhyayanlai sametne traimasik sahakarmi-samiksha garieko shaikshik journal how. yo sann 1966 maa walter lakyur rar george ell dwara sthapit garieko thiyo. moses. muel rupma wedenfeld rar nikalsandwara prakashit yo sann 1972 maa sez prakashanharudwara kharid garieko thiyo. mukhya sampadakharu richard jey hun. evance (cambridge vishwavidyalaya) rar merry see. newberger (astinma texas vishwavidyalaya). samagri rar dayara. journalle sann 1930 dekhi ajasamma sansarko pratyek desh rar kshetrama samajik, arthik, rajnitik, kutnitik, baudhik rar sanskritik lagayat aitihasik drishtikonharuko wistrit shrinkhalalai sametne vidwatapurna lekhharu, samiksha lekhharu rar pustak samikshaharu prakashit gardacha. journalle sammelanharubata wa bahya rupma prastut prastawabata utpanna hune vishesh muddaharu pani prakashit gardacha. sann 2008 dekhi, journalle ekal alochanatmak nibandhako kampasabhitra pustakharuko dayara sametne samiksha lekhharu bahek wyaktigat pustakharuko samiksha samawesh gareko chha. amurta rar anukramanika. journal amurta chha rar scopus rar samajik vigyan uddharan suchakankama anukramit chha. swagat. jarnallai "ek utkrishta antarrashtriya prakashan" ko rupma warnan garieko chha. times literary supplement" ley yasalai "angreji bolne sansarma itihasko utkrishta vidwan journalharu madhye ek" ko rupma warnan gareko chha." journal cytation reportharu" kaa anusar, journalma 2018 ko prabhawa karak 0.769 chha, yasalai "itihas" shrenima 95 journalharu madhye 22 aun sthanma rakhchha.

samasamajika itihas patrika dee journal off contemperary histori' heuchhi eka traimasika sahakarmee-samikhya karajaithiba academic journal, jaahaa 1930 masiharu biswara samasta bhagare itihas adhyajanaku antarbhukta kare. ehaa 1966 masihare walter lakur ebong george ell. moses. moolatah wedenfeld ebong nikolasananka dwara prakashita, ehaaku 1972 ray sez prakashan dwara kinajaithila. mukhya sampadaka heuchhanti richard jay. evance (cambridge biswabidyalaja) ebong merrie sii. newberger (texas biswabidyalaja, astin). bishajabastu ebong parisara. ehi patrika 1930 masiharu bartamana parjyanta biswara pratyeka desh ebong anchala upare samajika, arthanaitika, rajanaitika, kootanaitika, boudhika ebong sanskrutika sameth bibhinna prakarara aitihasika aabhimukhyaku antarbhukta curry bidwana nibandha, samikhya nibandha ebong pustaka samikhya prakash kare. ehi patrikati sammilaneeru kimba bahya bhabe upasthapita prastabaru utpanna heuthiba swatantra prasanga madhya prakash karithae. 2008 masiharu, ehi patrikare byaktigata pustakara samikhya antarbhukta karajaichi, ehaa byatita gotie samalochanamoolaka nibandhara compass madhyare aneka pustakaku antarbhukta karuthiba samikhya nibandha madhya antarbhukta karajaichi. bimurta ebong suchikarana. ehi patrikati bimurta ebong scopes ebong samajika bigyana citation indexre anukramita hoichhi. swagata. ehi patrikaku "eka utkrusta antarjatija prakashan" bhabe barnana karajaichi. times literature supplement" ehaaku "ingraji bhashi biswara itihasara eka ullekhaneeah sikhita patrika" bhabare barnana karichhi." journal citation report" anujai, jarnalara 2018 prabhaba karaka 0.769 rahichhi, jaahaa ehaaku "itihas" bargare bargare journal madhyaru madhyaru sthanare rakhichhi.

samkali itihaas daa rasala samkali itihaas daa rasala ikk timahi peear-samikhiaa akadamik rasala haii joe 1930 toon dunia dey saare hissiaan witch itihaas dey adhiaen noon cover karda haii. iss dee sathapana 1966 witch walter laikur atey jaaraj ail. moses. mool roop witch wedenfeld atey nicholson duaara prakashit iss noon sann 1972 witch sej parkashanan duaara kharidiaa giaa see. mukkh sampadak jey. evance (cambridge university) atey mairi see. newberger (austin vikhe taxas university). samaggari atey scope. ih journal 1930 toon lae keey ajj takk dunia dey harr desh atey khetar witch smajik, aarthik, rajneetik, kootnitak, baudhik atey sabheyacharak pahunchan samet itihasak pahunchan dee ikk viaapak shreni noon cover karde hoye vidvatapuran lekh, samikhiaa lekh atey pustak samikhiaavan prakashit karda haii. journal vishesh muddiaan noon vee prakashit karda haii, joe conferences jaan baahari taur 'teey pesh keete prastav toon paida hunde hunn. 2008 toon, journal neey viaktigat kitaban deeaan samikhiaavan noon shamal keeta haii, iss toon ilava ikk single aalochnatmak lekh dey compass dey ander kaee kitaban noon cover curran vaale samikhiaa lekhan noon shamal keeta haii. abstract atey indexing. journal noon sankhep atey scopes atey smajik vigiaan havala soochkank witch suchibadh keeta giaa haii. suagat. iss journal noon "ikk shandar antarashtari parkashan" vajon darsaiaa giaa haii. times sahitak poorak" neey iss noon "angrezi bolann vaale sansar witch itihaas dey shandar sikkhiat rasaliaan vicchon ikk" vajon darsaiaa haii." journal citation reportan" dey anusar, journal daa 2018 daa prabhav kaarak 0.769 haii, jiss neey iss noon "itihaas" shreni witch 95 rasaliaan vicchon 22vaan sathaan ditta haii.

samakaaleen itihasasya patrikaa da journal aaf contemperary histari iti traimasika-samikshita-shaikshanik-patrikaa asti, yasmin 1930 tamaat varshaat vishvasya sarveshu bhaageshu itihasasya adhyayanm abhilikhitam asti. 1966 tame varshe valter-locure tathaa jaarj-ell. mosse. moolatah wedenfeld & nickleson ityanena prakaashitam etat 1972 tame varshe sej-prakaashanaih kreenitam aasit. mukhya-sampaadakaah richard jey. evance (kembridge vishvavidyaalayaha) tathaa merry see. newberger (austin-nagarasya texas-vishvavidyaalayaha). vishayavastuh tathaa vyaaptih. 1930 tamaat varshaat adyaparyantam vishvasya pratyekasmin deshasya, pradeshasya cha vishaye samajika-aarthik-raajanaitik-kootaneetik-bauddhika-saamskrutika-drushtikonaan vyaapakaroopen samerutya, patrikaa vidvataapoornaani lekhaani, samiksha-lekhaan, pustaka-samiksham cha prakaashayati. patrikaa visheshaan vishayaan api prakaashayati, ye sammelanat athavaa baahyaroopen prastutah prastaawaih udbhootaah bhavanti. 2008 tamaat varshaat, niyatakalikam vyaktigataanaam pustakanam samiksham, samikshalekhaha api cha, ekasya vimarshaatmak-nibandhasya dishaayaam pustakanam shrenim aacchaadayati. saaraamsham tathaa anukramanikaa. patrikaa amoortaroopen scopus tathaa saamaajikavigyaanasya uddharanasoochake anukramitam asti. sweekaranam. asya patrikaayaah varnanam "utkrushtam antarashtriya-prakaashanam" iti krutam asti. tams-literature-supplement" iti patrikayaa etat "anglabhashinam jagatah itihasasya utkrushta-vidvattaasu niyatakaalikeshu anyatam iti varnitam asti." journal satation report" ityasya anusaaram, asya journal ityasya 2018 tamavarshasya prabhaava-kaarakah 0.769 asti, yat "itihaasah" iti shreneeye 95 journal-madhye 22 tamam sthaanam pradadaati.

samagaala varalaattrin idhazh samagaala varalaattrin idhazh enbathu 1930 muthal ulagin anaitthu pakuthikalilum varalaattraip pattriya aaivai ulladakkiya kaalandu saga mathippaaivu seiyappatta kalvi idhazhaagum. idhu 1966 aam aandil walder lakur mattrum jaarj ell. moasae. muthalil weidenfield & nicholson veliyitta idhu 1972 aam aandil sej veliyeedugalaal vaangkappattathu. thalaimai aasiriyargal richard jay. eevans (cambridge palkalaikkazhagam) mattrum maeri chii. newberger (austin texas palkalaikkazhagam). ulladakkam mattrum noakkam. 1930 muthal intru varai vaazhum ninaivugalukkul ulagin ovvoru naadum piraanthiyamum kuritthu samooga, porulaathaara, arasiyal, raajathanthira, arivusaar mattrum kalacharam ullitta parantha alavilaana varalaattru anugumuraigalai ulladakkiya arivaattral katturaigal, mathippaaivu katturaigal mattrum puththaga mathippuraikalai inththa idhazh veliyidugirathu. maanaadugal allathu velippuramaaga samarpikkappatta munmozhivilirunthu ezhum sirappu veliyeedugalaiyum idhazh veliyidugirathu. 2008 muthal, inththa idhazh thanipatta puththagangkalin mathippuraikalai ulladakkiyathu, maelum oru vimarsanak katturaiyin thisaikaattirkul pala puththagangkalai ulladakkiya mathippaaivu katturaigalaiyum ulladakkiyathu. surukka mattrum kuriyeedu. idhazh surukkamaaga scopus mattrum samooga ariviyal maerkoal kuriyeettil kuriyidappattullathu. varavaerpu. inththa idhazh "oru sirantha sarvadesa veliyeedu" endru vivarikkappattullathu. times literatury supplement" idhai "aangkilam paesum ulagil varalaattrin sirantha kattrukkonda paththirigaigalil ondru" endru vivariththullathu." journal citation arikkaikalinpadi", inththa idhazh 2018 aam aandin thaakkak karaniyaana 0.769 aik kondullathu, idhu "varalaaru" pirivil 95 paththirigaigalil 22 vadhu idaththaip pidiththullathu.

samakaaleena charitra patrika journal off contemporary history anedi 1930 nundi prapanchamlooni anni praantaalalo charitra adhyayananni cover chese traimaasika peer-reviewed academic journal. dheenini 1966loe walter locure mariyu georg ell. mosse. modata weedenfeld & nicholson prachurinchina dheenini 1972loe sage prachuranalu konugolu chesaayi. pradhana sampaadakulu richard zhe. evans (university off cambridge) mariyu maerii sii. newberger (austin looni texas vishwavidyaalayam). content mariyu paridhi. eee patrika 1930 nundi neti varaku prapanchamlooni prati desham mariyu praantampai saamaajika, aardhika, raajakeeya, dautya, medho mariyu saamskrutika vidhaanaalatho sahaa vistruta shreni chaaritraka vidhaanaalanu cover chestu panditula kathanaalu, sameeksha kathanaalu mariyu pustaka sameekshalanu prachuristundi. eee patrika samavesala nundi ledhaa baahyamgaa samarpinchina pratipaadana nundi utpannamayye pratyeka sanchikalanu kooda prachuristundi. 2008 nundi, eee patrikalo vyaktigata pustakaala sameekshalu, alaage oke vimarsanaatmaka vyaasam yokka diksuchi lopala aneka rakaala pustakaalanu cover chese sameeksha kathanaalu unnaayi. saaraamsam mariyu suuchika. journal sangrahinchabadindi mariyu scopus mariyu saamaajika saastraala citation indexlo suuchika cheyabadindi. swaagatam. eee patrikanu "oka adbhutamaina antarjaateeya prachurana" gaa abhivarninchaaru. times literature supplement" dheenini "aanglam matlade prapanchamlo charitra yokka atyuttama vidvaamsula journalslo okatigaa abhivarninchindi." journal citation reports" prakaram, journal 2018loe 0.769 prabhava karakanni kaligi undhi, idhi "charitra" vibhaagamlo 95 journalslo 22va sthaanamlo undhi.

asree tareekh kaa jaridah jaridah asree tareekh eek sah maahi humm martabah jaizah leenay waala taleemi jaridah hay juu 1930 say duniya kay tamaam hasoon mein tareekh kay mutalah kaa ahatah kartaa hay. asay 1966 mein walter lecure aur jaarj eel nay qayem kiyaa thaa. mous. asl mein wedenfeld aind nikalsan kay zariah shaye kiyaa gayaa asay seej kii ashaaton nay 1972 mein kharida thaa. editors inn cheef richard jay haine. aiwanz (university aaf camberge) aur meeri see. neoberger (auston mein taxas university). mawaad aur dairah kaar. yaha jaridah elmi mazamin jaizay kay mazamin aur kitaabi jaizay shaye kartaa hay jiss mein 1930 say lay kirr aaj takk duniya kay harr milk aur khatay parr samaji maashi seyasi sfarti danishwarana aur saqafati sameet tarikhi naqtah nazar kii eek wasee renj kaa ahatah kiyaa gayaa hay. jaridah conferences yaa beruni toor parr paish kardah tajweez say paida honay waalay khususi masail bhee shaye kartaa hay. 2008 say jareede mein infiradi kitaabon kay jaizay shaamil kiye gayey haine iss kay elawah eek hyee tanqidi mazmun kay compass kay andar mutadid kitaabon kaa ahatah karnay waalay jaizay kay mazamin bhee shaamil haine. tajridi aur indexing. jareede kuu khalasah kiyaa gayaa hay aur scopus aur soshal sciences citation index mein index kiyaa gayaa hay. isteqbaliya. iss jareede kuu "eek behtareen beenn alaqwami ashaat" kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa hay. times latreri zamimah" nay asay "angrezi bolnay waali duniya mein tareekh kay numayan elmi jarayed mein say eek" kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa hay." journal citation reports" kay mutabiq jareede mein 2018 kaa asar ansar 0.769 hay juu asay "tareekh" kay zamray mein 95 jarayed mein say 22 wein number parr rakhta hay.

fffa02666515e2889d9cc2e210ae56c4efff4f414bb75321af6ec7759d4b4260

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28826108

Péplum

Péplum Péplum is a novel in French by the Belgian author Amélie Nothomb. It was first published in 1996 by Éditions Albin Michel. This futuristic novel is presented as an autobiography. A young writer named A.N. is brought to the hospital for a minor operation. Upon waking up she finds herself in an unknown room, very different from her hospital room. She then meets Celsius, a mysterious scientist, who explains that between her surgery and the time she woke up 585 years have passed and it is now 2580. A dialogue takes place between the young novelist and the scientist from the future, and they discuss numerous topics, such as the scarcity of energy resources, political systems, the classical authors, as well as philosophy and "the great war of the twenty-second century". References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

peplum peplum hoise beljiyamor lekhika emeli nothombor forasi bhaxat likha ekhon uponyax. iyak prothombaror baabe 1996 sonot edition elbin mixele prokax korisil. ei bhobisyotor uponyaxkhonok atmojiwoni hisape uposthapon koraa hoise. e naamor ejon juwo lekhok.eno. etaa xoru ostrupsaror baabe sikitsaloyoloi onaa hoy. jaagi uthaar pisot taai nijoke etaa ogyat kuthat paay, jitu taair sikitsaloyor kuthat thokar poraa bohut beleg. taar pisot taai celsia naamor egoraki rohosyomoy bigyanik log paay, jiye byakhya kore je teur ostrupsar aaru teur jaagi uthaar xomoyor maajot 585 bosor paar hoi goise aaru etiya 2580 bosor hoise. juwo ouponyaxik aaru bhobisyotor bigyanir maajot ek xonglap hoy, aaru teuluke xokti xompodor obhab, rajnoitik byowostha, xastriyo lekhokxokolor logote dorxon aaru "baix xotikar mohan juddho" ror dore oxongkhyo bixoy alusona kore.

peplam peplam holl belgiumer lekhok amaily nothomber farasi bhasay lekha ekti uponyas. etty prothom prokashito hoy 1996 saale edishana albin mishela dwara. eyi bhabishyat uponyasti ekti attojiboni hisabe uposthapon koraa hoyeche. ayee naame ekjon torun lekhok.enn. ekti chhoto ostropocharer jonno hospitale aanaa hoy. ghum theke othar porr seey nijeke ekti ajana ghore khunje paay, jaa taar hospitaler ghor theke khub alada. erpor tini ekjon rahasyamay bigyani celsiuser saathe dekha corren, jini byakhya corren jey taar astropachar ebong taar jege othar somoyer modhye 585 bochor periye geche ebong ekhon 2580 bochor hoye geche. torun ouponyasik ebong bhabishyater bigyanir modhye ekti sanglap hoy ebong taaraa shakti sompod, rajnaitik byabostha, shastriya lekhokder pashapashi darshan ebong "baish shotoker mohan juddho"-err moto asankhya vishay niye alochona korey.

paplum paplum aee belgian lekhak emeli notehombnee franchmaa navalkathaa chhe. teey saupratham 1996maan edition albin mishel dwara prakashit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa bhavishyavadi navalkathaane aatmakatha tareeke rajoo karvaamaa aavee chhe. aek yuvan lekhak naam.aena. tene naana operation maate hospitalma lavvama aave chhe. jyaare teey jaagi tyaare teey potaane aek ajanya oradama shodhe chhe, jeey tenaa hospital roomthi khoob jaj alag chhe. pachhi teey aek rahasyamay vaignanik, celsiusne maley chhe, jeey samjaave chhe keey tenee shastrakriya aneey teneena jagvana samay vachche 585 varsh veetee gayaa chhe aneey havey teey 2580 thaee gayaa chhe. yuvan navalkathaakaar aneey bhavishyanaa vaignanik vachche samvaad thaay chhe, aneey teo urjaa sansadhanoni achhat, raajkeey pranaalio, shaastriy lekhako, temaj filosoofi aneey "bavismi sadeenu mahaan yuddh" jevaa asankhya vishhayo parr charcha karey chhe.

pepalam peplum belgium kii lekhika emili notehomb kaa francisi mein ack upanyaas haye. ise pahali baar 1996 mein edition albin michel dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. iss bhavishyavaadi upanyaas koo ack aatmakatha key roop mein prastut kiya gayaa haye. aeye naamak ack yuva lekhak.aine. ack chhote seey operation key liye aspatal laaya jaataa haye. jaagane parr vaha khud koo ack agyaat kamare mein paati haye, joe usake aspatal key kamare seey bahut alag haye. phir vaha ack rahasyamay vaigyaanik celsius seey milati haye, joe bataati haye kii usaki sergery aur usake jaagane key samay key beach 585 saal beet chuke hain aur abb 2580 hoe gaye hain. yuva upanyaskar aur bhavishya key vaigyaanik key beach ack samvaad hotaa haye, aur way kaee vishayon parr charcha karate hain, jaise kii oorjaa sansadhanon kii kamee, raajneetik pranaaliyan, shaastriya lekhak, saath hii saath darshan aur "bicevin shatabdi kaa mahaan yuddh".

peplum peplum embudu belgiumna lekhaka ameli nothombe bareda french kaadambariyaagide. idannu modala baarige 1996ralli editions albin micheal prakatisidaru. ee bhavishyada kaadambariyannu aatmacharitreyaagi prastutapadisalaagide. aa emba hesarina yuva barahagara.enn. sanna shastrachikitsegaagi aaspatrege karetaralaaguttade. echcharavaadaaga aake tanna aaspatreya kotadiyinda bahala bhinnavaada aparichita kooneyalli tannannu taanu kandukolluttaale. nantara avalu celsius emba nigoodha vignaanige bhetiyaguttale, avalu tanna shastrachikitse mattu avalu echcharagolluva samayada naduve 585 varshagalu kaledive mattu eega adhu 2580 aagide endu vivarisuttaale. yuva kadambarikara mattu bhavishyada vignaanigala naduve samvaada nadeyuttade, mattu avaru halavaaru vishayagalannu charchisuttare, udaaharanege shakti sampanmoolagala korate, rajakiya vyavasthegalu, shaastriya lekhakaru, jotege tatvashastra mattu "ippatteradane shatamaanada mahaa yuddha".

peplum beljian ezhuthukaariyaaya ameli notomb franch bhashayil ezhuthiya oru novalaanu peplum. 1996ll editions albin maikkal aanu ithu aadyamaayi prasidheekarichathu. eee bhavithala novaline oru aathmakadhayaayi avatharippikkunnu. eiii enna yuva ezhuthukaaran.enn. oru cheria shasthrakriyaykaayi ashupathriyil konduvarunnu. unarnnappol aval ashupatri muriyil ninnu valare vyathyasthamaaya oru anjjaatha muriyil svayam kandethunnu. thudarnnu aval selshyas enna nigooda shaasthranjane kandumuttunnu, aval thante shasthrakriyaykkum unarnna samayathinum idayil 585 varshangal kadannupoyi, ippol 2580 aayi. yuva novelistum bhaaviyile shaasthranjanum thammil oru sambhashanam nadakkunnu, koodaathe oorjja vibhavangalude kuravu, rashtreeya samvidaanangal, classical ezhuthukaar, thathwachintha, "irupathirandaam noottaandile mahathaaya yuddham" thudangiya niravadhi vishayangal avar charcha cheiyunnu.

peplum peplum hii belgian lekhika ameli notehombchi frenchmadhil kadambari aahe. too pratham 1996 madhye edition albin michelane prakashit keela hota. hii bhavishyavadi kadambari aatmcharitra mhanoon sadar kelee aahe. aaa navacha eka tarun lekhak.aine. eka kirkol shastrakriyesathi rugnalayat aanale jaate. jaage jhalyavar tee swatahla eka adnyat kholeet pahate, jee tichya rugnalayatil kholipeksha khoop vegali aahe. tyanantar tee eka rahasyamay shastradnya celsiusla bhetate, joou spasht karato qee tichi shastrakriya aanee teela jaage honyacha vel yadarmyan 585 varshe ulatali aahet aanee aata 2580 jhaali aahet. tarun kadambarikar aanee bhavishyatil shastradnya yanchyat sanvad hoto aanee teey urja sansadhananchi kamatarata, rajkiy vyavastha, shastriy lekhak, tasech tattvadnyan aanee "bavisavya shatkatil mahan yuddh" yasarkhya anek vishayanvar charcha karatat.

peplum peplum belgiumki lekhika emeli notehombko francelima lekhieko upanyas how. yo pahilo patak sann 1996 maa edition albin misheldwara prakashit bhaeko thiyo. yo bhavishyavadi upanyaslai atmakathako rupma prastut garieko chha. ae namak ekjana yuwa lekhak.enn. sano shalyakriyaka lagi aspatal lyaieko chha. uthda unle afulai euta agyat kothama bhettaunchhin, june unko aspatalko kothabhanda dherai farak chha. tyasapachhi unle ek rahasyamaya vaigyanik selsiyasakahan bhetchhin, jasle unko shalyakriya rar uni utheko samaya bitch 585 warsha bitisakeko rar ahile 2580 bhaeko wyakhya garchhin. yuwa upanyaskar rar bhawishyaka vaigyanikbich sanwad hunchha, rar uniharule urja srota, rajnitik pranali, shastriya lekhakharu, sathai darshan rar "baisaun shatabdiko mahan yuddha" jasta dherai vishayaharu chhalfal garchhan.

peplum peplum heuchhi belgion lekhaka ameli natahombanka dwara frenchare eka upenyas . ehaa pratham thara paain 1996 ray edison albin mishel dwara prakashita hoithila . ehi bhabisyata upanyasaku eka atmajibani bhabe upasthapana karajaichi. jane juba lekhaka, jahara naama aii.enn. eka chhot astropachara paain tanku daktarakhanaku anajae. uthiba parey shay nijaku eka ajana kothareere dekhanti, jaahaa taanka daktarakhana kothareetharu bahuta bhinna . taa 'parey shay jane rahasyamai baigyanika selasijasku bhetithile, jie barnana karithile je taanka astropachara ebong shay uthibara samai madhyare 585 barsha bitigala ebong bartamana ehaa 2580 barsha hoigala. juba upanyasakara ebong bhabisyatara baigyanikanka madhyare eka bartalapa hue, ebong semane shakti sambalara abhaba, rajanaitika byabastha, shastriya lekhaka, tatha darshan ebong "dwadasha shatabdir mahan juddha" pari aneka bishai upare alochana karanti .

pepalam pepalam franch witch belgian lekhak amili notehomb daa ikk nawal haii. ih pahili vaar 1996 witch edition albin michel duaara prakashit keeta giaa see. iss bhavikhvadi nawal noon ikk sway-jeevani dey roop witch pesh keeta giaa haii. aii naam daa ikk naujwan lekhak.ainn. ikk chhote jihe appression laee hospital liaaiaa jaanda haii. jaagan 'teey uh aapne aap noon ikk anjaan kamre witch paundi haii, joe uss dey hospital dey kamre toon bahut vakkhra haii. firr uh celsius, ikk rahassmai vigiaani noon mildi haii, joe dassdi haii kii uss dee sarjari atey uss dey jaagan dey samein dey vichkaar 585 saal beet gaye hunn atey hunn ih 2580 hoow gaye hunn. naujwan navalkar atey bhavikh dey vigiaani vichkaar ikk gallbat hundi haii, atey uh kaee vishiaan 'teey charcha karde hunn, jiven kii oorja sarotan dee ghaat, rajneetik pranaliaan, classical lekhakan dey naal-naal falsafe atey "veehvin sadee dee mahaan jung".

peplam peplam iti belgian-lekhakasy ameli nothomba ityasya french-bhashayaha upanyasam asti. etat prathamam 1996 tame varshe editions-albin-mishel ityanena prakaashitam. eshaa bhavishyavaadeenaatakam aatmakathaaroopen upasthapita asti. a iti naamnah ekaha yuvakah lekhakah.ena. laghu-shalyakriyai chikitsaalayam aanayati. jaagarite sati saa adnyaatakoshe swasyaah chikitsaalayakoshebhyah ateeva bhinnaam drushyate. tatah saa celsius iti rahasyamayee vaidnyaanikam militavatee, yah vivaroti yat tasyaah shalyakriyayaha tathaa tasyaah jagarita kaalasy cha madhye 585 varshaani gataani, adhunaa 2580 varshaani yaavat santi iti, yuva-upanyasakarasya tathaa bhavishyasya vaidnyaanikasya cha madhye samvaadaha bhavati, tathaa cha te oorjaa-samsadhananam abhaawah, raajanaitik-vyavasthaha, shaastreey-lekhakaah, tatvadnyaanam, "dvaavimshati-shataabdyaah mahaan yuddham" ityadinam anekaan vishayaan charchayanti.

beblum beblum enbathu beljiya ezhuththaalar ameli nothomp ezhuthiya pirenchu naaval aagum. idhu muthanmuthalil 1996 aam aandil editions albin maikkelaal veliyidappattathu. inththa ethirkaala naaval oru suyasaridhaiyaaga vazhangkappadukirathu. oru ilam ezhuththaalar.n. oru siriya aruvai sigichchaikkaaga maruthuvamanaikku kondu varappadugiraar. vizhiththathum aval oru ariyappadaatha araiyil thannaik kaankiraal, aval maruthuvamanai araiyilirunthu migavum viththiyaasamaaga. pinnar avar celsius endra marmamaana vinjnaaniyai santhikkiraar, avar thanathu aruvai sikitchaikku idaiyil 585 aandugal kadanthuvittana, ippoathu adhu 2580 aakivittathu endru vilakkukiraar. ilam naavalaasiriyarukkum ethirkaala vinjnaanikkum idaiyil oru uraiyaadal nadaiperukirathu, maelum avarkal aattral valangkalin pattraakkurai, arasiyal amaippugal, paarambariya ezhuththaalargal, thathuvam mattrum "irupaththirandaam noottraandin periya poar" poantra pala thalaippukalaip pattri vivaathikkiraarkal.

peplum peplum anedi belgian rachayita amealy nothhomb raasina french navala. dheenini modatisaarigaa 1996loe editions albin maikhel prachurinchindi. eee bhavishyat navala oka aatmakathagaa pradarsinchabadindi. oka yuva rachayita paeru.enn. chinna operation kosam aasupatriki teesukuvastaaru. melkonnappudu aame thana aasupatri gadiki chaalaa bhinnamgaa, oka teliyani gadilo tananu taanu kanugontundi. aame appudu celsius anae marmamaina saastravettanu kalustundi, aame thana shastrachikitsa mariyu aame melkonna samayam madhya 585 samvatsaraalu gadichipoyayani mariyu ippudu 2580 anie vivaristundi. yuva navala rachayita mariyu bhavishyat shaastravetta madhya sambhaashana jarugutundi, mariyu vaaru shakti vanarula korata, raajakeeya vyavasthalu, shaastreeya rachayitalu, alaage tatvasaastram mariyu "iravai rendava sataabdapu goppa yuddham" vanti aneka vishayalanu charchistaaru.

paplum paplum francisi zabaan mein belgium kii masnafah ameli nott hoam kaa eek naawal hay. asay pehli baar 1996 mein editions albeen masheel nay shaye kiyaa thaa. iss mustaqabil kay naawal kuu eek sawanah umri kay toor parr paish kiyaa gayaa hay. eek naujawan masnaf jiss kaa naam aey hay.aine. asay eek mamuli operation kay liye hospital laaya jaataa hay. jaagney parr wah khood kuu eek namalum kamray mein paa leeti hay juu iss kay hospital kay kamray say behat mukhtalif hay. iss kay baad wah celsis eek prasrar sciencedan say milti hay juu wazahat karti hay kahh iss kii sarjari aur jaagney kay waqat kay darmiyan 585 saal guzar chakay haine aur abb 2580 how chakay haine. naujawan naawal nigaar aur mustaqabil kay sciencedan kay darmiyan eek makalme hotaa hay aur wah mutadid mozuaat parr baath kartay haine jeesay tawanayi kay wasail kii kamee seyasi nazaam classici masnafeen kay saath saath falsafah aur "baiswein sadee kii azeem jung".

fffa09bdfeba6b9a87b5663f3d812fff8c08df9f209c89b9789733fce97a4acf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71398715

Rikia Magha

Rikia Magha Moroccan singer and actress Rikia Magha (; born 15 October 1993 in Safi) is a Moroccan singer and actress. Career. In 2014, she took part in the third edition of the Arab Idol music competition. In 2015, she revealed "Mayhemmak" in collaboration with Mahmoud Berhil and Mohamed Noubal, and began a tour in Arab countries. In July 2019, on the occasion of the Throne Day, Rikia Magha released "Lmaghreb W Jamalo", in the format of a music video directed by Noubal. Coinciding with the 44th anniversary of the Green March, Rikia Magha released a work titled "Hadi Sahrati", with rhythms blending modern music and desert tunes. In her second national song of the genre, Magha collaborated with Mohammed Al-Maghraby on the lyrical level, Mehdi Mozayine on the melodic level and Tariq Al-Hujaili for the casting. In December 2021, Rikia Magha unveils her new single entitled "Des Souvenirs", a Raï style title composed by Younes Adam and distributed by Zino Kandour. Discography. 2015 : "Mayhemmak" 2016: "Khayl Al Qasseed" 2017 : "Al Layl" 2017 : "Qadar Qadar" 2017: "Tleatili Min Ween" 2017: "Eddunya Doros" feat. Fayssal Al Jassem 2018 : "Rawaea Fezaa" 2018: "El Qessayed Enta" 2018: "Chher W Semana" 2018: "Tebghi Al Sedq" 2019": Lmaghreb W Jamalo" 2019: "Hada Houa Lmaghrebi" feat. Karima Gouit, Redone Berhil et Badr Soultan 2020: "Hadi Saharti" 2021: "Kol Deqqat Qalb" 2021: "Des Souvenirs" Filmography. 2019: "Hal Wayyana" 2021 : "Alaaeddine" 2022 : "Alfanar" References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

rikiya magha rikiya magha (; jonmo 15 octobor 1993 safit) egoraki morukkan gayika aaru obhinetri. keriyar. 2014 sonot teu aarob idol xongit protijugitar tritiyo xongoskoronot ongxogrohon korisil. 2015 sonot teu mahmood barhil aaru mohommod noubolor xohojugitat "mehemmok" prokax korisil aaru aarob dexxomuhot bhromon aarombho korisil. 2019 sonor july maahot xinghaxon dibox upoloxe rikiya maghai noubolor dwara porisalito etaa music video 'ror formatot "lamagrebo dobliu jamalu" mukoli korisil. xeujiya podojatrar 44 xongkhyok barxikir xoite xongoti raakhi rikiya maghai "haadi xahoroti" xirxok ekhon grontho mukoli korisil, zo "too aadhunik xongit aaru morubhumir xuror misronor xoite chondo aasil. ei dharar teur dwitiyo rastriyo geetot, maghai gitikoir porzayot mohommod aal-magrabi, xuriya porzayot mehdi mujayin aaru custingor baabe taarik aal-hujailir xoite xohojugita korisil. 2021 sonor disembor maahot rikiya maghai "des subhenirs" xirxok teur notun ekok unmuson kore, jitu unes aadame rosona koraa aaru jinu kandure bitoron koraa raai xoilir xirxok. discography. 2015: "mehemok" 2016: "khail aal kasid" 2017: "aal leil" 2017: "kaadar kaadar" 2017: "toletili minn winn" 2017: "edduniya dur" cho "ror krititwo. foisal aal jasem 2018: "rawiya feza" 2018: "el cossaid entaa" 2018: "cher dobliu semana" 2018: "tebgi aal sedok" 2019 ": lamghoreb dobliu jamalu" 2019: "haara huwa lamagrebi" krititwo. korima gouito, redon berhil ett bodor soltan 2020: "haadi xahorti" 2021: "kul dekat kalobo" 2021: "des smarok" solositrographi. 2019: "haal wayana" 2021: "alaeddin" 2022: "alfanar"

rikia magha rikia magha (; safite 15 octobor 1993-ayee jonmogrohon corren) ekjon morocco gayak ebong abhinetri. pesha. 2014 saale, tini arob idol sangeet protijogitar tritiya sangaskarane ongsho niyechilen. 2015 saale, tini mahmoud berhill ebong mahammad nouboler sahojogitai "mehemmock" prakash corren ebong arob deshgulite ekti sofor shuru corren. 2019 saaler julai maase, singhasana dibos upolokkhe, rikia magha naubal porichalito ekti music videor binnase "lamghareb dobleeu jamalo" prakash corren. sobuj michiler 44tomo barshiki upolokkhe, rikia magh "haadi sahrati" naame ekti kaaj prakash corren, jaar modhye adhunik sangeet ebong marubhumir surer sangmishran royeche. taanr dwitiya jatiya gaane, magha geetikar porjaye mahammad all-magrabi, surer store mehdi mozayin ebong custinger jonno tarik all-huzaili-rawr saathe sahojogita korechilen. 2021 saaler decembere, rikia magha "days suvenirs" shironame taar notun ekok unmochan corren, jaa unes adam dwara rachito ebong jino condor dwara bitoron koraa ekti raai styler shironam. discography. 2015: "mayhemak" 2016: "khayel all qasid" 2017: "all layel" 2017: "kodor kodor" 2017: "toletily minn uin" 2017: "edunia doros" krititto. faisal all jossem 2018: "raoia feza" 2018: "ell qayed enta" 2018: "cherr dobleeu semana" 2018: "tebgi all sedok" 2019 ": lamghareb dablu jamalo" 2019: "haadaa hua lamghrebi" krititto. karima gouito, raydon berhill ebong bodro soltan 2020: "haadi saharthi" 2021: "cole dekat kalob" 2021: "days suvenirs" philmography. 2019: "hull wayana" 2021: "alauddin" 2022: "alfanar"

rikia magha rikia magha (; 15 october october roj safeema janmeli) aek morokkan gayika aneey abhinetri chhe. karkirdi. karkirdi, temane arab moorti sangeet spardhani triji aavruttima bhaag leedho hato. 2015 maan, teneeae mahmood barhil aneey mohammed naubalnaa sahyogthi "mehmak" jaaher karyoo aneey aarab deshomaa pravaas sharoo karyo. julai julai, sinhasana divasnaa prasange, rikia magha naubal dwara nirdeshit music videeyona formatemaa "lamaghareb doubleu jamaalo" rajoo karyoo hatoo. green maarchnee maarchnee varshgaanth saathe, rikia maaghe aadhunik sangeet aneey rannee dhunane mishreet karatee lya saathe "hadee saathee" sheershak dharaavati krutee rajoo curry hatee. aaa shaileena temnaa beeja raashtriy gitamaa, magha bhavatmak stare mohammed all-magrabi, madhur stare mehdi mozayne aneey casting maate taarik all-hujaili saathe sahyog karyo hato. december december, rikia magha tenaa navaa single "days sovenirs" noon anaavaran karey chhe, jeey unes aadam dwara rachaayel aneey zino kandor dwara vitareet raay shaileenu sheershak chhe. dyscography. 2015: "mehemak" 2016: "khayal all qaseed" 2017: "all lail" 2017: "kadar kadar" 2017: "taletili miina wiin" 2017: "eddunya doros" nee seeddhi. faisal all jassim 2018: "raveya feza" 2018: "all quessed enta" 2018: "chher doubleu semaana" 2018: "tebgi all sedak" 2019 ": lamghareb doubleu jamaalo" 2019: 'hadaa huaa lamghrebi "nee seeddhi. kareema gauit, raydon barhil aeta badar solton 2020: 'hadee saharatee" 2021: "qola dakht kalab" 2021: "days sovenirs" philmography. 2019: "hull vaaynaa" 2021: "alaydin" 2022: "alfanar"

rikiya magha rikiya magha (; 15 octuber 1993 koo safee mein paida hui) ack morakkan gayika aur abhinetri hain. carrier. 2014 mein, unhone arab moorti sangeet pratiyogita key teesare sanskaran mein bhaag liya. 2015 mein, unhone mahmoud barhil aur mohammad naubal key sahyog seey "mehmak" kaa khulasa kiya, aur arab deshon mein ack daura shuru kiya. julaai 2019 mein, simhaasan divas key avsar parr, rikiya magha ney naubal dwara nirdeshit ack sangeet video key praarup mein "lamagreb doubleu jamalo" jaari kiya. harit march kii 44veen varshgaanth key avsar parr, rikiya maagh ney aadhunik sangeet aur registani dhunon koo milaane vaali lay key saath "hadee saathi" naamak ack kriti kaa vimochan kiya. shally key apane dusare rashtriya geet mein, magha ney geetaatmak star parr mohammad all-magrabi, madhur star parr mehdi mojayin aur casting key liye taarik all-hujaili key saath sahyog kiya. disambar 2021 mein, rikiya magha ney apane nae ekal "days sovenir" kaa anaavaran kiya, joe unes adam dwara rachit aur zino kandaur dwara vitarit ack raay shally kaa sheershak haye. dyscography. 2015: "mehmak" 2016: "khayal all qaaseed" 2017: "all leil" 2017: "kadar kadar" 2017: "taletili minn wean" 2017: "edunya doro" kii upalabdhi. faisal all jaseem 2018: "raava feja" 2018: "ell quessed enta" 2018: "chair doubleu semana" 2018: "tebgi all sedak" 2019: lamghareb doubleu jamalo" 2019: "hadaa huaa lamghrebi" kii upalabdhi. karima gauit, redon barhil aur badra solton 2020: "hadee saathi" 2021: "cole daqt culb" 2021: "days sovenir" filmography. 2019: "hull vayana" 2021: "alaiddin" 2022: "alfanar"

rikia magha rikia magha (; 1993rahra october 15randu safiyalli janisidaru) morokkaada gayaki mattu nutty. vrattijeevana. 2014ralli, avaru arab vigraha sangeeta spardheya moorane aavruttiyalli bhagavahisidaru. 2015ralli, avaru mahmoud berhill mattu mohammed naubal sahayogadondige "mehemmack" annu bahirangapadisidaru mattu arab desagalalli pravaasavannu praarambhisidaru. 2019rahra julainalli, simhaasana dinada sandarbhadalli, rikia magha avaru naubal nirdeshanada music veediyoda roopadalli "elmaghreb doubleu jamalo" annu bidugade maadidaru. hasiru meravanigeya 44neey vaarshikotsavada sandarbhadalli, rikia magha aadhunika sangeeta mattu marubhoomi ragagalannu samyojisuva layagalondige "hadi saahrati" emba shirshikeya krutiyannu bidugade maadidaru. ee prakaarada tanna eradane rashtriya geeteyalli, magha avaru bhavagitatmaka mattadalli mohammed all-magrabi, sumadhura mattadalli mehadi mozain mattu patravargakkagi tarik all-huzaili avarondige sahakarisidaru. december 2021 ralli, rikia magha tanna hosa single "dess smarakagalu" emba shirshikeyannu anavaranagolisuttale, idu unes aadam samyojisida mattu jino kandaur vitarisida raie sailiya shirshikeyagide. discography. 2015: "mehemmak" 2016: "khayl all khaseed" 2017: "all lay" 2017: "khadar khadar" 2017: "tleatly minn wean" 2017: "eddunya doros" sadhane. faisal all jassem 2018: "rawa feja" 2018: "ell quesiade enta" 2018: "cherr doubleu semana" 2018: "tebgi all sedk" 2019: elmaghreb doubleu jamalo" 2019: "hadaa hoova lamagrebi" sadhane. karima gouit, redon berhill mattu badar solton 2020: "hadi saharati" 2021: "cole dakkhat kalb" 2021: "dess smarakagalu" chalanachitragala patti. 2019: "hull vayana" 2021: "alaiddin" 2022: "alphanor"

ricia maaga oru morocan gaayikayum nadiyumaanu ricia maaga (jananam october 15,1993 safiyil). currier. 2014ll arab aidil music malsarathinte moonnaam pathippil avar pankedutthu. 2015ll, mahmoud berhill, mohammed naubal ennivarumaayi sahakarichu avar "mayehmak" velippeduthukayum arab rajyangalil oru paryadanam aarambikkukayum cheythu. 2019 joolaiyil, simhaasanadinathodanubandhi, ricia maga naubal samvidaanam cheytha oru music veediyoyude formaattil "lamagreb dablyu jamalo" puratthirakki. green maarchinte 44-aamm vaarshikathodanubandhichu, aadhunika samgeethavum marubhoomi raagangalum samyojippikkunna thaalangalulla "hadhi saahrati" enna peril oru kruthi ricia maga puratthirakki. eee vibhaagathile randaamathe desheeyagaanathil, maaga ganarachanayil mohammed alle-magrabiyumaayum, melodic thalatthil mehdi mosayin, abhinethaakkalkkaayi taarikh alle-hujaili ennivarumaayum sahakarichu. 2021 desemberil, ricia maga thante puthiya single "dess suvaneers" enna peril anaavaranam cheiyunnu, ithu unus aadam rachichu sino kandoor vitharanam cheytha raay stail taittil aanu. dyscography. 2015: "mayemmack" 2016: "khail alle khaaseed" 2017: "alle lail" 2017: "khaadar khaadar" 2017: "tleettili miin weane" 2017: "eddunya doros" nettam. faisal alle jassem 2018: "ravia phesa" 2018: "ell quesayed enta" 2018: "cherr dablyu semana" 2018: "tebgi alle sedkhu" 2019 ": lamagreb dablyu jamalo" 2019: "hadah hoova lmaghrebi" nettam. kareema gauyit, redoon berhill ettu badhar solton 2020: "hadhi saharti" 2021: "kooll dakkhathu khalbu" 2021: "dess suvaneers" philingraphy. 2019: "hull vayyana" 2021: "alaiddin" 2022: "alphanar"

rikia magha rikia magha (; 15 aktoobar 1993 roji safeet janmaleli) hii eka morokkan gayika aanee abhinetri aahe. karkird. 2014 madhye tine arab moorti sangeet spardhechya spardhechya aavruttit bhag ghetala. 2015 madhye, tine mahmood barhil aanee mohammed naubal yanchya sahkaryane 'mehmak' ughad keela aanee arab deshancha daura suru keela. julai 2019 madhye, sinhasanadinanimitta, rikia maghane naubal digdarshit sangeet vhidiochya swarupat 'lamaghareb doubleu jamalo' pradarshit keela. harit morchachya morchachya vardhapan dinanimitt, rikia maghane aadhunik sangeet aanee valvanti dhoon yanche mishran asalelya talansah 'hadee sahrati' navache eka kaam prakashit kele. yaa shailitil tichya tichya rashtriy ganyat, maghane gitatmak staravar mohammed all-magrabi, madhur staravar mehdi mozayne aanee kalakaransathi tarik all-hujaili yanchyasobat kaam kele. december 2021 madhye, rikia maghane tiche naveen ekal 'days sovenirs' chey anavaran kele, jeey unes aadamane sangitbaddha kelele aanee zino kandaurne vitarit kelele raay shailiche shirshak aahe. dyscography. 2015: 'mehmak" 2016: 'khayal all qaseed" 2017: 'all leil" 2017: 'kadar kadar" 2017: 'taletili miin wein" 2017: 'eddunya doros' haah parakram. faisal all jaseem 2018: 'rava feza" 2018: 'all quessed enta" 2018: 'chher doubleu semana" 2018: 'tebgi all sedak" 2019: lamghareb doubleu jamalo" 2019: 'hadaa hua lamghrebi' haah parakram. karima gaueet, redon barhil aanee badra solton 2020: 'hadee saathee" 2021: 'cole dakht kalab" 2021: 'daad soveners" chitrapatalekhan. 2019: 'hull vayana" 2021: 'alaydin" 2022: 'alphanar"

rikia magha rikia magha (; 15 october 1993 maa safima janmieki) ek morakkoki gayika rar abhinetri hun. currier. sann 2014 maa unle arab idel sangit pratiyogitako tesro sanskaranma bhag liin. sann 2015 maa, unle mahmood barhil rar mohammad naubalko sahakaryama "mehmak" khulasa garin, rar arab deshharuma bhraman suru garin. july 2019 maa, sinhasana diwasko awasarma, rikia maghale naubaldwara nirdeshit music bhidiyoko dhanchama "lamaghareb w jamalo" rilij gare. harit marchko 44 aun warshikotsawko awasarma, rikia maghale adhunik sangit rar marubhumi dhunharuko mishran garne talsahit "hadi sahrati" shirshakko kriti jaari gare. widhako afno dosro rashtriya gitma, maghale bhawatmak starma mohammad all-magrabi, madhur starma mehdi mojayin rar castingka lagi tarik all-hujelisanga sahakarya garin. december 2021 maa, rikia maghale afno nayan ekal "days sobhenirs" shirshakko anawaran garchhin, june unes adamdwara rachit rar jino kandordwara witarit rai shailiko shirshak how. discography. 2015: "mehmak" 2016: "khayal all kaseed" 2017: "all leil" 2017: "kadar kadar" 2017: "toletily minn wein" 2017: "eddunya daros" ko upalabdhi. faisal all jassim 2018: "rawa feza" 2018: "ell quesed anta" 2018: "chhera w semana" 2018: "tebgi all sedak" 2019 ": lamghareb w jamalo" 2019: "hada huwa lamghrebi" ko upalabdhi. karima gauit, raydon barhil att badar solton 2020: "hadi saharati" 2021: "cole dakat kalba" 2021: "days sobhenira" filmography. 2019: "hull wayana" 2021: "alaydin" 2022: "alfanar"

rikia magha rikia magha (; 15 october 1993ray saphire janmagrahana karithile) jane moroccore gajika ebong abhinetri. kyariyara. 2014 ray, shay arab idel music pratijogitara truteeja sanskaranare anshagrahana karithile. 2015 ray, shay mahmoud barhil ebong mahammad noubalanka sahajogare "mehemamak" prakash karithile ebong arab deshagudikare eka gasta arambha karithile. july 2019 ray, singhasana dibasa absarare, rikia magha noubalanka dwara nirdeshita eka music bhidio pharmatare "lamghareb wu jamalo" muktilabha karithile. sabuja padajatrara 44tama barshiki absarare, rikia magh "haadi sahrati" shirshaka eka kruti unmochan karithile, jeunthire adhunika sangeeta ebong marubhumira sudangaku mishrit curry taala thila. ehi saileera dwiteeja jatiah geetare, magha geetikara starare mahammad all-magrabi, melodic starare mehdi mojayin ebong casting paain tarika all-hujelinka saha sahjog karithile. december 2021 ray, rikia magha taanka nutan ekaka "des syubhenirs" shirshaka unmochan karichanti, jaahaa yoons aadamnka dwara rachita ebong jino kandoranka dwara bitarana karajaithiba eka raai style title . discography. 2015: "mehemmak" 2016: "khail all qaseed" 2017: "all leey" 2017: "kadara kadara" 2017: "toletily mean winn" 2017: "eddunya doros" kirti. faisal all jassem 2018: "rawia feza" 2018: "ell csd enta" 2018: "chhere wu semanah" 2018: "tebgi all sedk" 2019 ": lamghareb wu jamalo" 2019: "hadaa huaa lamghrebi" kirti. karima gauit, ridon barhil ebong badra soltan 2020: "hoddy saharati" 2021: "cole dakata kalba" 2021: "des smaraki" philmography. 2019: "hull wajana" 2021: "alaeddin" 2022: "alphanar"

rikiaa magha rikiaa magha (janam 15 aktubar 1993 noon safee witch) ikk morakko dee gaika atey abhinetri haii. carrier. sann 2014 witch, uss neey arab murti sangeet mukabale dey teeje sanskaran witch hissa liaa. 2015 witch, uss neey mehmood barhil atey mohammad naubal dey sahiyog naal "mehemak" daa khulasa keeta, atey arab deshan witch ikk daura shuru keeta. julai 2019 witch, singhasan divas dey mauke 'teey, rikiaa magha neey naubal duaara nirdeshit ikk sangeet vdo dey format witch "lamaghareb w jamalo" jaari keeta. green march dee 44veen varehgandh dey mauke 'teey, rikiaa magha neey "hadee saathi" sirlekh naal ikk rachna jaari keeti, jiss witch aadhunik sangeet atey registan deeaan dhunan noon milaun valiaan taalan sunn. iss vidha dey aapne dooje rashtari geet witch, magha neey geetan dey paddhar utte mohammad all-maghrabi, dhun paddhar utte mahadi mosign atey casting laee tarik all-hujaili naal sahiyog keeta. dasambar 2021 witch, rikia magha neey aapna navaan single "days smark" daa pardafash keeta, joe kii unes aadam duaara tiaar keeta giaa atey zino kandaur duaara vandiaa giaa ikk raai shaili daa sirlekh haii. dyscography. 2015: "maihemak" 2016: "khayil all kaseed" 2017: "all lail" 2017: "kadar kadar" 2017: "tlatily minn wein" 2017: "eduniaa dross" dee prapati. faisal all jaseem 2018: "raaiaa feza" 2018: "all kaseed ainta" 2018: "chher w semana" 2018: "tebgi all sedak" 2019 ": lamghareb w jamalo" 2019: "hadda huaa lamgharebi" dee uplabbadhi. karima gaut, raydon barhil atey badr solton 2020: "hadee saathi" 2021: "cole hukam kalab" 2021: "yadgari chinnh" philmography. 2019: "hull veyana" 2021: "alaideen" 2022: "alfanar"

rikia magha rikia magha (; saafee-nagare 1993 october 15 dinaanke janma praapnot) ekaa morokkan gayika abhinetree cha asti. vruttihi. 2014 tame varshe, saa arab-vigraha-sangeeta-pratiyogitaayaah truteeye samskarane bhaagam praapnot. 2015 tame varshe saa mahammad barhil tathaa muhammad naubal ityetayoho sahayogena "mehammak" iti prakatya arab-desheshu paryatanam aarabhat. 2019 julai-maase simhaasanadivasasya avasare rikia magha ityeshaa naubal ityanena nirdeshite music-veediyo-rupena "lmaghreb doubleu jamaalo" iti chalacchitram pradarshayat. haritayatrayaha 44 tame vaarshikotsavasya sangamasamaye, rikia magha ityeshaa "hadee sahratee" iti sheershakam krutim pradarshayat, yasmin aadhunikasangeetasy marubhoomi-ragasya cha sammishranm bhavati. tasyaah dwiteeya-rashtriyageete, magha geeta-stare mohammad all-magrabi ityanena, madhura-stare mehdi mojainee ityanena, patranirdharanartham taarik all-hujaili ityanena saha sahayogam krutavatee. 2021 december-maase, rikia magha "des sovenirs" iti sheershakam swasyaah nootanam ekakam anaavaranam karoti, yat yoonas aadam ityanena rachitam, zino kandaur ityanena vitaritam cha rai-shailee-sheershakam vartate. discography. 2015: "mehamemak" 2016: "khayl all kaseed" 2017: "all leey" 2017: "kaadar kaadar" 2017: "tilletily minn veen" 2017: "eddunyaa doros" iti krutihi. facel all jassem 2018: "raveya fejaa" 2018: "ell quesed entaa" 2018: "chhere doubleu semana" 2018: "tebgi all sedk" 2019 ": lamghareb doubleu jamaalo" 2019: "hadaa-hoovaa-law-maghrebi" iti krutihi. karima gauyit, redon barhil ett badr soltan 2020: "hadee saharati" 2021: "cole dakhta kalba" 2021: "des-sovenirs" chalacchitra-rachanaa. 2019: "hull vayana" 2021: "alaiddin" 2022: "alphaner"

rigia maagaa rigia maagaa (prappu october 15,1993 safiyil) oru moraco paatakiyum nadigaiyum aavaar. thozhil. 2014 aam aandil, arabu silai isaip poattiyin moontraavathu pathippil pankettraar. 2015 aam aandil, avar mahmoot berhill mattrum mugamathu naupaal aakiyoarudan inainthu "mayemmak" enbathai velippaduththinaar, maelum arabu naadugalil sutruppayanaththaith thodangkinaar. juulai 2019 ill, simmaasanaththin thinatthai munittu, rigia maagaa navpaal iyakkiya isai veediyoa vadivaththil "lamagrep doublue jamalo" aii veliyittaar. pasumai anivaguppin 44 vadhu aandu niraivudan, rigia maagaa naveena isai mattrum paalaivana paadalkalai kalakkum thaalangaludan "hadhee sahrati" endra thalaippil oru padaippai veliyittaar. thanathu irandaavathu thaesiyap paadalil, maagaa paadal mattaththil mugamathu all-makraabiyudanum, mellisai mattaththil mehti mosain mattrum nadikarkalukkaana taarik all-hujaili aakiyoarudanum oththulaiththaar. disambar 2021 ill, rigia maagaa thanathu puthiya thanippaadalaana "tess ninaivuchchinnangal" endra thalaippil veliyidugiraar, idhu unus aadam isaiyamaiththu jino kandoor viniyoagiththa oru raii paani thalaippu. dyschography. 2015: "mayammaak" 2016: "keyl all kazeet" 2017: "all lae" 2017: "kathar kathar" 2017: "deladely minn wean" 2017: "ettunya doros" saathanai. faisal all jassam 2018: "rawa fesa" 2018: "ell cusseid enta" 2018: "serr doublue semana" 2018: "thepki all sethk" 2019 ": lamagrape doublue jamalo" 2019: "hadaa hoovaa lmagraby" saathanai. karima kauit, redon berhill mattrum bathr solton 2020: "hadhee saharthi" 2021: "cole theekkath kalp" 2021: "ninaivuch chinnangal" thiraippadaviyal. 2019: "hull vayyana" 2021: "alayateen" 2022: "alfanar"

rikia magha rikia magha (; born 15 october 1993 in safi) is a moroccan singer and actress. career. in 2014, she took part in the third edition of the arab idol music competition. in 2015, she revealed "mayhemmak" in collaboration with mahmoud berhil and mohamed noubal, and began a tour in arab countries. in july 2019, on the occasion of the throne day, rikia magha released "lmaghreb w jamalo", in the format of a music video directed by noubal. coinciding with the 44th anniversary of the green march, rikia magha released a work titled "hadi sahrati", with rhythms blending modern music and desert tunes. in her second national song of the genre, magha collaborated with mohammed al-maghraby on the lyrical level, mehdi mozayine on the melodic level and tariq al-hujaili for the casting. in december 2021, rikia magha unveils her new single entitled "des souvenirs", a raï style title composed by younes adam and distributed by zino kandour. discography. 2015 : "mayhemmak" 2016: "khayl al qasseed" 2017 : "al layl" 2017 : "qadar qadar" 2017: "tleatili min ween" 2017: "eddunya doros" feat. fayssal al jassem 2018 : "rawaea fezaa" 2018: "el qessayed enta" 2018: "chher w semana" 2018: "tebghi al sedq" 2019": lmaghreb w jamalo" 2019: "hada houa lmaghrebi" feat. karima gouit, redone berhil et badr soultan 2020: "hadi saharti" 2021: "kol deqqat qalb" 2021: "des souvenirs" filmography. 2019: "hal wayyana" 2021 : "alaaeddine" 2022 : "alfanar"

rekiya maagh rekiya maagha (vovo 15 aktobar 1993 kuu safee mein paida hoyee) eek marakashi gulukarah aur adakarah haine. carrier. 2014 mein iss nay arab aaidal music muqabilay kay teesre edition mein hasah liyaa. 2015 mein iss nay mahmud barhal aur mohammad nobal kay taawan say "mahimic" kaa inkshaf kiyaa aur arab mamalik mein eek doray kaa aaghaz kiyaa. jolayi 2019 mein youm takht kay moqaa parr rekiya maagh nay nobal kii hidayat kaaree mein eek music video kay formate mein "lamgharb dabliyo jamalo" release kiyaa. grain maarch kii 44 wein salgrah kay moqaa parr rekiya maagh nay "haadi seharti" kay anwaan say eek kaam jaari kiyaa jiss mein jadeed mausiqi aur sahra kii dhanon kuu milaa kirr taal dee gayee. iss sanaf kay apnay dosray qomi gaaney mein maagha nay geeth kii satah parr mohammad almagrabi sareeli satah parr mehdi mozayin aur casting kay liye taarak alhajli kay saath taawan kiyaa. dasambar 2021 mein rekiya maagha nay apnay nayey sangal "ddais soveneers" kay anwaan say nqab kashayi kii juu kahh rayee style kaa anwaan hay jasay younis aadam nay tartib diyaa hay aur asay zeeno kandor nay taqsim kiyaa hay. discography. 2015: "mahimic" 2016: "khair alqaseed" 2017: "ill lee" 2017: "qaadir qaadir" 2017: "talitili minn ween" 2017: "adonia doros" kaa karnamah. faisal aljesam 2018: "rawaya feza" 2018: "ill qaiseed ainta" 2018: "cheer dabliyo simna" 2018: "teebgi alsidaq" 2019 ": lamgharb woo jamalo" 2019: "hadaa hawaa lamgharibi" kaa karnamah. karima goyat redon barhal aur badtar soulton 2020: "hadee sahaarat" 2021: "cole haqh kalb" 2021: "dee soveneers" filmgrafi. 2019: "hull wayana" 2021: "alaa aldeen" 2022: "alfanar"

fffa0a526109cf5534d9a6f65fee6f300747af0d4b7761cf92ba901cc03c05c5

https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki?curid=38943

Western Kansas

Western Kansas Western Kansas is flat, dry, and very rural - in other words, this is what most people think of when they think of Kansas. Understand. Western Kansas may seem dull, but it contains a great deal of pioneer history and small-town oddities. When visiting this region, it's important to remember which time zone you are in. Four counties in Western Kansas (Greeley, Hamilton, Wallace, and Sherman) are located in the Mountain Time Zone, while the remainder of the state is the Central Time Zone. Talk. The prevalent Kansas accent is that of the Midlands, Kansas itself is split phonologically between the Northern and Southern Midlands accents (split accordingly into the northern and Southern halves of the state). However, in the extreme Western third of the state it is common to hear a pronounced Western or Mountain West regional accent. Get in. By car. Interstate 70 runs east-west through the northern half of this region. Via I-70, western Kansas is roughly four hours drive from Denver or five hours from Kansas City. I-170 runs through Colby, Goodland, Hays, Quinter, and WaKeeney. Get around. Driving is the best way to get around in this region. Be sure to get off the interstate and take the back roads; you never know what you may find. Stay safe. Like the rest of Kansas, this is Tornado Alley. If you plan to visit Western Kansas, it would be a good idea to learn about Tornado safety. <indicator name="i3-geo">38.46-100.17</indicator>

poschim kanchas poschim kanchas xomotol, xukan aaru oti gramyo-onyo xobdot koo "boloi go" ley, besibhag manuhe kanchasor kotha bhaabi ei kotha bhaabe. buji puwa. poschim kanchas hoyotu nirob zen lagibo paare, kintu iyat bohutu pothoprodorxok itihax aaru xoru sohoror odbhutota aase. ei onchol bhromon korute aapuni kuntu xomoy oncholot aase monot rokhatu guruttopurno. poschim kanchasor sarita county (greely, hamilton, wales aaru swermen) porbotomoy xomoy oncholot owosthito, aanhate rajyokhonor baaki ongxo kendriyo xomoy onchol. kotha paatok. prosolito kanchas ussoron hoise modhyobhumir, kanchas nijei uttor aaru dokhyin modhyobhumi uschoror maajot dhwonitatwikbhabe bibhokto (xei onuxori rajyokhonor uttor aaru dokhyin ongxot bibhokto). obosye, rajyokhonor xexor poschim tritiyangxot etaa ussikrito poschim baa porbotmala poschim ancholik ussaron xuna xadharon kotha. bhitoroloi jauk. garire. antohrajyik 70 ei oncholor uttor ongxor maajere pubo-poschimoloi goise. aai-70ror maajere poschim kanchas denveror poraa pray chaari ghontar gaari jatra baa kanchas sohoror poraa paas ghontar gaari jatra. aai-170 kolbi, goodland, hey 'jo, quinter aaru wakenir maajere yaay. sariufale jauk. ei oncholot ghuri furiboloi gaari soluwatuwei ataitkoi bhaal upay. antohrajyik pothor poraa ulai pisfalor pothbur loi juwatu nischito korok; aapuni ki bisaribo paare aapuni ketiyau najane. xurokhito hoi thakok. kanchasor baaki ongxor dore, eituu tornado eli. jodi aapuni poschim kanchas bhromon korar porikolpona kore, tente tornado xurokhyar bixoye jonatu bhaal dharona hoh 'bob.

poschim cansus poschim cansus samtal, shushko ebong khub gramin-onno kothai, beshirbhag lokera jokhon kansaser kotha bhabe tokhon ate bhaben. bujhun. poschim kansaske nistez boley money hotey paare, tobey etey onek aggragami itihas ebong chhoto shohorer adbhutata royeche. eyi anchale bhromon korar somoy, upney coone somoy anchale achhen taa money rakha guruttopurno. poschim kansaser charti county (grilly, hamilton, walles ebong sherman) parbotto somoy anchale abosthito, ebong rajyer bucky ongsho kendriya somoy anchal. kotha bolun. procholito cansus uchcharon holl madhyabhumir, cansus nijei uttor ebong dakkhin madhyabhumir uchcharoner modhye dhonigotovabe bivokto (seii anujayi rajyer uttor ebong dakkhin ongshe bivokto). tobey, rajyer charam poschim tritiyangshe ekti uchcharito poschim baa porboto poschim anchalik uchcharon shona yaay. vitore probesh korun. gadite. antahrajya 70 eyi anchaler uttor ardheker modhyo diye purbo-poschim dike probahito hoyeche. aaee-70-err madhyome, poschim cansus denver theke pray chaar ghantar gaadi baa cansus shohor theke panch ghantar poth. aaee-170 colby, goodland, khada, quinter ebong waknir modhyo diye yaay. ghure asun. gaadi chalano eyi anchale ghure bedanor sarbottama upay. antahrajya theke beriye pichoner rastati beche nitey bhulben naa; upney kokhonyi jaanen naa jey upney qee khunje petey paren. nirapode thakun. kansaser bucky ongsher moto etio ekti tornado allie. upney jodi poschim cansus bhromoner parikalpana corren, tahle tornado nirapatta somporke jaanaa valo hobey.

pashchimi cansas pashchimi cansas sapaat, shushk aneey khoob jaj graameen chhe-beeja shabdoma kaheeae too, jyaare motabhagna loko cansas vishe vichaare chhe tyaare aaa jaj vichaare chhe. samajo. pashchimi cansas kantalajanak laage shake chhe, parantu temaa agranee itihas aneey naana-shahernee vichitrataaono moto sodo chhe. aaa pradeshni mulakat letee vakhate, tame kayaa samay zonmaa chho teey yaad raakhvu mahatvapurn chhe. pashchim kensasma chaar kaaunteeo (greely, hamilton, walles aneey shareman) parvateey samay zonmaa stheet chhe, jyaare rajyano baakino bhaag kendreey samay vistaar chhe. vaat karoo. prachaleet cansas uchchaar midlandno chhe, cansas pote uttar aneey dakshin midlandnaa uchchaaro vachche dhvanyatmak reete vibhajit chhe (teey mujab rajyanaa uttar aneey dakshin bhagma vahenchaayelu chhe). jooe keey, rajyanaa aatyantik pashchimi trija bhagma uchchaarit pashchimi athavaa parvateey pashchim praadeshik uchchaar sambhalvo saamanya chhe. andar aavo. kaar dwara. aantarrajya 70 aaa pradeshnaa uttar bhagmathi purv-pashchim taraf vahe chhe. aaee-70 thaine, pashchimi cansas denverthi aashre chaar kalaaknaa drive athavaa cansas shaherthi paanch kalaaknaa drive parr chhe. aaee-170 colby, goodland, paragaraj, quinter aneey vekneemathi pasaar thaay chhe. aaspaas aavo. aaa vistaarmaa farvaa maate vaahan chalaavvu aee shreshth maarg chhe. aantarrajythi bahaar nikalvani aneey paachhalna rastaao parr javaani khaatari karoo; tamane kyaarey khabar nathee keey tamane shun malee shake chhe. suraksheet raho. baakinaa kensasni jaim, aaa tornado galee chhe. jooe tame pashchim kensasni mulakat levaanu vichaaree rahyaa chho, too tornado salaamati vishe jaanvu saaro vichaar hashe.

paschimi kansas paschimi kansas sapaat, shushk aur bahut graameen haye-dusare shabdon mein, jaba adhikansh loga kansas key baare mein sochate hain tou yahee sochate hain. samajhiye. paschimi kansas sust lugg sakata haye, lekin isamen agrani itihas aur chhote shahar kii vichitrataaen hain. iss kshetra mein jaate samay, yeh yaad rakhna mahatvapurna haye kii aap kiss samay kshetra mein hain. paschimi kansas mein chaar county (greeley, hamilton, valles aur sherman) parvatiya samay kshetra mein sthit hain, jabaki raajya kaa shesh hissa kendriya samay kshetra haye. baat karate hain. prachalit kansas uchchaaran madhya bhoomi kaa haye, kansas swayam uttari aur dakshini madhya bhoomi uchcharanon key beach dhvanyaatmak roop seey vibhajit haye (tadnusar raajya key uttari aur dakshini hisson mein vibhajit). haalaanki, raajya key charam paschimi teesare hisse mein ack spasht paschimi yaa pahaadi paschimi kshetriya uchchaaran sunana aam baat haye. ander aaa jaao. kaar seey. antarrajyiya 70 iss kshetra key uttari aadhe hisse seey hocker poorv-paschim kii or jaataa haye. aaee-70 key madhyam seey, paschimi kansas denver seey lagbhag chaar ghante kii drive yaa kansas shahar seey paanch ghante kii drive parr haye. aaee-170 colby, goodland, hays, quinter aur vekani seey hocker gujarta haye. idhar-udhar hoe jaao. iss kshetra mein ghoomane key liye gaadi chalaana sabse achchha tarika haye. antarrajyiya maarg seey utarana sunishchit karein aur peechhe kii or jaaen; aap kabhi naheen jaanate kii aapako kyaa mill sakata haye. surakshit rahein. baaki kansas kii tarah, yeh bavandar gully haye. yadi aap paschimi kansas jaane kii yojana banaa rahey hain, tou bavandar suraksha key baare mein jaanana ack achchha vichaar hoga.

paschima consas paschima consas samathattaagide, onagide mattu bahala graminavagide-bere reetiyalli heluvudaadare, hecchina janaru consas bagge yochisuvaga idanne yochisuttaare. artha madikolli. paschima consas mandavagi kanisabahudu, aadare idu hecchina pravartaka itihaasa mattu sanna-pattanada vilakshanategalannu olagondide. ee pradeshakke bheti niiduvaaga, neevu yaava samaya valayadalliddiri embudannu nenapinalliduvudu mukhyavaagide. paschima consasna naalku kountigalu (greely, hamilton, vallace mattu sherman) parvata samaya valayadallive, aadare rajyada ulida bhagavu kendra samaya valayavagide. maatanaaduttaare. consas bhasheyalli prachalitadalliruva uchchaaravu midlands bhasheyagide, consas bhasheyu uttara mattu daksina midlands bhashegala naduve dhvanyaatmakavaagi vingadisalaagide (adakke anugunavagi rajyada uttara mattu daksina bhagagalagi vingadisalaagide). aadaagyoo, rajyada paschima bhagada moorane tudiyalli, uchcharisalaaguva paschima athawa parvata paschima praadeshika uchchaaraneyannu keluvudu saamaanyavaagide. olage bunny. kaarina moolaka. antararajya 70 ee pradeshada uttara bhagada moolaka purva-paschimakke hariyuttade. aii-70 moolaka, paschima consas denverninda sarisumaaru naalku gantegala prayana athawa consas nagaradinda aidu gantegala prayanavannu hondide. aii-170 kaalbi, goodland, hays, quinter mattu vekani moolaka haaduhoguttade. suttaloo hogi. ee pradeshadalli odaadalu vaahana chalaneyu atyuttama maargavaagide. antararaajyadinda horabaralu mattu himbhagada rastegalannu tegedukollalu mareyadiri; neevu enannu kandukollabahudu endu nimage endigoo tilidiruvudilla. surakshitavagiri. consasna ulida bhagagalante, idu suntaragaaliya alle. neevu paschima kansasge bheti needalu yojisidare, suntaragaaliya surakshateya bagge tilidukolluvudu olleyadu.

padinjaaran kansas padinjaaran kansas parannathum varandathum valare graameenavumaan-mattoru vidhathil paranjaal, kansasinekkurich chinthikkumbol mikka aalukalum chinthikkunnathu ithaanu. manassilakkuka. padinjaaran kansas mangiyathayi thonniyekkaamenkilum athil dhaaraalam pioneer charithravum cheria pattanangalude vichithrathakalum adangiyirikkunnu. eee pradesham sandarshikkumbol, ningal eathu samaya mekhalayilaanu ennu oorthirikkendathu pradhaanamaan. padinjaaran kansaasile naalu kaundikal (greely, haamilttan, valas, sherman) parvatha samaya mekhalayilaanu sthithicheyyunnathu, athesamayam samsthaanathinte backie bhagam kendra samaya mekhalayaanu. samsaarikkuka. madhyapradeshangalude uchaaranamaan kansaasinte pracharikkunna uchaaranam, vadakkan, thekkan madhyapradeshangalude uchaaranangalkkidayil (samsthaanathinte vadakkum thekkum bhagangalaayi vibhajichirikkunnu) kansas thanne shabdashaasthraparamaayi vibhajikkappettirikkunnu. ennirunnaalum, samsthaanathinte padinjaaran moonnilonnu bhaagangalil padinjaaran allengil parvatha padinjaaran praadeshika uchaaranam kelkkunnathu saadhaaranamaanu. akathekku kayaruka. kaaril. eee pradeshatthinte vadakkan pakuthiyiloode antharsamsthaana 70 kizhakk-padinjaaru bhaagathekku ozhukunnu. aii-70 vazhi, padinjaaran kansas denveril ninnu ekadesham naalu manikkoor yathrayo kansas nagaratthil ninnu anchu manikkoor yathrayo aanu. colby, good land, haze, kvintar, vekkani ennivayiloodeyaanu aii-170 oodunnathu. chuttum nadakkuka. eee pradeshathu sanjarikkaanulla ettavum nalla maarggam vaahanamodikkalaanu. antharsamsthaanangalil ninnu erangi pinn roadukal edukkunnathu urappaakkuka; ningalkk enthaanu kandethaan kazhiyukayennu ningalkk orikkalum ariyilla. surakshitharayi irikkuka. kansaasinte mattu bhaagangaleppole, ithu chuzhalikkaatt idanaazhiyaanu. ningal padinjaaran kansas sandarshikkaan padhathiyidukayaanenkil, chuzhalikkaatt surakshayekkurich ariyunnathu nallathaanu.

paschim cansas paschim cances sapat, korada aanee atishay grameen aahe-dusya shabdant, bahutek lock jevha cancescha vichar karatat tevha hetch vichar karatat. samajoon ghya. paschim cances kadachit kantalvane vatel, parantu tyat anek pioneer itihas aanee chhotya shaharantil vichitrata aahet. yaa pradeshala bhet detana, tumhi konatya vel vibhagat aahat heey lakshat thevane mahatvache aahe. paschim cansassmadhil chaar parganya (greely, hamilton, wallace aanee sherman) parvatiy vel kshetrat aahet, tarr urvarit rajya madhyavarti vel kshetra aahe. booal. prachalit cances uchchar haah madhyabhagacha aahe, cances swatach dhvanyatmakdrushtya uttar aanee dakshin madhyabhagachya uchcharanmadhye vibhagalela aahe (tyanusar rajyachya uttar aanee dakshin bhagat vibhagalela aahe). tathapi, rajyachya atyant paschim trutiyansh bhagat, uchcharit paschim kinwa parvatiy paschim pradeshik uchchar aikane samanya aahe. aat jaa. gadine. aantarrajyiy 70 yaa pradeshachya uttar ardhya bhagatoon purv-paschim dishela jaate. aay-70 marge, paschim cances heey denverpasoon andaje chaar tasanchya antaravar kinwa cances shaharapasun paach tasanchya antaravar aahe. aay-170 colby, goodland, hays, quinter aanee vekenimadhun dhavate. aajubajoola jaa. yaa bhagat firanyasathi vahan chalvane haah sarvottam marg aahe. aantarrajyatun baher padanyachi aanee mageel raste swikaranyachi khatri qaraa; tumhala kaay sapadel heey tumhala kadhich maheet nasate. surakshit raaha. urvarit cansaspramanech hii chakrivadal galli aahe. jarr tumhi paschim cansasla bhet denyacha vichar karat asal, tarr chakrivadalachya surakshitatebaddal jaanun ghene hii changli kalpana asel.

paschimi cansas paschimi cansas samatal, sukhkha rar dherai gramin chha-arko shabdama bhannuparda, adhikansh manisharule kansasko barema sochda yahi sochchan. bujhnuhos. paschimi cansas susta lagna sakchha, tara yasama agragami itihas rar sanah-saharka vichitrataharu samawesh chhan. yass kshetrako bhraman garda, tapain kuna samaya kshetrama hunuhunchha bhanne samjhanu mahatwapurna chha. paschimi kansaska charawata countyharu (grilly, hamilton, wallas rar serman) pahadi samaya kshetrama awasthit chhan, jabki rajyako baanki bhag kendriya samaya khetra how. bolnuhos. prachalit cansas uchcharan midlandsko how, cansas afai uttari rar dakshini midland uchcharanharu (tadanusar rajyako uttari rar dakshini bhagma vibhajit) beach dhwanyatmak rupma vibhajit chha. yadyapi, rajyako charam paschimi tesro bhagma paschimi wa pahadi paschim khetriya uchcharan sunna samanya chha. bhitra pase. karbata. antarrajyiya 70 yass kshetrako uttari adha hundai purva-paschimma bagchha. ai-70 hundai, paschimi cansas denbharbata lagbhag chaar ghantako drive wa cansas saharbata paanch ghantako durima chha. aie-170 colby, goodland, haze, quinter rar वेकनीबाट chalcha. waripari januhos. yass kshetrama ghumne sabaibhanda ramro tarika gadi chalaunu how. antarrajyiyabata niscan rar pachhadika sadakharu lyne nishchit hunuhos; tapainle key fela parne saknuhunchha bhanne tapainlai kahilyai thaha hundaina. surakshit rahanuhos. kansasko baanki bhag jastai, yo pani tornado galli how. yadi tapain paschimi cansas bhraman garne yojana banaunuhunchha bhane, turnado surakshako barema jannu ramro vichar hunechha.

paschima cansas paschima cansas samtal, sushka ebong atyanta grameena-anya shabdare, adhikansha lock jetebele cansas bishajare chinta karanti setebele ehaa hinn chinta karanti . bujhantu. paschima cansas huet nisteja laguthaipare, kintu ethire aneka agrani itihas ebong chhot saharar adbhutata rahichhi. ehi anchalaku gasta kariba samajare, apana keun samai khetrare achanti taaha maneh rakhiba gurutwapurna. paschima kansasara charoti county (grilly, hamilton, wallace ebong sherman) parbatya samai khetrare abasthita, jetebele kii rajyara abasista ansha kendriah samai john atte . kathaa huantu. prachalita cansas uchharana heuchhi madhyabhumi, cansas nije uttara ebong dakhina madhyabhumi uchharana madhyare dhwanitatwika bhabare bibhakta (sehi anujai rajyara uttara ebong dakhina bhagare bibhakta) . tebe, rajyara charam paschima truteejangshare eka uchharana paschima kimba parbata paschima anchalika uchharana suniba sadharana kathaa. bhitaraku jaantu. karare. aantahrajya 70 ehi anchalara uttara ardheka dei purba-paschimaku prabahita hoichhi. aai-70 dei, paschima cansas denver thaaru praiah chaari ghantara drive kimba cansas sahararu pancha ghantara drive . aai-170 colby, goodland, hey, quinter ebong wakani dei chalithae. chariade jaantu. ehi anchalare buliba paain gaadi chalaiba heuchhi sarbottama upaiah. aantahrajyaru bahari pachapakhe jiba nischita karantu; apana qa "naa paibe taaha apana kadapi jananti naahin. surakhita ruhantu. kanasasara anya anchala bhali, ehaa eka turnado elie. jadi apana paschima cansas jibaku yojana karuchanti, tebe turnado surakhya bishajare janiba eka bhal dharana heba.

pachmi kansas pachmi kansas samtal, khushak atey bahut pendu haii-dooje shabdan witch, jadon ziaadaatar lock kansas baare sochde hunn taan ih uhee haii joe uh sochde hunn. samajh jaao. pachmi kansas susat lagg sakda haii, parr iss witch bahut saare pioneer itihaas atey chhote shehar deeaan ajibtavan shamal hunn. iss khetar daa daura karde samein, ih yaad rakkhna mahattavpuran haii kii tusin kiss time zone witch hoow. pachmi kansas witch chaar kaoontiaan (greely, hamilton, valace atey sherman) pahadi samaan khetar witch sathit hunn, jadon kii raaj daa baaki hissa kendri samaan khetar haii. gall crow. prachlit kansas ucharan midlands daa haii, kansas aapne aap noon uttri atey dakkhni midlands ucharan (raaj dey uttri atey dakkhni addh witch vandiaa hoiaa) dey vichkaar dhuni vigiaan duaara vandiaa giaa haii. halanki, raaj dey pachmi teeje hisse witch ikk ucharan pachmi jaan pahadi pachmi khetri ucharan sunana aam gall haii. ander jaao. qaar duaara. antar-raaji 70 iss khetar dey uttri addh vicchon purab-pachham vall chalda haii. aaee-70 raahin, pachmi kansas danver toon lagbhag chaar ghante dee doori 'teey jaan kansas shehar toon panj ghante dee doori' teey haii. aaee-170 colby, goodland, haze, quinter atey vekni vicchon langhda haii. aale-duaale jaao. iss khetar witch ghumman-firan laee gaddi chalauna sabh toon vadhiaa tarika haii. antar-raaji toon bahr nikalna atey pichliaan sadkan noon laina yakini banao; tusin kadey naheen janade kii tuhanun qee mill sakda haii. surakhiat raho. baaki kansas dee tarahan, ih toofan glee haii. jey tusin pachmi kansas jaanh dee yojna bnaa rahey hoow, taan toofan dee surakhiaa baare jaanna ikk changa vichaar hovega.

pashchim-cansas pashchim-cansas-pradesha samatalah, shushkah, ateeva graminaha cha asti-anyeshu shabdeshu, praayah janaah cansas-nagarasya vishaye chintayanti chet etat chintayanti. avaganotu. pashchim-cansas-raajyam nistejam iva drushyate, parantu atra bahubhyah agragaami-itihaasah, laghunagar-vichitrataah cha santi. yadaa ayam pradesha bhramati tadaa bhavaan kasmin samayakshetre asti iti smaranam mahattvapoornam asti. pashchim-cansas-pradeshasya chatwaarah kauntyah (greely, hamilton, wallace, sherman cha) parvata-samayakshetre santi, rajyasya sheshabhaagah kendriya-samayakshetre asti. bhaashate. prachalitah cansas-ucchaaranah midland-deshasya asti, cansas-pradesha uttar-dakshina-midland-ucchaaranayoho madhye dhvanyaatmakaroopena vibhaktah asti (tadanusaram rajyasya uttar-dakshina-ardhabhaageshu vibhaktah). parantu rajyasya charam-pashchim-truteeyabhaage, pashchim-vaa parvata-pashchim-vaa ucchaarana-praadeshika-ucchaaranam saamaanyaroopen shrutam asti. pravishatu. karadwara. antararaajyeey-70 iti asya pradeshasya uttar-ardhabhagat poorva-pashchimam pravahati. aii-70 margena pashchim-cansas-nagaram denver-nagaraat praayah chaturvaaram yaavat, athavaa cansas-nagaraat panchaghantaam yaavat yaavat yaavat doore asti. aii-170 colby, goodland, hess, quinter, vekenee cha margena pravahati. paritah gacchatu. asmin pradeshe gantum vaahanachaalanam uttamah upaayah asti. antararajyat bahihi gatvaa pashchamargan avashyam sweekarotu; kim praapsyasi iti kadaapi naa jaanaati. surakshitam bhavantu. cansas-pradeshasya anyeshu bhaageshu iva etat cha turnado-ele asti. yadi bhavaan pashchim-cansas-nagaram gantum yojanam karoti tarhi chakravaat-surakshayaha vishaye dnyaatum uttamah upaayah bhavishyati.

maerku kansas maerku kansas thattaiyaanathu, varandathu mattrum migavum kiraamappuramaanathu-vaeru vaarththaigalil kooruvathaanaal, perumpaalaana makkal consosype pattri ninaikkum poathu idhaip pattri ninaikkiraarkal. purinthukollungal. maerku kansas manthamaagath thoandralaam, aanaal athil aeraalamaana munnoadi varalaaru mattrum siriya nagara viththiyaasangkal ullana. inthap paguthikkuch sellumpoathu, neengkal endha naera mandalaththil irukkireerkal enbathai ninaivil kolvathu mukkiyam. maerku consosil ulla naanku maavattangkal (grayley, haamiltan, valus mattrum sherman) malai naera mandalaththil amainthullana, athae neraththil maanilaththin enjchiya pakuthikal matthiya naera mandalamaagum. paesungkal. naduththara nilappaguthigalil ulla kansas ucharippu oliyiyal reethiyaaga vadakku mattrum therku naduththara nila ucharippugalukku idaiyil pirikkappattullathu (adhanpadi maanilaththin vadakku mattrum therku paguthigalaagap pirikkappattullathu). iruppinum, maanilaththin merkaththiya moontril oru paguthiyil merkaththiya allathu malai maerku piraanthiya ucharippaik ketpathu podhuvaanathu. ullae poa. kaaril. maanilangkalukku idaiyaeyaana 70 inththa piraanthiyaththin vadakku paathi vazhiyaaga kilakku-maerku noakki selkirathu. aii-70 vazhiyaaga, maerku kansas denveril irunthu sumar naanku manii naera payanaththiloa allathu kansas nagaraththilirunthu ainthu manii naera payanaththiloa ullathu. aii-170 goalbi, goodland, haes, kwinder mattrum vaekkini vazhiyaaga oodukirathu. suttrip paarungkal. inthap paguthiyil suttrip paarkka vaaganam oottuvathae sirantha vazhiyaagum. maanilangkalukku idaiyaeyaana idaththilirunththu irangki, pinpura saalaigalai eduththukkolvathai uruthippaduththik kollungal; neengkal ethaik kanalaam endru ungkalukkuth theriyaathu. paathukaappaaka irungkal. consassin mattra pakuthikalaip poalavae, idhu sooraavali santhu aagum. neengkal maerku kansaasukkuch sella thittamittaal, sooraavali paathukaappu pattri arinthu kolvathu nallathu.

paschima consas paschima consas chadunainadi, podigaa mariyu chaalaa grameenamgaa untundi-maroe maatalo cheppalante, consas gurinchi aalochinchinappudu chaalaa mandhi prajalu idhe aalochistaaru. ardham chesukondi. paschima consas nistejamgaa anipinchavacchu, conny indulo chaalaa maargadarsaka charitra mariyu chinna-pattana vichitratalu unnaayi. eee praantaanni sandarsinchetappudu, meeru yea time jonelo unnaro gurthunchukovadam mukhyam. paschima consasloni naalugu counteelu (greely, hamilton, valles mariyu sherman) parvata samaya mandalamlo unnaayi, migilina rashtram kendra samaya mandalamgaa undhi. matladandi. consas yokka prabalamaina yaasa midlands, consas uttara mariyu dakshina midlands yaasala madhya dhvanisaastraparamgaa vibhajinchabadindi (tadanugunamgaa rashtra uttara mariyu dakshina bhagaluga vibhajinchabadindi). ayithe, raashtramloni paschima moodava bhaagamlo paschima ledhaa parvata paschima praantiiya yaasa vinadam sarvasaadhaaranam. lopaliki vellandi. kaaru dwara. eee praantam yokka uttara bhaagam gundaa antar rashtra 70 thoorpu-padmara vaipu pravahistundi. ii-70 dwara, paschima consas denver nundi sumaru naalugu gantala drive ledhaa consas nagaram nundi aidu gantala drive undhi. ii-170 colby, goodland, endugaddi, quinter mariyu vakeni gundaa velutundi. chuttoo tiragandi. eee praantamloo tiragadaaniki driving uttama maargam. antaraashtraala nundi tappukoni venuka rahadaarulanu tappakunda enchukondi; meeku emi dorukutundo meeku eppatikee teliyadu. surakshitamgaa undandi. migilina consas maadirigaane, idhi sudigaali veedhi. meeru paschima consas sandarsinchaalani anukunte, sudigaali bhadrata gurinchi telusukovadam manchidi.

maghrabi kansaas maghrabi kansaas chapta khashak aur behat deehi hay-dosray lafzon mein jabb ziyadah tarr loag kansaas kay baaray mein soochtay haine tuu yahee soochtay haine. samajh lain. maghrabi kansaas sast lugg saktaa hay leakin iss mein behat saaree alambardar tareekh aur chhotay shehar kii ajeeb woo gharibiyan shaamil haine. iss khatay kaa dorah kartay waqat yaha yaad rakhna zaruri hay kahh aap kiss tyme zoon mein haine. maghrabi kansaas kii chaar countiyan (graili hamilton walis aur shermeen) pahaadi tyme zoon mein waaqa haine jabkah riyasat kaa baqiyah hasah markazi tyme zoon hay. baath karein. kensas kaa raej lehjah mudd lands kaa hay khood kensas suutee toor parr shamali aur janubi mudd lands lehron kay darmiyan taqsim hay (iss kay mutabiq riyasat kay shamali aur janubi hasoon mein taqsim hay). tahim riyasat kay intehayi maghrabi teesre hasay mein eek waazah maghrabi yaa pahaadi maghrabi elaqayi lehjah sunna aam hay. andar daakhil how jayein. kaar kay zariye. beenn riyasati 70 iss khatay kay shamali nasf say guzar kirr mashriq-maghrab kii taraf jaataa hay. aayee-70 kay raastay maghrabi kansaas denor say taqriba chaar ghantay kii masafat parr yaa kansaas shehar say paanch ghantay kii masafat parr hay. aayee-170 colby gudd lend ghaas quenter aur vekni say guzarta hay. ard gird jayein. iss elaqay mein ghoomnay phirnay kay liye driving behtareen tariqah hay. beenn riyasati raastay say nikalna aur peeche kii sadkein akhtiyar karnaa yaqeeni banayein vovo aap kuu kabhi malum nahein hoga kahh aap kuu kiyaa mill saktaa hay. mahfuz rahein. baaqi kansaas kii tarah yaha toofan glee hay. agar aap maghrabi kansaas jaanay kaa aradah rakhtay haine tuu toofan say tahfuz kay baaray mein jaanna eek achhaa khayaal hoga.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71442723

Lizzadro Museum of Lapidary Art

Lizzadro Museum of Lapidary Art The Lizzadro Museum of Lapidary Art is a museum dedicated to the lapidary arts with displays of gemstones, jewelry and bejeweled objects, and exhibits on earth science. The museum was founded in Elmhurst, Illinois, United States, in 1962, but moved to Oak Brook, Illinois in 2019. History. The Lizzadro Museum of Lapidary Art was opened on November 4, 1962. The museum was founded by Joseph Lizzadro, an Italian immigrant to the United States who began collecting jades as part of his interest in cutting and polishing precious stones for jewelry. His collection came to include pieces made of amber, ivory, coral, agate, and other gemstones. As his collection grew, he made an agreement with the city of Elmhurst, Illinois, and the Elmhurst Park District to open a museum in the city's Wilder Park. The Lizzadro Museum of Lapidary Art is a Smithsonian affiliate. It has curated several exhibitions of jewelry from the Smithsonian's collections. In 2017, the museum made plans to move from Elmhurst to a new building in Oak Brook, Illinois, to gain space and provide more modern amenities to visitors. This move began in 2019, but, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was unable to reopen until 2021. Collections. The lapidary arts form the core of the Lizzadro Museum's collections, particularly jade carvings. However, the museum also displays a selection of uncarved gemstones, fossils, and other minerals, as well as sculptures, mosaics, dioramas, and a miniature castle made of carved stone and gold called "Castle Lizzadro". References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

lizadru museum owo lapidary art lapidary kolar lizadru xongrohaloy hoise rotnoxil, gohona aaru gohonar bostu aaru prithibi bigyanor prodorxonir xoite lapidary kolar baabe utxorgito ek xongrohaloy. xongrohaloitu 1962 sonot aamerika juktorastror ilinoysor elmarstot protistha koraa hoisil, kintu 2019 sonot ilinoysor uk brukoloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil. itihax. 1962 sonor 4 novemborot lapidary kolar lizadru xongrohaloy mukoli koraa hoisil. xongrohaloitu aamerika juktorastroloi ohaa ejon italy probrojonkari jo 'seph lijadruwe protistha korisil, jiye gohonar baabe mulyowan xil kaati palis korar proti aagrohor ongxo hisape jade xongroho koriboloi aarombho korisil. teur xongrohtut ember, hatidanto, probal, agate aaru onyanyo rotnoxilor tukura ontorbhukto aasil. teur xongroho briddhi huwar loge loge teu ilinoysor elmerst sohor aaru elmerst park jilaar xoite sohoror wilder parkot ekhon xongrohaloy mukoli koriboloi ek sukti korisil. lapidary kolar lizadru xongrohaloy hoise smithsunian xohojugi. ee smithsuniyanor xongrohor poraa gohonar keibatau prodorxoni nirman korise. 2017 sonot xongrohaloikhone sthan laabh koriboloi aaru dorxonarthixokolok odhik aadhunik xubidha prodan koriboloi ilinoyor uk brookor elmerstor poraa notun bhowonoloi sthanantor korar porikolpona korisil. ei podokhyep 2019 sonot aarombho hoisil, kintu koo "vid-19 mohamarir baabe 2021 sonoloike iyak punor khulibo poraa nog" lo. xongroho. lapidary kolai lizadru xongrohaloyor xongrohxomuhor mool ongxo gothon kore, bixexkoi jade khudai. obosye, xongrohaloikhonot nirbasito khudit nuhuwa rotnoxil, jiwashmo aaru onyanyo khonij podarthor logote bhaskorzo, mujaik, daay "raama aaru khudit xil aaru xunore nirmito" kesol lizadru "naamor etaa khyudro durgou prodorxon koraa hoise.

lizadro museum off lapidari art lizadro museum off lapidari art holl ratna, goyna ebong gohonajukto jinis ebong prithibi bigyaner prodorshoni soho lapidari shilper jonno nibedito ekti jadughar. 1962 saale markin juktorashtrer ilinoyer elmhurstey eyi jadugharti protisthito hoy, kintu 2019 saale ilinoyer oka nodiite sthanantorito hoy. itihas. 1962 saaler 4thhaa navembar lapidari shilper lizadro jadugharti khola hoy. markin juktorashtre agoto italiya abhibasi josepha lizadro jadugharti protistha corren, jini gohonagulir jonno mulyaban pathor kaata ebong mosrino korar agroher ongsho hisabe jeeda sangraha shuru korechilen. taanr sangrahe amber, hatir daant, probal, agate ebong anyanno ratnapathar diye toiri tukroguli antarbhukta chhilo. taanr sangraha barar saathe saathe tini ilinoyer elmhurst shohor ebong elmhurst park jelara saathe shohorer wilder parke ekti jadughar kholar jonno ekti chukti corren. lizadro museum off lapidari art ekti smithsonian onumodito. etty smithsonianer sangraha theke gohonagulir besh koyekti prodorshoni porichalona koreche. 2017 saale, jadugharti elmhurst theke ilinoyer oka brooker ekti notun bhobone sthanantorito howar parikalpana korechilo, jaate sthan orjon koraa yaay ebong dorsonarthider arow adhunik sujog-subidha pradan koraa yaay. eyi podokkhepti 2019 saale shuru hoyechilo, kintu covid-19 mahamarir karone etty 2021 saal porjonto punra khulte pareni. sangraha. lapidary shilpokola lizadro jadughar sangraher mool ongsho, biseshoto jeeda khodai. zaihok, jadughare khodai koraa ratna, jeebashmo ebong anyanno khanijgulir pashapashi bhaskorjo, mozaik, diorama ebong khodai koraa pathor oo soona diye toiri ekti khudro durgou prodorshito hoy jaake "cassel lizadro" bolla hoy.

lapidary aartnu lizadro museum lapidary aartnu lizadro museum aee lapidary artsne samarpeet aek sangrahalay chhe, jemaa ratno, daaginaa aneey daginani vastuo aneey pruthvi vigyaan parr pradarshno chhe. aaa sangrahaalayni sthaapnaa 1962maan elmhurst, eleanois, united statesma karvaamaa aavee hatee, parantu 2019maan ileenoisna oak brookma khasedvama aavyu hatoo. itihas. lapidary aartnu lizadro museum 4 november, 1962naa roj kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo. sangrahaalayni sthaapnaa united statesma aek italian immigrant joseph lizadro dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee, jemane gharenaa maate kimmatee pattharone kaapvaa aneey chamkavvama temnaa rasnaa bhagroope jaid aektrit karvaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo. temnaa sangrahma ember, hathidant, coral, agate aneey anya ratnonaa banelaa tukadaaono samaavesh thato hato. jaim jaim temno sangrah vadhato gayo tema tema temane elmhurst, eleanois shaher aneey elmhurst paark district saathe shahernaa wilder parkma sangrahalay kholvaa maate karaar karyo. lapidary aartnu lizadro museum smithsonian sanlagn chhe. tene smithsonianna sangrahmathi daginana ghanaa pradarshno taiyar karyaa chhe. 2017 maan, sangrahalayae jagya melavaa aneey mulakatione vadhu aadhunik suveedhao pradaan karvaa maate ileenoisna oak brookma elmhurstthee navee imaaratmaa khasedvani yojnaa banaavi hatee. aaa pagalu 2019 maan sharoo thayu hatoo, parantu covid-19 rogchaalaane kaarane teey 2021 sudhee pharii kholvaamaa asamarth hatoo. sangrah. lapidary arts lizadro museumna sangrahno mukhya bhaag chhe, khaas kareene jaid kotarani. jooe keey, sangrahalayma nakshi vagarnaa ratno, avshesho aneey anya khanijoni pasandagi, temaj shilpo, mosaic, diorama aneey kotarela patthar aneey sonaathi banelo aek laghuchitra killo pann pradarshit karvaamaa aavyo chhe jene "kesal lizadro" kahevaay chhe.

lapidary kalaa kaa lizadro sangrahalaya lapidary kalaa kaa lizadro sangrahalaya ack sangrahalaya haye joe ratnon, gahane aur aabhushanon vaali vastuon key pradarshan aur prithvi vigyaan parr pradarshan key saath lapidary kalaa koo samarpit haye. sangrahalaya kii sthaapana 1962 mein elmhurst, ilinois, sanyukt raajya america mein kii gaee thee, lekin 2019 mein ilinois key oak brook mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. itihas. lapidary kalaa kaa lizadro sangrahalaya 4 navambar, 1962 koo khola gayaa thaa. sangrahalaya kii sthaapana sanyukt raajya america mein ack italvi apravasi joseph lizadro dwara kii gaee thee, jinhone gahane key liye keemati pattharon koo kaatane aur chamakaane mein apani ruchi key hisse key roop mein jaid ikattha karna shuru kiya thaa. unake sangrah mein ember, hathidant, prawal, agate aur anya ratnon seey baney tukade shamil they. jaise-jaise unakaa sangrah badhata gayaa, unhone shahar key wilder park mein ack sangrahalaya kholane key liye elmhurst, ilinois shahar aur elmhurst park jile key saath ack samjhauta kiya. lapidary kalaa kaa lizadro sangrahalaya ack smithsonian sambaddh haye. isane smithsonian key sangrah seey gahane kii kaee pradarshaniyon koo taiyar kiya haye. 2017 mein, sangrahalaya ney jagah hassil karane aur agantukon koo adhik aadhunik suvidhaaen pradaan karane key liye ilinois key oak brook mein ack naee imarat mein elmhurst seey sthanantarit karane kii yojana banaai. yeh kadam 2019 mein shuru huaa, lekin covid-19 mahamari key kaaran, yeh 2021 taka phir seey naheen khul sakaa. sangrah. lapidary kalaayen lizadro sangrahalaya key sangrhon, vishesh roop seey jaid nakkashi kaa mool hain. haalaanki, sangrahalaya mein binaa taraashe gaye ratnon, jeevashmon aur anya khanijon key saath-saath moortiyaan, mozek, dyrama aur nakkashidar patthar aur soney seey banaa ack laghu mahal bhee pradarshit kiya gayaa haye jise "casal lizadro" kahaa jaataa haye.

lijhadro museum off lapidary art lijhadro museum off lapidary art ratnada kallugalu, aabharanagalu mattu aabharanagala vastugalondige lapidary kalegalige misalaagiruva vastusangrahaalayavaagide mattu bhoo vignaanada pradarshanagalannu hondide. ee vastusangrahaalayavannu 1962ralli united statesna ileanoisn elmhursteinalli sthaapisalaayitu, aadare 2019ralli ileanoisn ok torege sthalaantarisalaayitu. itihaasa. lapidary kaleya lijhadro vastusangrahaalayavannu november 4,1962 randu tereyalaayitu. ee vastusangrahaalayavannu united statesge valase banda italian joseph lijhadro sthaapisidaru, avaru aabharanagaligaagi amoolyavaada kallugalannu kattarisuva mattu holapu needuva aasaktiya bhagavagi jedgalannu sangrahisalu praarambhisidaru. avana sangrahavu umber, danta, havala, agate mattu itara ratnada kallugalinda maadida tunukugalannu olagondittu. avara sangrahavu beledante, avaru nagarada wilder udyaanavanadalli vastusangrahaalayavannu tereyalu elmhurst, ileanois mattu elmhurst park jilleyondige oppanda maadikondaru. lijhadro museum off lapidary art ondu smithsonian angasamstheyagide. idu smithsonian sangrahagalinda aabharanagala halavaaru pradarshanagalannu ayojiside. 2017ralli, vastusangrahaalayavu sthalavakasha padeyalu mattu sandarshakarige hecchu aadhunika soulabhyagalannu odagisalu elmhurstninda ileanoisn ok torege hosa kattadakke sthalaantarisalu yojisitu. ee kramavu 2019ralli praarambhavaayitu, aadare, covid-19 saankraamika rogadindagi, 2021ravarege adannu matte tereyalu sadhyavagalilla. sangrahanegalu. lapidary kalegalu lijhadro vastusangrahaalayada sangrahagala, visheshavaagi jaded kettanegala kendrabinduvagive. aadaagyoo, vastusangrahaalayavu aayda kettane maadada ratnada kallugalu, paleyulikegalu mattu itara khanijagalannu, jotege shilpagalu, mosaayikgalu, dioramagalu mattu kettida kallu mattu chinnadinda maadida "cassel lijhadro" emba chikani kooteyannu saha pradarshisuttade.

lizadro lapidary artche sangrahalay lapidary kaleche lizadro sangrahalay heey eka sangrahalay aahe jeey lapidary kalanna samarpit aahe, jyat ratne, dagine aanee dagine asalelya vastoo aanee pruthvi vidnyanavaril pradarshane aahet. 1962 madhye americetil eleanoymadhil elmhurst yethe yaa sangrahalayachi sthapana karnyat aalee hotee, parantu 2019 madhye eleanoymadhil oka brook yethe halavanyat aale. itihas. lapidary kaleche lizadro sangrahalay 4 november 1962 roji ughadanyat aale. yaa sangrahalayachi sthapana joseph lizadro yaa americet sthalantarit jhalelya italian vyaktine kelee hotee, jyane daginyansathi maulyavan dagad kapanyachya aanee chamkavanyachya tyachya aavadicha bhag mhanoon jaid gola karnyas suruvat kelee. tyachya sangrahat umber, hastidant, praval, egget aanee itar ratnanchya dagadanpasun banavalelya vastooncha samavesh hota. jasjasa tyacha sangrah vadhat gela, tasatase tyane elmhurst, eleanoy shahar aanee elmhurst park jilha yanchyashi shaharachya wilder udyanat sangrahalay ughadanyasathi karar keela. lapidary kaleche lizadro sangrahalay heey smithsonian sanlagn aahe. tyane smithsonianchya sangrahatil daginyanche anek pradarshan aayojit kele aahe. 2017 madhye, sangrahalayane jaaga midvanyasathi aanee abhyagatanna adhik aadhunik suvidha pradan karnyasathi elmhurst yethoon eleanoymadhil oka brookmadhil naveen imaratit halavanyachi yojana aakhali. heey paul 2019 madhye suru jhaale, parantu covid-19 mahamarimule teey 2021 paryant punha ughadata aale nahee. sangrah. lapidary qalaa lizadro sangrahalayachya sangrahancha, visheshtah jaid koreev kamancha gabha aahet. tathapi, sangrahalayat naan koralele ratne, jivashma aanee itar khanije, tasech shilpe, mosack, diorama aanee koralelya dagad aanee sonyane banalela eka laghu killa dekhil pradarshit keela aahe jyala 'casal lizadro' mhanatat.

lizadro museum aff lapidary art lapidary kalako lizadro sangrahalaya ratna, gahana rar gahana wastuharuko pradarshan rar prithvi vigyanma pradarshaniharu bhaeko lapidary kalalai samarpit euta sangrahalaya how. sangrahalaya sann 1962 maa sanyukta rajya americako ilinoisko almhurstma sthapana bhaeko thiyo, tara sann 2019 maa ilinoisko ok brookma sario. itihas. lyapidari kalako lizadro sangrahalaya november 4,1962 maa kholieko thiyo. sangrahalaya sanyukta rajya america jaane italian aprawasi josef lizadrodwara sthapana garieko thiyo jasle gahanaka lagi bahumulya dhungaharu katna rar palish garne afno ruchiko bhagko rupma jedharu sankalan garna thale. unko sangrahama ember, hattiko daant, coral, agate rar anya ratnaka dhungaharuka tukraharu samawesh thie. afno sangraha badhdai jaanda, unle almhurst, eleanois sahar rar almhurst park jillasanga saharko wilder parkma sangrahalaya kholna samjhauta gare. lapidary kalako lizadro sangrahalaya ek smithsonian sambadha how. yasale smithsonianko sangrahabata gahanaka dherai pradarshaniharu curate gareko chha. sann 2017 maa, sangrahalayale thaaun prapta garna rar agantukharulai thap adhunik suwidhaharu pradan garna elmhorstbata ilinoisko ok brookma nayan bhawanma sarne yojana banaeko thiyo. yo kadam sann 2019 maa suru bhaeko thiyo, tara covid-19 mahamarika karan yo sann 2021 samma punah kholna sakena. sangraha. lapidary kalaharule lizadro sangrahalayako sangraha, vishesh gari jade nakkashiharuko muel banaundachha. yadyapi, sangrahalayale nakkashidar ratna, jiwashma rar anya khanijharuko chayan, sathai murtikla, mosaic, diorama, rar nakkashidar dhunga rar sunbata baneko sano mahal "casal lizadro" pani pradarshan gardacha.

lizadro museum off lapidary art lisadro museum off lapidary art heuchhi eka sangrahalaja jaahaa lapidary kalaa paain utsargeekruta, jeunthire ratna pathara, alankara ebong ratna ratna samagri ebong pruthibee bigyana upare pradarshani rahichhi. ehi sangrahalaja 1962 masihare americara ilinayasara elmharstare sthapita hoithila, kintu 2019 masihare ilinayasara oak brukaku sthanantarita hoithila. itihas. lapidari kalaara lizadro sangrahalaja 4 navember 1962 ray kholajaithila. sangrahalajati joseph lijadronka dwara sthapita hoithila, jieki juktarastra aamerikaaku asithiba jane italiah prabasi, jie alankara paain mulyabana pathara katiba ebong masruna karibare tankara agrahara ansha bhabare jaded sangraha kariba arambha karithile . taanka sangrahare amber, hatidant, prabala, agat ebong anyanya ratna patharare nirmita khanda antarbhukta hoithila . taanka sangraha brudhi paiba sahita, shay saharar wilder parkre eka sangrahalaja kholiba paain eleanoisra elmhorst sahara ebong elmhorst park zillah sahita eka chukti karithile. lisadro museum off lapidary art heuchhi eka smithsonian anubandhita. ehaa smithasonijanka sangraharu alankarara aneka pradarshani curet karichhi . 2017 ray, sangrahalaja sthana hassel kariba ebong paridarshakamananku adhika adhunika subidha pradan kariba paain eleanoisra oak brookre eka nutan attalika ku elmaharstaru sthanantara karibaku yojana karithila . ehi padakhyepa 2019 ray arambha hoithila, kintu kovida-19 mahamari hetu, ehaa 2021 parjyanta punarbara kholibare asamartha hoithila . sangraha. lapidari kalaa lizadro sangrahalajara sangrahara moola ansha, bisesh curry jaded khodita . tebe, sangrahalajare keteka chajnit khodita ratna, jeebashma ebong anyanya khanija padartha, bhaskarjya, mosaic, diorama ebong khodita pathara ebong sunare nirmita eka khudra durga "casal lizadro" madhya pradarshita hoichhi.

lapidary qalaa daa lizadro ajaib gharr lapidary qalaa daa lizadro ajaib gharr ikk ajaib gharr haii joe lapidary kalavan noon samarpit haii jiss witch ratnan, gahiniaan atey gahiniaan valiaan vastuaan atey dharti vigiaan utte pradarshaniaan hunn. ajaib gharr dee sathapana 1962 witch almhurst, eleanois, sanyukat raaj amrica witch keeti gaee see, parr 2019 witch oak nadee, eleanois witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa see. itihaas. lapidary qalaa daa lizadro ajaib gharr 4 navambar, 1962 noon kholhiaa giaa see. ajaib gharr dee sathapana sanyukat raaj amrica witch ikk italvi parvasi josaf lizadro duaara keeti gaee see, jiss neey gahiniaan laee keemati pathran noon kattan atey palish curran witch aapni dilchaspi dey hisse vajon jaded ikkathe karna shuru keeta see. uss dey sangrah witch umber, haathi dand, coral, agate atey horr ratnan dey baney tukde shamal sunn. jiven-jiven uss daa sangrah vadhada giaa, uss neey shehar dey wilder park witch ikk ajaib gharr kholhan laee almhurst, eleanois atey almhurst park zilhe dey shehar naal ikk samjhauta keeta. lapidary qalaa daa lizadro ajaib gharr ikk smithsonian sehyogi haii. iss neey smithsonian dey sangrah toon gahiniaan deeaan kaee pradarshaniaan lagaiaan hunn. sann 2017 witch, ajaib gharr neey jagha haasal curran atey sailaniaan noon vadhere aadhunik sahulatan pardan curran laee ilinois dey oak nadee witch ikk naveen imaarat witch almhurst toon jaanh dee yojna banayi. ih kadam 2019 witch shuru hoiaa see, parr covid-19 mahamari caarn ih 2021 takk dubara naheen kholhiaa jaa sakiaa see. sangrah. lapidary arts lizadro ajaib gharr dey sangrah daa mukkh hissa hunn, khaas karke jaded nakkashi. halanki, ajaib gharr witch ann-nakk keete ratnan, jivasham atey horr khanijan dey naal-naal murtiaan, mozek, dioramas atey ukkari hoee patthar atey sone daa baniaa ikk chhota jiha kilha vee pradarshit keeta giaa haii jiss noon "casal lizadro" kiha jaanda haii.

lizaadro sangrahaalayah lapidary-kalaa lizaadro-sangrahaalayah lapidary-kalayaha sangrahaalayah asti, yah lapidary-kalanam krute samarpitah asti, yatra ratnashilanam, aabhushananam, ratnashilanam cha vastoonaam pradarshanm bhavati, bhoovijnaanasya pradarshanm cha bhavati. sangrahaalayasy sthapana 1962 tame varshe samyuktarajyamerikadesha ileanois-nagarasya elmhurst-nagare abhavat, parantu 2019 tame varshe ileanois-rajyasya ok-nadee-nagaram prati sthanantarita. itihaasah. 1962 tame varshe november-masasya 4 dinaanke lapidary-kalayaha lizaadro-sangrahaalayasy udghaatanam abhavat. sangrahaalayasy sthapana samyuktarajyamerika-desham prati italian-aapravaasi joseph lizaadro ityanena krutam, yah aabhushananam krute bahumulya-shilanam cutting-paalishing-vishaye swasya ruchihi bhagarupena jades-sangrahanam aarabdhavaan. tasya sangrahah ember, hastidantuh, pravaala-shilayaha, agate, anyaih ratnashilaihi cha nirmitaani khandaani antarbhavati sma. yathaa-yathaa tasya sangrahah vardhamaanah, saha elmhurst, ileanois, elmhurst-paark-janapadayoho nagarena nagarasya valder-udyaane sangrahaalayasy udghatanartham cha ekam angikaram krutavaan. lizaadro-sangrahaalayah lapidary-art iti smithsonian-sambadhah asti. smitsonian ityasya sangrahaat anekaani aabhushanaani pradarshitaah santi. 2017 tame varshe sangrahaalayah elmhurst-nagaraat ileanois-nagarasya ok-nadee-madhye nootanam bhavanam prati gantum yojanam krutavaan, yena sthaanam praaptam, agantukanam krute adhikaani aadhunikaani suvidhaani cha praapnuyuh. etat chalanam 2019 tame varshe aarabdham, parantu covid-19 mahamarya karanena 2021 tamavarshaparyantam punah udghaatayitum asamarthah abhavat. sangrahah. lizaadro-sangrahaalayasy sangrahasya, visheshatah jaid-nakkashanam, lapidary-kalaah mularupena santi. parantu sangrahaalaye naa utkirnaanaam ratnashilanam, jivashmanam, anyaanaam khanijanam cha chayanam, tathaiva shilpaani, mosax, diarama, "kyaasal lizaadro" iti utkeernashilaih suvarnaihi cha nirmitam laghu-durgam cha pradarshyate.

lisatro museum off lapidary ard lisatro museum off lapidary ard enbathu lapidary kalaikalukku arppanikappatta oru arungaatchiyagamaagum, idhil rathinak karkal, nagaikal mattrum nagaip porutkal mattrum puvi ariviyal kuriththa kankaatchigal ullana. inththa arungaatchiyagam 1962 aam aandil americavin illinoisin elmhurstill niruvappattathu, aanaal 2019 aam aandil illinoisin oak sittroadaikku maattrappattathu. varalaaru. laapidari kalaiyin lizatro arungaatchiyagam navambar 4,1962 andru thirakkappattathu. inththa arungaatchiyagam amerikkaavirku kudiyaeriya ithaaliyaraana josaph lizatrowal niruvappattathu, avar nagaikalukkaana vilaimathippattra karkalai vetti merukoottuvathil thanathu aarvaththin oru paguthiyaaga jades sekarikkath thodangkinaar. avarathu sekarippil ambar, thantham, pavalappaarai, agade mattrum pira rathinak karkalaal seiyappatta thundugal adangkum. avarathu sekarippu valarnththavudan, avar elmhurst, illinoys nagaram mattrum elmhurst poongaa maavattaththudan nagarin wilder poongaavil oru arungaatchiyagaththaith thirappatharkaaga oru oppanthaththai maerkondaar. lizatro museum off laapidari ard enbathu oru smithsonian thunai niruvanamaagum. idhu smithsonian sekarippukalilirunthu nagaikalin pala kankaatchigalai thoguththullathu. 2017 aam aandil, arungaatchiyagam elmhurstill irunthu illinoisin oak sittrooril ulla oru puthiya kattidaththirku maattra thittamittathu, idaththaip peruvatharkum paarvaiyaalarkalukku naveena vasathigalai vazhangkuvatharkum. inththa nadavadikkai 2019 aam aandil thodangiyathu, aanaal, koovit-19 thottrunoai kaaranamaaga, 2021 varai adhai meendum tirakka mudiyavillai. sekarippukal. lizatro arungaatchiyagaththin sekarippukalin maiyamaaga lapidary kalaigal ullana, kurippaaga jaded sirpangal. iruppinum, inththa arungaatchiyagaththil thernthedukkappatta sethukkappadaatha rathinak karkal, pudhaipadivangkal mattrum pira kanimangal, sirpangal, mosaikkukal, dioramakkal mattrum sethukkappatta cull mattrum thangaththaal seiyappatta oru miniature koattai aagiyavattraik kaattukirathu.

lizadro museum off lapidary art lizzadro museum off lapidary art anedi ratnaalu, aabharanaalu mariyu aabharanaala vastuvula pradarsanalu mariyu bhuu saastrampai pradarsanalatoe kuudina lapidary kalalaku ankitam cheyabadina museum. eee museum 1962loe united statesloni illinayisloni elmhurstlo sthaapinchabadindi, conny 2019loe illinayisloni ook vaguku maarchabadindi. charitra. lizzadro museum off lapidary art november 4,1962naa praarambhinchabadindi. eee museumnu united statesku valasa vacchina italian joseph lizadro sthaapinchaaru, athanu aabharanaala kosam viluvaina raallanu kattirinchadam mariyu meruguparachadamlo thana aasaktilo bhaagamgaa jaedsnu sekarinchadam praarambhinchaadu. athani sekaranalo umber, dantaalu, pagadapu, agate mariyu itara ratnaalatoe chesina mukkalu unnaayi. thana sekarana peragadamtho, athanu nagaramloni wilder paarkulo oka museumnu teravadaaniki illinayisloni elmhurst nagaram mariyu elmhurst park jillaatho oppandam kudurchukunnadu. lizzadro museum off lapidary art anedi smithsonian anubandha samstha. idhi smithsonian sekaranala nundi aneka aabharanaala pradarsanalanu nirvahinchindi. 2017loe, museum elmhurst nundi illinayisloni ook vaagulooni kotta bhavananiki taralinchadaaniki pranaalikalu roopondinchindi, sthalam pondadaaniki mariyu sandarsakulaku marinta aadhunika soukaryaalanu andinchadaaniki. eee charya 2019loe praarambhamaindi, conny, covid-19 mahammari kaaranamgaa, idhi 2021 varaku tirigi teravalekapoyindi. sekaranalu. lizzadro museum sekaranalalo, mukhyamgaa jade chekkadaalalo lapidary kalalu pradhaanamainavi. edemaina, eee museumlo chekkabadani ratnaalu, silaajaalu mariyu itara khanijaalato paatu silpaalu, mojaayiklu, dioramalu mariyu chekkina raayi mariyu bangaaramtho chesina "kazil lizadro" anie piluvabade oka suukshma kotanu kooda pradarsistaaru.

lezadro museum aaf lapdery aart lezadro museum aaf lapdry aart eek museum hay juu lapdry arts kay liye waqaf hay jiss mein jawahirat zewaraat aur zewaraat waali ashyaa kii numaish aur arziyati science parr numaishein haine. museum kii bunyaad 1962 mein elmhrist aleenwaye riyasathaye muthadah mein rakhee gayee thee leakin 2019 mein asay baloot kay nadee aleenwaye mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa. tareekh. lezadro museum aaf lapdry aart kaa iftatah 4 nomber 1962 kuu hawaa. iss museum kii bunyaad jozaf lezadro nay rakhee thee juu riyasathaye muthadah mein eek atalvi tarkeen watan thaa jiss nay zewaraat kay liye qeemati pathron kuu kaatnay aur paalish karnay mein apnee dilchaspi kay hasay kay toor parr jedz jamaa karnaa sharoo kiyaa thaa. iss kay majmuay mein umber haathi daanat marjaan agait aur deegar jawahirat say banay takday shaamil thay. jeesay jeesay iss kaa majmuah badhta gayaa iss nay shehar kay wilder paark mein eek museum khoolnay kay liye elmhrist aleenwaye aur elmherst paark distrikt kay shehar kay saath muahidah kiyaa. lezadro museum aaf lapdry aart eek samthasoneen malhaqah hay. iss nay samthasoneen kay majmuon say zewaraat kii kayee numaishein tartib dee haine. 2017 mein museum nay elmherst say baloot kay nadee aleenwaye mein eek nayee emarat mein muntaqil honay kaa mansubah banaya taakah jagah haasil kii jaa sakay aur zaireen kuu mazeed jadeed sahuliyaat farahim kii jaa sakein. yaha aqdaam 2019 mein sharoo hawaa leakin coved-19 wabayi amraz kii wajah say yaha 2021 takk dobarah nahein khill sakaa. majmuah. lapdery arts lezadro museum kay majmuon khaas toor parr jaid nqashi kaa bunyadi hasah haine. tahim museum mein ghair tarashay hoay jawahirat fosalz aur deegar maadniyaat kay saath saath mujasme mozeek diverama aur tarashay hoay pathar aur sonay say banaa eek chhota qalah bhee dikhaya gayaa hay jasay "kesal lezadro" kahaa jaataa hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28136455

Circulation of elite

Circulation of elite Theory by Vilfredo Pareto The circulation of elite is a theory of regime change described by Italian sociologist Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923). Changes of regime, revolutions, and so on occur not when rulers are overthrown from below, but when one elite replaces another. The role of ordinary people in such transformation is not that of initiators or principal actors, but as followers and supporters of one elite or another. Assumptions. It is a basic axiom for Pareto that people are unequal physically, as well as intellectually and morally. In society as a whole, and in any of its particular strata and groupings, some people are more gifted than others. The term elite has no moral or honorific connotations in Pareto's usage. It denotes simply "a class of the people who have the highest indices in their branch of activity." Pareto argues that "It will help if we further divide the elite class into two categories: a Governing elite, comprising individuals who directly or indirectly play some considerable part in government, and a Non-governing elite, comprising the rest." His main discussion focuses on the governing elite. Ambiguity. There is a basic ambiguity in Pareto's treatment of the notion of the elite. In some passages, it would appear that those occupying elite positions are, by definition, the most qualified. But there are many other passages where Pareto asserts that people are assigned elite positions by virtue of being so labeled. That is, men assigned elite positions may not have the requisite capabilities, while others not so labeled may have them. It would seem that Pareto believed that only in perfectly open societies, those with perfect social mobility, would elite position correlate fully with superior capacity. Only under such conditions would the governing elite, for example, consist of the people most capable of governing. The actual social fact is that obstacles such as inherited wealth, family connections, and the like prevent the free circulation of individuals through the ranks of society, so that those wearing an elite label and those possessing highest capacity tend to diverge to greater or lesser degrees. Social mobility. Given the likelihood of divergencies between ascribed elite position and actual achievement and capacity, Pareto is a passionate advocate of maximum social mobility and of careers open to all. He saw the danger that elite positions that were once occupied by men of real talent would in the course of time be preempted by men devoid of such talent. When governing or nongoverning elites attempt to close themselves to the influx of newer and more capable elements from the underlying population, when the circulation of elites is impeded, social equilibrium is upset and the social order will decay. Pareto argued that if the governing elite does not "find ways to assimilate the exceptional individuals who come to the front in the subject classes," an imbalance is created in the body politic and the body social until this condition is rectified, either through a new opening of channels of mobility or through violent overthrow of an old ineffectual governing elite by a new one that is capable of governing. Governing elite. Pareto introduced a social taxonomy that included six classes, Class I through Class VI. Class I corresponds to the adventurous "foxes" in Machiavelli, and Class II to the conservative "lions," particularly in the governing elite. Not only are intelligence and aptitudes unequally distributed among the members of society, but the residues as well. Under ordinary circumstances, the "conservative" residues of Class II preponderate in the masses and thus make them submissive. The governing elite, however, if it is to be effective, must consist of a strong mixture of both Class I and Class II elements. The ideal governing class contains a judicious mixture of lions and foxes, of men capable of decisive and forceful action and of others who are imaginative, innovative, and unscrupulous. When imperfections in the circulation of governing elites prevent the attainment of such judicious mixtures among the governing, regimes either degenerate into hidebound and ossified bureaucracies incapable of renewal and adaptation, or into weak regimes of squabbling lawyers and rhetoricians incapable of decisive and forceful action. When this happens, the governed will succeed in overthrowing their rulers and new elites will institute a more effective regime. Speculators. What applies to political regimes applies to the economic realm as well. In this field, "speculators" are akin to the foxes and "rentiers" to the lions. Speculators and rentiers do not only have different interests but they reflect different temperaments and different residues. Neither is very good at using force, but they both otherwise fall roughly into the same dichotomous classes that explain political fluctuations. In the speculator group Class I residues predominate, in the rentier group, Class II residues. . . . The two groups perform functions of differing utility in society. The [speculator] group is primarily responsible for change, for economic and social progress. The [rentier] group, instead, is a powerful element in stability, and in many cases counteracts the dangers attending the adventurous capers of the [speculators]. A society in which the [rentiers] almost exclusively predominate remains stationary and, as it were, crystallized. A society in which [the speculators] predominate lacks stability, lives in a state of shaky equilibrium that may be upset by a slight accident from within or from without. Like in the governing elite where things work best when both residues of Class I and Class II are represented, so in the economic order maximum effectiveness is attained when both rentiers and speculators are present, each providing a balance by checking the excesses of the other. Pareto implies throughout that a judicious mixture in top elites of men with Class I and Class II residues makes for the most stable economic structure, as well as for the most enduring political structure. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

obhijatxokolor xonsalon obhijatxokolor xonsalon hoise italy xomajbigyani wilfredo paretu (1848-1923) ror dwara bornona koraa xaxon poribortonor ek totwo. xaxon, biplob aadir poriworton xaxokxokolok tolor poraa utkhat korar xomoyot nohoy, kintu jetiya ejon obhijat luke aanjonok xoloni kore. ene poribortonor khetrot xadharon manuhor bhumika aarombhoni koraa baa prodhan obhinetar nohoy, boroncho kunu obhijat baa aanor onugami aaru xomorthok hisape. onuman. paretur baabe eitu etaa moulik swotoxiddho jukti je manuh xaririkbhabe, logote boudhik aaru noitikbhabe oxom. xomogro xomajot, aaru iyar jikunu bixex stor aaru gutot, kisuman luk aanotkoi odhik protibhawan. obhijat xobdotur paretur byoboharot kunu noitik baa xonmaniyo ortho naai. ee xadharonote "teulukor karjyokolapor xakhat xorbadhik xusokangkari thoka lukoxokolor etaa shreni" koo bujay."paretuwe jukti diye je" aami jodi obhijat shrenik aaru dutaa shrenit bibhokto koru tente ee xohay koriboh ek proxaxonik obhijat, ji byokti proityokhyo baa porukhyobhabe sorkarot kichu guruttopurno bhumika paalon kore, aaru bakiburok loi ek oh-proxaxonik obhijat."teur mool alusonatuwe xaxok obhijatxokolor uporot gurutwo aarup kore. ospostota. obhijatxokolor dharonar proti paretur byoboharot ek moulik ospostota aase. kisuman khondot, obhijat podd dokhol koraa lukoxokol xongya onuxori ataitkoi jugyo buli dekha yaay. kintu aan bohutu onusched aase zo 'too paret "ee drirhotare koy je manuhok ene label diyar baabe obhijat podoxomuh nirdharon koraa hoy. orthat, obhijat podoxomuhor baabe nijukto puruxxokolor proyujoniyo xamorthyo nathakibo paare, aanhate ene label nothoka aanxokolor hoyotu thakibo paare. ene lagise je paretuwe biswax korisil je kewol xompurno mukoli xomajot, nikhut xamajik gotixilota thoka, obhijat owosthanor xoite uscho khyomotar xoite xompurnorupe xomporko thakibo. udahoronsworupe, kewol ene poristhitithe xaxon koraa obhijatxokol xaxon koriboloi ataitkoi xokhyom lukoxokolore gothito hoh "bob. prokrito xamajik xotyotu hoh 'lo uttoradhikari xompod, poriyalor xongzug aadir dore badhaxomuhe xomajor podor joriyote byoktixokolor mukto xonsalon protihot kore, jaate obhijat label pindha aaru xorbuscho khyomota thoka lukoxokolor odhik baa komm porimanoloi prithok huwar probonota thaake. xamajik gotixilota. nirdisto obhijat podd aaru prokrito krititwo aaru khyomotar maajot biporzoyor xombhawonar baabe, paretu hoise xorbadhik xamajik gotixilota aaru xokolure baabe mukoli karrier ek aabegik xomorthok. teu ei bipod dekhisil je exomoyot prokrito protibhawan puruxxokole dokhol koraa obhijat podbur xomoyor loge loge ene protibhahin puruxxokole purbor poraa aatorai pelabo. jetiya xaxon koraa baa oh-xaxon koraa obhijatxokole ontornihito jonoxongkhyar poraa notun aaru odhik xokhyom upadanor prowexor xoite nijoke bondho koriboloi chesta kore, jetiya obhijatxokolor xonsalon badhagrosto hoy, xamajik xontulon beyaa hoy aaru xamajik byowosthatu khyoy hoy. paretuwe jukti dekhuwaisil je jodi xaxok obhijatxokole "bixoy shrenit xonmukholoi ohaa byotikromi byoktixokolok ekotrito korar upay bisari napay", tente ei owostha xongxudhon nuhuwaloike rajnoitik aaru xamajik xongsthat ek oxontulon sristi hoy, hoy gotixilotar notun poth mukoli korar joriyote baa xaxon koriboloi xokhyom notunor dwara puroni nisfol xaxok obhijatxokolok hingxatmokbhabe utkhat korar joriyote. xaxon koraa obhijatxokol. paretuwe etaa xamajik shrenibinyax proborton korisil zo 'too soita shreni, prothom shrenir poraa xostho shreniloike ontorbhukto aasil. prothom shrenitu masiyabhellir duxahxik "xiyal" ror xoite aaru dwitiyo shrenitu rokhyonxil "xingho" ror xoite, bixexkoi xaxok obhijatxokolor xoite mill aase. buddhi aaru jugyota kewol xomajor xodosyoxokolor maajot oxomobhabe bitoron korai nohoy, owoxistoburu bitoron koraa hoy. xadharon poristhitit, dwitiyo shrenir "rokhyonxil" owoxistoxomuh jonoxadharonor maajot prodhan hoi pore aaru enedore teulukok bosyotapurno kori tule. obosye, jodi eitu pholoproxu hoh "bob bisare, tente proxaxonik obhijatxokole prothom aaru dwitiyo shrenir upadan duyutare ek xoktixali mishron thakibo lagibo. aadorxo xaxok shrenit xingho aaru xiyalor ek nyayxongot mishron aase, nirnayok aaru bolpurbok karjyo koriboloi xokhyom manuhor aaru kolponaxil, udbhawonimulok aaru oxadhu aanor. jetiya xaxok obhijatxokolor xonsalonor oxompurnotai xaxonkormixokolor maajot ene nyayxongot mishron prapto korat baadha diye, tetiya xaxonxomuh hoy nobikoron aaru obhijujon koriboloi okhyom lukuwai rokha aaru oxot aamolatontroloi owonomito hoy, baa nirnayok aaru bolpurbok karjyot okhyom bibad koraa odhibokta aaru olongkarbidxokolor durbol xaxonot porinot hoy. jetiya ene hoh "bob, tetiya proxaxon koraxokole teulukor xaxokxokolok utkhat korat xofol hoh" bob aaru notun obhijatxokole ek odhik pholoproxu xaxon protistha koribo. onumankari. rajnoitik xaxonor khetrotu ji projujyo xeya orthonoitik khetrotu projujyo. ei khetrot "onumankarixokol" xiyalor dore aaru xinghor dore "bharadharixokol". onumankari aaru bharadharixokolor kewol beleg beleg aagroh nathake, kintu teuluke beleg beleg mejaz aaru beleg beleg owoxisto protipholito kore. boll byobohar korat duyutai bhaal nohoy, kintu onyotha duyutai pray eke dwoito shrenit pore jiye rajnoitik uthanama byakhya kore. onumankari gutor shreni 1-too aboxistoxomuh prodhan, bhaara gutor shreni 2-too owoxistoxomuh. . . . duyuta dole xomajot bhinno upojugitar karjyo xompadon kore. [onumankari] guttu mulotoh poribortonor baabe, orthonoitik aaru xamajik progotir baabe daybodho. iyar poriworte, [bharadhari] guttu sthirotar ek xoktixali upadan, aaru bohu khetrot [onumankarixokolor] duxahxik keparxokolor usorot uposthito huwa bipodburok protihot kore. ene ekhon xomaj zo 'too [bharadharixokol] pray eksetiyabhabe probhabito hoi thaake, sthir hoi thaake aaru jikhon aasil, sfotikayito hoi thaake. ene ekhon xomaj zo 'too [onumankarixokolor] pradhanyo aase, taat sthirotar obhab aase, ek osthir xamyawosthar owosthat baax kore ji bhitoror baa baahiror poraa huwa xamanyo durghotonar folot bisolito hoh' bob paare. jene proxaxonik obhijat shrenir protipalon korar xomoyot bostubure ataitkoi bhaal kaam kore, xeyehe orthonoitik kromot xorbadhik karzokorita prapto hoy jetiya bharatia aaru onumankari duyujone uposthito thaake, protyekei aanjonor otiriktota porikhya kori ek bharxamyo prodan kore. paretuwe xomogro khetrot bujay je prothom aaru dwitiyo shrenir owoxisto thoka uscho shrenir puruxor maajot ek nyayxongot misrone ataitkoi sthir orthonoitik gathonir logote ataitkoi sthayi rajnoitik gathonir babeu kaam kore.

abhijatder procholon abhijatder procholon holl shasson poribortoner ekti totto jaa italiya samajbigyani vilfredo pereto (1848-1923) dwara bornito. shasokder neecher dick theke utkhato korar somoy shasson, biplob ityadir poriborton ghote naa, borong jokhon ekjon abhijato oporke protisthapon korey. eyi dharaner rupantarer khettre sadharan manusher bhumika suchonakari baa prodhan abhinetader noy, borong konao naa konao abhijater anugami ebong somorthok hisabe. anuman. etty peretor ekti moulik swatahsiddha jey manush sharirikbhabe, seisathe buddhibrittik oo noitikbhabe osomo. samogrikbhabe somaje, ebong err jey konao nirdishto stor ebong gosthite, kichhu looka onnoder tulna beshi protibhaban. abhijato shobdotir paretor byabohare konao noitik baa sommanjonok ortho nei. etty cable "emon ekti shrenike bojhai jaader karjokolaper shakha sorbochcho suchak royeche."pereto jukti deena jey" amra jodi abhijato shrenike arow duti bibhage bivokto corry tobey etty sahajyo korobe ekti shasok abhijato, jaaraa prottokkho baa porokkhobhabe sarkare kichhu ullekhjoggo bhumika palon korey emon byaktider niye gothito ebong bakider niye gothito ekti aaa-shasito abhijato."taanr prodhan alochona shasok abhijatder upor drishti niboddho korey. osposhtota. abhijatder dharona somporke peretor achorone ekti moulik osposhtota royeche. kichhu ongshe, etty prodorshito hobey jey jaaraa abhijato podey adhisthito, taaraa sangya onusare, sabcheye jogyo. kintu arow onek anuchched royeche jekhane paretto daabi korey jey, lokeder eibhabe chinnito howar karone abhijato podo deoa hoy. arthat, abhijato podey nijukto purushder prayojaniya khomota naao thakte paare, onnodike onnora jaader eibhabe chinnito koraa hoy naa tadero thakte paare. money hoy jey, pereto biswas korten jey, shudhumatra nikhuntvabe mukto somaje, jaader nikhunt samajik gotishilota royeche, abhijato abosthan uchchotoro khomotar saathe sampurnarupe somporkojukto hobey. udahoronsorup, shudhumatra eyi dharaner poristhitite shasok abhijatora shasson korte sabcheye sokkhom byaktider niye gothito hobey. prokrito samajik satyati holl jey uttoradhikarsutre prapto sompod, paribarik sangjog ebong eyi jatiya badhaguli samajer podomorjadar modhye byaktider mukto sanchalane badha deyo, jaate abhijato lebel poraa ebong sorbochcho khomotadharira brihottor baa qama matra bichchinno hoye yaay. samajik gotishilota. abhijato podomorjada ebong prokrito orjon oo khomotar modhye bipotti howar sombhabonake bibechona korey, pereto sorbadhik samajik gotishilota ebong sokoler jonno unmukto kormojiboner ekjon abegprobon somorthok. tini eyi bipod dekhechilen jey, eksamoy jey abhijato podey prokrito protibhar adhikari byaktira chhilen, seii padguli somoyer sange sange eyi dharaner protibhabihin purushder dwara purbonirdharito hoye jaabe. jokhon shasankari baa aaa-shasito abhijatora antarnihito jonosongkha theke notun ebong arow sokkhom upadangulir probaher kachhe nijeder aboddho korar chesta korey, jokhon abhijatder sanchalan badhagrosto hoy, tokhon samajik bharsamyo biporjosto hoy ebong samajik srinkhala kshay hoye yaay. pereto jukti diyechilen jey, jodi shasok abhijatora "vishayshrenite samoner dike assa byatikrami byaktider ekibhuto korar upay khunje naa paay", tobey eyi abostha sangshodhan naa haoya porjonto rajnaitik oo samajik sangosthai bharsamyohinota toiri hoy, hoy cholacholer notun poth kholar madhyome athoba ekti notun shasok dwara ekti purano akarjokor shasok abhijatder hingsattok utkhater madhyome jaa shasson korte sokkhom. abhijatder shasson. pereto ekti samajik shrenibinnas chaalu korechilen jaar modhye chhoyti shreni antarbhukta chhilo, prothom theke shostho shreni porjonto. prothom shreniti machiavelir dushahosik "shiyala" ebong dwitiya shreniti rakkhanshil "singho"-err saathe, biseshoto shasok abhijatder saathe mille yaay. buddhi oo jogyata cable samajer sadasyader modhye osomovabe bontito hoy naa, aboshistangshoo. sadharan poristhitite, dwitiya shrenir "rakkhanshil" aboshistangshoguli jonosadharoner modhye pradhanno paay ebong eibhabe taader boshyotapurno korey toley. tobey, shasok abhijatder jodi etty karjokor korte hoy, tobey aboshyoi prothom ebong dwitiya shrenir upadangulir ekti shaktishali mishran thakte hobey. adarsha shasok shrenite singho oo shialer ekti bichokkhon mishran royeche, jaa nirnayak oo shaktishali kaaj korte sokkhom ebong onnora jaaraa kalpanapraban, udbhaboni ebong asadhu. jokhon shasok abhijatder sanchalaner asampurnata shasokder modhye eyi dharaner bichokkhon mishran orjone badha deyo, tokhon shasonbyabostha hoy nawayan oo abhijojon korte akkham gopon ebong asampurna amlatantre porinoto hoy, athoba siddhantamulak oo joralo podokkhep nitey akkham aainjibi oo alankarbidder dwandopurno durbal shasonbyabosthai porinoto hoy. jokhon etty ghotobe, tokhon shasitra taader shasokder utkhato korte sofol hobey ebong notun abhijatora arow karjokor shasson protistha korbe. anumankarira. rajnaitik shasoner khettre jaa prajojya taa orthonoitik khettreo prajojya. eyi khettre, "anumankarira" shialer moto ebong singher "bhadate". anumankari ebong bhadatiar agroho cable vinno noy, taaraa bivinno mejaz ebong aboshistangshoke protifolito korey. ubhayi boll prayog korte khub vall noy, tobey taaraa ubhayi motamutibhabe ekoi dwaito shrenir modhye porey jaa rajnaitik othanama byakhya korey. anumankari gosthite prothom shrenir aboshistangsho, bhadate gosthite dwitiya shrenir aboshistangsho pradhanno paay. . . . duti gosthi somaje bivinno upojoger kaaj korey. [anumankari] gosthi prathomikbhabe poribortoner jonno, orthonoitik oo samajik aggrogotir jonno dayee. poriborte, [bhadate] gosthi sthitishilotar ekti shaktishali upadan, ebong onek khettre [anumankarider] dushahosik capperder uposthitir bipodke protihoto korey. jey somaje [bhadatiara] pray ekchetiabhabe pradhanno paay, seii samaj sthir thaake ebong jemon chhilo, temni sphotikayito thaake. jey somaje [anumankarira] pradhanno paay sekhane sthitishilotar abhab royeche, taaraa osthir bharsamyer abosthai baas korey jaa bhitor theke baa baire theke assa samanno durghotonar karone birokto hotey paare. jemon shasok abhijatder modhye jekhane prothom oo dwitiya shrenir aboshistangsho ubhayi protinidhitto koraa holey jinisguli sabcheye vall kaaj korey, taai orthonoitik krome sorbadhik karjokarita orjon koraa hoy jokhon bhadatia ebong anumankari ubhayi uposthito thaake, protteke onner atiriktata porikkha korey ekti bharsamyo pradan korey. pereto sorbotro bojhai jey, prothom oo dwitiya shrenir aboshistangsho soho sheersho abhijatder modhye ekti bichokkhon mishran sabcheye sthitishil orthonoitik kathamor pashapashi sabcheye sthayi rajnaitik kathamor jonno toiri korey.

uchch vargnoo paribhraman bhadra vargnoo paribhraman aee italian samajshastri wilfredo pareto (1848-1923) dwara varnavel shaasan parivartanno siddhaant chhe. shaasan, kraantio vageremaa ferfaro tyaare thataa nathee jyaare shaasakone neechethi uthalaavi devaamaa aave, parantu jyaare aek uchch varg bijaanu sthaan leey chhe. aavaa parivartanmaa saamanya lokonee bhoomika aarambhkartao athavaa mukhya kalaakaaroni nathee, parantu aek athavaa beeja uchch vargnaa anuyaayeeo aneey samarthako tareeke chhe. dhaarnaao. pareto maate teey aek mulbhoot siddhaant chhe keey loko shaaririk temaj bauddhik aneey naiteek reete asman chhe. samagr samajma, aneey tenaa koipan chokkas star aneey juthomaa, ketlaak loko anya loko kartaa vadhu pratibhashali hoya chhe. paretonaa upyogmaa bhadra shabdno koee naiteek athavaa sanmanjanak arth nathee. teey fakt "aevaa lokono varg keey jaimnee pravrutee shakhama sauthee vadhu soochkaanko hoya chhe" neey soochave chhe."pareto daleel karey chhe keey" jooe aapane uchch vargne beey vargomaa vibhajit kareeae too teey madad karasheh aek shaasak bhadra varg, jemaa pratyaksh athavaa parox reete sarkarma nondhpaatra bhaag bhajavnar vyaktiono samaavesh thaay chhe, aneey biin-shaasit bhadra varg, jemaa baakinaa saamel chhe."temnee mukhya charcha shaasak uchch varg parr kendrit chhe. aspashtata. paretoni bhadra vargnee kalpanani sarvarma mulbhoot aspashtata chhe. ketlaak fakraoma, aevu janaay chhe keey jeey loko uchch hodda parr chhe teo vyakhya mujab sauthee vadhu laayak chhe. parantu anya ghanaa margo chhe jyaan pareto bhaarpurvak janaave chhe keey lokone aaa reete label karvaamaa aave tenaa kaarane uchch hodda sonpavama aave chhe. etale keey, uchch hoddaao sonpavama aavela purusho paase jaroori kshamatao naa pann hoi shake, jyaare anya loko paase teey hoi shake chhe jeey aaa reete label thayel nathee. aevu laage chhe keey pareto maantaa hataa keey maatra sampoorn khulla samajma, sampoorn saamaajik gatishilataa dharaavtaa loko, uchch hoddo uchch kshamata saathe sampurnpane sambandhit hashe. udaaharan tareeke, maatra aavee paristhitiomaa jaj shaasak uchch vargmaa shaasan karvaa maate sauthee vadhu saksham lokono samaavesh thaay chhe. vaastavik saamaajik hakeekat aee chhe keey vaarsaagat sampatti, paarivaarik jodaano aneey tenaa jevaa avrodho samajna hoddaao dwara vyaktionaa mukt prasaarne atkaave chhe, jethee uchch starnu label pahernaaraa aneey uchchatam kshamata dharaavtaa loko motaa keey ochha pramanma alag thaee jaay chhe. saamaajik gatishilataa. pratishthit uchch vargnee sthitee aneey vaastavik seeddhi aneey kshamata vachcheni katokatini sambhaavnaane dhyanma rakheene, pareto mahattam saamaajik gatishilataa aneey badhaa maate khulli karkidrina jussadar himayati chhe. temane aee jokham joyu keey aek samaye vaastavik pratibha dharaavtaa purusho dwara kabaje karvaamaa aavtaa uchch hoddaao samay jataa aavee pratibha vinaanaa purusho dwara purvavat karvaamaa aavashe. jyaare shaasan kartaa athavaa biin-shaasan kartaa uchch vargnaa loko antargat vastimathi navaa aneey vadhu saksham tatvonaa pravaah saame potaane bundh karvaano prayaas karey chhe, jyaare uchch vargnaa lokonu paribhraman avrodhe chhe, tyaare saamaajik santulan bagade chhe aneey saamaajik vyavastha ksheen thaee jashe. peretoae daleel curry hatee keey jooe shaasak uchch varg "vishhay vargomaa aagad aavtaa apvaadrup vyaktione aatmasaat karvaanaa margo naa shodhe", too jyaan sudhee aaa sthitee sudharvama naa aave tyaan sudhee raajkeey aneey saamaajik mandalma asantulan pedaa thaay chhe, kyaan too gatishilataanee navee chenalo kholeene athavaa shaasan karvaa maate saksham navaa dwara junaa binasarkarak shaasak bhadra vargne hinsak reete uthalaavi devaathi. shaasan kartaa uchch varg. peretoae saamaajik vargikaranni sharuaat curry jemaa chh vargono samaavesh thato hato, varg 1 thee varg 6. varg I aee machiyavelima saahseek "sheeyal" neey anuroop chhe, aneey varg II aee rudhichust "sinh" neey anuroop chhe, khaas kareene shaasak bhadra vargmaa. maatra buddhi aneey yogyatao samajna sabhyomaa jaj nahee, parantu avsheshoma pann asman reete vahenchaayeli chhe. saamanya sanjogomaa, varg II naa "rudhichust" avshesho lokomaa vadhu jovaa maley chhe aneey aama temne aagnakari banaave chhe. jooe keey, shaasak bhadra vargne jooe teey asarkarak banvu hoya too temaa varg I aneey varg II banne tatvonu majboot mishran hovu aavashyak chhe. aadarsh shaasak vargmaa sinh aneey sheeyal, nirnayak aneey badvaan kriyaa karvaa maate saksham purusho aneey kalpanashil, naveen aneey anaitik anya lokonu vivekpurn mishran chhe. jyaare shaasak uchch vargnaa loko vachche aavaa vivekpurn mishranni praaptine roktee hoya tyaare shaasan kaan too goopt aneey astheer amaldarshahima parivartit thaee jaay chhe jeey navikaran aneey anukulanmaa asamarth hoya chhe, athavaa nirnayak aneey badvaan kaaryvaahi karvaamaa asamarth vakeelo aneey retarisiyansani nabalee shasanma parivartit thaee jaay chhe. jyaare aavu thashe, tyaare shaasit loko temnaa shaasakone uthalaavi devaamaa safal thashe aneey navaa uchch vargnaa loko vadhu asarkarak shaasannee sthaapnaa karashe. sattabaji karnaaraao. raajkeey shaasanne jeey laagu padey chhe teey aarthik kshetrane pann laagu padey chhe. aaa kshetramaa, "sattabaji karnaaraao" sheeyal jevaa aneey "bhaaduto" sinh jevaa hoya chhe. sattabaji karnaaraao aneey bhaadutonaa maatra judaa judaa heeto jaj nathee hotaa parantu teo judaa judaa svabhaav aneey judaa judaa avsheshone pratibimbit karey chhe. naa too balno upyog karvaamaa khoob jaj saaro chhe, parantu teo banne anyatha lagbhag aek jaj dwibhajan vargomaa aave chhe jeey raajkeey vadhghatne samjaave chhe. sattabajina juthamaa varg I avshesho prabal chhe, bhaadut juthamaa varg II avshesho. . . . banne jutho samajma alag alag upyogitaanaa kaaryo karey chhe. [sattabaji] jooth mukhyatve parivartan maate, aarthik aneey saamaajik pragatee maate jawabdar chhe. tenaa badale, [bhaadanu] jooth sthirtaamaa aek shaktishaali tatva chhe, aneey ghanaa kissaaomaa [sattabaji karnaaraao] naa saahseek capersmaa haajari aaptaa jokhamono saamno karey chhe. aek aevo samaaj jemaa [bhaadut] lagbhag sampurnpane prabhutva dharaave chhe teey stheer rahe chhe aneey, jaim teey hatoo tema, sfatikikrut rahe chhe. aek aevo samaaj jemaa [sattabaji karnaaraao] prabhutva dharaave chhe temaa sthirtaano abhaav hoya chhe, astheer santulanni sthitima rahe chhe jeey andarthi athavaa bahaarthi aavtaa naana akasmathi asvasth thaee shake chhe. jaim keey shaasak bhadra vargmaa jyaan vastuo shreshth reete kaama karey chhe jyaare varg I aneey varg II naa avshesho rajoo thaay chhe, tethee aarthik vyavsthaamaa mahattam asarkarakta tyaare praapt thaay chhe jyaare bhaadut aneey sattabaji karnara banne haajar hoya, darek beejani atishaytaane tapasine santulan purun paade chhe. pareto aee samagr soochave chhe keey varg I aneey varg II avshesho dharaavtaa tochnaa uchch vargnaa purushomaa vivekpurn mishran sauthee stheer aarthik maalakhu temaj sauthee sthaayi raajkeey maalakhu banaave chhe.

abhijaat varg kaa parisancharan abhijaat varg kaa parisancharan italvi samajshastri wilfredo pereto (1848-1923) dwara varnit shasson parivartan kaa ack siddhant haye. shasson, kraantiyon aadi mein parivartan taba naheen hotey jaba shasakon koo neeche seey ukhaad fenka jaataa haye, balki taba hotaa haye jaba ack abhijaat varg dusare kii jagah letaa haye. iss tarah key parivartan mein aam logon kii bhoomika aarambhakartaon yaa pramukh abhinetaon kii naheen haye, balki ack abhijaat varg yaa dusare key anuyaayiyon aur samarthakon key roop mein haye. dhaaranaaen. yeh pereto key liye ack buniyaadi siddhant haye kii loga shaaririk roop seey asman hain, saath hii bauddhik aur naitik roop seey bhee. samaaj mein samagr roop seey, aur isake kissy bhee vishesh star aur samooh mein, kuchh loga dusaron kii tulanaa mein adhik pratibhashali hotey hain. abhijaat varg shabd kaa pereto key upayog mein koee naitik yaa sammaanjanak arth naheen haye. yeh kewal "una logon key ack varg koo darshaata haye jinake paas apani gatividhi kii shakha mein uchchatam soochkaank hain."pereto kaa tark haye kii" yeh madad karega yadi humm abhijaat varg koo dou shreniyon mein vibhajit karate hainh ack shaasi abhijaat varg, jisamen aise vyakti shamil hotey hain joe pratyaksh yaa apratyaksh roop seey sarkaar mein kuchh mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaate hain, aur ack gair-shaasi abhijaat varg, jisamen baaki shamil hotey hain."unaki mukhya charcha shaasi abhijaat varg parr kendrit haye. aspashtata. abhijaat varg kii dhaarana key baare mein pereto key vyavhaar mein ack buniyaadi aspashtata haye. kuchh anshon mein, yeh prateet hotaa haye kii joe abhijaatya padon parr kabja curr rahey hain, way paribhasha key anusaar, sabse yogya hain. lekin kaee anya maarg hain jahan pereto daavaa kartaa haye kii logon koo iss tarah seey label kiye jaane key kaaran kuleen padon koo saunpa jaataa haye. yaani, kuleen padon parr niyukt purushon key paas aavashyak kshamataaen naheen hoe sakati hain, jabaki anya logon key paas way hoe sakati hain joe iss tarah seey label naheen kiye gaye hain. aisaa lagata haye kii pereto kaa maanana thaa kii kewal poori tarah seey khule samajon mein, joe poorna samajik gatishilata key saath hain, kuleen sthiti poori tarah seey uchch kshamata key saath sambandhit hogi. udaaharan key liye, kewal aisee paristhitiyon mein hii shaasi abhijaat varg mein shasson karane mein sabse saksham loga shamil honge. vaastavik samajik tathya yeh haye kii viraasat mein millie sampatti, parivarik sambandh aur iss tarah kii baadhaaen samaaj key rankon key madhyam seey vyaktiyon key mukt parisancharan koo rokti hain, taaki joe loga ack kuleen label pahanate hain aur joe uchchatam kshamata rakhate hain, way adhik yaa cumm degree taka bhinn hoe jaate hain. samajik gatishilata. abhijaat varg kii sthiti aur vaastavik upalabdhi aur kshamata key beach antar kii sambhavana koo dekhate hue, pereto adhikatam samajik gatishilata aur sabhi key liye khule currier kaa ack bhavuk samarthak haye. unhone iss khatare koo dekhaa kii kuleen padon parr joe kabhi vaastavik pratibha key purushon dwara kabja curr liye gaye they, samay key saath aisee pratibha seey rahit purushon dwara poorv-mukt curr diye jaayenge. jaba shaasakiya yaa gair-shaasit abhijaat varg antarnihit aabaadi seey nae aur adhik saksham tatvon key pravaah key liye khud koo bund karane kaa prayaas karate hain, jaba abhijaat varg kaa parisancharan baadhit hotaa haye, tou samajik santulan bigad jaataa haye aur samajik vyavastha kshay hoe jaayegi. pereto ney tark diyaa kii yadi shaasi abhijaat varg "vishay vargon mein saamane aaney vaale asadharan vyaktiyon koo aatmasaat karane key tareeke naheen khojata haye", tou yaa tou gatishilata key chainalon key nae udghaatan key madhyam seey yaa ack nae dwara ack puraane aprabhaavi shaasi abhijaat varg koo hinsak roop seey ukhaad fenkane key madhyam seey, jaba taka kii iss sthiti koo thheek naheen kiya jaataa haye, taba taka raajneetik aur samajik nikaay mein ack asantulan paida hotaa haye. shasson karane vaale abhijaat varg. pereto ney ack samajik vargeekaran kii shuruat kii jisamen chhah varg, varg I seey varg VI shamil they. varg I, maciavelli mein sahsi "lomadiyon" key saath mell khaata haye, aur varg II, vishesh roop seey shaasi abhijaat varg mein, roodhivaadi "sheron" key saath mell khaata haye. naa kewal buddhi aur yogyataaen samaaj key sadasyon key beach asman roop seey vitarit hain, balki avashesh bhee hain. samanya paristhitiyon mein, varg II key "roodhivaadi" avashesh janata mein pramukh hotey hain aur iss prakaar unhein adheenata mein rakhate hain. halanki, yadi ise prabhaavi banaana haye, tou shaasi abhijaat varg mein varg I aur varg II donon tatvon kaa ack majboot mishran honah chaahiye. aadarsh shaasi varg mein sinhon aur lomadiyon kaa ack vivekpurna mishran hotaa haye, joe nirnaayak aur balpurvak kaary karane mein saksham hotey hain aur anya joe kalpanashil, naveen aur beiman hotey hain. jaba shaasi abhijaat varg key parisancharan mein khaamiyan shasson key beach aise vivekpurna mishran kii praapti koo rokti hain, tou shasson yaa tou gupt aur asthir naukarshahi mein badal jaataa haye joe navikaran aur anukoolan mein asamarth hotaa haye, yaa vakeelon aur bayanbaji key kamjor shasson mein badal jaataa haye joe nirnaayak aur balpurvak kaarravaai karane mein asamarth hotey hain. jaba aisaa hoga, tou shaasit apane shasakon koo ukhaad fenkane mein safal honge aur nae abhijaat varg ack adhik prabhaavi shasson sthaapit karenge. sattebaaj. joe raajneetik shasanon parr lagu hotaa haye vaha aarthik kshetra parr bhee lagu hotaa haye. iss kshetra mein, "sattebaaj" lomadiyon key samaan hotey hain aur "kiraaye parr lene vaale" sheron key samaan hotey hain. sattebaajon aur kiraaedaaron kii naa kewal alag-alag ruchiyaan hoti hain, balki way alag-alag swabhaav aur alag-alag avasheshon koo pratibimbit karate hain. naa tou bull kaa upayog karane mein bahut achchha haye, lekin way donon anyatha lagbhag ack hii dwivibhajan vargon mein aatey hain joe raajneetik utaar-chadhaav kii vyakhya karate hain. satta lagaane vaale samooh mein varg I avashesh pramukh hain, kiraaye key samooh mein, varg II avashesh. . . . donon samooh samaaj mein alag-alag upayogita key kaary karate hain. [sattebaaj] samooh mukhya roop seey parivartan, aarthik aur samajik pragati key liye jimmedaar haye. isake bajaay, [kiraaye parr diyaa gayaa] samooh sthirata mein ack shaktishali tatva haye, aur kaee mamalon mein [sattebaajon] key sahsi cappers kii upasthiti key khatron kaa mukabala kartaa haye. ack aisaa samaaj jisamen [kiraaedaar] lagbhag vishesh roop seey prabal hain, sthir rahata haye aur jaisa kii yeh thaa, kristalikrit hotaa haye. ack aisaa samaaj jisamen [sattebaaj] prabal roop seey sthirata kaa abhaav rakhate hain, asthir santulan kii sthiti mein rahate hain joe bheetar seey yaa baahar seey ack chhoti see durghatana seey pareshan hoe sakata haye. jaise shaasi abhijaat varg mein jahaan cheejen taba sabse achchi tarah seey kaam karati hain jaba varg I aur varg II key donon avasheshon kaa pratinidhitva kiya jaataa haye, isaliye aarthik crum mein adhikatam prabhavsheelta taba praapt hoti haye jaba kiraaedaar aur sattebaaj donon maujood hotey hain, pratyek dusare kii jyadatiyon kii jaanch karke santulan pradaan kartaa haye. pereto kaa tatparya haye kii varg I aur varg II key avasheshon key saath purushon key sheersh abhijaat varg mein ack vivekpurna mishran sabse sthir aarthik sanrachana key saath-saath sabse sthaayi raajneetik sanrachana key liye bhee haye.

ganyara prasarana ganyara prasaranavu italiya samaajashaastragna wilfredo pareto (1848-1923) vivarisida aadalita badalaavaneya siddhaantavaagide. aadalita, kraantigalu muntaadavugala badalaavanegalu kelagininda aadalitagaararannu padachyutagolisidaaga sambhavisuvudilla, aadare obba ganyaru innobbarannu badalayisidaga sambhavisuttave. antaha parivartaneyalli saamaanya janara patravu aarambhakaru athawa pramukha nataralla, aadare obba ganya athawa innobbara anuyayigalu mattu bembaligaragiruttare. uhegalu. janaru daihikavagi, bouddhikavaagi mattu naitikavagi asamanaragiddare embudu paretoge ondu moolabhoota sootravaagide. ottaareyaagi samajadalli, mattu adara yaavude nirdishta shreni mattu gumpugalalli, kelavaru itarariginta hecchu pratibhaanvitaru. ganyaru emba padavu pareto balkeyalli yaavude naitika athawa gouravaanvita arthagalannu hondilla. idu saralavagi "tamma chatuvatikeya shakheyalli athi hecchu soochyankagalannu hondiruva janara vargavannu soochisuttade."naavu ganya vargavannu eradu vargagalaagi vingadisidare adhu sahaaya maaduttadeh aadalitada ganyaru, sarkaaradalli neravagi athawa parokshavagi gananeeya patravannu vahisuva vyaktigalannu olagondiruttaare mattu aadalitetara ganyaru, ulidavarannu olagondiruttaare" endu pareto vadisuttare."avara mukhya charcheyu aadalitada ganyara mele kendrikarisuttade. aspashtate. ganyara kalpaneya bagge pareto avara chikitseyalli moolabhoota aspashtate ide. kelavu bhagagalalli, ganya sthaanagalannu hondiruvavaru, vyaakhyaanada prakara, atyanta arharu endu toruttade. aadare itara aneka bhagagalalli, janarannu aaa reeti hesarisalaagiruvudarinda ganya sthaanagalannu nigadipadisalaagide endu pareto pratipaadisuttaane. andare, ganya sthaanagalannu nigadipadisida purusharu agatya samarthyagalannu hondilladirabahudu, aadare haage hesarisada itararu avugalannu hondirabahudu. paripurna samajika chalanasheelateyannu hondiruvavaru maatra, sampoorna mukta samajagalalli, unnata sthaanavu unnata saamarthyadondige sampoornavaagi paraspara sambandha hondiruttade endu pareto nambiddaru endu toruttade. udaaharanege, antaha paristhitigalalli maatra aadalita nadesuva ganyaru aadalita nadesalu atyanta samartharaada janarannu olagondiruttaare. nijavaada samajika sangatiyendare, aanuvamshikavaagi doreta sampattu, kautumbika samparkagalu mattu muntaada adetadegalu samajada shreniya moolaka vyaktigala mukta prasaranavannu tadeyuttave, idarindaagi ganyara gurutu mattu hecchina saamarthyavannu hondiruvavaru hecchina athawa kadime mattakke bhinnavaguttare. samajika chalanasheelate. ganya sthana mattu nijavaada sadhane mattu saamarthyada naduvina vyatyaasagala saadhyateyannu gamanadallittukondu, pareto garishta samajika chalanasheelate mattu ellarigoo muktavaada vrattijeevanada bhavodrikta vakilaraagiddaare. ondu kaaladalli nijavaada pratibheyulla purusharu hondidda ganya sthanagalu kaalaanantaradalli antaha pratibheyillada purusharinda purvabhaviyaguva apaayavannu avaru kandaru. aadalita nadesuva athawa aadalitetara ganyaru aadhaaravaagiruva janasankhyeyinda hosa mattu hecchu samarth amshagala olaharivige tammannu taavu mucchikollalu prayatnisidaga, ganyara parichalanege addiyadaga, samajika samatolanavu hadageduttade mattu samajika vyavastheyu kshinisuttade. aadalitada ganyaru "vishaya vargagalalli munchooniyalliruva asadharana vyaktigalannu oggoodisuva maargagalannu kandukolladiddare", ee sthitiyannu saripadisuvavarege rajakiya mattu samajika dehadalli asamatolanavannu srushtisalaaguttade, chalanasheelateya hosa maargagala moolaka athawa aadalita nadesuva samarthya hondiruva hosavarinda haleya parinaamakaariyallada aadalitada ganyarannu himsaatmakavaagi urulisuva moolaka. aadalitada ganyaru. pareto aaru vargagalannu olagonda samajika vargeekaranavannu parichayisidaru, wandarinda aarane taragatiyavarege. varga I, machiavelliyallina sahasamaya "narigalige" mattu varga II, visheshavaagi aadalitada ganyaralli, sampradaayavaadi "simhagalige" anuroopavaagide. buddhivantike mattu abhiruchigalu samajada sadasyaralli asamaanavaagi hanchikeyaagiruvudu matravalla, ulidavugaloo saha. saamaanya sandarbhagalalli, eradane vargada "sampradaayavaadi" avasheshagalu janasaamaanyaralli hecchu pramukhyateyannu hondiruttave mattu heegaagi avugalannu vidheyavaagisuttave. aadalitada ganyaru, aadaagyoo, idu parinamakariyagabekadare, varga I mattu varga II amshagala balavaada mishranavannu hondirabeku. adarsha aadalita vargavu simhagalu mattu narigala, nirnayaka mattu balavaada krieya saamarthyavannu hondiruva purushara mattu kalpanashila, naveena mattu nirlajjaragiruva itarara vivekayuta mishranavannu hondide. aadalitada ganyara prasaranadallina nyoonategalu aadalitada naduve antaha vivekayuta mishranagalannu saadhisuvudannu tadeyuvaga, aadalitagalu navikarana mattu hondaanikege asamarthavaada gupta mattu asthira adhikarashahigalagi avanati honduttave athawa nirnayaka mattu balavaada krama kygollalu asamarthavaada vakilaru mattu vakchaturyagarara durbala aadalitagalaagi kshinisuttave. idu sambhavisidaaga, aadalitagaararu tamma aadalitagaararannu padachyutagolisuvalli yashasviyaguttare mattu hosa ganyaru hecchu parinamakari aadalitavannu sthapisuttare. uhapohagararu. rajakiya aadalitagalige anvayisuvude arthika kshetrakkoo anvayisuttade. ee kshetradalli, "uhapohagararu" narigalige holuttaare mattu simhagalige "baadigedaararu". uhapohagararu mattu baadigedaararu vibhinn asaktigalannu hondiruvudu matravallade avaru vibhinn manodharma mattu vibhinn avasheshagalannu pratibimbisuttaare. eradoo balavannu balasuvudaralli bahala olleyadalla, aadare ibbaroo rajakiya airilitagalannu vivarisuva sarisumaaru onde dviguna vargagalige seruttaare. uhapohagarara gumpinalli varga I avasheshagalu pradhaanavaagiruttave, badigedara gumpinalli varga II avasheshagalu. . . . ee eradu gumpugalu samajadalli vibhinn upayuktateya kaaryagalannu nirvahisuttave. [uhapohagara] gumpu prathamikavagi badalaavanege, arthika mattu samajika pragatige kaaranavaagide. badalige, [baadige] gumpu sthirateyalli prabala amshavaagide, mattu aneka sandarbhagalalli [uhapohagarara] sahasamaya capergalige eduraaguva apayagalannu edurisuttade. [baadigedaararu] bahuteka pratyekavagi praabalya hondiruva samajavu sthiravaagi ulidide mattu adhu sphatikeekaranagondide. [uhapohagararu] praabalya hondiruva samajadalli sthirateya korateyiddu, asthira samatolanada sthitiyalli vaasisuttaare, adhu olagininda athawa horagininda sanna apaghaatadinda asamaadhaanagollabahudu. aadalitada ganya vargadalli, varga I mattu varga IIರ avasheshagalannu pratinidhisidaaga vishayagalu uttamavaagi kaaryanirvahisuttave, aaddarinda arthika kramadalli baadigedaararu mattu uhapohagararu ibbaroo iruvaaga garishta parinaamakaaritvavannu saadhisalaaguttade, pratiyondoo parasparara mitimeerida amshagalannu parisheelisuva moolaka samatolanavannu odagisuttade. wandane mattu eradane vargada avasheshagalannu hondiruva unnata ganyara naduvina vivekayuta mishranavu atyanta sthiravaada arthika rachaneyannu mattu atyanta shaashvatavaada rajakiya rachaneyannu roopisuttade endu pareto soochisuttade.

abhijat vargache prasar abhijat vargache sanchalan haah italian samajshastradnya wilfredo pereto (1848-1923) yanni varnan kelela shasson badalacha siddhant aahe. rajya, kranti ityadinmadhye badal tevha hott naheet jevha shasakanna khaloon ulthavoon takale jaate, tarr jevha eka abhijat varg varg jaaga gheto. asha parivartanat samanya lokanchi bhoomika aarambhakartyanchi kinwa pramukh kalakaranchi nahee, tarr eka abhijat vargache kinwa aanicheeii anuyayi aanee samarthak mhanoon asate. anuman. lock sharirik, tasech bauddhik aanee naitikdrushtya asman aahet heey peretosathi eka moolbhut sootra aahe. sampoorn samajat aanee tyachya konatyahi vishisht starat aanee gatanmadhye, kahee lock itaranpeksha adhik pratibhavan asatat. abhijat yaa shabdacha peretochya vaparat konatahi naitik kinwa sanmananiy arth nahee. heey fakt "tyanchya kriyakalap shakhet sarvadhik nirdeshank asalelya lokancha eka varg" darshavate."pereto assa yuktivad karatat qee" jarr aapan uchchabhru vargache aanakhi done shreninmadhye vibhajan kele tarr teey madat karelah eka prashasakeey abhijatvarg, jyamadhye pratyaksh kinwa apratyakshapane sarkarmadhye kahee mahattvapoorn bhoomika bhoomika vyaktincha samavesh asato aanee eka bigger-prashasakeey abhijatvarg, jyamadhye urvaritancha samavesh asato."tyanchi mukhya charcha shasakeey uchchabhru lokanvar kendrit aahe. sandigdhata. abhijat vargachya kalpanebaddal peretochya vagnyat moolbhut sandigdhata aahe. kahee parichhedanmadhye asey disun yete qee, uchchabhru padanvar asalele lock, vyakhyenusar, sarvat patra aahet. parantu itar anek parichhed aahet jethe pereto thampane sangato qee lokanna asha lebalmule uchchabhru padey dilee jaatat. mhanjech, niyukt kelelya uchchabhru padanvar asalelya purushankade aavashyak kshamata nastil, tarr itarankade tyaa asoo shakatat, jyanche naav tase nahee. asey disate qee paretocha assa vishvas hota qee keval purnapane khulya samajat, jeey paripoorn samajik gatishilata balgatat, teey uchch darjache sthan uchch kshamateshi purnapane sambandhit asel. udaharanarth, asha paristhititach, sattadhari uchchbhruvargamadhye, shasson karnyas sarvat saksham asalele lock asateel. vastavik samajik vastusthiti ashee aahe qee varshane midaleli sampatti, kautumbik sambandh aanee yasarkhe adthale samajachya shrenitun vyaktinche mukt sanchalan rokhatat, jenekarun uchch darjache label ghalanare aanee sarvoch kshamata asalele lock mothya kinwa qamee pramanat vegale houu shakatat. samajik gatishilata. uchchabhru padd aanee pratyaksh kamgiri aanee kshamata yanchyatil matbhedanchi shakyata lakshat gheta, pereto haah jastit jaast samajik halchalincha aanee sarvansathi khulya asalelya karkirdicha utkat samarthak aahe. ekekali ekekali pratibhanchya manasanni vyapalelya uchchabhru padanvar asha pratibhevina purush kalantarane purvaniyojit hotil assa dhoka tyanni pahila. jevha shasanatmak kinwa bigger-shasanatmak uchchabhru varg antarnihit loksankhyetil naveen aanee adhik saksham ghatakanchya pravahala swatahla bund karnyacha prayatna karatat, jevha uchchabhru varganche pravah badhit hotat, tevha samajik santulan bighadte aanee samajik vyavastha ksheen hote. paretto yanni assa yuktivad keela qee jarr prashasakeey abhijat varg "vishay varganmadhye aaghadivar baheroon apavadatmak vyaktinna aatmasat karnyache marg shodhat nasel", tarr hii sthitee sudharali jaiparyant rajkiy aanee samajik sansthemadhye asantulan nirman hote, ektar halchalinchya naveen marganchya ughadanyane kinwa junya akaryaksham prashasakeey abhijat vargala navinadware hinsakpane ulthavoon taknyane jeey rajya karnyas saksham aahe. abhijat vargavar rajya karane. peretone eka samajik vargikaran suru kele jyat sahaa varg, varg I teey varg VI samavisht hote. pahila varg mackiavelimadhil sahsi "colhey" shhee aanee dusra varg puranmatvadi "sinh" shhee, visheshtah shasak uchchabhru lokanshi sambandhit aahe. buddhimatta aanee yogyata keval samajatil sadasyanmadhyech asamanatene vibhagali jaat naheet, tarr urvarit lokanmadhye dekhil asamanatene vibhagali jaatat. samanya paristhitit, aanee vargache 'puranmatvadi' avashesh lokanmadhye mothya pramanat aadhaltat aanee tyamule teey adheen hotat. matra, jarr teey prabhavi vhayache asel tarr prashasakeey abhijat vargamadhye varg I aanee varg II yaa donhi ghatakanche majboot mishran asane aavashyak aahe. aadarsh shasak vargat sinh aanee colhey, nirnayak aanee balkat krutee karnyas saksham purush aanee kalpanashil, navinyapurn aanee anaitik asalelya itaranche vivekpurn mishran asate. jevha shasakeey uchchabhru vargatil apurnata shasanat asha vivekpurn mishranachi prapti karnyapasoon rokhatat, tevha shasson ektar nutanikaran aanee anukulan karnyas asamarth asalelya gupt aanee asthir nokarshahimadhye kinwa nirnayak aanee jordar karvai karnyas asamarth asalelya vadavivad spasht vakeel aanee vaktavyanchya kamkuvat shasananmadhye rupantarit hotat. jevha asey hoil, tevha shasakanche rajya tyanchya rajyakartyanna ulthavoon taknyat yashasvi hoil aanee naveen uchchabhru adhik prabhavi shasson sthapan kartil. sattebaaj. rajkiy shasananna jeey lagoo hote teey aarthik kshetralahi lagoo hote. yaa shetat, 'sattebaaj' heey colhey aanee 'bhadekaru' heey sinhansarkhe asatat. sattebaaj aanee bhadekaru yanche keval vegvegale hitsambandh nasatat tarr teey vegvegale swabhav aanee bhinn avashesh pratibimbit karatat. donhihi balacha vapar karnyat phaar changle naheet, parantu anyatha teey doghehi rajkiy chadhautar spasht spasht sadharanpane ekach dvivividh varganmadhye yetat. satta satta gatamadhye varg I avasheshanche varchasva asate, bhadekaru gatamadhye varg II avasheshanche varchasva asate. . . . donhi gut samajat vegvegalya upayuktatechi karye karatat. [sattebaaj] gut pramukhyane badalasathi, aarthik aanee samajik pragatisathi jababdar asato. tyaeivaji, [bhadyane dilela] gut haah sthiratecha eka shaktishali ghatak aahe aanee anek prakarananmadhye [sattebajanchya] sahsi capersna capersna dhokyancha pratikar karato. jyaa samajat [bhadekaru] jawaljawal purnapane varchasva gajavatat, too samaj sthir rahato aanee jase hota tase sfatikikrut hoto. jyaa samajat [sattebajanche] varchasva aahe, tethe sthiratecha abhav aahe, asthir samtol sthiteet rahato, joou aatoon kinwa baheroon baheroon chhotyasha apghatamule aswasth houu shakato. jase qee prashasakeey abhijat vargamadhye jethe varg I aanee varg II chey donhi avashesh pratinidhitva kele jaatat tevha goshti sarvottam karya karatat, mhanoon aarthik kramane bhadekaru aanee sattebaaj doghehi upasthit asatat tevha jastit jaast parinamkarakta prapt hote, pratyekjan aanichyyaa atirekanchi tapasani karoon santulan pradan karato. paretto heey sampoorn soochit karate qee, pahilya aanee aanee vargatil uchchabhru purushanmadhil vivekpurn mishranamule sarvat sthir aarthik rachana tasech sarvat chirsthayi rajkiy rachana tayar hote.

abhijat wargako prasar abhijat wargako parisancharan italian samajashastri wilfredo pereto (1848-1923) dwara warnan garieko shasson pariwartanko siddhanta how. shasson, kranti, rar yastai anya pariwartanharu shasakharulai talbata hataiepachhi hoina, tara ek abhijat wargale arkolai pratisthapan garda hunchha. yasto rupantaranma sadharan manisko bhumika arambhakarta wa pramukh abhinetaharuko hoina, tara ek kuleen warga wa arkoko anuyayi rar samarthakharuko rupma hunchha. anumanharu. manisharu sharirik rupma, baudhik rar naitik rupma asaman chhan bhanne peretoka lagi yo euta adharbhut siddhanta how. samagrama samajma, rar yasako kunai pani vishesh star rar samuhama, kehi manisharu aruharu bhanda badhi pratibhashali hunchhan. abhijat warga shabdako peretoko prayogma kunai naitik wa sammanjanak artha chhaina. yasale kewal "uniharuko gatiwidhiko shakhama uchchatam suchakankaharu bhaeka manisharuko wargalai janaunchha."pereto tarka garchhan kii" yadi hamile kuleen wargalai thap dui wargaharuma vibhajan garyaun bhane yasale maddat garnechhah ek shasak abhijat warga, jasma wyaktiharu pratyaksha wa apratyaksha rupma sarkarma kehi mahatwapurna bhumika khelchhan, rar ek gaira-shasit abhijat warga, jasma baanki samawesh chhan."unko mukhya chhalfal shasak abhijat wargama kendrit chha. aspashtata. abhijat wargako dharanako bare peretoko wyawaharma adharbhut aspashtata chha. kehi khandaharuma, yo dekhinchha kii kuleen padaharu ogatneharu, paribhasha anusar, sabaibhanda yogya chhan. tara tyahan anya dherai khandaharu chhan jahaan peretole dabi gardacha kii manisharulai yati lebel garieko karanle kuleen padaharu tokieko chha. arthat, tokieko kuleen padaharuma awashyak kshamataharu nahun sakchhan, jabki arulai tyasto lebel garieko chhaina bhane tiniharu huna sakchhan. yasto dekhinchha kii peretole purna rupma khula samajma, purna samajik gatishilta bhaeka, kuleen sthiti uccha kshamatasanga purna rupma sambandhit hune vishwas garthe. udaharanka lagi, tyasta paristhitiharuma matra shasak abhijat wargama shasson garna sabaibhanda saksham manisharu hunchhan. wastawik samajik tathya yo how kii virasatma prapta sampatti, pariwarik sambandha, rar yastai awarodhharule samajko shrenima wyaktiharuko swatantra prasarlai rokchha, taaki kuleen lebel lagauneharu rar uccha kshamata bhaeka wyaktiharu badhi wa cum degreema farkan sakchhan. samajik gatishilta. elite sthiti rar wastawik upalabdhi rar kshamata bichko apatkalintako sambhawanalai dhyanma rakhdai, pereto adhikatam samajik gatishilta rar sabaika lagi khula kariyarko bhawuk adhiwakta how. kunai samaya wastawik pratibhaka purushharule ogateko kuleen padaharu samayasangai tyasta pratibhaharu nabhaeka purushharule purwanirdharit garne khatara unle dekhe. jab shasak wa gaira-shasit abhijat wargale antarnihit janasankhyabata nayan rar adhik saksham tatwaharuko prawahama afulai banda garne prayas gardacha, jab abhijat wargako parisancharan awaruddha hunchha, samajik santulan bigrinchha rar samajik wyawastha kshaya hunchha. peretole tarka gare kii yadi shasak abhijat wargale "vishaya wargama agadi aune asadharan wyaktiharulai atmasata garne tarikaharu fela pardaina" bhane, yo awastha sudhar nabhaesamma rajnitik sharira rar samajik sharirma asantulan sirjana hunchha, yaa tata gatishiltako nayan channelharuko udghatan wa shasson garna saksham nayandwara purano aprabhawi shasak abhijat wargalai hinsatmak rupma ultaera. shasak abhijat warga. peretole samajik wargikaran suru gare jasma kaksha I dekhi kaksha VI samma chhawata wargaharu samawesh thie. warga I machiawelima sahasi "lomdi" sanga mail khanchha, rar warga II rudhiwadi "sinha" sanga mail khanchha, vishesh gari shasak abhijat wargama. buddhi rar yogyata samajka sadasyaharu bitch asaman rupma witaran matra hoina, baanki pani chhan. samanya paristhitiharuma, warga II kaa "rudhiwadi" awasheshharu janatama pramukh hunchhan rar yasari tiniharulai agyakari banaunchhan. shasak abhijat warga, tathapi, yadi yo prabhawkari huna chahiyo bhane, duwai warga I rar warga II tatwaharuko baliyo mishran samawesh hunuparchha. adarsha shasak wargama sinha rar lomdi, nirnayak rar shaktishali karya garna saksham manisharu rar kalpanashil, naveen rar beiman aruharuko vivekpurna mishran hunchha. shasak abhijat wargako prasarma bhaeka apurnataharule shasakharu bitch tyasta vivekpurna mishranharu prapta garnabata rokdachha bhane, shasanharu yaa tata nawikaran rar anukulan garna asamartha lukeka rar asammanit naukarshahiharuma parinat hunchhan, wa nirnayak rar baliyo karya garna asamartha wakilharu rar bayanbaji garneharuko kamjor shasanharuma parinat hunchhan. jab yasto hunchha, shasitharu afna shasakharulai hatauna safal hunechhan rar nayan abhijat wargaharule ajha prabhawkari shasson sthapana garnechan. sattebajharu. rajnitik shasanharuma lagu hune kura arthik kshetrama pani lagu hunchha. yass kshetrama, "sattebajharu" lomadiharu rar sinhaharuka lagi "bhadama lineharu" jastai hunchhan. sattebaj rar bhadama lineharuko ruchi matra farak hundaina tara tiniharule vibhinna swabhawa rar vibhinna awasheshharu pratibimbit garchhan. naha tata ball prayog garnama dherai ramro chha, tara tiniharu duwai anyatha lagbhag eutai dwibhajan wargaharuma parchhan jasle rajnitik utarachadhawharu wyakhya gardacha. sattebaj samuhama warga I awasheshharu pramukh chhan, bhadama line samuhama, warga II awasheshharu. . . . yee dui samuhale samajma bhinna bhinna upayogitaka karyaharu garchhan. [sattebaj] samuha mukhyataya pariwartanka lagi, arthik rar samajik pragatiko lagi jimmewar chha. yasako satta, [bhadama line] samuha sthiratama ek shaktishali tatwa how, rar dherai awasthama [sattebajharu] ko sahasi capersma upasthit hune khataraharuko pratirodh gardacha. euta samaj jasma [bhadama lineharu] lagbhag vishesh rupma prabhutwa rakhchhan sthira rahanchhan rar, jasto yo thiyo, crystallised hunchhan. euta samaj jasma [sattebajharu] prabhutwama sthiratako abhawa chha, asthira santulanko awasthama baschhan june bhitra wa bahirbata aeko sano durghatanabata wichlit huna sakchha. jastai shasak abhijat wargama jahaan warga I rar warga II kaa duwai awasheshharu pratinidhitwa garda chijharu uttam rupma kaam garchhan, tyasaile arthik kramama adhikatam prabhawkarita prapta hunchha jab bhadama line rar sattebajharu duwai upasthit hunchhan, pratyekle arkoko atirekharu jaanch garera santulan pradan gardacha. peretole kaksha I rar warga II awashesh bhaeka purushharuko shirsha abhijat wargama vivekpurna mishranle sabaibhanda sthira arthik sanrachanaka sathai sabaibhanda sthayi rajnitik sanrachanako lagi banaunchha bhanne kura bujhaunchha.

abhijata barganka sanchalana abhijata barganka sanchalana heuchhi shasson paribartanara eka siddhanta jaahaa italiah samajabigyani vilfredo pereto (1848-1923) nka dwara barnana karajaichi. shasson, biplaba ityadi paribartana setebele hoinathae jetebele shasakamananku talaru khyamatachyuta karajae, barang jetebele jane abhijata anyajanakanku badalai dianti . ebhali paribarttanare sadharana lokanka bhumika aarambhakaree kimba pramukh abhinetanka nuhen, barang kaunasi eka sambhranta berg kimba anyara anugami ebong samarthaka bhabe rahichhi. anumana. paretto paain ehaa eka moulika siddhanta je lokamane sharirika tatha boudhika ebong naitika drustiru asman . samagra samajare, ebong ehara kaunasi nirdista stara ebong gostheere, kichhi lock anyamananka apekhya adhika pratibhabana . peretonka byabaharare abhijata shabdar kaunasi naitika kimba sammanajanaka artha naahin . ehaa kebala "eka shrenira lokanku suchita kare jahara karjyakalapara shakhare sarbadhika suchakanka achhi ."paretto jukti karanti je" jadi aame abhijata bargaku ahuri duiti bargare bibhakta kariba tebe ehaa sahajya karibah eka shasaka abhijata, jeunthire pratyakhya kimba parokhya bhabare sarakarare kichhi gurutwapurna bhumika grahan karuthiba byakti ebong eka anah-shasita abhijata, jaahaa abasistamananku nei gathita ."tankara mukhya alochana shasaka abhijata barganka upare kendrit. aspastata. abhijata barganka dharana prati paretonka aacharanare eka moulika aspastata rahichhi. keteka anuchhedare, ehaa janapadiba je jeunmane abhijata padabeere achanti, semane sangya anujai, sabutharu jogya . kintu ahuri aneka anuchheda achhi jeunthare paretto daabi karanti je lokanku epari lebeling karanaru abhijata padabee diajaichhi . arthat, nijukta abhijata padabeere thiba purushamanankara aabasyaka khyamata nathaipare, jetebele kii anyamane separi lebel hoinaparanti . epari laguchhi je paretto biswasa karuthile je kebala sampurna mukta samajare, jeunmane sampurna samajika gatisheelata sahita, abhijata padabee ucchatara khyamata sahita sampurna bhabare jadita heba . udaharana swaroopa, kebala ebhali paristhitire, shasaka abhijata berg shasson karibare sabutharu sakhyama lokanku nei gathita hebe. prakruta samajika satya heuchhi je uttaradhikarare milithiba sampada, paribarika samparka ebong ehipari anyanya pratibandhakagudika samajara padabee madhyamare byaktibisheshanka mukta sanchalanaku atakaithae, jahadwara eka abhijata lebel pindhithiba ebong sarbocha khyamata rakhithiba byaktimane adhika kimba comm degreeku bhinna hebaku prabanata rakhanti . samajika gatisheelata. abhijata padabee ebong prakruta saphalata ebong khyamata madhyare jarureekaleena paristhitira sambhabanaku drustire rakhi, pereto sarbadhika samajika gatisheelata ebong samastanka paain unmukta kyariyara paain jane utsahi okil . shay ehi bipadaku dekhithile je, jeun abhijata padabeere ekada prakruta pratibhara adhikari byaktimane rahithile, samajakrame separi pratibhara abhaba thiba purushamane taaha purbaru hinn chhadidebe. jetebele shasaka kimba anah-shasita abhijatamane antarnihita janasankhyaru nutan ebong adhika sakhyama upadanagudikara prabaha sahita nijaku banda karibaku chesta karanti, jetebele sambhrantamankara sanchalana badhaprapta hue, samajika santulana kharap hoijae ebong samajika byabastha khyaja hoijae . pereto jukti karithile je jadi shasaka abhijata berg "bishai shreneere aagadhadire asuthiba asadharana byaktibisheshanku aatmasata karibara upaiah khojanti naahin", tebe ehi abasthaku sanshodhana nakariba parjyanta rajanaitika ebong samajika sansthare eka asantulana srusti hue, eka nutan gatishila chyanelara kholiba madhyamare kimba eka nutan shasaka dwara eka puruna prabhabahina shasaka abhijatanku hinsatmaka bhabare uchheda curry jaahaa shasson karibaku sakhyama . abhijata barganku shasson karanti. pereto eka samajika bargikarana byabastha arambha karithile jeunthire chhaati shreni antarbhukta thila, pratham shreniru shastha shreni parjyanta. pratham shreni machibheli ray duhsahasika "shiyal" sahita ebong dwiteeja shreni rakhyanashila "singh" sahita, bisesh curry shasaka abhijata bargare anuroopa . kebala buddhi ebong dakhyata samajara sadasyamananka madhyare asman bhabare bunton hoinahin, barang abasistangsha madhya . sadharana paristhitire, dwiteeja shrenira "rakhyanashila" abasistangsha janasadharananka madhyare pradhanya bistara karithae ebong ehipari semananku bashibhuta karithae. tebe, jadi ehaaku prabhabasali karibaku heba, tebe shasaka abhijata berg ubhaja shreni-1 ebong shreni-2 upadanara eka shaktishali mishranaku nei gathita heba aabasyaka. adarsha shasaka bargare singh ebong shiyal, nirnajaka ebong shaktishali karjya karibaku sakhyama purush ebong kalpanashila, abhinaba ebong anaitika anyamananka eka nyajasangata mishran achhi . jetebele shasaka abhijata barganka sanchalanare thiba asampurnatagudika shasakamananka madhyare epari nyajasangata mishran hassel karibare baadha srusti karithae, setebele shasanagudika huet nabikarana ebong abhijojanare akhyama gupta ebong asampurna amalatantrare abakhyai laabh karithae, kimba nirnajaka ebong balapurbaka karjyanusthana nebare akhyama okil ebong alankarabadeenka durbala shasanare parinata hoithae. jetebele ehaa ghatiba, setebele shasitamane semananka shasakamananku khyamatachyuta karibare saphala hebe ebong nutan sambhranta berg eka adhika prabhabasali shasson pratistha karibe. kalpanajalpanakari. rajanaitika shasson khetrare jaahaa laagu hoithae, taaha arthika khetrare madhya laagu hoithae. ehi khetrare, "sankuchita byakti" shijalanka bhali ebong singhamananka paain "bhada" bhali. sankuchita byakti ebong bhada neuthiba byaktimanankara kebala bhinna bhinna ruchi nathaae, barang semane bhinna bhinna manobrutti ebong bhinna bhinna abasheshaku pratiphalita karithanti. ubhaja shakti prajoga karibare bahuta bhal nuhnti, kintu semane ubhaja motamoti bhabare samaana dwaita bargare padanti jaahaa rajanaitika asthirata byakhya kare . sankuchita gostheere pratham shrenira abasistangsha pradhanya bistara karithae, bhada gostheere dwiteeja shrenira abasistangsha. .. .. .. ehi dui gosthi samajare bhinna bhinna upajogitara karjya sampadana karithanti. [sattebaaj] gosthi mukhyatah paribartana, arthika ebong samajika pragati paain daie. ehaa paribarte, [bhada neuthiba] gosthi heuchhi sthiratare eka shaktishali upadan, ebong aneka khetrare [sankuchita] rahr duhsahasika kyaparsanku upasthita karuthiba bipadaku pratihata kare . eka samaj jeunthire [bhada neuthiba byakti] praiah swatantra bhabare pradhanya bistara karanti sthira ebong jepari ehaa sphatikeekruta . jeun samajare [sankuchita byakti] pradhanya bistara karanti, sethare sthirata abhaba rahithae, semane eka asthira santulana sthitire baasa karanti, jaahaa bhitara kimba baharara samanya durghatana dwara bichalita hoipare. jepari shasaka abhijata bargare jetebele ubhaja shreni-1 ebong shreni-2rahr abasistangshaku pratinidhitwa karajae, setebele jinisagudika sarbottama bhabare karjya kare, tenu arthika kramare sarbadhika prabhabasheelata setebele hassel hue jetebele ubhaja bhadatia ebong sankuchita byakti upasthita ruhanti, pratyeka paraspar atyadhikata jancha curry eka santulana pradan karanti . paretto samagrare suchita kare je pratham ebong dwiteeja shrenira abasistangsha thiba ucchabargara purushamananka madhyare eka nyajasangata mishran sabutharu sthira arthika dhancha tatha sabutharu sthajee rajanaitika dhancha paain srusti kare .

kuleen varag daa sanchar kuleen varag daa sanchar shasan tabdili daa ikk sidhant haii joe italian samaaj vigiaani wilfredo peretto (1848-1923) duaara darsaiaa giaa haii. shasan, inqalaban aadi witch tabdiliaan udon naheen hundiaan jadon shaskan noon hethan toon ukhaad suttiaa jaanda haii, balki jadon ikk kuleen varag dooje dee thaan lainda haii. ajihi tabdili witch aam lokan dee bhumika shuruat curran valiaan jaan pramukh adakaran dee naheen haii, balki kise naa kise kuleen varag dey pairokaran atey samarthakan dee haii. anuman lagaunde hunn. ih paretto laee ikk buniaadi sway-sidhant haii kii lock sarirak taur 'teey asman hunn, naal hii baudhik atey naitik taur' teey vee. samuche samaaj witch, atey iss dey kise vee vishesh varag atey samooh witch, kujh lock doojiaan naalon vadhere pratibhashali hunde hunn. kuleen shabad daa koee naitik jaan sanmanjanak arth pareto dee varton witch naheen haii. ih siraf uhanan lokan dee ikk shreni noon darsaunda haii jinhan dee gatividhi dee aapni shakha witch sabh toon vaddh soochkank hunn."paretto daleel dinda haii kii" ih madad karega jey aseen kuleen varag noon doou shreniaan witch vandade haanau ikk shasan kuleen varag, jiss witch uh viakati shamal hunde hunn joe siddhe jaan asidhe taur 'teey sarkaar witch kujh mahattavpuran bhumika nibhaunde hunn, atey ikk gair-shasan kuleen varag, jiss witch baaki shamal hunde hunn."uss dee mukkh charcha shasan curran vaale kuleen varag utte kendrit haii. aspashtata. kuleen varag dee dharna dey baare witch peretto dey vivhaar witch ikk buniaadi aspashtata haii. kujh hissiaan witch, ih japda haii kii uch ahudiaan utte kabza curran vaale paribhasha anusar sabh toon yog hunn. parr itthe bahut saare horr hisse hunn jitthe paretto daava karda haii kii lokan noon iss tarahan dey label dey caarn kuleen ahude ditte jaande hunn. bhaav, kuleen ahudiaan 'teey niyukat keete gaye purshan cole lodindiaan samrathavan naheen hoow sakdiaan, jadon kii doojiaan cole uh hoow sakdiaan hunn joe iss tarahan label naheen keetiaan gaeeaan hunn. ajiha lagda haii kii pareto daa mannana see kii siraf puurii tarahan khulleh samajan witch, sampuran smajik gatishilta vaale, kuleen sathiti uttam samratha naal puurii tarahan sabandhat hovegi. udaharan vajon, siraf ajihiaan sathitiaan witch hii shasan curran vaale kuleen varag witch uh lock shamal honge joe shasan curran dey sabh toon samrath hunn. asal smajik tatth ih haii kii virse witch millie daulat, parivarak sambandh atey iss tarahan deeaan rukawatan samaaj dey ahudiaan raahin viaktiaan dey sutantar sanchar noon rokdiaan hunn, taan joe kuleen label pahinan vaale atey sabh toon vaddh samratha rakkhan vaale lock vaddh jaan ghatt dhigriaan takk vakkh hoow jaanh. smajik gatishilta. kuleen sathiti atey asal prapati atey samratha dey vichkaar vibhinnta dee sambhavna noon dhiaan witch rakkhde hoye, paretto vaddh toon vaddh smajik gatishilta atey saariaan laee khulleh crear daa ikk bhavuk vakeel haii. unhan neey ih khatra dekhiaa kii kuleen ahudiaan 'teey joe kadey asal pratibha vaale aadmi rahinde sunn, samein dey naal ajihi pratibha toon vanjhe aadmiaan duaara pahilan toon hii khatam qarr ditte jaange. jadon shasan curran vaale jaan gair-shasankari kuleen varag aapne aap noon underlying aabadi toon navein atey vadhere samrath tattan dee aamad naal bnd curran dee koshish karde hunn, jadon kuleen varag daa sanchar witch rukawat aaundi haii, taan smajik santulan kharaab hoow jaanda haii atey smajik vivastha kharaab hoow javegi. paretto neey daleel ditti kii jey shasan curran vaala kuleen varag "vishiaan deeaan classes witch sahmane aaunn vaale asadharan viaktiaan noon ekikrit curran dey tarike naheen labhda", taan sanstha rajneetak atey sanstha smajik witch ikk asantulan paida hunda haii jadon takk kii iss sathiti noon theek naheen keeta jaanda, jaan taan gatishilta dey chainlan dey navein udghatan duaara jaan ikk navein duaara ikk purane beyasar shasan curran vaale kuleen varag noon hinsk dhang naal ukhaad suttan duaara joe shasan curran dey samrath haii. kuleen varag noon chalaunde hunn. paretto neey ikk smajik vargikaran dee shuruat keeti jiss witch chhe classes, class I toon class VI shamal sunn. class I mcvealy witch saahsi "loombdiaan" naal mail khaandi haii, atey class II conservative "sheran" naal mail khaandi haii, khaskar shasan curran vaale kuleen varag witch. buddhi atey yogta naa siraf samaaj dey memberan witch asman roop witch vandiaan jandiaan hunn, balki bache hoye vee hunde hunn. aam haaltan witch, class II dey "rudhiwadi" rahind-khunhad janata witch pramukh hunn atey iss tarahan uhanan noon adheen bnaa dinde hunn. halanki, jacker iss noon prabhavshali banauna haii, taan parbandhak kuleen varag witch class I atey class II dovan tattan daa ikk mazboot mishran honaa chahida haii. aadrash shasan varag witch sheran atey loombdiaan daa ikk vivekpuran mishran hunda haii, joe nirnayak atey shaktishali karvai curran dey samrath hunde hunn atey horr joe kalpanasheel, navintakari atey beiman hunde hunn. jadon shasan curran vaale kuleen varag dey sanchar witch kamiaan shasan witch ajihe vivekpuran mishran dee prapati noon rokdiaan hunn, taan shasan jaan taan gupat atey asthir naukarshahan witch badal jaande hunn joe navinikaran atey anukulta witch asamrath hunde hunn, jaan vakilan atey bhashankaran dey kamzor shasan witch badal jaande hunn joe nirnayak atey shaktishali karvai curran witch asamrath hunde hunn. jadon ajiha hovega, taan shasit aapne shaskan noon ukhaad suttan witch safal honge atey navein kuleen varag ikk vadhere prabhavshali shasan sathapat karange. sattebaaz. joe rajneetak shasanan utte lagu hunda haii, uh aarthik khetar utte vee lagu hunda haii. iss khetar witch, "sattebaaz" loombdiaan dey samaan hunde hunn atey sheran laee "kiraedar" hunde hunn. sattebazan atey kiraedaran deeaan naa siraf vakkhariaan ruchiaan hundiaan hunn balki uh vakkh-vakkh subhaa atey vakkh-vakkh rahind-khunhad noon darsaunde hunn. naa hii taakat dee varton curran witch bahut changa haii, parr uh doven lagbhag ikko jihe doou-pakkhi vargan witch aaunde hunn joe rajneetik utraa-chadhaa dee viaakhiaa karde hunn. sattebaaz group class I witch rahind-khunhad pramukh hundi haii, kiraae dey group witch, class II rahind-khunhad. . . . doven samooh samaaj witch vakkh-vakkh upyogtavan dey kamm karde hunn. [sattebaaz] samooh mukkh taur utte tabdili, aarthik atey smajik tarakki laee zimmevar haii. iss dee bajaae, [kiraae daa] samooh sathirta witch ikk shaktishali tatt haii, atey bahut saare mamlian witch [sattebazan] dey saahsi capran noon milann vaale khatriaan daa mukabala karda haii. ikk ajiha samaaj jiss witch [kiraedar] lagbhag vishesh taur utte pramukh hunn, sathir rahinde hunn atey jiven kii ih sunn, crystalized rahinde hunn. ikk ajiha samaaj jiss witch [sattebazan] dee pramukhta sathirta dee ghaat haii, ikk asthir santulan dee sathiti witch rahinda haii joe andron jaan baahron ikk mamuli durghatna toon pareshan hoow sakda haii. jiven kii shasan curran vaale kuleen varag witch jitthe class I atey class II dey doven rahind-khunhad dee numaindagi curran 'teey cheezan sabh toon vadhiaa kamm kardiaan hunn, iss laee aarthik kram witch vaddh toon vaddh prabhavsheelta udon prapat hundi haii jadon kiraedar atey sattebaaz doven maujood hunde hunn, harr ikk dooje deeaan vadhikiaan dee jaanch karke ikk santulan pardan karda haii. pareto daa matlab haii kii class I atey class II dey bache hoye purshan dey choti dey kuleen varag witch ikk vivekpuran mishran sabh toon sathir aarthik dhanche dey naal-naal sabh toon sathayi rajneetik dhanche laee vee haii.

abhijaatavargasya prasaarah abhijaatavargasya prasaarah iti italian-samaajashaastrajnena wilfredo paareto ityanena (1848-1923) varnitah shaasan-parivartanasya siddhantah asti. shasanasya, kraamteh, ityadinam parivartanaani tadaa naa bhavanti yadaa shaasakaah adhahbhyah apadasthaah bhavanti, parantu yadaa ekaha abhijaatavargah aparasya sthaane aagacchati. etaadrushe parivartane samanyajananam bhumika arambhakanam vaa pramukha-abhinetrunaam vaa naa bhavati, apitu ekaa abhijaatavargasya athavaa anyasya anuyayinam samarthakanam cha rupena bhavati. anumanani. janaah shaareerikaroopen, bauddhikaroopena, naitikaroopen cha asamanaha iti pareto ityasya mulasiddhantam asti. samagrasamaaje, tasya kasyaapi vishishtastareshu samooheshu cha kechan janaah anyebhyah apekshayaa adhika-pratibhaasampannaah bhavanti. pareto ityasya upayoge abhijaatavargah iti padasya naitikam vaa sammanatmakam vaa arthah naasti. etat kevalam "jananam ekaha vargah, yasya karyashakhayam ucchatamasoochakaani santi," iti soochayati."paareto" ityasya tarkah asti yat "yadi vayam abhijaatavargam dwayoh vargeshu vibhaktavantah tarhi tatt sahayyam karishyatihi ekaha shasaki abhijaatavargah, yah vyaktihi pratyakshataya athavaa apratyakshataya sarvakaare mahattvapoornam bhaagam vahati, ekaha ashasaki abhijaatavargah cha, yah sheshaan samaaveshayati."tasya mukhya-charchaa shasaki-abhijaatavargasya vishaye kendreekrutam asti. aspashtata. abhijaatavargasya vishaye pereto ityasya chikitsaayaam mulabhutam aspashtata vartate. keshuchit paricchedeshu, abhijaatapadaani dhaaranakaah eva, paribhashanusaram, sarvaadhika-yogyaah iti drushyate. parantu anye api aneke paricchedaah santi yatra pareto-varyaha pratipaadayati yat janaah atraiva mudritah iti karanat abhijaatapadaveem niyuktaah santi iti. arthaat, niyuktaanaam ucchapadaveem praptanam purushaanaam aawashyak-kshamataah naa bhaveyuhu, anye cha yathaa mudritaah naa bhaveyuhu. kevalam purnataya muktasu samaajeshu, purnataya samajika-chalanasheelaih, abhijata-sthaanam cha uccha-kshamatayaa saha purnataya sahasambaddham bhavishyati iti pareto-varyasya vishvasitam iti prateeyate. kevalam etaadrusheshu paristhitishu eva, yathaa, shaasane samarthaah janaah shaasane ucchavargeeyaaha bhavanti. vaastavikam samajikam tathyam asti yat, vamshaparamparaagatam dhanam, paarivaarik-sambandhah ityadini badhakaha samajasya shrenyaah madhyamena vyaktinaam swatantra-prasaram pratihatum shaknuvanti, yena uccha-mudraam dhaarakaah, uccha-kshamataavantah cha adhika-nyoon-maatraam prati vichalitaah bhavanti. samajika-gatishilatam. nirdishta-abhijata-padasya vaastavika-upalabdheh kshamataayaah cha madhye viparyayasya sambhaavanaam drushtvaa, paareto adhikatam-samajika-gatishilatayaha, sarvanam krute mukta-vruttijeevanasya cha utkata-samarthakah asti. saha etam apayam drushtavaan yat, yadaa vaastavika-pratibhaasampannaih purushaihi adhigruheetaani abhijaatapadaveeni kalantare etaadrushaah pratibhaasampannaih purushaihi poorvamev nishkaasyante iti. yadaa shaasakaah athavaa adhipatya-rahita-abhijaatavargah antarnihitajanasankhyaay nutananam adhikanam cha samarthanam tattvaanaam pravaahasya krute swaan baddhum prayatante, yadaa abhijaatavargasya prasaarah baadhitah bhavati, tadaa samajika-santulanam vyathitam bhavati, samajika-vyavasthaa cha kshiptah bhavishyati. pareto ityeshah tarkam krutavaan yat yadi shaasak-abhijaatavargah "vishayavargeshu agrabhaage aagacchan asadharanan vyaktim swaamsheekartum margan naa anvishyati", tarhi raajanaitik-samajika-shareere cha asantulanam janayati yaavat eshaa sthitihi naa parishkrutaa bhavati, chalanasy nootan-marganam udghaatanena athavaa shasanam kartum samarthena nutanena puratanam aprabhaavee-shaasak-abhijaatavargasya himsaatmak-patanen. shaasane abhijaatavargah. pareto ityayam saamaajikavargeekaranam pravartayat yasmin shut vargaaha, prathamawargah shashtavargah iti antarbhavanti sma. prathamawargah, makiaveli ityasmin saahasikaih "lomadanam" anuroopah asti, dwiteeyawargah, visheshatah shaasakeshu abhijaatavargasya roodichustaih "simhaihi" anuroopah asti. naa kevalam samajasya sadasyanam madhye buddhihi, yogyatah cha asamanataya vitareetaani santi, apitu avashishtaani api santi. samanya-paristhitishu, dviteeyavargasya "roodichusta" avasheshaah janasamooheshu pramukhah bhavanti, evam taan aadnyaapaalanasheelaan kurvanti. tathaapi, shaasak-abhijaatavargasya prabhaawah bhavitum, prathamavargasya dviteeyavargasya cha tattwayoh prabalah mishranah avashyah bhavet. aadarsh-shaasak-varge simhanam shiyalanam cha vivekapoornam mishranam asti, nirnayakam balayutam cha karyam kartum samarthah purushah, anye cha kalpanaasheelah, navakalpakah, avivekee cha santi. yadaa shaasak-abhijaatavargasya prasarasya apoornataah shaasan-madhye etadrushanam vivekapoorn-mishrananam praaptim avarodhanti, tadaa shaasanaani navikaran-anukoolan-asamarthataam gupta-asthira-naukarashaaheeroopen, athavaa nirnaayak-balayut-kaarye asamarthanam waad-vivaad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad-waad yadaa etat bhavati tadaa shaasakaah swashasakan apadasthum saphalau bhavishyanti, nootan-abhijaatavargah cha adhika-prabhaavashaaleem shasanam sthaapayanti. oohakaah. raajanaitik-shasananam krute yat vartate tatt aarthikakshetrasy krute api vartate. asmin kshetre "oohakaah" shaavakaih saha, "bhaatakaih" saha simhaihi saha cha samanaha santi. uhaapohakaanaam bhatakanam cha naa kevalam bhinnani abhiruchihi santi, apitu te bhinnan svabhaavaan bhinnan avasheshaan cha pratibimbayanti. naa tu balaprayoge atyuttamah, parantu anyathaa tau ubhau praayah samaan-dwidhaa-vargeshu bhavanti ye raajanaitik-asthiratam vyaakhyaayanti. oohaapoh-samoohe prathamavargasya avashishtaani prabalaani bhavanti, bhaatak-samoohe dviteeyavargasya avashishtaani prabalaani bhavanti. . . . dwayoh samoohayoh samaaje bhinna-upayog-karyani bhavanti. [oohaapohakah] samoohah mukhyataya parivartanasya, aarthikasy saamaajikasy cha pragatehe krute uttaradaayi asti. tasya sthaane, [bharagrahakaha] samoohah sthirataayaah prabalah ghatakah asti, tathaa cha anekeshu sandarbheshu [uhaapohakaanaam] saahasik-cappers-krute upasthitanam apayan pratihatum shaknoti. yah samaajah [bhatakanam] praayah visheshatayaa prabalah bhavati, saha sthirah, yathaa kristaleekrutah cha bhavati. yah samaajah [oohaapohinah] prabalah bhavati, tatra sthirataayaah abhaawah bhavati, asthira-santulane nivasati, yah antah bahihi vaa laghu-durghatanena vyathitah bhavet. yathaa shaasake abhijaatavargasya, yatra prathamavargasya dviteeyavargasya cha avasheshayoho pratinidhitvam bhavati, tatra vastooni sarvottamaroopena karyam kurvanti, ataha arthikavyavasthayam adhikatamm prabhaavasheelam tadaa praaptam bhavati yadaa bhaatakah, uhaapohakaah cha upasthitau bhavanti, pratyekam anyasya adhikataam parikshayitva santulanam pradadaati. pareto ityasya taatparyam asti yat prathamavargasya dviteeyavargasya cha avashishtaanaam uccha-abhijaatavargasya madhye vivekapoorn-mishranm aarthik-samrachanaam, tathaa cha chirasthayee-raajanaitik-samrachanaam cha sthiram karoti iti.

uyaradukkin puzhakkam uyaradukkin suzharchi enbathu itaaliya samoogaviyalaalar wilfredo paretto (1848-1923) vivarikkum aatchi maattrak koatpaadaagum. aatchiyin maattrangkal, puratchigal mattrum palavattrin maattrangkal aatchiyaalarkal keezhirundhu agatrtrappadumpoathu aerpaduvathillai, aanaal oru uyaradukku mattroruvarukku pathilaaka maarumpoathu nigazhkindrana. iththagaiya maattraththil samanian makkalin pangku thuvakkathaararkal allathu mukiya nadigargalin pangku alla, aanaal oru uyaradukkin allathu mattroruvarin aatharavaalarkal mattrum aatharavaalarkalaaka ullathu. anumaanangkal. makkal udal reethiyaagavum, arivaarntha reethiyaagavum, thaarmeega reethiyaagavum samamattravarkal enbathu parettoavin adippadai koatpaadaagum. ottumoththa samoogaththilum, adhan kuripitta adukkugal mattrum kuzhukkalil aethaenum ondril, silar mattravargalai vida adhiga thiramaisaalikal. uyaradukku endra sollukku parettoavin payanpaattil thaarmeega allathu kelaravamaana arththangkal ethuvum illai. idhu verumanae "thangal seyalpaattu kilayil miga uyarnththa kuriyeedugalaik konda makkalin oru vaguppaik kurikkirathu."uyaradukku varkaththai naam maelum irandu pirivugalaagap priththaal adhu udhavum arasaangkaththil neradiyagavo allathu maraimugamaagavoa kanisamaana pangaik konda thaninaparkalaik konda oru aalum uyaradukku, mattrum mattravargalaik konda oru aatchi allaatha uyaradukku."avarathu mukiya vivaatham aalum uyaradukku meethu kavanam seluththukirathu. thelivattra thanmai. uyaradukku pattriya karutthai parato nadaththum vithaththil oru adippadai thelivattra thanmai ullathu. sila paththigalil, uyaradukku pathavikalil iruppavargal, varaiyaraiyinpadi, migavum thaguthiyaanavargal endru thoandralaam. aanaal peyaridappattiruppathan moolam makalukku uyaradukku pathavikal odhukkappadugindrana endru paretto valiyuruththum pala paththigal ullana. athaavathu, uyaradukku pathavikalil niyamikkapatta aangalukku thevaiyaana thirankal illaamal irukkalaam, athae neraththil avvaaru peyaridappadaatha mattravargalukku avai irukkalaam. muzhumaiyaana thirantha samoogangalil mattumae, sariyaana samooga iyakkam ullavargal, uyaradukku nilai uyarnththa thiranudan muzhumaiyaaga thodarpupaduththuvaarkal endru paretto nambinaar endru therikirathu. aththagaiya nilaimaigalin keezh mattumae aalum uyaradukku, eduththukkaattaaga, aatchi seiya migavum tiramaiyaana makkalaik kondirukkum. unmaiyana samooga unmai ennaventraal, parambarai selvam, kudumba thodarbugal poantra thadaigal samoogaththin anigal moolam thaninabarkalin suthanthiramaana paravalaith thadukkindrana, ithanaal uyaradukku mutthirai aninthavarkal mattrum adhiga thiranaik kondavargal adhiga allathu kuraindha alavugalukku maarupada munaigiraargal. samooga iyakkam. uyaradukku pathavikkum unmaiyana saathanai mattrum thiranukkum idaiyilaana vaerupaadugal aerpaduvatharkaana saaththiyakkoorugalaik karuththil kondu, parato adhigapatcha samooga iyakkam mattrum anaivarukkum thiranthirukkum thozhilkalin aarvamulla vakkeelaaka ullaar. oru kaalaththil unmaiyana thiramaisaalikalaal aakiramikkappatta uyaradukku pathavikal kaalappoakkil aththagaiya thiramai illaatha aangalaal munkoottiyae neekkappadum abaayatthai avar kandaar. aalum allathu aatchi seiyaatha uyaradukkugal adippadai makkalil irunthu puthiya mattrum adhiga tiramaiyaana koorugalin varugaikku thangalai mooda muyarchikkumpoathu, uyaradukkugalin suzharchi thadukkappadumpoathu, samooga samanilai seerkulainthu samooga ozhungku sithainthuvidum. aalum uyaradukku "paadappirivugalil munnaniyil varum vithivilakkaana thaninabarkalai orunginaikka vazhigalaik kandupidikkavillai endraal", inththa nilai sariseiyappadum varai arasiyal mattrum samooga amaippil oru samanilaiyinmai uruvaakkappadugirathu, ondru puthiya iyakka vazhigalin tirappu allathu pazhaiya payanattra aalum uyaradukkai oru puthiya aalakkoodiya oruvaraal vanmuraiyil thookkiyeriyuvathan moolam. aalum uyaradukku. paretto oru samooga vagaipirithalai arimugapaduththinaar, athil aaru vaguppugal, vaguppu I muthal vaguppu VI varai adangkum. vaguppu I enbathu maasiyavelliyil ulla saagasa "narigaludanum, vaguppu II enbathu pazhamaivaatha" singangaludanum ", kurippaaga aalum uyaradukkilum othirukkirathu. puddhisaaliththanam thirankalum samoogaththin uruppinarkalidaiyae samaththuvamattra muraiyil viniyoagikkappaduvathu mattumallaamal, enjchiyiruppavargalum ullanar. saathaarana soozhnilaigalil, irandaam vaguppin "pazhamaivaatha" echchangkal vegujanangkalil munnaniyil ullana, ithanaal avai keelppadiyakkoodiyavai. iruppinum, aalum uyaradukku, adhu payanullathaaka irukka vaendumaanaal, vaguppu I mattrum vaguppu II koorugal irandin valuvaana kalavaiyaik kondirukka vaendum. sirantha aalum varkkam, singangal mattrum narigalin niyayamaana kalavaiyaik kondullathu, theerkkamaana mattrum sakthivaaintha seyalaich seiyakkoodiya manitharkal mattrum karpanai, pudhumai mattrum nermaiyattra mattravargal. aalum uyaradukkin puzhakkaththil ulla kuraipaadugal aalum amaippugalidaiyae iththagaiya niyayamaana kalavaigalai adaivathaith thadukkumpoathu, aatchigal puthuppikkavum thazhuvavum iyalaatha maraikappatta mattrum maraikappatta athikaaraththuvanggalaaka seerazhigindrana, allathu theerkkamaana mattrum valuvaana nadavadikkaiyai edukka iyalaatha sandaiyidum vazhakkarinyarkal mattrum sollaatchik kalaignargalin palaveenamaana aatchigalaaka maarukintrana. idhu nigazhumpoathu, aalum thangal aatchiyaalarkalai kavizhppathil vettri peruvaarkal, maelum puthiya uyaradukkugal migavum payanulla aatchiyai niruvuvaarkal. uuka vanikarkal. arasiyal aatchigalukku porunthum vishayam porulaathaara mandalaththirkum porunthum. inthath thuraiyil, "uuka vanikarkal" narigalaip poantravargalaagavum, "vaadagaikkaarargal" singangalaip poantravargalaagavum ullanar. uuka vanikarkal mattrum vaadagaithaarargal vevvaeru aarvangkalaik kondiruppathu mattumallaamal, avarkal vevvaeru mananilaigalaiyum vevvaeru echchangkalaiyum pirathipalikkiraarkal. irandum palaththaip payanpaduththuvathil migavum siranthavai alla, aanaal avarkal iruvarum arasiyal aetrtra irakkangkalai vilakkum oray irutharappu vaguppil aeraththaazha vizhugiraargal. uukak kuzhuvil vaguppu I echchangkal aathikkam seluththugindrana, vaadagaik kuzhuvil, vaguppu II echchangkal. . . . irandu kuzhukkalum samoogaththil vevvaeru payanpaattu seyalpaadugalaich seigindrana. [uukak kuzhu] muthanmaiyaaga maattraththirkum, porulaathaara mattrum samooga munnaettraththirkum poruppaagum. adharku pathilaaka, [vaadagai] kuzhu, sthirathanmaiyil oru sakthivaaintha uruppaagum, maelum pala santharppangalil [uuka vanikarkalin] saagasakkaarargalai santhikkum aapaththukkalai ethirkkirathu. [vaadagaithaarargal] kittatthatta piraththiyaegamaaga aathikkam seluththum oru samoogam nilaiyaaga ullathu, adhu padigappaduththappattullathu. uuka vanikarkal aathikkam seluththum samoogaththil sthiraththanmai illaatha nilaiyil, nilaiyattra samanilai nilaiyil vaazhkintranar, idhu ullaeyum veliyaeyum aerpadum oru siriya vibaththaal varuthappadalaam. aalum uyaradukkil poalavae, vaguppu I mattrum vaguppu II inn echchangkal irandum pirathinithiththuvappaduththu vishayangkal sirappaaga seyalpadugindrana, enavae porulaathaara varisaiyil vaadagaiyaalargal mattrum uuka vanikarkal iruvarum irukkumpoathu adhigapatcha seyalthiran adaiyappadugiradhu, ovvondrum mattrondrin migaippaduththalkalai saripaarppathan moolam oru samanilaiyai valangkukirathu. muthalaam mattrum irandaam vaguppu enjchiyirukkum uyaradukkin uyar uyaradukkugalil ulla niyayamaana kalavai migavum nilaiyaana porulaathaara kattamaipukkum, athae poal migavum neediththa arasiyal kattamaipukkum kaaranamaagiradhu enbathai paretto kurikkirathu.

unnatavargaala prasarana unnatavargaala prasarana anedi italian saamaajika shaastravetta wilfredo pareto (1848-1923) varninchina paalana maarpu siddhaantam. paalanalo maarpulu, viplavaalu modalainavi paalakulu diguva nundi padagottabadinappudu jaragavu, conny oka unnatavargam marokari sthaanamlo vachinappudu jarugutaayi. atuvanti parivartanalo saadhaarana prajala paatra praarambhakula ledhaa pradhana natula paatra kaadu, conny oka unnatavargam ledhaa marokati anucharulu mariyu maddatudaarulugaa untundi. oohagaanaalu. prajalu saareerakamgaa, alaage medhoparamgaa, naitikamgaa asamanamga untaranedi pareto yokka praathamika suutram. mottam samaajamlo, mariyu daani nirdishta vargaalu mariyu samoohaalalo, kontamandi itarulakanna ekkuva pratibha kaligi untaaru. elite anae padaaniki pareto vaadakamlo naitika ledhaa gouravapradamaina ardhaalu laevu. idhi kevalam "vaari karyakalapala saakhalo atyadhika suuchikalanu kaligi unna vyaktula varganni suuchistumdi."unnata varganni manam rendu vargaluga vibhajiste adhi sahaayapadutundani pareto vaadinchaaru prabhutvamlo pratyakshamgaa ledhaa parokshamgaa gananeeyamaina paatra poeshinchae vyaktulatoe kuudina paalaka unnatavargam, mariyu migilina vaaritho kuudina prabhutvetara unnatavargam."ayana pradhana charcha paalaka unnatavargampai drushti saarinchindi. aspashtata. unnatavargam anae bhaavanapai pareto yokka chikitsalo praathamika aspashtata undhi. konni bhagalalo, unnata sthaanaalanu aakraminchina vaaru, nirvachanam prakaram, atyanta arhata kaliginavaaru anie kanipistundi. conny perupettabadina kaaranamgaa prajalaku unnata sthaanaalu ketayinchabaddayani pareto nokkicheppe aneka itara bhagalu unnaayi. antey, unnata sthaanaalaku ketaayinchina purushulaku avasaramaina saamarthyaalu undakapovachhu, ayithe alaa label cheyani itarulu vaatini kaligi undavacchu. sampuurnamaina bahiranga samajalalo, paripuurnamaina saamaajika chalanasheelata unnavaaru matrame unnata sthaanam unnatamaina saamardhyamtho puurtigaa sambandham kaligi untundani pareto viswasinchinatlu anipistundi. atuvanti paristhitulalo matrame paalaka unnatavargam, udaaharanaku, paalinchagala atyanta saamarthyam unna vyaktulanu kaligi untundi. vaastava saamaajika vaastavam emitante, vaarasatvamgaa vacchina sampada, kutumba sambandhaalu vanti addamkulu samaajamlooni shrenula dwara vyaktula swechchaayuta prasarananu nirodhistaayi, tadwara unnata sthaayi label dharinchina vaaru mariyu atyadhika saamarthyam unnavaaru ekkuva ledhaa takkuva sthaayiki maarutaaru. saamaajika chalanasheelata. aapaadinchabadina unnata sthaanam mariyu vaastavamaina vijayam mariyu saamarthyam madhya vairudhyaala sambhaavyatanu batti, pareto garishta saamaajika chalanasheelata mariyu andarikee terichi unna vruttula patla udvegabharitamaina nyaayavaadi. okappudu nijamaina pratibha kaligina purushulu aakraminchina unnata sthaanaalu kalakramena atuvanti pratibha laeni purushulache mundastugaa tolaginchabadataayani athanu chushadu. paalaka ledhaa prabhutvetara unnatavargaalu antarleena janabha nundi kotta mariyu marinta samarthavanthamaina amsaala pravaahaaniki tamanu taamu muusivaeyadaaniki prayatninchinappudu, unnatavargaala prasaranaku aatamkam kaliginchinappudu, saamaajika samatulyata debbatintundi mariyu saamaajika kramam ksheenistundi. paalaka unnatavargam "vishaya taragatulalo munduki vachhe asaadhaaranamaina vyaktulanu sameekarinche maargaalanu kanugonakapothe", eee paristhitini sarididdenta varaku raajakeeya mariyu saamaajika sareeramlo asamatulyata srushtinchabadutundi, chalanasheelata yokka kotta maargaalanu teravadam dwara ledhaa paatha asamartha paalaka unnatavargaanni paalinchagala saamarthyam unna kotta vyakti dwara himsaatmakamgaa padagottadam dwara. unnatavargaanni paalistondi. pareto oka saamaajika vargeekarananu pravesapettaadu, indulo aaru taragatulu, modati taragati nundi aarava taragati varaku unnaayi. modati taragati makiavelliloni saahasopetamaina "nakkalu" kuu, rendava taragati sampradaayavaada "simhaalaku", mukhyamgaa paalaka unnatavargaaniki anugunamgaa untundi. telivitaetalu mariyu abhiruchulu samaajamlooni sabhyula madhya asamanamga panchukovadame kakunda, avasheshaalu kooda panchukoobadataayi. saadhaarana paristhitulalo, rendava taragati yokka "sampradaayavaada" avasheshaalu prajalalo ekkuvagaa untaayi, tadwara vaatini vidheyathatho untaayi. ayithe, paalaka unnatavargam, idhi prabhaavavantamgaa undalante, taragati I mariyu taragati II muulakaala yokka balamaina misramaanni kaligi undaali. aadarsha paalaka vargamlo simhaalu, nakkalu, nirnayaatmakamaina, saktivantamaina charya cheyagala saamarthyam unna purushulu, oohaatmakamaina, vinootnamaina, nijayiti laeni itarulatoe kuudina vivekavantamaina misramam untundi. paalaka unnatavargaala prasaranalo lopaalu palakavargam madhya ituvanti vivekavantamaina mishramaalanu saadhinchakundaa nirodhinchinappudu, paalanalu punaruddharana mariyu anusaranaku asamarthamaina daachina mariyu asthiramaina bureaucrasyluga ksheenistaayi ledhaa nirnayaatmaka mariyu saktivantamaina charya teesukoleni nyaayavaadulu mariyu vaakchaaturyavaadula balaheenamaina palanaluga ksheenistaayi. idhi jariginappudu, paalakulu tama palakulanu padagottadamlo vijayam saadhistaaru mariyu kotta unnatavargaalu marinta prabhaavavantamaina palananu erpaatu chestaaru. oohagaanaalu chesevaaru. raajakeeya palanalaku vartinchedi aardhika rangaaniki kooda vartistundi. eee rangamlo, "oohagaanaalu chesevaaru" nakkalatho samanamga untaaru mariyu simhaalaku "addedaarulu" laaga untaaru. oohagaanaalu chesevaaru mariyu addedaarulaku ververu aasaktulu undatame kakunda vaaru ververu swabhaavaalanu mariyu ververu avasheshaalanu pratibimbistaaru. balaanni upayoginchadamlo rendoo chaalaa manchivi kaavu, conny avi rendoo raajakeeya hecchutaggulanu vivarinche daadaapu oke dwaipaakshika vargaalaku chendinavi. oohaajanita samuuhamloo taragati I avasheshaalu, adde samuuhamloo, taragati II avasheshaalu prabalamgaa untaayi. . . . rendu samuuhaalu samaajamlo vibhina prayojanaala vidhulanu nirvahistaayi. [oohagaanaalu] samuuham pradhanamgaa maarpuku, aardhika mariyu saamaajika purogatiki baadhyata vahistundi. badulugaa, [addeku teesukunna] samuuham sthirathvamlo oka saktivantamaina amsam, mariyu aneka sandarbhaallo [oohagaanaalu] yokka saahasopetamaina kaaparlaku hajarayye pramaadaalanu pratighatistundi. [addedaarulu] daadaapu pratyaekamgaa aadhipatyam chelaayinche samajam sthiramgaa mariyu sphatikeekarinchabadindi. [oohagaanaalu] aadhipatyam chelaayinche samaajamlo sthirathvam lekapovadam, asthiramaina samathoulya sthithilo nivasinchadam, idhi lopala nundi ledhaa velupala nundi vacchina chinna pramaadamtoe kalata chendavacchu. paalaka unnatavargamlo vale, taragati I mariyu taragati II yokka avasheshaalu rendintinee suuchimchinappudu vishayalu uttamamgaa panicheestaayi, kabatti aardhika kramamlo addedaarulu mariyu oohagaanaalu chesevaaru iddaroo unnappudu garishta prabhavam saadhinchabadutundi, prati okkati marokati mitimeerina vaatini tanikhi cheyadam dwara samatulyatanu andistundi. modati taragati mariyu rendava taragati avasheshaalatho unna unnata vargaala purushulalo vivekavantamaina misramam atyanta sthiramaina aardhika nirmaanaanni, alaage atyanta saasvatamaina raajakeeya nirmaanaanni istundani pareto suuchistumdi.

ashrafiya kii gardash ashrafiya kii gardash hukumat kii tabdili kaa eek nazariyah hay jasay atalvi maahir samajiyat wilfredo parito (1848-1923) nay biyaan kiyaa hay. hukumat inqilabat waghairah kii tabdiliyan iss waqat nahein hoti jabb hukmaranon kuu neechey say mazul kirr diyaa jaataa hay balkah iss waqat hoti haine jabb eek ashrafiya dosray kii jagah lay leeta hay. iss tarah kii tabdili mein aam logon kaa kirdaar ibtada karnay waalon yaa aham adakaron kaa nahein hay balkah kasee naha kasee ashrafiya kay pirokaron aur haamiyon kay toor parr hay. mafruzay. yaha parito kay liye eek bunyadi mahuri asul hay kahh loag jasmani toor parr aur saath hyee zahni aur akhlaqi toor parr ghair masawi haine. majmuyi toor parr muashiray mein aur iss kay kasee bhee makhsus tabqe aur garwah mein kachh loag dosron kay muqabilay mein ziyadah honhaar hotay haine. parito kay istemaal mein ashrafiya kii astalah kaa koyee akhlaqi yaa baizat maanee nahein hay. yaha mahaz "logon kii eek klaas kii nishandahi kartaa hay jiss kay paas apnee srgarmi kii shaakh mein sabb say ziyadah index haine."parito kaa istedlal hay kahh" iss say madad milay gee agar humm ashrafiya tabqe kuu mazeed duu zamron mein taqsim karein: eek governing elite juu inn afraad parr mushtamil hay juu braah raast yaa balwasta toor parr hukumat mein kachh aham kirdaar adaa kartay haine aur eek ghair governing elite juu baaqi parr mushtamil hay."inn kii markazi bahas hukmaran ashrafiya parr markoz hay. mubham punn. ashrafiya kay tasavur kay baaray mein parito kay salok mein eek bunyadi abhaam hay. kachh hasoon mein yaha zahir hotaa hay kahh ashrafiya kay ahadon parr faiz loag tareef kay mutabiq sabb say ziyadah ahal haine. leakin behat say dosray hasay bhee haine jehaan parito iss baath parr zoor deetay haine kahh logon kuu iss tarah kay leebal kii wajah say ashrafiya kay ahday tafviz kiye jaatay haine. yauni tafviz kardah ashrafiya kay ahadon parr muqarar kardah mardon kay paas matlubah salahiyatein nahein how sakti haine jabkah dosron kay paas aisi salahiyatein nahein how sakti haine jinn parr iss tarah kaa leebal nahein hay. aisa lagtaa hay kahh parito kaa khayaal thaa kahh sarf balkal khalay muashiron mein juu kaamil samaji nql woo harkat kay haamil haine ashrafiya kii haisiyat aalee salahiyat kay saath makmal toor parr mansalk hogi. misaal kay toor parr sarf aisey halaat mein hyee hukmaran ashrafiya inn logon parr mushtamil hoga juu hukumat karnay kay sabb say ziyadah ahal hoan gay. asl samaji haqeeqat yaha hay kahh warasat mein milnay waali dolat khaandaani rawaabat aur iss tarah kii rukawatein muashiray kay safon kay zariye afraad kii aazadana gardash kuu rokti haine taakah ashrafiya kaa nashaan pehannay waalay aur aalee tareen salahiyat rakhnay waalay loag ziyadah yaa kumm dagriyon takk hutt jayein. samaji nql woo harkat. mansub ashrafiya kii position aur haqeeqi kamiyabi aur salahiyat kay darmiyan ikhtelaaf kay amkaan kuu dekhtay huay parito ziyadah say ziyadah samaji nql woo harkat aur sabb kay liye khalay carrier kaa parjosh haami hay. iss nay iss khatray kuu dekha kahh ashrafiya kay ahday juu kabhi haqeeqi salahiyaton kay haamil afraad kay qabze mein thay waqat kay saath saath aisey hunner say mahroom afraad kay zariye pehley say hyee khatam how jayein gay. jabb hukmaran yaa ghair hukmaran ashrafiya bunyadi aabadi say nayey aur ziyadah qaabil anaasir kii aamad say khood kuu bund karnay kii koshish kartay haine jabb ashrafiya kii gardash mein rukawat paida hoti hay tuu samaji tawazan kharaab how jaataa hay aur samaji nazaam kharaab how jaataa hay. parito nay istedlal kiyaa kahh agar hukmaran ashrafiya "mazamin kii classes mein saamney aaney waalay ghair mamuli afraad kuu zam karnay kay tareeqe nahein dhondta hay"yee tuu jasmani seyasi aur jasmani samaji mein adam tawazan paida hotaa hay jabb takk kahh iss haalat kuu theek nahein kiyaa jaataa yaa tuu nql woo harkat kay nayey channels kay khilnay kay zariye yaa kasee paraaney ghair mosar hukmaran ashrafiya kaa pratashdad takhtah altanay kay zariye juu hukumat karnay kii salahiyat rakhta hay. ashrafiya parr hukumat karnaa. parito nay eek samaji darjah bundi mutaarif karayee jiss mein chh classen shaamil thein klaas I say klaas VI takk. klaas I machiuli mein muham juu "lomdiyon" say mutabiqat rakhta hay aur klaas II qadamat pasand "sheeron" say khaas toor parr hukmaran ashrafiya mein. zahanat aur istedad naha sarf muashiray kay arakeen mein ghair masawi toor parr taqsim haine balkah baqiyah bhee. aam halaat mein klaas II kay "qadamat pasand" baqiyat awaam mein numayan haine aur iss tarah inhein tabadar banatay haine. tahim agar asay mosar banana hay thoo governing elite kuu klaas I aur klaas II donon anaasir kay mazboot markab parr mushtamil honaa chahiye. misali hukmaran tabqe mein sheeron aur lomdiyon kaa eek maqool markab hotaa hay jinn mein faislah kunn aur zabardast amal karnay kay qaabil mard aur dosray juu takhilati akhtarayi aur bay aimaan hotay haine. jabb hukmaran ashrafiya kii gardash mein khaamiyan hukumat kay darmiyan iss tarah kay maqool markab kay hasool kuu rokti haine tuu hukumatein yaa tuu poshidah aur ghair mustahkam beurocracy mein badal jaati haine juu tajdid aur mawafiqat kay qaabil nahein hoti haine yaa faislah kunn aur zabardast kararwai kay qaabil naha honay waalay jhagday karnay waalay waklaa aur biyaan baazi karnay waalon kii kamzor hukumaton mein badal jaati haine. jabb aisa hoga tuu hukumat apnay hukmaranon kaa takhtah altanay mein kamiyab how jaaye gee aur nayey ashrafiya eek ziyadah mosar hukumat qayem karein gay. qayaas aarayi karnay waalay. seyasi hukumaton parr juu laago hotaa hay wah maashi dairay parr bhee laago hotaa hay. iss medaan mein "qayaas aarayi karnay waalay" lomdiyon kay mutradif hotay haine aur sheeron kay liye "karayah daar". qayaas aaraiyon aur karayah daaron kay naha sarf mukhtalif mufadat hotay haine balkah wah mukhtalif mazaaj aur mukhtalif baqiyat kii akaasi kartay haine. naha hyee taaqat kaa istemaal karnay mein behat achhaa hay leakin basurat deegar wah donon taqriba eek hyee duu tarfah tabqat mein aatay haine juu seyasi ataar chadhao kii wazahat kartay haine. qayaas aarayi karnay waalay grop mein klaas I kay baqiah karayah daar grop mein klaas II kay baqiyah ghalib haine. . . . donon garwah muashiray mein mukhtalif afadiyat kay kaam anjaam deetay haine. [qayaas aarayi karnay waala] garwah bunyadi toor parr tabdili maashi aur samaji tarqi kaa zamah daar hay. iss kay bajaye [karayah daar] group istehkaam kaa eek taqatwar ansar hay aur behat say muamilat mein [qayaas aaraiyon] kay bahadar cappers kii taraf jaanay waalay khatraat kaa muqabilah kartaa hay. eek aisa muashirah jiss mein [karayah daar] taqriba khususi toor parr ghalib haine mustahkam rehta hay aur jaisa kahh yaha thaa crystalized rehta hay. eek aisa muashirah jiss mein [qayaas aaraiyon] kaa ghalbah hay istehkaam kaa faqdan hay wah eek ghair mustahkam tawazan kii haalat mein rehta hay juu andar say yaa baahir say aaney waalay mamuli haadise say preshan how saktaa hay. jeesay governing elite mein jehaan klaas I aur klaas II kay donon baqiyah hasoon kii numaindagi kartay waqat cheezein sabb say behatar kaam karti haine lehza maashi tartib mein ziyadah say ziyadah taasir iss waqat haasil hoti hay jabb karayah daar aur qayaas aarayi karnay waalay donon mojud hotay haine harr eek dosray kii ziyadati kuu cheek karkay tawazan farahim kartaa hay. parito kaa matlab yaha hay kahh klaas I aur klaas II kay baqiyah mardon kay aalee ashrafiya mein eek maqool markab sabb say mustahkam maashi dahanchay kay saath saath sabb say payedar seyasi dahanchay kay liye bhee banata hay.

fffa0e39d6df4ae1632e425ae33b6e37e2c1e7e3d70680b0f22ef942e223582a

https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki?curid=140763

The Lord of the Rings (1978 film)

The Lord of the Rings (1978 film) J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings is a 1978 animated fantasy film directed by Ralph Bakshi and based on "The Fellowship of the Ring" and "The Two Towers" by J.R.R. Tolkien". "[Frist Lines]" Narrator: Long ago, in the early years of the Second Age, the great Elven-smiths forged rings of power. Nine for mortal men, seven for the Dwarf lords, three for the tall Elf Kings. But then, the dark lord learned the craft of ring making and made the Master Ring, the one ring to rule them all. With the One Ring, Middle-Earth is his, and he cannot not be overcome. As the last alliance of men and Elves fell beneath his power, he did not notice the heroic shadow who slipped in. It was Prince Isildur, of the mighty Kings from across the sea, who took the ring. But because he did not destroy it, the spirit of the dark lord lived on, and began to take shape and grow again. But the ring had a will of its own, and a way of slipping from one hand to be found by another, so that it might at last get back to its master. And there, the ring lay at the bottom of the great river Anduin for thousands of years. During those years, the dark lord captured the nine rings that were made for men and turned their owners into the Ringwraiths. Terrible shadows, under his great Shadow, who roamed the world...searching for the One Ring. In time, the Ring was found. Two friends were fishing in the great river one day. Sméagol: Give us that, Déagol, my love. Déagol: Why, Sméagol? Sméagol: Because it's my birthday, my love. And I wants it! Déagol: I have already given you more than I could afford. I found this, and I'm going to keep it! Sméagol: Oh?! Are you, indeed...MY LOVE?!?! "[grabs Déagol by the neck with his bare hands and strangles him to death. He then takes the Ring and keeps it for himself]" Narrator: He used the Ring for thieving, and to find out secrets. His own people began to despise the wretched creature and to call him Gollum. Tortured and driven by the ring, he hid in dark caves...and a deep mountain, where he remained for centuries. But the ring slipped off Gollum's finger, too. And so it was that Bilbo found it during his travels with the Dwarves. Gollum: Thief! Baggins! Thief! It stole our precious, our precious!! Our birthday present! Thief! Baggins! We hates it forever! WE HATES IT FOREVER!!!! Narrator: It was Bilbo Baggins, the hobbit, who took the ring back to the Shire, his home. Decades later, Gandalf the wizard visited Bilbo on his going away birthday party. Frodo: "[wakes up to someone knocking at his door]" All right, all right. Just a minute. "[answers the door]" Gandalf! Gandalf: "[bows]" Greetings, Frodo. Frodo: Gandalf, it's really you! Oh, its been so long. Gandalf: Seventeen years, since Bilbo left. You look the same as ever, Frodo. Frodo: You look older, Gandalf. Gandalf: I've been on a long journey. Frodo: It's the ring, isn't it? Bilbo's funny magic ring? You always use to look like that when you talked about it. Gandalf: Bilbo's funny ring? Makes you invisible? Give it to me, Frodo. Frodo: Give you the ring? Gandalf: For a moment only. "[Frodo hands him the Ring]" Can you see any markings on it? Frodo: There are none. Its quite a plain ring, really. Gandalf: Well then, look. "[tosses the Ring in the fireplace; Frodo panics]" Wait. Do you desire it so much already? Frodo: No, but...but why ruin it? Gandalf: Because it is altogether evil. It will corrupt and destroy anyone who wears it until he passes into the world of shadows under the power of Sauron, the Dark Lord of Mordor. Frodo: Not Bilbo! Gandalf: "[points at Frodo]" You are the one who has the Ring now. "[hands the Ring back to Frodo]" Frodo: It's...it's not even warm. Gandalf: No. Not even a dragon's fire can harm that Ring. Ash Nazg Durbatuluk. Ash Nazg Gimbatul. One Ring to rule them all. One Ring to find them. One Ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them! "[Cut to Frodo and Gandalf, walking outside at nighttime]" Frodo: I wish it need not happen in my time. Gandalf: So do I. The enemy still lacks one thing to give him strength and knowledge; to break all resistance and cover all the lands in darkness. He lacks the One Ring. Frodo: But, but maybe he doesn't know that it was found. Gandalf: He knows, Frodo. Gollum left his cave to follow the Ring himself and the Dark Lord caught him in Mordor. The Dark Lord knows what ring it was that Gollum found and how he lost it again. And he has heard of hobbits at last and of the Shire. And he even has a name to think about. The name of Baggins. Frodo: Because of Gollum. Oh, Gandalf, what am I to do? What a pity that Bilbo didn't kill that vile creature when he had the chance! Gandalf: Yes, it was pity. Pity and mercy. And now, Frodo, the decision lies with you. What will "you" do with the One Ring? Frodo: I'll give it to you, Gandalf! You're wise and powerful. What, will you not... Gandalf: No! Do not tempt me. I would wish to turn it to good and it cannot be used so. Meaning to be kind, I would become as terrible as the Dark Lord himself; do not tempt me! I shall have such need of strength so soon. Frodo: Then, I suppose, I must take the Ring and guard it and I hope to go away somewhere alone. They won't...they won't bother the Shire if the Ring isn't here. Gandalf: My dear Frodo, I'm afraid you are right. You'll have to go and leave the name of Baggins behind you. That name is no longer safe. Your new traveling name shall be...Mr. Underhill. Gandalf: I have come for your aid, Saruman the White, in troubled times. The Nine are abroad, darkness approaches; the Black Riders! Saruman: "[walks away]" Is that all the news you have for me, then? Gandalf: Is that not enough? Sauron is moving at last! Saruman: We can deal with Sauron ourselves, Gandalf. You and I, one way or another. Gandalf: What talk is this? What are you saying, Saruman? Saruman: It is time for us to choose. A new age is upon us; a new power is rising. Nothing that men, or elves, or wizards can do will avail against it. Its enemies are utterly doomed. But its friends aren't. Gandalf: You are saying that we should join with Mordor? With him? Saruman: Does that displease you? WHERE IS THE RING, GANDALF?! Why do the Black Riders search for it in the Shire? Have you hidden it there? Would you rather see the Dark Lord have it...OR SARUMAN OF MANY COLORS?! "[locks Gandalf in a magic force field]" Gandalf: Neither of you will have it. Saruman: There is a third choice. "[Wormtongue appears and hands Saruman his staff]" It is to remain here until you tell me where the Ring may be found. Gandalf: Saurman, if you do this, if you delay me here, Sauron will surely get it then. Saruman: And he will know his good servants...and his enemies. "[laughs]" Gandalf: Saruman! "[Saurman walks away, laughing]" SARUMAN!!! SARUMAN!!!! Merry: We're going with you, Frodo. Frodo: With me?! But how do you...? "[looks at Sam]" Sam?! But you gave your word! Sam: They already knew so much, Mr. Frodo. Merry: Sam didn't tell us about the ring, Frodo. I saw Bilbo use it once, before he went away...to hide from the Sackville-Bagginses. And after that, Pippin and I kept on the lookout and we followed you, and we asked questions everywhere. Pippin: And we even wormed a few things out of Gandalf. Frodo: And you spied on me, and Sam helped you. Merry: And we spied on you. Sam: But we meant no wrong to you, Mr. Frodo! Don't you remember what Mr. Gandalf said? Take someone who you can trust, he said. Frodo: It doesn't seem that I can trust anyone. Merry: That all depends on what you want. You can trust us to stick to you through thick and thin to the bitter end. But you cannot trust us to let you face trouble alone, and go off without a word. We're your friends, Frodo. Frodo: "[smiles with a chuckle]" Bless you, you deceitful scoundrels! Aragorn: There is a hill called Weathertop about halfway between here and Rivendell. We will make for it tomorrow. So will Gandalf...if he can. Sam: "[about Aragorn]" I still don't know if we can trust him, Mr. Frodo. Aragorn: I said you have no choice, Sam! "[Sam flinches]" Because if I wanted the Ring for myself, I could have it, now. "[unsheathes his sword and raises it to the air]" My name is Aragorn, son of Arathorn. If by life or death I can save you, I will. Dialogue. <hr width="50%"> Galadriel: This is the Mirror of Galadriel. It shows things that were, and things that are, and things that yet may be. Do you wish to look? Sam: I'd not mind a glimpse of what's going at home. It seems a terrible long time I've been away. Galadriel: Come then. You shall look and see what you may. Sam: "[looks into the Mirror, and panics]" I've got to go home! They've dug up that chop row and thrown my poor old gaffer out in the street! I've got to go home! Galadriel: The Mirror shows many things, Sam, and not all have yet come to pass. Some never come to be unless those that behold the vision turn aside from their path to prevent them. Do you wish to leave Frodo now and go home? Sam: No. Frodo: "[looks into the Mirror]" Gandalf! No...No, it must be Saruman. "[reaches his hand onto the Mirror]" Galadriel: Do not touch the water! "[Frodo pulls his hand back]" He's looking for you. But he cannot find you, not here, not yet. The door is closed. "[shows her ring Nenya to Frodo, which shimmers a soft light]" Frodo: "Three rings for the Elven kings under the sky." Galadriel: Yes. We hid those three from him, and he has never touched them. If your quest fails, then nothing can stand against him and we are defenseless. Yet, if you succeed, if the One Ring is destroyed, all we've built with the three will fade. Time will come here, and Lothlórien will fade. You are the footstep of doom to us, Frodo. Frodo: "[showing her the One Ring]" Lady Galadriel, I will give you the one ring if you ask for it. It's too great a matter for me. Galadriel: "[laughs]" And I came to test "your" heart. You will give me the Great Ring freely, and in place of the Dark Lord, you will set up a queen! And I shall not be evil, but beautiful and terrible as the morning and the night, stronger than the foundations of the Earth! All shall love me under despair! I pass the test. I shall diminish and go into the west and remain Galadriel, and you must depart in the morning. Aragorn: "[finds Boromir dying]" Boromir! Boromir: I tried to take the Ring from Frodo. I am sorry. I have failed. Aragorn...Aragron. Go to Minas Tirith. Save my people. Aragorn... Aragorn: I will go. I promise you. Boromir: The halflings...Orcs took them. I think...they are not dead. "[dies]" Frodo: We're there, Sam. Another day, maybe two. When the light comes tomorrow, you'll see how near the mountains are. Sam: Well, it’s a good thing, Mr. Frodo, because we're running awful low on food. I reckon we got enough left to see us to this Mount Doom, after that, I don't know. Frodo: Oh, Sam. Samwise Gamgee, my dearest hobbit, friend of friends. After that? If the ring goes into the fire and we’re at hand? After that, dear Sam? I wouldn't worry. Just to get there. Just to get there. Oh, the ring is so heavy now, Sam. "[Last lines]" Narrator: The forces of darkness were driven forever from the face of Middle-Earth by the valiant friends of Frodo. As their gallant battle ended, so, too, ends the first great tale of "The Lord of the Rings". External links. Wikipedia has an article about:

dyo lord owo dyo rings (1978 sonor solositro) je.aar.aar. tolkiyenor dyo lord owo dyo rings hoise ralf bokxir dwara porisalito aaru je-ror "dyo fell" swip owo dyo ring "aaru" dyo tu towers "ror uporot aadharito 1978 sonor animated fantaxy solositro.aar.aar. tot 'lkien. "[fristo line]" bornonakarih bohu aagote, dwitiyo jugor prarombhik bosorburot, mohan elven-smithxokole xoktir boloybur nokol korisil. nojon norom manuhor baabe, xatjon baamon rojar baabe, tinijon ukh rojar baabe. kintu taar pisot, ondhokar probhuwe aangthi toiyar korar kolaa xikichil aaru xei xokolubur xaxon koriboloi ekmatro aangthi, master aangthi toiyar korisil. etaa ringor xoite, modhyo-prithibitu teur, aaru teuk porasto koribo nuwari. jetiya manuh aaru elvor ontim mitrota teur xoktir tolot porisil, teu bhitoroloi naami ohaa birotwopurno sayatu lokhyo koraa nasil. xagoror paare poraa ohaa xoktixali rojaxokolor rajkumar isildure murjtu loisil. kintu teu iyak dhongxo nokorar baabe, ondhokar probhur aatma jiyai aasil, aaru aakriti lo 'boloi aaru punor briddhi paboloi aarombho korisil. kintu anguthitur etaa nijoswo issa aasil, aaru etaa haator poraa pisoli juwar etaa upay aan etaa haate bisari paisil, jaate owoxexot ee nijor malikor usoroloi ghuri ahibo paare. aaru taat, anguthitu haajar haajar bosor dhori mohan nodee anduinor tolot aasil. xei bosorburot, ondhokar probhumane manuhor baabe toiyar koraa notaa aanguthi dokhol korisil aaru teulukor malikxokolok ringretholoi rupantorit korisil. bhoyanok sayaswa, teur mohan sayaswar tolot, ji prithibikhon ghuri furisil...etaa aanguthi bisari aase. xomoyor loge loge anguthitu puwa goisil. bondhu dugorakiye edin mohan nodit maach dhori aasil. smeguloh xeitu aamak diyok, degul, mur prem. deguloh kiyo, smegul? smeguloh kiyonu aaji mur jonmodin, mur prem. aaru moi saai! deguloh moi itimodhye tumak mur xamorthyotkoi odhik disu. moi eitu paisilu, aaru moi iyak raakhim! smeguloh oh '?! xosakoiye tumi...mur prem?!?! "[degalok khaali haatere dingire dhori teuk swaxorudh kori hotya kore. taar pisot teu anguthitu loy aaru nijor baabe raakhe] "bornonakarih teu anguthitu suri koriboloi, aaru rohosyo bisari uliyaboloi byobohar korisil. teur nijor lukoxokole ei durbhagyojonok jibtuk ghrina koriboloi aaru teuk gulam buli koo 'boloi aarombho korisil. ringor dwara otyasar aaru salit hoi teu ondhokar guhat lukai rakhisil...aaru etaa gobhir porbot, zo 'too teu bohu xotika dhori aasil. kintu anguthituu golamor aangulir poraa ulti goisil. aaru xeyehe bilbuwe bamonxokolor xoite bhromonor xomoyot iyak bisari paisil. gulamoh sur! begin! sur! ee aamar mulyowan, aamar mulyowan bostu suri korisil!! aamar jonmodinor upohar! sur! begin! aami iyak sirdinor baabe ghrina koru! aami iyak sirdinor baabe ghrina koru!!!! bornonakarih bilbu begins, xei xokhotuwei aasil, jiye anguthitu nijor ghor swayoroloi ghurai loi goisil. keiba doxokor pisot, gandalf dyo wizarde teur jonmodinor partit bilbuloi goisil. forduh "[kunubai duwarot tuka maari uthi pore]" thik aase, thik aase. maatro ek minute. "[duwarkhonor uttor dile]" gandalof! gandalfoh "[dhonuk]" obhibadon, frodu. forduh gandalf, eitu xosakoiye tumi! aah, bohut dinn hoh 'lo. gandalfoh xotor bosor, bilbuwe juwar poraa. tumi dekhat aagor dorei, frodu. froduh aapunak boyox besi dekha goise, gandalf. gandalofoh moi ek digholiya jatrat aasilu. froduh eitu muri, nohoyone baaru? bilbur mojadar jadukori aanguthi? jetiya aapuni ei bixoye kotha koy tetiya aapuni xoday tenekuwa dekha yaay. gandalfoh bilbur rumanchokor anguthitu? aapunak odrishyo kori tule neki? muk diya, frudu. froduh muritu tumi diya neki? gandalfoh kewol etaa muhurtor baabe. "[froduwe teuk aangthitu diye]" aapuni taat kunu sinho dekhisene? froduh eku naai. eitu xosakoiye etaa xadharon ring. gandalofoh teneh "ley, sauk. "[anguthitu juir patrot pelai; frodu aatongkit hoi pore]" opekhya korok. aapuni itimodhye eitu bohut bisare neki? froduh nohoy, kintu...kintu kiyo iyak dhongxo koraa hoh "lo? gandalfoh kiyonu ee xompurnorupe beyaa. ee iyak pindha jikunu lukok durneeti aaru dhongxo koribo jetiyaloike teu morduror ondhokar probhu saronor xoktir odhinot sayar prithibiloi juwa naai. froduh bilbu nohoy! gandalfoh "[frudut point]" aapuniyei etiya morttu aase. "[mortetuk fruduloi ghurai diya]" froduh xeitu hoise...aanoki goromou nohoy. gandalofoh nohoy. aanoki dragonor juiye xei anguthitur khyoti koribo nuware. aax najog durbatuluk. aax najog gimbatul. xei xokolubur xaxon koriboloi etaa ring. teulukok bisari paboloi etaa ring. xei xokolubur aaniboloi etaa aanguthi aaru ondhokarot teulukok bandhi diyok! "[frodu aaru gandalfoloi kaati, nixar xomoyot bahiroloi khuj karhok]" froduh moi aaxa koru eitu mur xomoyot huwar proyujon noho 'bob. gandalofoh moiu koru. xotrujonok xokti aaru gyan diboloi etiyau etaa bostur obhab aase; xokolu protirudh bhongo koriboloi aaru xokolu dexok ondhokarot aawori rakhiboloi. teur etaa ringor obhab aase. froduh kintu, kintu hoyotu teu najane je eitu puwa goisil. gandalfoh teu jaane, frodu. go 'laam nijei nijor guhaar poraa ulai goi anguthitur pisfale go' lo aaru ondhokar probhuwe teuk mordurot dhori pelale. ondhokar bhogowane jaane je xei gulamtu ki aarngor aasil aaru kenekoi teu iyak punor heruwaisil. aaru teu owoxexot habit aaru swayaror bixoye xunise. aaru teur etaa naamou aase jaar bixoye teu chinta koribo lagibo. begginor naam. froduh golamor baabe. oh ', gandalof, moi ki korim? ki dukhor kotha je xujug puwar xomoyot bilbuwe xei nikristo pranituk hotya koraa nasil! gandalofoh hoy, dukh hoisil. doyaa aaru doyaa. aaru etiya, hey bhogowan, xiddhantotu aapunar uporot nirbhor kore. tumi" e etaa aanguthir xoite ki koriba? fruduh moi tumak dim, gandalf! aapuni buddhiman aaru xoktixali. ki, nuwariba... gandalofoh nohoy! muk proluvito nokoriba. moi iyak bhaloloi ghurai aanibo bisaru aaru iyak enedore byobohar koribo nuwari. orthat doyalu hoh 'ley, moi nijei ondhokar probhur dore bhoyongkor hoi porim; muk proluvito nokoriba! imaan xunkale mur ene xoktir proyujon hoh 'bob. froduh teneh "ley, moi bhabu, moi aangtitu loi iyak rokhya koribo lagibo aaru moi okole koo" robat jaabo buli aaxa koru. teuluke nokore...jodi anguthitu iyat nathake tente teuluke swayarok kosto nidibo. gandalfoh mur moromor frudu, moi bhoy korisu je tumi thikei koicha. aapuni goi aapunar pisfale beginor naam eri dibo lagibo. xei naamtu etiya aaru nirapod nohoy. aapunar notun bhromonor naam hoh 'bob...shree. tolor paahar. gandalofoh moi aapunar xohayor baabe aahisu, xoruman dyo swet, xomosyar xomoyot. nojon bidexot aase, ondhokar aahi aase; koo 'laa riderxokol! xorumanoh "[aatori yaay]" tente mur baabe aapunar usorot thoka xokolu khobortuwei neki? gandalofoh xeituwei jothesto nohoyone? owoxexot saaron aagbarhi aase! xorumanoh aami nijei saronor xoite mukabila koribo paaru, gandalf. tumi aaru moi, kiba nohoy kiba dhorone. gandalofoh eitu ki kotha? tumi ki koicha, xoruman? xorumanoh aamar baabe basoni korar xomoy hoise. aamar uporot ek notun jug aahise; ek notun xoktir utthan hoise. purux, baa elov, baa jadukorxokole koribo poraa ekuwei iyar biruddhe labhanwito noho "bob. iyar xotruxokol xompurnorupe dhongxoprapto hoy. kintu iyar bondhuxokol tene nohoy. gandalfoh aapuni koiche je aami morder xoite jug dibo laage? teur logot? xorumanoh eituwe aapunak oxontusto kore neki? anguthitu koo 'too aase, gandalf?! krishno riderxokole iyak swayarot kiyo bisare? aapuni xeitu taat lukuwai rakhise neki? aapuni iyar poriworte ondhokar bhogowanor usorot eitu thoka dekhibo neki?..baa bohu rongor xoruman?! "[gandlefok etaa jadukori xoktir khetrot lok kore]" gandalfoh aapunalukor kunure haatotoi eyaa nathakibo. xorumanoh etaa tritiyo bikolpo aase. "[krimir bhaxa dekha diye aaru xorumanok teur laathi haatere diye]" aapuni muk mur anguthitu koo 'too paab paare nokoraloike iyat thakibo lagibo. gandalofoh xouroman, jodi tumi eitu koraa, jodi tumi muk iyat polom koraa, tetiya saurone nischitbhabe paab. xorumanoh aaru teu teur bhaal daxxokolok janibo...aaru teur xotruxokol. "[hahise]" gandalofoh xoruman! "[xourmon haahi hoi aatori yaay]" xoruman!!! xoruman!!!! aanondoh aami tumar logot jaam, frudu. froduh mur logot?! kintu tumi kenekoi?..? "[semok saai aase]" chem?! kintu aapuni aapunar kotha disil! semoh teuluke itimodhye bohut kichu janisil, mii. fro 'dodd. aanondoh seme aamak anguthitur bixoye kuwa nasil, frudu. moi bilbuk juwar aagote ebaar iyak byobohar kori thoka dekhisilu...sekbhil-bejir poraa lukuwaboloi. aaru taar pisot, pipin aaru moi suwasita kori aasilu aaru aami aapunak onuxoron korilu, aaru aami xokolu thaite prosno xudhisilu. pipinoh aaru aami gandlefor poraa keitaman bostuu krimi kori pelaisilu. froduh aaru tumi mur uporot surangsuwa korila, aaru cheme tumak xohay korile. aanondo korokoh aaru aami aapunar uporot surangsuwa korilu. semoh kintu aami aapunar logot kunu bhul korar kotha bhoba nasilu, mii. fro "dodd! ki jonabo monot naai? gandalfe koichil? aapuni biswax koribo poraa karubak loi jauk, teu koo "ley. froduh moi kaaru uporot biswax koribo nuwaru zen lagise. aanondoh ei xokolubur aapuni ki bisare taar uporot nirbhor kore. aapuni aamar uporot biswax koribo paare je aapuni daath aaru paatol poraa tikto porzayoloike aapunar logot thakibo. kintu aapuni aamak biswax koribo nuware je aapuni okole xomosyar xonmukhin hoh 'bob, aaru eku kuwar obihone aatori jaabo. aami tumar bondhu, frodu. fruduh "[hahire haahi]" aapunak axirbad diyok, hey protarok durnitixil! eragurnoh iyat aaru rivendelor maajot pray aadha pothot vedartop naamor etaa paahar aase. aami kailoi iyar baabe korim. gandalfou koribo...jodi paare. semoh "[eragornor bixoye]" moi etiyau najanu je aami teuk biswax koribo paaru ney naai, srijut. fro 'dodd. aaragurnoh moi koo 'lu tumar haatot kunu bikolpo naai, chem! "[chem flinces]" kaaron jodi moi mur baabe angutitu bisaru, tente moi etiya iyak lo 'bob parim. "[teur toruwalkhon gorom kori botahot tuli diye]" mur naam eragorno, erathornor putro. jodi jiwan baa mrityur dwara moi tumak rokhya koribo paaru, moi korim. xonglap.

dya lord off dya rings (1978 saaler cholochchitro) jeey.arr.arr. tolkien 'shha dya lord off dya rings 1978 saale muktiprapto ekti animated fantacy cholochchitro, jaa porichalona korechen ralf bakshi ebong jeey-err "dya fellowship off dya ring" ebong "dya too towers" abolambane nirmito.arr.arr. tolkien. "[mushti line]" bornonakarih onek agey, dwitiya juger prothom bochorgulite, mohan elven-smithra khomotar boloy toiri koroto. nawh 'john nashwar purusher jonno, satjon bamon prabhur jonno, tinjan lomba elf rajader jonno. kintu tarpor, ondhokar prabhu angti toirir shilp shikhechilen ebong muster angti toiri korechilen, jaa taader sobaike shasson korar jonno ekti angti. ekti ring diye, modhyo-prithibi taar, ebong taake porasto koraa yaay naa. purush oo elever shesh jotti taanr khomotar niche porey yawar saathe saathe tini seii birottopurno chhayake lakkhya korenni jeti ddhuke porechilo. samudrer opare theke assa shaktishali rajader modhye juboraj isildur angtiti niyechilen. kintu jehetu tini etike dhongso korenni, taai ondhokar prabhur atma benche chhilo ebong akaar nitey ebong abar badte shuru korechilo. kintu angtitir nijaswa ekti ichcha chhilo ebong eka haat theke pichle yawar ekti upay chhilo jaa onno hatti khunje petey paare, jaate etty shesh porjonto taar prabhur kachhe firey jete paare. ebong sekhane, ring hazar hazar bochor dhorey mohan nadeer neeche chhilo. seii bochorgulite, ondhokar prabhu purushder jonno toiri noyti ring dokhol korechilen ebong taader malikder ringwareth porinoto korechilen. bhayankar chhaya, taar bishal chhayar niche, jey saaraa bishwoke ghuriye bedaay...ekti ring khunjchen. somoyer sange sange angtiti pawa yaay. dui bondhu ekdin borh nodiite machh dharchila. smegol amader seta deane, devgol, amar bhalobasa. debgol keena, smegol? smegol kaaron etaa amar jonmodin, amar priyatama. arr aami taa chaai! debgol aami itimodhyei amar samorthyer cheye beshi aponake diye felechi. aami etaa khunje pelam, ebong aami etaa rakhte cholechi! smegol oh?! sottii too upney?..amar bhalobasa?!?! "[khaali haate digalke ghaade dhorey shwasrodh korey hotya korey. tarpor seey angtiti neyo ebong nijer jonno rakhe] "bornonakarih seey angtiti churi korar jonno ebong rahasya khunje berr korar jonno byabohar koroto. taanr nijer lokera eyi durbhaga pranitike ghrina korte shuru korey ebong taake golam boley dakte shuru korey. angti dwara nirjaton oo chaalito hoye seey ondhokar guhay lukiye porey...ebong ekti govir porboto, jekhane tini bohu shatabdi dhorey chhilen. kintu angtitio golamer angul theke chhitke yaay. ebong taai bilbo bamander saathe bhromoner somoy etty khunje peyechilen. golamh chore! byag! chore! etaa amader mulyaban, amader mulyaban jinis churi korey niyeche!! amader jonmodiner upohar! chore! byag! amra chirokaler jonno ghrina corry! amra chirokaler jonno ghrina corry!!!! bornonakarih bilbo baggins, shokher manush, jey angtitity taar baadi shayare firiye niye giechilo. koyek doshok porey, gandalf jadukar bilbote taar jonmodiner partite giechilen. frodo "[jege othe keu dorjai kadaa nadte dekhe]" thhik achhe, thhik achhe. matro eka minit. "[darjar uttor]" gandalf! gandalf "[dhanuk]" abhibadan, frodo. frodo gandalf, etaa aslei tumi! oh, etodin hoye geche. gandalf sotero bochor, bilbo choley yawar porr theke. aponake ager motoi dekhache, frodo. frodo aponake boyosko dekhache, gandalf. gandalf aami onek door jatra korechi. frodo eyi too angti, taai naa? bilbour mojar jadu angti? upney jokhon eyi bishoye kotha bolben tokhon aponake sabsamoy erokom dekhte lagbe. gandalf bilbour mojar angti? aponake adrishya korey toley? etaa amake daao, frodo. frodo angtita diye dichcho? gandalf eka muhurter jonno. "[frodo taake angtiti deyo]" upney kii etey konao chinno dekhte pachchen? frodo keu nei. etaa sottii ekta sadharan angti. gandalf tahle, dekhun. "[aguner modhye angtiti chhunde; frodo atongkito]" apekkha korun. upney kii itimodhyei etota chaan? frodo naa, kintu...kintu keena etaa dhongso koraa hobey? gandalf kaaron etty sampurnarupe kharap. etty jey keu etty porey taa kolushito ebong dhongso korbe jotokkhon naa seey mordorer ondhokar prabhu soroner shaktir adhine chhayar jogote probesh korey. frodo bilbo noy! gandalf "[frodor dike point]" ekhon upner kachhei angtiti achhe. "[ringta frodor haate firiye deane]" frodo etaa...goromou nei. gandalf naa. emonki ekti dragoner aguno seii ringyer khoti korte paare naa. aash nazog darbaruluk. aash nazog gimbatul. taader sobaike shasson korar jonno ekti ring. taader khunje berr korar jonno ekti angti. taader sobaike niye aasaar jonno ekti angti ebong ondhokare taader bendhe deyo! "[tusharpat ebong gondalf hoye, raater bella baire haanta]" "himah aami aasha corry amar somoye etty ghotar darkar nei. gandalf amio taai corry. shatrur ekhono ekti jiniser abhab royeche jaa taake shakti oo gyan deyo; samasta protirodhke venge deoa ebong samasta deshke ondhokare ddheke deoa. taar ekti ringyer abhab royeche. frodo kintu, kintu hoyto seey jaane naa jey etaa pawa geche. gandalf seey jaane, frodo. golum nijei taar guha chhede ringti anusaran korte choley zaan ebong ondhokar prabhu taake mordore dhorey fellen. ondhokar prabhu jaanen jey golam coone angtiti khunje peyeche ebong kibhabe seey abar etty harieche. ebong seey shesh porjonto shokher ebong shire kotha shuneche. emonki taar ekta naamo achhe jaa niye taake bhabte hobey. bagginer naam. frodo golamer karone. oh, gandalf, aami kii korob? qee dukkher vishay jey bilbo sujog peley seii nikrishto pranitike hotya koreni! gandalf hyaan, etaa dukkhojonok chhilo. karuna oo karuna. ebong ekhon, heey bondhu, siddhanta upner upor nirbhar korey. ekti angti diye "upney" qee korben? frodo aami etaa tomake debo, gandalf! upney buddhiman ebong shaktishali. kii, hobey naa... gandalf naa! amake prolobhito korben naa. aami etike valo korey tulte chaai ebong etty byabohar koraa jaabe naa. dayashil howar ortho, aami nijei ondhokar prabhur moto bhayankar hoye uthob; amake prolubdho korben naa! amar eto tadatadi shaktir prayojan hobey. frodo tahle, amar money hoy, amake aboshyoi angtiti niye pahara ditey hobey ebong aami aasha corry aami ekaa kothao choley jaab. taaraa korbe naa...angtiti ekhane naa thakle taaraa shayarke birokto korbe naa. gandalf amar priya frodo, aami bhoy pachchi jey tumi thhik bolecho. aponake giye bagginer naam rekhe jete hobey. eyi namti arr nirapada noy. upner notun bhromoner naam hobey...mii. pahader niche. gandalf aami upner sahajyer jonno esechi, saadaa saruman, samasyar somoye. nayajan bideshe, ondhokar ghoniye asche; kaalo arohira! sarmanah "[choley yaay]" tahle amar jonno upner kachhe eyi khaboryi kii achhe? gandalf etaa kii jotheshto noy? abosheshe sarone sorey jachche! sarmanah amra nijerai saraner mokabila korte paari, gandalf. upney ebong aami, ekrakam baa onnorokom. gandalf etaa qee kotha? kii bolchis, sarman? sarmanah ekhon amader beche neoar somoy. amader saamone eka notun jug, eka notun shakti uday hachche. purush, baa elibha baa jadukarra jaa korte paare taa err biruddhe konao lavban hobey naa. err shatrura sampurnarupe dhongsoprapto. kintu taar bandhura taa noy. gandalf upney bolchen jey amader mordorer sange jog deoa uchito? taar sange? sarmanah etaa kii aponake asantushta korey? angtita kothay, gandalf?! keena kaalo arohira shayare etty khunjche? okhane lukiye rekhechh? upney kii borong ondhokar prabhuke etty dekhte paben?..naaki bohu ronger sarman?! "[gandalfke ekti magic phorsa fielde lock korey]" gandalf apnader dujoner carro kachhei taa thakbe naa. sarmanah tritiya bikalpa achhe. "[krimi dekha deyo ebong sarumanke taar laathi deyo]" "jotokkhon naa upney amake bolben jey angtitity kothay pawa jaabe, totokkhon ekhanei thakte hobey. gandalf surman, tumi jodi etaa coro, jodi amake ekhane aste deri coro, tahle soron nischoyi seta paabe. sarumanah ebong seey taar vall chakorder chinbe...ebong taar shatrura. "[hesse]" gandalf saruman! "[sharman hesse choley yaay]" sarman!!! sarman!!!! ananda korunoh amra upner saathe jaab, frodo. frodo amar sange?! kintu kemon aachh?..? "[syamer dike takay]" syama?! kintu upney upner kotha diyechen! syamah taaraa onek kichhu janoto, mister. frodo. ananda korunoh syama amader angtitar kotha boleni, frodo. bilbo choley yawar agey aami taake ekbar etty byabohar korte dekhechi...sackville-bagginer kachh theke lukiye rakha. ebong taar porey, aami ebong pipin khonjakhunji korte thaki ebong amra aponake anusaran corry ebong amra sorbotro proshno jigyasa corry. pipinoh ebong amra emonki gandalf theke kichhu jiniso noshto korey felechi. frodo arr tumi amar upor guptacharbritti korechile, arr syama tomake sahajyo koreche. ananda korunoh ebong amra upner upor guptacharbritti korechi. syamah kintu amra upner kachhe konao bhul bojhate chaini, mih. frodo! kii, money nei. gandalf boley? tini bollen, "emon kauke niye jaao jaake tumi biswas korte parro. frodo money hachche aami kauke biswas korte paari naa. anandah upney qee chaan taar upor sabkichu nirbhar korey. upney amader upor astha rakhte paren jey, amra upner sange ghono ebong patla theke tikto pranto porjonto lege thakab. kintu upney amader biswas korte parben naa jey, upney ekaa samasyar sammukhin hotey parben ebong konao kotha naa boley choley jaben. amra upner bondhu, frodo. frodo "[hesse]", protarok dushtera, ashirbad corr! aragorn ekhane ebong rivendaler majhamajhi somoye wethertop naame ekti pahad royeche. amra kaalyi err byabostha korey debo. gandalfo taai korbe...jodi paare. syamah "[aragorn somporke]" aami ekhono jaani naa amra taake biswas korte paari kina, mih. frodo. aragorn aami bolechilam tomar arr cono upay nei, syama! "[syama flinchs]" kaaron aami jodi nijer jonno angtiti chaai, aami ekhoni etty rakhte paari. "[taar toloar khule batase tuley deyo]" amar naam aragorn, arthorn-err chhele. jeebon baa mrityu dwara jodi aami aponake banchate paari, aami korob. sanglap.

dhaa looard off dhaa rings (1978nee film) jeey.aar.aar. tolkins dhaa looard off dhaa rings 1978nee animated kaalpaneek film chhe, jenu nirdeshan ralf baxiae karyoo chhe aneey jeey. dwara "dhaa fellowship off dhaa ring" aneey "dhaa too towers" parr aadharit chhe.aar.aar. tolkian ". "[frist lines]" varnankaarah ghanaa samay pahelaa, beeja yugnaa sharuaatnaa varshomaa, mahaan elvan-smithoae sattaani vinteeo banaavi hatee. nashwar purusho maate nava, dwarf loards maate saat, unchaa elph raajaao maate trana. parantu pachhi, shyaam swaamiae vintee banaavvaani kalaa sheekhi aneey master vintee banaavi, jeey teey badhaa parr shaasan karvaa maate aek vintee hatee. aek vintee saathe, madhya-pruthvi tenee chhe, aneey tene door curry shakaato nathee. purusho aneey kalpitnu chhellu jodaan tenee sattaa hethal aavyu hovathi, tene teey parakramee padchhayani nondh leedhi nahee jeey andar lapsee gaee. teey samudra paarnaa shaktishali raajaaono rajkumar isildur hato, jene vintee leedhi hatee. parantu tene teno naash naa karyo hovathi, shyaam prabhuno aatma jeevato rahyo, aneey aakaar levaa laagyo aneey fareethi vadhvaa laagyo. parantu vinteenee potaani aek ichcha hatee, aneey aek hathmathi lapsee javaani aek reet beeja haathne shodhvaa maate hatee, jethee teey aakhare tenaa maaleek paase paachha aavee shake. aneey tyaan, vintee hajaaro varsho sudhee mahaan nadee anduinna taleeye puddy hatee. teey varsho darmiyan, shyaam swaamiae purusho maate banavvama aaveli nava vinteeo kabaje curry aneey temnaa malikone vinteeomaa fervi deedhaa. bhayankar padchhayao, tenaa mahaan padchhaya hethal, jeey vishvamaa fartaa hataa...aek vintee shodho. samay jataa, vintee malee aavee hatee. aek divas beey mitro aaa mahaan nadimaa machhimari curry rahyaa hataa. smagol amane teey aapo, degol, maaraa prem. degolah shaa maate, smagol? smagol kaaran keey teey maaro janmadivas chhe, maaraa prem. aneey huun teey karvaa maango chho! degolah huun jeey parvadi shakoo teey karataa meyn tamane pahelethee jaj vadhu aapyu chhe. maney aaa malyun, aneey huun tene rakhish! smagol oh?! tame kharekhar chho?..maaraa prem?!?! "[tenaa khulla haaththee degolne gardanthi pakade chhe aneey tenu galoon dabaavine hatyaa karey chhe. pachhi teey vintee leey chhe aneey tene potaana maate raakhe chhe] "varnankaarah tene vinteeno upyog choree karvaa aneey rahasyo shodhvaa maate karyo hato. tenaa potaana loko aaa dusht pranine dhikkarva laagya aneey tene gollam kaheva laagya. vintee dwara traas aneey chalavvama aavtaa, teey andharavali gufaaomaa chhupai gayo...aneey aek undo parvat, jyaan teey sadeeo sudhee rahyo. parantu vintee pann gollamnee aangalimathi lapsee gaee. aneey tethee jaj bilbone teey baaman saatheni temnee musafari darmiyan malyun. golamah chor! begnee! chor! tene aapani kimmatee, aapani kimmatee choree curry!! amara janmadivasni bhet! chor! begnee! amey tene kaayam maate dhikkaareeae chhiae! amey tene kaayam maate dhikkaareeae chhiae!!!! varnankaarah teey bilbo baggins, shokh hato, jeey vinteene tenaa ghar, shirey parat laee gayo. daaykaao pachhi, gandalf wizard temnaa janmadivasni partyma bilboni mulakat leedhi hatee. frodo "[koee tenaa darvaja parr khakhadaave tyaare jaagi jaay chhe]" theek chhe, theek chhe. maatra aek minut. "[darvaajaano javaab]" gandalf! gandalf "[dhanush]" shubhechchhao, frodo. frodo gandalf, teey kharekhar tame chho! oh, teey aatalo laambo samay rahyo. gandalf bilbo gayaa tyaarthi sattar varsh. tame hammeshnee jaim jaj dekhaay chhe, frodo. frodo tame vruddh laago chho, gandalf. gandalf huun laambi musafari parr chhu. frodo aaa vintee chhe neey? bilboni ramooji jaaduni vintee? jyaare tame tenaa vishe vaat karoo chho tyaare tame hammesha teey jaj dekhaata hove chho. gandalf bilboni ramooji vintee? shun tamane adrashya banaave chhe? maney teey aapo, frodo. frodo tamane vintee aapo? gandalfah maatra aek kshan maate. "[frodo tene vintee aape chhe]" shun tame tenaa parr koee nishan joee shako chho? frodo tyaan koee nathee. teey kharekhar aek saadee vintee chhe. gandalf too pachhi, juo. "[vinteene shevaalmaa fenki deey chhe; frodo gabharai jaay chhe]" raah juo. shun tame pahelethee jaj teey ichcho chho? frodo naa, pann...pann tene qema barbad curry rahyaa chho? gandalf kaaran keey teey sampurnpane dusht chhe. teey bhrasht karashe aneey jeey koee pann tene pahere chhe teno naash karashe jyaan sudhee teey mordornaa shyaam swami soronnee sattaa hethal padchhayani duniyama pasaar nahee thaay. frodo bilbo nahee! gandalf "[frodo parr points]" tame jaj chho jenee paase havey vintee chhe. "[vinteene paachha frodone aapo]" frodo teey chhe...teey garam pann nathee. gandalf naa. dragonni aag pann teey vinteene nuksan pahonchaadi shaktee nathee. aesh nazag darbatuluk. aesh nazag gimbatul. teey badhaa parr shaasan karvaa maate aek vintee. temne shodhvaa maate aek vintee. badhaane laavvaa maate aek vintee aneey andharama temne baandhi doo! "[raatre bahaar fartaa, frodo aneey gandalfma kaapee nankho]" frodo huun ichchu chhu keey teey maaraa samayma naa thaay. gandalf huun pann. dushman paase haju pann aek vastuni achhat chhe jeey tene shaktee aneey gyaan aape chhe; tamaam pratikaarne todvaa aneey tamaam bhoomine andharama dhhanki deey chhe. tenee paase aek vintee nathee. frodo pann, pann kadaach tene khabar nathee keey teey malee aavee hatee. gandalf teey jaane chhe, frodo. gollam pote vinteenee paachhal javaa maate tenee gufaa chhodi gayo aneey shyaam swaamiae tene mordormaan pakadi leedho. shyaam bhagvaan jaane chhe keey teey kaee vintee hatee jeey gollam malee aneey tene tene fareethi kevee reete gumaavyu. aneey tene aakhare shokh aneey shire vishe saambhalyu chhe. aneey tenee paase vichaarvaa maate aek naam pann chhe. begginsnu naam. frodo gollamne kaarane. oh, gandalf, maare shun karavu? ketalo afsos chhe keey bilboae taka malee tyaare teey neach pranine maaree nakhyo! gandalf haa, teey khedjanak hatoo. dayaa aneey dayaa. aneey havey, maaraa bhaai, nirnay tamaari paase chhe. tame" aek vinteenu shun karasho? frodo huun tamane aapish, gandalf! tame buddhishali aneey shaktishaali chho. shun, tame nahee... gandalf naa! maney lalchaavsho nahee. huun tene saaree reete badalvaa mangu chhu aneey teno upyog curry shakaato nathee. dayaalu banvaano arth, huun pote shyaam bhagvaan jetalo jaj bhayankar bunny jaish; maney lalchaavsho nahee! maney aatali jaldi shaktini jaroor padashe. frodo too pachhi, maney laage chhe keey maare vintee levee padashe aneey tenee raksha karvee padashe aneey huun kyaay aekalo javaani aashaa raakhu chhu. teo nahee...jooe vintee aheen nahee hoya too teo shirene pareshaan nahee karey. gandalf maaraa preey frodo, maney darr chhe keey tame saacha chho. tamaare jaine begginnu naam tamaari paachhal chhodvu padashe. teey naam havey suraksheet nathee. tamaaru navoo pravaasnu naam hashe...shree. neeche. gandalf huun tamaari madad maate aavyo chhu, sarman dhaa white, mushkeleena samayma. nava videshma chhe, andhaaru najik aavee rahyu chhe; kaalaa savaaro! saramanah "[chaalyo jaay chhe]" too pachhi maaraa maate tamaari paase aatala jaj samachar chhe? gandalf shun teey puratu nathee? soron aakhare aagad vadhee rahyo chhe! saramanah aapane pote soronno saamno curry shakeeae chhiae, gandalf. tame aneey huun, aek reete athavaa beejee reete. gandalf aaa shun vaat chhe? tame shun kaho chho, sarman? saramanah havey aapana maate pasandagi karvaano samay chhe. aek navo yug aapani saame chhe, aek navee shaktee ubharee rahee chhe. purusho, athavaa kalpit praaneeo, athavaa jadugaro jeey kanee curry shake chhe teno tenee saame fayado thashe nahee. tenaa dushmano sampurnpane naash pamya chhe. parantu tenaa mitro nathee. gandalf tame kahee rahyaa chho keey aapane mordor saathe jodaavu joiae? tenee saathe? saramanah shun tamane tenaathi nakhush laage chhe? vintee kyaan chhe, gandalf?! kaalaa savaaro tene shereemaa qema shodhe chhe? shun tame tene tyaan chhupavi chhe? shun tame tenaa badale shyaam bhagvaan paase teey josho?..athavaa ghanaa rangona sarman?! "[gandalfne jaadu balnaa kshetramaa taalu maare chhe]" gandalf tamaramathi koee paase teey nahee hoya. saramanah trijo vikalp chhe. "[krumee dekhaay chhe aneey saramanne tenee laakadi aape chhe]" jyaan sudhee tame maney kaho nahee keey vintee kyaan malee shake tyaan sudhee aheen jaj rahevaanu chhe. gandalf sorman, jooe tame aaa karoo chho, jooe tame maney aheen veelamb karasho, too soronne chokkaspane teey malashe. saroomanah aneey teey tenaa saaraa sevakone janashe...aneey tenaa dushmano. "[hasey chhe]" gandalf sarman! "[sauraman hasataa hasataa chaalyo jaay chhe]" sarman!!! sarman!!!! khush rahoh amey tamaari saathe jaee rahyaa chhiae, frodo. frodo maaree saathe?! pann tame kevee reete?..? "[same taraf juo]" same?! pann tame tamaaro shabd aapyo! semah teo pahelethee jaj ghanoo badhu jaantaa hataa, shree. frodo. khush rahoh seme amane vintee vishe kahyoo nahotu, frodo. meyn bilbone gayaa teey pahelaa aek vaar teno upyog kartaa joyo hato...sekavile-begisthee chhupavva maate. aneey teey pachhi, huun aneey pipin najar raakhtaa rahyaa aneey amey tamaari paachhal padyaa, aneey amey darek jagyae prashno puchhyaa. pipinah aneey amey gandalfmanthi ketalik vastuo pann kaadhee naakhi. frodo aneey tame maaree jasusi curry, aneey seme tamane madad curry. khush rahoh aneey amey tamaari jasusi curry. semah pann amaaro matlab tamara maate koee khotu nahoto, shree. frodo! tamane yaad nathee keey shree. gandalfe kahyoo? tame jenaa parr vishvaas curry shako tene laee jaao", tene kahyoo. frodo aevu laagtu nathee keey huun koee parr vishvaas curry shakoo chhu. aanandah teey badhu tame shun ichcho chho tenaa parr nirbhar karey chhe. tame amara parr vishvaas curry shako chho keey tame kadvaa anta sudhee jaadaa aneey paatala sudhee tamaari saathe valgee raho. pann tame amara parr vishvaas naa curry shako keey tame ekalaa mushkeleeno saamno karoo aneey aek shabd pann bolyaa vinaa chaalya jaao. amey tamara mitro chhiae, frodo. frodo "[haseene smit]" tamane aashirvaad aapo, tame kapatee badmash! eragorn aheen aneey revendale vachche lagbhag adadho rasto wedhartop naamnee tekri chhe. aapane kaale teey curry laishu. too teey pann gundaf...jooe teey curry shake. semah "[eregorn vishe]" maney haju pann khabar nathee keey aapane tenaa parr vishvaas curry shakeeae keey nahee, shree. frodo. eragorn meyn kahyoo keey tamaari paase koee vikalp nathee, same! "[same flinches]" kaaran keey jooe maney maaraa maate vintee joiti hota, too huun tene havey laee shakato hato. "[tenee talvaarne ughaade chhe aneey tene havaamaa unchkaave chhe]" maarun naam eregorn chhe, erathornno putra. jooe jeevan keey mrutyu dwara huun tamane bachaavi shakoo, too huun kareesh. samvaad.

dha lord off dha rings (1978 film) jey.aar.aar. tolkins dha lord off dha rings 1978 kii ack animated fantasi film haye jiska nirdeshan ralf bakhshi ney kiya haye aur yeh jey. dwara "dha fellowship off dha ring" aur "dha too tower" parr adharit haye.aar.aar. tolkin ". "[mutthiyan]" kathavachakah bahut pahale, dusare yug key shuruati varshon mein, mahaan kubj-lohaaron ney shakti key jaali key gole banaae they. nashwar purushon key liye nau, baune prabhuon key liye saat aur lambe elf raajaon key liye teen. lekin phir, kaale swami ney angoothi banaane kaa shilp seekha aur master angoothi banaai, joe una sabhi parr shasson karane key liye ack angoothi thee. ack angoothi key saath, madhya-prithvi usaki haye, aur usey door naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. jaise hii purushon aur kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kritiyon kaa antim gathbandhan unaki shakti key neeche gir gayaa, unhone usa veertapurna chhaaya koo naheen dekhaa joe ander chully gaee. yeh rajkumar isildur thaa, joe samudra key paar seey shaktishali raajaon mein seey thaa, jisane angoothi lii. lekin kyonki usane ise nasht naheen kiya, isaliye kaale prabhu kii aatma jeevit rahee, aur aakar lene luggy aur phir seey badhane luggy. lekin angoothi kii apani ack ichcha thee, aur ack haath seey fisalane kaa ack tarika thaa jise dusare haath seey dhoondhana thaa, taaki yeh anta mein apane malik key paas vaapas aaa sakey. aur vahaan, angoothi hajaaron varshon taka mahaan nadee anduine key tala parr padee rahee. una varshon key dauran, kaale swami ney purushon key liye banaae gaye nau angoothiyon parr kabja curr liya aur unake maalikon koo ringwreth mein badal diyaa. bhayaanak chhaayaaen, apani mahaan chhaaya key neeche, joe duniya mein ghoomati thee...ack angoothi kii talash mein. samay key saath, angoothi mill gaee. ack dinn dou dost mahaan nadee mein machhali pakad rahey they. smegolah hamein vaha dey dou, degol, merey pyaar. degolah kyon, smegol? smegolah kyonki yeh meraa janmadin haye, merey pyaare. aur main ise chaahata huun! debgolah main aapako pahale hii apane kharch seey zyaadaa dey chuka huun. mujhe yeh mill gayaa, aur main ise rakhane jaa rhaa huun! smegolah oh?! kyaa aap vaastav mein hain?..merey pyaar?!?! "[apane nange haathon seey degol koo gardan seey pakadata haye aur usaki galaa ghontkar hatyaa curr detaa haye. phir vaha angoothi letaa haye aur usey apane liye rakhta haye] "kathakarah usane angoothi kaa istemal chori karane aur rahasyon kaa pataa lagaane key liye kiya. usake apane loga usa dusht prani koo tuchchh samajhane lagey aur usey golam kahane lagey. angoothi seey prataadit aur prerit hocker vaha andheri gufaaon mein chhip gayaa...aur ack gahara pahaad, jahan vaha sadiyon taka rhaa. lekin angoothi bhee golam kii ungli seey fisal gaee. aur isaliye bilbo ney ise baunon key saath apani yatra key dauran paaya. golamah chor! baggin! chor! isane hamari keemati, hamari keemati cheez churaa lii!! hamaare janmadin kaa upahaar! chor! baggin! humm hamesha key liye isase nafrat karate hain! humm hamesha key liye isase nafrat karate hain!!!! kathakarah yeh bilbo baggins, shauk thaa, joe angoothi koo vaapas apane ghar, shayer mein leey gayaa. dashakon baad, gandalf jadugar apane janmadin kii party mein bilbo gayaa. frodoh "[jaagate hue koee usake darwaaje parr dastak detaa haye]" thheek haye, thheek haye. buss ack minut. "[darwaaje kaa jawab detaa haye]" gandalf! gaindaalfah "[dhanush]" badhaai, frodo. frodoh gandalf, yeh vaastav mein tum hoe! oh, itna lamba hoe gayaa haye. gaindaalfah bilbo key jaane key satrah saal baad. tum hamesha kii tarah hii dikhate hoe, frodo. frodah aap boodhe dikhate hain, gandalf. gaindaalfah main ack lambi yatra parr gayaa huun. frodoh yeh angoothi haye, haye naa? bilbo kii mazedaar jaadoo kii angoothi? jaba aap isake baare mein baat karate hain tou aap hamesha aise hii dikhate hain. gaindaalfah bilbo kii mazedaar angoothi? kyaa yeh aapako adrishya banaata haye? mujhe dey dou, frodo. frodah angoothi dey dou? gaindaalfah kewal ack pull key liye. "[frado ney usey angoothi dee]" kyaa aap usa parr koee nishan dekh sakate hain? frodoh koee naheen haye. yeh vaastav mein ack sadharan angoothi haye. gaindaalfah tou phir, dekho. "[angoothi koo chimani mein fenk detaa haye; frado ghabra jaataa haye]" "rukiye. kyaa aap pahale seey hii ise chaahte hain? frodoh naheen, lekin...lekin ise kyon barbad kiya? gaindaalfah kyonki yeh poori tarah seey buraa haye. yeh kissy koo bhee bhrasht aur nasht curr dega joe ise pahanata haye jaba taka kii vaha mordor key kaale swami soron kii shakti key tahat chhaaya kii duniya mein naheen jaataa haye. frodah bilbo naheen! gaindaalfah "[frodo parr ank]" aap vahee hain jinake paas abb angoothi haye. "[angoothi koo vaapas frodo koo saunpen]" frodoh yeh haye...garmi bhee naheen haye. gaindaalfah naheen. ajgar kii aag bhee usa angoothi koo nuksan naheen pahuncha sakati. aish najag darbaruluk. aish najag gimbatul. una sabhi parr shasson karane key liye ack angoothi. unhein khojane key liye ack angoothi. una sabhi koo laane key liye ack angoothi aur unhein andhere mein baandh dein! "[raat mein baahar ghoomate hue, frodo aur gandalf mein katauti]" frodoh kaash merey samay mein aisaa naa hoe. gandaalfah main bhee. dushman key paas abhee bhee ack cheej kii kamee haye joe usey shakti aur gyaan dey; sabhi pratirodhon koo todana aur sabhi deshon koo andhere mein dhakna. usake paas ack angoothi naheen haye. frodoh lekin, lekin shayed usey pataa naheen haye kii yeh paaya gayaa thaa. gaindaalfah vaha jaanata haye, frodo. gollam ney apani gufa koo swayam angoothi kaa peechha karane key liye chhod diyaa aur kaale bhagwan ney usey mordor mein pakad liya. kaale bhagwan koo pataa haye kii yeh kaun see angoothi thee joe golam koo millie aur usane ise phir seey kaise khou diyaa. aur usane anta mein shauk aur shayer key baare mein sunaa haye. aur usake paas sochane key liye ack naam bhee haye. baggin kaa naam. frodah golam key kaaran. oh, gandalf, main kyaa karuun? kitna afsos haye kii bilbo ney usa neech prani koo taba naheen maaraa jaba usey mauka milaa! gaindaalfah haan, yeh afsos kii baat thee. dayaa aur dayaa. aur abb, achchha, nirnay aap parr nirbhar kartaa haye. aap" ack angoothi kaa kyaa karenge? frodoh main ise aapako dey doonga, gandalf! aap buddhiman aur shaktishali hain. kyaa, aap naheen karenge... gaindaalfah naheen! mujhe lubhaane mutt dou. main ise achchha banaana chahunga aur iska upayog naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. dayalu honey kaa arth haye, main swayam kaale prabhu kii tarah bhayaanak hoe jaaoonga; mujhe lubhaane naa dein! mujhe itani jaldi taakat kii zaroorat hogi. frodah tou, mujhe lagata haye, mujhe angoothi lenny chaahiye aur isaki rakhwali karni chaahiye aur mujhe ummeed haye kii main kaheen akela chalaa jaaoonga. way naheen karenge...aggar angoothi yahaan naheen haye tou way shayer koo pareshan naheen karenge. gaindaalfah merey pyaare frado, mujhe darr haye kii tum sahee hoe. aapako jaakar thaile kaa naam apane peechhe chhodana hoga. vaha naam abb surakshit naheen haye. aapka nayaa yatra naam hoga...shree. neeche. gandaalfah main aapaki madad key liye aaya huun, sarman dha white, mushkil samay mein. nau videsh mein hain, andhera aaa rhaa haye; kaale savaar! sarmanah "[chalaa jaataa haye]" tou phir merey liye aapke paas itani hii khabar haye? gaindaalfah kyaa yeh paryaapt naheen haye? soran aakhirkaar aage badh rhaa haye! saroomanah humm khud soron seey nipat sakate hain, gandalf. aap aur main, kissy naa kissy tarah seey. gaindaalfah yeh kyaa baat haye? aap kyaa kaha rahey hain, sarman? saroomanah yeh hamaare liye chunane kaa samay haye. ack nayaa yug humm parr haye, ack naee shakti kaa uday hoe rhaa haye. aisaa kuchh bhee naheen joe purush, yaa kalpit kalpit kathaaen, yaa jadugar curr sakate hain, isake khilaf laabh naheen uthaayenge. isake dushman poori tarah seey barbad hoe jaate hain. lekin usake dost naheen hain. gaindaalfah aap kaha rahey hain kii hamein mordor key saath judanaa chaahiye? usake saath? sarmanah kyaa isase aap naraj hain? angoothi kahaan haye, gandalf?! kaale savaar ise shayer mein kyon khojate hain? kyaa aapane ise vahaan chhipa diyaa haye? kyaa aap isake bajaay kaale bhagwan koo yeh dekhate hain?..yaa kaee rangon kaa sarman?! "[ack jaadoo bull kshetra mein gandalf koo bund curr detaa haye]" gaindaalfah aap mein seey kissy key paas bhee yeh naheen hoga. sarmanah ack teesara vikalp haye. "[krimi dikhaai detee haye aur sarman koo usaki laathi saunpati haye]" yeh taba taka yahaan rehna haye jaba taka kii aap mujhe yeh naheen bataate kii angoothi kahaan mill sakati haye. gaindaalfah sarman, aggar aap aisaa karate hain, aggar aap mujhe yahaan deree karate hain, tou saron koo yeh jaroor mill jaayega. saroomanah aur vaha apane achche sevakon koo zaan legaa...aur usake dushman. "[hansate hue]" gandaalfah sarman! "[sorman hansate hue chalaa jaataa haye]" sarman!!! sarman!!!! khush rahoh humm tumhare saath jaa rahey hain, frodo. frodah merey saath?! lekin aap kaise?..? "[saim koo dekho]" saim?! lekin aapane apana vachan dey diyaa! saimah way pahale seey hii bahut kuchh jaanate they, shriman. frod. mereeh saim ney hamein angoothi key baare mein naheen bataaya, frodo. bilbo key jaane seey pahale maine usey ack baar iska istemal karate dekhaa thaa...thaile-dibbon seey chhipane key liye. aur usake baad, pipin aur main khoj karate rahey aur humm aapke peechhe peechhe chaley gaye, aur hamane harr jagah sawal poochhe. pipinah aur hamane gandalf seey kuchh cheezen bhee kharaab curr deen. frodah aur aapane merrie jasusi kii, aur saim ney aapaki madad kii. khush hoe aur hamane aapaki jasusi kii. saimah lekin hamara matlab aapke liye koee galat naheen thaa, shriman. frod! kyaa aapako yaad naheen haye shree. gandalf ney kahaa? kissy aise vyakti koo leey low jiss parr aap bharosa curr sakein, usane kahaa. frodoh aisaa naheen lagata kii main kissy parr bhee bharosa curr sakata huun. khushah yeh sub iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii aap kyaa chaahte hain. aap humm parr bharosa curr sakate hain kii aap motey aur patale seey laker kadve chhor taka aapke saath baney rahenge. lekin aap humm parr bharosa naheen curr sakate kii aap akele pareshani kaa saamana karein, aur binaa ack shabd key chaley jaaen. humm aapke dost hain, frodo. frodoh "[muskuraate hue muskuraate hue]" aapako aashirvaad dein, dhokhebaaz badmash! aragornah yahaan aur revendale key beach lagbhag aadhe raaste mein wethertop naamak ack pahaadi haye. humm cull isake liye karenge. tou ganglef bhee karenge...aggar vaha curr sakata haye. saimah "[aragorn key baare mein]" mujhe abhee bhee naheen pataa kii humm usa parr bharosa curr sakate hain yaa naheen, shriman. frod. aragornah maine kahaa kii aapke paas koee vikalp naheen haye, saim! "[saim flinches]" kyonki aggar mujhe apane liye angoothi chaahiye, tou main ise abb leey sakata thaa. "[apani talwar koo kholkar havaa mein uthaa detaa haye]" meraa naam aragorn haye, arathorn kaa betaa. aggar main jeevan yaa mrityu seey aapako bachaa sakata huun, tou main curr doonga. samvaad.

dhii lard off dhii rings (1978rahra chalanachitra) zhe.aarr.aarr. tolkins dhii lard off dhii rings 1978rahra animated fantacy chalanachitravagiddu, ralf bakshi nirdeshisiddare mattu zhe avara "dhii phelowship off dhii ring" mattu "dhii tuu towers" annu aadhariside.aarr.aarr. tolkin ". "[mushti saalugalu] niroopakah bahala hindeye, eradane yugada arambhika varsagalalli, mahan elven-smitgalu adhikaarada unguragalannu roopisidaru. nashwara purusharige ombattu, kubja prabhugalige elu, ettarada elph rajarige mooru. aadare nantara, aaa kappu prabhuvu ungura tayaarikeya kaleyannu kalitanu mattu master unguravannu maadidanu, adhu avellavannoo aaluva onde unguravaagittu. ondu unguradondige, madhya-bhumiyu avanadu, mattu avanannu jayisalu sadhyavilla. purusharu mattu dayyagala koneya maitri avana adhikaarada adiyalli biddaaga, avanu olanuggida veerochita neralannu gamanisalilla. samudrada achegina prabala rajara rajakumara isildur aaa unguravannu tegedukondanu. aadare avanu adannu naashapadisada kaarana, kattala prabhuvina aatmavu jivantavagittu mattu aakaaravannu padedu matte beleyalu praarambhisitu. aadare unguravu tannade aada ondu ichcheyannu hondittu, mattu ondu kaiyinda jaribeeluva ondu maargavannu innondu kaiyinda kandukolalu, adhu antimavagi tanna yajamanana balige maralabahudu. mattu allie, unguravu saaviraaru varshagala kaala dodda nadiya kelabhagadalli ittu. aaa varsagalalli, kappu prabhuvu purusharigaagi tayaarisida ombattu unguragalannu vashapadisikondanu mattu avugala malikarannu ringvraitgalaagi parivartisidanu. avana dodda neralina adiyalli, prapanchadalli suttaadida bhayanaka neralugalu...onde unguravannu hudukuttide. kaalaanantaradalli, unguravu kandubandide. ibbaru sneehitaru ondu dina dodda nadiyalli meenu hidiyuttiddaru. smiagol adannu namage needi, nanna preetiya, degol eke, smegol? smiagol ekendare adhu nanna janmadina, nanna preeti. mattu naanu adannu bayasuttene! degol naanu eegaagale nanage saadhyavaagiruvudakkinta hechchinadannu nimage niididdeene. naanu idannu kandukondiddene mattu naanu adannu ittukolluttene! smegol oh?! neevu, nijavagiyoo...nanna preetiye?!?! "[tanna burry kaigalinda degol annu kuttigeya moolaka hididu kattu hisuki saayisuttaane. nantara avanu unguravannu tegedukondu adannu tanagaagi ittukolluttaane] "niroopakah avanu unguravannu kallatanakkagi mattu rahasyagalannu kanduhidiyalu balasuttiddanu. avana swanta janaru aaa durjana praniyannu tiraskarisalu mattu avanannu gollam endu kareyalu praarambhisidaru. aatanige chitrahimse needi, unguradinda odisi, kattaleya guhegalalli adagikondanu...mattu ondu aalavaada parvata, allie avanu shatamanagala kaala ulidanu. aadare unguravu gollamna beralinindaloo jaaribittitu. aaddarinda, bilbo kubjarondige tanna prayanada samayadalli adannu kandukondanu. gollam kalla! chilagalu! kalla! adhu namma amoolyavaada, namma amoolyavadaddannu kadiyitu!! namma janmadinada udugore! kalla! chilagalu! naavu adannu shaashvatavaagi dveshisutteve! naavu adannu shaashvatavaagi dveshisutteve!!!! niroopakah bilbo baggins, havyasi, unguravannu tanna maneyaada shairge marali karedoydanu. dasakagala nantara, maantrikanaada gandolph tanna janmadinada santoshakootadalli bilboge bheti niididanu. frodo "[yaaro aatana baagilannu tattuvudannu nodi echcharagolluttade]" surry, surry. kevala ondu nimisha. "[bagilige uttarisuttaale]" gandalph! gandaff "[billugalu]" shubhashayagalu, frodo. frodo gandalph, idu nijavagiyoo neene! oh, idu tumba samayavagide. gandaff hadinelu varshagalu, bilbo horatuhoda nantara. neevu endinante kanuttiri, frodo. frodo neevu vayassaadante kanuttiri, gandalph. gandalph naanu sudirgha prayanadalliddene. frodo idu ungura, allave? bilboda tamaasheya maantrika ungura? neevu adara bagge maatanaaduvaaga yavagalu haage kanisuttiri. gandalph bilbo avara tamaasheya ungura? nimmannu adrushyarannagi maaduttadeye? nanage kodi, frodo. frodo ninage unguravannu kodu? gandalph ondu ksana maatra. "[frodo avanige unguravannu hastaantarisuttaane]" adara mele yaavude gurutugalannu neevu nodabahude? frodo yaaroo illa. idu nijavagiyoo saralavaada unguravaagide. gandalph surry, nodu. "[unguravannu aggistikege eseyuttaane; frodo panic]" "kayiri". neevu eegaagale adannu tumba bayasuttira? frodo illa, aadare...aadare adannu eke haalumaadabeku? gandalph ekendare adhu sampoornavaagi kettadu. adhu adannu dharisuva yaarannaadaru bhrashtagolisuttade mattu avanu mordarna kattala prabhuvaada sauranna shaktiya adiyalli neralugala jagattige haaduhoguvavarege naashapadisuttade. frodo bilbo alla! gandaff "[frododalli ankagalu]" eega unguravannu hondiruvavaru neeve. "[unguravannu frodoge hintirugisi]" frodo adhu...adhu bcu alla. gandalph illa. dragon benkiyu saha aaa ungurakke haaniyannuntumaaduvudilla. aash najg darbatuluk. aash najg gimbatul. avarellarannoo aalalu ondu ungura. avarannu hudukalu ondu ungura. avarellarannoo karetandu kattalalli bandhisalu ondu ungura! "[frodo mattu gandalfge kattarisi, ratriya samayadalli horage nadeyuvudu]" frodo idu nanna samayadalli sambhavisabaaradu endu naanu bayasuttene. gandalph naanoo haageye. shatruvige innoo shakti mattu gnaanavannu needalu ondu vishayada korateyide; ellah pratirodhavannu muriyuvudu mattu ellah deshagalannu kattalalli muchchuvudu. avanige ondu ungurada korateyide. frodo aadare, aadare adhu patteyagide endu avanige tilidilladirabahudu. gandalph avanige gottu, frodo. gollam tanna guheyannu toredu unguravannu himbaalisidanu mattu kattaleya wadeyanu avanannu mordernalli hididanu. gollam yaava unguravannu kandukonditu mattu adannu matte hege kaledukonditu embudu kattala prabhuvige tilidide. mattu avanu antimavagi havyaasagala bagge mattu shire bagge keliddaane. mattu aatanige yochisalu ondu hesaroo ide. byagingala hesaru. frodo gollam kaarana. oh, gandalph, naanu enu maadabeku? bilbo avakasha sikkaga aaa neecha praniyannu kolladiruvudu eshtu vishaadakara! gandalph houdu, idu vishaadakaravaagittu. karune mattu karune. mattu eega, khandita, nirdhaaravu nimma melide. ondu unguravannu "neevu" enu maduttiri? frodo naanu adannu ninage koduttene, gandalph! neevu buddhivantaraagiddiri mattu shaktishaaliyaagiddiri. enu, neevu maduvudilla... gandalph illa! nannannu pralobhisabedi. naanu adannu uttamagolisalu bayasuttene mattu adannu haage balasalaaguvudilla. dayeyullavanagiruvudu endare, naanu swatah kattala prabhuvinashte bhayanakanaguttene; nannannu pralobhisabedi! nanage shighradalle antaha shaktiya agatyaviruttade. frodo aaga, naanu unguravannu tegedukondu adannu kaapaadabeku mattu naanu obbantiyagi ello hogabekendu bhavisuttene. avaru maduvudilla...unguravu illilladiddare avaru shairge tondare niiduvudilla. gandaff nanna priya frodo, neenu heliddu surry endu naanu hedaruttene. neevu hogi chilagala hesarannu nimma hinde bidabekaguttade. aaa hesaru innu munde surakshitavaagilla. nimma hosa prayanada hesaru...shree. kelabhaga. gandalph naanu nimma sahayakkagi bandiddene, sarooman dhii white, kashtada samayadalli. ombattu mandi videshadalliddaare, kattale sameepisuttide; kappu savaararu! sarooman "[nadedaaduva]" hagadare, nanna bully iruva suddi ashte? gandalph idu saakaaguvudillave? antimavagi sauran chalisuttide! sarooman naavu swatah saronannu nibhaayisabahudu, gandalph. neevu mattu naanu, ondu reetiyalli athawa innondu reetiyalli. gandalph idu enu maatu? enu heluttiddiya, saroon? sarooman idu naavu ayke maaduva samaya. hosa yugavu namma mele bandide; hosa shakti udayisuttide. purusharu, athawa devvagalu, athawa mantrikaru maadabahudaada yaavudoo adara viruddha prayojanavaguvudilla. adara shatrugalu sampoornavaagi nashavaguttare. aadare avara sneehitaru hagalla. gandalph naavu mordernondige serikollabeku endu neevu heluttiddira? avanondige? sarooman idu nimage asamaadhaanavannuntumaadutte? ungura ellide, gandalph?! kappu savaararu adannu shirenalli eke hudukuttaare? neevu adannu allie adagisittiddira? neevu adannu kattala lard hondiruvudannu noduttira?..athawa aneka bannagala saruman?! "[maantrika balada kshetradalli gandafannu lock maadi]" gandaff nimmalli yarobbaroo adannu hondiruvudilla. sarooman moorane ayke ide. "[wormtang kaanisikolluttade mattu saroomange avana dandeyannu niiduttade]" "unguravu ellie sigabahudu endu neevu heluvavarege illiye uliyabeku. gandalph sourman, neevu idannu maadidare, neevu nannannu illi vilamba maadidare, sauron khanditavaagiyoo adannu padeyuttaane. sarooman mattu avanu tanna olleya sevakarannu tilidukolluttaane...mattu avana shatrugalu. "[nagu]" gandalph saruman! "[souraman nagugutta doora hoguttaane]" sarooman!!! saroon!!!! merri naavu nimmondige hogutteve, frodo. frodo nannondige?! aadare neevu hege?..? "[samm annu noduttaane]" samm?! aadare neevu nimma matannu niididdiiri! samm avarige eegaagale tumba gottittu, shree. frodo. merri samm namage ungurada bagge helalilla, frodo. bilbo hoguvudakkoo modalu omme adannu balasuvudannu naanu nodide...sackville-byaginsgalinda maremaadalu. mattu adara nantara, pippin mattu naanu hudukaatavannu munduvarisidevu mattu naavu nimmannu himbaalisidevu, mattu naavu ellede prashnegalannu kelidevu. pippin mattu naavu goddalininda kelavu vastugalannu kooda hulagolisidevu. frodo mattu neevu nanna mele behugaarike madiddiri, mattu samm nimage sahaaya maadiddaane. merri mattu naavu nimma mele behugaarike madiddeve. samm aadare naavu nimage yaavude tappu helalilla, shree. frodo! nimage enu nenapilla shree. gandalph heliddara? neevu nambabahudaada yaarannaadaru tegedukolli, endu avaru helidaru. frodo naanu yaarannoo nambalu sadhyavilla endu toruttade. santoshah idellavoo nimage enu beku embudara mele avalambitavagiruttade. dappa mattu tellagina kadeyavarege nimage antikolluvante neevu nammannu nambabahudu. aadare neevu ekangiyagi tondaregalannu edurisalu mattu ondu maatannoo helade horahogalu bidalu neevu nammannu nambalu sadhyavilla. naavu nimma sneehitaru, frodo. frodo "[nagutta nagutta]" nimmannu aashirvadisiri, mosagaara dudukinavare! aragorn illi mattu revendale naduve ardhadaariyalle vether top emba bettavide. naale adannu naavu madona. haageye dandar kooda...sadhyavadare. samm "[aragorn bagge]" naavu avanannu nambabahude endu nanage innoo tilidilla, shree. frodo. aragorn nimage bere daariyilla, samm! "[samm flinch]" ekendare nanage nannade aada ungura bekagiddare, naanu adannu eegale hondabahudittu. "[tanna kattiyannu bichchikondu adannu gaaliyalli ettuvante]" nanna hesaru aragorn, arathorn maga. jeevana athawa maranada moolaka naanu nimmannu ulisabahudaadare, naanu maaduttene. samvaada.

dhii loard oof dhii rings (1978-leeii chalachithram) jeey.aarr.aarr. ralph bakshi samvidaanam cheytha 1978-ll purathirangiya animated faantasi chithramaanu tolkeens dhii loard oof dhii rings.aarr.aarr. tolkio ". "[phrist lineukal]" aakhyaathaavo valarekkalam munbu, randaam yugathinte aadya varshangalil, mahanaaya elven-smithukal adhikaarathinte valayangal kettichamachu. onpathu manushyarkk, ezhu kullan prabhukkanmaarkk, moonnu uyaramulla elph raajaakkanmaarkk. ennaal pinneedu, irunda prabhuvaya aal mothiram nirmmikkanulla karakaushalavidya padikkukayum avayellaam bharikkanulla oreyoru mothiramaaya maasttar mothiram nirmmikkukayum cheythu. oru mothiram kondu, madhya bhoomi avantethaayathinaal avane marikadakkaan kazhiyilla. manushyarudeyum pishaachukkaludeyum avasana sakhyam thante adhikaarathin keezhil vannappol, athil veena veerochithamaaya nizhal addeham shradhichilla. kadalinu kuruke ninnulla shaktharaaya rajaakkanmaaril ninnulla rajakumaaranaaya isildooraanu mothiram eduthathu. ennaal avan athine nasippikkaathathinaal, irunda karthaavinte aathmaav jeevichu, roopam kollukayum veendum valarukayum cheythu. ennaal mothirathinu athintethaaya oru ichhaashakthiyum oru kaiyil ninnu thennimaran mattoru kaiyil ninnu kandethanulla oru maargavumundaayirunnu, angane athu oduvil athinte yajamanante aduthekku madangiyethaam. avide, aayirakkanakkin varshangalayi anduin nadiyude adithattil aaa mothiram kidannu. aaa varshangalil, irunda prabhukkan manushyarkkayi nirmmicha ombathu valayangal pidichedukkukayum avayude udamakale valayangalaakki maattukayum cheythu. lokathil chuttinadanna, bhayankaramaaya nizhalukal, thante valia nizhalil...oru mothiram thirayunnu. kaalakramena mothiram kandethi. oru divasam rund suhruthukkal valia nadiyil meane pidikkukayaayirunnu. smegola athu njangalkk tharoo, ente priyappettavale. degol enthukondu, smegol? smegola kaaranam ithu ente janmadinamaanu, ente priyappettavale. enikku athu venam! degol enikku thaangaavunnathilum kooduthal njaan ithinakam ningalkk nalkiyittundu. njaan ithu kandethi, njaan athu sookshikkaan pookunnu! smegola ooo?! sarikkum neeyaano?..ente pranayamo?!?! "[verum kaikalaal kazhuthil degol pidichu kazhuthu njerichu kollunnu. thudarnnu addeham mothiram eduthu thanikkayi sookshikkunnu] "aakhyaathaavo mothiram moshtikkunnathinum rahasyangal kandethunnathinum addeham mothiram upayogichu. addehathinte swantham janangal aaa durbalajeevi verukkukayum avane gollam ennu vilikkukayum cheythu. mothiram peedippikkukayum nayikkukayum cheytha addeham irunda guhakalil olichu...noottaandukalolam addeham avide thaamasicha oru aazhameriya parvvathavum. ennaal mothiram gollaminte viralil ninnum thennimari. angane kullanmarumaayulla yaathrakalil bilbo athu kandethi. gollam kallan! baagukal! kallan! athu nammude vilayeriyathum vilayeriyathumaaya vilaye moshtichu!! njangalude janmadina sammanam! kallan! baagukal! njangal athine ennennekkumaayi verukkunnu! njangal athine ennennekkumaayi verukkunnu!!!! aakhyaathaavo aaa mothiram thante veedaaya shayarilekk thirike kondupoyathu bilbo baggins enna hobibittaayirunnu. pathittaandukalkk sesham, maantrikanaaya gandalf thante janmadina partyil bilbo sandarshichu. frodo "[aaroo vathilil muttunnath kettu unarunnu]" sharee, sharee. oru minitt maathram. "[vaathilin utharam nalkunnu]" gundalf! gandalfa "[villukal]" ashamsakal, frodo. frodo gundalf, sarikkum neeyaanu! ooo, ithrayum kaalam kazhinju. gandalfa bilbo pooyitt pathinezh varsham. ningal ennatheyum pole kaanapedunnu, frodo. frodo ningalkk praayamaayi thonnunnu, gandalf. gandalfa njaan oru neenda yaathrayilaan. frodo mothiram thanneyalle? bilboyude rasakaramaaya maanthrika mothiram? ningal athinekkurichu samsaarikkumbol ellaayppozhum angane kaanappedaarundaayirunnu. gandalfa bilboyude rasakaramaaya mothiram? ningale adrishyanaakkunnundo? athu enikku tharoo, frodo. frodo mothiram tharumo? gandalfa oru nimisham maathram. "[frodo mothiram addehathinu kaimarunnu]" athil enthengilum adayaalangal ningalkk kaanaan kazhiyunnundo? frodo aarumilla. sarikkum athoru saadhaarana mothiramaanu. gandalfa sharee, nokkoo. "[mothiram aduppil eriyunnu; bhayann thanukkunnu]". ningalkk ithinakam thanne athu aavashyamundo? frodo illa, pakshe...ennaal enthinaanu athu nasippikkunnathu? gandalfa kaaranam athu poornnamaayum thinmayaanu. mordorinte irunda prabhuvaya soroninte adhikaarathin keezhil nizhalukalude lokathekku kadannupokunnathuvare athu dharikkunna aareyum dushippikkukayum nasippikkukayum cheyyum. frodo bilboyalla! gandalfa "[frodoyil pooyint]" ningalaanu ippol mothiram ullathu. "[mothiram frodoic thirike nalkunnu]" frodo athu...choodu polum illa. gandalfa illa. oru dragoninte teepolum aaa mothirathe doshakaramaayi baadikkilla. aashh nasg darbatuluk. aashh nasg gimbatul. avare ellaavareyum bharikkanaayi oru mothiram. avare kandethaan oru mothiram. ellaavareyum konduvaraan oru mothiram, iruttil avare bandhippikkuka! "[frodo gandalf aayi murichu, raathriyil purathu nadakkunnu]" frodo ithu ente samayat sambhavikkaruthenn njaan aagrahikkunnu. gandalfa njaanum angane thanne. shathruvin ippozhum shakthiyum arivum nalkaan oru kaaryamilla; ellah prathirodhavum thakarkkukayum ellah rajyangaleyum iruttil moodukayum cheyyuka. addehathinu oru mothiram illa. frodo pakshe, pakshe athu kandethiyennu ayalkku ariyillayirikkaam. gandalfa avanu ariyaam, frodo. mothirathe pinthudaraan gollam thante guha vittu, irunda prabhuvaya avane mordoril pidikoodi. irunda prabhuvinu ariyamaayirunnu aaa gollam kandethiya mothiram enthaanennum athu engane veendum nashtappettuvennum. oduvil hobibittukaleyum shirein kurichu addeham kettittundu. addehathinu chinthikkaan oru perundu. baaginukalude peru. frodo gollam kaaranam. ooo, gundalf, njaan enthaanu cheyyendathu? avasaram labhichappol bilbo aaa neechajeevi kollaathirunnath ethra khedakaramaanu! gandalfa athe, athu khedakaramaayirunnu. dayayum dayayum. ippol, frodo, theerumaanam ningaludethaanu. oru mothiram kondu "ningal" enthucheyyum? frodo njaan athu ninakk tharum, gundalf! ningal njaaniyum shakthanumaan. enthaa, ningalkkavilla... gandalfa illa! enne pralobhippikkaruth. athu nallathakkaan njaan aagrahikkunnu, athu angane upayogikkaan kazhiyilla. dayayullavanaayirikkuka ennartham, njaan irunda karthaavineppole thanne bhayankaranaakum; enne pralobhippikkaruth! enikku ethrayum vegam atharam shakti aavasyamaanu. frodo appol, njaan mothiram eduthu kaaval nilkkanam, ottaykku evideyengilum pookumennu njaan prathekshikkunnu. avar cheyyilla...mothiram ivide illengil avar shireine shalyappeduthilla. gandalfa ente priyappetta frodo, nee parayunnath sariyaanennu njaan bhayappedunnu. ningal pooyi baaginte peru ningalude purakil vekkanam. aaa peru ippol surakshithamalla. ningalude puthiya yaathraavivaranamaayirikkum...emm. thaazhathe malaa. gandalfa vellakkaranaaya saroomaan, vishamaghattangalil njaan ninte sahaayathinaayi vannirikkunnu. onpathu perr videshathaan, iruttu aduthuvarunnu; karutha sawarikkaar! saruman "[nadannupokunnu]" appol ningalkk enikkuvendiyulla warthayellam athuthanneyaano? gandalfa athu mathiyaakille? oduvil soron neengukayaan! saruman namukk thanne soronine kaikaaryam cheyyaan kazhiyum, gundalf. ningalum njaanum, oru tharatthil allengil mattoru tharatthil. gandalfa ithenthaanu samsaram? neeyenthaanu parayunnath, saroomaan? saruman namukk thiranjedukkaanulla samayamaanith. oru puthiya yugam nammude mail varunnu; oru puthiya shakti uyarnnuvarikayaanu. purushanmaarkko pishachukkalkko maantrikarkko cheyyaan kazhiyunna onnum athinethire prayojanappedilla. athinte sathrukkal poornnamaayum shikshikkappedunnu. ennaal avarude suhruthukkal anganeyalla. gandalfa ningal parayunnath nammal mordorumaayi cheranamennanu? addehathodoppamo? saroomaan athu ningalkk anishtakaramaano? mothiram evideyaanu, gundalf?! enthukondaanu karutha rydermar athu shayarilekk thirayunnath? ningal athu avide olippichuvechittundu? irunda karthaavin athu undennu ningal kaanumo?..atho pala nirangalilulla saruman?! "[oru maanthrika shakthisankethathil gandaalfine poottunnu]" gandalfa ningal randuperkkum athu labikkilla. saroomaan moonnaamathe choys undu. "[puzhuvinte naav prathyakshappedukayum sarumante vadi kaikkalakkukayum cheiyunnu]" mothiram evide ninnu kittumennu ennodu parayunnathuvare ividethanne nilkkanam. gandalfa sourmaan, nee ithu cheythaal, nee enne ivide vaikippikkukayaanenkil, soroninu athu theerchayaayum labikkum. saruman appol avan thante nalla dasanmare ariyum...oppam shathrukkalum. "[chirikkunnu]" gandalfa saroomaan! "[sourmaan chirikkave nadakkunnu]" saroomaan!!! saruman!!!! santhosham njangal ningalodoppam pookunnu, frodo. frodo ennodoppam?! pakshe ningalkkenganeyaan...? "[saamine nokkunnu]" saam?! ennaal ningal ningalude vaakk nalki! saam avarkk ithinakam thanne orupaad ariyamaayirunnu, misttar. frodo. santhosham saam mothirathekkurichu njangalodu paranjilla, frodo. bilbo pookunnathinu munbu orikkal athu upayogikkunnathu njaan kandu...chaakkville baagukalil ninnu olippikkaan. athinusesham, pippin, njaanum thirachil thudarukayum njangal ningale pinthudarukayum ellaayidathum chodyangal chodikkukayum cheythu. pippin njangal gundelfill ninnu kurachu karyangal polum wared cheythu. frodo nee enne chaarappani cheythu, saam ninne sahayichu. santhosham njangal ningale chaarappani cheythu. saam pakshe njangal ningalodu oru thettum uddeshichirunnilla, misttar. frodo! enthaanennu oormmayille shree. gundalf paranju? ningalkk vishwasikkaan kazhiyunna oraale edukkuka, addeham paranju. frodo enikku aareyum vishwasikkaan kazhiyumennu thonnunnilla. santhosham ellaam ningalkk enthaanu vendathennathine aasrayichirikkunnu. kattiyullathum nertthathumaaya avasaanam vare ningalodu pattinilkkaan ningalkk njangale vishwasikkaam. ennaal ottaykku prasnangal neridaan ningale anuvadikkukayum oru vakkupolum parayaathe pookukayum cheyyaan ningalkk njangale vishwasikkaan kazhiyilla. njangal ningalude suhruthukkalaanu, frodo. frodo "[punchirikkumbol]" vanjanaaparamaaya durmantrimaare, ningale anugrahikkuvin! aragon ivideyum revendellin idayil wethertop enna oru kunnu undu. naale nammal athu cheyyum. athupole thanne gundlef...kazhiyumenkil. saam "[aragoninekkurich]" namukk avane vishwasikkaan kazhiyumo ennu enikkippozhum ariyilla, misttar. frodo. aragon njaan paranju, ningalkk vere vazhiyillennu, saam! "[saam flinches]" kaaranam enikku mothiram venamenkil, enikku athu ippol thanne edukkaamaayirunnu. "[vaal choodaakki vaayuvilekku uyarthunnu]" "ente peru aragon, arathoninte makan. jeevithathiloodeyo maranathiloodeyo enikku ningale rakshikkaan kazhiyumenkil, njaan cheyyum. sambhashanam.

daad laurd auph daad rings (1978 chitrapat) jeey.aar.aar. tolkins daad laurd auph daad rings haah 1978 saalee pradarshit jhalela ralf bakshi digdarshit aanee jeey. yanni lihilelya 'daad fellowship auph daad ring' aanee 'daad too towers' varr aadharit animated kalpanaramya chitrapat aahe.aar.aar. tolkian. "[muthichya resha]" kathakarah byanch purvi, dusya yugachya suruvatichya varshant, mahan khavale-loharanni sattechya rings tayar kelya. nashwar purushansathi nauu, butkya prabhusathi saat, unch eleph rajansathi teen. pann mug, gadad swamine angathi banavanyachi qalaa shikali aanee master ring banavali, jee tyaa sarvanvar rajya karnyasathi eka angathi hotee. eka ringsah, madhya-pruthvi tyachi aahe aanee tyachyavar maat karata yet nahee. purush aanee kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit kalpit shaili, aanee itar vividh prakarchya kalpit kalpit shaili, aanee vividh prakarchya krutrim aanee naisargik shailitil, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha prakarchya, asha, asha prakarchya, asha, asha, asha, asha, asha, asha, asha, asha, asha, asha, asha, asha, asha, asha, asha, asha, asha, asha, asha,, asha, asha, asha,, asha,, asha, asha,, asha,, asha,, asha,, asha,,,, asha,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, samudraparchya parakrami rajancha rajkumar isildur yanech angathi ghetali. pann tyane tyacha naash naan kelyamule, andhara prabhucha aatma jiwant rahila aanee aakar gheu lagla aanee punha vadhu lagla. pann angathichi swatachi eka ichcha hotee aanee eka hatatoon ghasaranyacha eka marg dusya hatala sapadayacha, jenekarun tee shevati tyachya malkakade parat jaau shakel. aanee tithe, hajaro varshe tee vartul mahan nadee anduinchya talashi hotee. tyaa varshanmadhye, andharachya swamine purushansathi banavalelya nauu rings tabyat ghetalya aanee tyanchya malakanche ringwrethmadhye rupantar kele. tyachya mothya savalit, joou jagaat firat hota, bhayanak chhaya...eka angathi shodhat aahe. kalantarane, angathi sapadali. eke divashi done mitra mothya nadeet masemari karat hote. smegolah teey aamhala dya, devgol, majhya priy. degolah qaa, smegol? smegolah kaaran too majha vadhadivas aahe, majhya priy. aanee mallah teey havey aahe! degolah mallah parvadat tyapeksha mea tumhala aadhich jaast dile aahe. mallah heey sapadale aanee mea teey thevanar aahe! smegolah arey?! tumhi, kharokhar...majhya prema?!?! "[too tyachya ughadya hatanni manene degol pakadato aanee tyacha galaa daboon khoon karato. tyanantar too angathi gheto aanee tee swatahsathi thevatoh 'kathakarah tyane chorisathi aanee rahasye shodhanyasathi angathicha vapar keela. tyachya swatachya lokanni tyaa dusht pranyacha tiraskar keela aanee tyala gollam mhanoo lagale. angathine chhal keela aanee chalavala, too gadad guhanmadhye lapala...aanee eka khol parvat, jithe too shatkanushatke rahila. pann tee angathihi gollamchya botatoon nisatali. aanee mhanunach bilbola too tyachya kubadyambarobarchya pravasadarmyan sapadala. golamah chor! pishavya! chor! tyane aapali maulyavan, aapali maulyavan vastoo chorali!! aamchi vadhadivasachi bhetvastu! chor! pishavya! aamhi tyacha kayamcha dvesh karato! aamhi tyacha kayamcha dvesh karato!!!! kathakarah bilbo baggins, haah chhand hota, joou angathi tyachya gharee, shire yethe parat gheuun gela. anek dashakannantar, gandalf haah jadugar tyachya vadhadivsachya partyla bilbola bhetala. frodoh "[konitari tyachya daravar thaap martana jaage hote]" theek aahe, theek aahe. fakt eka minit. "[darala uttar dya]" gund! gandalfah "[dhanushya]" namaskar, frodo. frodoh gandalf, heey kharokharach tooch aahes! arey, itka vel jhaala. gandalfah bilbo nighun gelyapasoon satra varshe. tuu nehmisarkhich disates, frodo. frodoh tumhi vayane mothe disat aahat, gandalf. gandalfah mea khoop lambchya pravasavar aahe. frodoh tee angathi aahe, nahee qaa? bilbochi majedar jaaduchi angathi? tumhi tyabaddal bolata tevha tumhi nehmi asech disayache. gandalfah bilbochi majedar angathi? tumhala adrushya karate qaa? mallah dya, phraud. frodoh tumhala angathi dya? gandalfah fakt eka kshanasathi. "[frodo tyala angathi deto]" tumhala tyavar kahee khuna disat aahet qaa? frodoh konich nahee. tee kharokharach eka sadhee angathi aahe. gandalfah theek aahe, tarr bagha. "[angathi shekotimadhye fekate; bheeti vatate]" thamba. tumhala aadhich teey havey aahe qaa? frodoh nahee, pann...pann tyacha naash qaa keela? gandalfah kaaran teey purnapane white aahe. too mordorcha gadad swami, soronchya sattekhali savalichya jagaat jaiparyant joou konee teey paridhan karel tyala bhrasht aanee nasht karel. frodoh bilbo nahee! gandalfah "[frodover guna]" aata tumchyakadech angathi aahe. "[angathi parat frodokade dya]" frodoh teey aahe...agadi garamahi nahee. gandafah nahee. dragoncha agnidekhil tyaa angathila haanee pohochavu shakat nahee. aash nazag darbatuluk. aash nazag gimbatul. tyaa sarvanvar rajya karnyasathi eka angathi. tyanna shodhanyasathi eka angathi. tyaa sarvanna aananyasathi eka angathi aanee andharat tyanna bandhane! "[gothan aanee gadalafmadhye kapoon, ratrichya velee baher chaalat)" gothanah majhya velet asey ghadanyachi garaj nahee ashee majhi ichcha aahe. gandalfah misuddha karato. shatrula ajunahi eka gosht nahee jee tyala shakti aanee dnyan deil; serve pratikar modane aanee serve desh andharat jhakane. tyachyakade eka ring nahee. frodoh pann, pann kadachit tyala maheet nasel qee too sapadala hota. gandalfah tyala maheet aahe, frodo. gollam swatah ringchya mage jaanyasathi tyachi guha sodoon gela aanee gadad prabhune tyala mordormadhye pakadale. gollamchi konati angathi sapadali aanee tee tyane punha kashee gamavali heey gadad prabhula maheet aahe. aanee tyane shevati chhand aanee shirebaddal aikale aahe. aanee tyachyakade vichar karnyasathi eka naav dekhil aahe. bagginsche naav. frodoh gollammule. arey, gandalf, mea kaay karave? bilbola sandhee midali tevha tyane tyaa neech pranyala marle nahee, heey kitee khedjanak aahe! gandalafah hoy, teey khedjanak hote. dayaa aanee dayaa. aanee aata, mitranno, nirnay tumchyavar avalambun aahe. eka angathiche 'tumhi' kaay karal? frodoh mea tula deto, gandalf! tumhi shahane aanee shaktishali aahat. kaay, nahee qaa?.. gandalfah nahee! mallah mohat padu nakaa. mallah teey changle karayache aahe aanee teey tase vaparale jaau shakat nahee. dayalu asanyacha arth, mea swatah andhara prabhusarkhach bhayankar hoil; mallah mohat padu nakaa! mallah itakya lavkar asha shaktichi garaj bhasel. frodoh mug, mallah vatate, mea angathi ghetali pahije aanee tiche rakshan kele pahije aanee mallah ekte kuthetari jaanyachi aasha aahe. teey karnar naheet...angathi ithe nasel tarr teey shirela tras denar naheet. gandalfah majhya priy frodo, mallah bheeti vatate qee tuu barobar aahes. tumhala jaaun pishavyanche naav mage sodave lagel. teey naav aata surakshit rahilele nahee. tumche naveen pravasache naav asel...shree. utarakhali. gandalfah sarman daad white, mea tumchya madatisathi sankatkalat aalo aahe. nauu jann paradeshat aahet, andhar jawal yet aahe; kaale ghodeswar! sarmanah "[nighun jaato]" tarr mug, majhyasathi tumchyakade fakt aevadhich batami aahe qaa? gandafah teey purese nahee qaa? shevati sauran halat aahe! sarmanah aapan swatah soronla hatalu shakato, gandalaf. tumhi aanee mea, eka prakare kinwa dusya prakare. gandalafah heey kaay bolayache? sarman, tuu kaay mhanatos? sarmanah aata nivad karanyachi vel aalee aahe. eka naveen yug aaplyasamor aahe; eka naveen shakti udayala yet aahe. purush, kinwa kalpit kalpit prani kinwa jadugar jeey karoo shakatat, tyacha kahihi fayda honar nahee. tyache shatru purnapane nasht jhaale aahet. pann tyache mitra tase naheet. gandalafah tumhi mhanat aahat qee aapan mordorsobat sameel vhave? tyachyasobat? sarmanah heey tumhala naraj karate qaa? angathi kuthe aahe, gandalf?! kaale ghodeswar teey sharmadhye qaa shodhatat? tumhi teey tithe lapavale aahe qaa? tyaeivaji tumhi andhara prabhukade teey aahe heey pahal qaa?..kinwa anek ranganche sarman?! "[jaduchya shaktichya kshetrat gandlefla kuloop lavoon]" gandlefah tumchyapaiki konakadehi teey nasel. sarmanah tisra paryay aahe. "[vermatangyu disate aanee sarmanla tyachi kathee dete]" tee angathi kuthe milel heey tumhi mallah sangeparyant ithech rahayache aahe. gandalfah sorman, jarr tuu heey keles, jarr tuu mallah ithe usheer kelas, tarr sauranla teey nakki milel. sarumanah aanee too tyachya changlya sevakanna olakhel...aanee tyache shatru. "[hasha]" gundalfah sarman! "[sorman hasoon nighun jaato]" sarman!!! sarman!!!! anandi vhah aamhi tumchyabarobar jaat aahot, phraud. frodoh majhyabarobar?! pann tumhi kase aahat?..? "[samkade baghato]" samm?! pann tumhi tumcha shabd deela! sammah tyanna aadhich khoop kahee maheet hote, shree. phraud. marry, samney aamhala angathibaddal sangitale nahee, frodo. bilbo nighun jaanyapurvi mea ekada tyacha vapar kartana pahila...sackville-bagginspasoon lapavanyasathi. aanee tyanantar, pipin aanee mea shodh ghet hoto aanee aamhi tumchya mage lagalo aanee aamhi sarvatra prashna vicharale. pipinah aanee aamhi gandlefmadhun kahee goshti dekhil kharab kelya. frodoh aanee tuu majhi hergiri kellis aanee samney tula madat kelee. aanandah aanee aamhi tumchi hergiri kelee. sammah pann aamhala tumche kahee white vatale nahee, shree. frodo! tumhala kaay aathavat nahee shree. gandalaf mhanala? tumhi jyavar vishvas thevu shakata asha vyaktila gheuun jaa, asey too mhanala. frodoh mea konavarhi vishvas thevu shakat nahee asey vatat nahee. aanandah heey serve tumhala kaay havey aahe yavar avalambun aahe. jaad aanee patal teey kadvya tokaparyant tumhala chikatoon rahnyasathi tumhi aamchyavar vishvas thevu shakata. pann tumhi ektech adchaninna tond deu shakata aanee eka shabdahi naan bolata nighun jaau shakata, yasathi tumhi aamchyavar vishvas thevu shakat nahee. aamhi tumche mitra aahot, phraud. frodoh "[hasoon hasoon]" tumhala aashirvad dya, kapatpurn badmash! aragornah yethe aanee rivendelchya madhomadh wethertop navachi eka tekadi aahe. aamhi udya teey karoo. tasech gundgirihi hoil...tyala shakya asel tarr. sammah "[aragornabaddal]" shree., aapan tyachyavar vishvas thevu shakato qee nahee heey mallah ajunahi maheet nahee. phraud. aragornah mea mhatale qee samm, tujhyakade paryay nahee! "[samm flinchs]" kaaran jarr mallah swatahsathi angathi havee asel tarr mea tee aata gheu shaken. "[tyachi talwar ughadun tee havet udavate]" majhe naav aragorn aahe, arthorncha mulga. jarr mea tumhala jeevan kinwa mrutyune vachavu shakalo tarr mea vachvin. sanvad.

da leard aff da rings (1978 chalchitra) jey.arr.arr. tolkins da leard aff da rings sann 1978 ko animated kalpanik chalchitra how june ralf baksidwara nirdeshit chha rar jedwara "da felocipe aff da ring" rar "da too tower" maa adharit chha.arr.arr. tolkiena ". "[frist lineharu]" kathawachkah dherai pahile, dosro yugko prarambhik warshaharuma, mahan elbhen-smithharule shaktiko ringharu banaeka thie. nashwar purushharuka lagi nau, baman prabhuka lagi saat, agla elf rajaharuka lagi tean. tara tyasapachhi, andhyaro prabhule aunthi banaune kala sike rar master aunthi banae, tee sabailai shasson garne euta aunthi. euta ringka sath, madhya-prithvi usako how, rar usalai parr garna sakindaina. manisharu rar alwsko antim gathabandhan unko shakti antargat khasyo, unle prawesh gareko viratapurna chhayanlai dhyan dienan. yo rajkumar isildur thie, samudra parka shaktishali rajaharu madhye, jasle aunthi lie. tara usale yasalai nashta nagareko karan, andhakar prabhuko atma jiwit rahyo, rar akar lyne rar feri badhna thalyo. tara aunthiko afnai iccha thiyo, rar arko hatle fela parne ek hatbata nachhodne tarika thiyo, taaki yo antatah afno malikma farkan sakchha. rar tyahan, yo aunthi hajaraun warshasamma mahan nadiko tall runma thiyo. tee warshaharuma, andhyaro prabhule manisharuka lagi banaieka nauwata aunthiharu kabja gare rar tiniharuko malikharulai ringwrethharuma parinat gare. darlagdo chhaya, unko thulo chhaya muni, jasle sansarma ghumyo...euta ring khojiraheko chha. samayasangai, aunthi fela paryo. duijana sathi ek dina thulo nadima machha mardai thie. smegolः hamilai tyo dinuhos, degol, mero prem. degolः kinn, smegol? smegolः kinki yo mero janmadin how, mero maya. rar mahm yo chahanchhu! daेबगोलः maile kharcha garna saknebhanda dherai tata maile tapainlai dieko chhu. maile yo fela paaren, rar mahm yasalai rakhnechhu! smegolः oh?! key tapain, sanchchai?..mero prem?!?! "[degollai nange hatle ghantima samatchha rar usako gala tipera marchha. tyasapachhi usale aunthi linchha rar yasalai afna lagi rakhchha] "kathakarah usale aunthilai chorika lagi rar rahasyaharu patta lagauna prayog गऱ्yo. unka afnai manisharule tyo dushta pranilai tuchcha manna thale rar unlai golam bhanna thale. ringdwara yatana rar sanchalit bhaera uni andhyaro gufaharuma luke...rar euta gahiro pahad, jahaan uni shatabdiyaunsamma base. tara aunthi pani golamko aunlabata niskeko thiyo. rar tyasaile yo thiyo kii bilbole buwaaharusangko afno yatrako kramama yo fela parey. golmah chor! byagharu! chor! yasale hamro bahumulya, hamro bahumulya choreko chha!! hamro janmadinko upahar! chor! byagharu! hammy yasalai sadaka lagi ghrina gardachaun! hammy yasalai sadaka lagi ghrina gardachaun!!!! kathakarah yo bilbo baggins, shauk thiyo, jasle aunthilai afno ghar, shirema firta lyayo. dashakaunpachhi, gandalf da wizardle afno janmadinko partyma bilboko bhraman gare. फ्rarोडोः "[kasaile usako dhokama takatak gareko dekhera uthcha]" thik chha, thik chha. ek minet matra. "[dhokako jawaf]" gandalf! gandalfah "[dhanush]" abhiwadan, frado. फ्rarोडोः gandalf, yo sanchchai tapain how! oh, yo yati lamo bhayo. gandalfah bilbo chhodeko satraun warsha. tapain sadhain jastai dekhinuhunchha, frodo. फ्rarोडोः tapain budho dekhinchhan, gandalf. gandalfah mahm lamo yatrama chhu. फ्rarोडोः yo aunthi how, hoina? bilboko ramailo jaduko aunthi? tapainle yasako barema kura garda sadhain tyasto dekhnuhunchha. gandalfah bilboko ramailo aunthi? tapainlai adrishya banaunchha? malai dinuhos, frodo. फ्rarोडोः tapainlai aunthi dinuhos? gandalfah ek kshanka lagi matra. "[fradole usalai aunthi dinchha]" key tapain yasama kunai chinhaharu dekhna saknuhunchha? फ्rarोडोः tyahan kohi chhainan. yo sanchchai euta sada ring how. gandalfah thik chha, heraun. "[agoma aunthi fyaankdachha; frado atangkit]" parkhanuhos. key tapain pahile nai yati chahanuhunchha? फ्rarोडोः hoina, tara...tara yasalai kinn barbad ger? gandalfah kinbhane yo purna rupma naramro chha. yasale yasalai lagaune jo kohilai bhrashta rar nashta garnechha jabasamma uu mordorko andhyaro swami soronko shaktima chhayeko sansarma prawesh gardaina. फ्rarोडोः bilbo hoina! gandalfah "[frodoma binduharu]" tapain nai hunuhunchha jasko ahile aunthi chha. "[aunthilai frodoma firta lyaunuhos]" fradoh yo how...garmi pani chhaina. gandalfah hoina. dragonko agole pani tyo aunthilai hani puyauna sakdaina. asses najag darbatuluk. asses najag गुmahm्बtataुल. tee sabailai shasson garna euta aunthi. tiniharulai khojnaka lagi euta aunthi. tee sabailai lyauna euta aunthi anie tiniharulai andhakarma baandhnuhos! "[frado rar gandalfma katieko, ratko samayama bahira hinddai]" fradoh mahm chahanchhu kii yo mero samayama hunu awashyak chhaina. gandalfah mahm pani garchhu. shatrulai ajhai pani shakti rar gyan dina euta kurako abhawa chha; sabai pratirodh todna rar sabai bhumiharu andhakarma dhakna. unko euta ring chhaina. फ्rarोडोः tara, tara sayed usalai thaha chhaina kii yo fela pareko thiyo. gandalfah usalai thaha chha, frodo. gollamle afno gufa chhodera afai pani aunthi pachhyae rar andhyaro prabhule unlai mordorma samate. callo prabhulai thaha chha kii tyo kuna aunthi thiyo june golamle fela pareko thiyo rar usale yasalai kasari feri gumaeko thiyo. rar usale antatah habitharu rar shayarko barema suneko chha. anie unisanga sochnuparne naam pani chha. bagginsko naam. fradoh golamko karanle. oh, gandalf, mahm key garne? key duh khee chha kii bilbole tyo nich pranilai marne sakena jab usalai mauka bhayo! gandalfah how, yo khedjanak thiyo. daya rar daya. rar ab, tyasaile, nirnaya tapainsanga chha. euta ring liera "tapain" key garnuhunchha? फ्rarोडोः mahm yo timilai dinchhu, gandalf! tapain buddhiman rar shaktishali hunuhunchha. key, key tapain garnuhaunna?.. gandalfah hoina! malai pralobhan nadinuhos. mahm yasalai ramro banauna chahanchhu rar yasalai tyaso prayog garna sakindaina. dayalu hunu bhaneko, mahm andhakarka prabhu jattikai darlagdo hunechhu; malai pralobhan nadinuhos! malai yati chaandai shaktiko awashyakta parnecha. फ्rarोडोः taba, malai lagchha, maile aunthi liera yasako raksha garnuparchha rar mahm eklai katai jaane asha gardachhu. uniharule gardainan...yadi aunthi yahan chhaina bhane tiniharule shirelai pareshan gardainan. gandalfah mero priya frodo, malai darr chha kii tapain sahi hunuhunchha. tapainle gaera baginharuko naam afno pachhadi chhodnuparchha. tyo naam ab surakshit chhaina. tapainko nayan yatrako naam hunechha...shree. taltira. gandalfah mahm tapainko sahayataka lagi aeko hun, sarman da white, kathina samayama. nau zana videshma chhan, andhyaro aundaichha; callo sawarharu! सrarmahmnahaः "[hindchha]" key tapainsanga mera lagi sabai samachar chha? gandalfah key tyo paryapta chhaina? soron antatah sardai chha! सrarmahmnahaः hammy soronsanga afai wyawahar garna sakchaun, gandalf. tapain rar mahm, kunai naha kunai tarikale. gandalfah yo key kura how? key bhannuhunchha sarman? सrarmahmnahaः yo hamro chhanot garne samaya how. euta nayan yug hamimathi chha; euta nayan shakti udaundai chha. purush, wa alves, wa jadugarharule garna sakne kunai pani kurale yasako viruddhama faida uthauna sakdaina. yasaka shatruharu purna rupma vinash bhaeka chhan. tara unka sathiharu hoinan. gandalfah tapain key bhannuhunchha bhane hammy mordorsanga samel hunuparchha? unisanga? सrarmahmnahaः key yasale tapainlai asantushta parchha? aunthi kahan chha, gandalf?! callo sawarharule yasalai शाएrarmaa kinn khojchhan? key tapainle tyahan lukaunubhaeko chha? key tapain andhyaro prabhuko yo bhaeko dekhnuhunecha?..wa dherai rangka sarman?! "[gandlefly jadu balko kshetrama banda garnuhos]" ग्याnaha्डल्फः tapainharu madhye kasaisanga pani yo hunechhaina. सrarmahmnahaः tesro vikalpa chha. "[krimi niskanchha rar saramanlai usako lathi dinchha]" yo yahan basnu how jabasamma tapainle malai aunthi kahan fela parne sakinchha bhanera bataunuhunna. gandalfah sarman, yadi tapainle yo garnubhayo bhane, yadi tapainle malai yahan dhilai garnubhayo bhane, saronle yo awashya prapta garnechha. सrarmahmnahaः anie usale afna asal sewakharulai chinnechha...anie unka shatruharu. "[hanschhan]" gandalfah sarman! "[saurabh hansdai hindchan]" sarman!!! sarman!!!! khusih hammy tapainsanga jandaichhaun, frodo. fradoh masanga?! tara tapain kasari hunuhunchha...? "[samlai herchha]" saam?! tara tapainle afno wachan dinubhayo! samah uniharulai pahile nai dherai kura thaha thiyo, shriman. frado. khusih samle hamilai aunthiko barema bhanena, frodo. bilbo januaghi maile ekpatak tyasalai prayog gareko daेखेँ...syakbhil-bagginsहrarूबाट lukauna. rar tyasapachhi, pipin rar mahm herchahma rahe rar hamile tapainlai pachhyae, rar hamile jatatatai prashnaharu sodhe. pipinah rar hamile gandalfbata kehi chijharu pani bagaeka thiyaun. फ्rarोडोः anie tapainle mero jasusi garnubhayo, rar samle tapainlai maddat garnubhayo. khusih rar hamile tapainko jasusi garyaun. samah tara hammy tapainlai galat bhanna chahandainaun, shriman. frado! key tapainlai yadd chhaina shree. gandalfle bhane? tapainle vishwas garna sakne kasailai linuhos, unle bhane. फ्rarोडोः mahm kasailai vishwas garna sakchhu jasto lagdaina. khusih yo sabai tapainle key chahanuhunchha bhanne kurama nirbhar gardacha. tapainle hamilai baklo rar patalobata kadaika antyasamma tapainsanga tansna vishwas garna saknuhunchha. tara tapainle hamilai eklai samasyako samana garna rar ek shabda pani nachhodera zahn dinuhos bhanne kurama vishwas garna saknuhaunna. hammy tapainka sathi haun, frodo. फ्rarोडोः "[hansdai hansdai]" ashirwad dinuhos, thatta badamashharu! एrarागोrar्nahaः yahan rar rivendelko bichma lagbhag adha batoma vedartap bhanine pahad chha. hammy bholipalta yasako lagi garnechhaun. gandalf pani hunechha...yadi usale sakchha bhane. samah "[eragornako barema]" malai ajhai thaha chhaina kii hammy usalai vishwas garna sakchaun kii chhaina, shriman. frado. एrarागोrar्nahaः maile bhanen kii tapainsanga kunai vikalpa chhaina, saam! "[saam flinchharu]" kinbhane yadi mahm afaika lagi aunthi chahanthen bhane, mahm yo lyne sakthen, ahile. "[afno tarwar kholera hawama uthaunchha]" mero naam eragorna how, erathornako chhora. yadi jiwan wa mrityubata mahm timilai bachauna sakchhu bhane mahm garchhu. sanwad.

daa lord off daa ringas (1978 chalachitra) jay.aarr.aarr. tolkien 'shh daa lord off daa ringas heuchhi 1978 masihar eka animated fantacy chalachitra, jahara nirdeshana deichhanti ralf buxy ebong ehaa jay. nka dwara "daa phelocip off daa ring" ebong "daa tuu tawara" upare aadharita.aarr.aarr. tolkin. "[musti rekha]" barnanakarihi bahu purbaru, dwiteeja jugara prarambhika barshagudikare, mahan elven-smithmane khyamatara chakra tiari karithile. nashwar purushanka paain naaa, bammon prabhunka paain saata, ebong lamba elph rajamananka paain tini. kintu taa 'parey, andhakara prabhu ringa tiari karibara kalaa shikhithile ebong master ringa tiari karithile, jaahaa shay samastanku shasson kariba paain eka ringa . gotie ringa sahita, madhya-pruthibee tankara, ebong tanku parasta karajaipariba naahin . purush ebong elibhsara shesh ment taanka shakti tale padibaru, shay sehi biratwapurna chhaja prati dhyana deinathile jie bhitaraku khasijaithile. samudra parara shaktishali rajamananka madhyaru prince isildur ehi muditi neithile. kintu shay ehaaku nust karinathibaru, andhakara prabhunka atma banchithila, ebong aakaar nebaku ebong puni badhibaku lagila . kintu ehi muditira eka swatantra ichha thila, ebong gotie haataru khasijibara eka upaiah thila jaahaa anya haatare milipariba, jahadwara ehaa sheshare ehara malikanka nikataku pheripariba. ebong sethare, ehi chakrati hazar hazar barsha dhari mahan nadee anduinra tala bhagare rahithila. sehi barshagudikare, andhakara prabhu purushamananka paain tiari hoithiba nauty ringaku dharineithile ebong segudikara malikamananku ringawrethre parinata karithile. bhajankara chhaja, taanka mahan chhaja tale, jie duniaare ghuri buluthile .....gotie ringaku khojuchhi. samai krame, muditi milithila. dui bandhu dine ehi mahan nadeere maacha dharithile. smegolh aamaku taaha dia, degol, moe prijatama. debagolah kahinki, smegol? smegolah kaaran ehaa more janmadina, moe prijatama. mun ehaa chaahen! debagolah mun jetiki kharcha kariparibi, taa 'thaaru adhika mun tumaku dei sarichhi. mun ehaa paichi, ebong mun ehaaku rakhibaku jauchhi! smegolah oh?! satare apana.....moe prem?!?! "[khaali haatare degolaku bekare dhari taaku galaa chipi hatya kare . taa 'parey shay muditi nei niz paain rakhithae] "barnanakarihi shay muditiku chori paain ebong rahasya khojiba paain byabahara karuthile. taanka niz lokamane ehi durdanta praniku tuchha karibaku lagile ebong tanku golam bolly dakibaku lagile. ringa dwara nirjatita ebong parichalita hoi shay andhara gumphare luchi rahithile.....ebong eka gabhira parbata, jeunthare shay shatabdi shatabdi dhari rahithile. kintu golamanka aanguthiru madhya mudi khasigala. ebong tenu bilbo bamanamananka sahita jatra samajare ehaaku paithile . golumh chore! baggin! chore! ehaa ammer mulyabana, ammer mulyabana jinish chori karineithila!! aama janmadina upahara! chore! baggin! aame ehaaku sabuddin paain ghruna karu! aame ehaaku sabuddin paain ghruna karu!!!! barnanakarihi bilbo baggins, hubbit, jie ehi muditiku niz ghara shajaraku ferai neithile. dashandhi dashandhi parey, gandalf wijarda taanka janmadina partyre bilbo paridarshan karithile. phrodoh "[kehi taa 'dwarare kadaa naduthiba dekhi uthithae]" thick achhi, thick achhi. maatra eka minute. "[dwarara uttara]" gandalf! gandalfh "[dhanu]" abhibadana, frodo. phrodoh gandalf, ehaa prakrutare tume! oh, ete deane hoigala. gandalfh saturi barsha, bilbo chaligala parey. apana purba bhali dekhajauchhanti, frado. phradoh tume brudha dekhajauchha, gandalf. gandalfh mun eka dirgha jatrare achhi. phrodoh ehaa heuchhi ringa, nuhen kii? bilabonka mazadar jaadu mudi? jetebele apana ehaa bishajare kathaa huanti, apana sabubele separi dekhajanti. gandalfh bilbonka mazadar mudi? aapananku adrushya karideichhanti kii? mote dia, frado. phradoh mudita dia? gandalfh kebala eka muhurta paain. "[frodo tanku muditi haata delah]" apana sethire kaunasi chinha dekhiparuchhanti kii? phrodoh kehi nahanti. ehaa bastabare eka sarala ringa. gandalfh tebe, dekhantu. "[nianre mudi phingidia; frodo aatankita]" apekhya karantu. apana ehaa purbaru ete chahunchhanti kii? phrodoh naa, kintu.....kintu kahinki ehaaku nust karajauchhi? gandalfh kaaran ehaa sampurna bhabe kharap. ehaa jie ehaaku pindhiba taahaaku bhrasta kariba ebong nust karideba, je parjyanta shay mordor andhakara prabhu soronka shaktire chhajara duniaaku prabesha karinathae. phrodoh bilbo nuhen! gandalfh "[frodore point]" apana heuchhanti sehi byakti jahanka pakhare bartamana ring achhi . "[muditiku pherastaku dia]" phrodoh ehaa.....garam madhya naahin. gandalfh naa. epariki eka dragner niaan madhya sehi ringaku khyati pahanchaipariba naahin. aash naz darbatulak. aash naz gumbatul. samastanku shasson kariba paain gotie ringa. semananku khojiba paain gotie ringa. samastanku aaniba paain gotie mudi ebong andharare semananku bandhidiantu! "[shital ebong gandalphaku kaati, raatire bahare chaliba]" sheetalah mun kamna kare ehaa moe samajare ghatibara abashyakata naahin . gandalfh mun madhya. shatrunku shakti ebong gyaana deba paain tathapi gotie jinishar abhaba rahichhi; samasta pratirodhaku bhangideba ebong samasta deshaku andharare aachadana kariba. taanka pakhare gotie ring naahin. phrodoh kintu, kintu bodhahue shay janinahanti je ehaa milichi. gandalfh shay jaane, frodo. golum nije niz gumpha chhadi ehi chakraku anusarana karithile ebong andhakara prabhu tanku mordorre dharithile. andhakara prabhu jananti je ehaa keun mudi thila jaahaa golam paichi ebong shay ehaaku kipari puni hazigala . ebong shay sheshare hubbit ebong shair bishajare sunichanti . ebong epariki taanka pakhare chinta karibaku eka naama achhi . byaginmanankara naama. phradoh golam karanaru. oh, gandalf, mun qa "naa karibi? kete duhkhadajaka je bilbo sujoga paile sehi ghrunya praniku hatya karinathile! gandalfh hohn, ehaa duhkhadajaka thila. daiah oh daiah. ebong bartamana, hohn, nishpatti aapananka upare nirbhara kare . gotie ringa sahita "apana" qa "naa karibe? phrodoh mun tumaku debi, gandalf! apana buddhimana ebong shaktishali. qa "naa, apana karibe naahin..... gandalfh naa! mote pralobhita curr naahin. mun ehaaku bhalare parinata karibaku chahunchhi ebong ehaaku byabahara karajaipariba naahin. dajashila hebara artha heuchhi, mun nije andhakara prabhunka pari bhajankara hoijibi; mote pralobhita curr naahin! ete shighra more epari shaktira abashyakata padiba. phrodoh tebe, mun bhabuchhi, mote moditi nebaku heba ebong ehaaku surakhya debaku heba ebong mun aasha karuchhi je mun ekutia keunthi chalijibi. semane karibe naahin.....jadi muditi ethaare nathaae, tebe semane shajaraku birakta karibe naahin. gandalfh more priya frodo, mun bhaja karuchhi je tume thick acha. aapananku jaai byagingudikara naama pachare chhadi jibaku padiba. ehi naama aau surakhita naahin. aapananka nooa bhraman naama heba.....mea. tale. gandalfh mun aapananka sahajya paain aasichhi, saruman daa white, cust samajare. naaa john bideshare achanti, andhara aasuchhi; kalaa aarohimane! saramanah "[chaali jaanti]" tebe moe paain aapananka pakhare kebala etiki khabara achhi kii? gandalfh ehaa yathesta nuhen kii? sheshare soran gati karuchhi! saramanah aame nije soranra mukabila karipariba, gandalf. apana ebong mun, kaunasi naa kaunasi upaajare. gandalfh ehaa qa "naa kathaa? apana qa "naa kahuchanti, sarman? saramanah aama paain chayan karibara samai aasichhi. aama upare eka nutan juga aasichhi; eka nutan shakti brudhi pauchhi. purush, kii kimbadanti, kimbadanti, kimbadanteemane jaahaa kariparibe, taaha ehara kaunasi faida heba naahin. ehara shatrumane sampurna roope dandaprapta. kintu taa 'rahr sangamane nuhnti. gandalfh apana kahuchanti kii aame morder sahita jogadeba uchit? taanka sahita? saramanah ehaa aapananku asantusta karuchhi kii? mudi keunthi, gandalf?! kalaa aarohimane kahinki ehaaku shairare khojanti? apana ehaaku sethare luchai rakhichhanti kii? barang apana dekhibe kii andhakara prabhu ehaa paichanti.....naa aneka rangara sarman?! "[eka jaadu shakti khetrare gandalfaku taalaa pakantu]" gandalfah aapanamananka madhyaru kahari pakhare ehaa rahiba naahin. saramanah truteeja bikalpa achhi. "[krumi bhasha dekhajae ebong sarumananku taanka laathi haata die]" muditi keunthi milipariba taaha apana mote kahiba parjyanta ethaare rahibaku heba. gandalfh sorman, jadi tume ehaa kariba, jadi tume mote ethaare bilamba kariba, soran nischita bhabare ehaa paiba . saramanah ebong shay taa 'rahr bhal sebakamananku janiba.....ebong taanka shatrumane. "[hussy]" gandalfh sarman! "[saurmana chaligale, hussy hussy]" "sarman!!! sarman!!!! khusi huantuhu aame aapananka sahita jauchhu, frado. phradoh moe sahita?! kintu apana kemiti?....? "[samku dekhuchhi]" saama?! kintu apana niz kathaa dele! saamah semane bahuta kichhi janithile, mea. frodo. khusi huantuhu saama aamaku mudi bishajare kahi nathila, frado. mun bilabonku jiba purbaru thare ehaaku byabahara karuthiba dekhili.....sakbhil-byaginru luchai rakhiba paain. ebong taa 'parey, mun ebong pippin khojakhoji karu thilu ebong aame aapananku anusarana kalu, ebong aame sabuade prashna pacharu thilu. pipinah ebong aame gandalfaru kichhi jinish madhya krumi karichhu. phradoh ebong tume moe upare guptacharabrutti cull, ebong saam tumaku sahajya kallah . khusi huantuhu ebong aame aapananka upare guptacharadaree karithilu. saamah kintu aame aapananka paain kichhi bhul chaahun nathilu, mea. frodo! apanankara maneh naahin kii mea. gandalf kahile? apana biswasa kariparibe, epari kahaku niantu bolly shay kahithile. phrodoh mun kahaku biswasa kariparibi bolly maneh heunahin. khusi huantuhu apana qa "naa chahunchhanti, taaha upare sabukichhi nirbhara kare. apana aama upare biswasa kariparibe je apana mota ebong patala thaaru tikta pranta parjyanta aapananka sahita rahibe. kintu apana aamaku biswasa kariparibe naahin je apana ekutia samasyara sammukheen hebaku debe, ebong bina shabdare chalijibe. aame apanankara bandhu, frado. phrodoh "[huss hasare huss]", prataraka dustamane, aapananku ashirbada karantu! aaragornah ethaare ebong rivendel madhyare praiah adhaa baatare wedaratap namaka eka pahad achhi . aame kaali ehaa paain prastuta karibu. sehipari gandalf madhya karibe.....jadi shay paribe. saamah "[aragorn bishajare]" mun ebe bii jaane naahin aame tanku biswasa karipariba kii naahin, mea. frodo. aaragarnah mun kahili, tum pakhare anya kaunasi bikalpa naahin, saam! "[saama flinchs]" kaaran jadi mun niz paain ehi mudi chahunthili, tebe mun ehaaku ebe neiparibi. "[taa 'rahr khanda uttolana curry aakashaku uthei die]" "more naama arathernera putra arathern. jadi zeeban kimba mrutyu dwara mun aapananku banchai paribi, mun karibi. bartalapa.

lard aaf dha rings (1978 dee film) jey.aar.aar. tolkien dee lard aaf dha rings 1978 dee ikk animated kalpana film haii jisda nirdeshan ralf bakhshi neey keeta haii atey ih jey duaara "dii fellowship aaf dii ring" atey "dii too towers" utte adharat haii.aar.aar. tolkien ". "[mutthi deeaan rekhavan]" birtantkar bahut pahilan, dooje yugg dey shuruati saalan witch, mahaan elwan-samithan neey shakti dey ring banaae sunn. nasht aadmiaan laee naun, baune prabhuaan laee satt, lambe elf rajiaan laee tinn. parr firr, kaale prabhu neey ring banaun dee qalaa sikkhi atey maastar ring banayi, joe unhan saariaan utte raaj curran laee ikk ring see. ikk ring dey naal, maddh-dharti uss dee haii, atey uss noon kabu naheen keeta jaa sakda. jiven hii aadmiaan atey kuaariaan daa aakhri gathjod uss dee shakti dey hethan digg giaa, uss neey uss bahadari dey parchhaven noon naheen dekhiaa joe ander chalaa giaa. ih rajkumar isildur see, samunder dey paar dey shaktishali rajiaan vicchon, jiss neey ring lae laee. parr kiunki uss neey iss noon nasht naheen keeta, iss laee kaale prabhu dee aatma jiundi rahee, atey aakaar laina atey dubara vadhna shuru qarr ditta. parr ring dee aapni ichha see, atey ikk hatth toon fislan daa ikk tarika see joe dooje hatth noon labhiaa jaa sakda see, taan joe ih ant witch aapne maalak cole waps aaa sake. atey utthe, ring hazaran saalan toon mahaan nadee anduin dey tall utte paee hoee see. unhan saalan dauran, kaale prabhu neey unhan naun ringan noon aapne kabze witch lae liaa joe aadmiaan laee banaiaan gaeeaan sunn atey unhan dey malkan noon ringraith witch badal ditta. bhiaanak parchhaven, uss dey mahaan parchhaven heth, joe dunia witch ghumde sunn...ikk ring dee bhaal qarr riha haii. samein dey naal, ring labbhi gaee. doou dosat ikk dinn mahaan nadee witch machhi fadd rahey sunn. smigoval saanoon uh dio, merey piaare. degol kiun, samaegol? smigoval kiunki ih meraa janamdin haii, merey piaare. atey main chahunda haan! dagol main tuhanun pahilan hii aapne samratha toon vaddh dey ditta haii. main ih labbh liaa, atey main iss noon rakkhan jaa riha haan! smigoval oh?! qee tusin sachmuch hoow?..merey piaar?!?! "[uh aapne nange hatthan naal diagol noon galey naal fadada haii atey uss daa galaa ghutt keey katal qarr dinda haii. firr uh ring lainda haii atey iss noon aapne laee rakkhda haii] "birtantkar usne ring dee varton chori curran atey raazaan daa pataa lagaun laee keeti. uss dey aapne lock iss badkismat prani noon nafrat curran lagge atey uss noon golam kahinn lagge. uh ring duaara tasihe ditte atey chalaiaa giaa, uh hanere gufavan witch look giaa...atey ikk dungha pahaad, jitthe uh sadiaan takk riha. parr anguthi vee golam dee ungli toon khisak gaee. atey iss laee bilbo neey iss noon kuaare naal aapni yaatra dauran labhiaa. golmay chor! baig! chor! iss neey saadi keemati, saadi keemati cheez chori qarr laee!! saade janam dinn daa tohfa! chor! baig! aseen iss noon hamesha laee nafrat karde haan! aseen iss noon hamesha laee nafrat karde haan!!!! birtantkar ih bilbo baggins, shauk see, joe ring noon aapne gharr waps lae giaa. dahakiaan baad, gandalf jadugar aapne janam dinn dee party witch bilbo giaa. frodo "[jagda haii kii koee uss daa darwaza khadkaunda haii]" theek haii, theek haii. siraf ikk mint. "[darwaze daa jawab]" gandluff! gandlefa "[kamaan]" vadhaiaan, frodo. frodo gandluff, ih sachmuch tusin hoow! oh, ih bahut lamma samaan hoow giaa haii. gandaloff sataran saal, bilbo dey jaanh toon baad. tusin hamesha wang hii dikhai dinde hoow, frodo. frodo tusin buddhe laggde hoow, gandluff. gandaloff main ikk lambi yaatra utte giaa haan. frodo ih ring haii, haii naa? bilbo dee mazakia jaadu dee ring? jadon tusin iss baare gall karde hoow taan tusin hamesha iss tarahan dikhai dinde hoow. gandaloff bilbo dee mazakia ring? qee tusin adikh hoow? ih mainoon dio, frodo. frodo qee tusin ring dinde hoow? gandaloff siraf ikk pall laee. "[frodo neey uss noon ring ditti]" qee tusin iss utte koee nishan dekh sakde hoow? frodo koee naheen haii. ih asal witch ikk sadharan ring haii. gandaloff taan firr, dekho. "[anguthi noon changi thaan 'teey sutt dinda haii; darda haii]" udeek crow. qee tusin pahilan hii iss noon inna chahunde hoow? frodo naheen, parr...parr iss noon kiun barbad keeta? gandaloff kiunki ih puurii tarahan buraa haii. ih kise noon vee kharaab karega atey nasht qarr devega joe iss noon pahinada haii jadon takk uh mordor dey kaale maalak soron dee shakti heth parchhaven dee dunia witch naheen jaanda. frodo bilbo naheen! gandlefa "[frodo 'teey ank]" tusin uh hoow jiss cole hunn ring haii. "[ring noon waps frodo noon saunpada haii]" frodo ih haii...ih garam vee naheen haii. gandalfau naheen. ithon takk kii ikk ajgar dee agg vee uss ring noon nuksan naheen pahuncha sakadi. ashh najag darbaruluk. ashh najag gimbatul. unhan saariaan utte raaj curran laee ikk ring. uhanan noon labbhan laee ikk ring. unhan saariaan noon liaun laee ikk anguthi atey unhan noon hanere witch bnnh dio! "[raat noon bahr turde hoye, thande atey gandalf noon katt dio]" "thandea main chahunda haan kii ih merey samein witch naa howay. gandlefa main vee karda haan. dushman cole ajey vee ikk cheez dee ghaat haii joe usnoon taakat atey giaan deve; saare virodh noon todna atey saare deshan noon hanere witch dhakkna. uss cole ikk ring dee ghaat haii. frodo parr, parr shayed uh naheen janhda kii ih labhiaa giaa see. gandaloff uh janhda haii, frodo. golam neey aapni gufa chhadd keey khud ring daa pichha keeta atey kaale prabhu neey uss noon mordor witch fadd liaa. kaale prabhu noon pataa haii kii ih kihadi ring see joe golam noon millie atey usne iss noon dubara kiven guaa ditta. atey uss neey ant witch shobbots atey shire baare suniaa haii. atey uss cole sochan laee ikk naam vee haii. baggin daa naam. frodo golam dey caarn. oh, gandluff, main qee karaan? kinna afsos haii kii bilbo neey uss ghatiaa prani noon udon naheen maariaa jadon uss noon mauka miliaa see! gandlefa haan, afsos see. daiaa atey daiaa. atey hunn, dosto, faisla tuhade cole haii. tusin" ikk ring daa qee karoge? frodo main tuhanun ih devanga, gandluff! tusin budhiman atey shaktishali hoow. qee, tusin naheen karoge?.. gandlefa naheen! mainoon lubhao naa. main iss noon changa banauna chahunda haan atey iss dee varton naheen keeti jaa sakadi. dialu honn daa arth haii, main khud kaale prabhu jinna bhiaanak bann jawanga; mainoon lubhao naa! mainoon inni jaldi taakat dee zaroorat pavegi. frodoc taan firr, mainoon lagda haii, mainoon ring lainee chahidi haii atey iss dee raakhi curney chahidi haii atey main umeed karda haan kii main kitey ikalla jawanga. uh naheen karange...jey ring itthe naheen haii taan uh shire noon pareshan naheen karange. gandlefa merey piaare frodo, mainoon darr haii kii tusin sahee hoow. tuhanun jaa keey aapne pichhe baggin daa naam chaddna pavega. ih naam hunn surakhiat naheen haii. tuhada navaan yaatra naam hovega...sriman jee. hethan. gandalfau main tuhadi madad laee aaiaa haan, saruman chitta, musibat dey samein witch. naun videsh witch hunn, hanera nede aaa riha haii; kaale swaar! sarooman "[chaley jaande hoow]" taan firr tuhade cole merey laee sabh khabran hunn? gandaloff qee ih kaafi naheen haii? saaron ant witch agge vadh riha haii! sarooman aseen khud soran naal najith sakde haan, gandluff. tusin atey main, kise naa kise tarike naal. gandlefa ih qee gall haii? tusin qee kahi rahey hoow, sarman? sarooman ih saade laee chonh curran daa samaan haii. ikk navaan yugg saade utte haii, ikk naveen shakti ubbhar rahee haii. ajiha kujh vee naheen joe aadmi, jaan gunde, jaan jadugar iss dey virudh qarr sakde hunn. iss dey dushman puurii tarahan tabah hoow gaye hunn. parr uss dey dosat naheen hunn. gandaloff tusin kahi rahey hoow kii saanoon mordor naal judna chahida haii? uss naal? sarooman qee ih tuhanun naraz karda haii? ring kitthe haii, gandluff?! kaale swaar iss noon sharer witch kiun labhde hunn? qee tusin iss noon utthe lukaiaa haii? qee tusin iss dee bajaae kaale prabhu noon iss noon vekhoge?..jaan kaee rangan daa sarman?! "[ikk jadui shakti khetar witch gandalf noon bnd qarr dinda haii]" gandaloff tuhade vicchon kise cole vee ih naheen hovega. sarooman ikk tiji chonh haii. "[keedi dee jeebh dikhai dindi haii atey saruman noon uss dee laathi dindi haii]" ih udon takk itthe rahina haii jadon takk tusin mainoon naheen dassde kii anguthi kitthe mill sakadi haii. gandalfau saurman, jey tusin ajiha karde hoow, jey tusin mainoon itthe deree karde hoow, taan sauran noon zaroor mill javega. sarooman atey uh aapne change sevakan noon janega...atey uss dey dushman. "[hassde hoye]" gandalfau sarman! "[saurman huss keey chalaa jaanda haii]" sarman!!! sarman!!!! khush rahov aseen tuhade naal jaa rahey haan, frodo. frodo merey naal?! parr tusin kiven?..? "[saim vall vekhda haii]" saim?! parr tusin aapna bachan ditta! sammous uh pahilan hii bahut kujh janade sunn, shriman. frodo. marria saim neey saanoon ring baare naheen dassiaa, frodo. main bilbo noon jaanh toon pahilan ikk vaar iss dee varton karde vekhiaa see...secoville-baiginnan toon lukaun laee. atey uss toon baad, main atey pippin nazar rakkhde rahey atey aseen tuhade pichhe-pichhe turr paye, atey aseen harr jagha swal puchhe. pipinao atey aseen gandalf toon kujh cheezan noon vee kharaab qarr ditta. frodo atey tusin merrie jasusi keeti, atey saim neey tuhadi madad keeti. khush rahov atey aseen tuhadi jasusi keeti. sammous parr saada matlab tuhade naal koee galat naheen see, shriman. frodo! qee tuhanun yaad naheen haii shriman? gandalf neey kiha? uss neey kiha, "kise ajihe viakati noon lae laou jiss utte tusin bharosa qarr sakde hoow. frodo ajiha naheen lagda kii main kise utte bharosa qarr sakda haan. khush rahov ih sabh iss gall 'teey nirbhar karda haii kii tusin qee chahunde hoow. tusin saade utte bharosa qarr sakde hoow kii tusin motte atey patle toon kaude sire takk tuhade naal jude rahoge. parr tusin saade utte bharosa naheen qarr sakde kii tusin ikalle musibat daa sahmana curran dio, atey binan ikk shabad dey chaley jaao. aseen tuhade dosat haan, frodo. frodo "[huss keey muskaraunda haii]" tuhanun ashirvaad dio, tusin dhokhebaaz badmash! eragorn itthe atey revendale dey vichkaar lagbhag addhe raste witch vaidartop namak ikk pahadi haii. aseen kallh iss laee tiaar hovange. iss tarahan gandalf vee hovega...jey uh qarr sakda haii. sammous "[aragoran baare]" mainoon ajey vee naheen pataa kii aseen uss utte bharosa qarr sakde haan jaan naheen, shriman. frodo. aragoran main kiha kii tuhade cole koee chaara naheen haii, saim! "[saim flinch]" kiunki jey main aapne laee ring chahunda, taan main iss noon hunn lae sakda haan. "[aapni talwar noon garam karda haii atey iss noon havaa witch uccha karda haii]" meraa naam aragoran haii, arthoran daa puttar. jey main tuhanun jeevan jaan maut duaara bacha sakda haan, taan main karanga. gallbat.

da lard aaf da rings (1978 chalacchitram) jey.aar.aar. tolkiens da lard aaf da rings iti ralf bakhshee ityanena nirdeshitam, 1978 tame varshe nirmitam, jey. varyasya "da phehlowship aaf da ring" tathaa "da too towers" ityetayoho aadhaaren nirmitam, animated-kaalpanikachalacchitram asti.aar.aar. tolkin "iti. "[mushti-rekhaah]" iti kathakah bahubhyah poorvam, dwiteeyayuge praarambhikavarsheshu, mahantah elvan-smith ityete shaktisangrahaan nirmitavantah. nashvarapurushanam nava, bauna-prabhunam sapta, uccha-elf-rajanam trayah. parantu tatah krushnadevah anguranirmaanasy shilpam shikhe, sarvaan shaasayitum ekam anguram iti mukhya-anguram nirmitavaan. ekasyaah vruttasya madhyastham tasya eva, saha naa paraakramee bhavitum shaknoti. yadaa purushaanaam, kalpitapatnanam cha antimam kootam tasya shaktyaa adhah patitam, tadaa saha tasya veerataapoornam chaayaa naa avadat. samudrapaaratah paraakramaah rajanam rajakumaraha isildurah eva angulam gruheetavaan. kintu tasya naashah naa bhutva krushnasya prabhoho aatmaa jeevati sma, roopam punah praptva vardhate sma. parantu tasya angulyaah swakeeyah icchaa aasit, ekasmaat ekasmaat nistejasya maargah cha aasit, yena saha ante swaswaameem prati punah prapnuyat. tatra sahasravarshaparyantam aand-winn-ityasya mahanadyaha adhah valayam aasit. tasmin varsheshu krushnadevah purushaanaam krute nirmitaani nava-valayaani gruheetavaan, teshaam swaminam ringvraith-rupena parivartayat. tasya mahaan chhaayaah adhwantah bhayanakah chhaayaah, yah jagati bhramitah aasit...ekam vruttam anveshayati. kalantare, angulah prapta. ekasmin dine mitrau dwau mahanadyaha matsyam dharayan aasan. smegolh tatt dadaatu, devagol, mama priyah. degol-kimartham, smegol? smiyaagolh yatah adya mama janmadinah asti, mama priyah. tathaa aham icchaami! devagolah aham yathaabhawah taavat adhikam tava krute adadaami. aham etat praptavan, aham tatt sthapayishyami! smegolh oho?! vastutah bhavaan eva...mama prema?!?! "(saha swasya nagnahastaih degol-granthim agruhnaat, tam ganayitum cha maarayati. tatah saha anguram sveekrutya swaartham sthaapayati] "iti kathakah, saha ankuram choranartham, rahasyani dnyaatum cha upayujyate sma. tasya swajanaah durjanam mrugam nindayitum, tam golum iti aahvayitum cha aarabhant. saha dandena peeditah, chakrena chaalayitah cha, andhakaareshu guhaasu lapishtavaan...api cha ekaha gabheerah parwatah, yatra saha shatabdan yaavat avasat. parantu golam ityasya angulyaa api angushti patitaa. evam cha bilbo ityeshah kubjaihi saha yatram kurvan tatt praptavan. golamah choraha! chwyah! choraha! saha asmakam amoolyam, asmakam amoolyam cha apahrutyata.! asmakam janmadinasya upahaarah! choraha! chwyah! asmaabhih sarvadaa dwesham bhavati. asmaabhih sarvadaa dwesham bhavati.!!! kathakah-bilbo baggins iti haabit eva, yah ring iteedam swagruham shair-nagaram prati punah agruhnaat. dashakanam anantaram, gandalf-da-wizard-varyaha, swasya janmadinasya utsave bilbo-nagaram gatavaan. frodoho "[yah tasya dwaaram nakshacchati tatt prati jaagate]" iti, theekam. kevalam ekanimesham. "[dwaarasya uttaram dadaatu]" gandalf! gaandaalf "[dhanuhu]" abhivaadyam, frado. frodoho gandalf, vastutah tu eva! are, ete deerghah. gaandaalf saptadashavarshaani, bilboho gatah. tvam poorvavat eva drushyate, fraudo. fradoho bhavaan vruddhah drushyate, gandalf. gandalf-aham dirghayatram krutavaan. frodoho idam anguram asti, naa? bilbo ityasya hasyakrida-mantranaa? yadaa bhavaan tasya vishaye vadati tadaa sarvadaa tathaiva drushyate sma. gaandaalf bilbo ityasya hasyakrida? bhavantam adrushyam karoti vaa? tam dadaatu, frodo. fradoho tu anguram dadaatu? gaandaalf kevalam kshane eva. "[frado tam angulam hastam karoti]" iti tasya upari kimapi chihnam pashyasi vaa? frodoho naa kimapi asti. vastutah etat samanyam vruttam asti. gaandaalf tadaa pashyatu. "[anguleem agnitale visarjayati; frado panic]" iti prateekshate. kim bhavaan poorvamev etaavat icchati? frodoho naa, parantu...parantu kimartham tasya vinaashah bhavati? gandalf-yatah saha sarvathaa dushtah asti. yah kashchit tam dharati sa yaavat naradevasya andhakaarasy prabhoho soron ityasya shaktyaa chaayaa-jagatam naa pravishati taavat saha bhrashtam naa cha karishyati. fradoho naa bilbo! gandalf-"[frodo-ityatra binduhu]" iti bhavatah sameepe eva idaaneem angulihi asti. "[anguleem punah frado-krute hastam karotu]" iti fradoho...ushnam api naasti. gaandaalf naa. dragon ityasya agnihi api tasya valayasya haanim naa kartum shaknoti. asha-naj-darbaatuluk iti. asha-naj-gumbatul iti. teshaam sarvaan shaasayitum ekam valayam. taan anveshtum ekam ring. ekamudraa sarvaan aanayitum, andhakaare taan bandhayitum cha. "[sheetam tathaa gandalf ityetayoho krute karshitam, raatrau bahihi gacchatah]" himah-mama samaye naa bhavet iti icchaami. gaandaalf api aham. shatroho adyaapi ekam dravyam naasti yat tena shakttim gyaanam cha pradadaati-sarvam pratirodham vicchinnam sarvam desham andhakaare aacchaadayet. tasya ekam ring naasti. frodoho parantu, parantu saha naa jaanaati yat tatt praaptam iti. gaandaalf saha jaanaati, frodo. golum ityeshah swasya guhayaha bahihi swamudraa-anugantum prasthitavaan, tathaa krushnadevah tam mordor-madhye gruheetah. krushnadevah jaanaati yat golam ityasya kim vartulam aasit, katham punah nashtah abhavat iti. ante saha habits ityasya, shair ityasya cha vishaye shrutavaan. tasya chintayitum naam api asti. baggins ityasya naam. fradoho golam ityasya karanat. hey gandalf, aham kim karishyaami? bilbo yadaa avasaram avaapnot tadaa tam neecham pranim naa marayat iti kim duhu kham! gaandaalf-haam, khedah aasit. dayaa cha. idaaneem, hey bhagavat, nirnayah bhavatah eva asti. bhavaan" ekaa vartulam kim karishyati? frodoho aham tam bhavantam dadaami, gandalf! tvam buddhimaanah, shaktivaan cha. kim, naa vaa?.. gaandaalf naa! maa pralobhaneeyah maa. aham tatt uttamm kartum icchaami, tathaa cha tatt upayoktum naa shaknomi. dayaamayi iti arthena, aham krushnasya prabhoho iva bheetah bhavitvem; maam naa pralobhayatu! etaavat sheeghram mahyam shaktteh aavashyakataa bhavishyati. frodoho tadaa, aham kalpayaami, aham anguram sveekrutya rakshaami, tathaa cha kutrachit ekaakitvam gantum aasam. te naa karishyanti...yadi angurah atra naasti tarhi te shair-nagaram naa baadhanti. gaandaalf mama priyah frado, aham bhavantam samyak vadaami iti bheetah. bhavantah gatvaa baggins ityasya naamaani upekshayantu. idam naam idaaneem surakshitam naasti. bhavatah nootanam yatranama bhavishyati...shree. adhobhaagah. gandalf-hey shwetah sarooman, kashtakaale bhavatah sahayartham aagatah. nava videsheshu santi, andhakaarah aagacchati; krushna-savaarah! sarooman-"[nagatah]" tarhi kim bhavatah sameepe mama krute sarvaani vaartaah santi? gaandaalf evameva paryaaptam naasti vaa? antatah sauron-nagaram gatim karoti! sarooman-vayam svayameva saran ityetam parihartum shaknumah, gandalf. tvam, aham cha, ekena vaa anyena vaa. gaandaalf kim bhashanam bhavati? kim vadati, sarooman? sarooman-asmakam chayanasy samayah asti. nootanam yugam asmakam upari asti, nootanam shakttim udayate. purushaihi, kalpitavastoobhih, mantravaadinah vaa yat kimapi kartum naa shaknoti tatt tasya viruddham naa phalayati. tasya shatravah sarvathaa danditaah santi. parantu tasya mitraani naa santi. gandalf-kim tvam vadasi yat vayam morder ityanena saha saha saha militavyam? tena saha? sarooman-kim tatt bhavatah asantushtam bhavati? angurah kutra asti, gandalf?! krushnavarneeya-savaarah shair-nagare kimartham anvishyanti? tatra guptam krutavaan vaa? krushnadevasya tatt asti iti bhavaan pashyati vaa?..athavaa bahwyah varnaah sarooman?! "[gandalf-ityetam mantravaadakshetre poodhayati]" gandalf-bhavatah madhye naa jaayate. sarooman-truteeyah vikalpah asti. "[krumibhasha drushyate, sarooman ityasya dandam hastam karoti]" yaavat bhavaan tam angulam kutra praapsyati iti naa vadati taavat atra eva tishtatu. gaandaalf saurman, yadi bhavaan etat karoti, yadi mahyam atra vilambayati tarhi sauron avashyam tatt praapsyati. sarooman-saha swasudhaaram sevakam jaanaati...tasya shatravah cha. "[hashaa]" gaandaalf sarooman! "[saurman husson vilambayati]" saraman!!! saraman!!!! aanandah-vayam bhavatah saha gamishyaamah, fredo. frodoho mama saha?! parantu katham bhavantah?..? "[saamam pashyati]" saama?! parantu tvam vachanam adadat. saamah te poorvamev bahu jaananti sma, mahodaya. frudo. mereeh saamah, fredo, angulasya vishaye naa avadat. bilbo-varyaha gantum poorvam ekavaaram tasya upayogam mayaa drushtam...suck-villa-baggins-taha lukoho. tatah param pippin tathaa aham nirikshanam kurwantah bhavatah pashchaadawartitawantah, sarvatra prashnaan prushtavantah. pippin-api cha vayam gandalf-ityasya katipayaani vastooni krushakrutyaama. frodoho, tvam mama upari goodacharyam akarot, saamah yushmapi sahayyam krutavaan. aanandah, vayam bhavatah goodacharyaam akurvan. saamah parantu vayam bhavatah prati naa dosham manyaamah, mahodaya. frodo! kim smaryate vaa shree? gandalf avadat? yah bhavantah vishvasayitum shaknuvanti tam sweekarotu, saha avadat. frodoho aham kasyaapi vishvasayitum naa shaknomi iti bhaasate. aanandah-sarvam bhavatah icchaayaah aadhaaren bhavati. sthoolam, ksheenam cha tikttam paryantam bhavatah prati baddhum bhavaan asmaabhih vishvasayitum shaknoti. parantu bhavaan asmaabhih saha vishvasitum naa shaknoti yena bhavaan ekaki samasyam sammukheekarotu, ekashabdam vinaa cha gacchatu. vayam bhavatah mitraani, fredo. frodoho "[haasyam saha smass]" hey vanchakaah dushtaah, bhavantam aasheervadatu! araagorn-atra tathaa revendel-ityasya madhyabhaage vedar-top iti parwatah asti. shwah vayam tasya krute nirmayamaha. api cha gandalf bhavishyati...yadi shaknoti. saamah "[araagorn vishaye]" aham adyaapi naa jaanaami yat vayam tam vishvasitum shaknumah vaa, shree. frudo. aragorn-aham vadaami yat bhavatah sameepe vikalpah naasti, saama! "[syaam flinchs]" yatah yadi aham swaartham anguram icchaami tarhi idaaneem praaptum shaknomi. "(swa khadgam utvaaram krutvaa akasham prati utthaapayati)" mama naam aragorn iti, arathorn ityasya putrah. yadi jeevanam vaa mrutyum vaa aham yushmaham rakshayitum shaknomi tarhi aham karishyaami. samvaadaha.

thii lard off thii rings (1978 thiraippadam) jay.aarr.aarr. tolkian thii lard off thii rings 1978 aam aandu ralf paksi iyakkiya animation karpanai thiraippatamaagum, idhu jay. yinn "thii fellowship off thii ring" mattrum "thii duu dovers" aagiyavattrai adippadaiyaagak kondadhu.aarr.aarr. tolkian ". "[mushti koadugal] kadhai solbower neenda kaalaththirku munbu, irandaam yugaththin aaramba aandugalil, periya elven-smittugal athikaara valaiyangkalai uruvaakkinar. onbathu paer marana aangalukkum, aezhu paer kulla iraivangkalukkum, moontru paer uyaramaana eenf mannargalukkum. aanaal pinnar, irunda aandavar moathiram thayaarikkum kaivinaiyaik kattruk kondu, maastar moathiraththai uruvaakkinaar, avai anaiththaiyum aatchi seiya oray moathiram. oru valaiyaththudan, naduththara bhoomi avanudaiyathu, avarai vella mudiyaathu. aangal mattrum elvesin kadaisi koottani avarathu athikaaraththirkuk keezhae vilunththathaal, avar nazhuviya veera nizhalai kavanikkavillai. kadalukku appaal irunththa valimaiyana mannargalil ilavarasar isildur thaan moathiraththai eduththaar. aanaal avar adhai azhikkaathathaal, irunda aandavarin aavi vaalnththathu, maelum vadivam pettru meendum valarath thodangiyathu. aanaal moathiraththirku adhan sontha viruppamum, oru kaiyilirunthu nazhuvuvatharkaana oru vazhiyum irunththathu, adhu iruthiyaaka adhan ejamaanaridam thirumbum vagaiyil mattroru kaiyal kandupidikkappattathu. angku, moathiram aayirakkanakkaana aandugalaaka periya aanduyin aattrin adivaaraththil kidanthathu. antha aandugalil, irunda aandavar aangalukkaaga seiyappatta onbathu moathirangkalaik kaippattri, avattrin urimaiyaalargalai valaiyangkalaaka maatrinaar. payankaramaana nizhalgal, avarathu periya nizhalin keezh, avar ulagai suttrith trinthaar...oray moathiraththaith thaedugiraargal. kaalappoakkil, moathiram kandupidikkappattathu. oru naall irandu nanbarkal periya aattril meenpidiththuk kondirunthanar. smagol adhai engkalukkuk kodungal, techol, enn anbe. techol aen, smigol? smigol aenentraal idhu enn pirantha naall, enn anbe. naan adhai virumbukiraen! techol ennaal mudinthathai vida naan aerkanavae ungkalukku athigamaaga koduththullaen. naan idhaik kandupidiththen, naan adhai vaiththirukkap poakiraen! smigol ooo?! neengkal, unmaiyil...enn kathala?!?! "[verungkaikalaal kazhuththil tegolai pidiththu kaluththai neritthu kondruvidugiraar. pinnar avar moathiraththai eduththu thanakkaaga vaiththirukiraar] "kadhai solbower avar moathiraththai thiruduvatharkum, ragasiyangkalaik kandupidippadharkum payanpaduththinaar. avarathu sontha makkal antha moasamaana uyirinathai verukkath thodangkinar, avarai koalam endru alaikkath thodangkinar. moathiraththaal siththiravathai seiyappattu, unthappattu, irunda kugaigalil olinthu kondaar...oru aalamaana malai, angku avar pala noottraandugalaaga irunthaar. aanaal moathiramum kollamin viralil irunthu nazhuviyathu. enavae bilbo kullargaludanaana thanathu payanangkalin poathu athaik kandupiditthaar. golam thirudan! pakkettukalai! thirudan! adhu namathu vilaimathippattra, namathu vilaimathippattravattraith thirudich sentrathu!! engkal piranthanaal parisu! thirudan! pakkettukalai! naam adhai endrendrum verukkiroam! naam adhai endrendrum verukkiroam!!!! kadhai solbower bilbo backins, pozhuthupoakku, moathiraththai thanathu veettilulla shaiyarukku eduththuch sentraar. pala thasaapthankalukkup piragu, mandhiravaathi cantolph pilpoavin piranthanaal virunththil sentraar. frodo "[yarro kadhavaith thattuvathaik kettu vizhiththuk kolgiraar]" paravaayillai, paravaayillai. oru nimidam. "[kadhavukku pathilalikkiraar]" contalf! kandalf "[will]" vanakkam, frodo. frodo cantolph, adhu unmaiyil nee thaan! ooo, ivvalavu kaalam aakivittathu. kandalf pathinaezhu aandugal, bilbo veliyaeriyathilirunthu. neengkal eppoathum poalavae irukkireerkal, frodo. frodo neengkal vayathaanavaraagath therikireerkal, contalf. kandalf naan oru neenda payanaththil irunththaen. frodo adhu moathiram, illaiyaa? pilpoavin vaedikkaiyaana mandhira moathiram? neengkal athaip pattri paesumpoathu eppoathum appadip paarppeerkal. kandalf pilpoavin vaedikkaiyaana moathiram? ungkalai kannukkuth theriyaathavaraaga aakkukireerkalaa? adhai enakkuk kodungal, frodo. frode moathiraththaik koduppeerkalaa? kandalf oru kanam mattumae. "[frodo moathiraththai avaridam kaiyalikkiraar]" athil aethaenum adaiyaalangkal ullathaa? frode illai. idhu migavum eliya moathiram, unmaiyil. kandalf surry, paarr. "[moathiraththai neruppil veesukirathu; frodo peethi]" kaaththirunggal. neengkal aerkanavae adhai migavum virumbukireerkalaa? frodo illai, aanaal...aanaal adhai aen alikka vaendum? kandalf aenentraal adhu muttrilum theeyathu. adhu adhai anintha evarum morterine irunda aandavaraana saron athikaaraththin keezh nizhalgalin ulagirkul sellum varai sithaiththu azhiththuvidum. frodo bilbo alla! kandalf "[frodovil pulligal]" ippoathu moathiraththai vaiththiruppathu neengkalthaan. "[moathiraththai frodovuku thiruppik kodungal]" frodo adhu...adhu soodaaga kooda illai. kandalf illai. oru tragon neruppu kooda antha moathiraththirku theengku vilaivikkaathu. aash nask dharbaduluk. aash nask kimbadul. avarkal anaivaraiyum aala oru moathiram. avarkalaik kandupidikka oru moathiram. avarkal anaivaraiyum alaiththu vara oru moathiram, iruttil avarkalai pinaikka! "[uraipani mattrum contalf varai vettappattathu, iravu neraththil veliyae nadanthu selvathu]" frodo idhu enn neraththil nadakka vaendiyathillai endru naan virumbukiraen. kandalf naanum appaditthaan. ethiri innum avarukku palaththaiyum arivaiyum kodukka oru vishayam illai; anaitthu ethirppaiyum udaiththu anaitthu nilangkalaiyum irulil mooduvathu. avarukku oru moathiram illai. frodo aanaal, adhu kandupidikkappattathu avarukkuth theriyaathu. kandalf avarukkuth theriyum, frodo. kollam thanathu kugaiyai vittu moathiraththaip pinthodarach sentraar, irunda aandavar avarai mortoril pidiththaar. antha irunda aandavarukku adhu enna moathiram endru theriyum, adhu eppadi meendum ilanththathu endru theriyum. avar iruthiyaaka pozhuthupoakkugal mattrum shair pattri kelvippattullaar. avar sinthikka oru peyar kooda ullathu. paakkinkalin peyar. frodo koalam kaaranamaaga. ooo, kandalph, naan enna seivathu? bilbo thanakku vaaippu kidaiththapoathu antha moasamaana uyirinatthaik kollavillai enbathu evvalavu varuththamaaga irukkirathu! kandalf aam, adhu varuththamaaga irunththathu. irakkamum irakkamum. ippoathu, frodo, mudivu ungkalidam ullathu. oru moathiraththai "neengkal" enna seiveerkal? frodo naan adhai ungkalidam tharukiraen, contalf! neengkal buddhisali mattrum sakthivaainthavar. enna, neengkal seiya maatteerkal... kandalf illai! ennaith thoonda vaendaam. naan adhai nandraaga maattra virumbukiraen, adhai avvaaru payanpaduththa mudiyaathu. karunai kaatta vaendum endraal, naan irunda aandavaraip poalavae payankaramaanavanaaga maaruvaen; ennai soathikka vaendaam! ivvalavu viraivil enakku aththagaiya valimai thaevaippadum. frodo appadiyaanaal, naan moathiraththai eduththu athaip paathukaakka vaendum, naan thaniyaaga engkaavathu sella nambukiraen. avarkal seiya maattaargal...moathiram ingkae illaiyendraal avarkal sherai thontharavu seiya maattaargal. kandalf enn anbaana frodo, neengkal solvathu saridhaan endru naan payappadugiraen. neengkal sendru backjingalin peyarai ungkalukku pinnaal vittuvida vaendum. anthap peyar inii paathukaappaanathu alla. ungkal puthiya payanap peyar irukkum...thiru. adivaaram. kandalf vellaiyaraana sarumane, ikkattaana kaalangalil naan ungkal uthavikku vanththullaen. onbathu paer velinaadugalil ullanar, irul nerungkukirathu; karuppu raidarkal! saruman "[vilagich selkireerkal]" appadiyaanaal, ungkalaal enakku kidaittha seithi avvalavudhaanaa? kandalf adhu poathaathu? iruthiyil savuran nagarkirathu! saruman naam saronai naamae samaalikka mudiyum, kandalph. neengkalum naanum, oru vazhiyil allathu mattroru vazhiyil. kandalf idhu enna paechchu? enna solkireerkal, saruman? saruman naam thaervu seiya vaendiya neram idhu. oru puthiya sagaaptham namm meethu ullathu; oru puthiya sakthi uyarnththu varukirathu. aangal, allathu pisaasugal, allathu manthiravaathikal seiyakkoodiya ethuvum adharku ethiraaga payanalikkaathu. adhan ethirigal muttrilum azhikkappattullanar. aanaal avarathu nanbarkal appadi illai. kandalf naangkal moardarudan saera vaendum endru neengkal koorukireerkalaa? avarudan? saruman adhu ungkalukkuk gopaththai undaakkukirathu? moathiram engkae, kandalph?! karuppina riders aen adhai shiyeril thaedugiraargal? adhai angkaeyae maraiththuvitteerkalaa? neengkal irunda aandavar adhai vaiththiruppathai paarkka virumbukireerkalaa?..allathu pala vannangkalin sarumana?! "[oru mandhira sakthi pulaththil kandalph poottukirathu]" kandalf ungkalil iruvaridamum adhu irukkaathu. saruman moontraavathu vazhi ullathu. "[puzhuthi thoandrugirathu mattrum saruman kilayai kaiyalikkirathu]" moathiram engkae kidaikkum endru neengkal sollum varai ingkaeyae irukka vaendum. kandalf sourman, neengkal idhaich seithaal, neengkal ennai ingkae thaamathappaduththinaal, savuran nichchayamaaga athaip peruvaar. saruman appozhudhu avar thanathu nalla oozhiyargalai arivaar...mattrum avarathu ethirigal. "[sirikkiraar]" kandalf saruman! "[savuraman siriththuch selkiraar]" saruman!!! saruman!!!! mahizhchchiyaagah naangkal ungkaludan selkiroam, frodo. frodo ennudan?! aanaal eppadi?..? "[saamiyaip paarkkiraar]" saam?! aanaal neengkal ungkal vaarthaiyaik koduththeerkal! saam avarkalukku aerkanavae niraiya theriyum, thiru. frodo. mahizhchchiyaagah moathiraththaip pattri saam engkalidam sollavillai, frodo. bilbo selvatharku munbu oru murai athaip payanpaduththiyathai naan parthen...sackville-pettikalilirunthu maraikka. athanpiragu, pippinum naanum thodarnthu thedinoam, naangkal ungkalaip pinthoadarnthoam, ellah idangkalilum kaelvigalaik catom. pippin maelum naam contalf irunthu sila vishayangkalai kooda puzhungkach seithom. frodo neengkal ennai ulavu paarththeerkal, saam ungkalukku udhavinaar. magizhchchiyaaga irungkal naangkal ungkalai ulavu parthom. saam aanaal naangkal ungkalukku endha thavarum seiyavillai, thiru. frodoo! enna mister endru ungkalukku ninaivil illaiyaa? kandalph sonnara? neengkal nambakoodiya oruvarai alaiththuch sellungal, entraar avar. frode naan yaaraiyum namba mudiyaathu endru thoandrugirathu. magizhchchiyaaga irungkal idhu anaiththum neengkal ethai virumbukireerkal enbathaip poruththathu. kasappaana munai varai thadimanaana mattrum melliya vazhiyaaga ungkaludan ottikkolvathaaka neengkal nambalaam. aanaal neengkal thaniyaaga sikkalai ethirkolla anumathikkum engkalaith namba mudiyaathu, oru vaarththaiyum paesaamal veliyae sellungal. naangkal ungkal nanbarkal, frodo. frodo "[sirippudan punnagai]" ungkalai aaseervathippeeraaga, aemaattrum murattuththanamaanavargalae! aragorn ingku mattrum reventel idaiyae paathiyilaeyae wethertop endru azhaikkappadum oru malai ullathu. naalai athaich seivoam. adebol contalf seiyum...avaraal mudinthaal. saam "[aragornaip pattri]" avarai namba mudiyumaa endru enakku innum theriyavillai, thiru. frodo. aragorn ungkalukku vaeru vazhiyillai endru sonnaen, saam! "[saam flinchs]" aenentraal enakku moathiram thevaippattaal, naan adhai ippoathu vaiththiruka mudiyum. "[thann vaalai avizhththu, adhai vaanil aetrtrukiraan]" "enn peyar aragorn, arathorn magan". uyiraalum maranaththaalum naan unnaik kaappaattra mudinthaal, naan seivaen. uraiyaadal.

dhi lard off dhi rings (1978 chitram) J.aarr.aarr. tolkiens dhi lard off dhi rings anedi 1978loe ralf bakshi darsakatvam vahinchina animated fontasy chitram, idhi zhe. raasina "dhi phelowship off dhi ring" mariyu "dhi too towers" aadhaaramgaa roopondinchabadindi.aarr.aarr. tolkien ". "[mushti panktulu]" kathakuduh chaalaa kaalam kritam, rendava yugam prarambha samvatsaraallo, goppa elven-smiths nakilee shakti valayalu. nashwara purushulaku tommidi, marugujju prabhuvulaku edu, podavaina elph rajulaku moodu. conny appudu, cheekati prabhuvu ungaraala tayari naipunyaanni neerchukuni, vaatini annintinee paripaalinche oke ungaramaina master ungaraanni tayaaru chesaadu. oka ungaramtho, madhya-bhoomi atanidi, mariyu atanni adhigaminchalemu. purushulu mariyu dayyaala chivari kootami athani adhikaaramlo padipovadamtho, athanu jaaripoyina veerochita needanu gamaninchaledu. samudram meedugaa vacchina saktivantamaina raajula yuvaraju isildur aaa ungaraanni teesukunnadu. conny athanu daanini naasanam cheyananduna, cheekati prabhuvu aatma jeevinchi, aakaram teesukoni mallii peragadam praarambhinchindi. conny ungaraaniki daani swantha sankalpam undhi, mariyu oka chethi nundi jaarukune maargam maroka chetiki dorukutundi, tadwara adhi chivaraku daani yajamani vaddaku tirigi raavacchu. akkada, vaelaadi samvatsaraala paatu aaa ring goppa nadhi andun diguvana undhi. aaa samvatsaraallo, cheekati prabhuvu purushula kosam tayaaru chesina tommidi ungaraalanu swaadheenam chesukuni vaati yajamaanulanu ungaraalugaa marchadu. bhayankaramaina needalu, thana goppa needa kinda, athanu prapanchaanni chuttumuttadu...oka ungaraanni vetukutondi. kalakramena, ungaraanni kanugonnaru. okaroju iddaru snehitulu aaa goppa nadiloe chepalu pattaru. smegol maaku adhi ivvandi, degol, naa prema. degol enduku, smegol? smegol endukante idhi naa puttinaroju, naa prema. mariyu neenu daanini korukuntunnanu! degol neenu ippatike meeku bharinchagaligina daanikante ekkuva icchaanu. neenu deenni kanugonnanu, neenu daanini unchukoobootunnaanu! smiegol oh?! nijamgaa meeru...naa prema?!?! "[thana chetulato medanu pattukuni gonthu nulimi champestaadu. aaa taruvaata athanu ungaraanni teesukoni thana kosam unchukuntaadu] "anie kathakuduh athanu ungaraanni dongatanam cheyadaaniki, rahasyalanu telusukovadaaniki upayoginchaadu. athani sonta prajalu aaa durbharamaina jeevini truneekarinchadam, atanni gollam anie pilavadam praarambhinchaaru. ungaramtho himsimchabadi, naduputuu, cheekati guhalalo daakkunnaadu...mariyu oka lothaina parvatam, akkada athanu satabdaalugaa unnadu. conny ungaramu kooda gollam vaeli nundi jaaripoyindi. anduvallane bilbo kullaritho thana prayaanaala samayamlo daanini kanugonnadu. gollam donga! bags! donga! adhi mana viluvaina, mana viluvaina vastuvulanu dongilinchindi!! maa puttinaroju bahumati! donga! bags! memu daanini eppatikee dveshistaamu! memu daanini eppatikee dveshistaamu!!!! kathakuduh bilbo baggins, habit, ungaraanni thana intiki tirigi teesukellaadu. dasaabdaala taruvaata, maantrikudu gandalf thana puttinaroju paarteelo bilbonu sandarsinchaadu. frodo "[evaro thana talupu tattadam chuusi melkontadu]" sarae, sarae. kevalam oka nimisham. "[talupu samadhanam]" gandalf! gandaf "[villu]" abhinandanalu, frodo. frodo gandaf, idhi nijamgaa meeru! oh, idhi chaalaa kaalam. gandalf bilbo vellipoyinappati nundi padihedu samvatsaraalu. meeru eppatilaage kanipistaaru, frodo. frodo meeru peddavarila kanipistaaru, gandaf. gandalph neenu sudeergha prayaanamloo unnaanu. frodo idhi ungarame, kaadaa? bilbo yokka funny magic ring? meeru daani gurinchi matladetappudu ellappuduu alaane kanipistaaru. gandalph bilbo yokka funny ungarama? mimmalni adrushyam chestara? naaku ivvandi, frodo. frodo ungaraanni ivvava? gandalph okka kshanam matrame. "[frodo ataniki ungaraanni istaadu]" meeru daanipai evaina gurtulu chustunnara? frodo evaruu laeru. idhi nijamgaa chaalaa saadaa ungaramu. gandalph sarae, chudandi. "[ungaraanni poyyilo visurutaadu; bhayamtho ubbutaadu]" vechi undandi. meeru ippatike chaalaa korukuntunnara? frodo ledhu, conny...conny daanni enduku naasanam cheyali? gandalf endukante idhi puurtigaa cheddadi. adhi mordor yokka cheekati prabhuvaina saaran yokka shakti krinda needa prapanchamloki pravesinche varaku daanini dharinche evarinainaa bhrashtupattistundi mariyu naasanam chestundi. frodo bilbo kaadu! gandalf "[frodolo paayintlu]" ippudu ungaraanni kaligi unnadi meere. "[ungaraanni tirigi frodoku appaginchandi]" frodo adhi...adhi kooda vaedigaa ledhu. gandalph ledhu. oka dragon agni kooda aaa ungaraaniki haani cheyadu. aash nazg darbatuluk. aash nazg gimbatul. vaarandarinii paripaalinchadaaniki oka ungaramu. vaatini kanugonadaaniki oka ungaramu. vaarandarinii teesukuraavadaaniki oka ungaraanni cheekatilo bandhinchandi! "[manchu mariyu gongali puruguku kattirinchi, raatri samayamlo bayata nadavadam]" "manchuh idhi naa samayamlo jaragakudadani neenu korukuntunnanu. gandalph neenu kooda. satruvuku inca balam mariyu ghnaanam ivvadaaniki oka vishayam ledhu; anni pratighatanalanu vichchinnam chesi, anni bhoomulanu cheekatilo kappadam. ataniki oka ungaramu ledhu. frodo conny, conny adhi kanugonabadindani ataniki teliyakapovacchu. gandalph ataniki telusu, frodo. gollam thana guhanu vadili ungaraanni anusarinchaadu mariyu cheekati prabhuvu atanni mordorlo pattukunnadu. gollam kanugonna ungaramu emito, daanini mallee elaa kolpoyado cheekati prabhuvuku telusu. mariyu athanu chivaraku habits gurinchi mariyu shair gurinchi vinnadu. mariyu athanu aalochinchadaaniki oka paeru kooda undhi. baggins paerlu. frodo gollam kaaranamgaa. oh, gandalf, neenu emi cheyali? bilbo avakaasam vachinappudu aaa neechamaina jeevini champakapovadam entha badhakaram! gandalph avunu, adhi jaaliga undhi. daya mariyu daya. ippudu, frodo, nirnayam meedhe. oka ungaramtho "meeru" emi chestaaru? frodo neenu meeku istaanu, gandalf! meeru telivainavaaru mariyu saktivantamainavaaru. emi, meeru kaadu... gandalph ledhu! nannu pralobhapettavaddu. neenu daanini manchigaa marchalanukuntunnanu mariyu daanini alaa upayoginchalemu. dayagalavadani ardham, neenu cheekati prabhuvu vale bhayamkaramgaa maarutaanu; nannu pralobhapettavaddu! naaku intha twaragaa alanti balam avasaram avutundi. frodo appudu, neenu ungaraanni teesukoni daanini kaapaadaalani anukuntunnanu mariyu neenu ontarigaa ekkado vellaalani aasistunnaanu. vaaru cheyaru...ungaramu ikkada lekapothe vaaru shirenu ibbandi pettaru. gandalf naa priyamaina frodo, meeru cheppindi nijame anie neenu bhayapadutunnanu. meeru velli byaginla paerunu mea venuka vadiliveyaali. aaa paeru ika surakshitam kaadu. mea kotta prayaana paeru untundi...mister. kindaki. gandalph saruman, tellavaadini, kashtakaalamlo neenu nee sahayam kosam vacchaanu. tommidi mandhi videshaalalo unnaaru, cheekati sameepistondi; nalla raidarlu! sarooman "[vellipotaadu]" antey, naa kosam mea vadda unna vaartalannii antena? gandalph adhi saripoda? chivariki sauran kadulutondi! sarooman manam saran thoo vyavaharinchavacchu, gandalph. meeru mariyu neenu, oka vidhamgaa ledhaa maroka vidhamgaa. gandalph idhi emiti? meeru emi cheptunnaru, saroon? sarooman idhi manam enchukune samayam. oka kotta yugam manapai undhi; oka kotta shakti perugutondi. purushulu, ledhaa dayyaalu ledhaa maantrikudu cheyagaligedi aemee daaniki vyatiraekamgaa prayojanam pondadu. daani satruvulu puurtigaa nasinchipooyaaru. conny athani snehitulu alaa kaadu. gandalph meeru memu mordertho cheraalani cheptunnara? athanitho? sarooman adhi meeku asantrupti kaligistundaa? ungaramu ekkada undhi, gandalph?! nallajati raidarlu daani kosam shair loe enduku vetukutaaru? meeru daanini akkada dachipettara? meeru cheekati prabhuvu daanini kaligi undadaanni chustara?..ledhaa aneka rangula saroon?! "[oka maantrika shakti kshetramlo gandalfnu taalam vestundi]" gandalf meelo evarikee adhi undadu. sarooman moodo empika undhi. "[purugu bhasha kanipistundi mariyu saruman thana karranu istundi]" ungaraanni ekkada dorukutundo meeru cheppe varaku ikkade undaali. gandalph sourman, meeru ilaa chesthe, meeru nannu ikkada alasyam chesthe, sauron khachitamgaa daanni pondutaaru. sarooman appudu athanu thana manchi sevakulanu telusukuntaadu...mariyu athani satruvulu. "[navvutuu]" gandalph saroon! "[sourman navvutuu vellipotaadu]" saruman!!! sarayoon!!!! santoshinchandih memu meetho veltunnam, frodo. frodo naatho?! conny elaa...? "[saam vaipu chustadu]" saam?! conny meeru mea maata icchaaru! saamh vaariki appatike chaalaa telusu, mister. frodo. merrie saam ungaramu gurinchi maaku cheppaledu, frodo. bilbo vellipoye mundu okasari daanni upayoginchadam chushanu...sackville-bagginses nundi daachadaaniki. aaa taruvaata, pippin mariyu neenu vetukutuu undipoyamu mariyu memu mimmalni anusarinchaamu, mariyu memu pratichota prasnalu adigamu. pippin mariyu memu gandalf nundi konni vastuvulanu kooda purugu teesaamu. frodo mariyu meeru napai goodacharyam chesaru, mariyu saam meeku sahayam chesaadu. santoshinchandih mariyu memu meepai goodacharyam chesaamu. saamh conny memu meeku tappu cheyalanukoledu, mister. frudo! meeku gurtunda mister. gandalph annadu? meeru nammagalige vyaktini teesukondi "anie ayana annaru. frodo neenu evarinee nammalenatlu anipistondi. santoshinchandih idantaa meeku emi kavalo daanipai aadharapadi untundi. meeru mammalni mandapati mariyu sannani nundi chedhu mugimpu varaku meeku kattubadi untaarani vishwasinchavachhu. conny meeru ontarigaa ibbandulanu edurkoni, okka maata kooda matladakunda vellipovadaaniki mammalni nammaleru. memu mea snehitulam, frodo. frodo "[navvutuu navvutuu]" mosapurita dushtullara, mimmalni aasiirvadimchamdi! aragorn ikkada mariyu revendel madhya sagam dhooramlo vedar top anae konda undhi. repu daanni tayaaru chestam. alaage gandaf avutundi...veelaithe. saamh "[aragorn gurinchi]" memu atanni nammagalamo ledho naaku inca teliyadu, mister. frodo. aragorn meeku vaerae maargam ledani neenu cheppanu, saam! "[saam flinches]" endukante naaku ungaraanni kavalante, neenu daanini ippudu kaligi undagalanu. "[thana kattini vaedi chesi gaaliloki laeputuu]" naa paeru aragorn, arathorn kumarudu. jeevitam ledhaa maranam dwara neenu ninnu rakshinchagaligite, neenu chestaanu. sambhaashana.

dee laard aaf dee rangz (1978 kii film) jay.aar.aar. tolkeenz dee laard aaf dee rangz 1978 kii eek animated fentsy film hay jiss kii hidayat kaaree raalif bakshi nay kii hay aur yaha jay kii "dee felowship aaf dee rung" aur "dee tuu towers" parr mubni hay.aar.aar. tokal. "[mithee kii lakirein]" rawi: behat pehley dosray door kay ibtadayi saalon mein azeem alween asmath nay taaqat kay angothay banaye thay. noow ansaan kay liyay saat bonay maalkaan kay liyay teen lambay ailf baadshahon kay liye. leakin pahar seeyah faam maalik nay angothi bananay kaa hunner seekha aur maaster angothi banayi juu inn sabb parr hukumat karnay kay liye eek angothi thee. eek angothi kay saath darmiyani zameen iss kii hay aur iss parr qaabu nahein paaya jaa saktaa. jeesay hyee mardon aur alwon kaa aakhri itehad iss kay iqtedar mein aagiya iss nay iss bahadari kay saaye kuu nahein dekha juu phisal gayaa. yaha shahzadah aseeldoor thaa juu samandar kay paar say aaney waalay taqatwar baadshahon mein say thaa jiss nay angothi lee. leakin iss nay asay tabaah naha kiyaa iss liye tareek rabb kii rooh zindah rahee aur shakal akhtiyar karnay lagee aur dobarah badhnay lagee. leakin angothi kii apnee eek marzi thee aur eek haath say phisalnay kaa eek tariqah thaa jasay dosray haath say talaash kiyaa jaa sakay taakah aakhir kaar wah apnay maalik kay paas waps aaske. aur wahaan angothi hazaaron saalon takk azeem daryaa andoon kay nichley hasay mein padee rahee. inn saalon kay doraan tareek maalik nay mardon kay liye banaye gayey noow angothiyon parr qabzah kirr liyaa aur inn kay maalkaan kuu rangrath mein tabdil kirr diyaa. khufnaak saaye iss kay baday saaye kay neechay juu duniya mein ghoomtay thay...eek angothi kii talaash mein. waqat kay saath angothi mill gayee. eek dunn duu dost azeem daryaa mein maahi geeri kirr rahay thay. smaggle: hamein wah dow deegal meeri pyaari. degol: kiyon samegol? smaggle: keunkah yaha meeri salgrah hay meeri pyaari. aur mein asay chahta hoan! degol: mein nay aap kuu pehley hyee iss say ziyadah day diyaa hay juu mein bardasht kirr saktaa thaa. mein nay yaha payaa aur mein asay rakhnay jaa rehaa hoan! samegal: awah?! kiyaa aap waaqee haine?..meeri pyaari?!??! "[wah apnay nangay haathon say dagol kuu girdan say pakadta hay aur iss kaa gulla ghont kirr qatal kirr deeta hay. iss kay baad wah angothi leeta hay aur asay apnay liye rakhta hay] "rawi: iss nay angothi kuu choori karnay aur raaz talaash karnay kay liye istemaal kiyaa. iss kay apnay loag iss badqismat makhluq kuu hqarat karnay lagay aur asay golam kahnay lagay. angothi say aziyat aur mahzooz how kirr wah tareek ghaaron mein chhap gayaa...aur eek gehra pahaad jehaan wah sadiyon takk rehaa. leakin angothi bhee golium kii angli say phisal gayee. aur asee liye balbo nay asay kohnon kay saath apnay safar kay doraan paaya. golam: choor! begaz! choor! iss nay hamaari qeemati hamaari qeemati cheez charaa lee!! hamaari salgrah kaa tahfah! choor! begaz! humm hamishah iss say nafrat kartay haine! humm hamishah iss say nafrat kartay haine!!!! rawi: yaha balbo begans shoq thaa juu angothi kuu apnay gahar shayer mein waps lay gayaa. kayee dahayiyon baad jadogaron gandalif nay apnee salgrah kii taqrib mein balbo kaa dorah kiyaa. frodo: "[jaagtay hoay kasee nay iss kaa darwazah khatkhataya]" theek hay theek hay. sarf eek mint. "[darwazay kaa jawaab]" gandalif! gandalif: "[kamanon]" salaam frodo. frodo: gandalif yaha waaqee aap haine! awah yaha behat taweel hay. gandalif: satrah saal balbo kay jaanay kay baad say. aap hamishah kii tarah nazar aatay haine frodo. frodo: aap bodhay lugg rahay haine gandalif. gandalif: mein eek taweel safar parr rehaa hoan. frodo: yaha angothi hay naa? balbo kii mazhakah khaiz jaduyi angothi? jabb aap iss kay baaray mein baath kartay haine tuu aap hamishah iss tarah nazar aatay haine. gandalif: balbo kii mazhakah khaiz angothi? kiyaa aap kuu poshidah banaa deeta hay? majhay day dow frodo. frodo: angothi day duu? gandalif: sarf eek lamhay kay liye. "[frodo asay angothi deeta hay]" kiyaa aap kuu iss parr koyee nashaan nazar aataa hay? frodo: koyee nahein hay. yaha waaqee eek saadah angothi hay. gandalif: theek hay tuu pahar deekh low. "[angothi kuu chamni mein phainkta hay vovo ghabrahat kaa shikaar hotaa hay]" intezar karein. kiyaa aap pehley say hyee iss kii atnee khwahish rakhtay haine? frodo: nahein leakin...leakin asay kiyon tabaah kiyaa? gandalif: keunkah yaha makmal toor parr braa hay. yaha iss shaqs kuu badanwan aur tabaah kirr day gaa juu asay pehney gaa jabb takk kahh wah mordor kay tareek maalik soroon kay iqtedar mein saaye kii duniya mein daakhil naha how jaaye. frodo: balbo nahein! gandalf: "[frodo parr points]" aap hyee haine jinn kay paas abb angothi hay. "[angothi kuu waps frodo kay hawalay karein]" frodo: yaha hay...yaha garm bhee nahein hay. gandalif: nahein. dragon kii aag bhee iss angothi kuu nqsan nahein pahuncha sakti. aish naazig darbatolk. aish naazig jambatol. inn sabb parr hukumat karnay kay liye eek angothi. inhein talaash karnay kay liye eek angothi. inn sabb kuu laanay kay liye eek angothi aur andheray mein inhein baandh dain! "[barf aur gandalif mein cott kirr raat kay waqat baahir chalna]" frodo: kaash miray waqat mein aisa naha hotaa. gandalif: mein bhee. dashman kay paas abb bhee eek cheez kii kamee hay juu asay taaqat aur alam day vovo tamaam mazahimat kuu todna aur tamaam zaminon kuu andheray mein dahakna. iss mein eek angothi kii kamee hay. frodo: leekan leakin shayed asay malum nahein kahh yaha mill gayaa thaa. gandalif: wah jaanta hay frodo. golam khood angothi kay peeche chalnay kay liye apnay ghaar say nikla aur tareek rabb nay asay mordor mein pakad liyaa. tareek rabb jaanta hay kahh wah coone see angothi thee juu golam kuu milly thee aur iss nay asay dobarah kisay khoo diyaa. aur iss nay aakhir kaar shoq aur shayer kay baaray mein sunaa hay. aur iss kay paas soochney kay liye eek naam bhee hay. begaz kay naam. frodo: golam kii wajah say. awah gandalif mein kiyaa karoon? katnaa afsoos hay kahh balbo nay moqaa milnay parr iss ghanaonay makhluq kuu nahein maaraa! gandalif: haan afsoos hawaa. raham aur raham. aur abb theek hay faislah aap parr munhasir hay. aap" eek angothi kaa kiyaa karein gay? frodo: mein asay aap kuu day doon gaa gandalif! aap aqalmand aur taqatwar haine. kiyaa aap nahein karein gay... gandalif: nahein! majhay lalch naha duu. mein asay behatar banana chahon gaa aur asay iss tarah istemaal nahein kiyaa jaa saktaa. maharban honay kaa matlab hay mein khood tareek rabb kii tarah khufnaak hojaon gaa vovo majhay aazmao mutt! majhay atnee jald taaqat kii zarurat paray gee. frodo: pahar majhay lagtaa hay majhay angothi lay kirr iss kii hifazat karnee chahiye aur majhay ameed hay kahh kahein akeela chalaa jaaon gaa. wah nahein karein gay...agar angothi yahaan nahein hay tuu wah shayer kuu preshan nahein karein gay. gandalif: miray piyaray frodo majhay darr hay kahh aap theek kahah rahay haine. aap kuu jaa kirr began kaa naam apnay peeche chhodna paray gaa. yaha naam abb mahfuz nahein hay. aap kaa neeya safri naam hoga...mister. neechey. gandalif: mein aap kii madad kay liye aayaa hoan seroman safed faam mashkal waqat mein. noow berun milk haine andhera qareeb aaa rehaa hay vovo seeyah sawaar! saroman: "[chull rehaa hay]" tuu phir miray liye aap kay paas atnee hyee khabar hay? gandalif: kiyaa yaha kaafi nahein hay? soron aakhir kaar harkat kirr rehaa hay! saroman: humm khood soron say nimat saktay haine gandalif. aap aur mein kasee naha kasee tarah say. gandalif: yaha kiyaa baath hay? tamm kiyaa kahah rahay how saroman? saroman: yaha hamaray liye intekhaab karnay kaa waqat hay. eek neeya door humm parr hay eek nayee taaqat arooj parr hay. koyee bhee cheez juu mard yaa alwa yaa jadogaron kuu iss kay khalaaf fayedah nahein pahunch sakti. iss kay dashman makmal toor parr tabaah how jaatay haine. leakin iss kay dost nahein haine. gandalif: aap kahah rahay haine kahh hamein mordor kay saath shaamil honaa chahiye? iss kay saath? seroman: kiyaa iss say aap naraaz haine? angothi kahaan hay gandalif?! seeyah faam sawaar asay shayer mein kiyon dhondtay haine? kiyaa aap nay asay wahaan chhapaya hay? kiyaa aap iss kay bajaye tareek rabb kuu yaha dekhtay haine?..yaa kayee rangon kaa saroman?! "[gandalf kuu jaduyi qoot kay medaan mein bund kirr deeta hay]" gandalf: aap mein say kasee kay paas bhee nahein hoga. saroman: teesra intekhaab hay. "[keeda zahir hotaa hay aur saroman kuu iss kaa laathi deeta hay]" yahaan rehna hay jabb takk kahh aap majhay yaha naha batayein kahh angothi kahaan mill sakti hay. gandalif: sorman agar tamm aisa crow gay agar tamm majhay yahaan takhir crow gay tuu soron zaroor asay haasil kirr lay gaa. seroman: aur wah apnay achhay nokaron kuu jaan lay gaa...aur iss kay dashman. "[hanstay hoay]" gandalif: saroman! "[sorman huns kirr chalaa jaataa hay]" saroman!!! seroman!!!! khush hoan: humm aap kay saath jaa rahay haine frodo. frodo: miray saath?! leakin aap kisay?..?? "[saam kuu dekhta hay]" seem?! leakin aap nay apnaa klaam diyaa! saam: wah pehley say hyee behat kachh jaantay thay janaab. frodo. meeri: saam nay hamein angothi kay baaray mein nahein bataya frodo. mein nay balbo kuu jaanay say pehley eek baar asay istemaal kartay dekha...sakweel begaz say chhapna. aur iss kay baad mein aur peepan talaash kartay rahay aur humm aap kay peeche peeche chalay gayey aur humm nay harr jagah sawalat pooche. peepan: aur humm nay gandalf say kachh cheezein bhee kharaab kirr dain. frodo: aur tamm nay meeri jasusi kii aur seem nay tumhari madad kii. khush hoan: aur humm nay aap kii jasusi kii. saam: leakin humara matlab aap say koyee ghalat nahein thaa mister. frodo! kiyaa aap kuu yaad nahein hay mister. gandalif nay kahaa? kasee aisey shaqs kuu lay low jiss parr aap bharosah kirr sakein iss nay kahaa. frodo: aisa nahein lagtaa kahh mein kasee parr bharosah kirr saktaa hoan. khush hoan: yaha sabb iss baath parr munhasir hay kahh aap kiyaa chahtay haine. aap humm parr bharosah kirr saktay haine kahh aap motay aur patlay say talkh saray takk aap parr qayem rahein. leakin aap humm parr bharosah nahein kirr saktay kahh aap kuu akilay preshani kaa saamna karnaa paray aur baghair kasee lafz kay chalay jayein. humm aap kay dost haine frodo. frodo: "[hanstay hoay]" aap kuu barkat dayy aap dhokay baaz badmuash! aragoran: yahaan aur revendale kay darmiyan taqriba aadhay raastay parr waidar topp naami eek pahaadi hay. humm kill iss kay liye kaam karein gay. tuu gandalf bhee karay gaa...agar wah kirr saktaa hay. saam: "[aragoran kay baaray mein]" majhay abb bhee nahein malum kahh humm iss parr bharosah kirr saktay haine yaa nahein mister. frodo. aragoran: mein nay kahaa kahh aap kay paas koyee chaarah nahein hay seem! "[seem phalanch kartaa hay]" keunkah agar majhay apnay liye angothi chahiye tuu mein asay abb lay saktaa hoan. "[apnee talwaar kuu khool kirr hawaa mein uthaa deeta hay]" miraa naam aragoran hay arathoran kaa betaa. agar mein zindagi yaa moth say aap kuu bachaa saktaa hoan tuu mein bachaa loan gaa. makalme.

fffa1034ad88f1ad72403bff8a59b079d0d3fc0bae1443398132271ef380a7c8

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51110005

Samrala Assembly constituency

Samrala Assembly constituency Legislative Assembly constituency in Punjab State, India Samrala Assembly constituency (Sl. No.: 58) is a Punjab Legislative Assembly constituency in Ludhiana district, Punjab state, India. Election results. 2022. <section begin="Assembly Election 2022"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2022"/> 2017. <section begin="Assembly Election 2017"/> <section end="Assembly Election 2017"/> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

xomorala bidhanxobha xomosti xomorala bidhanxobha xomosti (kro. naai.: 58) hoise bharotor ponjab rajyor ludhiyana jilaar etaa ponjab bidhanxobha xomosti. nirbasonor folafol. 2022. <xakha aarombho = "bidhanxobha nirbason 2022"/> <ongxor xex = "bidhanxobha nirbason 2022"/> 2017. <xakha aarombho = "bidhanxobha nirbason 2017"/> <ongxor xex = "bidhanxobha nirbason 2017"/>

samrala bidhansabha kendra samrala bidhansabha kendra (sl. naa.: 58) bharoter panjab rajyer ludhiana jelara ekti panjab bidhansabha kendra. nirbachoner folafol. 2022. <bibhag shuru = "bidhansabha nirbachan 2022"/> <bibhag shesh = "bidhansabha nirbachan 2022"/> 2017. <bibhag shuru = "bidhansabha nirbachan 2017"/> <bibhag shesh = "bidhansabha nirbachan 2017"/>

samrala vidhansabha matvistaar samrala vidhansabha matvistaar (aesa. aela. naa.: 58) aee bhaaratnaa punjab rajyanaa ludhiana jeellama aavelo punjab vidhansabha matvistaar chhe. chuntani parinaamo. 2022. <vibhag praarambh = "vidhansabha chuntani 2022"/> <vibhagno anta = "vidhansabha chuntani 2022"/> 2017. <vibhag praarambh = "vidhansabha chuntani 2017"/> <vibhag anta = "vidhansabha chuntani 2017"/>

samrala vidhansabha nirvaachan kshetra samrala vidhansabha nirvaachan kshetra (aiss. ell.) naheen.: 58) bhaarat key panjab raajya key ludhiana zile mein sthit ack vidhansabha nirvaachan kshetra haye. chunaav parinam. 2022. <anubhaag praarambh = "vidhansabha chunaav 2022"/> <khand anta = "vidhansabha chunaav 2022"/> 2017. <anubhaag praarambh = "vidhansabha chunaav 2017"/> <khand anta = "vidhansabha chunaav 2017"/>

samarala vidhanasabha kshetra samarala vidhanasabha kshetra (ess. ell. illa.: 58) bhaaratada punjab rajyada ludhiana jilleyalliruva punjab vidhanasabha kshetravagide. chunavaneya phalitaamshagalu. 2022. <vibhaga prarambha = "vidhanasabha chunawane 2022"/> <vibhaga antya = "vidhanasabha chunawane 2022"/> 2017. <vibhaga prarambha = "vidhanasabha chunawane 2017"/> <vibhaga antya = "vidhanasabha chunawane 2017"/>

samrala vidhansabha matdarsangh samrala vidhansabha matdarsangh (kra. nahee.: 58) haah bharatachya panjab rajyatil ludhiana jilhyatil panjab vidhansabha matdarsangh aahe. nivadanukiche nikal. 2022. <vibhag prarambh = "vidhansabha nivadanuk 2022"/> <vibhagacha shevat = "vidhansabha nivadanuk 2022"/> 2017. <vibhag prarambh = "vidhansabha nivadanuk 2017"/> <vibhagacha shevat = "vidhansabha nivadanuk 2017"/>

samarala vidhansabha nirvachan khetra samarala vidhansabha nirvachan khetra (sl. hoina.: 58) bharatko panjab rajyako ludhiana jillako euta panjab vidhan sabha nirvachan khetra how. nirvachan parinam. 2022. <khanda suru = "vidhansabha chunawa 2022"/> <khanda antya = "vidhansabha chunawa 2022"/> 2017. <khanda suru = "vidhansabha chunawa 2017"/> <khanda antya = "vidhansabha chunawa 2017"/>

samarala bidhanasabha nirbachana mandali samarala bidhanasabha nirbachana mandali (ess. ell. naa.: 58) bharatara panjab rajyara ludhiana jillara eka panjab bidhanasabha nirbachana mandali. nirbachana phalaphal. 2022. <bibhaga arambha = "bidhanasabha nirbachana 2022"/> <bibhaga shesh = "bidhanasabha nirbachana 2022"/> 2017. <bibhaga arambha = "bidhanasabha nirbachana 2017"/> <bibhaga shesh = "bidhanasabha nirbachana 2017"/>

samrala vidhan sabha halka samrala vidhan sabha halka (aiss. aill.) naheen.: 58) bharat dey punjab raaj dey ludhiana zilhe witch ikk punjab vidhan sabha halka haii. chonhan dey natije. 2022. <section shuru = "vidhan sabha chonhan 2022"/> <section ant = "vidhan sabha chonhan 2022"/> 2017. <section shuru = "vidhan sabha chonhan 2017"/> <bhaag ant = "vidhan sabha chonhan 2017"/>

samrala vidhanasabha nirvaachanakshetram samarala vidhanasabha nirvaachanakshetram (ess. ell.) naa.58) bharatasya panjaaba-rajyasya ludhiyana-mandale sthitah panjaab-vidhana-sabhaa-nirvaachan-kshetrah asti. nirvaachanasya parinaamah. 2022. <khandah aarambhah = "vidhanasabha nirvaachanam 2022"/> <khandah samaaptah = "vidhanasabha nirvaachanam 2022"/> 2017. <khandah aarambhah = "vidhanasabha nirvaachanam 2017"/> <khandah samaaptah = "vidhanasabha nirvaachanam 2017"/>

samrala sattamandrath thoguthi samrala sattamandrath thoguthi (ess. ell. illai.58) enbathu inthiyaavin panjaap maanilaththin lutiana maavattaththil ulla oru panjaap sattamandra thoguthiyaagum. thaerthal mudivugal. 2022. <pirivu thodakkam = "sattamandrath thaerthal 2022"/> <pirivu mudivu = "sattamandrath thaerthal 2022"/> 2017. <pirivu thodakkam = "sattamandrath thaerthal 2017"/> <pirivu mudivu = "sattamandrath thaerthal 2017"/>

samarala assembly niyojakavargam samarala assembly niyojakavargam (sl. ledhu.: 58) bharatadesamloni punjab raashtramloni ludhiana jillaalo unna punjab saasanasabha niyojakavargam. ennikala phalitaalu. 2022. <vibhagam prarambham = "assembly ennikalu 2022"/> <vibhagam mugimpu = "assembly ennikalu 2022"/> 2017. <vibhagam prarambham = "assembly ennikalu 2017"/> <vibhagam mugimpu = "assembly ennikalu 2017"/>

samrala assembly halqah samrala assembly halqah (aiss eel. nahein.: 58) panjaab qanoon saaz assembly kaa eek halqah hay juu zalaa ladhiyanah panjaab riyasat bhaarat mein waaqa hay. intekhabat kay nataij. 2022. <section sharoo = "assembly intekhabat 2022"/> <section kaa ikhtatam = "assembly intekhabat 2022"/> 2017. <section sharoo = "assembly intekhabat 2017"/> <section kaa ikhtatam = "assembly intekhabat 2017"/>

fffa11954de0507bd94392ed0c62af9722ab410750fb615079f10b97c805cebf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=979206

Ryanggang explosion

Ryanggang explosion Disaster in North Korea The Ryanggang explosion was a large explosion that took place in North Korea on 9 September 2004 in the northern province of Ryanggang. The nature and cause of the suspected explosion is the subject of speculation. No neighboring nations have claimed any detection of radioactive isotopes characteristic of a nuclear explosion. The suspected explosion. The suspected explosion occurred near Wŏltan Workers' District ("Wŏltal-lodongjagu") (41°19'47"N 127°05'02"E) in the county of Kimhyŏngjik in Ryanggang Province, a mountainous region, about above sea level. The explosion was about from the border with China. The area contains several military installations, including the Yeongjeo-dong ballistic missile base. Early reports stated that seismic activity had been detected early on 9 September 2004, and this was correlated with a "strangely shaped cloud", suspected to be a mushroom cloud. Together these would indicate a large explosion. The date, 9 September 2004, the 56th anniversary of the formation of North Korea, was taken as significant because North Korea has a history of making grand military gestures on significant dates. However, the original reports have been contradicted by later reports denying that there was any explosion. Reaction. The incident was not reported internationally until 12 September 2004, when the South Korean news agency Yonhap cited a source in Beijing, China, which said a mushroom cloud had been observed. In addition, suspicion was raised by the fact that there was no mention of the explosion on internal North Korean media. However, North Korean news is usually a method employed by governing figures to make the ruling party's decisions more favourable to the people (national and internationally); therefore, unfavourable stories are commonly not broadcast. The Ryongchon disaster earlier in 2004 was reported only several days after the event. There was immediate popular speculation that the explosion was nuclear in origin. United States Secretary of State Colin Powell said there was "no indication" that it was nuclear, and South Korea similarly said that it did not appear to be nuclear. It would be some days before the effects of a nuclear explosion would be unequivocally visible to apolitical authorities. It would not be possible to hide the nuclear nature of such an explosion for long, as the radioactive isotopes created by a nuclear explosion would be detectable to outside observers around the world. From North Korea. North Korea initially denied that the explosion was nuclear. When prompted for an explanation, North Korea's foreign minister, Paek Nam-sun, officially stated that the explosion "was in fact the deliberate demolition of a mountain as part of a huge hydroelectric project". North Korea announced on 13 September 2004 that the British ambassador, David Slinn, would be permitted to visit the site. Diplomats from the United Kingdom, Sweden, Germany, the Czech Republic, Poland, Russia and Mongolia visited what was purported to be the site on 16 September 2004, and reported having seen a hydroelectric project under construction. However, South Korea said the diplomats had not been in the correct location and were about 100 km (62 mi) from the suspected explosion site. From South Korea. On 17 September 2004, South Korean Vice Minister of Unification Rhee Bong-jo claimed that there was no explosion at all at the purported site, saying the supposed mushroom cloud was a natural cloud formation (mushroom clouds form from many types of large explosions, not only nuclear detonations). On the same day, the Korea Earthquake Research Center reported that the only seismic activity in Ryanggang province in the period in question was at 23:24 Korea Standard Time (UTC +9) on 8 September 2004 at Mount Baekdu, about 100 km from the suspected blast site. North Korean disarmament talks. At the time of the blast, North Korea was under pressure to again resume six-way diplomatic talks concerning its nuclear program with the United States, South Korea, the People's Republic of China, Russia, and Japan. North Korea was insisting on a delay before a fourth round of talks, citing recently revealed South Korean nuclear research programs. On 14 September 2004, a British envoy said that North Korea was still committed to the talks, but on 27 September 2004, the KCNA, North Korea's state news agency, reported that resumption of the talks was out of the question until the United States made certain concessions. Since the initial days, there has been essentially no follow-up reporting in Western media. On 28 September, North Korean Vice Foreign Minister Choi Su-heon announced at the United Nations General Assembly that it had turned plutonium from 8,000 spent fuel rods into nuclear weapons as a deterrent against the US nuclear threat. Six-nation talks on the nuclear issue, which were due to resume, were instead suspended. As of this date, analysts believed North Korea had ruled out further talks until after the United States presidential election in November 2008. Since then, North Korea has conducted multiple nuclear weapons tests and issued several threats of war on South Korea. As of April 2018, North Korea along with South Korea have announced their intentions to completely denuclearize the Korean peninsular and finally declare peace between the two Koreas. Cause. There has been a great deal of speculation on the nature of the incident. Hypotheses can be divided on several axes. Things that could cause the physical phenomena observed: If there was an explosion, the main possible causes: Finally, another way to divide up explosion hypotheses is by how intentional it was: North Korea's claim to possess nuclear weapons on 10 February 2005 gives the nuclear testing or accident hypotheses some credibility. However, no neighboring nations have claimed any detection of radioactive isotopes which would be characteristic of either. North Korea claimed to have tested its first nuclear weapon on 9 October 2006. There have since been multiple nuclear tests by North Korea. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

riangang bisfuron riangang bisfurontu aasil 2004 sonor 9 septemborot uttor kuriyat uttor riangang prodexot xonghotit huwa ek brihot bisfuron. xondehjukto bisfuronor prokriti aaru kaaron onumanor bixoy. kunu suburiya dexe parmanobik bisfuronor boixistyojukto readyo "aakriyo aais" tot 'poo sinakto huwar daabi koraa naai. xondehjukto bisfuron. xagorpristhor poraa pray uporot thoka riangang prodexor kimhiyongjik countyt woltan sromik jilaa ("woltal-lo" dongjagu ") (41° 19'47" n 127° 05'02 e) ror usorot ei xondehjonok bisfuron xonghotit hoy. bisfurontu seenor ximantor poraa hoisil. oncholtut iyongjiu-dong balastic misail ghaati xoho keibatau xamorik sthapon aase. prarombhik protibedonot kuwa hoisil je 2004 sonor 9 septemboror aarombhonite bhumikompor karzokolap dhora porisil, aaru ee etaa "odbhut aakritir megh" ror xoite xomporkito aasil, jitu kathfular megh buli xondeh koraa hoisil. eibure ekeloge etaa dangor bisfuronor ingito dibo. 2004 sonor 9 septembor tarikhtu, uttor kuria gothonor 56 xongkhyok barxiki, guruttopurno buli gonyo koraa hoisil kaaron uttor kuriyar guruttopurno tarikhot bixal xamorik ongobhongi korar itihax aase. obosye, mool protibedonbur kunu bisfuron huwa buli oswikar koraa poroborti protibedonburor dwara birudhita koraa hoise. protikriya. 2004 sonor 12 septemboroloike ei ghotonatu antohrastriyobhabe prokax koraa huwa nasil, jetiya dokhyin kuriyar xongbad xongstha eoinhape seenor beijingor etaa xutror uddhriti disil, zo 'too kuriyar kathfular dawor dekha puwa goisil. iyar uporiu, uttor kuriyar abhyontorin xongbad madhyomot bisfuronor kunu ullekh nothokar baabe xondehor sristi hoisil. obosye, uttor kuriyar baatori xadharonote xaxok dolor xiddhantoxomuh jonoxadharonor baabe (rastriyo aaru antohrastriyo) odhik onukul kori tuliboloi sorkari byoktitwoxokole byobohar koraa ek poddhoti; xeyehe, protidondi kahinibur xadharonote xomprosar koraa nohoy. 2004 sonor aarombhonite royongson durjugor khobor ei ghotonar maatro keidinmanor pisote puwa goisil. tatkhyonikbhabe jonopriyo onuman koraa hoisil je bisfurontur utpotti parmanobik aasil. aamerika juktorastror rajyik xosibo kolin puwele koichil je ee parmanobik buli "kunu ingito" puwa huwa naai, aaru dokhyin kuriyai ekedhorone koichil je ee parmanobik zen dekha nayay. parmanobik bisfuronor probhab orajnoitik kortripokhyor dristigusorbhabe drishyoman hoh 'boloi keidinman lagibo. ene bisfuronor parmanobik prokriti digholiya xomoyor baabe lukuwai rokha xombhob noho 'bob, kiyonu parmanobik bisfuronor dwara sristi huwa readyo "aakriyo aais" tot' pobur xomogro biswor baahiror porzobekhyokxokolor baabe sinakto koribo poraa jaabo. uttor kuriyar poraa. uttor kuriyai prothomote ei bisfurontu parmanobik buli oswikar korisil. jetiya uttor kuriyar boidexik montri paik naam-sune ek byakhyar baabe preron koraa hoisil, tetiya anusthanikbhabe koichil je bisfurontu "prokritote ek bixal jolobidyut prokolpor ongxo hisape etaa porbotor issakrito dhongxo" aasil. uttor kuriyai 2004 sonor 13 septemborot ghuxona korisil je britis rastrodut david slinok ei sthan bhromon koriboloi onumoti diya hoh 'bob. 2004 sonor 16 septemborot juktorajyo, suiden, germany, chek gonorajyo, poo 'lend, rasiya aaru monguliyar kutnitibidxokole ei sthantu bhromon korisil aaru nirmanor xomoyot thoka jolobidyut prokolpo etaa dekha puwar kotha prokax korisil. obosye, dokhyin kuriyai koichil je kutnitibidxokol xothik sthanot nasil aaru xondehjonok bisfuronstholir poraa pray 100 kilometer (62 maail) durot aasil. dokhyin kuriyar poraa. 2004 sonor 17 septemborot dokhyin kuriyar ekotrikoronor upo montri ree bong-juwe daabi korisil je kothito sthanot kunu bisfuron huwa nasil, onuman koraa kathfular dawortu ek prakritik dawor gothon aasil (kathfular daworbur kewol parmanobik bisfuronor porai nohoy, bibhinno prokaror dangor bisfuronor poraa sristi hoy). eke dinaa kuria bhumikompo gowexona kendroi prokax korisil je 2004 sonor 8 septemborot xondehjukto bisfuronstholir poraa pray 100 kilometer durot mount bekdut prosnor xomoyot riangang prodexot ekmatro bhumikompor karzokolap aasil 23:24 kuria maanok xomoyot (UTC + 9). uttor kuriyar nirostrikoron alusona. bisfuronor xomoyot uttor kuriyar uporot aamerika juktorastro, dokhyin kuria, cheen, rasiya aaru japanor xoite parmanobik karzoxusi xomporke punor choy-mukhi kutnoitik alusona aarombho koriboloi saap aasil. uttor kuriyai xehotiyakoi prokax puwa dokhyin kuriyar parmanobik gowexona karzoxusir uddhriti di soturtho porzayor alusonar aagote polom korar uporot jure di aasil. 2004 sonor 14 septemborot ejon britis dute koichil je uttor kuria etiyau alusonar baabe protisrutiboddho, kintu 2004 sonor 27 septemborot uttor kuriyar rajyik xongbad xongstha kcna-ye prokax korisil je aamerika juktorastroi kisuman rehai nidiye porjonto alusona punor aarombho korar prosnoi uri goisil. prarombhik dinburor poraa, poschimiya xongbad madhyomot kunu onuxoron protibedon prodhankoi huwa naai. 28 septemborot uttor kuriyar upo-boidexik montri sui su-hiune rastroxonghor xadharon xobhat ghuxona korisil je ee aamerika juktorastror parmanobik bhabukir biruddhe protirudh hisape byoy koraa 8,000 indhonor rodor poraa plutoniumok parmanobik ostroloi rupantorit korise. parmanobik bixoyot punor aarombho huwa soikhon dexor alusonar poriworte sthogito rokha hoisil. ei tarikholoike, bislexokxokole biswax korisil je uttor kuriyai 2008 sonor novembor maahot aamerika juktorastror rastropoti nirbasonor pisoloike aaru odhik alusonar xombhawona nakoch korisil. tetiyar poraa uttor kuriyai ekadhik parmanobik ostro porikhya korise aaru dokhyin kuriyar uporot juddhor keibatau bhabuki jaari korise. 2018 sonor april maholoike, dokhyin kuriyar xoite uttor kuriyai kurian upodipok xompurnorupe niromanobikoron korar aaru owoxexot duyukhon kuriyar maajot xanti ghuxona korar obhiprai ghuxona korise. kaaron. ghotonatur prokritir uporot jothesto onuman koraa hoise. onumanxomuhok keibatau okhyot bhag koribo paari. porzobekhyon koraa bhoutik porighotonar kaaron hoh "bob poraa bostuxomuhoh jodi etaa bisfuron hoisil, tente iyar mukhyo xombhabyo karonxomuh hoh 'loh owoxexot, bisfuronor onumanxomuhok bhag korar aan etaa upay hoh "lo ee kiman issakrito aasiloh 2005 sonor 10 februaryt uttor kuriyar parmanobik ostro thokar dabiye parmanobik porikhya baa durghotonar onumanot kichu biswaxjugyota prodan kore. obosye, kunu suburiya dexe tejoskriyo aais "tot 'por kunu dhoronor sinaktokoron daabi koraa naai ji duyutare boixistyo hoh" bob. uttor kuriyai 2006 sonor 9 octoborot iyar prothomtu parmanobik ostro porikhya koraa buli daabi korisil. taar pisot uttor kuriyai ekadhik parmanobik porikhya korise.

reangang bishforon 2004 saaler 9ee septembara uttor corrier uttaranchaliya pradesh reangang-ayee ekti borh bishforon ghote. sandehabhajan bishforoner prokriti oo kaaron onumaner vishay. konao protibeshi deshoi paromanobik bishforoner baisistyajukta tejaskriya isotope sonakto korar daabi koreni. sandehabhajan bishforon. sandehabhajan bishforonti samudraprishther pray upore ekti parbotto anchal riangang prodesher kimhyongik kauntite oltan shromik jelara ("oltal-lodongjagu") (41° 19'47 "enn 127° 05'02 ee) kachhe ghote. bishforonti chean seemanto theke hoyechilo. eyi anchale iongjio-dong ballistic kheponastro ghanti soho besh koyekti samrik sthapona royeche. prathomik protibedone bolla hoyeche jey 2004 saaler 9ee september godar dike bhumikamper karjokolap sonakto koraa hoyechilo ebong etty ekti "adbhuto akarer megh"-err saathe somporkito chhilo, jaa ekti mashroomer megh boley sandeha koraa hachche. eguli eksange ekti borh bishforoner ingito debe. uttor koria gathoner 56tomo barshiki, 2004 saaler 9ee septembara, tarikhtike guruttopurno hisabe neoa hoyechilo kaaron uttor corrier ullekhjoggo tarikhe durdanto samrik angabhangi korar itihas royeche. tobey, poroborti protibedonguli konao bishforoner kotha aswikar korey mool protibedongulir birodhita koreche. protikriya. 12ee septembara 2004 porjonto eyi ghotonar antorjatikbhabe khobor pawa yayni, jokhon dakkhin corrier sangbad sangostha eoinhup cheener beijingyer ekti sutrer uddhriti diye bolechilo jey ekti mashroomer megh dekha geche. uporontu, uttor corrier abhyantarin ganomadhyome bishforoner konao ullekh naa thakay sandeha dekha diyeche. tobey, uttor corrier sangbad sadharonoto shasok doler siddhantagulike jonogoner (jatiya oo antorjatik) jonno arow anukul korar jonno shasok byaktittoder dwara nijukto ekti poddhoti; taai, protikul golpoguli sadharonoto samprachar koraa hoy naa. 2004 saaler shurute riyangchan biporjer khobor pawa yaay ghotonar matro koyek deane porey. tatkhonikbhabe janapriya anuman koraa hoyechilo jey bishforontir utpotti paromanobik. markin juktorashtrer pororashtromontri collin pawel bolechen jey etty paromanobik howar "konao ingito" nei ebong dakkhin koria ekibhabe boleche jey etty paromanobik boley money hachche naa. paromanobik bishforoner prabhab arajnaitik kortripokkher kachhe dwyarthahinbhabe drishyoman hotey arow kayekdin lagbe. eyi dharaner bishforoner paromanobik prokriti deergho somoyer jonno lukiye rakha sombhob hobey naa, kaaron paromanobik bishforon dwara srishto tejaskriya isotopguli vishwajude bairer porjobekkhokder kachhe sonaktojoggo hobey. uttor koria theke. uttor koria prathomikbhabe aswikar korechilo jey bishforonti paromanobik chhilo. uttor corrier pororashtromontri paik naam-sanke jokhon byakhya korar jonno bolla hoy, tokhon tini anusthanikbhabe bollen jey bishforonti "asle ekti bishal jolobidyut prokolper ongsho hisabe ekti pahader ichchakrito dhongso" chhilo. uttor koria 13ee septembara 2004-ayee ghoshana korey jey british rashtroduto david slinke eyi sthanti poridorshon korar anumati deoa hobey. juktorajyo, suiden, germany, check projatontro, polland, rashiya ebong mongolier kutnitikra 16ee septembara 2004-ayee eyi sthanti poridorshon corren ebong nirmanadhin ekti jolobidyut prokolpo dekhechen boley zanan. tobey, dakkhin koria boleche jey kutnitikra sothik sthane chhilen naa ebong sandehabhajan bishforonsthol theke pray 100 kilometres (62 myle) doore chhilen. dakkhin koria theke. 2004 saaler 17ee septembara dakkhin corrier ekikaraner upomontri rii bong-jooe daabi corren jey, kothito sthane konao bishforon hoyney, tini bollen jey, kothito mashroomer meghti ekti prakritik megh gathon chhilo (mashroomer meghguli bivinno dharaner borh bishforon theke toiri hoy, cable paromanobik bishforon noy). ekoi diney, koria bhumikampa gobeshona kendra janiyeche jey, sandehabhajan bishforonsthol theke pray 100 kilometres doore bekdu porbote 2004 saaler 8ee septembara, eyi somoyer modhye riangang prodeshe ekmatro bhumikamper karjokolap chhilo 23:24 koria maan somoy (utc + 9). uttor corrier nirostrikoron alochona. bishforoner somoy, uttor koria markin juktorashtro, dakkhin koria, ganoprojatantri chean, rashiya ebong japaner saathe taar paromanobik karmasuchi somporkito chhoy-mukhi kutnaitik alochona punra shuru korar jonno chaaper modhye chhilo. samprati prokashito dakkhin corrier paromanobik gobeshona karmasuchir kotha ullekh korey uttor koria choturtho dapha alochonar agey bilamber upor jore dichchilo. 2004 saaler 14ee septembara ekjon british dooto bollen jey, uttor koria ekhono alochonar proti protishrutiboddho, kintu 2004 saaler 27shhey septembara uttor corrier rashtriya sangbad sangostha keey. shee. enn. ayee jaanaay jey, markin juktorashtro kichhu chhaad naa deoa porjonto alochona punra shuru korar konao proshnoi otheni. prathomik dinguli theke, poschima ganomadhyome mulat konao follo-up reporting hoyney. 28shhey septembara, uttor corrier upo-pororashtromontri choi shoo-heon jatisangher sadharan porishode ghoshana corren jey, markin paromanobik humkir biruddhe protirodh hisabe taaraa plutoniumke 8,000 byoy koraa jalani rodd theke paromanobik ostrogulite porinoto koreche. paromanobik issuete chhoyti desher alochona, jaa abar shuru howar kotha chhilo, poriborte sthogito koraa hoyechilo. eyi tarikh porjonto, bishleshokra biswas corren jey uttor koria 2008 saaler novembore markin juktorashtrer rashtrapati nirbachoner agey porjonto arow alochonar sombhabona prottakhyan korechilo. tarpor theke uttor koria ekadhik paromanobik ostro porikkha chaliyeche ebong dakkhin corrier upor juddher besh koyekti humki jaari koreche. 2018 saaler april porjonto, dakkhin corrier sange uttor koria corian upodwiptike sampurnarupe paromanobik nirostrikoron ebong abosheshe dui corrier modhye shanti ghoshana korar abhiprai ghoshana koreche. kaaron. ghotonar prokriti niye onek anuman koraa hachche. onumangulike bivinno akkher upor bhag koraa jete paare. jey jinisguli porjobekkhon koraa sharirik ghotonar kaaron hotey paareh jodi konao bishforon ghote thaake, tobey prodhan sombhabbo karonguli holoh porisheshe, bishforoner onumangulike bhag korar arekti upay holl etty kotota ichchakrito chhiloh 2005 saaler 10ee february uttor corrier paromanobik ostro rakhar daabi paromanobik porikkha baa durghotonake kichhu biswaszoggotar anuman deyo. tobey, konao protibeshi desh tejaskriya isotope sonaktokoroner daabi koreni jaa ubhoyeri baisishtya hobey. uttor koria 9ee octobor 2006-ayee taar prothom paromanobik ostro porikkha korar daabi korey. tarpor theke uttor koria ekadhik paromanobik porikkha chaliyeche.

riangeng visfot rayangeng visfot aee aek moto visfot hato jeey uttar koreeyama 9 september september roj uttar praant rayanggengma thayo hato. shankaspad visfotnee prakrutee aneey kaaran atkalono vishhay chhe. koee pann padoshi rashtroae parmaanu visfotnee lakshanikta dharaavtaa kiranotsargi isotopni koee shodhno daavo karyo nathee. shankaspad visfot. shankaspad visfot voltana kaamdaarona jilla (voltal-lodongjagu) (41° 19'47 "n 127° 05'02 e) najik riangeng praantmaa kimhyongjik kaauntimaa thayo hato, jeey aek parvateey pradesh chhe, jeey dariyani sapatithi lagbhag upar chhe. visfot chean saatheni sarhad parthee thayo hato. aaa vistaarmaa yongjio-dong ballistic missile bays saheet anek lashkari sthaapno aavela chhe. praarambhik ahevaalomaa janavama aavyu hatoo keey 9 september nathee sharuaatmaa dhartikampani pravrutee malee aavee hatee, aneey aaa "vichitra aakaarnaa vaadad" saathe sankalaayelu hatoo, jeey mashroomnaa vaadad hovani shankaa chhe. aaa eksaathe aek motaa visfotno sanket aapshe. 9 september nathee taarikh, uttar koreeyani rachnani rachnani varshgaanthne nondhpaatra manvama aavee hatee kaaran keey uttar koreeyano nondhpaatra taarikho parr bhavya lashkari haavbhaav karvaano itihas chhe. joke, pachhinaa ahevaalo dwara mool ahevaalono koee visfot thayo hovaano incar kareene veerodh karvaamaa aavyo chhe. pratikriyaa. aaa ghatanaano ahewal 12 september 2004 sudhee aantarrashtriy stare malyo naa hato, jyaare dakshin koreeyani samachar agency yonhape beijing, cheenma aek strotno havaalo aapyo hato, jemaa kahevama aavyu hatoo keey mashroomnaa vaadad jovaa malyaa hataa. vadhumaa, uttar koreeyana aantarik madhyamoma visfotno koee ullekh naa hovaana kaarane shankaa ubhee thaee hatee. jooe keey, uttar koreeyana samachar saamanya reete shaasak pakshna nirnayone loko (raashtriy aneey aantarrashtriy) maate vadhu anookool banaavvaa maate shaasak vyakteeo dwara upyogmaa levaati paddhati chhe; tethee, pratikool vaartao saamanya reete prasaarit karvaamaa aavtee nathee. nathee sharuaatmaa ryongchon aapatti aaa ghatanana thodaa divaso pachhi jaj nondhvaamaa aavee hatee. visfot parmaanu mulno hovani taatkaalik lokpreey atkalo hatee. united statesnaa secretory off state collin povelae janaavyu hatoo keey teey parmaanu hovaana "koee sanket" nathee, aneey dakshin koreeyae pann aevu jaj kahyoo hatoo keey teey parmaanu hovaanu laagtu nathee. parmaanu visfotnee asaro binrajkiy adheekarione spasht reete dekhaati hoya teey pahelaa ketlaak divaso hashe. aavaa visfotnee parmaanu prakrutine laambaa samay sudhee chhupavvi shakya nahee hoya, kaaran keey parmaanu visfot dwara banelaa kiranotsargi isotope vishvbharnaa bahaarnaa nirikshakone shodhee shakaay chhe. uttar koreeyathi. uttar koreeyae sharuaatmaa aee vaatno incar karyo hato keey visfot parmaanu hato. jyaare uttar koreeyana videsh mantree, peeka naam-sanane samajooti maate puchhvama aavyu tyaare sattavaar reete janaavyu hatoo keey visfot "hakeekatma aek vishaal jalvidhyut projectnaa bhagroope aek parvatno iraadaapurvakno vidhvans hato". uttar koreeyae 13 september september roj jaaherat curry hatee keey british rajdoot david slinne aaa sthalnee mulakat levani manjuri aapvama aavashe. united kingdom, sweeden, germany, check ripablika, polland, russia aneey mongoliyana rajdwarioae 16 september september roj aaa sthalnee mulakat leedhi hatee aneey bandhkam hethalno jalvidhyut project joyo hovaanu janaavyu hatoo. jooe keey, dakshin koreeyae janaavyu hatoo keey rajdwario yogya sthaan parr nahota aneey shankaspad visfot sthalthee lagbhag 100 kimee (62 mile) door hataa. dakshin koreeyathi. 17 september september roj, dakshin koreeyana ekikaranna oop mantree rii bong-joae daavo karyo hato keey katheet sthal parr koee visfot thayo naa hato, aema kaheene keey katheet mashroom vaadad koodarti vaadaloni rachnaa hatee (mashroom vaadado ghanaa prakaarnaa motaa visfotothi baney chhe, maatra parmaanu visfotothi nahee). teey jaj divase, koreeya bhookamp sanshodhan kendrae ahewal aapyo hato keey shankaspad visfot sthalthee lagbhag 100 kimee door mount bekadu khaate 8 september september roj prashnana samaygalama riangeng praantmaa ekmatra dhartikampani pravrutee 23:24 koreeya pramanbhut samay (UTC + 9) parr hatee. uttar koreeyani nihshastrikaran vataghato. visfot samaye, uttar koreeya parr united states, dakshin koreeya, pipples ripablika off chaaina, russia aneey japan saathe tenaa parmaanu kaarykramne lagatee chh-maargiy rajdwari vataghato pharii sharoo karvaa dabaan hatoo. uttar koreeya taajetarma jaaher thayela dakshin koreeyana parmaanu sanshodhan kaarykramone taankine chothaa tabakkani vataghato pahelaa veelamb parr bhaar mookie rahyu hatoo. 14 september september roj, aek british dute kahyoo keey uttar koreeya haju pann vataghato maate pratibaddh chhe, parantu 27 september september roj, uttar koreeyani raajy samachar agency, keey. see. aena. aee. aee ahewal aapyo keey jyaan sudhee united states chokkas chhutchhato naa aape tyaan sudhee vataghato pharii sharoo karvaano prashna jaj nathee. sharuaatnaa divasothi, pashchimi madhyamoma aavshyakpane koee anoovarti ahevaalo nathee. 28 septembernaa roj, uttar koreeyana oop videsh mantree choi suu-heeone sanyukt raashtra mahasabhama jaaherat curry hatee keey tene yuu. aesa. naa parmaanu jokham saamena nivaaran tareeke plutoniumne 8,000 kharchvaamaa aavela indhannaa saliyaomathi parmaanu shastromaa fervi didhu chhe. parmaanu mudda parr chh deshoni vataghato, jeey pharii sharoo thavaani hatee, tenaa badale sthageet karvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa taarikh sudhimaa, vishleshakonu maanvu hatoo keey uttar koreeyae november november united statesnee rashtrapatini chuntani sudhee vadhu vaataghaatone nakaari kaadhee hatee. tyaarthi, uttar koreeyae bahuveedh parmaanu shastrona parikshano karyaa chhe aneey dakshin koreeya parr yuddhni ghanee dhamkio aapee chhe. april 2018 sudhimaa, uttar koreeyae dakshin koreeya saathe maleene corian dweepkalpne sampurnpane parmaanu mukt karvaanaa aneey ante banne koreeya vachche shaanti jaaher karvaanaa temnaa iradaoni jaaherat curry chhe. kaaran. aaa ghatanaani prakrutee ange ghanee atkalo lagavvama aavee rahee chhe. purvadhaarnaaone anek aksho parr vibhajit curry shakaay chhe. jeey vastuo bhauteek ghatanaanu kaaran bunny shake chhe teey avalokan karvaamaa aavyu chheh jooe visfot thayo hoya, too mukhya sambhaveet kaarano aaa pramaane chheh chhevate, visfotnee purvadhaarnaaone vibhajit karvaanee beejee reet aee chhe keey teey ketali iradapurvakni hateeh 10 februari februari roj uttar koreeyano parmaanu shastro dharaavvaano daavo parmaanu parikshan athavaa akasmatni purvadhaarnaaone thodee vishvasniyataa aape chhe. jooe keey, koee pann padoshi rashtroae kiranotsargi isotopni koee shodhno daavo karyo nathee jeey banneni lakshanikta hashe. uttar koreeyae 9 october october roj tenaa pratham parmaanu hathiyaarnu parikshan karvaano daavo karyo hato. tyaarthi uttar koreeya dwara bahuveedh parmaanu parikshano karvaamaa aavyaa chhe.

rianggang visfot rianggang visfot ack badaa visfot thaa joe uttari koria mein 9 sitambar 2004 koo rianggang key uttari praant mein huaa thaa. sandigdh visfot kii prakriti aur kaaran atkalon kaa vishay haye. kissy bhee padosi desh ney paramanu visfot kii visheshta vaale radiodharmi samsthaanikon kaa pataa lagaane kaa daavaa naheen kiya haye. sandigdh visfot. sandigdh visfot samudra tala seey lagbhag oopar ack pahaadi kshetra, rianggang praant mein kimhyangjik county mein volton shramikon key jile ("voltal-lodongjagu") (41° 19'47 n 127° 05'02 e) key paas huaa. visfot chean kii seema seey huaa thaa. iss kshetra mein yongjeo-dong ballistic missile adde sahit kaee sainya pratishthaan hain. praarambhik reports mein kahaa gayaa thaa kii 9 sitambar 2004 kii shuruat mein bhookampiya gatividhi kaa pataa chalaa thaa, aur yeh ack "ajib aakar key baadal" key saath sahsambaddh thaa, jisake baare mein sandeh thaa kii yeh ack mashroom baadal thaa. yeye ack saath ack badey visfot kaa sanket denge. 9 sitambar 2004 kii tarikh, uttar koria key gathan kii 56veen varshgaanth koo mahatvapurna maanaa gayaa thaa kyonki uttar koria kaa mahatvapurna tithiyon parr bhavya sainya ishare karane kaa itihas rhaa haye. halanki, mool reports kaa baad kii reports dwara khandan kiya gayaa haye kii koee visfot huaa thaa. pratikriya. iss ghatana kii soochana 12 sitambar 2004 taka antarrashtriya star parr naheen dee gaee thee, jaba dakshin koriyai samachar agency yonhap ney beijing, chean mein ack srot kaa hawala diyaa, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii ack mashroom baadal dekhaa gayaa thaa. isake alawa, iss tathya seey sandeh paida huaa kii aantarik uttar koriyai media mein visfot kaa koee ullekh naheen thaa. haalaanki, uttar koriyai samachar aamtaur parr sattaaroodh dall key nirnayon koo logon (rashtriya aur antarrashtriya) key liye adhik anukool banaane key liye shaasi aankadon dwara niyojit ack tarika haye; isaliye, pratikool kahaaniyan aamtaur parr prasaarit naheen kii jaati hain. isase pahale 2004 mein ryongchon aapada kii soochana ghatana key kuchh hii dinon baad millie thee. tatkaal lokpriya atkalen theen kii visfot paramanu mool kaa thaa. sanyukt raajya america key raajya sachiv collin powell ney kahaa kii "koee sanket" naheen thaa kii yeh paramanu thaa, aur dakshin koria ney isi tarah kahaa kii yeh paramanu prateet naheen hotaa haye. paramanu visfot key prabhaavon koo araajnaitik adhikaariyon koo spasht roop seey dikhaai dene seey kuchh dinn pahale hii aisaa hoe jaayega. iss tarah key visfot kii paramanu prakriti koo lambe samay taka chhipaana sambhav naheen hoga, kyonki paramanu visfot seey utpann radiodharmi samasthaanik duniya bhar key baahari paryavekshakon key liye pataa lagaane yogya honge. uttar koria seey. uttar koria ney shuru mein iss baat seey incar kiya kii visfot paramanu thaa. jaba spashteekaran key liye kahaa gayaa, tou uttar koria key videsh mantri, peck naam-sunn ney aadhikarik taur parr kahaa kii visfot "vaastav mein ack vishal panbijali pariyojana key hisse key roop mein ack pahaad kaa jaanboojhkar vidhvans thaa. uttar koria ney 13 sitambar 2004 koo ghoshana kii kii british rajdoot david slin koo iss sthal parr jaane kii anumati dee jaayegi. united kingdam, sweeden, germany, check ganarajya, polland, roose aur mangolia key rajnayikon ney 16 sitambar 2004 koo usa sthal kaa daura kiya, joe kathit roop seey nirmanadhin ack panbijali pariyojana koo dekhane kii soochana dee thee. halanki, dakshin koria ney kahaa kii rajanyik sahee sthaan parr naheen they aur sandigdh visfot sthal seey lagbhag 100 kimmy (62 meal) door they. dakshin koria seey. 17 sitambar 2004 koo, dakshin koria key ekikaran key upa mantri ghee bong-joe ney daavaa kiya kii kathit sthal parr koee visfot naheen huaa thaa, yeh kahate hue kii kathit mashroom baadal ack praakritik baadal kaa gathan thaa (mashroom baadal kaee prakaar key badey visfoton seey banate hain, naa kii kewal paramanu visfot). usee dinn, koria bhookamp anusandhaan kendra ney bataaya kii sandigdh visfot sthal seey lagbhag 100 kimmy door mount bekadu mein 8 sitambar 2004 koo prashnagat avadhi mein ekmatra bhookampiya gatividhi 23:24 koria maanak samay (UTC + 9) parr thee. uttar koriyai nirastreekaran vaarta. visfot key samay, uttar koria parr sanyukt raajya america, dakshin koria, chean, roose aur japan key saath apane paramanu karyakram key baare mein chhah-tarfa rajanyik vaarta phir seey shuru karane kaa dabaav thaa. uttar koria haal hii mein dakshin koria key paramanu anusandhaan karyakramon key baare mein khulasa karane kaa hawala dete hue chauthe daur kii vaarta seey pahale deree parr jore dey rhaa thaa. 14 sitambar 2004 koo, ack british doot ney kahaa kii uttar koria abhee bhee vaarta key liye pratibaddh thaa, lekin 27 sitambar 2004 koo, uttar koria kii raajya samachar agency, key. see. aine. aeye. ney bataaya kii vaarta phir seey shuru karane kaa sawal taba taka naheen thaa jaba taka kii sanyukt raajya america ney kuchh riyaayaten naheen dee theen. shuruati dinon seey, paschimi media mein anivarya roop seey koee anuvarti reporting naheen hui haye. 28 sitambar koo, uttar koria key upa videsh mantri choi sue-heon ney sanyukt rashtra mahasabha mein ghoshana kii kii usane americi paramanu khatare key khilaf ack nivaarak key roop mein 8,000 kharch kiye gaye eendhan kii chhad seey plutonium koo paramanu hathiyaron mein badal diyaa haye. paramanu mudde parr chhah deshon kii vaarta, joe phir seey shuru honey vaali thee, koo isake bajaay nilambit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. iss tarikh taka, vishleshakon kaa maanana thaa kii uttar koria ney navambar 2008 mein sanyukt raajya america key rashtrapati chunaav key baad taka aage kii baatchit seey incar curr diyaa thaa. taba seey, uttar koria ney kaee paramanu hathiyaron key pareekshan kiye hain aur dakshin koria parr yuddh kii kaee dhamkiyan jaari kii hain. aprail 2018 taka, uttar koria ney dakshin koria key saath milkar koriyai praayadveepiya kshetra koo poori tarah seey paramanu nirastreekaran karane aur anta mein donon koriyaon key beach shaanti kii ghoshana karane key apane iradon kii ghoshana kii haye. kaaran. ghatana kii prakriti parr bahut atkalen lagaai jaa rahee hain. parikalpanaon koo kaee akshon parr vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haye. aisee cheejen joe bhautik ghatnaaon kaa kaaran bunn sakati hain, way dekhi gaeeh yadi koee visfot huaa thaa, tou mukhya sambhaavit kaaranah anta mein, visfot parikalpanaon koo vibhajit karane kaa ack aur tarika yeh haye kii yeh kitna jaanboojhkar kiya gayaa thaah 10 farwari 2005 koo uttar koria key paramanu hathiyar rakhane key daave seey paramanu pareekshan yaa durghatana kii kuchh vishvasaniyata milati haye. haalaanki, kissy bhee padosi rashtra ney radiodharmi samsthaanikon kaa pataa lagaane kaa daavaa naheen kiya haye joe donon kii visheshta hogi. uttar koria ney 9 octuber 2006 koo apane pahale paramanu hathiyar kaa pareekshan karane kaa daavaa kiya. taba seey uttar koria dwara kaee paramanu pareekshan kiye gaye hain.

ranggang spota 2004rahra september 9randu uttara koriyaada uttara praantyada reanggangnalli nadeda dodda spotavu reanggang sphotavagittu. shankita spotada svaroopa mattu kaarana uhapohagala vishayavaagide. yaavude nereya rashtragalu paramanu spotada lakshanavaagiruva vikiranashila aisotopgalannu pattehachchive endu helikondilla. shankita spota. samudra mattadinda sumaru ettaradalliruva parvata pradeshavaada reanggang praantyada kimhangjick kountiyalli volton karmikara jilleya ("voltal-lodongjagu") (41° 19'47 "n 127° 05'02 e) bully shankita spota sambhaviside. spotavu cheenaada gadiyallittu. ee pradeshavu yongjio-dong kshipani neleyannu olagondante halavaaru military sthaapanegalannu hondide. 2004rahra september 9rahra aarambhadalli bhukampana chatuvatikeyu patteyagittu mattu idu anabeya modavendu shankisalaada "vichitra aakaarada moda" dondige paraspara sambandha hondide endu arambhika varadigalu helive. ivu ottaagi dodda spotavannu soochisuttave. uttara koriyaada rachaneya 56neey varshikotsavavada 2004rahra september 9rahra dinankavannu mahatvaddendu pariganisalaagittu, ekendare uttara koriyavu mahatvada dinankagalalli bhavyavaada military sannegalannu maadida itihaasavannu hondide. aadaagyoo, yaavude spota sambhavisilla endu nantarada varadigalu nirakarisuva moolaka moola varadigalannu virodhisalaagide. pratikriye. daksina koriyaada suddi samsthe yonhap, cheenaada beijingna moolavondannu ullekhisi, anabeya modavannu gamanisalaagide endu heluvavarege, 2004rahra september 12ravarege ee ghataneyu antaaraashtriya mattadalli varadiyagiralilla. idallade, uttara koriyaada aantarika madhyamagalalli spotada bagge yaavude ullekhavilla emba amshadinda anumaana vyaktavaayitu. aadaagyoo, uttara koriyaada suddigalu samanyavagi aadalita pakshada nirdhaaragalannu janarige (rashtriya mattu antararashtriya) hecchu anukulakaravagisalu aadalita vyaktigalu balasuva vidhaanavaagide; aaddarinda, pratikoola suddigalannu samanyavagi prasara madalaguvudilla. 2004rahra aarambhadalli nadeda rayangchan durantavu ee ghataneya kelave dinagala nantara varadiyaayitu. spotavu paramanu mooladdaagide emba takshanada janapriya uhapohagalu iddavu. united statesna raajya karyadarshi collin powell avaru idu paramanu endu "yaavude suchanegalilla" endu helidaru, mattu daksina koria adhe reeti adhu paramanu endu toruttilla endu helide. paramanu spotada parinamagalu raajakeeyavallada adhikaarigalige nissandigdhavagi gocharisalu kelavu dinagale bekaguttave. antaha spotada paramanu svaroopavannu deerghakaaladavarege maremachalu sadhyavaguvudilla, ekendare paramanu spotadinda srushtiyaada vikiranashila aisotopgalannu vishvadaadyanta horagina vikshakaru pattehachchabahudu. uttara koriyaadinda. uttara koria aarambhadalli spotavu paramanu sphotavagittu endu nirakarisitu. vivarane kelidaaga, uttara koriyaada videshanga sachiva pake naam-sunn, spotavu "vaastavaagi brihat jalavidyut yojaneya bhagavagi parvatavannu uddeshapoorvakavaagi dhvamsagolisiddu" endu adhikrutavaagi helidaru. british rayabhariyada david slin avarige ee stalakke bheti needalu anumati nidalaaguvudu endu uttara koria 2004rahra september 13randu ghoshisitu. united kingdom, sweeden, germany, jeck ganarajya, polend, russia mattu mangoliyaada rajatantrikaru 2004rahra september 16randu ee stalakke bheti needi, nirmaana hantadalliruva jalavidyut yojaneyannu nodiddarendu varadi maadidaru. aadaagyoo, rajatantrikaru sariyaada sthaladalli iralilla mattu shankita spotada sthaladinda sumaru 100 kii. mea. (62 maili) dooradalliddaru endu daksina koria helide. daksina koriyaadinda. september 17,2004 randu, daksina koriyaada ekikaranada upa sachiva ree bong-zoo avaru uddeshita sthaladalli yaavude spota sambhavisilla endu helikondaru, anabe modavu naisargika modada rachaneyagide endu helidaru (anabe modagalu aneka reetiya dodda spotagalinda roopugolluttave, paramanu spotagalu matravalla). adhe dina, koriyaada bhookampa samshodhanaa kendravu, 2004rahra september 8randu shankita spotada sthaladinda sumaru 100 kii. mea. dooradalliruva mount bekdudalli, prashnarha avadhiyalli reanggang praantyadalli sambhavisida ekaika bhukampana chatuvatikeyu, <aii. dii. 1> koriyaada pramanita samaya (yuu. tii. sii + 9) aagittu endu varadi maaditu. uttara koriyaada nirastrikarana matukategalu. spotada samayadalli, uttara koria tanna paramanu kaaryakramakke sambandhisidante united states, daksina koria, peeples republic off cheena, russia mattu japaannondige aaru-maargagala rajatantrika matukategalannu punaraarambhisalu ottadadallittu. uttara koria ittichege bahirangapadisida daksina koriyaada paramanu samshodhanaa kaaryakramagalannu ullekhisi, nalkane suttina matukateya modalu vilambavannu ottayisuttittu. 2004rahra september 14randu, british raayabhaariyobbaru uttara koria innoo matukatege baddhavaagide endu helidaru, aadare 2004rahra september 27randu, uttara koriyaada raajya suddi samstheyaada keey. sii. enn. aa. yuu, america samyukta samsthaanagalu kelavu riyayitigalannu niiduvavarege matukategalannu punaraarambhisuva prashneye illa endu varadi maaditu. arambhika dinagalinda, pashchimatya madhyamagalalli yaavude falo-up varadigalilla. september 28randu, uttara koriyaada upa videshanga sachiva choyi suu-heon avaru vishvasamstheya saamaanya sabheyalli, americada paramanu bedarikeya viruddha tadegattuva saluvaagi plutonium annu 8,000 indhana raadgalinda paramanu shastraastragalaagi parivartisiruvudaagi ghoshisidaru. paramanu vishayada bagge punaraarambhagollabekidda aaru rashtragala matukategalannu sthagitagolisalaayitu. ee dinankada velege, 2008rahra novembernalli nadeda united states adhyakshiya chunavaneya tanaka uttara koria hecchina matukategalannu tallihaakide endu vishleshakaru nambiddaru. andininda, uttara koria aneka paramanu shastrastra parikshegalannu nadeside mattu daksina koriyaada mele halavaaru yuddhada bedarikegalannu niidide. 2018rahra april velege, uttara koria mattu daksina koria corian paryaya dweepawannu sampoornavaagi paramanu rahitagolisuva mattu antimavagi eradu koriyagala naduve shaantiyannu ghooshisuva tamma uddeshavannu ghoshisive. kaarana. ghataneya svaroopada bagge saakashtu uhapohagalu nadedive. uhegalannu halavaaru aksagala mele vingadisabahudu. gamanisida bhautika vidyamaanagalige karanavagabahudada vishayagalu spota sambhavisiddare, mukhya sambhavaneeya karanagalu antimavagi, spotada uhegalannu vibhajisuva mattondu maargavendare adhu eshtu uddeshapoorvakavaagittuh 2005rahra phebravari 10randu uttara koriyaada paramanu shastrastragalannu honduva hakku paramanu parikshe athawa apaghaatada uuhege kelavu vishvaasaarhateyannu niiduttade. aadaagyoo, yaavude nereya rashtragalu vikiranashila aisotopgala yaavude patteyannu helikondilla, adhu iveradara lakshanavaagide. uttara koria tanna modala paramanu shastrastravannu 2006rahra october 9randu parikshiside endu helikondide. andininda uttara koriyaadinda aneka paramanu parikshegalu nadedive.

riangang spodanam 2004 septambar october vadakkan koriyayile vadakkan pravisyayaaya ringgaangil nadanna oru valia spodanamaayirunnu ringgang spodanam. samshayaaspadamaaya spodanathinte swabhaavavum kaaranavum oohaapohangalude vishayamaan. oru aanava spodanathinte swabhaavasavisheshathayulla radio active isotopukal kandethiyathayi oru ayalraajyavum avakashappettitla. samshayaaspadamaaya spodanam. samudranirappinu ekadesham mukalilulla oru parvathapradeshamaaya rangang pravishyayile kimhyongic kaundiyile volton varkkezhs distriktinu ("voltal-lodongjagu") (41° 19'47 "n 127° 05'02 e) sameepamaan spodanam nadannathennu samshayikkunnu. chainayude athirthiyil ninnaan spodanam nadannathu. yongjio-dong baalistik misail thaavalam ulppede niravadhi sainika instaaleshanukal eee pradeshathundu. 2004 septambar 9 nuu bhookamba pravartthanam kandethiyathayum ithu koonn meghamaanennu samshayikkunna "vichitramaaya aakruthiyilulla meghavumaayi" bandhappettirikkunnavum aadyakaala reportukal prasthaavichu. iva orumichu oru valia spodanathe soochippikkum. uthara koriyayude roopeekaranathinte 56-aamm vaarshikamaya 2004 septambar 9-aamm theeyathi, pradhana theeyathikalil mahathaaya sainika aamgyangal kaanicha charitramullathinaal, praadhaanyamullathaayi kanakkakkappettu. ennirunnaalum, spodanamundaayathaayi nishedhikkunna pilkkala reportukal yadhaartha reportukale ethirkkunnu. prathikaranam. 2004 septambar 12 vare eee sambhavam anthaaraashtra thalatthil report cheyyappettirunnil, dakshina corian warta ejansiyaaya yonhap chainayile beijingile oru srothassine udharichu oru koonn megham nireekshichathaayi paranju. koodaathe, vadakkan corian aabhyanthara maadyamangalil spodanathekkurichu paraamarsamillenna vasthuthayum samshayam uyarthi. ennirunnaalum, bharanakakshiyude theerumaanangal janangalkk (deseeyavum anthardesheeyavumaaya) kooduthal anukoolamaakkunnathinu bharanadhikaarikal upayogikkunna oru reethiyaanu uthara corian vaarthakal; athinaal, prathikoolamaaya vaarthakal saadhaaranayaayi prakshepanam cheiyunnilla. 2004ll ryongchon durantham report cheyyappettathu sambhavam nadannu eathaanum divasangalkku sheshamaan. spodanam aanava uthbhavamaanenn udanadi janakeeya oohaapohangal undaayirunnu. ithu aanavamaanennu "soochanakalonnumillennu" yunaittad stetts stettu sekrattari collin powell paranju, dakshina koriayum samaanamaayi ithu aanavamaanennu thonnunnillennu paranju. oru aanava spodanathinte prathyaaghaathangal arashtreeya adhikaarikalkk vyakthamaayi kaanaan kurachu divasangaledukkum. aanava spodanam srishticha radio active isotopukal lokamembaadumulla baahya nireekshakarkk kandethaan kazhiyunnathinaal atharamoru spodanathinte aanava swabhaavam deerghaneram maraykkaan kazhiyilla. vadakkan koriyayil ninnu. spodanam aanavamaanennu uthara korea thudakkathil nishedhichirunnu. oru vishadeekaranathinaayi aavashyappettappol, uthara koriyayude videshakaarya mantri pake naam-sann audyogikamaayi spodanam "vaasthavathil oru valia jalavaidyutha padhathiyude bhaagamaayi oru parvvatham manappoorvvam thakarthathaanu" ennu prasthaavichu. britiish ambasadaraaya david slinnine eee sthalam sandarshikkaan anuvadikkumennu 2004 septambar septambar uthara korea prakhyaapichu. yunaittad kingdom, sweeden, jarmmani, check republic, polandu, russia, mangolia ennividangalil ninnulla nayathanthranjar 2004 septambar 16 nuu eee sthalam sandarshikkukayum nirmmaanathilirikkunna oru jalavaidyutha padhathi kandathayi report cheyyukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, nayathanthranjar sariyaaya sthalathallennum samshayaaspadamaaya spodanam nadanna sthalathu ninnu 100 kilometer (62 mile) akaleyaanennum dakshina korea paranju. dakshina koriyayil ninnu. 2004 septambar 17 nuu, dakshina corian ekeekarana vais mantri reyy bong-joou, koonn megham swaabhaavika mekha roopeekaranamaanennu avakaashappett (aanava spodanangal mathramalla, palatharam valia spodanangalil ninnu koonn meghangal roopappedunnu) uddeshicha sthalathu oru spodanavum undaayittillenn avakashappettu. athe divasam thanne, corian bhookamba gaveshana kendram report cheythath, 2004 septambar 8 nuu samshayaaspadamaaya spodanasthalathu ninnu 100 kilometer akaleyulla baikku parvathatthil, ringgang pravishyayile eaka bhookamba pravartthanam <aii. dii. 1> korea staanderd samayathaan (yuu. tii. sii + 9). uthara corian niraayudheekarana charchakal. spodanasamayathu, america, dakshina korea, peeples republic oof chaina, russia, jappan ennivayumaayulla aanava padhathiyekkurichulla aarr vazhikalulla nayatantra charchakal punaraarambhikkaan uthara korea sammarddathilaayirunnu. aduthide velippeduthiya dakshina corian aanava gaveshana padhathikale udharichu naalam ghatta charchakalkku munbu kaalathamasam varuthanamennu uthara korea nirbandham pidikkukayaayirunnu. 2004 septambar septambar oru britiish prathinidhi uthara korea ippozhum charchakalil prathijnjaabadhamaanennu paranjenkilum 2004 septambar septambar uthara koriyayude samsthaana warta ejansiyaaya keey. sii. enn. eiii. yunaittad stetts chila elavukal nalkunnathuvare charchakal punaraarambhikkunnath prashnamallenn report cheythu. aadyakaalam muthal paashchaathya maadyamangalil thudarnnulla reportingukalonnum undayittilla. septambar 28 nuu, uthara corian vais videshakaarya mantri choyi suu-heeyon aikyaraashtrasabhayude pothusabhayil us aanava bhishaniye prathirodhikkunnathinaayi plutoniathe 8,000 indhana vadil ninnu aanavaayudhangalaakki mattiyathaayi prakhyaapichu. punaraarambhikkendiyirunna aanava vishayathekkurichulla aarr raajyangalude charchakal pakaram nirtthivachu. 2008 novemberil nadanna american president thiranjeduppinushesham kooduthal charchakalkku uthara korea thayyaaraayillenn eee theeyathi vare vishakalana vidagdhar vishwasichirunnu. athinusesham, uthara korea onniladhikam aanavaayudha pareekshanangal nadathukayum dakshina koriyaykkethire niravadhi yuddha bheeshanikal purappeduvikkukayum cheythittundu. 2018 epril vare, uthara koriayum dakshina koriayum corian upabhookhandathe poornnamaayum aanava niraayudheekarikkaanum oduvil iru koriyakalum thammil samadhaanam prakhyapikkaanumulla uddeshyam prakhyaapichittundu. kaaranam. sambhavathinte swabhaavathekkurichu valia oohaapohangal nadakkunnundu. sidhaanthangale niravadhi achuthandukalil vibhajikkaam. nireekshicha bhauthika prathibhaasangalkk kaaranamakunna kaaryangal oru spodanam undengil, pradhana kaaranangal avasaanamaayi, spotana sidhaanthangale vibhajikkaanulla mattoru maarggam athu ethratholam manapoorvamaayirunnu ennathaanu 2005 februvari februvari aanavaayudhangal kaivasham undenna uthara koriyayude avakaashavaadam aanava pareekshanatthino apakadatthino chila vishwaasyatha nalkunnu. ennirunnaalum, radio active isotopukal kandethiyittundenn oru ayalraajyavum avakashappettitla. 2006 october october thangalude aadya aanavaayudham pareekshichathaayi uthara korea avakashappettu. athinusesham uthara korea onniladhikam aanava pareekshanangal nadathiyittundu.

reangangcha sphot uttar koriyamadhye 9 september 2004 roji uttar prantatil reanggangmadhye jhalela eka motha sphot haah reangangcha sphot hota. sanshayaspad sphotache swaroop aanee kaaran haah andajancha vishay aahe. konatyahi shejaril rashtranni anusfotanche vaishishtya asalelya kiranotsargi samasthanikancha shodh lagalyacha dawa kelela nahee. sanshayaspad sphot. samudraspatipasun sumare varr asalelya rianggang prantatil kimhiyongjik prantatil volton kamgar jilhyajaval ("voltal-lodongjagu") (41° 19'47 "aine 127° 05'02 eae) sanshayaspad sphot jhaala. haah sphot chinchya simevarun jhaala hota. yaa bhagat yongjio-dong ballistic kshepanastra talasah anek lashkari aasthapana aahet. suruvatichya ahavalanmadhye asey mhatale gele aahe qee 9 september 2004 chya suruvatila bhookampachya halchali aadhalalya hotya aanee yacha sambandh eka "vichitra aakarachya dhag" shhee hota, joou mashroomche dhag asalyacha sanshay hota. heey ektritpane eka motha sphot darshavel. 9 september 2004 hii tarikh, uttar koriyachya nirmitichya 56vya vardhapan dinala, titakich mahattvachi manali gelee kaaran uttar koriyala mahattvapoorn tarkhanvar bhavya lashkari havbhav karnyacha itihas aahe. tathapi, konatahi sphot jhaala nasalyache nakarnanya nantarchya ahavalanni mool ahavalancha virodh keela aahe. pratikriya. 12 september 2004 paryant hii ghatana aantarrashtriy staravar nondavali gelee navhati, jevha dakshin koriyachi vrutt sanstha yonhapne beijing, chinmadhil eka strotacha hawala deela, jyat mashroomche dhag aadhalun aale hote. yavyatirikt, uttar koriyachya antargat madhyamanmadhye sphotacha ullekh navhata yaa vastusthitimule sanshay nirman jhaala. tathapi, uttar koriyachya batamya hii sahasa sattadhari pakshakadoon nirnay lokansathi (rashtriy aanee aantarrashtriy) adhik anukool banavanyasathi vaparlya jaanarya sarkari vyaktindvare vaparali jaanari eka paddhat aahe; mhanoon, pratikool batamya samanyatah prasarit kelya jaat naheet. yaa ghatanenantar kahee divasannich 2004chya suruvatila rayangchon aapattichi nond jhaali. haah sphot moolatah anuurjacha hota ashee tatkal lokpriy atkal hotee. amerikeche pararashtramantri collin powell mhanale qee teey anoo asalyache konatehi sanket naheet aanee dakshin koreane dekhil asech mhatale qee teey anoo asalyache disat nahee. anubombche parinam arajnaitik adhikanyanna spashtapane disanyas kahee divas lagtil. asha sphotache anoo swaroop jaast kaal lapavane shakya honar nahee, kaaran anusfotamule nirman jhalele kiranotsargi samasthanik jagbharatil bahereel nirikshakanna shodhata yeteel. uttar koriyatoon. uttar koreane suruvatila haah sphot anuchachanicha hota heey nakarle. spashtikaranasathi vicharale asata, uttar koriyache pararashtra mantri, peek naam-sunn yanni adhikrutpane sangitale qee haah sphot "pratyakshat eka vishal jalvidhyut prakalpacha bhag mhanoon eka parvatachi janivpurvak padtod hotee". uttar koreane 13 september 2004 roji jaheer kele qee british rajdoot david sleen yanna yaa thikanala bhet denyachi parvanagi dilee jaeel. united kingdam, sweeden, germany, check prajasattak, polland, russia aanee mangolia yetheel mutsadyanni 16 september 2004 roji jyaa thikani bandhkam suru aahe asey manale jaat hote tyaa thikanala bhet dilee aanee bandhkam suru asalela jalvidhyut prakalp pahilyache sangitale. tathapi, dakshin koreane sangitale qee mutsaddi yogya thikani navhate aanee sanshayit sphotsthalachya sumare 100 kiimii (62 mail) antaravar hote. dakshin koriyatoon. 17 september 2004 roji, dakshin koriyache ekikaran upmantri rii bong-joou yanni dawa keela qee kathit thikani konatahi sphot jhaala nahee, asey mhanat, mashroomche dhag hii naisargik dhaganchi nirmiti hotee (mashroomche dhag anek prakarchya mothya sphotanpasun tayar hotat, keval anoo sphotanmule nahee). tyach divashi, koria bhookamp sanshodhan kendrane nondavale qee, sanshayaspad sphot sthalapasun sumare 100 kiimii antaravar asalelya mount bekadu yethe 8 september 2004 roji, tyaa kalatil rayanggang prantatil ekmev bhookampiy kriyakalap, 23:24 koria manak velenusar (utc + 9) hota. uttar koria nihshastrikaran charcha. sphotachya velee, uttar koriyavar america, dakshin koria, chinache lock prajasattak, russia aanee japan yanchyashi tyachya aanvik karyakramashi sambandhit sahaa-margi rajnaitik charcha punha suru karnyasathi dabav hota. nuktyach ughad jhalelya dakshin koriyachya aanvik sanshodhan karyakramancha hawala dett, uttar koria charchechya chauthya feripurvi vilamb karnyacha aagrah dharat hota. 14 september 2004 roji, eka british dutane sangitale qee uttar koria ajunahi charchesathi vachanbaddha aahe, parantu 27 september 2004 roji, uttar koriyachi rajya vrutt sanstha keey. see. aine. aii. neey nondavale qee americene kahee savalati deiparyant charcha punha suru karnyacha prashnach udbhavat navhata. suruvatichya divasapasun, pashchatya madhyamanmadhye pathpurava ahwal moolatah aalela nahee. 28 september roji, uttar koriyache upavideshmantri choi suu-heon yanni sanyukt rashtranchya aamsabhet jaheer kele qee tyanni amerikechya aanvik dhokyachya virodhat pratibandh mhanoon plutoniumche 8,000 kharch kelelya indhan rodmadhun aanvik shastranmadhye rupantar kele aahe. punha suru honanya anoo mudyavar sahaa deshanchya vataghati tyaeivaji sthagit karnyat aalya. yaa tarkheparyant, vishleshakancha assa vishvas hota qee uttar koreane november 2008 madhye amerikechya adhyakshiy nivadanukiparyant pudhil vataghati nakarlya hotya. tevhapasoon uttar koreane anek anvastra chachanya kelya aahet aanee dakshin koriyavar yuddhachya anek dhamkya dilya aahet. april 2018 paryant, uttar koreane dakshin koriyasah, corian dweepkalpache purnapane nihshastrikaran karnyacha aanee shevati donhi koriyanmadhye shantata prasthapit karnyacha tyancha hetu jaheer keela aahe. kaaran. yaa ghatanechya swarupabaddal barech andaj lavale jaat aahet. gruhitak anek akshanvar vibhagale jaau shakatat. jyaa goshti bhautik ghatananna karanibhoot tharoo shakatat tyaa nirikshanat aalyah jarr sphot jhaala asel tarr mukhya sambhavya karaneh shevati, sphot gruhitkanche vibhajan karnyacha aanakhi eka marg mhanje teey kitee jaanunbujun hoteh 10 februwari 2005 roji uttar koriyachya anvastre asalyacha dawa aanvik chachani kinwa apghat heey kahee pramanat vishvasarhata darshavito. tathapi, konatyahi shejaril rashtranni kiranotsargi samasthanikancha shodh lagalyacha dawa kelela nahee, jeey donhiche vaishishtya asel. uttar koreane 9 aktoobar 2006 roji aaplya pahilya anvastra chachanicha dawa keela. tevhapasoon uttar koreane anek anvastra chachanya kelya aahet.

riangang wisfot ringgang wisfot euta thulo wisfot thiyo june uttari koreako ringgang prantama 9 september 2004 maa bhaeko thiyo. sandigdha wisfotko prakriti rar karan anumanko vishaya how. kunai pani chhimeki rashtraharule anawik wisfotko radiodharmi aisotopko kunai pani pahichan bhaeko dabi gareka chhainan. sandigdha wisfot. sandigdha wisfot samudra satahabhanda lagbhag mathi raheko pahadi khetra rayangang prantako kimhyongjik countyma wolton mazdur zilla ("woltel-lodongajagu") (41° 19'47 "n 127° 05'02 e) najikai bhaeko thiyo. wisfot chinasangko simabata bhaeko thiyo. yass kshetrama yongjiyo-dong balastic missile adharsahit dherai sainya sthapanaharu chhan. prarambhik reportharule bhane kii bhukampiya gatiwidhi 9 september 2004 ko suruma patta lageko thiyo, rar yo "anautho akarko badal" sanga sambandhit thiyo, jaslai chyauko badal bhaeko shanka garieko thiyo. yee sabai milera thulo wisfotko sanket gardacha. uttar koreako gathanko 56 aun warshikotsawa, 9 september 2004 ko miti mahatwapurna manincha kinbhane uttar koreako mahatwapurna mitiharuma bhawya sainya hawabhaw garne itihas chha. yadyapi, kunai pani wisfot bhaeko kura aswikar garne pachhika reportharule muel reportharuko khandan gareka chhan. pratikriya. yo ghatana 12 september 2004 samma antarrashtriya rupma report garieko thiena, jab dakshin koreali samachar agency yonhaple beijing, chinko ek srotlai uddhrit garyo, jasle chyauko badal dekhieko bataeko thiyo. thap rupma, antarik uttar koreali mediama wisfotko kunai ullekha nabhaeko tathyale shanka khada gareko thiyo. yadyapi, uttar koreali samachar samanyataya shasak partyka nirnayaharulai janata (rashtriya rar antarrashtriya) kaa lagi badhi anukul banauna shasak wyaktiharudwara prayog garieko vidhi how; tyasaile, pratikul kathaharu samanyataya prasaran garindainan. sann 2004 ko suruma bhaeko ryongchan prakop ghatanako kehi dinpachhi matra report garieko thiyo. wisfotko utpatti anawik bhaeko tatkal lokpriya anuman garieko thiyo. sanyukta rajya americaka videshmantri collin pawelle bhane kii yo anawik bhaeko "kunai sanket" chhaina, rar dakshin koreale pani tyastai gari yo anawik jasto dekhindaina. anawik wisfotko prabhawa arajnaitik adhikariharulai spashta rupma dekhine kehi dina aghi hunechha. yasto wisfotko anawik prakritilai lamo samayasamma lukauna sambhawa hune chhaina, kinki anawik wisfotbata sirjana bhaeka radiodharmi aisotopharu vishwabharka bahiri paryawekshakharulai patta lagauna sakine chhan. uttar koreabata. uttar koreale suruma wisfot anawik bhaeko aswikar gareko thiyo. jab spashtikaranka lagi agraha gariyo, uttar koreaka videsh mantri, peck naam-sanle adhikarik rupma bhane kii wisfot "wastawma vishal jalavidyut pariyojanako bhagko rupma janajani pahadko vidhwansa thiyo. uttar koreale 13 september 2004 maa ghoshana garyo kii belayati rajdut devid slinlai site bhraman garna anumati diinechha. sanyukta adhirajya, swiden, germany, check ganatantra, polyand, rasiya rar mangoliaka kutnitigyaharule 16 september 2004 maa ukta sthalko bhraman gare rar nirmanadhin jalavidyut pariyojana dekheko report gare. yadyapi, dakshin koreale kutnitigyaharu sahi sthanma nabhaeko rar sandigdha wisfot sthalbata lagbhag 100 kilometer (62 mile) tadha raheko bataeko chha. dakshin koreabata. 17 september 2004 maa, dakshin koreaka ekikaranka upamantri ree bong-jole kathit thaunma kunai wisfot nabhaeko dabi gardai, anumanit chyauko badal prakritik badalko gathan bhaeko (chyauko badal dherai prakarka thula wisfotharubata banchha, anawik wisfot matra hoina) bhane. sohi dina, korea bhukampa anusandhan kendrale report garyo kii yass awadhima riangang prantama ek matra bhukampiya gatiwidhi 8 september 2004 maa sandigdha wisfot sthalbata lagbhag 100 kilometer tadha mount bekduma 23:24 korea manak samaya (UTC + 9) maa thiyo. uttar koreama nishstrikaran warta. wisfotko samayama, uttar koreama sanyukta rajya america, dakshin korea, janawadi ganatantra chean, rasiya rar japansanga afno anawik karyakram sambandhi chha-tarafa kutnitik warta punah suru garna dabab thiyo. uttar koreale bharkharai khulasa bhaeka dakshin koreaka anawik anusandhan karyakramharulai uddhrit gardai chautho charanko warta aghi dhilai garna jode diiraheko thiyo. 14 september 2004 maa, ek belayati dutle uttar korea ajhai pani wartama pratibadha raheko batae, tara 27 september 2004 maa, uttar koreako rajya samachar agency, kcnle report garyo kii sanyukta rajya americale kehi chhutharu nagaresamma warta punah suru garne prashna utheko thiena. prarambhik dinadekhi nai paschimi mediama kunai falo-up reporting bhaeko chhaina. september 28 maa, uttar koreaka upawideshamantri choi su-heonle sanyukta rashtra mahasabhama ghoshana gare kii yasale americi anawik khatara viruddha pratirodhko rupma 8,000 kharcha garieko indhan radbata plutoniumlai anawik hatiyarma parinat gareko chha. anawik muddama chha rashtrako warta, june punah suru huna lageko thiyo, yasako satta sthagit gariyo. yass mitima, wishleshakharule uttar koreale november 2008 maa sanyukta rajya americako rashtrapati chunawa nabhaesamma thap warta garna aswikar gareko vishwas gare. tyasabeladekhi, uttar koreale dherai anawik hatiyar parikshanharu gareko chha rar dakshin koreama yuddhako dherai dhamkiharu jaari gareko chha. april 2018 samma, uttar koreale dakshin koreasanga milera koreali prayadwiplai purna rupma anawik nishstrikaran garne rar antatah dui koreabich shanti ghoshana garne afno irada ghoshana gareko chha. karan. ghatanako prakritibare dherai anuman lagaieko chha. parikalpanaharulai dherai akshaharuma vibhajan garna sakinchha. awalokan garieko bhautik ghatanaharuko karan banna sakne kuraharuh yadi tyahan wisfot bhaeko thiyo bhane, mukhya sambhawit karanharuh antama, wisfot parikalpanaharulai vibhajan garne arko tarika yo how kii yo kati janajani thiyoh 10 february 2005 maa uttar koreale anawik hatiyar rakheko dabile anawik parikshan wa durghatanako anumanlai kehi vishwasaniya banaunchha. yadyapi, kunai pani chhimeki rashtraharule radiodharmi aisotopharuko kunai pani patta lagaune dabi gareka chhainan june duwaiko visheshta hunechha. uttar koreale 9 october 2006 maa afno pahilo anawik hatiyarko parikshan gareko dabi gareko thiyo. tyasapachhi uttar koreale dherai anawik parikshanharu gareko chha.

ringaganga bisphorana ringaganga bisphorana eka budd bisphorana thila jaahaa uttara koriaare 9 september 2004 ray uttara pradesh ringagangare ghatithila. sandigdha bisphoranara prakruti ebong kaaran kalpanajalpanara bishai. kaunasi padoshi rastra daabi karinahanti je eka paramanu bisphoranara baisistya radioactive isotope chinhat hoichhi. sandigdha bisphorana. sandigdha bisphoranati waltan sramika zillah ("woltal-lodongajagu") (41° 19'47 "n 127° 05'02 e) nikatare ringagang pradeshar kimhiongajik kauntire ghatithila, eka parbatya anchala, samudra prustharu praiah uparaku . bisphoranati chean seemaare hoithila. ehi anchalare yonjio-donga balistic khepanastra bases sameth aneka samarika pratisthana rahichhi. prarambhika reportgudika darshaithila je 2004 masiha september 9 tarikh prarambhare bhukampa karjyakalapa chinhat karajaithila, ebong ehaa eka "adbhuta akarara megh" sahita jadita thila, jaahaa eka chhatu megh bolly sandeha karajauthila. egudika mishi eka budd bisphoranara sanketa deba. ehi tarikh, 9 september 2004, uttara korea gathner 56tama barshiki, gurutwapurna bhabare grahan karajaithila kaaran uttara koriara gurutwapurna tarikhare bhabya samarika angabhangi karibara itihas rahichhi . tebe, kaunasi bisphorana ghatithiba kathaa parabarti reportgudika asweekara curry moola reportgudika paraspara birodhi bolly darshajaichhi. pratikrija. ehi ghatana 12 september 2004 parjyanta antarjatija starare report hoinathila, jetebele dakhina koriara sambada agency yonhap cheenara beijingre eka utsaku uddhruta karithila, jaahaa kahichhi je eka chhatu megh dekhibaku milichi. ehaa byatita, uttara koriara aabhyantareen ganamadhyamare bisphoranara kaunasi ullekha nathiba sandeha srusti hoithila. tebe, uttara koriara khabara sadharanatah shasaka dalara nishpattigudiku lokamananka (jatiah ebong antarjatija) paain adhika anukula kariba paain shasaka byaktibisheshanka dwara byabahruta eka paddhati; tenu, pratikula khabara sadharanatah prasarita hue naahin . 2004 masihare arambha hoithiba riongachan biparjya ghatanatira maatra kichhi deane parey report karajaithila. turanta lokpriya kalpana karajaithila je bisphoranati anabika utsa thila . juktarastra americara baideshika sachiba collin pawel kahichanti je ehaa paramanu bolly "kaunasi sanketa" naahin, ebong dakhina korea samaana bhabare kahichhi je ehaa paramanu bolly dekhajau naahin. anarajaneetika kartupakhyanka paain eka paramanu bisphoranara prabhaba spust bhabare drushyamana hebara kichhi deane purbaru ehaa heba . ebhali bisphoranara paramanu prakrutiku adhika samai parjyanta luchai rakhiba sambhaba heba naahin, kaaran paramanu bisphorana dwara srusti hoithiba tejaskriya isotopagudika saaraa biswara bahya parjyabekhyakamananka paain chinhatajogya heba. uttara koriaaru. uttara korea prathame asweekara karithila je bisphoranati paramanu thila. jetebele uttara koriara baideshika mantri peck naama-sunn eka spasteekarana paain anurodha karithile, setebele shay aanusthanika bhabe kahithile je ehi bisphorana "bastabare eka bishala jalabidyuta prakalpara anshabisesha bhabe eka parbataku janishuni dhwansa kariba thila". uttara korea 13 september 2004 ray ghoshana karithila je british rastradoota devida slinnku ehi sthana paridarshan karibaku anumathi diajiba. britten, swidena, germany, check ganarajya, poland, rushia ebong mangoliaara kootaneetigyamane 16 september 2004 ray ehi sthana paridarshan karithile ebong nirmanadhina eka jalabidyuta prakalpa dekhithibara suchana deithile. tebe, dakhina korea kahichhi je kootaneetigyamane sathik sthanare nathile ebong sandigdha bisphorana sthalaru praiah 100 kilometer (62 mile) doorare thile. dakhina koriaaru. 17 september 2004 ray, dakhina koriara ekeekaranara upamantri rii bonga-joe daabi karithile je ukta sthanare kaunasi bisphorana hoinahin, ebong kahithile je kathita chhatu megh eka prakrutika megh gathan thila (chhatu megh aneka prakarara budd bisphoranaru srusti hue, kebala paramanu bisphorana nuhen). sehideen, korea bhukampa gabeshana kendra suchana deithila je sandigdha bisphorana sthalaru praiah 100 kilometer doorare thiba mount bekdure 2004 masiha september 8 tarikhare, sehi samajare ringaganga pradeshare ekamatra bhukampeeah karjyakalapa thila, jaahaa koriara manaka samai (jayu. tii. sii. + 9) thila. uttara koriara nirastrikarana alochana. bisphorana samajare, uttara korea america, dakhina korea, chean, rushia ebong japan sahita ehara paramanu karjyakram bishajare chhaa-mukhi kootanaitika alochana punarbara arambha karibaku chaapare thila. nikatare prakash paithiba dakhina koriara anabika gabeshana karjyakramara ullekha curry uttara korea chaturtha parjyaja alochana purbaru bilamba upare jore deuthila. 14 september 2004ray, jane british rastradoota kahithile je uttara korea ebe bii alochana paain pratishrutibadha, kintu 27 september 2004ray, uttara koriara rajya sambada sanstha, kee. sii. enn. aii., report karithila je america kichhi rihati nadeba parjyanta alochana punah arambha karibara prashna uthunahin. prarambhika dinagudikaru, paschatya ganamadhyamare kaunasi falo-up reporting hoinahin. september 28 ray, uttara koriara upa-baideshika mantri choi suu-heon milita jatisanghara sadharana sabhare ghoshana karithile je americara anabika bipada biruddhare eka pratibandhaka bhabare ehaa plutoniyamaku 8,000 kharcha hoithiba indhan radaru anabika astrare parinata karichhi. paramanu prasangare chhaati deshar alochana, jaahaa puni arambha hebara thila, taaha paribarte sthagita rakhajaithila. ehi tarikh suddha, bishleshakamane biswasa karuthile je navember 2008 ray juktarastra americara rastrapati nirbachana parjyanta uttara korea adhika alochanaku agrahya karithila. sebetharu uttara korea ekadhika paramanu astra parikhya karichhi ebong dakhina korea upare juddhara aneka dhamaka jaari karichhi. 2018 masiha april maasa suddha, uttara korea ebong dakhina korea korea upadweepaku sampurna bhabe paramanu nirastrikarana kariba ebong sheshare dui korea madhyare shanti ghoshana karibara uddeshya ghoshana karichanti. kaaran. ehi ghatanara prakruti upare aneka kalpanajalpana karajaichi. anumanagudiku aneka akshare bibhakta karajaipare. jeunsabu jinish bhautika ghatanamanara kaaran hoipare, segudika helah jadi kaunasi bisphorana hoithila, tebe ehara mukhya sambhabya karanagudika helah sheshare, bisphorana anumanaku bibhajita karibara anya eka upaiah heuchhi ehaa kete ichhakruta thilah 2005 masiha februari 10 tarikhare uttara koriara anabika astrashastra rakhiba daabi anabika parikhyana kimba durghatanara anumanaku kichhi biswasaneejatara sutra pradan kare. tebe, kaunasi padoshi rastra tejaskriya isotope chinhat karithiba daabi karinahanti, jaahaa ubhajankara baisistya heba. uttara korea 9 october 2006 ray ehara pratham paramanu astra parikhya karithiba daabi karichhi. taa 'paratharu uttara korea dwara ekadhika paramanu parikhya karajaichi .

rianggang dhamaka ringgang dhamaka ikk vadda dhamaka see joe uttri koria witch 9 satambar 2004 noon ringgang dey uttri soobe witch hoiaa see. shakki dhamake dee prakirti atey caarn atkalan daa visha haii. kise vee guandhi desh neey pramanu dhamake dee visheshta vaale radio active isotope daa pataa lagaun daa daava naheen keeta haii. shakki dhamaka. shakki dhamaka samunder tall toon lagbhag uppar, ikk pahadi khetar, ringgang prant witch kimhyongjik county witch volton workers zilhe ("voltal-lodongjagu") (41° 19'47 "n 127° 05'02 e) dey nede hoiaa. dhamaka cheen dee sarhadd toon hoiaa see. iss khetar witch kaee fauji sthapnavan hunn, jinhan witch yongjio-dong balistic mizail bases vee shamal haii. shuruati reportan witch kiha giaa haii kii 9 satambar 2004 dey shuru witch bhuchal dee gatividhi daa pataa laggiaa see, atey ih ikk "ajib aakaar dey baddal" naal sabandhat see, jiss dey baare witch shakk haii kii ih ikk mashroom baddal haii. ih ikkathe mill keey ikk vadde dhamake daa sanket denge. 9 satambar 2004, uttri koria dey gathan dee 56veen varehgandh noon mahattavpuran manniaa giaa see kiunki uttri koria daa mahattavpuran tarikan 'teey shandar fauji ishaare curran daa itihaas riha haii. halanki, baad deeaan reportan neey iss gall toon inkaar keeta haii kii koee dhamaka hoiaa see, mool reportan daa khandan keeta giaa haii. pratikriaa. ih ghatna 12 satambar 2004 takk antarashtari paddhar 'teey report naheen keeti gaee see, jadon dakkhni koriaai samachar agency yonhap neey cheen dey beijing witch ikk sarot daa havala ditta, jiss witch kiha giaa see kii ikk mashroom baddal dekhiaa giaa see. iss toon ilava, iss tatth toon shakk paida hoiaa kii uttri koria dey andruni media witch dhamake daa koee zikar naheen see. halanki, uttri koriaai khabran aam taur utte sattadhari party dey faisliaan noon lokan (rashtari atey antarashtari) laee vadhere anukool banaun laee shasan curran valiaan hastiaan duaara varti jaandi ikk vidhi haii; iss laee, annuchit khabran aam taur utte prasarit naheen keetiaan jandiaan hunn. iss ghatna dey kujh hii dinan baad 2004 witch ryongchon tabahi dee soochna millie see. turant lock atkalan lagaa rahey sunn kii dhamaka mool roop witch pramanu see. sanyukat raaj dey videsh mantri collin pavel neey kiha kii iss gall daa koee sanket naheen haii kii ih pramanu see, atey dakkhni koria neey isey tarahan kiha kii ih pramanu naheen japda. ann-rajneetak adhikariaan noon pramanu dhamake dey prabhav spasht taur 'teey dikhai denh witch kujh dinn laggange. ajihe dhamake dee pramanu prakirti noon lambe samein takk lukauna sambhav naheen hovega, kiunki pramanu dhamake duaara banaae gaye radio active isotope dunia bharr dey baahari nirikhakan laee labhiaa jaa sakda haii. uttri koria toon. uttri koria neey shuru witch iss gall toon inkaar keeta see kii dhamaka pramanu see. jadon uttri koria dey videsh mantri, peek naam-sunn noon spashtikaran laee kiha giaa, taan adhikarat taur 'teey kiha giaa kii dhamaka "asal witch ikk vishal pann-bijli project dey hisse vajon ikk pahaad noon janbujh keey dhahna see. uttri koria neey 13 satambar 2004 noon ailaan keeta kii british rajdoot david sleen noon iss sathaan daa daura curran dee aagiaa ditti javegi. united kingdom, sweden, germany, check ganraj, poland, roos atey mangolia dey diplomatan neey 16 satambar 2004 noon uss sathaan daa daura keeta see joe kathit taur 'teey iss sathaan daa daura see, atey dassiaa kii unhan neey ikk pann-bijli project daa nirman keeta hoiaa see. halanki, dakkhni koria neey kiha kii diplomat sahee jagha 'teey naheen sunn atey shakki dhamaka sathaan toon lagbhag 100 kilometer (62 meal) door sunn. dakkhni koria toon. 17 satambar 2004 noon, dakkhni koria dey ekikaran dey upp mantri rii bong-joe neey daava keeta kii kathit sathaan 'teey koee dhamaka naheen hoiaa see, ih kahinde hoye kii manniaa jaanda haii kii mashroom baddal ikk kudrati baddal daa gathan see (mashroom baddal kaee kisman dey vadde dhamakiaan toon banade hunn, naa kii siraf pramanu dhamake). use dinn, koria dey bhuchal khoj kendra neey dassiaa kii swal dey samein witch rianggang prant witch iklauti bhuchal gatividhi 8 satambar 2004 noon shakki dhamake vaali jagha toon lagbhag 100 kilometer door mount bekdu vikhe 23:24 koria standard time (UTC + 9) 'teey see. uttri koria witch nishastarikaran gallbat dhamake dey samein, uttri koria utte sanyukat raaj amrica, dakkhni koria, cheen, roos atey japaan dey naal aapne pramanu program naal sabandhat chhe-pakkhi kootnitak gallbat dubara shuru curran daa dabaa see. uttri koria haal hii witch dakkhni koria dey pramanu khoj programan daa havala dinde hoye chauthe daur dee gallbat toon pahilan deree 'teey zor dey riha see. 14 satambar 2004 noon, ikk british rajdoot neey kiha kii uttri koria haale vee gallbat laee vachanbadh see, parr 27 satambar 2004 noon, uttri koria dee sarkari samachar agency, keey. see. ainn. aii. neey dassiaa kii gallbat noon mudd shuru curran daa swal udon takk naheen see jadon takk sanyukat raaj amrica neey kujh riaaitan naheen dittiaan. shuruati dinan toon, pachmi media witch lazmi taur 'teey koee falo-upp reporting naheen hoee haii. 28 satambar noon, uttri koria dey upp videsh mantri choi suu-heon neey sanyukat rashter dee general assembly witch ailaan keeta kii usne amriki pramanu khatre dey virudh ikk roktham vajon 8,000 kharach keete baalan deeaan dandiaan toon plutonium noon pramanu hathiaaran witch badal ditta haii. pramanu mudde 'teey chhe deshan dee gallbat, joe dubara shuru honee see, noon iss dee bajaae muattal qarr ditta giaa see. iss mitee takk, vishleshankaran daa mannana haii kii uttri koria neey navambar 2008 witch sanyukat raaj amrica deeaan rashtarpati chonhan toon baad takk horr gallbat toon inkaar qarr ditta see. udon toon, uttri koria neey kaee pramanu hathiaaran dey test keete hunn atey dakkhni koria utte yuddh deeaan kaee dhamkiaan jaari keetiaan hunn. aprail 2018 takk, uttri koria neey dakkhni koria dey naal mill keey koriaai praideep noon puurii tarahan pramanu nishastarikaran curran atey ant witch dovan koria darmiaan shanti daa ailaan curran dey aapne iradiaan daa ailaan keeta haii. caarn. ghatna dee prakirti noon lae keey bahut saariaan atkalan lagaiaan jaa rahiaan hunn. anumanan noon kaee dhuriaan utte vandiaa jaa sakda haii. uh cheezan joe bhautik vartare daa caarn bann sakdiaan hunn jey koee dhamaka hoiaa see, taan mukkh sambhav carnau ant witch, visfot deeaan anumanan noon vandann daa ikk horr tarika ih haii kii ih kinna janbujh keey keeta giaa seeuuu uttri koria daa 10 farvari 2005 noon pramanu hathiaar rakkhan daa daava pramanu prikhan jaan durghatna deeaan anumanan noon kujh bharoseyogta dinda haii. halanki, kise vee guandhi desh neey radio active isotope dee khoj daa daava naheen keeta haii joe dovan dee visheshta hovegi. uttri koria neey 9 aktubar 2006 noon aapne pahile pramanu hathiaar daa prikhan curran daa daava keeta see. udon toon uttri koria duaara kaee pramanu prikhan keete gaye hunn.

rang-gyaang visphotah 2004 september 9 dinaanke uttarakoriyaadeshasy uttaraprantasya riyaang-gaang-pradeshe rayaang-gaang-visphotah ekaha bruhad visphotah aasit. shankitasya visphotasya swaroopam, karanam cha anumanasya vishayam asti. naa samipastharashtrani paramaanu-visphotasya lakshanasy radiodharmiya-isotope-sanketasya kimapi aavishkaranam iti naa angeekrutavantah. shankitah visphotah. shankitah visphotah samudratalaat praayah oordhvataayaam ring-gaang-prantasya kimhyongjik-prantasya volton-shramika-mandalasya ("voltal-lodongjaagu") (41° 19'47 "n 127° 05'02 e) sameepe abhavat. visphotah chinadeshasya simayam abhavat. asmin kshetre yeng-jiyo-dong-ballistic-kshipani-adharaha sahitam anekaani sainya-sthaapanaah santi. 2004 september 9 dinaanke praarambhe bhookampeey-gatividhaah dnyaataani iti praarambhik-prativedanaani avadat, tathaa cha asya "vichitra-aakrutyaah meghena" saha sahasambandhah aasit, yah masharoom-meghah iti shankitah aasit. ete militvaa bruhad visphotam soochayanti. 2004 september 9 dinaanke, uttarakoria-deshasya 56 tama-vaarshikotsavasya dinaankah mahattwapoornah iti manyate sma, yatah uttarakoria-deshasya mahattvapoorna-dineshu bhavya-sainya-sanketaanaam itihaasah asti. parantu, mool-prativedanaani, pashchat prapta-prativedanaihi, visphotah abhavat iti naa niraakrutya, virodhaabhaasaah abhavan. pratikriyaa. 2004 september 12 dinaankaparyantam eshaa ghatana antarashtriyarupena naa soochitam aasit, yadaa dakshinakoriya-samacharasamstha yonhaap ityeshaa chinadeshasya beijing-nagare ekam moolam uddhrutya, yatra masharoom-meghah drushtah iti avadat. etadatirichya, uttarakoria-deshasya aantarik-maadhyameshu visphotasya ullekhah naasti iti api samshayah udbhootah. parantu uttarakoria-deshasya vaartaah samanyataya shasakadalasya nirnayaan jananam krute (rashtriya-antarashtriya-) adhikam anukoolam kartum shaasakaabhih vyaktayah upayujyante; ataha pratikool-kathaah samanyataya prasaaryante naa. 2004 tame varshe ryonchon-vipattyaah suchana, ghatanaayaah katipayadinaani eva anantaram praaptam. visphotasya utpattih paramaanuh iti tatkshanameva lokapriya dharana aasit. samyuktarajyamerikadesha raajyasachivah collin paavel ityeshah avadat yat etat paramaanu-sanketah naasti iti, dakshinakoriya api tathaiva avadat yat etat paramaanu-sanketah naasti iti. paramaanu-visphotasya prabhaawah araajanaitik-adhikaaribhyah spashtatayaa drushyamaanam katipayadinaani poorvam eva syaat. etaadrushasya visphotasya paramaanu-swaroopam dirghakalam yaavat naa lukoyitum shakyate, yatah paramaanu-visfotena nirmitaani radiodharmiya-isotope-samoohah vishvasya bahihsth-nireekshakaih dnyaatum shaknuvanti sma. uttarakoria-deshah. uttarakoria-deshah praarambhe visphotah paramaanuh iti naa niraakrutavaan. yadaa spashtikaranartham preritah, tadaa uttarakoria-deshasya videshamantree peck naam-sunn adhikrutaroopena uktavaan yat visphotah "vastutah vishaalasya jalavidyut-pariyojanaayaah bhagarupena parvatasya icchaakrutah vidhvamsaha aasit" iti. 2004 september 13 dinaanke uttarakoria-deshah, british-raajadootasy david slin ityasya krute, tatt sthalam drashtum anumatihi deeyate iti ghoshayat. unated kingdam, sweeden, germany, check-ganarajyam, polyand, rashyaa, mangolia ityetayoho kutanitidnyaha 2004 september 16 dinaanke sthalam abhyaaganta, nirmanadhinam jalavidyut-pariyojanaam drushtavantah iti cha soochitavantah. parantu dakshinakoriya-deshah avadat yat kutanitidnyaha samyak sthaane naa aasan, shankitat visphotasthalaat praayah 100 kii. mee. (62 mail) doore aasan iti. dakshinakoriya-deshah. 2004 september 17 dinaanke dakshinakoriya-deshasya ekikaranasya upamantree ree bong-jo ityanena kathitasthaane visphotah naa abhavat iti pratipadayitva, kathitah masharoom-meghah praakrutikah meghah asti iti (masharoom-meghah anekaih prakaaraih bruhat-visphotaih bhavati, naa kevalam paramaanu-visphotaih). tasmin eva dine, korea-bhukampa-anusandhaana-kendram abhikartat yat, 2004 september 8 dinaanke shankita-visphotasthalaat praayah 100 kii. mee. doore bekdu-parvate, riyaang-gaang-pradeshe, tasmin kaale, ekamaatram bhookampeey-gatividhihi, 23:24 korea-maanak-samaye (UTC + 9) aasit iti. uttarakoria-deshasya nirastreekaran-varta. visphotasya samaye, uttarakoria samyuktarajyamerika, dakshinakoriya, peepals republic aaf chainaa, rashyaa, japaan deshaihi saha swasya paramaanu-karyakramasya vishaye punah shut-margiya-kootaneetik-vaartaah kartum chaapam praapnot. uttarakoria-deshah, samprati prakatitaan dakshinakoriya-deshasya paramaanu-shodhakaryakraman uddhrutya, chaturtha-charanasya vaartaayaah poorvam vilambasya aagraham kurvan aasit. 2004 september 14 dinaanke, ekaha british-dootah avadat yat uttarakoria-deshah adyaapi vaartaalaapaay pratibadhah aasit, parantu 2004 september 27 dinaanke uttarakoria-deshasya rajya-varta-samsthaa key. see. enn. e. ityanena soochitam yat yaavat samyuktarajyamerika katipayaani riyayatani naa dattavatee, vaartaalaapasy punah aarambhah prashnaateetah aasit iti. praarambhebhyah eva paashchaty-maadhyameshu anivaryataya anuvartee-prativedanam naa krutam asti. 28 september dinaanke, uttarakoria-deshasya upavideshamantree choi su-heon ityeshah samyuktaraashtrasanghasya samanyasabhayam ghoshayat yat, amerikaadeshasy paramaanu-dhaman nivaarayitum, vyayena vyayena 8,000 indhana-dandebhyah plutonium-dravyam paramaanu-shastraani rupena parivartitam iti. paramaanu-vishaye, yat punah arambham bhavitum arhati sma, shut-rashtranam vaartaah tasya sthaane sthagitaah. adyaavadhi, vishleshakaah manyante yat uttarakoria 2008 tame varshe november-maase samyuktarajyamerika-deshasya raashtrapatinirvaachanen param yaavat agre vaartaalaapam naa niraakrutavaan iti. tatah param uttarakoria bahunam paramanushastranam pareekshanaani akarot, dakshinakoriya-deshe yuddhasya anekaani dhamakayah cha pradadat. 2018 april-maasaparyantam, uttarakoria dakshinakoriya-deshaihi saha, korea-dweepakalpasya purnataya paramaanu-nirastreekaranam kartum, ante dwayoh korea-deshayoho madhye shaantim ghoshayitum cha swalakshyam ghoshayat. kaaranam. ghatanaayaah swaroopasya vishaye bahu uhaapohah krutah asti. parikalpanaah anekeshu aksheshu vibhaktaah bhavitum arhanti. nirikshitanam bhautikanam ghatananam kaaranaani santi. yadi visphotah abhavat tarhi mukhyaani kaaranaani santi. ante, visphotasya parikalpanaah vibhaajayitum anyah upaayah asti yat saha kiyat icchaakrutah aasit iti. 2005 februvari 10 dinaanke uttarakoriyaadeshasy paramanushastranam dharanasya daavaayaah karanat paramaanu-parikshanam athavaa durghatanaah iti anumanam katipayam vishvasaneeyataam pradadaati. parantu, naa samipastharashtrani radiodharmiya-isotope-ityetaanaam lakshanani dnyaatum angeekrutaah, ye cha asya lakshanani bhavanti. uttarakoria-deshah 9 october 2006 dinaanke swasya prathamam paramaanushastram pareekshitavaan iti avadat. tatah param uttarakoria-deshah bahuvaaram paramaanu-parikshanam krutavaan.

riangaong vedippu riangaong vedippu enbathu vada koreavil septumber 9,2004 andru vadakku maagaanamaana reangongle nadantha oru periya vedippaagum. santhegaththirkidamaana vedippin thanmai mattrum kaaranam uukaththirku udpattathu. anuu vedippin sirappiyalpaana kathiriyakka isotopegalaik kandarindhadhaaga andai naadugal ethuvum kooravillai. santhegaththirkidamaana vedippu. kadal mattaththilirunthu sumar maelae ulla malaippaangkaana piraanthiyamaana riangaong maagaanaththil ulla kimhiyongjik maavattaththil volton thozhilaazhar maavattaththirku ("voltal-lodongjagu") (41° 19'47 "n 127° 05'02 e) arugae santhegaththirkidamaana vedippu aerpattathu. inththa vedippu seena ellaiyil irunthu nigazhnththathu. ippaguthiyil yongjio-tong polystic aevukanaith thalam udpada pala iraanuva niruvalkal ullana. septumber 9,2004 aam aandin thodakkaththil nila athirvu seyalpaadu kandariyappattadhaagavum, idhu oru kaalaan maegamaaga irukkalaam endru santhekikkappadum "visithiramaana vadiva maegaththudan" thodarpudaiyathaagavum aarambagaala arikkaikal theriviththana. ivai anaiththum saernthu oru periya vedippaik kurikkum. vada koria uruvaanathan 56vadhu aandu niraivaaga septumber 9,2004 andru kondaadappattathu, aenenil kurippidatthakka thaethigalil pirammaandamaana iraanuva saigaigalaich seitha varalaaru vada koreavukku ullathu. iruppinum, asal arikkaikal endha vedippum aerpadavillai endru marukkum pirkaala arikkaikalaal muranpattullana. ethirvinai. septumber 12,2004 varai inththa sambavam sarvadesa alavil therivikkappadavillai, appoathu thenn koriya seithi niruvanamaana yonhab chinaavin beijingle oru aathaaraththai maerkoal kaattiyadhu, idhu oru kaalaan maegam kaanappattathaagak kooriyadhu. koodudhalaaga, ull vada koriya uudakangkalil vedippu pattri ethuvum kuripidapadavillai endra unmaiyal santhegam ezhuppappattathu. iruppinum, vada koriya seithigal podhuvaaga aalum katchiyin mudivugalai makalukku (thaesiya mattrum sarvadesa alavil) saathagamaaga maattra aalum piramugargalaal payanpaduththappadum oru muraiyaagum, enavae saathakamattra seithigal podhuvaaga oliparappappaduvathillai. 2004 aam aandin thodakkaththil nadantha ryongsone paerazhivu sambavam nadantha sila naatkalukkup piraguthaan pathivaagiyathu. inththa vedippu anuu aayutham moolam uruvaanathu endru udanadiyaaga makkal uukiththanar. america veliyuravuthurai seyalar kolin paval, adhu anuu aayutham enbatharkaana endha arikuriyum illai endrum, thenn koria idhaepoal adhu anuu aayutham endru thoandravillai endrum koorinaar. anuu aayutha vedippin vilaivugal arasiyal saaraatha athikaarigalukku santhegaththirku idamintri theriyum sila naatkalukku munbu irukkum. anuu vedippaal uruvaakkappatta kathiriyakka isodopegal ulagengkilum ulla veli paarvaiyaalarkalukku kandariyakkoodiyadhaaga iruppathaal, aththagaiya vedippin anuu iyalbai neenda kaalaththirku maraikka mudiyaathu. vada koriyaavilirunthu. vada koria aarambaththil inththa vedippu anuu aayutham kondathaaga irunththathaaka maruththathu. oru vilakkaththirku kaettapoathu, vada koreavin veliyuravu mandhiri paek naam-suunn, inththa vedippu "unmaiyil oru periya neermin thittaththin oru paguthiyaaga oru malaiyai vaendumentrae idippathu" endru athikaarappoorvamaaga koorinaar. british thoothar davit slin inththa idaththaip paarvaiyida anumathikkappaduvaar endru vada koria septumber 13,2004 andru ariviththathu. aikkiya raachchiyam, sweeden, jermani, seck kudiyarasu, poalanthu, russia mattrum mangoaliya iraajathanththirikal septumber 16,2004 andru antha idaththaip parvite, kattumaanaththil ulla oru neermin thittatthai paarththathaaga theriviththanar. iruppinum, thootharkal sariyaana idaththil illai endrum, santhegaththirkidamaana vedippu idaththilirunththu sumar 100 kimee (62 mile) tholaivil iruppathaakavum thenn koria kooriyadhu. thenn koriyaavilirunthu. septumber 17,2004 andru, thenn koriya orunginaippu thunai amaichar ree baung-joow, antha idaththil endha vedippum aerpadavillai endru koorinaar, kaalaan maegam iyarkaiyaana maega uruvaakkam endru koorinaar (kaalaan maegangkal pala vagaiyaana periya vedippugalilirunthu uruvaagintrana, anuu vedippugal mattumalla). athae naalil, koria poogamba aaraaichi maiyam, santhegaththirkidamaana kaalakattathil riangaong maagaanaththil oray nila athirvu nadavadikkai septumber 8,2004 andru santhegaththirkidamaana kunduvedippu thalaththilirunthu sumar 100 kii. mee. tholaivil ulla paektu malaiyil 23:24 koria nilaiyaana neraththil (UTC + 9) irunththathu endru ariviththathu. vada koriya aayuthak kuraippu pechchuvaarththai. kunduvedippin poathu, vada koria america, thenn koria, seena makkal kudiyarasu, russia mattrum jappan aagiyavattrudan adhan anusakthi thittam kuritthu aaru vazhi raajathanthira paechchuvaarththaigalai meendum thodanga azhuththam kodukkappattathu. sameepaththil velippaduthappatta thenn koriya anusakthi aaraaichi thittangalai maerkoal kaatti, naankaavathu suttru pechchuvaarththaikku munbu thaamathappaduththa vaendum endru vada koria valiyuruththiyathu. septumber 14,2004 andru, oru british thoothar vada koria innum pechchuvaarththaiyil uruthiyaaka iruppathaagak koorinaar, aanaal septumber 27,2004 andru, vada koreavin maanila seithi niruvanamaana kcna, america sila salugaigalai vazhangkum varai paechchuvaarththaigalai meendum thodanguvathu kaelvikkuriyaaga illai endru ariviththathu. aaramba naatkalilirunthu, merkaththiya uudakangkalil pinthodarthal arikkaikal ethuvum illai. septumber 28 andru, vada koriya thunai veliyuravu mandhiri soai chuu-hyon aikkiya naadugal pothuch sabaiyil america anusakthi achurutthalukku ethiraana oru thaduppaaga 8,000 eriporul kambigalilirunthu plutoniaththai anuu aayuthangkalaaka maattriyullathaaka arivitthaar. meendum thodangaviruntha anusakthi prachchanaiyil aaru naadugalin paechchuvaarththaikal idainiruththappattana. inththa thaethi nilavarappadi, 2008 novemberil america janathipathith thaerthalukkup piragu vada koria maelum paechchuvaarththaigalai niraagarippathaaga aaivaalargal nambinar. appoathirunthu, vada koria pala anuu aayutha soathanaigalai nadaththiyathu mattrum thenn koria meethu pala poar achchuruththalkalai veliyittathu. aepral 2018 nilavarappadi, vada koriyaavum thenn koriyaavum koriya theepakarpaththai muzhumaiyaaga anuaayutha mayamaakkuvatharkum, iruthiyaaka iru koriyarkalukkum idaiyae amaithiyai arivippatharkum thangal nokkangkalai arivitthullana. kaaranam. inthach sambavaththin thanmai kuritthu aeraalamaana uukangkal munvaikkappattullana. karudhukoalgalai pala achchugalil prikkalaam. udal nigazhvugalai aerpaduththakkoodiya vishayankal oru vedippu aerpattaal, mukiya saathiyamaana kaaranangal iruthiyaaka, vedippu karudhukoalgalaip pirippatharkaana mattroru vazhi, adhu evvalavu vaendumentrae irunththathu enbathan moolam 2005 pipravari 10 andru anuu aayuthangkalai vaiththiruppathaaga vada koria kooriyadhu anusakthi soathanai allathu vibaththu karudhugoalai nambagaththanmaiyudan valangkukirathu. iruppinum, endha andai naadugalum kathiriyakka isotopegalaik kandarindhadhaagak kooravillai, idhu irandin sirappiyalpaaga irukkum. vada koria thanathu muthal anuu aayuthaththai october 9,2006 andru soathiththathaagak kooriyadhu. adhan piragu vada koreawal pala anuu aayutha soathanaigal seiyappattullana.

ranggyang paeludu 2004 september 9naa uttara korealoni uttara provins ayina reangganglo jarigina pedda paeludu reanggang paeludu. anumaanaaspada paeluduku kaaranam, swabhaavam oohaagaanaalaku sambandhinchinavi. anhu paeludu lakshanaalunna rediyodhaarmika isotopulanu yea porugu deshaalu gurtinchaledani perkonaledu. paeludu sambhavinchindani anumaanistunnaaru. samudra mattaniki sumaruga ettaina parvata praantamaina reanggang provinceloni kimhyongjik counteeloo volton workers jilla ("voltal-lodongjagu") (41° 19'47 "n 127° 05'02 e) sameepamlo anumaanaaspada paeludu sambhavinchindi. chaina sarihaddu nundi paeludu sambhavinchindi. eee praantamloo yongzio-dang balistic kshipani sthaavaramtho sahaa aneka sainika sthaavaraalu unnaayi. 2004 septembaru 9 praarambhamlo bhookampa karyakalapalu kanugonabaddaayani, idhi puttagodugula meghamgaa anumaaninchabadina "vintha aakarapu megham" thoo sambandham kaligi undani prarambha nivedikalu perkonnaayi. ivi kalisi pedda paeludunu suuchistaayi. uttara korea erpadina 56va vaarshikotsavam ayina 2004 september 9 teedeeni mukhyamaina teedeelugaa pariganinchaaru, endukante uttara koreaku mukhyamaina teedeelaloo goppa sainika havabhavalu chesina charitra undhi. ayithe, asalu nivedikalu etuvanti paeludu jaragaledani taruvaati nivedikalu khandinchayi. pratispandana. 2004 septembaru 12 varaku eee sanghatana antarjaateeyamgaa nivedinchabadaledu, dakshina korea vaartaa samstha yonahap chainaalooni beijinglooni oka muulaanni udaharinchindi, idhi puttagodugula megham gamaninchabadindani telipindi. adanamgaa, uttara korea antargata medialo paeludu gurinchi prastavinchakapovadam valla anumanam levanettabadindi. ayithe, uttara korea vaartalu saadhaaranamgaa paalaka party nirnayaalanu prajalaku (jaateeya mariyu antarjaateeyamgaa) marinta anukuulamgaa cheyadaaniki paalakulu upayoginche paddhati; anduvalla, pratikuula kathanaalu saadhaaranamgaa prasaram cheyabadavu. 2004loe jarigina reongchan vipattu sanghatana jarigina konni rojulake nivedinchabadindi. paeludu muulam anhu anie takshaname prajaadarana pondina oohagaanaalu vachayi. idhi anhu anie "etuvanti suuchanalu" levani united states secretory off state collin pavel chepparu, adevidhamgaa dakshina korea kooda idhi anugaa kanipinchadani cheppindi. anhu paeludu prabhavalu raajakeeyetara adhikaarulaku nissandehamgaa kanipinchataaniki konni rojula samayam padutundi. anhu paeludu dwara srushtinchabadina rediyodhaarmika isotopulu prapanchavyaaptamgaa bayati pariseelakulaku gurtinchadaginavi kabatti atuvanti paeludu yokka anhu swabhaavaanni ekkuva kaalam daachadam saadhyam kaadu. uttara korea nundi. paeludu anhu visphotanam anie uttara korea modata khandinchindi. vivarana kosam korinappudu, uttara korea videsanga mantri pake naam-sunn, paeludu "vaastavaaniki bhaarii jalavidyut prajectulo bhaagamgaa oka parvataanni uddeshapoorvakamgaa koolchiveyadam" anie adhikarikamga paerkonnaaru. british rayabari david slin eee pradaesaanni sandarsinchadaaniki anumatinchabadatarani uttara korea 2004 september 13naa prakatinchindi. united kingdom, sweeden, germany, check republic, polland, russia mariyu mangolia nundi doutyavettalu 2004 september 16naa eee pradaesaanni sandarsinchaaru mariyu nirmaanamloo unna jalavidyut prajectunu chusinatlu nivedinchaaru. ayithe, doutyavettalu saraina pradaesamloe laerani, paeludu jariginatlu anumaanistunna pradaesaaniki 100 kimmy (62 mye) dhooramlo unnaarani dakshina korea telipindi. dakshina korea nundi. 17 september 2004naa, dakshina korea ekikarana upa mantri rii baang-jooe uddesinchina pradaesamloe etuvanti paeludu jaragaledani paerkontuu, puttagodugula megham sahaja megham erpadutundani (puttagodugula meghalu aneka rakaala pedda paelulla nundi erpadataayi, anhu paelullu matrame kaadu) annaru. adhe rojuna, korea bhookampa parisoedhanaa kendram nivedinchina prakaram, anumaanaaspada paeludu pradaesaaniki 100 kilometres dhooramlo unna mount bekdu vadda 2004 september 8naa prashnaarthakamaina kaalamlo ranggang provincelo bhookampa karyakalapalu matrame 23:24 korea praamaanika samayam (UTC + 9) vadda jarigaayi. uttara korea niraayudheekarana charchalu. paeludu samayamlo, uttara korea thana anhu kaaryakramaaniki sambandhinchi united states, dakshina korea, peeples republic off chaina, russia mariyu japanto aaru-maargam dautya charchalanu tirigi praarambhinchamani ottidi vachindi. iteevala velladaina dakshina korea anhu parisoedhana kaaryakramaalanu utamkistuu, naalugo round charchalaku mundu alasyam cheyaalani uttara korea pattubattindi. 2004 septembaru 14naa, oka british rayabari uttara korea inca charchalaku kattubadi undani, conny 2004 septembaru 27naa, uttara korea rashtra vaartaa samstha ayina kcna, america konni raayiteelu ichhe varaku charchala punahprarambham prashnaarthakamgaa ledani nivedinchindi. prarambha rojula nundi, paaschaatya medialo etuvanti tadupari nivedikalu laevu. september 28naa, uttara korea upa videsanga mantri choyi suu-heane aikyaraajyasamiti sarvasabhya samavesamlo, america anhu muppuku vyatiraekamgaa nirodhamgaa plutoniumnu 8,000 indhana raadla nundi anhu aayudhalugaa maarchinatlu prakatinchaaru. tirigi praarambhamkaanunna anhu samasyapai aaru deshaala charchalu, badulugaa nilipiveyabaddaayi. eee thedhee natiki, november 2008loe united states adhyaksha ennikala varaku uttara korea tadupari charchalanu tosipuchindani vislaeshakulu vishwasinchaaru. appati nundi, uttara korea aneka anvaayudha pareekshalanu nirvahinchindi mariyu dakshina koreapai aneka yuddha bedirimpulanu jaarii chesindi. april 2018 natiki, uttara koreatho paatu dakshina korea korea dveepakalpaanni puurtigaa anhu niraayudheekarinchi, chivaraku rendu koreala madhya saantini prakatinchaalani tama uddeshaalanu prakatinchindi. kaaranam. eee sanghatana yokka swabhaavampai chaalaa oohagaanaalu jarigaayi. parikalpanalanu aneka akshaalapai vibhajinchavachhu. gamaninchina bhouthika drugvishayaaniki kaaranamayye vishayalu paeludu sambhavinchinatlayithe, pradhana kaaranaalu chivaraku, paeludu parikalpanalanu vibhajinchadaaniki maroka maargam emitante, adhi entha uddeshapoorvakamgaa jarigindanedih 2005 fibravari 10naa uttara korea anvaayudhaalanu kaligi undani chesina vaadana anhu pareeksha ledhaa pramaada parikalpanaku kontha viswasaneeyatanu istundi. edemaina, yea porugu deshaalu rediyodhaarmika isotopulanu gurtinchaledani perkonaledu, ivi rendinti lakshanamgaa untaayi. uttara korea thana modati anvaayudhaanni 2006 aktobaru 9naa pareekshinchinatlu perkondi. appati nundi uttara korea aneka anhu pareekshalu nirvahinchindi.

riyang gaing dhamakah riyang gaing dhamakah eek badaa dhamakah thaa juu shamali koriya mein 9 satambar 2004 kuu shamali soobay riyang gaing mein hawaa thaa. mushtabah dhamakay kii noiyat aur wajah qayaas aaraiyon kaa mozua hay. kasee bhee padosi milk nay taabkaar osotopus kaa patah laganay kaa daawi nahein kiyaa hay juu johri dhamakay kii khususiyat rakhtay haine. mushtabah dhamakah. mushtabah dhamakah wolton workers distrikt ("waltel-lodongjago") (41° 19'47 "n 127° 05'02 e) kay qareeb riyang gaing soobay mein kamhiyongjk county mein hawaa juu eek pahaadi elaqah hay juu satah samandar say taqriba oopar hay. dhamakah taqriba cheen kii sarhad say hawaa. iss elaqay mein kayee foji tansibaat haine jinn mein young jiyo dong ballistic meezaail bees bhee shaamil hay. ibtadayi itlaat mein kahaa gayaa hay kahh 9 satambar 2004 kay awail mein zalzalay kii srgarmi kaa patah chalaa thaa aur iss kaa taaluq eek "ajeeb shakal kay baadil" say thaa jiss kaa shabah hay kahh yaha mashroom kaa baadil hay. yaha sabb mill kirr eek baday dhamakay kii nishandahi karein gay. iss tareekh cow 9 satambar 2004yee shamali koriya kii tashkil kii 56 wein salgrah atnaa hyee aham samjha gayaa thaa keunkah shamali koriya kii aham tareekhon parr azeem alshaan foji asharay karnay kii tareekh hay. tahim asl reporton kuu baad kii reporton say iss baath kii tardid kii gayee hay kahh koyee dhamakah hawaa thaa. radh amal. yaha waaqiah 12 satambar 2004 takk beenn alaqwami satah parr report nahein hawaa thaa jabb janubi koriya kii khabar rasaan agency yunhaap nay beijing cheen mein eek zaraye kaa hawalah diyaa jiss mein kahaa gayaa thaa kahh mashroom kay baadil kaa mashahidah kiyaa gayaa hay. iss kay alawah iss haqeeqat say shabah paida hawaa kahh shamali koriya kay androni mediya mein dhamakay kaa koyee zakar nahein thaa. tahim shamali koriya kii khabrein aam toor parr eek aisa tariqah hay jasay hukmaran shaqsiyat hukmaran jamaat kay faisalon kuu logon (qomi aur beenn alaqwami) kay liye ziyadah sazgaar bananay kay liye istemaal karti haine. iss liyay manfi khabrein aam toor parr nashar nahein kii jaati haine. 2004 mein sharoo honay waali riyangchon tabahi iss waaqiye kay chand dunn baad hyee report hoyee thee. fouri toor parr maqbool qayaas aaraiyan kii gayein kahh dhamakah johri thaa. americi wazeer khaarjah colan pawal nay kahaa kahh iss baath kaa "koyee asharah" nahein hay kahh yaha johri hay aur janubi koriya nay bhee asee tarah kahaa kahh yaha johri nahein lagtaa hay. johri dhamakay kay asraat ghair seyasi hakaam kuu ghair waazah toor parr nazar aaney mein kachh dunn lagein gay. iss tarah kay dhamakay kii johri noiyat kuu ziyadah deer takk chhapana mumkin nahein hogaa keunkah johri dhamakay say paida honay waalay taabkaar osotopus kaa patah duniya bhar kay beruni mubsareen kuu lugg saktaa hay. shamali koriya say. shamali koriya nay ibtadayi toor parr iss baath kii tardid kii thee kahh dhamakah johri thaa. jabb wazahat kay liye kahaa gayaa tuu shamali koriya kay wazeer khaarjah peek naam sunn nay bazabtah toor parr kahaa kahh yaha dhamakah "darhaqiqat eek baday punn bajli mansubay kay hasay kay toor parr eek pahaad kaa jaan bojh kirr inhadam thaa". shamali koriya nay 13 satambar 2004 kuu aalaan kiyaa kahh bartanvi safeer dude saleen kuu iss maqaam kaa dorah karnay kii ajazat hogi. bartaniah sweedan germani jamhuria cheek poland roos aur mangoliya kay sifarat kaaron nay 16 satambar 2004 kuu iss jagah kaa dorah kiyaa jiss kay baaray mein samjha jaataa thaa kahh wah zeer tameer punn bajli kaa mansubah hay. tahim janubi koriya nay kahaa kahh sifarat kaar saheeh maqaam parr nahein thay aur mushtabah dhamakay kii jagah say taqriba 100 chlometer (62 meel) kay fasilay parr thay. janubi koriya say. 17 satambar 2004 cow janubi koriya kay itehad kay naib wazeer ree bong juu nay daawi kiyaa kahh matlubah jagah parr koyee dhamakah nahein hawaa yaha kehtay hoay kahh mashroom kaa baadil qadarti baadil kii tashkil thee (mashroom kay baadil kayee qasm kay baday dhamaakon say bantay haine naha kahh sarf johri dhamaakon say). asee dunn koriya kay zalzalay kay tehqiqi markaz nay atlaa dee kahh zeer bahas arsey mein subah riyang gaing mein waahid zalzalay kii srgarmi 8 satambar 2004 kuu mount backdo mein mushtabah dhamakay kii jagah say taqriba 100 chlometer door 23:24 koriya mayari waqat (UTC + 9) parr thee. shamali koriya kay takhfif aslaha mazakirat. dhamakay kay waqat shamali koriya parr dabao thaa kahh wah america janubi koriyaa awami jamhuria cheen roos aur japaan kay saath apnay johri prograam say mutaliq chh tarfah sfarti mazakirat dobarah sharoo karay. shamali koriya choothay door kay mazakirat say qabal takhir parr asraar kirr rehaa thaa haal hyee mein janubi koriya kay johri tehqiqi programon kaa hawalah deetay hoay. 14 satambar 2004 cow eek bartanvi ailchi nay kahaa kahh shamali koriya abb bhee mazakirat kay liye parazam hay leakin 27 satambar 2004 cow shamali koriya kii sarkaari khabar rasaan agency kay see aine aey nay atlaa dee kahh mazakirat kii bahaali kaa sawaal hyee nahein thaa jabb takk kahh america kachh maraat nahein deeta. ibtadayi dunon say maghrabi mediya mein bunyadi toor parr koyee faalo app reporting nahein hoyee hay. 28 satambar cow shamali koriya kay naib wazeer khaarjah choyee sue hayon nay aqwam muthadah kii general assembly mein aalaan kiyaa kahh iss nay americi johri khatray kay khalaaf rook thaam kay toor parr plotonium kuu 8,000 kharch shadah aindhan kii salakhon say johri hathiyaron mein tabdil kirr diyaa hay. johri masilay parr chh milki mazakirat juu dobarah sharoo honay waalay thay iss kay bajaye muatil kirr diye gayey. iss tareekh takk tajziya kaaron kaa khayaal hay kahh shamali koriya nay nomber 2008 mein riyasathaye muthadah kay sadarati intekhabat kay baad takk mazeed mazakirat kuu mustarid kirr diyaa thaa. tubb say shamali koriya nay mutadid johri tajarbaat kiye haine aur janubi koriya parr jung kii kayee dhamkiyan jaari kii haine. apreel 2018 takk shamali koriya nay janubi koriya kay saath mill kirr jazirah namaa koriya kuu makmal toor parr johri hathiyaron say paak karnay aur aakhir kaar donon koriyaon kay darmiyan aman kaa aalaan karnay kay apnay aradon kaa aalaan kiyaa hay. wajah. waaqiye kii noiyat kay baaray mein behat qayaas aaraiyan kii jaa rahee haine. mafruzon kuu kayee mahuron parr taqsim kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. aisi cheezein juu mashahidah kardah jasmani mazahir kaa sabab bunn sakti haine: agar koyee dhamakah hawaa hay tuu iss kii aham mamkanah wajuhaat: aakhir mein dhamakay kay mafruzon kuu taqsim karnay kaa eek aur tariqah yaha hay kahh yaha katnaa jaan bojh kirr thaa: shamali koriya kaa 10 faroori 2005 kuu johri hathiyar rakhnay kaa daawi johri tajarbay yaa hadsati mafruzon kuu kachh saakh deeta hay. tahim kasee bhee padosi milk nay taabkaar aasotop kaa koyee patah laganay kaa daawi nahein kiyaa hay juu donon kii khususiyat how. shamali koriya nay 9 aktobar 2006 kuu apnay pehley johri hathiyar kaa tajarbah karnay kaa daawi kiyaa. iss kay baad say shamali koriya kii taraf say mutadid johri tajarbaat kiye jaa chakay haine.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=240667

Josef Zemp

Josef Zemp Swiss politician Josef Zemp (2 September 1834, in Entlebuch – 8 December 1908) was a Swiss politician and member of the Swiss Federal Council (1891–1908). On 17 December 1891, he was the first member of a conservative party to be elected to the Federal Council of Switzerland. He was affiliated to the Christian Democratic People's Party of Switzerland. He left office on 17 June 1908, only a few months prior to his death. During his time in office he held the following departments: He was President of the Confederation twice in 1895 and 1902.

juxef gemp jo 'seph gemp (2 septembor 1834, antlebusot-8 disembor 1908) ejon suis rajneetibid aaru suis federal councilor xodosyo aasil. 1891 sonor 17 disemborot teu swizerlandor federal counciloloi nirbasito huwa etaa rokhyonxil dolor prothomjon xodosyo aasil. teu swizerlandor khristan demkretik pipols partyr xoite jorito aasil. 1908 sonor 17 junot teur mrityur maatro keimahman purbe teu karzaloy erisil. karzokalot teu nimnolikhito bibhagburot karzonirbah korisiloh 1895 aaru 1902 sonot teu dubarkoi confederationor xobhapoti aasil.

josepha gemp josepha gemp (2 septembara 1834, entlebuche-8 december 1908) ekjon suis rajnitibid ebong suis federal counciler sadasya chhilen. 1891 saaler 17ee december tini ekti rakkhanshil doler prothom sadasya jini suizerlander federal councille nirbachito hohn. tini suizerlander khristan democratic pipples partyr saathe jukto chhilen. mrityur matro koyek maas agey 1908 saaler 17ee june tini podo chhede deena. taanr dayitto palankale tini nimnolikhito bibhaggulite dayitto palon korechilenoh 1895 ebong 1902 saale tini duibar eyi confederationer sabhapati chhilen.

joseph zamp joseph zamp (2 september 1834, antleboochma-8 december 1908) aek swis rajkarani aneey swis federal council (1891-1908) naa sabhy hataa. 17 december 1891naa roj, teo switzerlandnee federal councilmaan chuntayela rudhichust pakshna pratham sabhy hataa. teo switzerlandna christian demokretika pipples party saathe sankalaayela hataa. temane temnaa mrutyunaa thodaa maheena pahelaa 17 juuna 1908naa roj hoddo chhodyo hato. temnaa kaarykaad darmiyan temane neechena vibhago sambhaalyaa hataah teo 1895 aneey 1902maan beey vaar sanghnaa adhyaksh hataa.

joseph zemp joseph zemp (2 sitambar 1834, antlebooch mein-8 disambar 1908) ack swiss rajneta aur swiss sanghiya parishad (1891-1908) key sadasya they. 17 disambar 1891 koo, vaha switzerland kii sanghiya parishad key liye chune jaane vaale ack roodhivaadi dall key pahale sadasya they. vaha switzerland kii isai loktaantrik peepuls party seey sambaddh they. unhone apani mrityu seey kuchh maheene pahale 17 juuna 1908 koo pada chhod diyaa thaa. karyalaya mein apane samay key dauran unhone nimnalikhit vibhagon kaa sanchaalan kiyaah way 1895 aur 1902 mein dou baar sangh key adhyaksh they.

joseph gemp joseph gemp (2 september 1834, entlebuchnalli-8 december 1908) obba swiss rajakarani mattu swiss federal councilna (1891-1908) sadasyaraagiddaru. 1891rahra december 17randu, avaru switzerlandna federal kaunsilge aaykeyaada sampradaayavaadi pakshada modala sadasyaraagiddaru. aata switzerlandna christian democratic peeples paartige seridavaraagiddaru. avaru tamma maranakke kelave tingalugala modalu, 1908rahra zoon 17randu adhikaaradinda nivruttaraadaru. adhikaaradallidda avadhiyalli avaru ee kelagina ilakhegalannu nirvahisiddaruh avaru 1895 mattu 1902ralli eradu baari okkootada adhyaksharaagiddaru.

joseph semp oru swis raashtreeyakkaaranum swis federal kaunsil amgavumaayirunnu (1891-1908) joseph semp (2 septambar 1834, entlebachil-8 desember 1908). 1891 desember 17nuu swittsarlandile federal kaunsililekku thiranjedukkappetta oru yaadhaasthithika partyile aadya amgamaayirunnu addeham. kristhyan demookratik peeples party oof swittsarlandumaayi addeham bandhappettirunnu. 1908 juun 17nuu, maranathinu eathaanum maasangalkk munbu addeham sthaanam vittu. adhikaarathilirunna kaalath addeham thaazhepparayunna vakuppukal kaikaaryam cheythu 1895lum 1902lum addeham rund thavana konfedareshante prasidantaayirunnu.

joseph zemp joseph zemp (2 september 1834, entlebuchmadhye-8 december 1908) heey eka swis rajkarani aanee swis federal councilche (1891-1908) sadasya hote. 17 december 1891 roji, switzerlandchya federal councilver nivadoon yenare teey puranmatvadi pakshache pahile sadasya hote. teey switzerlandchya khrishchan democratic peaples partishi sanlagn hote. 17 juuna 1908 roji, tyanchya mrutyuchya kahee mahine aadhi tyanni padd sodale. tyanchya karyakalat tyanni khaleel vibhag sambhalaleh 1895 aanee 1902 madhye teey donada mahasanghache adhyaksh hote.

josef zemp josef zemp (2 september 1834, antleboochma-8 december 1908) ek swis rajnitigya rar swis sanghiya parishadka sadasya (1891-1908) thie. 17 december 1891 maa, uni switzerlandko sanghiya parishadma nirvachit hune conservative partyka pahilo sadasya thie. uni swizerlandko christian democratic pipuls partysanga sambadha thie. unle afno mrityu hunubhanda kehi mahina aghi 17 june 1908 maa pada chhode. afno karyakalma unle nimna vibhagharu samhaleka thieh uni sann 1895 rar 1902 maa dui patak confederationka adhyaksha thie.

joseph gemp joseph gemp (2 september 1834, entlebooch-8 december 1908) jane swis rajneta ebong swis federal council (1891-1908) rahr sadasya thile. 1891 masiha december 17 tarikhare shay eka rakhyanashila dalara pratham sadasya thile jieki swijaralyandara sangheeah parishadaku nirbachita hoithile. shay swijaralyandara khristian democratic pipuls party sahita jadita thile. 1908 masiha june 17 tarikhare, taanka mrutyura maatra kichhi maasa purbaru, shay padabeeru istafa deithile. taanka karjyakala madhyare shay nimnalikhita bibhagagudikare karjya karithileh shay 1895 ebong 1902 masihare duithara ehi mahasanghara adhyakhya thile.

josaf zamp josaf zemp (2 satambar 1834, antlebuch witch-8 dasambar 1908) ikk swis siasatdan atey swis federal consul (1891-1908) daa member see. 17 dasambar 1891 noon, uh switzerland dee sanghi consul laee chunhe jaanh vaale ikk conservative party dey pahile member sunn. uh switzerland dee krishchian democratic peeples party naal jude hoye sunn. unhan neey aapni maut toon kujh maheene pahilan 17 juun 1908 noon aapna ahuda chhadd ditta see. aapne karajkal dauran unhan neey heth likhe vibhag sambhaliaa uh 1895 atey 1902 witch doou vaar sangh dey pardhan rahey.

joseph zempa joseph zemp (2 september 1834, enteblooch-8 december 1908) ekaha swis-raajaneetidnyah, swis-sangha-parishadah sadasyah (1891-1908) cha aasit. 1891 december 17 dinaanke, sweetzerlyaand-deshasya sangheey-parishadah nirwaachitah, saha, yaathaarthikapakshasy prathamah sadasyah aasit. saha christian-democratic-peepals-party aaf switzerlyaand ityanena saha sambadhah aasit. saha 1908 joon 17 dinaanke, mrutyoho katipayamaasapoorvam eva, padaat nishkaasayat. karyalaye karyakale saha nimnalikhitaan vibhagan niravahat. saha 1895 tame varshe 1902 tame varshe cha dvivaaram sanghasya adhyakshah aasit.

josaph jemp josaph jemp (2 septumber 1834, entlebuch-8 disambar 1908) oru suvis arasiyalvaathi mattrum suvis koottaatchi council (1891-1908) uruppinar aavaar. 1891 disambar 17 andru, switcherlaandhin koottaatchi councilukku thernthedukkappatta oru pazhamaivaatha katchiyin muthal uruppinar aavaar. avar switcherlaandhin christhava jananaayaga makkal katchiyudan inaikappattaar. avar irappatharku sila maathangkalukku munbu, 1908 juun 17 andru pathaviyil irunthu vilaginaar. avar pathaviyil irunththa kaalaththil pinvarum thuraikalai vagithaar 1895 mattrum 1902 aam aandugalil irandu murai koottamaippin thalaivaraaga irunthaar.

joseph gemp joseph gemp (2 september 1834, entlebuch loe-8 december 1908) oka swiss raajakeeyavetta mariyu swiss federal council (1891-1908) sabhyudu. 1891 december 17naa, switzerland federal kounsilku ennikaina sampradaayavaada paarteelo modati sabhyudu. athanu christian democratic peeples party off switzerlandku anubandhamgaa unnadu. ayana maranaaniki konni nelala mundu, 1908 juun 17naa padavini vidichipettaru. ayana adhikaaramlo unna kaalamlo eee krindi vibhaagaalanu nirvahinchaaruh 1895 mariyu 1902loe rendusaarlu samakhyaku adhyakshudiga panicheesaaru.

jozaf zemp jozaf zemp (2 satambar 1834yee antlebuch mein-8 dasambar 1908) eek sois seyasat daan aur sois wafaqi konsal (1891-1908) kay rakan thay. 17 dasambar 1891 kuu wah kasee qadamat pasand jamaat kay pehley rakan thay juu sweatzerland kii wafaqi konsal kay liye muntakhib hoay. wah krischan democratic papples paarti aaf sweatzerland say waabistah thay. inhon nay apnee moth say chand maah qabal 17 joone 1908 kuu ahdah chhod diyaa. apnay door mein inhon nay darj zeel mahkamon parr kaam kiyaa: wah 1895 aur 1902 mein duu baar confeedration kay sadr rahay.

fffa15bc1c37f8d7e5b951ddaff7407d4513b0f2dd25cae7fb9843f22e4707a1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2100442

Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway

Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway <templatestyles src="Routemap/styles.css"/> The Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway was a British railway company. From Birmingham it connected at Derby with the North Midland Railway and the Midland Counties Railway at what became known as the Tri Junct Station. It now forms part of the main route between the West Country and the North East. Origins. Although Birmingham was served by an extensive canal network (indeed, it is suggested they were a factor in its growth as an engineering centre), there were technical problems since Birmingham was on rising ground. As early as 1824, Birmingham businessmen had been looking at the possibilities of the railway. The London and Birmingham Railway and the Grand Junction Railway had obtained their necessary Acts of Parliament in 1833 and a scheme for a line to Gloucester and Bristol was in the air. The North Midland had been floated in 1833 and a proposal was made to connect to its terminus at Derby George Stephenson surveyed the route in 1835. The bill envisaged the line as running through Whitacre to meet the London and Birmingham Railway with a junction at Stechford to travel into the latter's terminus at Curzon Street. It would also run from Whitacre to Hampton-in-Arden, where it would join the L&B for connections to London. The promoters came into conflict with those of the Midland Counties Railway even before the bills were presented to Parliament since the lines would compete with each other. In the end, the Birmingham and Derby line agreed to withdraw its branch to Hampton if it the Midland Counties withdrew its line along the Erewash valley. The Hampton branch was removed, but when the Midland Counties presented its bill, it still contained the Erewash line (although it was later dropped on the insistence of the North Midland Railway). Samuel Carter, the Birmingham and Derby solicitor, immediately issued the statutory notices for its branch and was able to incorporate it in the act. Royal assent for the Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway Bill was given on 19 May 1836 with the active support of the prime minister Robert Peel, the member for Tamworth. The branch later became known as the Stonebridge Railway. Construction. George's son Robert Stephenson took on the post of engineer, with an assistant, John Birkinshaw. Some long, there was no gradient steeper than 1 in 339. The design included two viaducts (the Anker Viaduct, now known as the Bolehall Viaduct) and the Wichnor Viaduct (also known as the Croxall Viaduct), seventy eight bridges and a cutting at the approach to Derby, consideration being given to the danger of flooding by the River Trent. The Anker Viaduct is long, and the Croxall Viaduct is long. The rails were single parallel form, , set in chairs upon cross sleepers. Although the standard gauge was used to match the other railways it was associated with, the rails were actually set at apart to allow extra play. History. Competition. The B&DJR opened on 12 August 1839 with the line into Hampton, where the trains would reverse for Birmingham. There were six stations in addition to Hampton and Derby. These were Coleshill (later renamed Maxstoke), Kingsbury, Tamworth, Walton, Burton and Willington. From the start the joint use of Curzon Street terminus, with the London and Birmingham, gave problems. On 10 February 1842 a new line was opened with a new terminus at Lawley Street. This proceeded to Whitacre via Castle Bromwich, Water Orton and Forge Mills (later renamed Coleshill). The line from Whitacre to Stechford which had not been built, was abandoned, and that to Hampton was reduced to single track. Strong competition between the line and the Midland Counties Railway for transport, particularly of coal, to London, almost drove both of them out of business. The B&DJR offered a time from Derby to London of around seven hours, but when the MCR began operating it was able to make the journey in an hour less. The B&DJR lowered its fares but this simply resulted in a price war. In a war of "dirty tricks", the MCR made an agreement with the North Midland for exclusive access to its passengers. In retaliation the Birmingham board opposed a bill that the MCR had submitted to Parliament. Both lines were in dire straits and paying minuscule dividends. The North Midland was also suffering severe financial problems arising from the original cost of the line and its buildings. At length George Hudson took control of the NMR and adopted Robert Stephenson's suggestion that the best outcome would be for the three lines to merge. Hudson foresaw that the directors of the MCR world resist the idea and made a secret agreement with the B&DJR for the NMR to take it over. This would of course take away the MCR's customers from Derby and the North and, when news leaked out, shares in the B&DJR rose dramatically. Hudson was able to give the MCR directors an ultimatum, and persuaded the line's shareholders to override their board and the stage was set for amalgamation. Midland Railway. In 1844, the Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway, the Midland Counties and the North Midland Railway merged to form the new Midland Railway. The route to Hampton-in-Arden immediately lost all importance when the companies merged, since London traffic was redirected through the shorter Midland Counties route via Rugby. Known as the Stonebridge Railway, it became a minor branch line, and struggled on as such with only one daily passenger train until 1917, when this train was withdrawn as a wartime economy measure. The line remained open until 1935 for freight-only closing when one of the original timber bridges failed. The old Birmingham and Derby Junction station building at Hampton can still be seen. The line into Lawley Street remained important, however, for passengers to the South West, who would join the Birmingham and Gloucester Railway at Camp Hill station or, from 1841, Curzon Street. Present day. It is now part of the main line from the North East and Newcastle, via Derby and Birmingham New Street, to the south West at Bristol Temple Meads. CrossCountry is now the principal operator on the line. See also Birmingham and Derby Junction Railway Locomotives References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

birmingham aaru darbi jongson relway birmingham aaru darbi jongson rey "lowe aasil etaa britis rey" lowe company. birminghamor poraa ee darbit uttor midland rey "lowe aaru midland county rey" lower xoite xongzukto hoisil jitu trie jonko steson hisape jonajat hoisil. ee etiya poschim dex aaru uttor-pubor maajor mukhyo pothor ongxo. utpotti. jodiu birmingham ek bistrito khaal networkor dwara xewa aagborhaisil (prokritote, eitu poramorxo diya hoy je xeibur obhijantrik kendro hisape iyar bikaxor ek kaarok aasil), birmingham briddhi puwar pisot karikori xomosya aasil. 1824 sonor porai, birminghamor byowoxayixokole rey "lopothor xombhawonaxomuhor uporot dristi rakhisil. london aaru birmingham rey "lowe aaru grand jongson rey" lowe 1833 sonot xongxodor proyujoniyo aain laabh korisil aaru glo "sestar aaru bristololoi etaa lineor baabe ek aasoni botahot aasil. 1833 sonot uttor modhyobhumikhon uri goisil aaru iyar termines darbiloi xongzug korar prostab diya hoisil. 1835 sonot jorjo stephensone ei pothor joreep korisil. biltut ei rey "lo linetu swaitokeror maajere goi stackfordot thoka jongsonor xoite milito hoi karjon streetot thoka terminusoloi jatra korar kotha kolpona koraa hoisil. ee huwaitokoror poraa hampton-inn-ardenoloiu solibo, zo 'too ee londonor xoite xongzugor baabe el endo bi-too jugdan koribo. bilxomuh xongxodot uposthapon korar aagotei promuterxokole midland county rey "lower xoite xonghatot porisil kiyonu linebure ijone xijonor xoite protijugita koribo. xexot, birmingham aaru darbi liney jodi midland countibure iruwaswo upotyokar xoite iyar linetu aatorai loy tente hemptonoloi iyar xakhatu atoraboloi xonmot hoisil. hampton xakhatu aatorai peluwa hoisil, kintu jetiya midland countixomuhe iyar bill uposthapon korisil, tetiyau iyat iruwaswo line aasil (jodiu pisot uttor midland rey "lower jurere iyak baad diya hoisil). birmingham aaru darbi suliciter semuwel cartere totkhyonat iyar xakhar baabe bidhibodho janoni jaari korisil aaru iyak aaintut ontorbhukto koriboloi xokhyom hoisil. 1836 sonor 19 mey 'too prodhanmontri robert pilor xokriyo xomorthonot bormingham aaru darbi jongson relway bilor baabe rajokiyo xonmoti diya hoisil, ji aasil temworthor xodosyo. ei xakhatu pisoloi stonebridge rey "lowe naamere jonajat hoi porisil. nirman. jorjor putro robert stephensone ejon xohokari john birkinxohor xoite obhijontar podd grohon korisil. kichu digholiya, 339 sonot 1tokoi odhik dhaal nasil. designtut dutaa viaduct (engkar viaduct, jaak etiya bulehol viaduct buli jonaa yaay) aaru wisonor viaduct (jaak croxel viaduct buliu jonaa yaay), xottor aathta dolong aaru darbir kaxor etaa kotaa aasil, jaak nodir trentor dwara banpanir bipodor kotha bibesona koraa hoisil. engkar viaductotu dighol, aaru croxel viaductotu dighol. railbur ekok xomantoral rupor aasil, croch sliprot seyarot sthapon koraa hoisil. jodiu standard gazetu iyar xoite jorito aan rey "lower xoite milaboloi byobohar koraa hoisil, rey" lobur prokritote otirikto khelor onumoti diboloi prithok koraa hoisil. itihax. protijugita. 1839 sonor 12 aagostot bi endo djr hemptonoloi juwa lineor xoite mukoli koraa hoisil, zo 'too rey' lobur barminghamoloi ghuri jaabo. hampton aaru darbir uporiu soikhon steson aasil. eibur aasil kulsil (pisoloi maxstuk namakoron koraa hoisil), kingsbari, temworth, walton, barton aaru willington. aarombhonire porai london aaru birminghamor xoite karjon street terminesor jutiya byobohare xomosyar sristi korisil. 1842 sonor 10 februaryt lo 'li streetot etaa notun terminesor xoite etaa notun line mukoli koraa hoisil. eitu kesol bromuis, waatar orton aaru forge milxomuhor (pisoloi punor naamkoron koraa kulsil) joriyote swetkaroloi aagbarhisil. huwaitekaror poraa stakefordoloi nirman koraa huwa linetu porityag koraa hoisil, aaru hemptonoloi juwatu ekok trekloi hraax koraa hoisil. line aaru midland countyr maajot rey "lower poribohonor baabe, bixexkoi koyoloi, londonoloi xoktixali protijugitai duyuke pray byowoxayor poraa aatorai disil. bi endo dgra darbir poraa londonoloi pray xaat ghonta xomoyor prostab disil, kintu jetiya em. chi. aar.-e kaam koriboloi aarombho korisil tetiya ee eghonta komm xomoyor bhitorot jatra koriboloi xokhyom hoisil. bi endo dgra iyar bhara hraax korisil kintu iyar folot kewol mulyo juddhor sristi hoisil. letera kouxol" ror juddhot, em. chi. aar.-e iyar jatrixokolok bixexbhabe prowex korar baabe uttor modhyobhumir xoite ek sukti korisil. iyar protixudh hisape birmingham bob "rde xongxodot daakhil koraa em. chi. aar.-ror ekhon bidheyokor birudhita korisil. duyuta xaari kothin xongkotot aasil aaru khyudro labhangxo disil. uttor modhyobhumiu line aaru iyar ottalikaxomuhor mool byoyor poraa udbhob huwa gurutor bittiyo xomosyar xonmukhin hoisil. jorjo hudsone eno. em. aar.-ror niyontron loisil aaru robert stephensonor poramorxo grohon korisil je tinita xaari ekotrito huwatuwei xorbosrestho folafol hoh 'bob. hudsone purbere onuman korisil je em. chi. aar. biswor porisalokxokole ei dharonatur birudhita korisil aaru eno. em. aar.-ror haatot luwar baabe bi. endo di. je. aaror xoite ek gupon sukti korisil. ee nischitbhabe darbi aaru uttoror poraa em. chi. aar.-ror grahokxokolok aatorai loi jaabo aaru jetiya baatori ulai ahibo, tetiya bi. endo. di. je. aaror sweyar natokiyobhabe briddhi paab. hudsone em. chi. aar.-ror xonsalokxokolok ek suranto xotorkobani diboloi xokhyom hoisil, aaru lineor ongxidarxokolok teulukor bob "rdok otikrom koriboloi preron korisil aaru ekotrikoronor baabe porzay nirdharon koraa hoisil. modhyobhumi rey "lopoth. 1844 sonot, birmingham aaru darbi jongson rey "lowe, midland county aaru uttor midland rey" lowe ekotrito hoi notun midland rey "lowe gothon kore. companybur ekotrito huwar loge loge hampton-inn-ordenoloi juwa pothtuwe xokolu gurutwo heruwai pelaisil, kiyonu londonor zaan-jott ragbir joriyote suti midland countyr pothor maajere punor nirdexito koraa hoisil. stonebridge rey "lowe hisape jonajat, ee etaa xoru xakha line hoi porisil, aaru 1917 sonoloike kewol etaa doinik jatribahi rey" lor xoite xonggram korisil, jetiya ei rey "lokhon juddhokalin orthonitir byowostha hisape proityahar koraa hoisil. mool kaathor etaa dolong bifol huwar xomoyot kewol malbahi bondho korar baabe 1935 sonoloike ei linetu khula aasil. hamptonor puroni birmingham aaru darbi jongson steson bhowontu etiyau dekha puwa yaay. obosye, dokhyin poschimor jatrixokolor baabe lo 'li potholoi juwa linetu guruttopurno hoi aasil, jixokole kemp hill stationot baa 1841 sonor poraa karjon streetot birmingham aaru glo "sestar relway" too jugdan koribo. bortoman. ee etiya uttor-pubor poraa niukesolor mool lineor ongxo, darbi aaru birmingham niu street hoi dokhyin poschimoloi bristol mondiror merot aase. croscontry etiya lineor prodhan operator. iyar uporiu birmingham aaru darbi jongson rail enginxomuh sauk

birmingham oo darby jongshon railway birmingham ebong darby jongshon railway ekti british railway company chhilo. birmingham theke etty darbyte uttor madhyabhumi railpoth ebong madhyabhumi county railpother saathe sangjukto chhilo jaa tri-jonct steshana hisabe porichito hoyechilo. etty ekhon poschim desh ebong uttor-purber modhye prodhan pother ongsho. utpotti. jodio birmingham ekti bistrito khaal network dwara poribeshon koraa hoyechilo (prokritopokkhe, etty ekti prakaushal kendra hisabe err briddhir ekti kaaron chhilo boley money koraa hoy), birmingham utthaner somoy theke projuktigoto samasya chhilo. 1824 khristabder godar dike, birminghamer byabasayira railpother sombhabonar dike nojor rakhchilen. london ebong birmingham railway ebong granned jongshon railway 1833 saale sangsader prayojaniya ainguli orjon korechilo ebong glocester ebong bristol porjonto ekti liner jonno ekti prokolpo batase chhilo. 1833 saale uttor madhyabhumi vasman hoyechilo ebong darbyte err terminuser saathe sangjog korar prostab koraa hoyechilo. 1835 saale george steffenson eyi pothti jorip corren. bilti london ebong birmingham railpother saathe milit howar jonno whiteaker modhyo diye yawar parikalpana korey jaa statchforde ekti jongshon soho karjan streete porer terminuser modhye bhromon korey. etty whiteaker theke hamton-inn-garden porjontoo choley, jekhane etty londoner sangjoger jonno ell anned bii-teey jog debe. bilguli sangsade pesha korar agei probortokra midland county railware saathe dwandwe joriye porechilo kaaron lineguli eke oporer saathe protidwondita korbe. shesh porjonto, birmingham ebong darby line hamptoney taar shakha prottahar korte sommoto hoy jodi etty modhyoborti countiguli ireoash upottoka borabor taar line prottahar korey neyo. hamton shakhati sariye fela hoyechilo, kintu jokhon midland countiguli taar bill uposthapon korechilo, tokhono etey ireoash line chhilo (jodio porey uttor midland railware joralo kothai etty baad deoa hoyechilo). birmingham ebong darby solicitor samuel carter abilambe err shakhar jonno bidhiboddho notisha jaari corren ebong etike aaine antarbhukta korte sokkhom hohn. 1836 saaler 19shhey meey prodhanmontri robbert piler sakriya somorthone tamworth sadasya birmingham ebong darby jongshon rail biler jonno rajakiya sammati deoa hoy. shakhati porey pathorer setu railpoth naame porichito hoy. nirman. georger putro robbert steffenson engineer podo grohon corren, ekjon sahokari john barkinsh-err saathe. kichhu deergho, 339-ayee 1-err cheye konao ddhaal chhilo naa. naksha duti viadoct (anker viadoct, jaa ekhon bolehal viadoct naame porichito) ebong uichonor viadoct (jaa croxal viadoct nameo porichito), atchallishti setu ebong darbir dike yawar pothe ekti kaata chhilo, jaa nadeer trent dwara bonnar bipodke bibechona koraa hoyechilo. anker viaducti lomba ebong croxal viaducti lomba. railguli ekok samantaral roop chhilo, cross sleeper upor cheyargulite seeta koraa hoyechilo. jodio standard gezti anyanno railpother saathe melle, tobey railguli asle atirikto khelar anumati deoar jonno alada koraa hoyechilo. itihas. protijogita. 1839 saaler 12ee august hamptoney line diye bii & djr khola hoy, jekhane trainguli birminghamer jonno biporito hobey. hamton ebong darby chharao chhoyti steshana chhilo. eguli chhilo coalshill (porey maxtoke naame namkaran koraa hoy), kingsbury, tamworth, walton, barton ebong willington. shuru thekei london ebong birminghamer saathe karjan strita terminuser joutho byabohar samasya srishti korechilo. 1842 saaler 10ee february lolly streete ekti notun terminus soho ekti notun line khola hoy. etty castle bromewich, watter orton ebong forge milgulir (porey coalshill naame namkaran koraa hoy) madhyome whiteaker dike agrasar hoy. whiteaker theke statchford porjonto jey linety nirmito hoyney, taa porityokto hoyechilo ebong hamptoney yawar linety ekok tracke porinoto hoyechilo. railpoth ebong midland county railpother modhye bishesh korey coiler poribohoner jonno probol protijogita, taader ubhaykei pray byabosa theke sariye diyechilo. bii anned djr darby theke london porjonto pray shaat ghantar somoy diyechilo, kintu jokhon emm. shee. arr kaaj shuru korey tokhon etty eka ghantar qama somoye jatra korte sokkhom hoy. bii anned djr taar bhada komiye deyo kintu err foley cable mulya juddho hoy. nongra kaushal"-err juddhe, emm. shee. arr taar jatrider kachhe ekchetia probeshadhikarer jonno uttor madhyabhumir saathe ekti chukti korey. protishodh hisebe birmingham board ekti biler birodhita korey jaa emm. shee. arr sangsade jomaa diyechilo. ubhoy lineyi khub kharap abosthai chhilo ebong samanno labhyangsho pradan korchilo. uttor madhyabhumi line ebong err bhabangulir mool kharach theke udbhuto gurutoro arthik samasya bhugchilo. deergho somoy dhorey george hudson nmr-err niyantran niyechilen ebong robbert stephensoner poramorsho grohon korechilen jey tinti line ekotrito howar jonno sera folafol hobey. hudson agey thekei bhebechilen jey emm. shee. arr bishwer porichalokra eyi dharonar birodhita corren ebong bii. anned dii. jeey. arr-err sange ekti gopon chukti corren jaate enn. emm. arr-err dwara etty grohon koraa yaay. etty aboshyoi darby ebong uttor theke emm. shee. arr-err grahokder sariye niye jaabe ebong jokhon khobor faans hobey, tokhon bii. anned. dii. jeey. arr-err shareguli natokiyobhabe briddhi paabe. hudson emm. shee. arr-err porichalokder ekti chudanta satarkata ditey sokkhom hohn ebong liner shareholderder taader boardke override korte raji corran ebong sangmishraner jonno moncho toiri koraa hoy. modhyoborti railpoth. 1844 saale, birmingham ebong darby jongshon railway, midland county ebong uttor midland railway notun midland railway gathon korte ekibhuto hoy. kompaniguli ekibhuto howar saathe saathe hamton-inn-gardener pothti samasta gurutto hariye feley, kaaron londoner traffic ragbir madhyome chhoto midland county ruter madhyome punornirdeshito hoyechilo. stonebridge railpoth naame porichito, etty ekti chhoto shakha liney porinoto hoy ebong 1917 saal porjonto shudhumatra ekti daeenik jatribahi trainer saathe ladai korey, jokhon eyi trenti juddhokalin orthonitir porimap hisabe prottahar koraa hoy. mool kaather setugulir modhye ekti byartho howar porey cable malbahi bondher jonno 1935 saal porjonto linety khola chhilo. hamptoner purno birmingham ebong darby jongshon steshana bhabanti ekhono dekha yaay. tobey, dakkhin-poschimer jatrider jonno lolly streeter linety guruttopurno chhilo, jaaraa camp hill statione birmingham ebong glocester railpothe jog dito baa 1841 saal theke karjan streete jog dito. bortoman deane. etty ekhon uttor-purbo ebong nucasol theke darby ebong birmingham neu streeter madhyome dakkhin-poschime bristol mondirer majhkhane mool liner ongsho. cross country ekhon liner prodhan operator. birmingham ebong darby jongshon rail engingulio dekhun

birmingham aneey derby junction railway birmingham aneey derby junction railway british railway kampani hatee. birminghamthi teey derby khaate uttar midland railway aneey midland counties railway saathe jodaayu hatoo, jeey trie junk station tareeke jaanitu banyu hatoo. teey havey pashchim desh aneey uttar purv vachchena mukhya maargno bhaag chhe. mool. birminghamne vyaapak naher network dwara sevaa aapvama aavee hatee (kharekhar, aevu suchavvama aave chhe keey teo ijneri kendra tareeke tenaa vikasma aek pareebal hataa), birmingham vadhata jataa hovathi tyaan takneeki samasyao hatee. hatee sharuaatmaa, birmingham vepaareeo railwayni shakyatao parr dhyaan aapee rahyaa hataa. london aneey birmingham railway aneey grand junction railway pradesh sansadnaa temnaa jaroori kaayadao melvyaa hataa aneey glocester aneey bristol sudhini line maateni yojnaa havaamaa hatee. uttar madhya pradesh pradesh tarato karvaamaa aavyo hato aneey derby khaate tenaa terminus saathe jodavani darkhaast karvaamaa aavee hatee. george stephensne stephensne aaa maargnu sarvekshan karyoo hatoo. bilmaan london aneey birmingham railwayne malvaa maate whitecaremathi pasaar thatee line kalpanaa karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey cursion street khaatena birminghamna terminusema javaa maate statchford khaatena junction saathe jodaayelee hatee. teey whiteakerthi hampton-ina-garden sudhee pann chalshe, jyaan teey london saathe jodava maate aela anned beemaa jodai jashe. bill sansadma rajoo karvaamaa aave teey pahelaa jaj promoters midland counties railway saathe sangharshma aavee gayaa hataa kaaran keey lino aekbeeja saathe spardhaa karashe. ante, birmingham aneey derby rekhaa tenee shaakha hamptonma paachhi khenchvaa maate sammat thaee jooe teey midland kaaunteeo irivosh kheen saathe tenee rekhaa paachhi khenchee leey. hampton shaakhaane door karvaamaa aavee hatee, parantu jyaare midland kaauntioae tenu bill rajoo karyoo, tyaare temaa haju pann irevosh line hatee (joke paachhalthi uttar midland railwayna aagrah parr tene chhodi devaamaa aavee hatee). birmingham aneey derby solicitor semual carterae tarat jaj tenee shaakha maate vaidhanik notice jaaree curry aneey tene kayadama saamel karvaamaa saksham banyaa. birmingham aneey derby junction railway bill maate shaahee manjuri 19 meey meey roj vadaa pradhaan roobert peelnaa sakreey samarthan saathe aapvama aavee hatee, jeey temworthna sabhy hataa. aaa shaakha paachhalthi stonebridge railway tareeke jaaniti bunny hatee. bandhkam. georgena putra roobert stephensne sahayak john barkinsho saathe ijnernu pada sambhaalyu hatoo. ketlaak laambaa samay sudhee, sudhee 1 kartaa vadhu dhholaav uncho naa hato. designma beey vidects (enker videct, jeey havey bollehole videct tareeke odakhaay chhe) aneey vichnor videct (jene croxal videct tareeke pann odakhvaamaa aave chhe), 78 pulo aneey derby tarafnaa maarg parr kaap, nadeena pravaah dwara purnaa jokhamne dhyanma levaamaa aavee rahyu chhe. enker viduct laambo chhe, aneey croxal viduct laambo chhe. rail aek samaantar swaroop hatoo, jeey cross sleepers parr khurshioma gothavvama aavee hatee. jooe keey pramanbhut gejno upyog anya railway saathe mela karvaa maate karvaamaa aavto hato, tema chhataa vadhaaraani ramatne manjuri aapvaa maate rail kharekhar alag gothavvama aavee hatee. itihas. spardhaa. bii anned djr 12 august august roj hamptonma line saathe kholvaamaa aavee hatee, jyaan traino birmingham taraf aagad vadhashe. hampton aneey derby upraant chh stationo hataa. aaa coalshill (paachhalthi tenu naam badaline maxstock rakhvama aavyu), kingsbury, temworth, voltana, burton aneey willington hataa. sharuaatthi jaj london aneey birmingham saathe cursion street terminusnaa sanyukt upyogthi samasyao aavee hatee. 10 februari februari roj lolly street khaate navaa terminus saathe navee line kholvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa kesal bromwich, water orton aneey forge meelo (paachhalthi tenu naam badaline coalshill rakhvama aavyu) dwara whiteaker taraf aagad vadhyu. whiteakerthi statchford sudhini jeey line bandhvama aavee naa hatee, tene tyajee devaamaa aavee hatee aneey hampton sudhini line ghataadine single track karvaamaa aavee hatee. londonma parivahan maate, khaas kareene kolsaanaa parivahan maate line aneey midland counties railway vachcheni majboot spardhae teey bannene lagbhag vyavsaymathi bahaar curry deedhaa hataa. bii anned djra derbythi london sudhee lagbhag saat kalaakno samay aapyo hato, parantu jyaare aema. see. aar. aee kaama karvaanu sharoo karyoo tyaare teey aek kalaak ochha samayma musafari curry shakyu hatoo. bii anned djra tenaa bhadama ghataado karyo hato parantu tenaa parinaame bhaav yuddh thayu hatoo. gandee yukteeo" naa yuddhmaa, aema. see. aar. aee tenaa musafaroni vishisht pahonch maate uttar madhya pradesh saathe karaar karyo hato. badalaama birmingham boarde aema. see. aar. dwara sansadma rajoo karaayela beelno veerodh karyo hato. banne rekhaao gambhir mushkeleemaa hatee aneey naanu dividend chukavati hatee. uttar madhya pradesh pann line aneey tenee imaaratoni mool keematne kaarane gambhir nanakiy samsyaono saamno curry rahyo hato. laambaa samay sudhee george hadasne aena. aema. aar. parr niyantran melavyu aneey roobert stephensonna soochanne apnaavyu keey trana rekhaao merge thavaa maate shreshth parinam hashe. hadasne aagaahi curry hatee keey aema. see. aar. vishvanaa nirdeshako aaa vichaarno veerodh karey chhe aneey bii. anned. dii. jeey. aar. saathe aena. aema. aar. neey tenaa parr kabajo karvaa maate goopt karaar karyo hato. aaa albatt derby aneey uttarthi aema. see. aar. naa graahakone door laee jashe aneey jyaare samachar bahaar aavashe, tyaare bii anned djrna shermaa natyatmak vadhaaro thayo hato. hudson aema. see. aar. naa nirdeshakone aakhari chetvani aapvama saksham hataa, aneey line sherdhaarakone temnaa boardne override karvaa maate samjaavyaa aneey ekikaran maate munch taiyar karvaamaa aavyo. madhya railway. railway, birmingham aneey derby junction railway, midland kaaunteeo aneey uttar midland railwaynu vilinikaran kareene navee midland railwayni rachnaa karvaamaa aavee. jyaare companyonu vilinikaran thayu tyaare hampton-ina-ardenno maarg tarat jaj tamaam mahatv gumaavee deedho, kaaran keey london trafficne rugby dwara tunkaa midland kaauntii maarg dwara punnirdeshit karvaamaa aavyo hato. stonebridge railway tareeke odakhaati, teey aek naanee shaakha line bunny gaee, aneey 1917 sudhee maatra aek dainik passenger train saathe sangharsh karyo, jyaare aaa trainne yuddh samaynaa arthtantranaa pagla tareeke paachhi khenchee levaamaa aavee hatee. mool lakadano pull nishfal gayo tyaare aaa line 1935 sudhee maatra malvahak bundh karvaa maate khulli rahee hatee. hampton khaate juunii birmingham aneey derby junction stationni imaarat haju pann joee shakaay chhe. joke, dakshin pashchimna musafaro maate, jeo camp hill station parr birmingham aneey glocester railwayma jodaata hataa athavaa athavaa cursion streetma jodaata hataa, lole streetma praveshvani line mahatvapurn rahee hatee. vartmaan divas. teey havey uttar purvthi mukhya line bhaag chhe aneey nucasal, derby aneey birmingham nyu street thaine, dakshin pashchimma bristol temple meat khaate chhe. cross country havey line parr mukhya sanchaalak chhe. birmingham aneey derby junction railway angine pann juo

birmingham aur derby junction railway birmingham aur derby junction railway ack british railway company thee. birmingham seey yeh derby mein uttar madhyabhoomi railway aur madhyabhoomi county railway seey judaa huaa thaa jise trie junction station key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. yeh abb paschim desh aur uttar poorv key beach mukhya maarg kaa hissa haye. utpatti. halanki birmingham koo ack vyaapak nahar network dwara seva pradaan kii gaee thee (vaastav mein, yeh sujhaav diyaa jaataa haye kii way ack engineering kendra key roop mein isake vikas mein ack kaarak they), birmingham key badhate hue honey key baad seey takniki samasyaaen theen. 1824 kii shuruat mein, birmingham key vyavasaayi railway kii sambhaavanaon parr vichaar curr rahey they. landan aur birmingham railway aur grand junction railway ney 1833 mein sansad key apane aavashyak adhiniyam praapt kiye they aur glocester aur bristol key liye ack line key liye ack yojana havaa mein thee. uttari madhya bhoomi 1833 mein banaai gaee thee aur derby mein isake terminus seey jodane kaa prastaav banaaya gayaa thaa. george stephenson ney 1835 mein maarg kaa sarvekshan kiya. bill mein karjan street parr baad key terminus mein yatra karane key liye landan aur birmingham railway key saath ack junction seey milane key liye whiteaker key madhyam seey chalane vaali line kii parikalpana kii gaee thee. yeh whiteaker seey hampton-inn-garden taka bhee chalega, jahan yeh landan seey judane key liye ell aind bee mein shamil hoga. bilon koo sansad mein prastut kiye jaane seey pahale hii pravartakon kaa madhyabhoomi county railway key saath sangharsh hoe gayaa kyonki laainen ack-dusare key saath pratispardha karengi. anta mein, birmingham aur derby line hampton key liye apani shakha koo vaapas lene key liye sahmat hoe gaee yadi yeh midland counties ney irevash ghaati key saath apani rekha koo vaapas leey liya. hampton shakha koo hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin jaba midland countiyon ney apana bill prastut kiya, tou isamen abhee bhee irevash line thee (halanki baad mein ise uttar midland railway key aagrah parr chhod diyaa gayaa thaa). birmingham aur derby solicitor, saimuel carter ney turant apani shakha key liye vaidhaanik notice jaari kiye aur ise adhiniyam mein shamil karane mein saksham hoe gaye. birmingham aur derby junction railway bill key liye shaahi manjuri 19 maee 1836 koo pradhaan mantri robbert peel key sakriya samarthan key saath dee gaee thee, joe tamworth key sadasya they. baad mein iss shakha koo patthar key pull railway key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. nirmaan. george key bete robbert stephenson ney ack sahayak, johnn berkinso key saath engineer kaa pada sambhala. kuchh lambe samay taka, 339 mein 1 seey adhik koee dhaal oonchaa naheen thaa. design mein dou viduct (anker viduct, jise abb bolehaul viduct key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) aur vichnor viduct (jise croxal viduct key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye), athattar pull aur derby key drishtikon mein ack katauti shamil thee, jise nadee key pravaah dwara baadh key khatare parr vichaar kiya jaa rhaa thaa. anker pull lamba haye, aur croxal pull lamba haye. rail ekal samanantar roop mein they, joe cross sleeper parr kursiyon mein sthaapit they. halanki maanak gaze kaa upayog anya railway seey mell khaane key liye kiya jaataa thaa, lekin rail vaastav mein atirikt khel kii anumati dene key liye alag seey sthaapit kii jaati thee. itihas. pratispardha. bee aind djr 12 agast 1839 koo hampton mein line key saath khola gayaa, jahan trains birmingham key liye riverse hongi. hampton aur derby key alawa chhah station they. yeye kolshil (baad mein maxstock kaa naam badal diyaa gayaa), kingsbury, tamworth, walton, berton aur willington they. shuru seey hii landan aur birmingham key saath karjan street terminus key sanyukt upayog ney samasyaon koo janm diyaa. 10 farwari 1842 koo lolly street parr ack nae terminus key saath ack naee line kholi gaee. yeh casal bromwich, watter orton aur forge milon (baad mein iska naam badalkar kolshil curr diyaa gayaa) key madhyam seey whiteaker taka chalaa gayaa. whiteaker seey laker statchford taka kii rekha, jise naheen banaaya gayaa thaa, koo chhod diyaa gayaa thaa, aur hampton taka kii rekha koo ghataakar ekal track curr diyaa gayaa thaa. parivahan key liye line aur midland county railway key beach majboot pratispardha, vishesh roop seey koyale key liye, landan taka, donon koo lagbhag vyavasaay seey baahar curr diyaa. bee aind djr ney derby seey landan taka lagbhag saat ghante kaa samay diyaa, lekin jaba aim. see. aar. ney kaam karna shuru kiya tou yeh ack ghante mein cumm yatra karane mein saksham thaa. bee aind djr ney apane kiraaye cumm curr diye lekin isake parinamswarup moolya yuddh huaa. gandi chaalon" key yuddh mein, aim. see. aar. ney apane yaatriyon taka vishesh pahunch key liye uttar madhya bhoomi key saath ack samjhauta kiya. pratishodh mein birmingham board ney ack vidheyak kaa virodh kiya jise aim. see. aar. ney sansad mein prastut kiya thaa. donon rekhaaen gambhir sankat mein theen aur mamuli labhansh kaa bhugtan curr rahee theen. uttar madhya bhoomi bhee line aur isaki imaraton kii mool laagat seey utpann gambhir vittiya samasyaon seey peedit thee. lambe samay taka george hudson ney nmr kaa niyantran leey liya aur robbert stephenson key sujhaav koo apanaaya kii teen lines key vilay key liye sabse achchha parinam hoga. hudson ney pahale hii anuman lagaa liya thaa kii aim. see. aar. duniya key nideshak iss vichaar kaa virodh karate hain aur bee. aind. dee. jey. aar. key saath ack gupt samjhauta kiya taaki aine. aim. aar. ise apane haath mein leey sakey. yeh nishchit roop seey derby aur uttar seey aim. see. aar. key grahakon koo door leey jaayega aur jaba samachar leak hue, tou bee. aind. dee. jey. aar. mein share naatakiya roop seey badh gaye. hudson aim. see. aar. nideshakon koo ack ultimatum dene mein saksham they, aur line key sharedharakon koo apane board koo override karane key liye raaji kiya aur samamelan key liye munch taiyar kiya gayaa. madhya railway. 1844 mein, birmingham aur derby junction railway, midland county aur uttar midland railway kaa vilay curr nayaa midland railway banaaya gayaa. hampton-inn-garden key maarg ney turant sabhi mahatva khou diyaa jaba companiyon kaa vilay hoe gayaa, kyonki landan yatayat koo ragbi key madhyam seey chhote midland county maarg key madhyam seey punarnirdeshit kiya gayaa thaa. stonebridge railway key roop mein jaanaa jaane vaalaa, yeh ack chhoti shakha line bunn gaee, aur 1917 taka kewal ack dainik yatri train key saath sangharsh kiya, jaba iss train koo yuddhakaaleen arthavyavastha key upaay key roop mein vaapas leey liya gayaa. yeh line 1935 taka kewal maal dhulai key liye khuli rahee jaba mool lakadi key pulon mein seey ack whiffle hoe gayaa. hampton mein purani birmingham aur derby junction station imarat abhee bhee dekhi jaa sakati haye. lolly street mein line mahatvapurna rahee, halanki, dakshin paschim key yaatriyon key liye, joe camp hill station parr birmingham aur glocester railway mein shamil honge yaa 1841 seey, karjan street. vartamaan dinn. yeh abb uttar poorv aur nucasal seey mukhya line kaa hissa haye, derby aur birmingham nyu street key madhyam seey, dakshin paschim mein bristol mandir key maidanon mein. cross country abb line parr pramukh prachaalak haye. birmingham aur derby junction railway injan bhee dekhein

birmingham mattu durby junction railway birmingham mattu durby junction railway british railway kampaniyagittu. birminghamninda idu derbiyalli uttara midland railway mattu midland kountigala railveyondige samparka hondiddu, trai junct station endu hesaraayitu. idu eega paschima desha mattu eeshaanyada naduvina mukhya maargada bhagavagide. moola. birminghamge vyaapakavaada kaaluve jaalavu seve sallisuttittaadaru (vaastavaagi, engineering kendravagi adara belavanigeyalli avu ondu amshavendu soochisalaagide), birmingham beleyuttidda kaarana taantrika samasyegalive. 1824rashtu hindeye, birmingham udyamigalu railveya saadhyategalannu noduttiddaru. london mattu birmingham railway mattu grand junction railway 1833ralli samsattina agatya kaayidegalannu padedukondiddavu mattu gloucester mattu bristolge ondu maargavannu nirmisuva yojane jaariyallittu. uttara midland annu 1833ralli taralaayitu mattu darbiyalliruva adara terminusge samparka kalpisuva prastapavannu maadalaayitu. georg stephenson 1835ralli ee maargavannu samikshe maadidaru. bilnalli ee maargavu whiteacare moolaka haaduhoguva london mattu birmingham railveyannu bheti maadalu stetchfordnalli junctionondige karjan streetnalliruva nantarada terminusge prayanisalu yojisalagide. idu vaitkerininda hampton-inn-garden varege saha chalisuttade, allie idu londonge samparkakkagi ell & bige seruttade. masoodegalannu samsattige mandisuva modale pravartakaru midland kountigala railveyondige sangharshakke olagaadaru ekendare maargagalu paraspara spardhisuttave. koneyalli, midland kountigalu erevash kaniveya uddakkoo tanna rekheyannu hintegedukondare, birmingham mattu durby rekheyu tanna shakheyannu hamptonge hintegedukollalu oppikonditu. hampton shakheyannu tegeduhaakalaayitu, aadare midland kountigalu adara bill annu mandisidaaga, adhu innoo erevash line annu hondittu (aadaagyoo nantara uttara midland railveya ottaayada merege adannu kaibidalaayitu). birmingham mattu durby solicitor samuel carter takshanave adara shaakhege shasanabaddha notisgalannu niididaru mattu adannu kaayideyalli serisalu saadhyavaayitu. 1836rahra mayee 19randu tamworthn sadasya pradhana mantri robbert peal avara sakriya bembaladondige birmingham mattu durby junction railway masoodege rajara wappigeyannu nidalaayitu. ee shakheyu nantara kallina setuve railway endu hesaraayitu. nirmaana. georg avara maga robbert stephenson sahayaka zaan burkin shaa avarondige enginiyar huddeyannu vahisikondaru. swalpa uddavaagi, 339ralli 1kkinta yaavude ilijaaru kadidagiralilla. vinyaasadalli eradu vayaadaktgalu (eega bolehal viaduct endu kareyalpaduva anker viaduct) mattu witchner viaduct (chroxal viaduct endoo kareyalaaguttade), eppattentu setuvegalu mattu derby sameepadalli kattarisuvike, nadhi pravaahada apaayavannu pariganisalaagide. anker viaduct uddavaagide mattu chroxal viaduct uddavaagide. haligalu eka samaanaantara roopavaagiddavu, cross sleepargala mele kurchigalalli sthaapisalaagittu. standard gaze annu adhu sambandhisida itara railvegalige hondisalu balasalaagiddaru, hechchuvari aatavannu anumatisalu haligalannu pratyekavagi irisalaagittu. itihaasa. spardhe. 1839rahra august 12randu bii & dgr annu hamptonge hoguva maargadondige tereyalaayitu, allie railugalu birminghamge hintiruguttiddavu. hampton mattu durby jotege aaru nildaanagaliddavu. ivugalalli koleshil (nantara maxstoke endu marunaamakaranagonditu), kingsbury, tamworth, walton, burton mattu willington seriddavu. aarambhadindalu london mattu birminghamnondige karjan streat terminusna junty balakeyu samasyegalannu untumaaditu. 1842rahra phebravari 10randu, laale beediyalli hosa terminasnondige hosa maargavannu tereyalaayitu. idu cassel bramwich, water arton mattu forge giranigala moolaka (nantara kolshil endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu) whiteackerge munduvariyitu. nirmisada vaitkerininda stetchfordnavaregina maargavannu kaibidalaayitu mattu hamptonge hoguva maargavannu onde maargavaagi ilisalaayitu. londonge, visheshavaagi kalliddalina saganegagi, line mattu midland kountigala naduvina balavaada paipoti, ibbarannoo bahuteka vyavahaaradinda horahaakitu. bii & dgr darbiyinda londonge sumaru elu gantegala samayavannu needitu, aadare emm. sii. aarr kaaryanirvahisalu prarambhisidaga adhu ondu ganteyalli kadime prayanavannu maadalu saadhyavaayitu. bii & dgr tanna daragalannu kadime maaditu aadare idu bele yuddakke kaaranavaayitu. derty tricks" naa yuddhadalli, emm. sii. aarr tanna prayanikarige vishesha praveshakkagi uttara madhyabhaagada pradeshadondige oppanda maadikonditu. idakke pratikaaravaagi, emm. sii. aarr. samsattige sallisida masoodeyannu birmingham mandaliyu virodhisitu. eradoo saalugalu teevra sankashtadalliddavu mattu sanna pramanada laabhaamshavannu niiduttiddavu. uttara madhya pradeshavu ee maarga mattu adara kattadagala moola vechchadinda untaada teevra arthika samasyegalannu saha edurisuttittu. sudeerghavaagi, georg hudson enmrn niyantranavannu vahisikondaru mattu robbert stephenson avara salaheyannu sweekarisidaru, mooru saalugalu vileenagolluvudu uttama phalitaamshavaagide. emm. sii. aarr. prapanchada nirdeshakaru ee kalpaneyannu virodhisuttaare endu hudson munsuchisidaru mattu enn. emm. aarr. adannu swadhinapadisikollalu bii & djrnondige rahasya oppandavannu maadikondaru. idu sahajavagi durby mattu uttaradinda emm. sii. aarr. naa grahakarannu doora kondoyyuttade mattu suddigalu sorikeyaadaaga, bii & djrnallina sherugalu naatakiyavaagi airive. hudson avaru emm. sii. aarr. nirdeshakarige antima echcharikeyannu needalu saadhyavaayitu, mattu saalina sherudaararannu tamma mandaliyannu atikramisalu manavolisidaru mattu vileenakke vedike siddhapadisalaayitu. midland railway. 1844ralli, birmingham mattu durby junction railway, midland kountigalu mattu uttara midland railway vileenagondu hosa midland railway annu roopisitu. london sanchaaravannu ragbi moolaka chikka midland kountigala maargada moolaka marunirdeshisalaagiruvudari, kampanigalu vileenagondaga hampton-inn-ardenge hoguva maargavu takshanave ellah pramukhyateyannu kaledukonditu. stone bridge railway endu kareyalpaduva idu ondu sanna shakheya maargavaayitu mattu 1917 ravarege kevala ondu dainandina prayanikara railinondige horaaditu, ee railannu yuddhakaalada aarthikateya kramavagi hintegedukollalaayitu. moola marada setuvegalalli ondu viphalavaadaaga saraku-maatra muchchuvavarege ee maargavu 1935 ravarege teredittu. hamptonnalliruva haleya birmingham mattu durby junction station kattadavannu egaloo kaanabahudu. aadaagyoo, nairtyada prayanikarige, camp hill station athawa 1841rinda, karjan streetnalli birmingham mattu gloucester railveyannu seruva, laali streetge hoguva maargavu mukhyavaagittu. indina dina. idu eega eeshaanyadinda nyoo cassel, durby mattu birmingham nyoo streat moolaka, nairtyakke bristol devaalayada meedgala mukhya maargada bhagavagide. cross kantri eega ee maargada pramukha nirvaahakavaagide. birmingham mattu durby junction railway lokomotivgalannu saha nodi

burmingham aandu derby junction railway oru britiish railway kambaniyaayirunnu birmingham aandu derby junction railway. birminghamil ninnu ithu derbyil north midu land reyilveyumaayum midu land kaundikal reyilveyumaayum bandhippichu, ithu trai jungt steshan ennariyappettu. ithu ippol padinjaaran rajyathinum vadakkukizhakkan mekhalaykkum edayilulla pradhana paathayude bhagamaanu. uthbhavam. birminghaminu vipulamaaya kanal shringhala nalkiyittundenkilum (theerchayaayum, oru enchiniyaring sentar enna nilayil athinte valarchaykku avaa oru gadakamaayirunnuvennu abhipraayappedunnu), birmingham valarnnukondirunnathil saankethika prashnangalundaayirunnu. 1824 muthal thanne, burmingham bisinasukaar reyilveyude saadhyathakal nokkikkondirunnu. lunden aandu birmingham railway grand junction railway 1833-ll paarlamentinte aavashyamaaya niyamangal nedukayum glocesterilekkum bristolilekkum oru line padhathiyidukayum cheythu. 1833ll vadakkan madhyabhoomi ozhukukayum derbyile athinte terminesumaayi bandhippikkaan oru nirddesham munnottuvaykkukayum cheythu. 1835-ll jorjju steefansan eee paatha sarway cheythu. karsan streettile karsan terminessilekku yaatra cheiyunnathinaayi stechfordile oru jangshanodoppam lunden, burmingham reyilveyumaayi cherunnathinayi vaittaakariloode kadannupokunna paathayaayi bill vibhavanam cheythu. ithu vaitaakar muthal hampton-inn-arden vare oodukayum avide landanilekkulla kanakshanukalkkaayi ell & biyumaayi cherukayum cheyyum. billukal paarlamentil avatharippikkunnathin munbuthanne, lineukal parasparam malsarikkunnathinaal, midu land kaundikal reyilveyumaayi promotermaar samgharshathilaayi. oduvil, midu land kaundikal etwash thaazhvarayil ninnu athinte line pinvalikkukayaanenkil burmingham, derby line enniva haamptanilekku athinte branch pinvalikkaan sammathichu. hampton branch neekkam cheythu, ennaal midu land kaundikal athinte bill avatharippichappol, athil appozhum erevash line undaayirunnu (ennirunnaalum pinneedu north midu land reyilveyude nirbandhathetthudarnnu ithu upekshichu). birmingham aandu derby solisittaraaya saamuval carter udan thanne athinte branchinu niyamaparamaaya notice nalkukayum athu niyamathil ulppeduthaan kazhiyukayum cheythu. 1836 meyy meyy tamworthinte amgamaaya pradhaanamantri roobert peelinte sajeeva pinthunayode burmingham aandu derby junction railway billinu rajakeeya anumathi nalki. eee shaakha pinneedu stonbridge railway ennariyappettu. nirmmaanam. jorjinte makan roobert steefansan oru asisttant joonn birkinshaayumaayi enchineeyar sthaanam etteduthu. 339ll onninekkaal uyaramulla oru gradient illaayirunnu. roopakalppanayil rund vayadaktukalum (ippol bolhal vioduct ennariyappedunna aankar vayadakt) vichnor vayadaktum (croxal vayadakt ennum ariyappedunnu), ezhupathiyettu paalangalum derbiyilekkulla oru cutting ulppedunnu, ithu nadee trent vellapokkam undaakkunna apakadatthe pariganikkunnu. aankar vayadakt neelamullathum croxal vayadakt neelamullathumaanu. cross sleepparukalil kaserakalil sthaapichirikkunna reyilukal eaka samanthara roopamaayirunnu. staanderd gej athu bandhappettirunna mattu reyilvekalumaayi poruthappedaan upayogichirunnuvenkilum, adhika kalii anuvadikkunnathinaayi reyilukal yadhaarthathil verthirichirikkunnu. charithram. malsaram. 1839 august 12 nuu hamptonilekkulla paathayumayi bii & dgr thurannu, avide trainukal birminghamilekku tirikkum. hampton, derby ennivaykku purame aarr steshanukalum undaayirunnu. colleshil (pinneedu maxstock ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu), kingsbury, tamworth, valton, burton, willington ennivayaayirunnu avaa. thudakkam muthal karsan street terminessinteyum lunden, birmingham ennivayude samyuktha upayogam prasnangal srishtichu. 1842 februvari februvari lollie streettil oru puthiya terminesumaayi oru puthiya line thurannu. ithu kaasal bromwich, vaattar oorttan, forge millukal (pinneedu colshill ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyappettu) ennivayiloode vaitaakarilekku neengi. nirmmichittillaathu vaitaakar muthal stetchford vareyulla paatha upekshikkukayum hamptonilekkulla paatha otta trackayi kuraykkukayum cheythu. landanilekkulla gathaagathathinaayi line midu land kaundikal thammilulla sakthamaaya malsaram, prathyekichu kalkari, iruvareyum bisinessil ninnu eathaandu purathaakki. derbyil ninnu landanilekku ekadesham ezhu manikkoor samayam bii & dgr vaagdaanam cheythirunnuvenkilum mcr pravartthikkaan thudangiyappol oru manikkoor kurachukondu yaatra cheyyaan athinu kazhinju. bii & dgr athinte nirakkukal kurachuvenkilum ithu oru vilayudhathinu kaaranamaayi. vrithiketta thanthrangalude" yudhathil, emm. sii. aarr athinte yaathrakkaarilekku prathyeka praveshanathinaayi vadakkan madhyapradeshavumaayi oru karar undaakki. prathikaaramaayi emm. sii. aarr paarlamentil samarppicha billine birmingham board ethirthu. rund lainukalum valare budhimuttilaayirunnu, cheria labhavihitam nalki. laininteyum athinte kettidangaludeyum yadhaartha vilayil ninnu undaakunna gurutharamaaya saambathika prashnangalum vadakkan madhyapradesham anubhavichirunnu. jorjju hudson enmaarinte niyanthranam ettedukkukayum moonnu lainukalum layippikkunnathayirikkum ettavum mikacha falamenna roobert steefansante nirddesham sweekarikkukayum cheythu. emm. sii. aarr. lokathinte directormaar eee ashayathe athirkkunnuvennu hudson munkootty manassilakkukayum enn. emm. aarr athu ettedukkunnathinaayi bii & dgrumaayi oru rahasya karar undaakkukayum cheythu. ithu theerchayaayum derbyil ninnum vadakku bhaagathuninnum emsiaarinte upabhokthaakkale kondupovukayum vaarthakal chornnappol bii & dgrile oharikal naadakeeyamaayi uyarukayum cheyyum. emm. sii. aarr directormark oru anthima munnariyipp nalkaan hudson kazhinju, koodaathe laininte ohari udamakale avarude boardine marikadakkaan prerippikkukayum samyojanathinu vedhi nischayikkukayum cheythu. midu land railway. 1844ll birmingham aandu derby junction railway, midu land kaundikal, north midu land railway enniva layippichu puthiya midu land railway roopeekarichu. rugby vazhi hrasvamaaya midu land kaundikaliloode lunden gathagatham redirect cheythathinaal kambanikal layichathode hampton-inn-aardanilekkulla paathaykk udan thanne ellah praadhaanyavum nashtappettu. stonbridge railway ennariyappettirunna ithu oru cheria branch lainayi maarukayum 1917 vare oru dainamdina passenture train mathramullathinaal eee train yudhakaala sambadvyavasthayude nadapadiyaayi pinvalikkappedunnathuvar budhimuttukayum cheythu. yadhaartha thadi paalangalilonn paraajayappedunnathuvare 1935 vare charakk maathramaayi adaykkunnathuvare eee paatha thurannirunnu. haamptanile pazhaya birmingham, derby junction steshan kettidam ippozhum kaanaan kazhiyum. ennirunnaalum, thekk padinjaaran yaathrakkaarkk, camp hill steshanilo 1841 muthal karsan streettilo birmingham aandu glousester reyilveyil cherunna lauli streettilekkulla paatha pradhanamaayirunnu. innathe divasam. ithu ippol vadakku kizhakk muthal nyookaastal vare, derby, birmingham nyoo street vazhi thekk padinjaaru bristtol temple meedle pradhana paathayude bhagamaanu. crosscontry aanu ippol laininte pradhana oopparettar. birmingham, derby junction railway locomotteevukal kaanuka

birmingham aanee derby junction railway birmingham aanee derby junction railway hii eka british railway company hotee. birminghampasoon teey derby yethe uttar madhyabhoomi railway aanee madhyabhoomi parganyanchya railwayshey jodale gele, jeey tri-junction sthanak mhanoon olakhale gele. aata too paschim desh aanee ishanyekadil mukhya margacha bhag banala aahe. mool. jaree birminghamla kalvyachya vyapak jaalyachi seva midali asali taree (kharey tarr, abhiyantriki kendra mhanoon tyachya vadhisathi teey eka ghatak hote asey suchavale jaate), birmingham vadhat asalyane tantrik samasya hotya. 1824 salapasoon, birminghamche vyapari railwaychya shakyatankade pahat hote. london aanee birmingham railway aanee grand junction railwayne 1833 madhye sansadechi tyanchi aavashyak kayade prapt kelee hotee aanee glocester aanee bristolparyantchya margachi yojana havamandit hotee. uttar madhyabhag 1833 madhye tarangla hota aanee derby yetheel tyachya antim sthanala jodanyacha prastav thevanyat aala hota 1835 madhye george stephenson yanni yaa margache sarvekshan kele. karzan streetvaril birminghamchya antim margavar jaanyasathi london aanee birmingham railwella bhetanyasathi, aanee statchford yetheel junctionla bhetanyasathi haah marg whiteakermadhun jaat asalyache vidheyakat namood karnyat aale hote. tee whiteakerpasoon hampton-inn-gardanparyantahi dhavel, jithe londonshee jodanisathi tee ell andd bimadhye sameel hoil. vidheyke sansadet sadar honyapurvich pravartakanche madhya pradesh parganyanchya railwayshey sangharsh jhaala kaaran marg ekmekanshi spardha kartil. shevati, jarr midland parganyanni erwash khoyatil aapali resha mage ghetali tarr birmingham aanee derby reshanni aapali shakha hamptonla mage ghenyas sahmati darshavali. hampton shakha kadhoon taknyat aalee, parantu jevha madhya pradesh prantanni tyache biil sadar kele, tevha tyat ajunahi irrewash line hotee (jaree nantar uttar madhya pradesh railwaychya aagrahavar tee vagalanyat aalee). birmingham aanee derbyche vakeel samuel carter yanni tabadtob tyanchya shakhesathi vaidhanik soochana jaaree kelya aanee tyaa kayadyat samavisht karnyat teey saksham jhaale. 19 meey 1836 roji tamworthche sadasya asalele pantpradhan robbert peal yanchya sakriy pathimbyane birmingham aanee derby junction railway vidheykala shahee sammati denyat aalee. hii shakha nantar stonebridge railway mhanoon olakhali jaau lagali. bandhkam. georgecha mulga robbert stephenson yane johnn berkinso yaa sahayyakasah abhiyantyache padd sweekarle. kahee kaal, 339 madhye 1 peksha jaast chadhan navhati. rachnet done viduct (anker viduct, jyala aata bolehaul viduct mhanoon olakhale jaate) aanee vichanor viduct (jyala croxal viduct asehi mhanatat), aththavis pool aanee derbychya dishene eka cutting, nadichya pravahamule puur yenyachya dhokyacha vichar keela jaat hota. anker viduct lamb aahe aanee croxal viduct lamb aahe. rull heey eka samantar swaroop hote, jeey cross sleepersver khurchya ghaloon basavale gele hote. jaree manak gejcha vapar tyacha sambandhit asalelya itar railwayshey julanyasathi keela jaat asala, taree atirikt khelasathi pratyakshat rail vegale thevanyat aale hote. itihas. spardha. 12 august 1839 roji bii andd djr heey hamptonla jaananya margachya madhyamatoon ughadale gele, jithe gadya birminghamla ulatya dishene jaatil. hampton aanee derby vyatirikt sahaa sthanke hotee. hii kolashil (nantar maxstock asey punarnamit), kingsbury, tamworth, walton, berton aanee willington hotee. suruvatipasunach london aanee birminghams karzan street terminuschya sanyukt vaparamule samasya nirman jhalya. 10 februwari 1842 roji lolly streetwar naveen termins eka naveen marg khula karnyat aala. heey casal bromwich, watter orton aanee forge mills (nantar colessil asey punarnamit kele gele) marge whiteakerparyant pudhe gele. whiteaker teey statchfordparyantchi jee resha bandhali gelee navhati tee sodoon denyat aalee aanee hamptonparyantchi tee ekeri margavar aanali gelee. visheshtah kolshachya londonparyantchya vahatukisathi railway marg aanee madhyabhoomi parganyanmadhil railway darmyan tivra spardhemule tyaa doghannahi jawaljawal vyavasayatun baher kadhale. bii andd djrne derby teey londonparyant sumare saat tasancha vel deu keela, parantu jevha emm. see. aar. neey kaam suru kele tevha too eka tasapeksha qamee velet pravas karoo shakala. bii andd djrne tyache bhade qamee kele parantu yamule keval kimmatinvar yuddh jhaale. ghaneradya yuktinchya' yuddhat, emm. see. aar. neey tyachya pravashanna vishesh pravesh midava yasathi uttar madhyabhagashi karar keela. pratyuttar mhanoon birmingham mandalane emm. see. aar. neey sansadet sadar kelelya vidheykala virodh keela. donhi resha atyant katheen sthiteet hotya aanee tyanna qamee pramanat labhansh milat hota. uttar madhyabhagala dekhil yaa margachya aanee tyachya imaratinchya mool kimmatimule udbhavananya gambhir aarthik samasyanna samore jaave lagat hote. dirghkalaparyant george hudsonne aine. emm. aar. varr niyantran midavale aanee robbert stephensonchi hii soochana sweekarli qee teen olinche vilinikaran karane haah sarvottam parinam asel. emm. see. aar. jagachya sanchalakanni yaa kalpanela virodh keela aahe heey hudsonne aadhich pahile aanee aine. emm. aar. neey tee tabyat ghenyasathi bii. andd. dii. jeey. aar. shhee gupt karar keela. heey nakkich derby aanee uttarekadun emm. see. aar. chya grahakanna door gheuun jaeel aanee jevha batamya leak hotil tevha bii. andd. dii. jeey. aar. madheel sambhaganmadhye lakshaniy vaadh hoil. hudson emm. see. aar. sanchalakanna antim ishara deu shakale aanee tyanni reshechya bhagdharkanna tyanchya mandalavar atikraman karnyas pravrutt kele aanee vilinikaranasathi munch tayar jhaala. madhya railway. 1844 madhye, birmingham aanee derby junction railway, midland parganya aanee uttar midland railway villin houn naveen midland railway tayar jhaali. jevha kampanya villin jhalya tevha hampton-inn-ordenchya margane lagech serve mahatva gamavale, kaaran londonchi vahtook ragbidware chhotya midland county margavarun punarnirdeshit kelee gelee hotee. stonebridge railway mhanoon olakhala jaanara haah eka kirkol shakha marg banala aanee 1917 paryant keval eka dainandin pravasi railways sangharsh karat rahila, jevha hii train yuddhakalin aarthik upay mhanoon mage ghenyat aalee. mool lakud pulanpaiki eka pool ayashasvi hoiparyant 1935 paryant haah marg keval malvahatuk bund karnyasathi khula hota. hampton yetheel junie birmingham aanee derby junction station imarat ajunahi pahili jaau shakate. matra, camp hiill stationvar birmingham aanee glocester railwait kinwa 1841 pasoon karzan streetwar jaananya nairutya dishela jaananya pravashansathi lolly rastyatil marg mahattvacha rahila. aajcha divas. aata too ishanyekadun aanee nucasalmadhun, derby aanee birmingham nyu street marge, nairutyela bristol mandiranchya mansavar mukhya margacha bhag aahe. cross country haah aata yaa margavaril pramukh chalak aahe. birmingham aanee derby junction railway locomotives dekhil pahaa

bermingham rar derby junkson railway bermingham rar derby junkson railway euta britis railway company thiyo. berminghambata yasale derbyma uttar midland railway rar midland county railwaysanga jodeko thiyo june trie junk stationko rupma chininthyo. yo ahile paschim desh rar uttar purwabichko mukhya margako hissa baneko chha. utpatti. yadyapi barminghamlai wyapak nahar sanjaldwara sewa pradan garieko thiyo (wastawma, yo sujhau diieko chha kii tiniharu engineering kendrako rupma yasako vikasma ek karak thie), bermingham badhdo bhumima bhaekale tyahan prawidhik samasyaharu thie. sann 1824 maa, berminghamka wyapariharule railwayko sambhawanaharu heriraheka thie. london rar bermingham railway rar grand junkson railwayle sann 1833 maa sansadko awashyak karyaharu prapta gareko thiyo rar glocester rar bristolko lineko yojana hawama thiyo. uttari midland sann 1833 maa udaieko thiyo rar derbyma yasako terminusma jadan garne prastawa garieko thiyo. george stefensonle sann 1835 maa margako sarwekshan gare. bille karjan stritma pachhilloko terminusma yatra garna statchfordko jungsonsanga london rar bermingham railwaylai bhetna whiteaker hundai jaane lineko parikalpana gareko thiyo. yo whitekardekhi hampton-inn-ardensamma pani chalnechha, jahaan yo londonsanga samparkaka lagi ell anned bima samel hunechha. bilharu sansadma paces hunuaghi nai prawardhankartaharu midland county railwaysanga dwandwama pare kinbhane lineharule ekarkasanga pratispardha garnechan. antyama, bermingham rar derby linele hamptonma afno shakha firta lyne sahamat bhayo yadi yasale midland countyharule irevas uptyakako sath afno line firta lie. hampton shakhalai hataiyo, tara jab midland countyharule yasako bill prastut gare, yasale ajhai pani irevas line samawesh sangharsh (yadyapi yasalai pachhi uttar midland railwayko agrahama hataiyo). bermingham rar derbyka wakil samuel carterle turuntai yasako shakhaka lagi vaidhanik suchana jaari gare rar yasalai ainama samawesh garna saksham bhae. bermingham rar derby junkson railway bilka lagi shahi swikriti 19 mey 1836 maa pradhanmantri robert pilko sakriya samarthanma diieko thiyo, jo tamworthka sadasya thie. yo shakha pachhi stonebridge railwayko rupma parichit bhayo. nirman. georgeka chhora robert stefensonle sahayak john barkinsasanga engineerko pada samhale. kehi lamo, tyahan 339 maa 1 bhanda kunai dhal thado thiena. designma dui bhiyadaktaharu (enker viedact, jaslai ahile bolehal viedact bhaninchha) rar wichnor viedact (jaslai cruxel viedact pani bhaninchha), athattarwata pulharu rar derbyko najikma katne, nadiko trentle badhiko khataralai vichar gardai samawesh garieko thiyo. enker pull lamo chha, rar cruxel pull lamo chha. railharu ekal samanantar roop thie, cruss sliperharuma kursiharuma sett garieko thiyo. yadyapi manak gaze yasako sambandhit anya railwayharusanga mail khaan prayog garieko thiyo, railharu wastawma atirikta khellai anumati dina alag rakhieko thiyo. itihas. pratispardha. bee anned djr 12 august 1839 maa hamptonma lineko sath kholieko thiyo, jahaan railharu berminghamka lagi ulto hunechha. hampton rar derbybaheck chhawata stationharu thie. yee kolsil (pachhi maxstoke naam pariwartan gariyo), kingsbury, tamworth, walton, berton rar willington thie. surudekhi nai london rar barminghamsanga karjan street terminusko sanyukta prayogle samasya diyo. 10 february 1842 maa loli stritma nayan terminusko sath nayan line kholieko thiyo. yo casal bromwich, water earton rar forge milharu (pachhi kolsil naam pariwartan gariyo) marfat whiteakerma pugyo. whitekardekhi statchfordsammako line june nirman garieko thiena, tyagieko thiyo, rar hamptonma jaane linelai ekal trackma ghataieko thiyo. vishesh gari koilako londonma yatayatka lagi line rar midland county railway bichko kada pratispardhale tee duwailai lagbhag wyaparbata bahira nikalchha. bi anned digiarle derbydekhi londonsomma karib saat ghantako samaya prastawa gareko thiyo, tara jab mcrle sanchalan garna thalyo yasale ek ghanta kamama yatra garna saksham bhayo. bee anned digiarle afno bhada cum garyo tara yasale mulya yuddhako parinam diyo. ganda chalharu" ko yudhama, emm. sii. arr. ley afna yatruharulai vishesh pahunchka lagi uttari madhyabhumisanga samjhauta sangharsh. yasako pratishodhma bermingham boardle mcrle sansadma paces gareko widheyakko virodh sangharsh. duwai lineharu gambhir sankatma thie rar thorai labhanshharu bhuktan gariraheka thie. line rar yasaka bhawanharuko muel lagatbata utpanna gambhir arthik samasyaharu pani uttari madhyabhumima pareko thiyo. lamo samayasamma george hadsanle nmrko niyantran lie rar robert stefensonko sujhawalai apanae kii tinn lineharu merge garna sabaibhanda ramro parinam hunechha. hadsanle mcr vishwaka nirdeshakharule wicharko virodh gare rar nmrle yasalai linka lagi bee anned djrsanga gopya samjhauta gare. yasale nissandeha derby rar uttarbata mcrka grahakharulai laijanchha rar jab samachar chuhinchha, bee anned digiarma seyarharu natakiya rupma badhe. hadsanle emm. sii. arr. nirdeshakharulai antim chetawani dina saksham bhae, rar lineka seyardharakharulai uniharuko boardlai override garna raji garae rar ekikaranka lagi manch tayar bhayo. madhya railway. sann 1844 maa, bermingham rar derby junkson railway, midland countyharu rar uttar midland railway nayan midland railway banauna vilaya bhayo. hampton-inn-arden jaane margale turuntai sabai mahatwa gumaeko thiyo jab companyharu vilaya bhae, kinki london trafic ragbi marfat chhoto midland county margabata punah nirdeshit garieko thiyo. stonebridge railway bhanera chinine yo sano shakha line banyo, rar 1917 samma kewal euta dainik yatri railko sath sangharsh sangharsh, jab yo rail yuddhakalin arthawyawastha upayako rupma firta liiyo. muel kath pulharu madhye euta asafal bhaepachi malwahak-matra bandaka lagi sann 1935 samma line khula rahyo. hamptonma raheko purano bermingham rar derby jungson station bhawan ajhai pani dekhna sakinchha. yadyapi, dakshin pashchimka yatruharuka lagi, jo camp hill stationma bermingham rar glocester railwayma samel hunechhan wa sann 1841 dekhi karjan stritma samel hunechhan, lallie stritma jaane line mahatwapurna rahyo. wartaman dina. yo ab uttar purva rar nucasalbata mukhya lineko bhag how, derby rar bermingham nayan sadak hundai, dakshin paschimma bristol temple medma. cruss contry ab linema pramukh operator how. bermingham rar derby junkson railway lokomotibhharu pani hernuhos

barmingahama ebong derby jankasana relpath barmingahama ebong derby jankasana rela eka british rela company thila. barmingahamaru ehaa derby thaare uttara madhyabhumi relpath ebong madhyabhumi county relpath sahita sanjukta hoithila jaahaa tri-jank station bhabare janashuna hoithila . ehaa bartamana paschima desh ebong uttara-purba madhyare mukhya margara anshabisesha. utpatti. jadio barmingahamaku eka byapaka kenal netawarka dwara seba pradan karajauthila (bastabare, ehaa suchita karajae je eka injinijaring kendra bhabare ehara abhibruddhire segudika eka karaka thila), barmingahama brudhi pauthibaru baishajika samasya thila . 1824 masiha belaku, barmingahama byabasajeemane relabaira sambhabana upare nazar rakhithile. london ebong barmingahama relpath ebong grand jankasana relpath 1833 masihare sansadara abashyakeeah ine hassel karithile ebong glocester ebong bristalaku eka line paain eka yojana aakaashare thila . 1833 masihare uttara madhyabhumi bhasman hoithila ebong derby thaare ehara termins sahita sanjoga karibaku eka prastaba diajaithila. 1835 masihare george stephenson ehi margaku sarbekhyana karithile. bill anujai, waitakar dei jauthiba ehi lineku london ebong barmingahama relapathaku bhetiba paain, ebong karjan street thaare thiba barmingahamara terminalaku jiba paain statchfordre eka jankasana sahita, parikalpana karajaithila. ehaa whitakeraru hampton-inn-ordon parjyanta madhya chaliba, jeunthare ehaa london sahita sanjoga paain ell anded bii ray joga deba. bill sansadare upasthapita heba purbaru madhyabhumi county relabaira pramotaramane bibaadare padithile kaaran linegudika paraspara sahita pratidwandita karibe . sheshare, barmingahama ebong derby line hampatanaku ehara shakha pratyahara karibaku raaji hoithile jadi ehaa mid land kauntigudika irewash upatyaka sahita ehara line pratyahara karanti . hampton shakhaku hatai diajaithila, kintu jetebele madhyabhumi kauntire ehara bill upasthapana karajaithila, setebele ethire irewas line rahithila (jadio parey uttara madhyabhumi relara zid upare ehaaku hatai diajaithila). bermingham ebong derby solicitor samuel carter turanta ehara shakha paain baidhanika bigyapti jaari karithile ebong ehaaku aainare antarbhukta karibare sakhyama hoithile. 1836 masiha meey maasa 19 tarikhare tamworthra sadasya pradhanamantri robert pilanka sakriya samarthanare barmingahama ebong derby jankasana rela bill paain rajkiah sammati pradan karajaithila. ehi shakha parey stonebridge relawe bhabare janashuna hoithila . nirmana. jarjanka pua robert stephenson jane sahajaka zohn barkinsanka saha engineer padabee grahan karithile. kichhi samai parjyanta, 339ray 1ru adhika dhalu naah thila. ehi designre duiti bhajadoct (aankar bhajadoct, jaahaaku bartamana bolehal bhajadoct kuhajae) ebong wichner bhajadoct (jaahaaku croxal bhajadoct madhya kuhajae), athathuriti setu ebong derby aadaku jiba samajare eka katiba, nadee trent dwara banya bipadaku bicharaku niajauthila. aankar bhajadoct lamba, ebong croxal bhajadoct lamba . relagudika ekaka samantarala roop thila, jaahaa cross slipper upare chejarare sthapita hoithila . jadio standard gejku anya relpath sahita mela karibaku byabahruta heuthila, tathapi atirikta khelaku anumathi deba paain relapathagudika bastabare alga karajaithila . itihas. pratijogita. 1839 august 12 tarikhare hampatanaku rela line sahita bii anded dgr kholajaithila, jeunthare trengudic barmingahama abhimukhe olati paduthila. hampton ebong derby byatita chhaati station thila . egudika helah collicil (parey ehaaku maxstoke naamare namit karajaithila), kingasaberi, tamworth, walton, berton ebong wilingatan. aarambharu london ebong barmingahama sahita karjan street terminsra milita byabahara samasya srusti karithila. 1842 masiha februari 10 tarikhare lallie street thaare eka nutan termins sahita eka nutan line kholajaithila. ehaa casal bromwich, water orton ebong forge mill (parey collicil naamare punahnamakarana karajaithila) madhyamare whitaker aadaku agrasara hoithila . whitakeraru statchford parjyanta jeun line nirmana karajai nathila, taahaaku parityaga karajaithila ebong hampatanaku jauthiba lineku ekaka trakaku hrass karajaithila. rela line ebong mid land county relpath madhyare prabala pratijogita, bisesh curry koila, landanaku paribahana paain, ubhajanku byabasajaru praiah bahara curry deithila . bii anded dgr derby thaaru london parjyanta praiah saata ghanta samai pradan karithila, kintu jetebele emm. sii. aara. karjya arambha kallah, ehaa eka ghanta comm samajare jatra karibare sakhyama helah. bii anded dgr ehara bhada hrass karithila kintu ehaa kebala eka mulya juddhare parinata hoithila . aparishkara kaushala" rahr juddhare, emm. sii. aarr. ehara jatrimananku swatantra prabesha paain uttara madhyabhumi sahita eka rajinama karithila. ehara pratisodha swaroopa barmingahama board emm. sii. aarr. sansadare dakhal karithiba eka bilku birodha karithila. ubhaja line atyanta sankatare thila ebong alpa parimanara labhansha pradan karuthila. uttara madhyabhumi madhya line ebong ehara kothagudikara moola mulyaru utpanna gurutara arthika samasyara sammukheen heuthila . dirgha samai dhari george hudson enn. emm. aarr. rahr nijantrana neithile ebong robert stifenasananka paramarshaku grahan karithile je tinoti lineku mishran kariba sarbottama phalaphal heba. hudson purbaru dekhithile je emm. sii. aarr. biswara nirdeshakamane ehi bicharaku birodha karanti ebong bii. anded. dii. jay. aarr. sahita eka gupta rajinama karithile jahaphalare enn. emm. aarr. ehaaku niz haataku neipariba. ehaa nischita bhabare derby ebong uttararu emm. sii. aara. rahr grahakamananku neijiba ebong jetebele khabara lick helah, bii. anded. dii. jay. aara. ray seyara natakiah bhabare brudhi paila . hudson emm. sii. aarr. nirdeshakamananku eka ultimatum debaku sakhyama hoithile, ebong liner anshidaramananku semananka boardku override karibaku raaji karaithile ebong mishran paain mancha prastuta hoithila . madhyabhumi relpath. 1844 masihare, barmingahama ebong derby jankasana relpath, midland county ebong uttara midland relpath mishi nutan midland relpath gathan karithila. companygudika mishigala parey hampton-inn-ordon marga turanta samasta gurutwa haraithila, kaaran london traphik ragbi madhyamare chhot midland county marga madhyamare punahnirdeshita hoithila . stonebridge relpath naamare janashuna, ehaa eka chhot shakha linere parinata hoithila, ebong 1917 parjyanta kebala gotie dainika jatribahi train sahita sangharsha karithila, jetebele ehi train judhakaleena arthabyabastha padakhyepa bhabare pratyahara karajaithila . 1935 masiha parjyanta ehi line khola rahithila, jetebele kebala mall paribahana banda rahithila, jetebele moola kaath setugudika madhyaru gotie biphal hoithila. hampton thaare thiba puruna barmingaham ebong derby junkson station building ebe madhya dekhibaku milithae. tebe, dakhina-paschima digaku jauthiba jatrimananka paain lallie street madhyare thiba line gurutwapurna rahithila, jeunmane camp hill stationre barmingahama ebong glocester relapathare jogadebe kimba 1841 ru karjan street ray jogadebe. aajira deane. ehaa bartamana uttara-purba ebong nyukyasalaru, derby ebong barmingahama nyu street dei, dakhina-paschimare bristol mandira mansare mukhya liner ansha . croscontry bartamana liner mukhya operator . barmingahama ebong derby jankasana rela injin madhya dekhantu

barmingham atey derby junction railway barmingham atey derby junction railway ikk british railway company see. barmingham toon ih derby vikhe uttri midland railway atey midland kaoonti railway naal judiaa hoiaa see joe trie junct station vajon janhiaa jaanh lagga. ih hunn pachmi desh atey uttar purab dey vichkaar mukkh maarag daa hissa haii. mool. halanki barmingham noon ikk viaapak nahir network duaara seva ditti gaee see (asal witch, ih sujhaa ditta jaanda haii kii uh ikk engineering kendra dey roop witch iss dey vikas witch ikk kaarak sunn), barmingham dey vadh rahey zamini paddhar toon takniki samassiaavan sunn. 1824 witch barmingham dey vapari railway deeaan sambhavnavan noon dekh rahey sunn. london atey barmingham railway atey grand junction railway neey sann 1833 witch sansad dey aapne zaruri kanoon prapat keete sunn atey glosster atey bristol laee ikk line dee yojna havaa witch see. uttri midland 1833 witch banaiaa giaa see atey derby vikhe iss dey termins naal joden daa prastav ditta giaa see. jaaraj stephenson neey 1835 witch iss raste daa sarvekhan keeta. bill witch line dee kalpana keeti gaee see kii ih whiteaker vicchon london atey barmingham railway noon milann laee statchford vikhe ikk junction dey naal karzan street vikhe termins witch yaatra curran laee challdi haii. ih whiteaker toon hampton-inn-arden takk vee challega, jitthe ih london naal connectionan laee aill aind bee witch shamal hovega. billan noon sansad witch pesh keete jaanh toon pahilan hii promotran daa midland kaoonti railway naal takraa hoow giaa kiunki lines ikk dooje naal mukabala karangiaan. ant witch, barmingham atey derby line aapni shakha noon hampton toon waps lainn laee sehmat hoow gaee jey ih midland kaoontiaan neey airevash ghaati dey naal aapni line noon waps lae liaa. hampton shakha noon hataa ditta giaa see, parr jadon midland kaoontiaan neey aapna bill pesh keeta, taan iss witch ajey vee irivash line see (halanki baad witch iss noon uttri midland railway dey zor denh 'teey chhadd ditta giaa see). barmingham atey derby dey vakeel semual carter neey turant iss dee shakha laee kanunni notice jaari keete atey iss noon aikat witch shamal curran dey yog hoow giaa. barmingham atey derby junction railway bill laee shaahi pravangi 19 maee 1836 noon pardhan mantri robbert peel dey sargaram samarthan naal ditti gaee see, joe kii temworth dey member sunn. iss shakha noon baad witch patthar-pull railway vajon janhiaa jaanh lagga. usari. jaaraj dey puttar robbert stephenson neey ikk sahaik, john barkinsha naal engineer daa ahuda sambhaliaa. kujh lambe samein takk, 339 witch 1 toon vaddh koee dhaal ucchi naheen see. design witch doou viduct (ainkar viduct, jiss noon hunn bolehal viduct vajon janhiaa jaanda haii) atey vichnor viduct (jiss noon croxal viduct vee kiha jaanda haii), atthath pull atey derby takk pahunch 'teey ikk katt shamal see, jiss noon nadee dey trent duaara hadah dey khatre noon dhiaan witch rakkhiaa jaa riha see. ainkar pull lamba haii, atey croxal pull lamba haii. rail single parallel roop witch sunn, joe karaas sleepran utte kursiaan witch sathapat sunn. halanki standard gej dee varton horr railway naal mail curran laee keeti gaee see, parr relan noon asal witch vadhu khed dee aagiaa denh laee vakkh keeta giaa see. itihaas. mukabala. bee aind djr 12 agast 1839 noon hampton witch line dey naal khulhiaa, jitthe rail gaddiaan barmingham laee ulat jandiaan sunn. hampton atey derby toon ilava chhe station sunn. ih kolishil (baad witch naam badal keey maxtock rakkhiaa giaa), kingsbury, temworth, walton, berton atey willington sunn. shuru toon hii karzan street termins dee london atey barmingham naal sanjhi varton neey samassiaavan paida keetiaan. 10 farvari 1842 noon lauli street vikhe ikk navein termins dey naal ikk naveen line kholhi gaee see. ih casal bromwich, water aurtan atey forge millan (baad witch isda naam badal keey kolishil rakkhiaa giaa) raahin whiteaker takk pahunchiaa. whiteaker toon statchford takk dee line joe naheen banayi gaee see, noon chhadd ditta giaa see, atey hampton takk noon single track witch ghataa ditta giaa see. london takk aavajai laee line atey midland kaoonti railway dey vichkaar mazboot mukabale neey, khaas karke coley dey, unhan dovan noon lagbhag carobar toon bahr qarr ditta. bee aind dee. jey. aar. neey derby toon london takk lagbhag satt ghante daa samaan ditta, parr jadon aim. see. aar. neey kamm karna shuru keeta taan ih ikk ghante witch ghatt yaatra curran dey yog hoow giaa. bee aind dee. jey. aar. neey aapne kiraae ghataa ditte parr iss dey natije vajon keematan dee jung shuru hoow gaee. gandiaan chaalan" dee ladai witch, aimm. see. aar. neey aapne yatrian takk vishesh pahunch laee uttri midland naal ikk samjhauta keeta. iss dey badle witch barmingham board neey ikk bill daa virodh keeta joe aimm. see. aar. neey sansad witch pesh keeta see. doven lines bahut mushkil witch sunn atey bahut ghatt labhansh daa bhugtan qarr rahiaan sunn. uttri maddh bhumi noon vee line atey iss deeaan imaratan dee asal laagat caarn paida hoee gambhir vitti samassiaavan daa sahmana karna pae riha see. lambai witch jaaraj hudson neey ainn. aimm. aar. daa controll lae liaa atey robbert stephenson dey sujhaa noon apnaiaa kii tinn lines dey raleven laee sabh toon vadhiaa natija hovega. hudson neey pahilan hii dekhiaa see kii aimm. see. aar. sansar dey directoran neey iss vichaar daa virodh keeta atey ainn. aimm. aar. noon iss utte kabza curran laee bee. aind. dee. jey. aar. naal ikk gupat samjhauta keeta. ih yakini taur utte aimm. see. aar. dey gaahkan noon derby atey uttar toon door lae javega atey jadon khabran leak hoiaan, taan bee aind dee. jey. aar. dey shares witch nataki vaadha hoiaa. hudson aimm. see. aar. directoran noon ikk ultimatum denh dey yog see, atey line dey sharedharkan noon aapne board noon override curran laee raazi keeta atey raleven laee stage tiaar keeti gaee. middleland railway. sann 1844 witch, barmingham atey derby junction railway, midland kaoonti atey uttri midland railway daa ralevan hoow keey navaan midland railway banaiaa giaa. jadon companyan daa ralevan hoiaa taan hampton-inn-arden daa rasta turant saaree mahatta guaa baitha, kiunki london traephik noon ragbi raahin chhote midland kaoonti ruut raahin mudd nirdeshit keeta giaa see. stonebridge railway vajon jaanhi jaandi, ih ikk chhoti shakha line bann gaee, atey 1917 takk siraf ikk rozana yaatari railgaddi naal sanghrash keeta, jadon iss railgaddi noon yuddh samein dee aarthikta dey upaa vajon waps lae liaa giaa. ih line 1935 takk siraf maal dhuaai laee khullhi rahee jadon ikk mool lakkad daa pull asfal hoow giaa. hampton vikhe purani barmingham atey derby junction station dee imaarat ajey vee vekhi jaa sakadi haii. halanki, dakkhan-pachham dey yatrian laee, joe camp hill station 'teey barmingham atey gloster railway witch shamal honge jaan 1841 toon karzan street witch shamal honge, lauli street witch line mahattavpuran rahee. ajj daa dinn. ih hunn uttar purab atey nucasal toon derby atey barmingham nioo street raahin, dakkhan pachham witch bristol mandar meats vikhe mukkh line daa hissa haii. crosscontry hunn line daa pramukh sanchalak haii. barmingham atey derby junction railway injanan vee dekho

barminghaam tathaa derby jankshan rail-maargah barminghaam-derby-jankshan-rail-yaanam aangl-deshasya rail-kampanee aasit. barminghaam-nagaraat derby-nagare uttar-midland-rail-margena, midland-kauntee-rail-margena cha sambaddham, yat tri-junct-sthanakam iti namna prasidham abhavat. adhunaa pashchimadeshasy eeshaanyasy cha madhye mukhyamaargasy bhaagah asti. utpattih. yadyapi barminghaam-nagare vistruta-jalamaarg-jaalasy sevaa aasit (vastutah, te abhiyaantrikeekendroo tasya vikaasasya kaaranaani iti soochyate), tathaapi barminghaam-nagare vardhamaan-avasthaayaah karanat tatra takaniki-samasyaah aasan. 1824 tame varshe eva barminghaam-nagarasya vyavasaayinah rail-margasya sambhaavanaam pashyanti sma. landan-barminghaam-rail-maargah, grand-jankshan-rail-maargah cha 1833 tame varshe samsadanaam aavashyakaani karyani praaptavantah, tathaa cha glocester-bristol-ityetayoho margasya yojanaa vaayuve aasit. 1833 tame varshe uttar-madhyabhoomih pravahat, derby-nagarasya tasya terminus-ityanena saha samparkam sthaapayitum prastaawah krutah. jaarj stephenson ityeshah 1835 tame varshe margasya sarvekshanam krutavaan. vidheyake, karzan-veethihi sthitasya terminus-madhye gantum statchford-nagare janshan-yuktena landan-barminghaam-rail-margena saha militum vait-ekar-dwara pravahantee iti margasya parikalpanaa krutaa. etat vait-ekar-taha hampton-inn-aldon-paryantam api prachalati, yatra landan-nagaram uddishya ell end-bee-samsthaayaam sammilayishyati. vidheyakeshu samsade upasthitebhyah praak eva pravartakaah midland-countees-rail-ityasya pravartakaih saha vaishamyam akurvan, yatah maargah parasparm spardhante sma. ante, barminghaam tathaa derby-rekhaa, yadi midland-prantaha irevaash-upatyakayam sthitaam swarekhaa apasaarayanti tarhi hampton-nagaram prati svashakham apasaarayitum sahamatau. hampton-shakham apasaaritam, parantu yadaa midland-kauntee-ityete swasya bill-prastuteet, tadaa api tatra irevaash-lain aasit (yadyapi uttar-midland-rail-ityasya aagrahaat pashchat tatt apasaaritam). barminghaam tathaa derby ityasya adhivaktaa saamuyel carter ityeshah tatkshanameva tasya shaakhaayaah vaidhaanikaani soochanaah pradadat, tathaa cha tatt adhiniyamasya antargatam kartum samarthah abhavat. barminghaam tathaa derby jankshan rail-vidheyakasya raaj-sveekrutihi 1836 mey 19 dinaanke pradhanamantryaha rabert peel ityasya sakriya-samarthanena, tamwort ityasya sadasyasy, dattah. pashchat eshaa shakha stone bridge rail iti namna prasiddha abhavat. nirmaanam. jaarj ityasya putrah rabert stephenson, sahayakena jaan birkinshaa ityanena saha abhiyantrupadaveem sveekrutavaan. kechan deerghah, 339 tame varshe 1 taha adhikah pravanataa naa aasit. vinyaase dwau vidoct-ityetau (enker vidoct, adhunaa bolhal vidoct iti namna prasidhah), vichnaar vidoct (croxal vidoct iti namna api prasidhah), saptataattar-pulaah, derby-nagarasya sameepastham cutting cha aasan, nadee-trent-dwara jalapralayasy apayam prati vichaarah krutah. enker-vidoct deerghah, croxal-vidoct cha deerghah asti. rail-ityete ekasyaam samaantararoopen aasan, cross-sleeper-ityatra kurchishu sthaapitaah aasan. yadyapi maanak-gaze ityasya upayogah anyaih rail-maargaih saha yojayitum krutah aasit, tathaapi adhikakridaayaah anumatim praaptum rail-visheshaah vastutah pruthak sthaapitaah aasan. itihaasah. spardhaa. 1839 august 12 dinaanke hampton-nagaram prati margena saha bee end djr udghaatitam, yatra relayaanaani barminghaam-nagaram prati tiryakaani bhavanti sma. hampton derby ityetayoho atiriktam shut sthaanake stah. ete aasan colessil (pashchat maxstoke iti punah namakaranam krutam), kingsbury, tamwort, walton, berton, willington cha. prarambhat eva karzan-street-terminus ityasya, landan-barminghaam-nagarayoho samyukta-upayogena samasyaah abhavan. 1842 februvari 10 dinaanke, laulee-veethi-madhye nootan-terminus-yuktah nootan-maargah udghaatitah. etat kyaasal bromwich, water-orton, forge-mills (pashchat colessil iti punah namakaranam krutam) ityetaih margena vaitekar-nagaram prati agacchat. vait-e-kaar-taha stetch-ford-paryantam, yat naa nirmitam aasit, tatt parityaktam, tathaa cha hampton-nagaram prati, tatt ekapaatam yaavat nyoonam abhavat. rail-margasya madhyabhagasya kauntee-rail-margasya cha madhye, visheshatah angarasya, landan-nagaram prati parivahanaartham prabalaspardha, tau ubhau praayah vyaapaaraat bahishkrutau. bee end djr-samsthayaa derby-nagaraat landan-nagaram prati praayah saptaghantaanaam samayasya prastaawah aasit, parantu yadaa emm. see. aar. samsthaayaah kaaryam aarabdham tadaa ekaghantayam nyoonam yatram kartum samarthah abhavat. bee end djr ityanena swasya bhaatakam nyunikrutam, parantu anena kevalam mulyayuddham jaatam. derty tricks" ityasmin yuddhe emm. sii. aar., uttar-madhyabhumya saha yatrikanam krute vishesha-praveshaartham ekam samjhautaa akarot. pratyutare barminghaam-board ityanena emm. sii. aar. ityanena samsade prastutah vidheyakam virodhitam. ubhau panktih durdashayam aasan, alpam labhamsham cha pradadati sma. uttar-madhyabhoomih api, margasya, tasya bhavananam cha mulamulyat udbhutanam gambhir-vitteey-samasyaih peeditah aasit. dirghakalam yaavat jaarj hudson ityeshah enn. emm. aar. ityasya niyantranam sveekrutavaan, tathaa cha rabert stephenson ityasya suchanam sveekrutavaan yat trishu panktinaam vileenam sarvottamam parinamam bhavishyati iti. hudson ityeshah poorvamev dnyaatavaan yat emm. sii. aar.-vishvasya nirdeshakaah asya vichaarasya pratirodham kurvanti sma, tathaa cha enn. emm. aar. ityanena tatt sweekartum bee. end. dee. jey. aar. ityanena saha guptam sandhim akarot. etena emm. sii. aar. ityasya grahakaha derby-taha uttaratah cha nishchayen apagataah, yadaa vaartaah prakashitani tadaa bii. end. jey. aar. ityasya share ityeteshu naatakeeyaroopen vruddhihi abhavat. hudson ityeshah emm. sii. aar. nirdeshakebhyah antimasuchana daatum samarthah abhavat, tathaa cha panktrubhyah swamandalasya upari chaalayitum prerayat, tathaa cha ekikaranasya manchah sajjaha abhavat. madhyabhoomi-rail-maargah. 1844 tame varshe barminghaam-derby-jankshan-rail-maargah, midland-kauntee-kshetraani, uttar-midland-rail-maargah cha vileenam krutvaa nootanam midland-rail-maargam nirmitam. yadaa kampenee-samoohah vileenaah tadaa hampton-inn-arden-prati maargah tatkshanameva sarvam mahattvam nakshat, yatah landan-nagarasya yatayataha ragbee-dwara laghutarena midland-kauntee-margena punah nirdeshitah aasit. stonebridge-rail iti namna prasidhah, ayam laghu-shakha-maargah abhavat, 1917 tamavarshaparyantam kevalam ekaa dainika-yaatri-rail-yanena sangharsham krutavaan, yadaa yuddhakaalasy aarthik-upaayaroopen eshaa rail-yaanam apasaaritam. 1935 tamavarshaparyantam, kevalam malavahanena bandhayitum, yadaa ekaha mool-kaashta-setuhu asaphalah abhavat, yaavat eshaa maargah udghatita aasit. hampton-nagare puratanam barminghaam tathaa derby-jankshan-sthanaka-bhavanam adyaapi drushyate. parantu, nairutyadishi gacchataam yatrikanam krute, laalee-margasya maargah mahattwapoornah aasit, ye shibir-giri-sthaanake barminghaam-gloucester-rail-maarge vaa 1841 tamaat varshaat karzan-margasya vaa saha sammilitaah aasan. vartamaanam dinam. adhunaa uttarapoorvatah nyukyasal-nagaraat cha derby tathaa barminghaam nyoo-veethi-margena, dakshinapaschimadishi bristol-mandira-meds-madhye mukhya-margasya bhaagah asti. croscontry iti idaaneem margasya pramukhah prachaalakah asti. barminghaam tathaa derby jankshan rail-locomotives api pashyatu.

birmingham mattrum terby santhippu rayilway birmingham mattrum terby santhippu rayilway oru british rayilway niruvanamaagum. birminghamil irunthu idhu terbyil vadakku nadunila rayilway mattrum nadunila mavatta rayilvaeyudan inaikkappattathu, idhu mukkoana nilaiyam endru ariyappattathu. idhu ippoathu maerku naattirkum vadakizhakkirkum idaiyilaana mukiya paathaiyin oru paguthiyaaga ullathu. thoattram. birmingham oru virivaana kaalvaai valaiyamaipaal saevai seiyappattaalum (unmaiyil, avai oru poriiyal maiyamaaga adhan valarcchikku oru kaaraniyaaga irunththana endru koorappadugiradhu), birmingham valarnthu varuvathaal thozhilnutpa sikkalkal irunththana. 1824 aam andilaeyae, birmingham vanikarkal rayilveyin saaththiyakkoorukalai aaraaynthu vanthanar. lundon mattrum birmingham rayilway mattrum grand jangshan rayilway aagiyavai 1833 aam aandil paaraalumandraththin thevaiyaana seyalkalaip petrtrana, maelum clossester mattrum bristolukku oru paathaikkaana thittam kaattril irunththathu. vadakku nadunilam 1833 aam aandil mithanthathu mattrum terbyil ulla adhan munaiyaththudan inaikka oru munmozhivu seiyappattathu. 1835 aam aandil jaarj stephenson inththa paathaiyai aaivu seithaar. inththa masodha lundon mattrum birmingham rayilveyaich santhikka vellai aekkar vazhiyaaga sellum paathaiyai karpanai seithathu, steckfordil oru santhippudan karsan theruvil ulla pinththaiya munaiyaththirkul payanikka. idhu vellai aekkar muthal haamptan-inn-carden varai iyangkum, angku idhu landanudan inaippukkaaga ell & pii udan saerum. inththa koadugal ontroadondru poattiyidum enbathaal, masoathaakkal naadaalumandraththil samarppikkappaduvatharku munbae vilambarathaarargal matthiya tharai mavatta rayilvaeyudan moathalukku vanthanar. iruthiyil, midland maavattangkal erevash pallaththaakkil adhan koattai thirumbap pettraal, birmingham mattrum terby varisai adhan kilayai hamptonukku thirumbap pera oppukkondathu. haamptan kilai agattrappattathu, aanaal nadunila maavattangkal adhan masoathaavai munvaiththapoathu, adhu innum azhikkum paathaiyaik kondirundhadhu (iruppinum idhu pinnar vadakku nadunila rayilveyin valiyuruththalin paeril kaividappattathu). birmingham mattrum terby vazhakkarinaraana saamuvel carder, udanadiyaaga adhan kilaikkaana sattareethiyaana arivippugalai veliyittaar, maelum adhai inthach sattaththil inaikka mudinthathu. birmingham mattrum terby santhippu rayilway masoathaavukku arasa opputhal 19 mae 1836 andru pirathamar robbert beelin theevira aatharavudan vazhangkappattathu, idhu damworth uruppinarin uruppinaraaga irunththathu. inththa kilai pinnar cull paalam rayilway endru ariyappattathu. kattumanam. georgin magan robbert stephenson, john birginsa endra uthaviyaalarudan poriyaalar padhaviyai aetrtraar. sila neenda, 339 ill 1 aii vida saaivu sengkuththaaga illai. vadivamaippil irandu vayadaktkal (aankar vioduct, ippoathu bolehal vioduct endru azhaikkappadukirathu) mattrum vichnar vioduct (groxall vioduct endrum azhaikkappadukirathu), ezhupaththettu paalangkal mattrum terby anugumuraiyil oru vettu aagiyavai adangkum, idhu nadhi neerottaththaal vellam aerpadum abaayatthai karuththil kondullathu. aankar vioduct neelamaanathu, mattrum groxall vioduct neelamaanathu. thandavaalangal ottrai inaiyaana vadivamaaga irunththana, avai kurukku sleepergal meethu naarkaaligalil amaikappattana. nilaiyaana kej mattra rayilvaeyudan poruntha payanpaduththappattaalum, koodudhal vilayaattai anumathikka thandavaalangal unmaiyil thaniththaniyaaga amaikappattana. varalaaru. poatti. pii & dii. jay. aarr 1839 august 12 andru haemptanukkul sellum paathaiyudan thirakkappattathu, angku rayilgal pirmingaamukku thalaikeezhaaga sellum. haamptan mattrum terby thavira aaru nilaiyangkal irunththana. ivai goalshil (pinnar maxtoke endru marupeyaridappattathu), kingsbury, damworth, walton, burton mattrum willington aagum. thodakkaththil irunththae lundon mattrum birmingham aagiyavattrudan karsan theru munaiyaththin koottu payanpaadu sikkalkalai aerpaduththiyathu. 1842 pipravari 10 andru lawli theruvil oru puthiya munaiyaththudan oru puthiya paathai thirakkappattathu. idhu koattai promvich, watter arton mattrum forge aalaikal (pinnar koleshil endru marupeyaridappattathu) vazhiyaaga vellai alaikal varai sentrathu. oitaker muthal stetchford varayilaana paathai kattappadavillai, kaividappattathu, maelum haamptan varai ottrai paathaiyaaka kuraikkappattathu. rayil paathai mattrum midland kavundigalukku idaiyilaana valuvaana poatti, kurippaaga nilakkari, landanukku kondu selvatharkaaga, kittatthatta iruvaraiyum vanigaththilirunthu veliyaettriyathu. pii & djr terbyil irunthu landanukku sumar aezhu manii naera neraththai valangkiyathu, aanaal emm. chii. aarr seyalpadath thodangiyapoathu oru manii neraththil payanaththai kuraikka mudinthathu. pii & djr adhan kattanangalaik kuraiththathu, aanaal idhu verumanae vilaip poaril vilainthathu. alukku thanthirangal" endra poaril, emm. chii. aarr adhan payanigalukku pirathyaeka anugalukkaaga vadakku nadunilaththudan oru oppanthaththai aerpaduththiyathu. idharku pathiladiyaaga, emm. chii. aarr. naadaalumandraththil samarpiththa masoathaavai birmingham vaariyam ethirththathu. irandu koadugalum moasamaana nilaiyil irunththana mattrum siriya eevuththogaiyai seluththiyathu. vadakku nadunilamum inththa varii mattrum adhan kattidangalin asal vilaiyilirunthu ezhum kadumaiyaana nidhi sikkalkalai ethirkondathu. neenda kaalaththirku jaarj hutson nmr-aik kattuppadutthinaar, maelum moontru koadugal ontrinaivathu sirantha mudivaaga irukkum endra robbert stephenson aaloasanaiyai aetrtrukkondaar. emm. chii. aarr ulagin iyakkunarkal inththa yoasanaiyai ethirppathaaka hutson munkoottiyae kandarindhaar, maelum adhai eduththuk kolla nmr pii & djrudden oru ragasiya oppanthaththai maerkondaar. idhu nichchayamaaga emm. chii. aarin vaadikkaiyaalargalai terby mattrum vadakkilirunthu alaiththuch sellum, maelum seithigal kasindhapoathu, pii & dii. jay. aaril pankukal viyaththagu muraiyil uyarnththana. hutson emm. chii. aarr iyakkunarkalukku oru iruthi echcharikkaiyai vazhangka mudinthathu, maelum varisai pangkuthaarargalai thangal vaariyatthai meerumpadi varpurutthinaar, maelum orunginaippukku maedai amaikkappattathu. nadunila rayil. 1844 aam aandil, birmingham mattrum terby santhippu rayilway, midland kavundigal mattrum vadakku midland rayilway aagiyavai puthiya midland railway uruvaakka inaikkappattana. lundon poakkuvaraththu rakbi vazhiyaaga kurugiya midland kavundigal vazhiyaaga tiruppi vidappattathaal, niruvanangal inainththapoathu haamptan-inn-kaardanukku sellum paathai udanadiyaaga anaitthu mukkiyaththuvaththaiyum ilanththathu. stone bridge rayilway endru azhaikkappadum idhu oru siriya kilai paathaiyaaka maariyathu, maelum 1917 varai oru thinasari payanigal rayiludan mattumae poaraadiyathu, inththa rayil poarkkaala porulaathaara nadavadikkaiyaaga thirumbap perappattathu. 1935 aam aandu varai sarakku mattumae moodappadum varai inththa paathai thiranthirunthathu, appoathu asal marap paalangkalil ondru thoalviyadainthathu. haamptanil ulla pazhaiya birmingham mattrum terby santhippu nilaiya kattidaththai innum kanalaam. iruppinum, thenmaerkil ulla payanigalukku, camp hiill stationil allathu 1841 muthal, karsan theruvil ulla birmingham mattrum clossester rayilveyil saerum larley theruvin paathai mukkiyamaanathu. intraiya thinam. idhu ippoathu vadakizhakku mattrum neu castle vazhiyaaga, terby mattrum birmingham puthiya theru vazhiyaaga, thenmaerkae bristol koayil meats vazhiyaaga mukiya paathaiyin oru paguthiyaaga ullathu. kurukku naadu ippoathu varisaiyil mukiya aaparaettaraaka ullathu. birmingham mattrum terby santhippu rayil enjinkalaiyum paarkkavum

birmingham mariyu derby junction railway birmingham mariyu derby junction railway oka british railway company. birmingham nundi idhi derby vadda uttara midland railway mariyu midland kounteela railvetho anusandhaaninchabadi, trai junct stationga prasiddhi chendindi. idhi ippudu paschima desham mariyu eshaanya praantaala madhya pradhana maargamlo bhaagamgaa undhi. muulam. birminghamku vistrutamaina kaaluva network sevalu andinchinappatikii (vaastavaaniki, injaneering kendramgaa daani vruddhiki avi oka karakamga unnayani soochinchabadindi), birmingham perugutunnanduna saanketika samasyalu unnaayi. 1824 lone, birmingham vyaapaaravaettalu railway avakaasaalanu pariseelinchaaru. london mariyu birmingham railway mariyu grand junction railway madhyapraantam paarlamentu yokka avasaramaina chattalanu pondaayi mariyu gloucester mariyu bristol varaku oka line kosam oka pathakam gaalilo undhi. uttara madhyapraantam madhyapraantam theeluthuu undhi mariyu derby vadda daani terminusku anusandhaaninchadaaniki oka pratipaadana cheyabadindi. georg stephenson stephenson eee marganni survey chesaaru. eee billu london mariyu birmingham railvenu kalusukovadaniki whiteaker gundaa velutundani, steachford vadda oka junctiontho karjan streat vadda unna taruvaati terminasloki prayaaninchaalani bhaavinchindi. idhi whiteaker nundi hampton-inn-garden varaku kooda nadustundi, ikkada idhi londonku connectionla kosam ell & bilo cherutundi. linelu okadaanitoe okati pootii padataayi kabatti billulanu paarlamentuku samarpinchadaaniki mundhe madhyapraanta kounteela railvetho promoterlu vibhedinchaaru. chivariki, midland counteelu erevash loya venta thana line upasamharinchukunte, birmingham mariyu derby line daani saakhanu hamptonku upasamharinchukovadaaniki angeekarinchaayi. hampton saakha tolaginchabadindi, conny midland counteelu daani billunu samarpinchinappudu, adhi ippatikee erevash line kaligi undhi (ayithe taruvaata uttara midland railway pattubattadamtho dheenini tolaginchaaru). birmingham mariyu derby solicitor ayina shamyul carter ventane daani saakhaku chattabaddhamaina noteesulanu jaarii chesi, daanini chattamlo cherchagaligaadu. tamworth sabhyudaina pradhana mantri robbert peal yokka churukaina maddatutoe 1836 mae 19naa birmingham mariyu derby junction railway billuku raaja sammati ivvabadindi. eee saakha taruvaata stone bridge railvegaa prasiddhi chendindi. nirmaanam. georg kumarudu robbert stephenson sahayakudu zaan birkinshato injanir padavini chepattadu. kontha podavugaa, podavugaa 1 kante ekkuva vaalu ledhu. eee roopakalpanalo rendu vayaadaktlu (anker viaduct, ippudu bolhal viaduct anie pilustaaru) mariyu vichnor viaduct (croxal viaduct anie kooda pilustaaru), debbai enimidi vantenalu mariyu derbeaki vellae maargamlo oka kotha unnaayi, nadhi pravaham valla vachhe pramaadaanni parigananaloki teesukuntaaru. ankar viaduct podavugaa untundi, mariyu croxal viaduct podavugaa untundi. pattalu oke samaantara roopam, cross sleeperlapy kurcheelalo amarchabaddayi. praamaanika gejnu itara railvelatho saripolchadaaniki upayoginchinappatiki, adanapu aatanu anumatinchadaaniki pattalu vaastavaaniki vaerugaa unchabaddaayi. charitra. pootii. 1839 augustu 12naa hamptonloki velle maargamtho bii & dgr praarambhinchabadindi, ikkada raillu birmingham kosam riverse avtayi. hampton mariyu derbytho paatu aaru stationlu unnaayi. ivi coalshill (taruvaata maxstoke gaa paeru maarchabadindi), kingsbury, tamworth, walton, burton mariyu willington. modati nundi london mariyu birminghamto kalisi karjan streat terminus ummadi upayogam samasyalanu kaliginchindi. 1842 fibravari 10naa laalii veedhiloo kotta terminasto kotta line praarambhinchabadindi. idhi koota bromwitch, water arton mariyu forge millula (taruvaata coalshill gaa paeru maarchabadindi) dwara tellabadataaniki munduku saagindi. whiteaker nundi nirminchani stetchford varaku unna line vadiliveyabadindi, mariyu hampton varaku unna line single track gaa tagginchabadindi. railu maargam mariyu midland kounteela madhya railu ravana kosam, mukhyamgaa boggu, londonku, balamaina pootii, daadaapu rendintinee vyaparam nundi tolaginchindi. bii & dgr derby nundi london varaku sumaru edu gantala samayanni ichindi, conny mcr panicheyadam praarambhinchinappudu adhi oka gantalo takkuva prayaanaanni cheyagaligindi. bii & dgr thana chaarjeelanu tagginchindi, conny idhi dharala yuddhaaniki daariteesindi. muriki upayala" yuddhamlo, emm. sii. aarr. thana prayaanikulaku pratyeka praapyata kosam uttara madhyapraamthamtho oppandam kudurchukundi. prateekaaramgaa, emm. sii. aarr. paarlamentuku samarpinchina billunu birmingham boardu vyatirekinchindi. rendu linelu chaalaa clishta paristhitiloo unnaayi mariyu chinna dividendlanu chellistunnaayi. uttara madhyapraantam kooda line mariyu daani bhavanala asalu kharchu nundi utpannamayye teevramaina aardhika samasyalanu edurkontondi. sudeerghamgaa georg hudson nmr niyantrananu teesukunnadu mariyu moodu panktulu vileenam kaavadame uttama phalitam anie robbert stephenson suuchananu sweekarinchaadu. mcr prapanchamlooni directorlu eee aalochananu vyatirekinchaarani mariyu nmr daanini chepattadaaniki bii & dgrtho rahasya oppandam kudurchukunnarani hudson mundhe oohinchaaru. idhi derby mariyu uttara praantaala nundi mcr viniyogadaarulanu dhooram chestundi mariyu vaartalu leak ayinappudu, bii & djrlo sherlu natakeeyamgaa perigayi. hudson emm. sii. aarr. directorlaku oka ultimatum ivvagaligaadu, mariyu line yokka vaataadaarulanu vaari borduni adhigaminchamani oppinchaadu mariyu viliinaaniki vedikanu erpaatu chesaaru. madhya railway. railway, birmingham mariyu derby junction railway, midland counteelu mariyu uttara midland railway vileenam ayi kotta midland railvenu erpaatu chesindi. rugby dwara london traafiknu chinna midland kounteela maargam dwara mallinchinanduna, companylu vileenam ayinappudu hampton-inn-guardenku velle maargam ventane anni praamukhyatanu kolpoyindi. stone bridge railway anie piluvabade idhi oka chinna branch linega maarindi, mariyu 1917 varaku eee railu yuddhakaala aardhika charyaga upasamharinchukune varaku oka rojuvaaree prayaaneekula railutho kashtapadindi. asalu kalapa vantenalalo okati viphalamainappudu 1935 varaku saruku ravana-matrame moosivese varaku eee maargam terichi undindi. hampton vadda unna paatha birmingham mariyu derby junction station bhavanam ippatikee chudavachu. ayithe, nairuti disalo prayaaninchae prayaanikulaku, camp hill station vadda ledhaa 1841 nundi karjan streat vadda birmingham mariyu gloucester railwaylo chaeradaaniki, laalii veedhiloki velle maargam mukhyamainadigaa undipoyindi. prastuta roeju. idhi ippudu eesaanyam nundi nyuu kazil varaku, derby mariyu birmingham nyuu streat dwara, nairuti vaipuna bristol aalaya meads vadda pradhana maargamlo bhaagam. cross country ippudu linelo pradhana operator. birmingham mariyu derby junction railway lokomotivlanu kooda chudandi

barmangham aur durby junction railway barmangham aur durby junction railway eek bartanvi railway company thee. barmangham say yaha durby mein naarth mudd lend railway aur mudd lend counteez railway say mansalk hawaa jasay trayee jankat station kay naam say jaana jaataa hay. yaha abb maghrabi milk aur shamaal mashriq kay darmiyan markazi raastay kaa hasah hay. asl. agarcha barmangham kuu eek wasee nehar neet wark kii khadmat haasil thee (darhaqiqat yaha tajweez kiyaa jaataa hay kahh wah engineering center kii haisiyat say iss kii tarqi kaa eek ansar thay)yee leakin barmangham kay arooj kay baad say takniki masail thay. 1824 kay awail mein barmangham kay taajir railway kay amkanat kuu deekh rahay thay. landan aur barmangham railway aur grend junction railway nay 1833 mein parliament kay apnay zaruri qawanin haasil kiye thay aur gloster aur bristol takk jaanay waali line kii schem hawaa mein thee. naarth mudd lend 1833 mein teer gayaa thaa aur durby mein iss kay termins say jodnay kii tajweez paish kii gayee thee. jaarj stephenson nay 1835 mein iss raastay kaa sarway kiyaa. bull mein iss line kaa tasavur kiyaa gayaa kahh wah waait acker say guzarti hoyee landan aur barmangham railway say milnay kay liye statchford mein eek junction kay saath karzan strait parr moakhar alzikar kay termins mein safar karnay kay liye chull rahee hay. yaha waait acker say hampton inn arden takk bhee chalay gaa jehaan yaha landan say rabton kay liye eel aind bee mein shaamil hoga. bull parliament mein paish kiye jaanay say pehley hyee promoters kaa mudd lend countiyon railway kay saath tanazah how gayaa keunkah linein eek dosray say muqabilah karein gee. aakhir mein barmangham aur durby line nay apnee shaakh kuu hampton say waps leenay parr ittefaq kiyaa agar yaha mudd lend countiyon nay air waash waadi kay saath apnee line kuu waps lay liyaa. hampton branch kuu hataa diyaa gayaa thaa leakin jabb mudd lend countiyon nay apnaa bull paish kiyaa tuu iss mein abb bhee air waash line mojud thee (halankah baad mein naarth mudd lend railway kay asraar parr asay chhod diyaa gayaa thaa). barmangham aur durby kay wakeel samoel carter nay fouri toor parr iss kii branch kay liye qanuni notes jaari kiye aur asay aikat mein shaamil karnay mein kamiyab rahay. barmangham aur durby junction railway bull kay liye shaahi manzori 19 mayee 1836 kuu wazeer aizam raabart pail kii faal himayat say dee gayee juu team warth kay rakan thay. yaha shaakh baad mein stone barj railway kay naam say mashhur hoyee. tameer. jaarj kay betay raabart stephenson nay eek maawan jaan barkansha kay saath engineer kaa ahdah sanbhala. kachh lamba 339 mein 1 say ziyadah koyee gradent stipper nahein thaa. design mein duu viadict (anker viadict jasay abb boul haal viadict kahaa jaataa hay) aur wachanor viadict (jasay karaksal viadict bhee kahaa jaataa hay)yee uthtalis pull aur durby kay qareeb jaanay parr eek katayi shaamil thee jiss parr daryaa kay trent kay sailaab kay khatray parr ghoor kiyaa jaa rehaa thaa. anker wayadikt lamba hay aur karaksal wayadikt lamba hay. railein waahid matwazi shakal mein thein juu karaas sleepers parr karsiyon mein rakhee gayee thein. agarcha mayari geej kuu dosray railway say milnay kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaataa thaa jiss say yaha waabistah thaa leakin railon kuu darasil izaafi kheel kii ajazat deenay kay liye alg kiyaa gayaa thaa. tareekh. muqabilah. bee aind ddee jay aar 12 agast 1839 kuu hampton mein jaanay waali line kay saath kholi gayee jehaan trainein barmangham kay liye alt jayein gee. hampton aur durby kay elawah chh station thay. yaha colshil (baad mein naam tabdil kirr kay maxtok rakhaa gayaa)yee kangazbari team warth walton berton aur wlington thay. sharoo say hyee landan aur barmangham kay saath karzan strait termins kay mushtarkah istemaal nay masail paida kiye. 10 faroori 1842 kuu laali strait parr eek nayey termins kay saath eek nayee line kholi gayee. yaha kesal bromoch waater aartan aur forge milon (baad mein colshil kaa naam tabdil kirr kay) kay zariye waait acker kii taraf badhaa. waait acker say steach ford takk kii line juu tameer nahein kii gayee thee asay chhod diyaa gayaa thaa aur hampton takk jaanay waali line kuu sangal track mein tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. landan takk nql woo hamal kay liye line aur mudd lend countiyon railway kay darmiyan mazboot muqabilah khaas toor parr koyale kay liyay inn donon kuu taqriba karobar say baahir kirr diyaa. bee aind ddee jay aar nay durby say landan takk taqriba saat ghantay kaa waqat paish kiyaa leakin jabb ayem see aar nay kaam karnaa sharoo kiyaa tuu wah eek ghantay mein kumm safar karnay mein kamiyab rehaa. bee aind ddee jay aar nay apnay karayon mein kamee kii leakin iss kay natijay mein qeematon kii jung sharoo how gayee. gandaa chaalon" kii jung mein ayem see aar nay apnay musafiron takk khususi rasayi kay liye shamali mudd lend kay saath muahidah kiyaa. barmangham board nay iss bull kii mukhalifat kii juu ayem see aar nay parliament mein paish kiyaa thaa. donon linein sakht dushwari mein thein aur mamuli munafa adaa kirr rahee thein. shamali mudd lend kuu bhee line aur iss kii emaraton kii asl laagat say paida honay waalay shadeed maali masail kaa saamna karnaa parh rehaa thaa. taweel arsey takk jaarj hudson nay aine ayem aar kaa control sanbhaal liyaa aur raabart stephenson kii tajweez kuu apnaya kahh behtareen natijah teenon linon kay zam honaa hoga. hudson nay paish goyee kii kahh ayem see aar world kay directors iss khayaal kii mukhalifat kartay haine aur bee aind ddee jay aar kay saath eek khafiya muahidah kiyaa taakah aine ayem aar asay sanbhaal sakay. yaha yaqeena ayem see aar kay gahikon kuu durby aur shamaal say lay jaaye gaa aur jabb khabrein leek hoyein tuu bee aind ddee jay aar kay hassas mein dramayi toor parr izafah hawaa. hudson ayem see aar directors kuu eek alty metum deenay mein kamiyab rahay aur line kay shayer holders kuu apnay board kuu auvar ryde karnay parr aamadah kiyaa aur inzamam kay liye marhalah tay kirr liyaa gayaa. mudd lend railway. 1844 mein barmangham aur durby junction railway mudd lend countiyon aur naarth mudd lend railway kuu zam kirr kay nayee mudd lend railway tashkil dee gayee. jabb companiyan zam hoyein tuu hampton inn arden kaa raastah fouri toor parr tamaam ahmiyat khoo bethaa keunkah landan trafic kuu ragbi kay zariye chhotay mudd lend counteez kay raastay say ree direct kiyaa gayaa thaa. stone barj railway kay naam say mashhur yaha eek chhoti branch line bunn gayee aur 1917 takk sarf eek yumiah musafir train kay saath jadujahad kii jabb iss train kuu jangi maeshat kay aqdaam kay toor parr waps lay liyaa gayaa. yaha line 1935 takk sarf maal bardari kay liye khalee rahee jabb lakdi kaa eek asl pull nakaam how gayaa. hampton mein barmangham aur durby junction station kii praani emarat abb bhee dekhi jaa sakti hay. tahim janub maghrab kay musafiron kay liyay juu camp hull station parr barmangham aur gloster railway mein shaamil hoan gay yaa 1841 say karzan strait mein shaamil hoan gay laali strait mein jaanay waali line aham rahee. maujudah dunn. yaha abb shamaal mashriq aur neo kesal say markazi line kaa hasah hay durby aur barmangham neo strait kay raastay janub maghrab mein bristol tempel meads parr. karaas kantri abb line parr principle operator hay. barmangham aur durby junction railway anjan bhee dekhein

fffa16e7eafaf4300b350b548c9d6d4e4ddfe6b67cf23a004b1e90305eae4645

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=4106248

mendr

mendr Ladin. Etymology. From . Compare .

mendro ledin. byutpotti. poraa. tulona korok.

mendra ladin. byutpatti. theke. tulna korun.

mendara ladin. vyutpatti. maanthi. sarkhaamani karoo.

mender ladin. vyutpatti. seey. tulanaa karein.

mender laudin. vyutpatti. ninda. holike maadi.

mender laddin. padavyuthpathishaasthram. ninnu. thaarathamyam cheyyuka.

mender ladin. vyutpatti. pasoon. tulana qaraa.

mender ladine. wyutpatti. batt. tulana garnuhos.

mender ladin. byutpatti. ru. tulana karantu.

mander laudin. shabdawali. toon. tulna crow.

mendra-ladin. vyutpattih. ityatah. tulanam karotu.

mentor laadin. sorpirappiyal. irunthu. oppidungkal.

mender laudin. vyutpatti. nundi. polchi chudandi.

mantari laadan. siftiyat. say. mawaznah karein.

fffa181f797031ec87b048a97fdc8fd47711cf5b412e33ed7c9af39d41ccc5b3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=57242995

Triumph of the Name of Jesus

Triumph of the Name of Jesus Fresco painting by Giovanni Battista Gaulli Triumph of the Name of Jesus is a 17th-century fresco painting by Giovanni Battista Gaulli. The fresco occupies the nave of the Church of the Gesù in Rome, with both fresco painting and stucco molding. Jesuit history. The Jesuit Order, or Society of Jesus, was formed in 1540, by Ignatius of Loyola. He was wounded during his time as a Spanish viceroy; which led to his religious enlightenment. While their teachings would spread over many countries, the heart of the society was the Il Gesu, built in the late 1600s. Gian Paolo Oliva was the Father general of the Society of Jesus. Bernini's involvement. Giovanni Battista Gaulli owes a great deal of his success on the ceiling fresco to Gian Lorenzo Bernini. Several other artists were considered for the job of painting the ceiling. Gian Paolo Oliva relied on Bernini's opinion when selecting the artist for the ceiling. Bernini is responsible for not only obtaining the commission for Gaulli, but also for inspiring some of the designs. If not for Bernini's illusionistic merging of architecture and sculpture, in the "Ecstasy of Saint Teresa" at the Cornaro Chapel in Santa Maria Della Vittoria, Gaulli's ceiling fresco may have turned out quite differently. The illusionistic heavens upon the ceiling of the Gesu emphasizes how the church is seen as an intermediary between the mortal world and eternal salvation. Gaulli also enacts a certain level of theatrics to the scene, yet again, similar to that found in the Cornaro Chapel. "Triumph of the Name of Jesus". The subject of Gaulli's ceiling fresco is the Adoration of the Name of Jesus, the story is taken from Saint Paul's Epistle to the Philippians. His words are written on a ribbon, just outside the architectural frame. These words set the scene for Gaulli's fresco and focus on the spreading of faith. The Jesuits wanted to enhance the religious experience, with an almost meditative, emotional peace. The high vaulted ceiling was not constructed merely for its grand and impressive appearance, but to enhance the experience during mass. The Jesuits relied heavily on the acoustics of the church; they wanted their faithful to clearly hear the words of the sermon. This is why the church was constructed with a single nave, and a dome at the nave, transept intersection. One of Gaulli's best innovations is the dramatic breaking of the three-dimensional frame. This gives the impression that the heavenly figures above have a true presence in the church, as if they are floating directly over the viewers' heads. The depth achieved in the fresco extends past the physical ceiling, drawing the blessed upward into the infinite sky. Gaulli adds a pronounced, stucco, frame around his fresco; emphasizing the illusionistic division of the vault's interior and exterior space. When the viewer gazes upon the fresco it is almost impossible to differentiate between fresco and stucco molding. This adds to the illusion of the scene, making it more believable that there are souls ascending and descending in front of the viewer. There are minute details within the fresco. Gaulli took into consideration the perspective viewers would have, looking up at the ceiling, and painted the saved in an extremely foreshortened fashion to give the false illusion that they were truly floating above the viewers. This draws the viewer in, allowing the viewer's eyes to move upward through the ascending angels. It also tricks the viewer into thinking the fresco has some dimension to it; evoking a sense of spiritual nature. At the apex of the heavenly light there is an almost hidden inscription of IHS, the first three letters of Jesus's name in Greek. This is the only representation of Christ in the ceiling painting. Christ is considered the light of the world; Gaulli took this literally when choosing to depict Christ by his initials and the heavenly light. Another detail within the fresco is Gaulli's attention to shadowing. The damned fall out of the frame, with the illusion that they are falling into the church. While the heavenly golden light falls upon the saved, “the illusionistic clouds” block this light from the damned; “indicat[ing] that the {damned are} destined for eternal damnation.” There is an evident difference between the depicted angels and the damned. Gaulli's angels are flawless creatures; each kissed by the golden light of heaven. The pigment in their clothes, would resonate with the earthly clothes of the viewers. Their faces adoringly look upward towards the light of heaven. Meanwhile, the damned fall from heaven, faces pained, screaming, some too ashamed they look away. Their bodies cast under a dark shadow, while their bodies slowly morph. Some age drastically, while other are transformed into monsters. The damned, outside of the frame, are presented nude, representing the idea that nudity is to be considered shameful. Gaulli's fresco can be broken up into three different parts. There is the heavenly light and Christ's initials at the center, the arc of clouds the separate the saved from the damned, and the damned figures falling out of the scene. The blessed that rest upon the clouds hang just elbow the frame, giving the illusion that have not yet ascended outside the church into the heavens above. They all still resemble the human form; these qualities give hope to the viewers that salvation is not impossible. The damned greatly contrast that with their corrupted human form. Some of the damned are depicted with wings, claws, and horns. Others are in the process of transforming into hound-like creatures. They have tormented faces, some shielding their faces from the harsh heavenly light. Gaulli has adapted the "Triumph of the Name of Jesus" to extend both downward to the viewers and upward into the illusionistic heavens, relying on his friend Bernini to influence and inspire one of his greatest works. Illusionistic ceiling paintings began to move in new directions after the completion of this piece. Gaulli's fresco has a complexity to it, making it a work worthy of a High Baroque status. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

jisur naamor bijoy jixur naamor bijoy hoise jiubhanni betista go 'lir 17 xotikar ekhon fresoku chitro. fresoku painting aaru staku sufting duyutare xoite freskuwe rumor girja gesur nabhi dokhol korise. jesuitor itihax. 1540 sonot loyular ignaciuse jisur dhormo baa jisur xomaj gothon korisil. spanis bhaisoroy hisape thokar xomoyot teu aahot hoisil; jaar folot teu dhormiyo gyan laabh korisil. jodiu teulukor xikhya bohu dexot biyopi porisil, xomajor hridoy aasil 1600-ror doxokor xexor faale nirmito ill gesu. jiane paulu oliva jisur xomajor pitri xenapoti aasil. barninir ongxogrohon. siling freskur xofolotar baabe jiubhanni betista go 'li gian lo' range 'barninir usorot rinee. sadtu chitro korar kaamor baabe aan keibajonu xilpik bibesona koraa hoisil. sador baabe xilpik basoni korute jiane paulu oliva barninir motamotor uporot nirbhor korisil. bernini kewol go 'lir baabe aayug laabh korai nohoy, kisuman designok onupranito korar babeu daybodho. jodi barninir sthapotyo aaru bhaskorjyor bibhrommulok ekotrikoronor baabe nohoy, xanta maria delaa bhitturiyar kornaru sepolot "saint teresar aanondo" too, go 'lir siling fresoku hoyotu xompurno beleg dhorone ulaisil. gesur sador uporot thoka bibhrombadi sworgoi girzak kenekoi noswor jogot aaru sironton muktir maajot modhyosthotakari hisape dekha hoy taar uporot gurutwo aarup kore. go 'liye drishyotut ek nirdisto storor natokiyotau obhinoy kore, aakou ebaar, kornaru sepelot puwar dore. "jisur naamor bijoy. go 'lir siling freskur bixoybostu hoise jisur naamor proxongxa, kahinitu saint polor philipianxokololoi likha sithir poraa luwa hoise. teur xobdobur sthapotyor framor thik bahirot etaa fitar uporot likha aase. ei xobdoxomuhe go 'lir forscore drishyo nirdharon korisil aaru biswaxor proxaror uporot gurutwo aarup korisil. jesuitxokole pray dhyanmulok, abegik xantir xoite dhormiyo obhigyota briddhi koribo bisarisil. ukh khilanjukto sadtu kewol iyar bhobyo aaru aakorxoniyo seherar baabe nirman koraa huwa nasil, boroncho bhoronor xomoyot obhigyotatu unnot koriboloi nirman koraa hoisil. jesuitxokole girjar dhwonibigyanor uporot jothesto nirbhor korisil; teuluke bisarisil je teulukor biswaxixokole upodexor xobdobur spostobhabe xunibo. eikaronei girjatu etaa ekok nawor xoite nirman koraa hoisil, aaru nawor, trensept sensoresonot etaa gombuj. go 'lir onyotomo shrestho udbhawon hoh' lo trimatrik frametur natokiyo bhanga. iyar folot ei dharona hoy je uporor sworgiyo murtiburor girjat prokrito uposthiti aase, zen xeibur dorxokor muror uporot punpotiyakoi bhori aase. forskut laabh koraa gobhirota bhoutik sador uporere bistrito hoi aase, jaar folot axirbadpraptoxokolok uporoloi oxim aakaxoloi tunny onaa hoise. go 'liye teur forscore sariufale etaa sposto, staku, frame jug kore; voltor obhyontorin aaru bahyik sthanor bibhajoniyo bibhajonor uporot gurutwo aarup kore. jetiya dorxoke forscotur uporot soku diye tetiya forsco aaru staku sasor maajot parthokyo koratu pray oxombhob. ee drishyotur bibhrom briddhi kore, jaar folot dorxokor xonmukhot aatmar utthan aaru owonmon huwatu odhik biswaxjugyo hoi pore. freskur bhitorot xukhmo biboron aase. go 'liye dorxokxokole sabologiya dristibhongir kotha bibesona kori sadoloi saai, aaru xongrokhyitburok oti purbore poraa xongkhipto kori rong kori ei bhuwa bibhrom dekhuwaisil je xeibur xosakoiye dorxokxokolor uporot bhori aase. ee dorxokok aakorxito kore, jaar folot dorxokor sokubure aaruhon koraa dutere uporoloi jaabo paare. ee dorxokok ei bhowonor bhittisitror kiba etaa matra aase buli bhabiboloiu pronudito kore; adhyatmik prokritir ek budh jagrot kore. sworgiyo puhoror xirxot greek bhaxat jixur naamor prothom tinita aakhor, ihsor pray lukuwai rokha xilalipi aase. siling paintingot khristor eituwei ekmatro protinidhitwo. khristok prithibir puhor hisape gonyo koraa hoy; go 'liye khristok teur prarombhik aaru sworgiyo puhoror dwara sitrito koriboloi basoni korute iyak akhyorikbhabe loisil. freskur bhitorot aan etaa biboron hoh "lo sayasor proti go 'lir monujug. framor poraa xapito pori yaay, ei bibhromor xoite je teuluke girjat porise. jetiya sworgiyo xunali puhor rokhya puwaxokolor uporot pore, "bibhrombadi daworbure" ei puhortuk obhixapor poraa baadha diye; "xusay je [obhixap] sironton xastir baabe nirdharito.sitrito sworgiyo dut aaru obhixoptor maajot ek sposto parthokyo aase. go 'lir dute hoise nikhut prani; protyekei sworgor xunali puhore sumbon kore. teulukor kapuror rong, dorxokxokolor prithibir kapuror xoite protidhwonito hoh 'bob. teulukor mukhbure akorxoniyobhabe sworgor puhoror faale uporoloi saai aase. ifale, sworgor poraa poraa xapito poriwex, dukhito, siyori thokar xonmukhin hoy, kisumane aatori saai oti laaj paay. teulukor xorirbur ek ondhokar sayat pore, aanhate teulukor xorirbur laahe laahe rupayit hoy. kisumanor boyox jothesto besi, aanhate aanbur ranoloi rupantorit hoy. framor bahirot thoka obhixoptoxokolok nognobhabe uposthapon koraa hoy, jiye nognotak lojjajonok buli gonyo korar dharonak protinidhitwo kore. go 'lir forsco tinita bhinno bhagot bibhokto koribo paari. maajot sworgiyo puhor aaru khristor aadorxosihno aase, daworor saptuwe rokhya koraa lukoxokolok xoyotanor poraa prithok kore, aaru xoyotanor poraa pori juwa xoyotanor akritibur. meghor uporot owosthito axirbadbure kewol kilakutir frametu uliyay, ji etiyau girjar bahirot uporor sworgoloi uporoloi juwa naai xei bibhromtu diye. ei xokolubur etiyau manob rupor xoite mill aase; ei gunxomuhe dorxokxokolok aaxa prodan kore je poritran oxombhob nohoy. iyar biporite teulukor durnitigrosto manob rupor xoite iyar jothesto birudhita aase. kisuman xoyotanok daana, toluwa aaru xingre sitrito koraa hoise. aanbure houndor dore jiwoloi rupantorit huwar prokriya solai aase. teuluke mukhot jontrona dise, kisumane nijor mukhok kothur sworgiyo puhoror poraa rokhya korise. go 'liye teur ejon mohantomo kormok probhabito aaru onupranito koriboloi teur bondhu barninir uporot nirbhor kori dorxokoloi tolmuwa aaru uporoloi bibhrombadi sworgoloi xomproxarito koriboloi "jisur naamor bijoy" obhijujit korise. ei tukuratu xompurno huwar pisot bibhrombadi sador sitrobur notun dixot jaboloi aarombho korisil. go 'lir forscore ek jotilota aase, jaar folot ee ek uscho baruk morzadar jugyo kaam.

jishur naamer bijoy jishur naamer bijoy holl giovanni batista golir 17shha shatabdir ekti fresco chitrokormo. fresco painting ebong staco chhanchonirman ubhayi soho fresco romey girjar girjar naav dokhol korey. jesuiter itihas. 1540 khristabde loyola ignasius dwara jishur srinkhala baa jishur samaj gothito hoy. spanish bhaisaroy thakakalin tini ahoto hohn; jaar foley taanr dharmiya gyanlabh hoy. jodio taader shikkha onek deshe chhoriye porechilo, samajer kendra chhilo ill gesu, jaa 1600-err doshoker shesher dike nirmito hoyechilo. gian paolo oliva chhilen jishur samajer jonok. bernini jorito. giovanni byatista golir chhader frescote safalyer jonno tini gian lorenzo berninike rinee. chhaad aankar kaajer jonno arow besh koyekjon shilpike bibechona koraa hoyechilo. chhader jonno shilpike nirbachan korar somoy gian paolo oliva berninir motamoter upor nirbhar korechilen. bernini cable golir jonno kamishana pawar jonno noy, kichhu nokshake anupranito korar jonnou dayabaddha. santa maria della vittoria cornaro chyapele berninir sthapotto oo bhaskorjer bibhrammulak sangmishran naa holey, golir chhader frescoti besh bhinnobhabe porinoto hotey paare. gesur chhader upor bibhrambadi swarga jore deyo jey kibhabe girjake maransheel bishwa ebong chirantan poritraner modhye modhyosthotakari hisabe dekha hoy. golite drishye ekti nirdishto storer natyanatyao abhinoy koraa hoyeche, abar, cornaro chyapele pawa anurup. "jishur naamer bijoy. golir chhader deoalchitrer visayavastu holl jishur naamer proti shroddha, golpoti phillipioder kachhe seenta poler potro theke neoa hoyeche. taanr kothagulo sthapotto kathamor thhik baire ekti fitete lekha achhe. eyi shabdaguli golir deoalchitrer drishya nirdharan korey ebong biswaser bistarer dike mononibesh korey. jesuitra pray dhyanmulak, mansik shantir saathe dharmiya obhiggotake unnoto korte cheyechilo. unchu khilanjukto chhadti cable taar bishal ebong chittakarshak chehara jonno nirmito hoyney, borong bhorer somoy obhiggota badanor jonno nirmito hoyechilo. jesuitra girjar dhonibigganer upor prachur nirbhar koroto; taaraa cheyechilo jey taader bishwostora dharmopadesher kathaguli sposhtobhabe shunuk. eyi karonei girjati ekti ekok naav ebong naav, transept chhedosthole ekti gombuj diye nirmito hoyechilo. golir onnotomo sera udbhaban holl trimatrik kathamor natakiya bhangon. etty eyi dharona deyo jey uporer swargiya murtigulir girja satyikarer uposthiti royeche, jeno taaraa sarasari dorshokder mathar upor bhasche. frescote arjito govirota bhouto chhaad atikram korey prosarito hoy, jaa ashirbadpraptoke aseem akashe uporer dike teney niye yaay. golir deoalchitrer charpashe ekti sposhto, staco frame jukto koraa hoyeche; jaa volter abhyantarin ebong bahyik sthaner bibhajaniya bibhajoner upor jore deyo. dorshokra jokhon frescore dike takan, tokhon fresco ebong staco chhanchonirmaner modhye parthokyo koraa pray asambhab. etty drishyotir bibhramke arow baadiye toley, jaa etike arow biswasjoggo korey toley jey dorshokder saamone atmara arohan ebong abataran korche. frescore modhye sukkho biboron royeche. galli dorshokder drishtibhongi bibechona korey, chhader dike takiye, ebong sanrakkhitagulike atyanta sangkhipto poddhotite aanken jaate eyi mithya bibhram deoa yaay jey taaraa sottii dorshokder upore bhasche. etty dorshokder akarshan korey, jaa dorshokder chokhke arohi fereshtader modhyo diye uporer dike sorate deyo. etty dorshokder eyi bhebe prorochito korey jey, eyi deoalchitrotir kichhu matra royeche; jaa adhyattik prokritir anubhuti jagiye toley. swargiya alor shirshe greek bhasay jishur naamer prothom tinti akkharer pray lucano ekti shilalipi royeche. chhaad chitrokolai ate khrister ekmatro protinidhitto. khristoke bishwer alo hisabe bibechona koraa hoy; golir akkhorik orthei etty grohon koraa hoyechilo jokhon tini khristoke taanr adyakkhar ebong swargiya alo dwara chitrito korte beche niyechilen. frescore modhye arekti biboron holl chhayapather proti golir monojog. taaraa girja porey jachche eyi bibhramer saathe frame theke abhishapta poton. jokhon swargiya sonara alo rakkha pawa byaktider upor porey, "bibhrambadi megh" eyi aloke abhishaptader theke aboruddho korey; "ingito korey jey [abhishapta] chirantan shastir jonno nirdharito.chitrito fereshta ebong abhishaptader modhye ekti sposhto parthokyo royeche. golir fereshtara nirdosh prani; prottekei swarger sonara alote chumban korey. taader poshake jey ranjak podartho chhilo, taa dorshokder parthib poshake onuronito hoto. taader mukhguli swarger alor dike adorer saathe takay. edike, swarga theke abhishapta poton, byathito, chitkar korey, keu keu doore takate lajja paay. taader dehguli ondhokar chhaya porey yaay, ebong taader dehguli dheere dheere bikrito hoy. kichhu boyce byapokbhabe, onnora danbe rupantarita hoy. framer baire, abhishaptader nognovabe uposthapon koraa hoy, jaa eyi dharonar protinidhitto korey jey nagnata lojjajonok boley bibechito hotey hobey. golir frescoke tinti vinno ongshe bhag koraa jete paare. kendre swargiya alo ebong khrister adyakkhar royeche, megher chapti sanrakkhitader theke prithak korey ebong abhishapta byaktittoguli drishyer baire porey yaay. megher upor vishram neoa ashirbadpraptora cable konuiyer framety jhuliye rakhe, jaa seii bibhram deyo jaa ekhono girjar baire upore swarge arohan koreni. eguli soboi ekhono manob rooper anurup; eyi gunabali dorshokder aasha deyo jey poritran asambhab noy. abhishaptara taader kolushito manob rooper saathe err byapok baiparitya ghotay. kichhu shayatanke danna, nakh ebong shing diye chitrito koraa hoyeche. onnora hounder moto pranite rupantarita howar prokriyay royeche. taader mukhguli jontrona diyeche, keu keu taader mukhke kathor swargiya alo theke rakkha korche. taanr onnotomo sera kaajke probhabito oo anupranito korar jonno taanr bondhu berninir upor nirbhar korey, dorshokder kachhe neecher dike ebong uporer dike bibhrambadi swarge prosarito korar jonno galli "jishur naamer bijoy" keey abhijojito korechen. eyi chitrokormoti shesh howar porr bibhrambadi chhader chitrokormoguli notun dike jete shuru korey. golir frescote ekti jotilota royeche, jaa etike ekti uchcho barok morjadar jogyo kaaj korey toley.

yeeshu key naam kii vijay yeeshu key naam kii vijay jiyovanni batista gauli dwara 17veen shatabdi kii bhitti chitra haye. bhitti chitra rome mein gesu key church key naabhi parr kabja curr letaa haye, jisamen bhitti chitra aur stucco moulding donon hain. jesuit kaa itihas. 1540 mein loyola key ignatius dwara yeeshu key adesh yaa samaaj kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa. vaha ack spanish vaaysaraay key roop mein apane samay key dauran ghayal hoe gayaa thaa; jisase usey dhaarmik gyaan praapt huaa. jabaki unaki shikshaaen kaee deshon mein failati theen, samaaj kaa dill ill gesu thaa, joe 1600 key dashak key anta mein banaaya gayaa thaa. gian paolo oliva yeeshu key samaaj key janak they. bernini kii bhagidari. giovanni batista gauli koo chhat key bhitti chitra parr unaki safalata kaa ack badaa sauda gian lorenzo bernini koo denaa haye. chhat koo chitrit karane key kaam key liye kaee anya kalakaron parr vichaar kiya gayaa thaa. gian paolo oliva ney chhat key liye kalakar kaa chayan karate samay bernini kii raay parr bharosa kiya. bernini naa kewal gaull key liye commission praapt karane key liye jimmedaar haye, balki kuchh designs koo prerit karane key liye bhee jimmedaar haye. aggar bernini key vastukala aur murtikala key bhrampurna vilay key liye naheen, tou saanta maria della vittoriya mein cornaro chappel mein "sant terresa key parmanand" mein, gauli kii chhat kaa bhittichitra kaafee alag hoe sakata haye. gesu kii chhat parr bhrampurna swarg iss baat parr jore detaa haye kii church koo nashwar duniya aur shashwat moksh key beach ack madhyasth key roop mein kaise dekhaa jaataa haye. gauli bhee drishya key liye ack nishchit star key natakon koo prastut kartaa haye, phir seey, joe cornaro chappel mein paaya jaataa haye. "yeeshu key naam kii vijay. gauli key chhat bhittichitra kaa vishay yeeshu key naam kii pooja haye, kahani sant paul key patra seey philipiyon koo lii gaee haye. unake shabd vastukala key dhaanche key thheek baahar ack ribbon parr likhe gaye hain. yeye shabd gauli key bhitti chitra key liye drishya nirdhaarit karate hain aur vishvaas key prasaar parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain. jesuit lagbhag dhyaan, bhaavnaatmak shaanti key saath dhaarmik anubhav koo badhaana chaahte they. oonchi chhat kaa nirmaan kewal apane bhavya aur prabhaavshaali roop key liye naheen kiya gayaa thaa, balki dravyamaan key dauran anubhav koo badhaane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. jesuit church key dhwaniki parr bahut adhik nirbhar they; way chaahte they kii unake wafadar upadesh key shabdon koo spasht roop seey sunein. yahee kaaran haye kii church kaa nirmaan ack ekal naabhi key saath kiya gayaa thaa, aur naabhi parr ack gumbad, transept chauraahe. gaull key sabse achche navacharon mein seey ack tri-ayami dhaanche kaa naatakiya tootana haye. isase yeh aabhas hotaa haye kii oopar kii swargiya aakritiyon kii church mein vaastavik upasthiti haye, jaise kii way seedhe darshakon key sir parr tair rahey houn. bhitti chitra mein praapt gaharaai bhautik chhat seey aage nikalati haye, joe aashirvaadit koo anant akash mein oopar kii or kheenchati haye. gauli apane bhitti chitra key chaaron or ack spasht, gaddedar, frame jodata haye; tahakhaane key aantarik aur baahari sthaan key bhramaatmak vibhajan parr jore detaa haye. jaba darshak bhitti chitra koo dekhta haye tou bhitti chitra aur gadde key dhaalane key beach antar karna lagbhag asambhav hotaa haye. yeh drishya key bhram koo badhaata haye, jisase yeh adhik vishvasaniya hoe jaataa haye kii darshakon key saamane aatmaaen chadhati aur utarati hain. bhitti chitra key bheetar sookshm vivaran hain. gauli ney darshakon key usa drishtikon koo dhyaan mein rakhaa joe chhat parr dekhane key liye thaa, aur iss galat bhram koo dene key liye kii way vaastav mein darshakon key oopar tair rahey they, saheje gaye drishya koo behad poorvavat tareeke seey chitrit kiya. yeh darshak koo aakarshit kartaa haye, jisase darshak kii aankhen aarohi swargadooton key madhyam seey oopar kii or badh sakati hain. yeh darshak koo yeh sochane key liye bhee prerit kartaa haye kii bhitti chitra mein kuchh ayam hain; joe aadhyatmik prakriti kii bhavna koo jagaata haye. swargiya prakaash key sheersh parr eesaa kaa lagbhag chhipa huaa shilalekh haye, joe yunani mein yeeshu key naam key pahale teen akshar hain. yeh chhat kii painting mein masih kaa ekmatra pratinidhitva haye. masih koo duniya kaa prakaash maanaa jaataa haye; gauli ney ise shaabdik roop seey taba liya jaba unhone masih koo unake praarambhik aur swargiya prakaash seey chitrit karane kaa chayan kiya. bhitti chitra key bheetar ack aur vivaran chhaaya parr gauli kaa dhyaan haye. iss bhram key saath kii way church mein gir rahey hain, frame seey baahar gir jaate hain. jabaki swargiya sunhara prakaash bachaaye gaye parr girata haye, "bhrampurna baadal" iss prakaash koo abhishapt seey rokte hain; "yeh sanket detaa haye kii [abhishapt] shashwat abhishaap key liye niyat hain.chitrit swargadooton aur abhishapt key beach ack spasht antar haye. gauli key doot nirdosh prani hain; pratyek swarg key sunhare prakaash seey chooma jaataa haye. unake kapadon mein rangdravya, darshakon key saansaarik kapadon key saath pratidhwanit hotaa. unake chehare swarg key prakaash kii or oopar kii or dekhate hain. iss beach, swarg seey girane parr, dard hotaa haye, chillata haye, kuchh bahut sharminda hotey hain kii way door dekhate hain. unake shareer ack andheri chhaaya mein gir jaate hain, jabaki unake shareer dheere-dheere rupaantarit hoe jaate hain. kuchh umr mein, jabaki anya rakshason mein badal jaate hain. frame key baahar, nagna prastut kiye jaate hain, joe iss vichaar kaa pratinidhitva karate hain kii nagnata koo sharmanak maanaa jaanaa chaahiye. gaull key bhitti chitra koo teen alag-alag hisson mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haye. kendra mein swargiya prakaash aur masih key praarambhik akshar hain, baadlon kaa chaap, joe bachaye gaye koo, aur drishya seey baahar girane vaale abhishapt aakritiyon koo alag kartaa haye. joe dhanya baadlon parr aaraam karate hain, way kewal kohni koo frame mein latka dete hain, jisase vaha bhram hotaa haye joe abhee taka church key baahar oopar swarg mein naheen gayaa haye. way sabhi abhee bhee maanav roop seey milate-julate hain; yeye guna darshakon koo ummeed dete hain kii moksh asambhav naheen haye. unake bhrasht maanav roop key saath bahut vipareet. kuchh abhishapton koo pankhon, panjon aur seengon key saath chitrit kiya gayaa haye. anya shikari kutte jaise jeevon mein badalane kii prakriya mein hain. unake chehare peedit hain, kuchh apane chehare koo kathor swargiya prakaash seey bachaate hain. gauli ney "yeeshu key naam kii jeet" koo darshakon taka neeche aur oopar kii or bhrampurna swarg taka vistaarit karane key liye anukoolit kiya haye, apane mitra bernini parr nirbhar hocker unaki sabse badee kritiyon mein seey ack koo prabhaavit aur prerit kiya haye. iss tukade key puuraa honey key baad bhrampurna chhat chitra naee dishaaon mein badhane lagey. gauli key bhitti chitra mein ack jatilata haye, joe ise ack uchch barok sthiti key yogya banaata haye.

yesuvina hesarina vijaya yesuvina hesarina vijayavu 17neey shatamaanada geovanni batista gauli avara bhitticitravagide. fresco varnachitra mattu gaare achchugaleradarondigu rominalliruva geesu churchna guheyannu fresco aakramiside. jesuit itihaasa. itihaasa layolaada ignatiousninda yesuvina krama athawa yesuvina samajavu roopugonditu. aata spanish vaisray agiddaga gayagondaru; idu aatana dharmika gnanodayakke kaaranavaayitu. avara bodhanegalu aneka desagalalli haraduttiddaroo, 1600rahra dashakada koneyalli nirmisalaada ill gesu samajada hrudayabhaagavaagittu. zian pavolo olivanu yesuvina samajada pitamaha general aagiddaru. berninia palgolluvike. giovanni battista gauli avaru sealing frescodallina tamma yashassina hecchina bhagavannu zian lorenzo berninige sallisiddaare. sealing annu chithrisuva kelasakkagi halavaaru itara kalavidarannu pariganisalaagittu. zian pavolo olivavu sealingge kalavidanannu ayke maduvaga berninia abhiprayavannu avalambisittu. bernini golige aayogavannu padeyuvudallade, kelavu vinyaasagalige sphurti needuva javaabdaariyannu hondide. berninia vastushilpa mattu silpakaleya bhramatmaka vileenavalladiddare, saantaa maria della vittoriyaada carnaro chapelnalli "saint terresada bhaavaparavashateyalli", gauliya sealing fresco saakashtu vibhinnavaagi horahommirabahudu. gesuvina meelchaavaniya meliruva bhramatmaka svargavu, church annu nashwara jagattu mattu shaashvata mokshada naduvina madhyavartiyagi hege nodalaguttade embudannu ottiheluttade. carnaro chapelnalli kandubaruvanteye, gauli drashyakke ondu nirdishta mattada natakagalannu saha abhinayisuttade. "yesuvina hesarina vijaya". gauliya sealing frescoda vishayavu yesuvina hesarina aaraadhaneyaagide, ee katheyannu saint paul avara patradinda philippiyannarige tegedukollalagide. avana matugalannu vaastushilpada chaukattina horagina ribbon mele bareyalaagide. ee padagalu gallia bhitticitrakke drashyavannu hondisuttave mattu nambikeya haraduvikeya mele kendrikarisuttave. jesyootgalu bahuteka dhyanada, bhavanatmaka shaantiyondige dharmika anubhavavannu hechhisalu bayasiddaru. ettarada kamanugalulla sealing annu kevala adara bhavyavaada mattu akarshaka notakkagi nirmisalaagilla, aadare saamuhika samayadalli anubhavavannu hechhisalu nirmisalaagide. jesyootgalu churchna dhvanishaastravannu hecchu avalambisiddaru; tamma nishtaavantaru dharmopadeshada matugalannu spashtavagi kelabekendu avaru bayasiddaru. adakkagiye church annu onde nave mattu nave, transept chedakadalli gummatadondige nirmisalaagide. mooru aayaamada chaukattina natakiya muritavu gallia atyuttama avishkaaragalalli ondaagide. idu melina swargeeya pratimegalu charchinalli nijavaada upasthitiyannu hondive emba abhiprayavannu niiduttade, avu vikshakara taleya mele neravagi teluttive. bhitticitradalli saadhisalaada aalavu bhautika sealing annu daati, aashirvaadavannu ananta akashakke eleyuttade. gauli tanna bhitticitrada suttaloo uchcharisalaaguva gaare chaukattannu serisuttaane; idu khajaaneya ola mattu horabhagada jaagada bhramatmaka vibhajaneyannu ottiheluttade. vikshakaru hasichitravannu nodidaga, hasichitra mattu gaare acchugala naduvina vyatyaasavannu gurutisuvudu bahuteka asaadhya. idu drashyada bhrameyannu hechchisuttade, idu vikshakara munde aatmagalu airuttave mattu iliyuttave endu hecchu nambuvante maaduttade. bhitticitradalli sukshma vivaragalive. gauli, meelchaavaniyannu nodutta, vikshakaru hondirabahudaada drashtikonavannu gananege tegedukondaru mattu avaru nijavagiyoo vikshakara mele teluttiddaare emba sullu bhrameyannu needalu ulisida vastugalannu atyanta munchitavaagi chithrisidaru. idu vikshakarannu aakarshisuttade, idu vikshakara kannugalu aarohana devategala moolaka melmukhavaagi chalisalu anuvu maadikoduttade. idu bhitticitravu aadhyaatmika svaroopada pragneyannu huttuhaakuttade endu bhavisuvante vikshakarige mosa maaduttade. swargeeya belakina tudiyalli greek bhasheyalli yesuvina hesarina modala mooru aksharagalaada ihsna bahuteka gupta shaasanavide. sealing paintingnalli kristana ekaika pratinidhya idaagide. kristanannu prapanchada belaku endu pariganisalaagide; kristanannu aatana modalaksharagalu mattu swargeeya belakininda chithrisalu ayke maduvaga gauli idannu aksarashah tegedukondaru. bhitticitradolagina mattondu vivaravendare neralina bagge galiya gamana. avaru churchge biluttiddaare emba bhrameyondige, chaukattinalli kettadaagi biluttaare. svargada chinnada belaku ulisidavara mele beeluvaaga, "bhramatmaka modagalu" ee belakannu shaapagrastarinda tadeyuttave; "shaashvata dandanegaagi uddeshisalaagide endu soochisuttade.chithrisalaada devategalu mattu shaapagrastara naduve spashtavaada vyatyaasavide. gauliya devategalu dosharahita jeevigalaagiddu, pratiyobbaroo svargada chinnada belakininda chumbisalpaduttaare. avara battegalalliruva varnadravyavu vikshakara aihika udupugalondige anuranisuttade. avara mukhagalu svargada belakina kadege melmukhavaagi noduttave. etanmadhye, svargadinda beeluva shaapagrastavaada jalapaatavu novuntumaduttade, kiruchuttade, kelavaru tumba nachikepaduttare. avara dehagalu kattaleya neralinalli beeluttave, aadare avara dehagalu nidhaanavaagi roopugolluttave. kelavu tivravagi vayassaadare, itararu rakshasaragi rupaantaragolluttaare. nagnateyannu nachikegedinaddendu pariganisuva kalpaneyannu pratinidhisuva, chaukattina horage, nagnavagi prastutapadisalaaguttade. galiya bhitticitravannu mooru vibhinn bhagagalagi vingadisabahudu. madhyadalli swargeeya belaku mattu kristana modalaksharagalive, modagala chaapavu rakshisalpattavarannu shaapagrastarinda berpadisuttade mattu shaapagrasta vyaktigalu drashyadinda horabaruttave. modagala mele vishraanti padeyuva aashirvaaditaru kevala monakai chaukattannu netuhaakuttaare, idu churchna horage innoo meliruva swargakke airada bhrameyannu niiduttade. avellavoo egaloo manava roopavannu holuttave; ee gunagalu mokshavu asadhyavalla emba bharavaseyannu vikshakarige niiduttave. shaapagrastaru tamma bhrashta manava roopakke bahalavagi viruddhavagiddare. kelavu dushtagalannu rekkegalu, ugurugalu mattu kombugalinda chithrisalaagide. itararu hound tarahada jeevigalaagi roopaantaragolluva prakriyeyalliddaare. avaru tamma mukhagalannu yaatanegolapadisuttaare, kelavaru tamma mukhagalannu kathinavaada swargeeya belakininda rakshisikolluttare. tanna shreshtha krutigalalli ondaada prabhaava beeralu mattu prerepisalu tanna sneehita berniniyannu avalambisi, gauli "yesuvina hesarina vijaya" vannu vikshakaravarege kelakke mattu melmukhavaagi bhramatmaka swargakke vistarisalu alavadisikondiddaane. ee tunuku purnagonda nantara bhramatmaka sealing varnachitragalu hosa dikkugalalli chalisalu praarambhisidavu. gauliya bhitticitravu sankirnateyannu hondiddu, idu unnata barok sthaanamanakke yogyavada krutiyagide.

yeshuvinte naamatthinte vijayam jiovanni baattista gauli varacha pathinezhaam noottaandile oru chumarchitramaanu yeshuvinte perinte vijayam. fresco painting stakko moulding ulla fresco romile geesu palliyude naabhiyil ulkkollunnu. jesuit charithram. 1540ll layola ignatius aanu yeshuvinte samooham athawa yeshuvinte samooham roopeekarichathu. spanish vaisroyiyaayirunna kaalath addehathinu parikkettu; ithu addehathinte mathaparamaya prabudhathayilekku nayichu. avarude padippikkalukal pala raajyangalilum vyaapichappol, 1600-kalude avasaanathil nirmmicha ill gesu aayirunnu samoohathinte hridayam. jian pavlo oliva yeshuvinte samoohathinte pithaavaayirunnu. bernini pankaalittham. sealing frescoyile vijayathinte valiyoru bhagam jian lorenzo berninic kadappettirikkunnu. melkoora varaykkunna jolikkayi mattu niravadhi kalakaaranmaare pariganichirunnu. sian pavlo oliva sealinginaayi kalakarane thiranjedukkumbol bernini abhipraayathe aashrayichu. gaulikku kammeeshan neduka mathramalla, chila designukalkku prachodanam nalkukayum cheiyunnathinte utharavaaditham berninicaanu. bernini vaasthuvidya shilpavum layippichillaayirunnil, santa maria della vittoriyayile cornaro chaappalile "sent terresayude aanandathil", gauliyude sealing fresco thikachum vyathyasthamayi maariyirikkam. jeesuvinte melkoorayilulla midhyaabodhamulla aakasham, marthyalokathinum nithyarakshaykkum edayilulla oru idanilakkaaranaayi sabhaye engane kaanunnu ennathinu oonnal nalkunnu. cornaro chappalil kaanappedunnathin samanamaaya oru prathyeka thalatthilulla naadakangalum gauli ramgathu avatharippikkunnu. "yeshuvinte naamatthinte vijayam". " gauliyude sealing frescoyude vishayam yeshuvinte perine aaraadhikkunnathaanu, eee katha sent polinte philippiyarkkulla lekhanathil ninnaan eduthathu. vasthuvidyaa chattakkoodinu purathulla oru ribanilaanu addehathinte vaakkukal ezhuthiyirikkunnathu. eee vaakkukal gauliyude chuvarchithrathinu rangam sajjeekarikkukayum vishwaasathinte vyaapanathil shradha kendreekarikkukayum cheiyunnu. eathaandu dhyanaparavum vaikarikavumaaya samaadhaanathode mathaparamaya anubhavam vardhippikkaan jesuitukal aagrahichu. uyarnna nilavarayulla melkoora athinte gambheeravum aakarshakavumaya roopathinu vendi mathramalla, pindatthinte samayat anubhavam vardhippikkaanaanu nirmmichathu. jesuitukal sabhayude shabdashaasthrathe valareyadhikam aashrayichu; thangalude vishwaasikal prabhaashanatthinte vaakkukal vyakthamaayi kelkkanamennu avar aagrahichu. athukondaanu orotta nabhiyum naabhiyil oru thaazhikakkudavum, traansept intersectionum upayogichu palli nirmmichathu. trimana chattakkoodinte naadakeeyamaaya thakarchayaanu gauliyude ettavum mikacha kandupiduthangalilonn. mukalilulla swargeeya roopangalkku sabhayil yadhaartha saannidhyamundenna dhaarana ithu nalkunnu, avaa kaazhchakkaarude thalaykku mukalil nerittu pongikkidakkunnathupo. chuvarchithrathil kaivaricha aazham bhauthika melkkooraykk mukaliloode vyaapikkukayum anugraheetane ananthamaaya aakaashathekku mukalilekku valichidukayum cheiyunnu. nilavarayude akathum puratthum ulla sthalathinte midhyaadhaaranaathmaka vibhajanathinu oonnal nalkikkond gauli thante chuvarchithrathinu chuttum oru stakko frame cherkkunnu. kaazhchakkaaran frescoylake nokkumbol fresco stakko moulding thammil verthirichariyaan eathaandu asaadyamaanu. ithu ramgathinte midhyaadhaarana vardhippikkukayum kaazhchakkaarante munnil athmaakkal kayarukayum erangukayum cheiyunnuvennu kooduthal vishwasaneeyamaakkukayum cheiyunnu. frescoikkullil sookshumamaaya vishadaamshangalundu. gauli prekshakarkku undaayirikkenda kaazhchappaad kanakkileduthu, melkkoorayilekku nokki, avar yadhaarthathil kaazhchakkaarkk mukalil pongikkidakkunnu enna thettaaya midhyaadhaarana nalkunnathinaayi valare munkootty chithreekaricha reethiyil varachu. ithu kaazhchakkaarane aakarshikkukayum, kayarunna maalaakhamaariloode kaazhchakkaarante annukal mukalilekku neengaan anuvadikkukayum cheiyunnu. chuvarchithrathinu enthengilum maanamundennu chinthikkaanum ithu kaazhchakkaarane kabalippikkunnu; athmeeya swabhaavam unarthunnu. swargeeya prakaashatthinte mukalbhaagathu greak bhashayil yeshuvinte naamatthinte aadya moonnu aksharangalaya ihsinte eathaandu maranjirikkunna oru likhitham undu. sealing paintingil kristhuvinte eaka praathinidhyam ithaanu. kristhuvine lokathinte prakaashamaayi kanakkakkunnu; kristhuvine thante aadyaksharangalum swargeeya prakashavum upayogichu chithreekarikkaan thiranjedukkumbol gauli ithu aksharaarthatthil sweekarichu. chuvarchithrathinullile mattoru vishadaamsham nizhalilulla gauliyude sradhayaanu. avar palliyil veezhunnu enna midhyaabodhathode chattakkoodinu purathu veezhunnu. swargeeya swarnna prakasham rakshikkappettavarude mail veezhumbol, "midhyaabodhamulla meghangal" eee prakaashatthe shaapagrastharil ninnu thadayunnu; "[shaapagrasthar] shaashvathamaaya shikshaykk vidhikkappettavaraanenna soochippikkunnu.chithreekarichirikkunna maalaakhamaarum nindikkappettavarum thammil vyakthamaaya vyathyaasamund. gauliyude maalaakhamaar kutamatta jeevikalaanu; oororutharum swarggathinte svarnnaprakaashathaal chumbikkappedunnu. avarude vasthrangalile pigment kaazhchakkaarude bhoumika vasthrangalumayi prathidhwanikkum. avarude mukhangal snehapoorvam swarggathinte prakaashatthilekku mukalilekku nokkunnu. athesamayam, svarggathil ninnulla shaapakaramaaya veezhcha, vedana nilaviliyum abhimukeekarikkunnu, chilar valare lajjayode avar thirinjunokkunnu. avarude shareerangal irunda nizhalil pathikkumbol avarude shareerangal pathukke roopappedunnu. chilarkk ganyamaaya praayamundaavumbol mattullavar rakshasanmaaraayi maarunnu. nagnathwam lajjakaramaayi kanakkaakkanamenna ashayathe prathinidheekarikkunna framinu purathu nagnamaayi avatharippikkunnu. gauliyude chuvarchithrathe moonnu vyathyastha bhagangalaayi thirikkam. madhyabhaagathu swargeeya prakashavum kristhuvinte aadyaksharangalum undu, meghangalude chapam rakshikkappettavare shapikkappettavaril ninnu verthirikkunnu, sapikkappetta roopangal drishyathil ninnu veezhunnu. meghangalil vishramikkunna anugraheetar framinte kaimutt maathram thookkiyidunnu, ithu pallikku purathu ithuvare mukalilulla svarggathilekku kayariyittillaatha midhyaabodham nalkunnu. avayellaam ippozhum manushyaroopavumaayi saamyamullavayaan; eee gunangal raksha asaadhyamallenn kaazhchakkaarkk prateeksha nalkunnu. dushichavar avarude dushicha manushyaroopavumaayi valare vyathyasthamaan. chila dushtanmaare chirakukal, nakhangal, kombukal ennivayaal chithreekarichirikkunnu. mattullavar vettayaadunna mrugangaleppolulla jeevikalaayi maarunna prakriyayilaanu. avar mukhangal peedippichu, chilar kadinamaaya swargeeya velichathil ninnu avarude mukhangal samrakshikkunnu. thante ettavum mahathaaya kruthikalilonnil swaadheenam cheluthunnathinum prachodanam nalkunnathinum thante suhruthu berninic aasrayikkunna gauli, "yeshuvinte naamatthinte vijayam" sweekarichu kaazhchakkaarilekk thaazhekkum melum maayaajaalaswarggathilekku vyapippichu. eee kashanam poortthiyaayathinu sesham mayajala sealing paintingukal puthiya dishakalilekku neengaan thudangi. gauliyude chuvarchithrathinu sankeernathayundu, ithu uyarnna barok padavikku yogyamaaya oru kruthiyaakkunnu.

yeshuchya navacha vijay jisaschya navacha vijay heey jiovanni buttista gallinche 17 vya shatkatil bhittichitra aahe. bhittichitra aanee garanchya aakarachya donhi chitransah rommadhil gesu charchchya nabhit bhittichitra aahe. jesuitcha itihas. 1540 madhye loyolachya ignatiusne yeshuchi vyavastha kinwa society auph yeshuchi sthapana kelee. spanish viceroy asatana too jakhami jhaala; jyamule tyala dharmik dnyan midale. tyanchi shikavan anek deshanmadhye pasarali asali taree 1600 chya dashakachya uttaradhat bandhalele ill gesu heey samajache kendra hote. gian paolo oliva heey yeshuchya samajache janak hote. berninicha sahbhag. jiovanni battista gaulinni chhatavaril bhittichitravaril tyachya yashacha motha vaataa gian lorenzo bernini hyanna deela aahe. chhatavar chitrakala karnyachya kamasathi itar anek kalakarancha vichar keela jaat asey. gian paolo oliva chhatasathi kalakarachi nivad kartana berninichya matanvar avalambun hota. bernini keval gallsathi commission midvinyasathich navhe tarr kahee designsna prerana denyasathi dekhil jababdar aahe. jarr berninichya vastukala aanee shilpakalechya bhramatmak vilinikaranasathi nasel, tarr santa maria della vittoriya yetheel cornaro chappelmadhil 'sant teresachya parmanand' madhye, gallchya chhatavaril bhintchitra agadi vegalya prakare baher aale asave. gesoochya chhatavaril bhrantipurn swarg heey charchkade nashwar jug aanee shashvat moksh yanchyatil madhyasth mhanoon kase pahile jaate yavar bharr dete. cornaro chappelmadhe aadhalanaya drushyanpramanech, gauli dekhil drushyachya eka vishisht patalivaril natyarachana sakarte. "yeshuchya navacha vijay". gaulichya chhatavaril bhittichitracha vishay mhanje yeshuchya navachi aaradhana, hii katha seent paulchya phillipineschya lokanna lihilelya patratoon ghetali gelee aahe. tyache shabd sthapatyakalechya chaukatichya agadi baher, fitivar lihile aahet. yaa shabdanni gallinchya bhittichitrasathi drushya tayar kele aanee shraddhechya prasaravar laksh kendrit kele. jesutanna jawaljawal dhyan, bhavnik shantatesah dharmik anubhav vadhvayacha hota. unch khanjirband chhat keval tyachya bhavya aanee prabhavi swarupasathi bandhale gele navhate, tarr vastumanadarmyan anubhav vadhavanyasathi bandhale gele hote. jesuits charchchya dhvanishastravar mothya pramanat avalambun hote; tyanchya vishvasoo lokanni pravachanache shabd spashtapane aikavet ashee tyanchi ichcha hotee. mhanunach church ekach nabhisah aanee nabhivar eka ghumat, transept chhedanbindusaha bandhanyat aale hote. tri-aayami chaukatiche natyamay vibhajan heey gallinchya sarvottam navkalpananpaiki eka aahe. yamule ashee chhap padate qee vareel swargiy aakrutya charchmadhye khyan arthane upasthit aahet, janoo tyaa thet prekshakanchya dokyavar tarangat aahet. bhittichitrat midavaleli kholee bhautik chhatavaril palikade vistarte, jyamule aashirvadit vyakti varr anant aakashat odhat jaate. gaulinni tyachya bhittichitrachya bhovati eka spasht, gaar, chaukat jodali aahe; tee bhintkhanyavaril aateel aanee bahereel jagechya bhramatmak vibhaganivar bharr dete. jevha prekshak bhittichitrakade pahato tevha bhittichitra aanee garanchya aakaramadhye farak karane jawaljawal ashakya asate. yamule drushyacha bhram vadhato, jyamule prekshakansamor chadhatya aanee utaratya aatmyancha samavesh aahe heey adhik vishvasarh banate. bhittichitramadhye sookshm tapasheel aahet. galline darshakanna disanara drushtikon vicharat ghetala, chhatavar najar takali aanee teey kharokharach prekshakanchya varr tarangat aahet assa khota bhram nirman karnyasathi jatan kelelya vastoo atyant sankshipt paddhatine rangavalya. heey prekshakanna aat aakarshit karate, jyamule prekshakanche dolhe chadhatya devdutanmadhun varchya dishene jaau shakatat. heey bhittichitrala kahee pariman aahe asey vichar karnyasathi prekshakanna fasavate; aadhyatmik swarupachi bhavna jagrut karate. swargiy prakashachya shikharavar yeshuchya navachi greekmadheel pahili teen akshare, ihsacha jawaljawal lapalela shilalekh aahe. chhatavaril chitratil khristache heey ekmev pratinidhitva aahe. khristala jagacha prakash manale jaate; khristache tyachya aadyaksharanni aanee swargiy prakashane chitran karanyachi nivad kartana gaulinni heey shabdasha ghetale. bhittichitratil aanakhi eka tapasheel mhanje chhayaprati gallinche laksh. teey charchmadhye padat aahet yaa bhramasah, chaukatitun baher padnare dusht. swargatil soneri prakash vachavalelya lokanvar padato, tarr 'bhramatmak dhag' haah prakash shapgrastanpasun rokhatat; 'heey soochit karatat qee' (shapgrast) shashvat dandasathi niyat aahet.chitrit kelele devadute aanee abhishapt yanchyat spasht farak aahe. gallinche devadute heey nirdosh prani aahet; pratyekache swargatil soneri prakashane chumban ghetale jaate. tyanchya kapadyanmadhil rangdravya, prekshakanchya pruthvivaril kapadyanshi gunjat asey. tyanche chehare varr swargatil prakashakade premalpane pahatat. darmyan, swargatoon padnara bhayankar padalela, vednadayak, oradanara, kahinna khoop laaj vatate qee teey door pahatat. tyanche shareer gadad savalit padale, tarr tyanche shareer haloohaloo aakar ghet hote. kahee jann mothya pramanat vayane, tarr kahee rakshasanmadhye rupantarit hotat. nagnata hii lajirwani manali jaavi yaa kalpaneche pratinidhitva karananya, chaukatichya baher, dushtanna nagnapane sadar kele jaate. gallchya bhittichitranche teen vegvegalya bhaganmadhye vibhajan kele jaau shakate. madhyabhagi swargiy prakash aanee khristache aadyakshar aahet, dhaganchi chaap hii jatan kelelya lokanna dushtanpasun vegale karate aanee dusht aakrutya drushyatoon baher padatat. jeey aashirvadit dhaganvar vishranti ghetat teey keval kopra frame tangatat, jyamule charchchya baher adyap varr swargat chadhalela bhram hoto. teey serve ajunahi manvi rupasarkhe aahet; heey guna prekshakanna aasha detat qee moksh ashakya nahee. tyanchya bhrasht manvi swarupachya agadi ulat. kahee dushtanna pankh, panje aanee shinge yanni chitrit kele aahe. itar lock shikari shwanasarkhya pranyanmadhye rupantarit honyachya prakriyet aahet. tyanchya chehnyanna tras deela aahe, kahijan kathor swargiy prakashapasun tyanchya chehnyanche rakshan karatat. tyachya mahan kamanpaiki ekavar prabhav taknyasathi aanee prerana denyasathi tyacha mitra berniniever avalambun rahoon, gauline prekshakanparyant khalchya dishene aanee varchya dishene bhrantipurn swargaparyant vistar karnyasathi 'yeshuchya navacha vijay' swikarla aahe. haah tukada purn jhalyanantar bhramatmak chhatavaril chitre naveen dishene jaau lagali. gallchya bhittichitrat eka guntagunt aahe, jyamule teey uchch barok darjachya patra kaam aahe.

jeesunka namara bijai jeesunka namara bijai heuchhi jiobhanni batista gallinka dwara 17shaa shatabdir eka fresco chitrakala . fresco romre gesu churcher nabhi dakhal karichhi, ubhaja fresco penting ebong staco molding sahita . jesuitra itihas. 1540 masihare, loolara igneshijasnka dwara jeesunka krama baa jeesunka samaj gathan karajaithila. shay jane spanian bhaisarai bhabe karjya karuthiba samajare ahata hoithile; jaahaa taanka dharmika gyanara kaaran hoithila. semanankara sikhya aneka deshare byapithiba bele, samajara hrudai thila eal gesu, jaahaa 1600 dashkar shesh bhagare nirmita hoithila . zian paolo olibha jeesunka samajara pita general thile. barnininka anshagrahana. jiobhanni batista galli chhaata vittichitrare tankara saphalatara eka budd ansha zian lorenzo barnininku runee . chhataku chitrakala kariba paain anya aneka kalakaranku bichara karajaithila. gian paolo olibha chhaata paain kalakaranku chayan kariba samajare barnininka matamata upare nirbhara karithile. barnini kebala galli paain commission paiba paain nuhen, barang kichhi design prerana deba paain madhya daie . jadi bernininka sthapatya ebong vaskarjyara bibhramabadee mishran paain nuhen, santa maria dela vittoriara cornaro chapelare "cent teresanka ananda" ray, galira chhaata fresco sampurna bhinna bhabare baharithaipare . gesunka chhaata upare thiba bibhramabadee swarga gurutwaropa kare je charchaku kipari narbhasa dunia ebong ananta paritrana madhyare madhyasthi bhabare dekhajaithae . galire madhya drushyare eka nirdista starar natya paribeshana karajaichi, puni thare, cornaro chapelare milithiba bhali. "jeesunka namara bijai. gallinka chhaata vittichitrara bishajabastu heuchhi jeesunka namara aradhana, kahaniti cent palnka patraru philipeejamananku niajaithila . taanka shabdagudika sthapatya frame bahare eka fita upare lekhajaichhi . ehi shabdagudika galira bhittichitra paain drushyaku sthira kare ebong biswasara bistara upare dhyana deithae . jesuitamane praiah dhyana, bhabapraban shanti sahita dharmika abhigyataku brudhi karibaku chahunthile. uccha khilan bisista chhaata kebala ehara bhabya ebong chittakarshaka roop paain nirmita hoinathila, barang samuhika samajare abhigyataku brudhi kariba paain . jesuitamane churcher dhwanibigyana upare atyadhika nirbhara karuthile; semane chahunthile je semanankara biswastamane upadeshar shabdagudika spust bhabare sunantu . ehi karanaru charchati gotie nabhi ebong nabhi, transept chhedanare eka gambuja sahita nirmita hoithila . gallinka sarbottama nabasrujanagudika madhyaru gotie heuchhi tri-matrika framer natakiah bhangana . ehaa ehi dharana deithae je uparar swargeeja pratimurtigudikara charchare prakruta upasthiti achhi, jepari semane sidhasalakha darshakanka munda upare bhasuchanti . bhittibhumire prapta gabhirata bhautika chhaata atikrama curry prasarita hoichhi, jaahaa aasheerbadapraptanku aseem aakashaku uparaku taani neichi . galli taanka fresco charipakhare eka spust, stocko frame jodanti; vulter aabhyantareen ebong bahya sthanara bibhajani bibhajan upare gurutwaropa karanti . jetebele darshaka ehi bhittichitraku dekhuthanti, setebele fresco ebong stocko molding madhyare parthakya kariba praiah asambhaba hoithae. ehaa drushyara bhramaku brudhi karithae, jaahaa ehaaku adhika biswasajogya karithae je darshakanka sammukhare atmamane aarohan ebong abataran karuchanti . fresco bhitare sukshma bibaranee achhi . galli darshakanka drustikonaku dhyanare rakhi, chhataku chahinle, ebong sanrakhita jinishaku atyanta sankhipta saileere ranga karithile, jaahaa ehi mithya bhrama srusti karithila je semane prakrutare darshakanka upare bhasuchanti. ehaa darshakanku bhitaraku akarshita karithae, jaahaa darshakanka aakhiku arohi dootamananka madhyare uparaku jibaku anumathi deithae. ehaa darshakanku ehaa bhabibaku madhya prabartaithae je frescore kichhi diga achhi; adhyatmika prakrutira bhabanaku jagrata kare . swargeeja alokar sheershare greek bhasare jeesunka namara pratham tinoti akhyara, ihsra eka praiah lukkajita shilalekha achhi . chhaata chitrakala madhyare ehaa heuchhi khristanka ekamatra pratinidhitwa. khreestanku duniaara aloka bhabare bibechana karajae; khreestanku taanka aadyakhyara ebong swargeeja aloka dwara chitrana karibaku bachhiba samajare galli ehaaku aakhyarika bhabare grahan karithile . fresco madhyare anya eka bibaranee heuchhi chhaja prati galira dhyana . semane church bhitaraku paduchanti bolly bhrama sahita, fremaru shapit patana . jetebele swargeeja subarna aloka rakhya paithiba byaktinka upare padithae, "bibhramabadee megh" ehi alokaku abhishaparu abarodh kare; "[n] suchita kare je [abhishapa] chirantan danda paain uddista .chitrita doota ebong abhishaptanka madhyare eka spust parthakya achhi . gallinka dootamane heuchhanti trutihina prani; pratyeka swargare subarna aloka dwara chumban karanti . semananka poshakare thiba rangaka, darshakanka parthiba poshaka sahita pratidhwanita heba . semananka muhangudika snehapurbaka uparamundare swarga aloka aadaku chahinthae. iti madhyare, swargaru shapit patana, jantranadajaka, chitkarara sammukheen hue, kichhi lock bahuta lajjit hoi semane doorei jaanti . semananka sharira eka andhakara chhaja tale padijaithae, jetebele kii semananka sharira dheere dheere roop dhaaran karithae. ketekanka bayasa atyanta gurutara thibabele anyamane danabare rupantarita hoithanti. frame bahare, ninditamananku nagna bhabare upasthapita karajae, jaahaa ehi dharanaku pratinidhitwa kare je nagnata lajjajanaka bolly bibechana karajae . galira bhittichitraku tinoti bhinna bhinna bhagare bibhakta karajaipare. kendrare swargeeja aloka ebong khristanka aadyakhyara rahichhi, meghara chaap rakhya paithiba lokanku shajatanaru alga karithae, ebong shaitan aakrutira byaktimane drushyaru khasi padanti. megh upare bishram neuthiba ashirbadapraptamane kebala kanuaaku phremaku jhulai dianti, jaahaa sehi bhramaku deithae jaahaa eparjyanta church bahare upara swargaku uthi naahin . egudika ebe bii manab roop saha samaana; ehi gunagudika darshakamananku aasha deithae je paritrana asambhaba nuhen. semane semanankara durnitigrasta manab roop sahita ehara bahuta bipareet . keteka shajatanaku dena, nakh ebong shinga sahita chitrita karajaichi . anyamane hyund bhali pranire rupantarita hebara prakrijare achanti. semananka muhn jantrana bhoguchhi, keteka semananka muhanku kathore swargeeja alokaru rakhya karuchanti. gauli "jeesunka namara bijai" ku darshakanka paain nimnaku ebong uparaku bibhramabadee swarga parjyanta bistara kariba paain grahan karichanti, taanka bandhu barnininka upare nirbhara curry taanka anyatama mahan karjyaku prabhabita ebong anupranita karichanti. ehi chitrati sampurna heba parey, bhramatmaka chhaata chitrakala nutan digare gati karibaku lagila. galira frescore eka jatilata rahichhi, jaahaa ehaaku eka uccha barok manyata paain jogya karjya karichhi.

yisu dey naam dee jitt geos dey naam dee jitt jiovanni batista gauli duaara 17veen sadee dee ikk fresco painting haii. fresco rome witch gesu dey church dey gufa utte kabza karda haii, jiss witch fresco painting atey stucco moulding doven hunn. jesuit daa itihaas. yisu daa hukam, jaan yisu daa samaaj, 1540 witch loyola dey ignatius duaara banaiaa giaa see. uh ikk spanish viceroy dey roop witch aapne samein dauran zakhmi hoow giaa see; jiss naal uss noon dharmik giaan miliaa. jadon kii unhan deeaan sikkhiaavan bahut saare deshan witch faildiaan sunn, samaaj daa dill ill gesu see, joe 1600 dey dahake dey akheer witch banaiaa giaa see. giaan paolo oliva yisu dey samaaj daa pitaa general see. bernini dee shamuliat. jiovanni batista gauli neey chhatt dey fresco utte aapni safalta daa ikk vadda hissa giaan lorenzo bernini noon ditta haii. chhatt noon chittarkari curran dey kamm laee kaee horr kalakaran baare vichaar keeta giaa see. chhatt laee kalakar dee chonh karde samein giaan paolo oliva neey bernini dee raae 'teey bharosa keeta. bernini naa siraf gauli laee commission prapat curran laee zimmevar haii, balki kujh design noon prerit curran laee vee zimmevar haii. jey bernini dey architecture atey murti dey bharampuran raleven laee naheen, taan saanta maria della vittoria dey carnaro chappel witch "cent terresa dey anand" witch, gauli dee chhatt daa fresco kaafi vakkhra hoow sakda haii. gesu dee chhatt utte bharampuran swarg iss gall utte zor dinda haii kii church noon nasht sansar atey sadivi mukti dey vichkarle vichole vajon kiven dekhiaa jaanda haii. gauli vee drish dey ikk nishchit paddhar dey theatre noon pesh kardi haii, ikk vaar firr, cornaro chappel witch paae jaanh vaale samaan. "" "yisu dey naam dee jitt. gauli dey chhatt dey fresco daa visha yisu dey naam dee pooja haii, kahani sant paul dey filpins noon likhe pattar toon laee gaee haii. uss dey shabad architectural frame dey bilkul bahr ikk ribbon utte likhe hoye hunn. ih shabad gauli dey fresco laee drish nirdharat karde hunn atey vishwas dey failaa 'teey dhiaan kendrat karde hunn. jesuit lagbhag dhiaan, bhavnatmak shanti dey naal dharmik anubhav noon vadhauna chahunde sunn. ucchi khambh vaali chhatt daa nirman siraf iss dee shandar atey prabhavshali dikkh laee naheen keeta giaa see, balki punj dey dauran anubhav noon vadhaun laee keeta giaa see. jesuit church dey dhuni vigiaan utte bahut ziaada nirbhar sunn; uh chahunde sunn kii unhan dey vafadar updesh dey shabdan noon sapshat taur utte sunan. isey laee church daa nirman ikk single nevi atey nevi, transept intersection 'teey ikk gumbad naal keeta giaa see. gauli deeaan sabh toon vadhiaa kaadhan vicchon ikk tinn-ayami frame dee nataki todd haii. ih ih prabhav dinda haii kii uppar dittiaan swargi murtiaan dee church witch sacchi maujudgi haii, jiven kii uh darshakan dey sir utte siddhe tair rahiaan honn. fresco witch prapat keeti dunghai bhautik chhatt toon paar jaandi haii, joe ashirvaad noon anant asman witch khichdi haii. gauli aapne fresco dey duaale ikk ucharan, stucco, frame jodada haii; walt dey andruni atey baahari sathaan dee bharampuran vandd utte zor dinda haii. jadon darshak fresco noon vekhda haii taan fresco atey stuco moulding witch antar karna lagbhag asambhav hunda haii. ih drish dey bharam noon vadhaunda haii, iss noon vadhere bharoseyog banaunda haii kii darshakan dey sahmane roohan chadhdiaan atey utardiaan hunn. fresco dey ander mint dey verve hunn. gauli neey chhatt vall vekhdiaan darshakan dey drishtikon noon dhiaan witch rakkhiaa atey ih jhootha bharam denh laee kii uh sachmuch darshakan toon uppar tair rahey sunn, surakhiat keete gaye noon bahut hii chhote tarike naal pent keeta. ih darshak noon aakarshit karda haii, jiss naal darshak deeaan akkhan chadhde dootan raahin uppar vall vadhdiaan hunn. ih darshak noon ih sochan laee vee prerit karda haii kii fresco daa koee pahilu haii; adhiaatmik subhaa dee bhavna paida karda haii. swargi chaanan dey sikhar utte ees daa lagbhag lukiaa hoiaa shilalekh haii, joe yunani witch yisu dey naam dey pahile tinn akkhar hunn. chhatt dee painting witch masih dee ih iklauti numaindagi haii. masih noon sansar daa chaanan manniaa jaanda haii; gauli neey iss noon shabdik taur 'teey liaa jadon masih noon uss dey pahile akkhran atey swargi chaanan duaara darsaun dee chonh keeti. fresco dey ander ikk horr verva haii shadoing vall gauli daa dhiaan. iss bharam dey naal kii uh church witch digg rahey hunn, frame toon bahr digg jaande hunn. jadon swargi sunhiri chaanan bachaae gaye lokan utte dhiggda haii, "bharampuran baddal" iss chaanan noon shaitan toon rokde hunn; "ih sanket dinde hunn kii [shaitan] sadivi shati laee nirdharat hunn.darsaae gaye dootan atey shaitan witch spasht antar haii. gauli dey doot nirdosh prani hunn; harr ikk noon swarg dee sone dee roshni duaara chummiaa jaanda haii. uhanan dey kappdiaan witch rangdar, darshakan dey dharti dey kappdiaan naal goonjda see. uhanan dey chihre swarg dey chaanan vall piaar naal uppar vall dekhde hunn. iss dauran, swarg toon dhiggan naal, dukhi, cheek-pukaar daa sahmana karna painda haii, kujh bahut sharminda hunde hunn kii uh door dekhde hunn. uhanan dey sareer ikk kaale parchhaven heth sutt ditte gaye, jadon kii uhanan dey sareer hauli-hauli badal gaye. kujh dee umar bahut ziaada hundi haii, jadon kii horr rakhshan witch badal jaande hunn. frame dey bahr, nange pesh keete jaande hunn, joe iss vichaar noon darsaunde hunn kii nangepan noon sharminda manniaa jaanha chahida haii. gauli dey fresco noon tinn vakkh-vakkh hissiaan witch vandiaa jaa sakda haii. kendra witch swargi chaanan atey masih dey pahile akkhar hunn, baddlan daa chaap bachaiaa hoiaa noon shaitan toon vakkh karda haii, atey shaitan chittar drish toon bahr digg jaande hunn. baddlan utte aaram curran vaale dhann lock siraf koohni noon frame witch latakde hunn, jiss naal uh bharam paida hunda haii joe ajey church dey bahr swarg witch naheen giaa haii. ih saare ajey vee manukkhi roop naal milde-julde hunn; ih gunn darshakan noon umeed divaunde hunn kii mukti asambhav naheen haii. ih aapne kharaab manukkhi roop dey bahut ulat haii. kujh shaitan khambhan, panje atey singan naal darsaae gaye hunn. horr lock hound varge jeevan witch badlan dee prakiriaa witch hunn. unhan neey aapne chihre tasihe ditte hunn, kujh aapne chihre noon kathor swargi chaanan toon bacha rahey hunn. gauli neey "yisu dey naam dee jitt" noon darshak takk hethan atey upparle paase bharampuran swarg takk vadhaun laee dhaliaa haii, aapne dosat bernini utte bharosa karde hoye uss deeaan mahaan rachnavan vicchon ikk noon prabhavat atey prerit keeta haii. iss tukde dey mukammal honn toon baad jadui chhatt deeaan pentingan naviaan dishavan witch jaanh laggiaan. gauli dey fresco witch ikk gunjhalta haii, jiss naal ih ikk ucch barok rutbe dey yog kamm haii.

yeeshukristasya naamnah vijayah. jeesas ityasya naamnah vijayah, geovanni batista gaulee ityanena 17 shataabdyaah bhittichitram asti. rome-deshasya gesu-charch-ityasya nev-ityatra fresco-chitram, stucko-molding ityetayoho saha fresco-chitram asti. jesuit iti itihaasah. 1540 tame varshe, layola-nagarasya ignatious ityanena, yesoot-arder athavaa yesoo-ityasya samaajah iti samsthaapitah. spen-deshasya vaisraay-rupena tasya kaale saha vranitah aasit, yena tasya dhaarmik-gyaanodayam jaatam. yadyapi teshaam shikshayaha prasaarah anekeshu desheshu abhavat, tathaapi 1600 tamasya dashakasy ante nirmitam ill gesu iti samajasya kendram aasit. jiann paaolo oliva ityeshah yeeshukristasya samajasya janakah senaapatih aasit. bernini ityasya sahabhagita. geovanni batista gaulee ityeshah sealing fresco ityasya safalataayaah mahata runee asti jiann lorenzo barnini ityasmai. anyaani anekaani kalakarani, chatasya chitranasya karyartham pariganitaah aasan. jiann paaolo oliva ityeshah, sheershasthaanasy krute kalakarasya chayanasamay bernini ityasya abhiprayam aashritah aasit. bernini naa kevalam gaulee-krute aayogam praaptum, apitu keshaanchan vinyasanam prerane api uttaradaayi asti. yadi bernini ityasya vaastukalaayaah shilpakalaayaah cha bhramaatmak-vileenam naa bhavati, santa maria dela vittoria-nagarasya carnaro-prarthana-mandape "sent-terresa ityasya paramananda" iti, tarhi gaulee-ityasya sealing-fresco bahu bhinnarupena nishpanah syaat. gesoo ityasya uparibhoome bhramaatmakaswargah, charch iteedam nashvaralokasya ananta-mokshasya cha madhyasthatvena katham manyate iti udghaatayati. gaulee api drushye nishchit-starasya natya-rachanaam abhyanayati, punah, carnaro-prarthana-granthe praaptasya samaanam. "yeeshoh naamnah vijayah. gaulee ityasya sealing fresco ityasya vishayah yeeshuh naamnah aradhana asti, eshaa kathaa sent paal ityasya philippiece-deshavaasinaam krute likhite patraat gruheetam asti. tasya vachanaani vaastushilpasya chakrankasya bahihi, ribbon-upari likhitaah santi. ete shabdaani gaulee-chitrasya drushyam sthaapayanti, vishvaasasya prasaram cha kendreekrushyanti. jesuit-janaah praayah dhyanatmakena bhaavanaatmak-shantya saha dhaarmikaanubhavasy vardhanam kartum icchanti sma. uccha-stambhita-chhaadah naa kevalam bhavya-prabhaawapoorn-roopaay nirmitah, apitu dravyaraashi-kaalasy anubhavasya vardhanaartham nirmitah. yesoot-janaah charcha-ityasya dhwanikeeyam bahu ashritya aasan, te icchanti sma yat teshaam vishvaaseeyaah upadeshasya vachanaani spashtatayaa shrutavantah iti. evam eva charch-mandirasya nirmanam ekena nev ityanena, nev-madhye gambujena, transept-chhedanadwaaraa cha krutam. tri-aayaami-frame ityasya naatakeey-vicchinnataa, gaulee-nagarasya sarvottama-aavishkaareshu anyatam asti. anena upari swargasthanam aakrutayah charcha-madhye sakshat upasthitau santi iti dharana bhavati, yena te pratyakshataya darshakanam shiraha upari pravahanti. bhittichitre praaptam gabhirata bhautika-sealing-param vistrutaa asti, yena dhanyah ananta-akasham prati oordhvagaamee bhavati. gaulee swasya bhittichitrasya paritah ekam spashtam, gatta-frame yojayati, yat walt ityasya aantarik-baahya-sthanasya bhramaatmak-vibhaajanam adhomukheeyati. yadaa darshakah bhittichitram drushtavaan tadaa bhittichitrasya, garenasya cha bhedah praayah asambhawah bhavati. etena drushyasya bhramah vardhate, yena darshakebhyah sammukhe aatmaah aarohan-avarohan-cha santi iti adhikatayaa vishvaasayogyam bhavati. bhittichitrasya antah sookshmavivaranaani santi. gaulee, darshakebhyah bhavitum shakyate tatt drushtim dhyanam krutvaa, upari drushtvaa, sanchitaani ateeva poorvasootren chitrayan, yena te vastutah darshakebhyah upari pravahanti iti mithyaa bhramm janayati. etena darshakah antah aakarshitah bhavati, yena darshaken netraani aarohan-dutanam madhyamena oordhvagaamee bhavitum anumanyante. tatt darshakam, bhittichitrasya kimapi ayamaha asti iti chintayitum cha pralobhayati, yat aadhyaatmikaprakrutim udrekayati. swargeeya-prakashasya sheershe, greek-bhashayam yeeshukristasya naamnah prathamah trayah aksharaah, ihs ityasya praayah guptah shilalekhah asti. chhaadachitre khrishtasya etat ekamaatram pratinidhitvam asti. christ-varyaha vishvasya jyotihi iti manyate; gaulee ityayam christ-varyasya aadyaksharaih swargeeya-prakashena cha chitranam kartum cha yadaa chitavaan tadaa etat shaabdikaroopen sveekrutavaan. bhittichitrasya anyah vivaranah asti chhaayaapradakshinah gaulee ityasya dhyaanah. te charch-madhye patanti iti bhramanen, te cha charmaat apaakitaah patanti. yadaa swargasya suvarnaprakaashah rakshiteshu upari patati, "bhrantihi meghaah" asya prakaasham shaapagrastaahbhyah avarodhanti; "[ing] soochayati yat [shaapagrastaah] ananta-dandaartham niyataah santi iti.chitritanam dutanam, shaapagrastaah cha madhye spashtah bhedah asti. gaulee-devadootaah nirdoshaah jeevinah santi, pratyekam swargasya suvarna-jyotinaa chumbitaah. teshaam vastreshu varnakam, darshakanam paarthivavastraih saha pratidhwanitam bhavati sma. teshaam mukhaani swargasya jyotihi prati oordhvatah pashyanti. etasmin samaye swargaat kshiptah patanah, vyathitah, chitkaarah cha bhavati, kechan ati lajjitah cha dooram drushtavantah. teshaam shareeraani andhakaarachaayaam patitaah, teshaam shareeraani cha kramena roopaantaren nirmeeyante. kechan vayasaha teevraroopen bhavanti, anye cha raakshasaah bhavanti. frame-ityasya bahihi, ninditaah, nagnarupena upasthapitaha bhavanti, yena nagnataa lajjajanakam iti vichaarah drushyate. gaulee-chitrasya bhittichitram trishu bhinna-bhaageshu vibhajyeta. kendre swargeeyah prakaashah, kristasya cha aadyaksharaani santi, meghanam chaapah rakshitebhya shapagrastabhyaha pruthak karoti, shaapagrastaah cha drushyaat bahihi patanti. megheshu vishraantaah dhanyaah kevalam kohinah cha charmam zunguni, yena charch-ityasya bahihi adyaapi naa aarohanam krutaani bhramaani oordhvalokam prati praaptaah. te sarve adyaapi manavarupam iva drushyante; ete gunaah darshakebhyah asha dadati yat mokshah asambhawah naasti iti. abhishaptaah teshaam bhrasht-maanav-rupena saha tasya bahu vaipareetyam kurvanti. kechan shaapagrastaah pakshaih, nakhaih, shingaihi cha chitritaah santi. anye schwan-sadrusha-jeevou parivartayitum pravruttau santi. te mukhaani peeditaah santi, kechan kathoraat swargasya jyotihi swamukhaan rakshayanti. gaulee "yeeshukristasya naamnah vijayam" iti anuvartayat, yena darshakaah adhah, oordhvatah cha bhramaatmakaroopen swargam prati vistrutaah, swasya mitrasya barnini-varyena ashritya tasya mahaan krutishu ekam prabhaavam prerayati cha. asya khandasya samaapteh anantaram bhramaatmak-sealing-chitraani nootanadiggaih gantum aarabdhaani. gaulee-nagarasya bhittichitrasya jatilataa asti, yena etat uccha-barok-padaveem prapyamanam krutihi bhavati.

iyaesuvin peyarin vettri iyaesuvin peyarin vettri enbathu 17 aam noottraandin jiovanni pattista kaalii ezhuthiya suvaroviya ooviyam aagum. suvaroviya ooviyam mattrum stucco moulting aagiya irandaiyum kondu roamil ulla jeesu devalayaththin mugaththuvaaraththai suvaroaviyangkal aakiramiththullana. jesuit varalaaru. iyaesuvin varisai allathu iyaesuvin samoogam 1540 aam aandil layola inn ignacious enbavaraal uruvaakkappattathu. avar oru spanish vaisraayaaga irunththa kaalaththil kaayamadaindhaar; idhu avarathu madha arivolikku vazhivaguththathu. avarkalin poathanaikal pala naadugalil paraviyirunththaalum, 1600 kalin pirpaguthiyil kattapatta ill kesu samoogaththin idhayam. kian pavlo oliva iyaesuvin samoogaththin thanthai general aavaar. berniniyin eedupaadu. jiovanni pattista kaalii koorai suvaroaviyaththil thanathu vettriyin perumbaguthiyai kian lorenzo berninicu kadanpattullaar. kooraiyai varaivatharkaana vaelaikkaaka vaeru pala kalaignargal pariseelikkappattanar. kian pavlo oliva uchchavarampirku kalaignaraith thaernthedukkumpoathu berniniyin karutthai nambiyirunthaar. bernini koolikkaana kamishanaip peruvathu mattumallaamal, sila vadivamaippugalai ookkuvippatharkum poruppaagum. berniniyin maayai kattidakkalai mattrum sirpakkalaiyin inaippukku illaiyendraal, sanda maria della vittoariyaavil ulla cornaro devalayaththil "saint therasaavin paravasaththil", kooliyin koorai suvaroviyamaanathu migavum viththiyaasamaaga irunthirukkalaam. kesuvin uchchavarambil ulla maaya sorkkam, devalayam eppadi marana ulagirkum nitthiya iratchippukkum idaiyilaana idaiththaragaraaga paarkkappadukirathu enbathai valiyuruththukirathu. cornaro devalayaththil kaanappadum kaatchiyaip poalavae, meendum oru kuripitta alavilaana naadagangalaiyum kaalii iyakkukiraar. "iyaesuvin peyarin vettri". " kooliyin koorai swaroviyaththin porul iyaesuvin peyaraip poattruvathaakum, inththa kadhai punitha bavulin kadithaththilirunthu pilippiyarkalukku edukkappattullathu. avarathu vaarththaigal kattidakkalai sattagaththirku veliyae oru rippanil ezhuthappattullana. inththa vaarththaigal kooliyin suvaroaviyaththirku kaatchiyai amaitthana mattrum visuvaasaththaip parappuvathil kavanam seluththugindrana. jesuitugal madha anubavaththai maempaduththa virumbinar, kittatthatta thiyaana, unarchchi amaithi. uyaramaana araiyapatta koorai adhan pirammaandamaana mattrum eerkkakkoodiya thoattraththirkaaka mattumalla, vegujanaththin poathu anubavaththai maempaduththuvatharkaagavum kattappattathu. jesuitgal devalayaththin oliyiyalai perithum nambinar; avarkal thangal visuvaasigal pirasangkaththin vaarththaigalai thelivaagak kaetka virumbinar. idhanaalthaan devalayam oru ottraik kugai mattrum oru kuvimaadam, transept kurukkuvettil kattappattathu. mupparimaana sattagaththin viyaththagu udaippu kooliyin sirantha kandupidippugalil ontraakum. maelae ulla sorkka uruvangkal devalayaththil unmaiyana iruppaik kondullana endra ennaththai idhu alikkirathu, avai paarvaiyaalarkalin thalaikku mael neradiyaaga mithappathu poal. suvaroaviyaththil adaiyappatta aalam udal uchchavarambaik kadanthu neendullathu, aaseervathikkappattavargala ellaiyattra vaanaththirku melnoakki izhukkirathu. kaalii thanathu suvaroaviyaththaich suttri oru ucharikkappatta, stucco, sattagaththaich saerkkirathu; idhu pettakaththin udpura mattrum velippura idaththin maayaip privai valiyuruththukirathu. paarvaiyaalar suvaroaviyaththaip paarkkumpoathu, suvaroaviyaththaiyum stucco moltingaiyum vaerupaduththip paarppathu kittatthatta saaththiyamattrathu. idhu kaatchiyin maayaiyai athikarikkirathu, paarvaiyaalarukku munnaal aanmaakkal aerukintrana mattrum irangkukintrana enbathai maelum nambaththagunthathaaga aakkukirathu. suvaroaviyaththirkul nimida vivarangkal ullana. kaalii paarvaiyaalarkal kondirukkum munnokkaik karuththil kondu, kooraiyaip paarththu, semiththavai paarvaiyaalarkalukku maelae unmaiyil mithakkintrana endra thavaraana maayaiyai kodukka migavum munkoottiyae surukappatta paaniyil varainthaar. idhu paarvaiyaalargalai eerkkirathu, paarvaiyaalarin kankal aerivarum thevathootharkal vazhiyaaga melnoakki nagara anumathikkirathu. suvaroaviyaththirku oru parimaanam iruppathaaka ninaikkum parvaiyaalarai idhu thanthirappaduththukirathu; aanmeega eiyalpin unarvaith thoondugirathu. paraloaga oliyin uchchiyil, kiraekka mozhiyil iyaesuvin peyarin muthal moontru ezhuththukkal, kittatthatta maraikappatta oru kalvettu ullathu. koorai ooviyaththil kiristhuvin oray pirathinithiththuvam idhudhaan. christhu ulagin oliyaagak karudhappadugiraar; christhuvai avarathu muthalezhuththukkal mattrum paraloaga oliyaal siththarikkath thaernthedukkumpoathu kaalii idhai unmaiyil eduththukkondaar. suvaroaviyaththirkul ulla mattroru vivaram nizhalil kaalii kavanam seluththuvathaagum. avarkal thevaalayaththirkul vizhugiraargal endra maayaiyudan, sattagaththilirunthu moasamaana veelchchi. paraloaga thanga olii kaappaattrappattavargal meethu vizhum poathu, maaya maegangkal inththa oliyai paakkiyamaanavargalidamirunthu thadukkindrana; "[paakkiyam] endrendrum thandikkappada vaendum enbathai kurikkirathu.sittharikkappatta thevathootharkalukkum, paavam seithavarkalukkum idaiyae oru thelivaana vaerupaadu ullathu. kooliyin thevathootharkal kuraipaadattra uyirinangkal; ovvoruvarum sorkkaththin thanga oliyaal muththamidugiraargal. avarkalin aadaikalil ulla nirami, paarvaiyaalarkalin poomikkuriya aadaikaludan ethirolikkum. avarkalin mugangkal vaanaththin oliyai noakki melnoakki paarkkirathu. idharkidaiyil, sorkkaththilirunthu vilunththa paazhadaintha veelchchi, vaethanai, alaral aagiyavattrai ethirkolkirathu, silar vilagich selvathil migavum vetkappadugiraargal. avarkalin udalgal irunda nizhalin keezh veesappadugindrana, athae neraththil avarkalin udalgal methuvaaka urumaarum. silarukku vayathu kadumaiyaaga irukkum, mattravargal arakkarkalaaka maattrappadugiraargal. sattagaththirku veliyae, nirvaanamaaga vazhangkappadugindrana, idhu nirvaanatthai vetkakkaedaanathu endru karudha vaendum endra karutthaik kurikkirathu. kooliyin swaroviyaththai moontru vevvaeru paguthigalaagap prikkalaam. maiyaththil paraloaga olii mattrum kiristhuvin muthalezhuththukkal ullana, maegangkalin valaivu semiththavargalai azhinththavargalilirunthu pirikkirathu, maelum azhinththupoana uruvangkal kaatchiyilirunthu vizhugindrana. maegangkalin meethu oaivedukkum aaseervathikkappattavargal muzhangkaiyai mattumae sattagaththai thongavidugiraargal, idhu thevaalayaththirku veliyae maelae ulla vaanangkalukku innum aeraatha maayaiyai alikkirathu. avai anaiththum innum manitha vadivaththai oththirukkintrana; inththa gunangal iratchippu saaththiyamattrathu alla endra nambikkaiyai paarvaiyaalarkalukkuth tharukintrana. avarkal thangal oozhal niraintha manitha vadivaththudan migavum muranpadugiraargal. sila thunpuruththappattavai irakkaikal, nagangkal mattrum kombugalaal siththarikkappattullana. mattravai hownd poantra uyirinangkalaaka maarum paniyil ullana. avarkal mugangkalai thunpuruththukiraarkal, silar kadumaiyaana vaana oliyilirunthu thangal mugangkalaip paathukaakkiraarkal. iyaesuvin peyarin vettri" enbathaik kondu koolii, paarvaiyaalarkalukku keelnoakki mattrum melnoakki maaya sorkkaththirku virivupaduthukiraar, avarathu sirantha padaippugalil ondril selvaakku seluththavum ookkuvikkavum avarathu nanbar bernini nambiyullaar. inththa thundu mudintha piragu mayajala koorai ooviyangkal puthiya thisaikalil nagarath thodangkina. kooliyin suvaroaviyaththil oru sikkal ullathu, idhu oru uyar barok anthasthukku thaguthiyaana padaippaaga amaikirathu.

yesu namamu yokka vijayam yesu paeru yokka vijayam anedi geovanni batista gauli 17va sataabdapu kudyachitram. fresco painting mariyu gaara achutho romloni jeesu charchi yokka guhanu fresco aakraminchindi. jesuit charitra. yesu kramam ledhaa yesu samajam samajam layola ignatius chetha erpadindi. athanu spanish vaisray gaa unna samayamlo gayapaddadu; idhi athani mataparamaina ghnaanoodayamku daariteesindi. vaari bodhanalu aneka deshaalalo vyaapinchinappatikii, 1600la chivaralo nirminchina ill gesu samaajaaniki gunde. zian pavolo oliva yesu samaajaaniki pitamahudu. bernini prameyam. giovanni batista gauli paikappu kudyachitrampai thana vijayaniki chaalaa varaku zian lorenzo bernineeki runapadi unnadu. paikappuku painting chese pani kosam aneka mandhi itara kalaakaarulanu pariganinchaaru. zian pavolo oliva paikappu kosam kalaakaarudini enchukunetappudu bernini abhipraayampai aadhaarapadindi. bernini gowleeki commission pondadame kakunda, konni designlaku sphuurtinivvadaaniki kooda baadhyata vahistundi. bernini yokka vaastusilpam mariyu silpakala yokka bhraantikaramaina vileenam kakapoyina, saantaa maria della vittoriyaaloni carnaro chappel vadda "seyint terresa yokka paaravasokti" loe, gauli yokka paikappu kudyachitram chaalaa bhinnamgaa undavacchu. gesu paikappu meeda unna bhraantula swargam, charchini martya prapanchaaniki mariyu saasvatamaina mokshaaniki madhyavartigaa elaa chustundo nokki chebutundi. carnaro chaapello kanipinche maadirigaane, galli kooda sannivesaaniki oka nirdishta sthaayi naatakaalanu pradarsistundi. "yesu namamu yokka vijayam". gauli yokka paikappu kudyachitram yokka amsam yesu paerunu aaraadhinchadam, eee katha seyint paal yokka philippiyanlaku raasina lekha nundi teesukobadindi. ayana maatalu nirmaana chatram velupala ribbanpai vrayabaddayi. eee padaalu gauli kudyachitraaniki drushyaanni erpaatu chesi, vishwaasam vyaapti chendadampai drushti saarinchaayi. jesuitlu daadaapu dhyana, bhavodvega saantitoe mataparamaina anubhavanni meruguparachaalani korukunnaru. ettaina paikappu daani goppa mariyu aakattukune roopaanni matrame kakunda, dravyarashi samayamlo anubhavanni meruguparachadaaniki nirminchabadindi. jesuitlu charchi yokka dhwanisastrampai ekkuvagaa aadharapaddaru; vaaru tama vishwaasulu upanyaasam yokka padaalanu spashtamgaa vinaalani korukunnaru. anduke charchini oke guha mariyu guha vadda oka gopuram, transept koodali thoo nirminchaaru. tri-miteeya frame yokka naatakeeya vichchinnam gauli yokka uttama aavishkaranalalo okati. idhi paina unna swargapu bommalu charchilo nijamaina unikini kaligi unnayani, avi prekshakula talalapai neerugaa teelutunnatlugaa anipistundi. kudyachitramlo saadhinchina lothu bhouthika paikappunu daati vistarinchi, aasiirvaaditulanu anantamaina aakaasamloki paiki laagutundi. gauli thana kudyachitram chuttoo oka spashtamaina gaara, framenu jodistaadu; idhi khajaanaaloni antargata mariyu bahya sthalam yokka bhraantula vibajananu nokki chebutundi. veekshakudu kudyachitraanni chusinappudu kudyachitram mariyu gaara acchula madhya thedaanu gurtinchadam daadaapu asadhyam. idhi sannivesam yokka bhramanu penchutundi, veekshakudi mundu aatmalu ekkadam mariyu digadam anedi marinta nammadaginadigaa chestundi. frescolo suukshma vivaralu unnaayi. gauli veekshakulaku unde drukpathaanni parigananaloki teesukuni, paikappunu chuustuu, vaaru nijamgaa prekshakula paina telutunnarane tappudu bhramanu ivvadaaniki save chesina vaatini chaalaa mundugaane chinna paddhatiloo chitrinchaadu. idhi veekshakudini aakarshistundi, veekshakudi kallu aarohana devatala dwara paiki kadaladaaniki veelu kalpistundi. idhi kudyachitraaniki kontha konam undani bhavinchela veekshakudini mosagistundi; idhi aadhyaatmika swabhaavaanni prerepistundi. swargapu kaanti sikharam vadda greeku bhaashalo yesu paeru yokka modati moodu aksharalu ayina ihs yokka daadaapu daachina saasanam undhi. paikappu chitralekhanamlo kreestu yokka ekaika praatinidhyam idhe. kreestunu prapanchaaniki velugugaa pariganistaaru; kreestunu ayana modati aksharalu mariyu swargapu kaanti dwara chithreekarinchadaaniki enchukunnappudu gauli dheenini aksharala teesukunnadu. kudyachitramloni maroe vivaralu needapai gauli drushti pettadam. vaaru charchiloki padipotunnarane bhramatho, frame nundi durmargapu patanam. rakshinchabadinavaaripai swargapu bangaaru kaanti padutundagaa, "bhraantula meghalu" eee kaantini saapagrasthula nundi nirodhistaayi; "[saapagrasthulu] shaashwata siksha kosam uddesinchabaddaarani suuchistaayi.chithreekarinchina devatalaku, saapagrasthulaku madhya spashtamaina vyatyaasam undhi. gauli yokka devullu dosharahita jeevulu; prati okkaroo swargam yokka bangaaru kaantini muddu pettukuntaaru. vaari dustulalo unde varnadravyam, prekshakula bhusambandhamaina dustulato pratidhvanistundi. vaari mukhalu swargapu velugu vaipu paiki chustayi. intalo, swargam nundi ghoramaina patanam, badhanu edurkontundi, arustondi, kondaru chaalaa siggupadutuu dhooramgaa chuustunnaaru. vaari sareeraalu cheekati needalo padipothayi, ayithe vaari sareeraalu nemmadigaa roopaantaram chendutaayi. kondaru vayassu teevramgaa, marikondaru rakshasuluga roopaantaram chendutaaru. frame velupala, nagnamgaa pradarsinchabadataaru, idhi nagnatvaanni siggupadela pariganinchaalane aalochananu suuchistumdi. gauli kudyachitraanni moodu ververu bhagaluga vibhajinchavachhu. madhyalo swargapu kaanti mariyu kreestu yokka modati aksharalu unnaayi, meghala chaapam rakshinchabadinavaarini saapagrasthula nundi vaeru chestundi mariyu shaapagrasthulaina bommalu drushyam nundi padipothayi. meghalapai vishraanti teesukune aasiirvaaditulu kevalam mochetini framenu velaadadeestaaru, idhi charchi velupala inca paiki egarani bhramanu istundi. avanni ippatikee maanava roopaanni pooli untaayi; eee lakshanaalu moksham asadhyam kaadani prekshakulaku aasanu istayi. vaaru tama paadaina maanava roopaaniki chaalaa bhinnamgaa unnaaru. konni cheddavi rekkalu, panjaalu mariyu kommulatho chitreekarinchabaddaayi. itarulu hound lanty jeevulugaa maare prakriyaloo unnaaru. vaaru baadhinchina mukhalanu kaligi unnaaru, kondaru kathinamaina swargapu kaanti nundi tama mukhalanu rakshinchukuntaaru. thana goppa rachanalalo okadaanini prabhaavitam cheyadaaniki mariyu prerepinchadaaniki thana snehitudu berninipai aadhaarapadutuu, prekshakula varaku krindiki mariyu paiki bhraantula swargam varaku vistarinchadaaniki gauli "yesu paeru yokka vijayam" nuu sweekarinchaadu. eee mukka puurtayina tarvaata bhramaatmaka paikappu chitraalu kotta disalalo kadaladam praarambhinchaayi. gauli kudyachitram sanklishtatanu kaligi undhi, idhi adhika barok hodaaku arhamaina rachanaga chestundi.

yasua kay naam kii fatah yasua kay naam kii fatah jewawani butsta gaal kii 17 wein sadee kii fresco penting hay. fresco room mein charch aaf dee jaiso kay naaf parr qaabiz hay jiss mein fresco penting aur stoko moulding donon haine. jaisot kii tareekh. yasua arder yaa society aaf yasua 1540 mein loyola kay agneshis kay zariah tashkil dee gayee thee. wah hispanvi waisaraae kay toor parr apnay waqat kay doraan zakhmi how gayey thay vovo jiss kii wajah say inn kii mazhabi roshan khayali hoyee. agarcha inn kii talimaat behat say mamalik mein phaili hoyee thein leakin muashiray kaa markaz ill giso thaa juu 1600 kii dahayi kay aakhir mein banaya gayaa thaa. jiyaan paolo auliwa yasua kii society kay waalid general thay. burney kii shamoliyat. jewawani batsta golee chhat kay fresco parr apnee kamiyabi kaa eek badaa hasah jiyaan laurenzo bernini kaa maqrooz hay. chhat kuu paint karnay kay kaam kay liye kayee deegar funkaron parr ghoor kiyaa gayaa. chhat kay liye fankaar kaa intekhaab kartay waqat jiyaan paolo auliwa nay bernini kii raaye parr inhasaar kiyaa. bernini naha sarf gaaliyon kay liye commission haasil karnay kay liye zamah daar hay balkah kachh designon kuu mutasir karnay kay liye bhee zamah daar hay. agar bernini kay funn tameer aur mujasmah saazi kay waham aamiz inzamam kay liye nahein tuu saanta maariyah dela vittoriya kay karnaro cheepal mein "sent terrisa kii khushi" mein gaal kii chhat kaa fresco balkal mukhtalif saabat hawaa hoga. yasu kii chhat parr jaduyi aasman iss baath parr zoor deeta hay kahh charch kuu kiss tarah nahani duniya aur abdi najaat kay darmiyan eek saalis kay toor parr dekha jaataa hay. golee bhee manzar mein eek khaas satah kay theatriks kaa mazahirah karti hay eek baar pahar karnaro cheepal mein paaye jaanay waalay theatriks kii tarah. "yasua kay naam kii fatah. gaaliyon kii chhat kay fresco kaa mozua yasua kay naam kii tazeem hay yaha kahaani sent paal kay khath say filpiyon kuu lee gayee hay. iss kay alfaz architectural freem kay balkal baahir eek raban parr likhay gayey haine. yaha alfaz gaaliyon kay fresco kay liye manzar tartib deetay haine aur aqeede kay phailao parr taujah markoz kartay haine. yasua taqriba maraqabah jazbati scone kay saath mazhabi tajarbay kuu badhana chahtay thay. oonchi chhat sarf iss kii shandar aur mutasir kunn shakal kay liye nahein banayi gayee thee balkah baday paimanay parr tajarbay kuu badhanay kay liye banayi gayee thee. yasuiyon kaa charch kii sootiyat parr behat ziyadah inhasaar thaa. wah chahtay thay kahh inn kay wafadar klaam kay alfaz kuu waazah toor parr sunain. yahee wajah hay kahh charch kuu eek waahid naaf aur naaf transept chorahay parr eek gunbad kay saath tameer kiyaa gayaa thaa. golee kii behtareen ikhteraat mein say eek teen jehti freem kii dramayi toad hay. iss say yaha taasir milta hay kahh oopar kii aasmani shaqsiyat charch mein haqeeqi maujudgi rakhti haine goyaa wah braah raast nazireen kay saroon parr teer rahee haine. fresco mein haasil kii gayee gahrayi jasmani chhat say aagay badh jaati hay juu barkat kuu oopar kii taraf lamahdud aasman kii taraf khainchti hay. gaalli apnay fresco kay ard gird eek waazah stoko freem shaamil kartaa hay vovo juu walt kay androni aur beruni jagah kii khayali taqsim parr zoor deeta hay. jabb nazireen fresco kuu dekhtay haine tuu fresco aur stoko moulding kay darmiyan farq karnaa taqriba namumkin hotaa hay. iss say manzar kay waham mein izafah hotaa hay jiss say yaha mazeed qaabil aetemad how jaataa hay kahh nazireen kay saamney rohein chadhti aur utarti haine. fresco kay andar mukhtasir tafsilaat haine. golee nay nazireen kay naqtah nazar kuu madnazar rakhtay huay chhat kii taraf dekhtay huay aur mahfuz kardah kuu intehayi mukhtasir andaaz mein paint kiyaa taakah yaha ghalat waham how kahh wah waaqee nazireen say oopar teer rahay haine. yaha nazireen kuu apnee taraf khainchta hay jiss say nazireen kii aankhein chadhtay hoay farishton kay zariye oopar kii taraf badh sakti haine. yaha nazireen kuu yaha soochney parr bhee aamadah kartaa hay kahh fresco kii koyee jehat hay vovo rohani noiyat kaa ahsaas paida kartaa hay. aasmani roshni kay opri hasay mein yass kaa taqriba poshidah naushtah hay juu yunani mein yasua kay naam kay pehley teen haroof haine. chhat kii penting mein maseeh kii yaha waahid numaindagi hay. maseeh kuu duniya kii roshni samjha jaataa hay. gaal nay asay lafzi toor parr iss waqat liyaa jabb maseeh kuu iss kay ibtadayi haroof aur aasmani roshni say paish karnay kaa intekhaab kiyaa. fresco kay andar eek aur tafsil sheedoing parr gaal kii taujah hay. sharmanak freem say baahir girtaa hay iss waham kay saath kahh wah charch mein girr rahay haine. jabb kahh aasmani sunhari roshni bachaye gayey parr girti hay "jaduyi baadil" iss roshni kuu laanat say roktay haine vovo "asharah [ung] kartay haine kahh [laanat] abdi sazaa kay liye muqarar haine.dikhaya gayaa farishton aur sharmanak kay darmiyan waazah farq hay. golee kay farishte bay eib makhluq haine vovo harr eek jinat kii sunhari roshni say bosah leeta hay. inn kay kapadon mein mojud roghan nazireen kay zamini kapadon say gonjta hay. inn kay chehrey jinat kii roshni kii taraf oopar kii taraf deekh rahay haine. darein asnaa aasman say garnay waala sharmanak taklif kaa saamna kartaa hay chikhta hay kachh behat sharmandah hotay haine kahh wah door dekhtay haine. inn kay jasm tareek saaye mein parh jaatay haine jabkah inn kay jasm aahista aahista badal jaatay haine. kachh kii amar behat ziyadah hoti hay jabkah deegar rockshison mein tabdil how jaatay haine. sharmanak freem kay baahar aryaan paish kiye jaatay haine juu iss khayaal kii numaindagi kartay haine kahh aryaan kuu sharmanak samjha jaana chahiye. gaaliyon kay fresco kuu teen mukhtalif hasoon mein taqsim kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. markaz mein aasmani roshni aur maseeh kay ibtadayi haroof haine baadlon kaa mehraab bachaye gayey kuu shaitan say alg kartaa hay aur shaitan kii shaqsiyat manzar say baahir girr jaati haine. mubarik loag juu baadlon parr aaraam kartay haine wah sarf kehni kuu freem parr latka deetay haine jiss say wah waham hotaa hay juu ubhee takk charch say baahir oopar aasman mein nahein chadh sakaa hay. wah sabb abb bhee insani shakal say miltay jaltay haine. yaha khoobiyan nazireen kuu ameed dilaati haine kahh najaat namumkin nahein hay. sharmanak loag iss kay apnay badanwan insani shakal say behat mutsadim haine. kachh sharmanak kuu paroon panjon aur saingon kay saath dikhaya gayaa hay. dosray shikaari janwar jaisi makhluq mein tabdil honay kay amal mein haine. inn kay chehron parr aziyat hoti hay kachh apnay chehron kuu sakht aasmani roshni say bachatay haine. gaal nay "yasua kay naam kii fatah" kuu dahaal liyaa hay taakah nazireen takk neechey aur oopar donon taraf jaduyi aasman takk phail sakay apnay dost bernini parr inhasaar kartay hoay inn kay sabb say baday kaamon mein say eek parr asar andaaz aur mutasir karein. iss takday kii takmeel kay baad devhikal chhat kii pentings nayee samaton mein badhnay lagein. gaaliyon kay fresco mein eek paicheedgi hay jiss kii wajah say yaha eek aalee barok haisiyat kay laiq kaam hay.

fffa1855d472498b96be24e5cbedf787731b4b82c86482d674f634c8dfe52b3d

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32334378

Capperia salanga

Capperia salanga Species of plume moth Capperia salanga is a moth of the family Pterophoridae. It is found in Afghanistan, Iran, Turkmenistan and Turkey. The wingspan is 14–16 mm. The forewings and hindwings are light brown. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

keperiya salanga keperiya salanga hoise perophoridae poriyalor etaa potongo. iyak afghanistan, iraan, turkmenistan aaru turkeet puwa yaay. wingspentu 14-16 mimi. aagfalor daana aaru pisfalor daana paatol badami hoy.

caperia salanga caperia salanga holl terrophoridae poribarer ekti moth. etty afghanistan, iran, turkmenistan ebong turoske pawa yaay. pakhar dunner rong 14-16 mimmy. samoner ebong pichoner dick halka badami ronger.

kepperiya salanga kepperiya salanga aee terrophoridae parivaarno aek shalabh chhe. teey afaghanistan, iraan, turkmenistan aneey turkeema jovaa maley chhe. pankhni paankh 14-16 mm chhe. aagalni paankho aneey paachhalni paankho hadvaa badaami rangnee hoya chhe.

caparia salanga caparia salanga terrophoridae parivaar kaa ack patang haye. yeh afghanistan, iran, turkmenistan aur turkey mein paaya jaataa haye. pankhon kaa aakar 14-16 mimi haye. agrabhag aur pashchbhag halke bhoore rung key hotey hain.

caperia salanga caparia salanga embudu terrophoridae kutumbada ondu chitte. idu afghaanistaana, iraan, turkmenistan mattu turkeyalli kandubaruttade. rekkegalu 14-16 mimee aagiruttave. mumbhaga mattu himbhagagalu tili kandu bannadalliruttave.

caperia salanga terrophoridae kudumbatthile oru nishaashalabhamaan caperia salanga. afgaanisthaan, iraan, turkmenistan, turkey ennividangalil ithu kaanapedunnu. chirakukal 14-16 mm aanu. munvashavum pinbhaagavum ilam thavitt niramaan.

caparia salanga caparia salanga haah terroforade kutumbatil eka patang aahe. too afghanistan, iran, turkmenistan aanee turkeymadhye aadhalato. pankhanchi lambi 14-16 miimii aahe. pudhil aanee mageel pankh fikat tapkiri asatat.

caparia salanga caparia salanga teroforadi pariwarko ek patanga how. yo afghanistan, iran, turkmenistan rar tarkima painchha. yasako pakha 14-16 mimmy chha. agrabhag rar prishthabhag halka khairo hunchha.

kaperia salanga kaperia salanga heuchhi terophorady paribarara eka patanga. ehaa afghanistan, iran, turkmenistan ebong turkeere dekhibaku milithae. ehara paakh pakhar lumb 14-16 mimi. agrabhaga ebong pachabhaga haluka badami rangara hoithae.

caparia salanga caparia salanga parivaar daa ikk keeda haii. ih afghanistan, iraan, turkmenistan atey turki witch paaiaa jaanda haii. khambhan daa pakkh 14-16 millimeter haii. agle khambh atey pichle khambh halke bhure rung dey hunde hunn.

kepperiya salangaa kepperiya salangaa iti terophoridae-kulasya ekaha shalabhah asti. etat afgaanistaan, iraan, tarkmenistaan, turkey ityeteshu kshetreshu drushyate. prushtabhaagah 14-16 mimee asti. agrabhaagaah, prushtabhaagaah cha laghuvarnavarnaah santi.

caperia salanga caperia salanga enbathu terroforidae kudumbaththin oru andhuppoochchi aagum. idhu afghanistan, eeraan, turki mattrum turkeyil kaanappadugiradhu. irakkaikal 14-16 mimee aagum. munpura irakkaikal mattrum pinpura irakkaikal velir paluppu niraththil irukkum.

caperia salamgaa caperia salamgaa anedi terrophoridae kutumbaaniki chendina chimmata. idhi afghanistan, iraan, turkmenistan mariyu turkeylalo kanipistundi. rekkalu 14-16 mm. mundu rekkalu mariyu venuka rekkalu laetha godhuma rangulo untaayi.

caparia salanga caparia salanga terophorady khaandaan kaa eek keeda hay. yaha afghanistan airaan turkmenistan aur tarki mein paaya jaataa hay. pankh 14-16 milly metter hay. aagay kay aur peeche kay pankh halkay bhuri rung kay hotay haine.

fffa1859d51936ff6008e6d2f7e477e687642ce2031feabb734c26dd19bdfa0d

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72860595

Buralkynyn Tuzy

Buralkynyn Tuzy Salt lake in Kazakhstan Buralkynyn Tuzy (; ) is a salt lake in Sarysu District, Zhambyl Region, Kazakhstan. Zhailaukol village is located to the south of the southern shore. Geography. Buralkynyn Tuzy is a sor-type of lake in the Chu basin. It is located to the west of high Mount Andagul in an arid zone at the southern edge of the Betpak-Dala, north of the lower Chu valley. The Chu river flows westwards to the south of the lake. The western part of the lake basin is flat and the eastern is steep. The lake fills during the spring thaw and usually dries up completely in the summer. If it has water at the end of the fall, it does not freeze in the winter owing to its high salinity. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

boralkinin tuji buralkain tuji (;) hoise kajakhostanor jambil oncholor sarisu jilaar etaa nimokh hrod. jhailoukul gaau dokhyin paaror dokhyine owosthito. bhugul. buralkain tuji hoise su owobahikar etaa cho 'ror prokaror hrod. ee uscho porbot andagulor poschime nimno su upotyokar uttore betpak-daalar dokhyin prantot ek xusko oncholot owosthito. su nodikhon hrodtur poschim dixor poraa dokhyinoloi boi goise. hrod owobahikar poschim ongxo xomotol aaru pubo ongxo kharuwa. boxontokalot hrodtu bhori pore aaru xadharonote grishmokalot xompurnorupe xukai yaay. jodi iyat jolopropator xexot paanee thaake, tente iyar uscho lobonotar baabe xitkalot ee jomaa nohoy.

buralkinin tuji buralkinin tuji (;) kazakhstaner jhambilo anchaler sarisu jelara ekti labonakto hrod. jhailoukol gramti dakkhin upokuler dakkhine abosthito. bhugol. buralkine tuji holl chu abobahikar ekti soar-dharaner hrod. etty nimno chu upottokar uttore betok-dalar dakkhin prante ekti shushko anchale uchcho porboto andaguler poschime abosthito. chu naditi hroder poschim dike dakkhine probahito hoy. hrod abobahikar poschim ongsho samtal ebong purbo ongsho khada. bosonter golonkale hrodti purno hoye yaay ebong sadharonoto grisse sampurna shukiye yaay. jolopropater sheshe jodi joll thaake, tobey uchcho lobonaktotar karone shitkale etty jomey yaay naa.

buralkinin tuzi buralkine tuzi (;) aee kazakhstanna zambil pradeshnaa sarsu jeellama aavelu aek mithaanu talaav chhe. zailaukol gaam dakshin keenare dakshinma aavelu chhe. bhugol. buralkine tuzi aee chuu tatpradeshma aavelu soora prakaarnu talaav chhe. teey neechali chuu kheenni uttare batepak-daalaani dakshin dhaar parr shushk zonmaa unchaa parvat aandgulni pashchimma stheet chhe. chuu nadee pashchim taraf talaavni dakshin taraf vahe chhe. talaavnaa tatpradeshno pashchim bhaag sapaat chhe aneey purv bhaag oobho chhe. vasantrutumaa talaav ogadee jaay chhe aneey saamanya reete unalama sampurnpane sookai jaay chhe. jooe temaa pankharna ante paanee hoya, too teey tenee unchee khaaraashne kaarane shiyaalaamaa theejee jatun nathee.

buralkine tuzi buralkin tuzi (;) kazakhstan key zambil kshetra key sarsu zile mein sthit ack namak jheel haye. jhailaukol gaanv dakshini tata key dakshin mein sthit haye. bhugol. buralkine tuzi chuu besin mein ack sore-prakaar kii jheel haye. yeh nichale chuu ghaati key uttar mein betpak-daala key dakshini kinare parr ack shushk kshetra mein uchch parvat aurgul key paschim mein sthit haye. chuu nadee jheel key dakshin mein paschim kii or bahati haye. jheel besin kaa paschimi bhaag samtal haye aur purvi bhaag khadee haye. vasant ritu mein jheel pighal jaati haye aur aamtaur parr garmiyon mein poori tarah seey sookh jaati haye. yadi isamen girawat key anta mein paani hotaa haye, tou yeh apani uchch lavanata key kaaran sardiyon mein jumm naheen jaataa haye.

buralkinin tuji buralkinin tuji (;) kajhakistanada jhambil pradeshada sarisu jilleyalliruva ondu uppu sarovaravagide. jhailoukol graamavu daksina tirada dakshinadallide. bhougolika. buralkinin tuji embudu chu jalanayana pradeshadalliruva ondu reetiya sarovaravagide. idu andagul parvatada pashchimadalli, kela chu kaniveya uttarakke, betpauk-daalaada daksina tudiyalli shushka valayadallide. chu nadiyu sarovarada paschimakke dakshinakke hariyuttade. sarovarada jalanayana pradeshada paschima bhagavu samathattaagide mattu purva bhagavu kadidaagide. vasanta rtuvinalli karaguva samayadalli sarovaravu tumbuttade mattu samanyavagi besigeyalli sampoornavaagi onaguttade. jalapaatada koneyalli neeru iddare, adara hecchina lavanatvadindagi chaligaaladalli adhu ghanibhavisuvudilla.

buralkinin tusi kasaakhisthaanile samble mekhalayile sarisu jillayile oru uppu thadaakamaan buralkinin tusi (;). thekkan theerathinu thekk bhagathaanu sailokol graamam sthithi cheiyunnathu. bhoomishaasthram. chuu thadatthile oru soar tharam thadaakamaan buralkinin tusi. uyarnna parvathamaaya andagulinu padinjaaru thaazhnna chuu thaazhvarayude vadakku betpaak-daalayude thekkan attathu varanda mekhalayilaanu ithu sthithi cheiyunnathu. chuu nadhi thadaakatthinte padinjaaru bhaagathekku thekkott ozhukunnu. thadaaka thadaakatthinte padinjaaran bhagam parannathum kizhakk kuthaneyullathumaanu. vasanthakaalath thadaakam nirayukayum venalkkaalath saadhaaranayaayi poornnamaayum vattukayum cheiyunnu. vellachaattathinte avasaanathil vellam undengil, uyarnna lavanathvam kaaranam shaithyakaalath athu maravikkunnilla.

buralkinin tuzi buralkinin tuzi (;) haah kazakhstanchya zambil pradeshatil sarasoo jilhyatil eka khaara talav aahe. zailaukol gaav dakshin dakshin dakshinela aahe. bhoogol. buralkin tuzi haah choo choo soar prakarcha talav aahe. heey unch parvat aandgulchya paschimela, betak-dalachya dakshin kathavar, khalchya choo choo uttarela, shushk kshetrat sthit aahe. choo nadee talavachya paschimekade dakshinekade vahate. talavachya talavachya paschim bhag sapat aahe aanee purv bhag kadwa aahe. vasant rutumadhye talav vitalato aanee unhalyat sahasa purnapane sukato. dhabdhabyachya shevati jarr tyat paanee asel tarr tyachya uchch ksharatvamule hivalyat teey gothat nahee.

buralkinin tuji buralkinin tuji (;) kazakhstanko jhambil kshetrako sarasu jillama raheko nun taal how. jhailaukol gaaun dakshini kinarko dakshinma awasthit chha. bhugol. buralkinin tuji chu besinma raheko sore prakarko taal how. yo tallo chu uptyakako uttarma betpak-dalako dakshini kinarma shushka kshetrama uccha parwat andagulko paschimma awasthit chha. chu nadi talko paschimatira dakshintira bagchha. taal besinko paschimi bhag samatal chha rar purvi bhag thado chha. wasantama pagline samayama taal bharincha rar samanyataya garmima purna rupma sukeko hunchha. yadi jharnako antyama pani chha bhane, yasako uccha lawantaka karan jadoma yo jameko hundaina.

buralkinin tuji buralkin tuji (;) heuchhi kazakhstanara jhambil anchalara sarisu jillare abasthita eka labana hrada. jhailoukola gramm dakhina upakulara dakhinare abasthita. bhugol. buralkin tuji heuchhi chu ababahikare thiba eka soar-prakarara hrada . ehaa uccha parbata andagul rahr paschimare eka sushka anchalare betaka-dallar dakhina dhaarare, nimna chu upatyakara uttarare abasthita . chu nadee hradara paschima digaku dakhinaku prabahita hue . hrada ababahikara paschima bhaga samatala ebong purba bhaga khada. basanta ruture ehi hradati purna hoijae ebong sadharanatah grishma ruture sampurna shukhijae. jadi ehara jalaprapata sheshare thaae, tebe ehara uccha labanaktata hetu sheetadine ehaa jamaa hoinathae.

buralkinin tuzi buralkine tuzi (;) kazakhstan dey zambil khetar dey sarisu zilhe witch ikk namak jheel haii. zelocol pind dakkhni kandhe dey dakkhan witch sathit haii. bhugol. buralkine tuzi chuu besin witch ikk soar-kisam dee jheel haii. ih hethle chuu ghaati dey uttar witch betpak-daala dey dakkhni kinare utte ikk sukke khetar witch ucche pahaad andgul dey pachham witch sathit haii. chuu nadee jheel dey dakkhan vall pachham vall vahindi haii. jheel besin daa pachmi hissa samtal haii atey purbi hissa uccha haii. basant rutt witch jheel pighal jaandi haii atey aam taur utte garmiaan witch puurii tarahan sukk jaandi haii. jey iss witch jharne dey ant witch paanee hunda haii, taan ih aapni ucch kharepan caarn sardiaan witch jamm naheen jaanda.

buralkinin tuzi buralkinin tuzi (;) kazakhstan-deshasya zaambil-pradeshasya sarisu-mandale sthitah lavana-sarovarah asti. zailaukol-graamah dakshinatate dakshinadishi sthitah asti. bhoogolah. buralkinin tuzi iti chu-besinasya sore-prakaarah sarovarah asti. ayam ucchaparvatasya paschimadishi andagul ityasya shushkakshetre, betak-dalasya dakshinatate, nimna-chu-upatyakayaha uttare sthitah asti. chu-nadee sarovarasya dakshinadishi paschimadishi pravahati. sarovarasya pashchimabhaagah samatalah, poorvabhaagah cha oordhwah asti. vasantakaale ayam sarovarah draveebhavati, grishmakaale cha praayah purnataya shushkah bhavati. yadi jalaprapaatasy ante jalam bhavati tarhi tasya lavanataa adhikena karanat shitakale naa ghaneebhavati.

puraalkin tusi puraalkin tusi (buralkynyn tewsey) enbathu kajagastan jaambil piraanthiyaththil ulla sarizu maavattaththil ulla oru uppu aeri aagum. sailakol gramam therkuk karaiyin therkae amainthullathu. puviyiyal. puraalkin tusi enbathu chuu padugaiyil ulla oru soar vagai aeri aagum. idhu uyar malaiyaana andaagulukku maerkae varanda mandalaththil, keezh chuu pallaththaakkin vadakkae, petpak-thalaavin therku vilimbil amainthullathu. chuu aaru aeriyin therku noakki maerku noakki paaikirathu. aeri vadinilaththin maerkup pakuthi thattaiyaagavum, kilakku pakuthi sengkuththaagavum ullathu. vasantha kaalaththil inththa aeri nirambi, podhuvaaga koadaiyil muzhumaiyaaga varandu poakirathu. neerveelchchiyin mudivil thanneer irunthaal, adhan adhiga upputthanmai kaaranamaaga kulirkaalaththil adhu uraivathillai.

buralkinin tuji buralkinin tuji (;) anedi kazakhstanloni jhambil praantamlooni sarisu jillaalo unna oka uppu sarassu. jhailoukol graamam dakshina tiiraaniki dakshinaana undhi. bhougolikam. buralkinin tuji anedi chu pareevaahaka praantamlooni oka soar-rakam sarassu. idhi diguva chu loyaku uttaraana, betpauk-dalla yokka dakshina anchuna unna shushka praantamloo ettaina mount andagulku paschimaana undhi. chu nadhi sarassuku dakshinaana paschimam vaipu pravahistundi. sarassu pareevaahaka praantam yokka paschima bhaagam chadunainadi mariyu thoorpu bhaagam nitaruga untundi. eee sarassu vasanta ruthuvulo karigipotundi mariyu saadhaaranamgaa vesavilo puurtigaa endipotundi. jalapaatam chivarilo neeru unte, daani adhika lavaneeyata kaaranamgaa sheethaakaalamlo adhi gaddakattadu.

borskien tozi boralkinin tozi (;) zalaa sariso zambil alaqah qazqistan mein eek namak jheel hay. jhelokol gaaon janubi saahil kay janub mein waaqa hay. geografiya. boralkinin tozi choo taas mein suur qasm kii jheel hay. yaha oonche pahaad andagol kay maghrab mein nichli choo waadi kay shamaal mein batpic-dall kay janubi kinaray parr eek banjar zoon mein waaqa hay. choo daryaa jheel kay janub mein maghrab kii taraf behta hay. jheel kay taas kaa maghrabi hasah hamwaar hay aur mashriqi hasah khadee hay. yaha jheel mosam bahaar kay doraan pighal jaati hay aur aam toor parr mosam garma mein makmal toor parr khashak how jaati hay. agar iss mein aabshaar kay aakhir mein paani hotaa hay tuu yaha apnee ziyadah namkiyaat kii wajah say sardiyon mein jumm nahein jaataa hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=21640597

Renal oncocytoma

Renal oncocytoma Medical condition A renal oncocytoma is a tumour of the kidney made up of oncocytes, epithelial cells with an excess amount of mitochondria. Signs and symptoms. Renal oncocytomas are often asymptomatic and are frequently discovered by chance on a CT or ultrasound of the abdomen. Possible signs and symptoms of a renal oncocytoma include blood in the urine, flank pain, and an abdominal mass. Pathophysiology. Renal oncocytoma is thought to arise from the intercalated cells of collecting ducts of the kidney. It represent 5% to 15% of surgically resected renal neoplasms. Ultrastructurally, the eosinophilic cells have numerous mitochondria. Histologic appearance. An oncocytoma is an epithelial tumor composed of oncocytes, large eosinophilic cells having small, round, benign-appearing nuclei with large nucleoli and excessive amounts of mitochondria. Diagnosis. In gross appearance, the tumors are tan or mahogany brown, well circumscribed and contain a central scar. They may achieve a large size (up to 12 cm in diameter). The main differential diagnosis of renal oncocytoma is "chromophobe renal cell carcinoma oncocytic variant", which like the renal oncocytoma has eosinophilic cytoplasm, but has perinuclear clearing and, typically, some degree of nuclear atypia. Treatment. Renal oncocytoma is considered benign, cured by nephrectomy. There are some familial cases in which these tumors are multicentric rather than solitary. However, they may be resected to exclude a malignant tumor, e.g. renal cell carcinoma. Prognosis. The overall five-year survival rate has been estimated to be 63%, with 100% disease-specific survival. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

renel oncocyte 'maa renel oncocyte 'maa hoise otirikto porimanor maitukondriyar xoite oh' nokuchait, epithelial kuxor dwara gothito brikkor etaa tiumar. lokhyon aaru lokhyonxomuh. renel oncocyte 'maa praye lokhyonbihin aaru petor chiti baa ultrasoundot akosmikbhabe xoghonai abiskar koraa hoy. renel oncocyte 'maar xombhabyo lokhyon aaru lokhyonxomuhor bhitorot aase prosrawot tez, faale bix, aaru petor bhor. pathophysio "lojee. brikkor jomaa huwa nolir antohkuxiyo kuxxomuhor poraa renel oncousitema udbhob hoy buli dharona koraa hoy. ee ostrupsaror dwara prithokikrito renel neoplajmor 5 xotangxor poraa 15 xotangxo protinidhitwo kore. oti antohgathonigotobhabe, ee "sinuphilik kuxxomuhot oxongkhyo maait" kondriya thaake. histologic sehera. oncocyte 'maa hoise oncocyte, dangor io' sinuphilik kuxor dwara gothito ek epithelial tiumar, zo 'too xoru, gul, brihot nucleo' li aaru otyodhik porimanor maait 'kondriyar xoite xoumyo-drishyoman nucleus thaake. rug nirnoy koraa. sthul rupot, tumerbur tyaan baa mahugani braun hoy, bhaldore porixor koraa hoy aaru iyat etaa kendriyo daag thaake. teuluke etaa dangor aakar (12 che. mii. byaxoloike) laabh koribo paare. renel oncocytemar mool differencial rugnirnoy hoise "kro" moo "pho" bob renel chell carcinuma oncocytic prokar ", ji renel oncocytemar dore ee" sinuphilik cytoplasm aase, kintu xadharonote, parmanobik atopier kichu poriman aase. sikitsa. renel oncocyte 'maak xoumyo buli gonyo koraa hoy, jitu nephrektomir dwara niramoy koraa hoy. kisuman poriyalogot ghotona aase zo 'too ei tumerbur okolxoriya huwar poriworte bohu kendriyo. obosye, xeibur etaa pranghati tiumar baad diboloi prithokikrito koraa hoh 'bob paare, udaa.ji. renel chell carcinuma. purbanuman. xamogrikbhabe paas bosoriya jiyai thokar haar 63 xotangxo buli onuman koraa hoise, zo "too 100% rug-nirdisto jiyai thokar haar aase.

renal oncocytoma ekti renal oncocytoma holl ekti tumour jaa oncocite, atirikto porimane mitochondria soho epithelial kosh diye toiri. lakkhan oo uposorgo. renal oncocytomus prayashai uposorgohin hoy ebong prayashai peter city baa ultrasounde akossikbhabe abishkrito hoy. renal oncocytomer sombhabbo lakkhan ebong uposorgogulir modhye royeche prosrabe rokto, parshwe byatha ebong peter bhor. pathophysiology. kidnir sangrahokari nalir antohbritto kosh theke renal oncocytoma udbhuto hoy boley money koraa hoy. etty ostropocharer madhyome renal neoplasmer 5 theke 15 shotangsho protinidhitto korey. oti porikathamogotobhabe, eosynophilic koshgulite asankhya mitochondria thaake. hystologic chehara. ekti oncocytoma holl ekti epithelial tumour jaa oncosite, borh eosynophilic koshgulir samanwaye gothito, jaar chhoto, golakar, soumyo-drishyoman nucleus ebong borh nucleoli ebong atyadhik porimane mitochondria thaake. roga nirnoy. sthul chehara, tumourguli tyana baa mahogani badami, bhalbhabe beshtito ebong ekti kendriya daag dharon korey. taaraa ekti borh akaar (12 semi byasha porjonto) orjon korte paare. renal oncocytomer prodhan deferential roga nirnoy holl "chromophobe renal seela carcinoma oncocytic baikalpik", jaa renal oncocytemer moto eosynophilic cytoplasm royeche, tobey sadharonoto, paromanobik attipier kichhu matra royeche. chikitsa. renal oncocytomake soumyo boley money koraa hoy, jaa nephrektami dwara niramoy koraa hoy. kichhu paribarik khettre eyi tumourguli ekaki howar poriborte bahukendrik. tobey, ekti malignant tumour baad deoar jonno eguli alada koraa jete paare, jemon.zii. renal seela carcinoma. purbabhas. samogrikbhabe panch bochorer benche thucker haar 63 shotangsho boley anuman koraa hoyeche, 100% roga-nirdishto benche thucker saathe.

mutrapind oncocytoma mutrapind oncocytoma aee oncosites, upkalaa koshothi banelee kidneenee gaanth chhe, jemaa metochondriani vadhaaraani maatraa hoya chhe. chihno aneey lakshano. mutrapindnaa oncocytoma ghanivaar asymptomatic hoya chhe aneey vaaramvaar petnaa seaty athavaa ultrasound parr taka dwara shodhaay chhe. mutrapindnaa oncocytomana sambhaveet chihno aneey lakshanoma peshaabmaa lohee, baajuni pidaa aneey petnaa dravyamaanno samaavesh thaay chhe. pathophysiology. mutrapindni oncocytoma kidneenaa naleeo aektra karvaanaa aantar-caloted koshomathi utpann thaay chhe tevu manvama aave chhe. teey shastrakriya dwara punahpraapt mutrapind neoplasmna 5 thee 15 takaa pratinidhitva karey chhe. maalkhaagat reete, eosynophilic koshomaa asankhya metochondria hoya chhe. hystologic dekhaav. oncocytoma aee oncosites, motaa eosynophilic kosho, jemaa naana, golaakaar, saumya dekhaata kendrako hoya chhe, motaa nucleoli aneey ateeshay matrama metochondriani banelee upkalaa gaanth chhe. nidan. sthool dekhavma, gaantho tunn athavaa mahognee braaun hoya chhe, saaree reete gheraayela hoya chhe aneey temaa kendriya daagh hoya chhe. teo motaa qada (vyaasmaa 12 seey. mee. sudhee) praapt curry shake chhe. mutrapind oncocytomanu mukhya vibhedak nidan "chromophob renal seela carcinoma oncocytic variant" chhe, jeey mutrapind oncocytomani jaim eosynophilic cytoplasm dharaave chhe, parantu temaa perinuclear clearing aneey, saamanya reete, amuk anshe nuclear atpia hoya chhe. saarvaar. mutrapindnaa oncocytomane saumya manvama aave chhe, jeey nephrectomy dwara matadvama aave chhe. ketlaak paarivaarik kissaao chhe jemaa aaa gaantho ekalaane badale bahoo-kendrit hoya chhe. jooe keey, temne jeevalen gaanthane bakaat raakhvaa maate alag curry shakaay chhe, ee.jee. mutrapind koshh carcinoma. purvasuchan. rooga-vishisht astitva saathe, ekandare paanch varshno astitva takaavi raakhvaano darr 63 takaa hovaano andaaj chhe.

gurde kaa oncocytoma ack renal oncocytoma oncocytes, upkala koshikaon seey banaa gurde kaa ack tumour haye jisamen adhik matra mein mitochondria hotaa haye. sanket aur lakshan. renal oncocytoma aksar lakshanheen hotey hain aur aksar pett key ct yaa ultrasound parr sanyog seey paae jaate hain. gurde key oncocytoma key sambhaavit sanketon aur lakshnon mein mootra mein rakt, paarshv dard aur pett kaa dravyamaan shamil haye. pathophysiology. maanaa jaataa haye kii gurde key sangrah nalikaon kii antahkalit koshikaon seey gurde kaa oncocytoma utpann hotaa haye. yeh shalya chikitsa dwara vichhedit gurde key neoplasm kaa 5 seey 15 pratishat haye. avasanrachanaatmak roop seey, eosynophilic koshikaon mein kaee mitochondria hotey hain. ootakiya upasthiti. ack oncocytoma ack upkala tumour haye joe oncocytes seey banaa hotaa haye, badee eosynophilic koshikaon mein badey nucleoli aur atyadhik matra mein mitochondria key saath chhote, goal, saumya-dikhane vaale naabhik hotey hain. nidan. sthool roop mein, tumour tain yaa mahogani braun hotey hain, achchi tarah seey gherit hotey hain aur ack kendriya nishan hotey hain. way ack badey aakar (vyaas mein 12 semi taka) praapt curr sakate hain. renal oncocytoma kaa mukhya vibhedak nidan "chromofobe renal cell carcinoma oncocytic sanskaran" haye, jisamen renal oncocytoma kii tarah eosynophilic cytoplasm hotaa haye, lekin isamen perinuclear clearing aur aamtaur parr, kuchh hudd taka nuclear attipia hotaa haye. upchaar. renal oncocytoma koo saumya maanaa jaataa haye, joe nephrectomy dwara thheek kiya jaataa haye. kuchh parivarik mamle hain jinamen yeye tumour akele key bajaay bahu-kendrit hotey hain. haalaanki, unhein ack ghaatak tumour koo baahar karane key liye alag kiya jaa sakata haye, ee.jee. gurde kii koshika kaa cancer. purvanuman. kull milakar paanch saal kii uttarjeevita darr 63 pratishat honey kaa anuman lagaaya gayaa haye, jisamen 100% roga-vishisht uttarjeevita haye.

mootrapindada ancocytoma mootrapindada ancocytomavu ankosaitgalinda koodida mootrapindada geddeyagiddu, hechchuvari pramanada mitochondriyadondige epithelial koshagalu. chihnegalu mattu rogalakshanagalu. mootrapindada oncocytomagalu samanyavagi lakshanarahitavaagiruttave mattu aagaagge hotteya city athawa ultrasoundnalli aakasmikavaagi patteyaguttave. mootrapindada oncocytomada sambhavaneeya chihnegalu mattu rogalaksanagalalli mootradalli rakta, parshva novu mattu kibbotte dravyarashi serive. pathophysiology. mootrapindada oncocytomavu mootrapindada sangrahana nalagala paraspara jodisalaada koshagalinda udbhavisuttade endu bhaavisalaagide. idu shastrachikitseyinda berpadisalaada mootrapindada neoplamgala 5 rinda 15 pratishatavannu pratinidhisuttade. moolasoukaryagala drashtiyinda, isinophilic koshagalu halavaaru mitochondriyagalannu hondiruttave. hystologic nota. ancocytomavu ankosaitgalinda koodida epithelial tumour aagide, dodda nucleoli mattu atiyaada pramanada mitochondriyadondige sanna, dundaada, haanikaravallada nucleusgalannu hondiruva dodda isinophilic koshagalu. roganirnaya. sthoolavaagi kaanuvante, geddegalu kandu athawa mahogani kandu bannaddagiruttave, chennagi suttuvariyalpattiruttave mattu kendra gayavannu hondiruttave. avu dodda gatravannu (12 sem vyaasadavarege) saadhisabahudu. mootrapindada ancocytomada mukhya bhedatmaka roganirnayavendare "chromophobe mootrapindada jivakoshada carcinoma ancocytic roopaantara", idu mootrapindada ankosaitomadante isinophilic cytoplasm annu hondiruttade, aadare perinuclear clearing mattu, samanyavagi, swalpa pramanada nuclear atipiyaavannu hondiruttade. chikitse. mootrapindada ancocytomavannu haanikaravallada endu pariganisalaaguttade, idannu nephrectomy moolaka gunapadisalaguttade. ee geddegalu ekaangiyaagiruvudakkinta hechchaagi bahu-kendritavagiruva kelavu kautumbika prakaranagalive. aadaagyoo, maaranaantika geddeyannu horagidalu avugalannu berpadisabahudu, udaa.zii. mootrapindada jivakoshada carcinoma. munnarivu. ottare aidu varshagala badukuliyuvikeya pramanavu roga-nirdishta badukuliyuvikeyondige 63 pratishata endu andaajisalaagide.

vrukkasambandhamaaya ongosaittoma adhika alavil mitocondriyayulla oongoosaittukal, epithelial koshangal enniva kondu nirmmicha vrukkayude oru tumouranu vrukkayile ongosaittoma. adayaalangalum lakshanangalum. vrukkasambandhamaaya aungocytomakal palappozhum lakshanangalillathavayaanu, avaa palappozhum vayarinte sidi allengil ultraasoundil aakasmikamaayi kandethunnu. moothrathile raktham, parshwa vedana, vayaruvedana enniva vrukkasambandhamaaya ongosaittomayude saadhyamaaya adayaalangalum lakshanangalum ulppedunnu. pathophysiology. vrukkayude shekharana naalangalude intercolated koshangalil ninnaan vrukkasambandhiyaaya ongosaittoma undaakunnathenn karuthappedunnu. shasthrakriyayiloode verthirichedutha vrukkakalude neoplaasangalude 5 muthal 15 sathamaanam vare ithu prathinidheekarikkunnu. adisthaana soukaryaparamaayi, eosynophilic koshangalkk niravadhi mitocondriyakalundu. hystological roopam. oongoosaittukal, cheruthum vrithaakruthiyilullathum soumyamaayi kaanapedunnathumaaya newkliyukalulla valia eosynophilic koshangal, valia nucleoliyum amithamaya alavil maittokondriyayum adangiya oru epithelial tumouranu ongosaittoma. roganirnayam. mothatthilulla roopathil, tumours taann allengil mahogani braun niramaan, nannayi chuttappettathum oru kendra vadu adangiyathum aanu. avaykku oru valia valippam (12 centimeter vare vyaasam) nedaanaakum. vrukkasambandhiyaaya ongosaittomayude pradhana deferential roganirnayam "chromophobe renal sell carcinoma oongoosaitik veriyant" aanu, ithu vrukkasambandhiyaaya ongocytomayeppole eosynophilic cytoplasm ullathum ennaal perry nuclear clearing saadhaaranayaayi kurachu nuclear ettipiyayum ullathumaanu. chikitsa. vrukkasambandhamaaya ongosaittomaye haanikaramallaathathayi kanakkaakkukayum nephrectomy vazhi sukhappeduthukayum cheiyunnu. eee tumours eakaanthathayekkaal multisentricaaya chila kudumba kesukalundu. ennirunnaalum, marakamaaya tumour ozhivakkaan avaa verthirichedukkaam, udha.jii. vrukka kosha arbudam. pravachanam. mothatthilulla anchu varshathe athijeevana nirakk 63 shathamaanamaanennu kanakkaakkappedunnu, roga-nirddishta athijeevanam <aii. dii. 1> aanu.

mutrapindatil oncocytoma mutrapindatil oncocytoma haah oncosites, upakala peshinni banalela mutrapindacha eka arbud aahe jyamadhye mitochondria praman jaast asate. chinhe aanee lakshane. mutrapindachya oncocytoma bahutekda lakshane nasalele asatat aanee otipotachya seaty kinwa ultrasoundavar bahudha yogayogane aadhaltat. mutrapindachya oncocytomachya sambhavya chinhe aanee lakshananmadhye mutratil rakt, bajuchi vedna aanee potacha dravyaman yancha samavesh hoto. pathophysiology. mutrapindachya sangrahit nalikanchya paraspar peshindware mutrapindachya oncocytoma udbhavato asey manale jaate. heey shastrakriyetun vichchhedit mutrapindachya neoplasmpacky 5 teey 15 takke darshavate. payabhoot suvidhanchya drushtine, eosynophilic peshinmadhye asankhya mitochondria asatat. hystologic swaroop. oncocytoma haah eka upakala gaath aahe joou oncosites, mothya eosynophilic peshinni banalela asato, jyat lahan, goal, saumya disanare kendrak asatat aanee mothya nucleoli aanee jaast pramanat mitochondria asatat. nidan. sthool disanyat, gathee tanne kinwa mahogani tapkiri asatat, changlya prakare vedhalelya asatat aanee tyat madhyavarti daag asato. teey motha aakar (12 centimeter vyasaparyant) prapt karoo shakatat. mutrapindachya oncocytomache mukhya vibhedak nidan mhanje "chromophobe mutrapindachya peshicha carcinoma oncocytic prakar", jyamadhye mutrapindachya oncocytomapramanech eosynophilic cytoplasm asato, parantu tyat perinuclear clearing aanee samanyatah kahee pramanat nuclear etipiya asato. upchar. mutrapindachya oncocytomala saumya manale jaate, jeey nephrectomeedware barey hote. kahee kautumbik prakarane ashee aahet jyat hii gaath ekaki nasoon bahu-kendrit asatat. tathapi, eka ghatak gaath vagalanyasathi tyanche pruthakkaran kele jaau shakate, udaa.jee. mootrapind peshi karkarog. purvasoochana. ekoon paach varshe jaganyacha darr 63 takke asalyacha andaj aahe, jyamadhye 100% rog-vishisht jaganyacha darr aahe.

renal oncocytoma renal oncocytoma oncocytes, mitochondriaco atirikta matraka sath epithelial koshikaharu milera baneko mrigaulako tumour how. sanket rar lakshanharu. renal oncocytoma prayaha lakshanrahit hunchhan rar prayaha petko ct wa ultrasoundma sanyogdwara patta lagainchha. renal oncocytomako sambhawit sanket rar lakshanharuma pisabma ragat, parshwa dukhai, rar petko drawyaman samawesh chha. pathophysiology. renal oncocytoma mrigaula nalika sankalan garne antar-wargikrit koshikaharubata utpanna hune manincha. yasale shalyakriyadwara vichchhedit renal niyoplajmako 5 dekhi 15 pratishat pratinidhitwa gardacha. purwadharko rupma, isinophilic koshikaharuma dherai mitochondria hunchhan. hystologic upasthiti. oncocytoma euta epithelial tumour how june oncocytes, thula isinophilic koshikaharu milera baneko hunchha jasma thula nucleoli rar atyadhik matrama mitochondriaco sath sano, goal, saumya dekhine nucleusharu hunchhan. nidan. sthul rupma, tumourharu tyan wa mahogani khairo hunchhan, ramrosanga gherabandi garinchha rar yasama kendriya dag hunchha. tiniharule thulo akar (wyasma 12 semi samma) prapta garna sakchhan. renal oncocytomako mukhya vibhedak nidan "chromofob renal cell carcinoma oncocytic variant" how, jasma renal oncocytoma jastai isinophilic cytoplasm hunchha, tara perinoclear clearing rar samanyataya, kehi hadasamma nuclear atipia hunchha. upchar. renal oncocytomalai saumya manincha, nephrectomidwara niko hunchha. tyahan kehi pariwarik kesharu chhan jasma yee tumourharu ekantako satta bahukendrik hunchhan. yadyapi, tiniharulai ghatak tumourlai bahira nikalnaka lagi chhutyauna sakinchha, jastai.zee. renal cell carcinoma. purvanuman. samagrama paanch warshako baanchne darr 63 pratishat raheko anuman garieko chha, jasma 100% rog-wishishta baanchne darr raheko chha.

brukak uncocytoma eka brukak uncocytoma heuchhi eka arbud jaahaa adhika parimanara mitochondria sahita oncocyte, epithelial koshaku nei gathita . lakhyan oh sanketa. brukak sambandheeah oncocytoma prajatah lakhyanabihina hoithae ebong aneka samajare petare eka city kimba ultrasoundre akasmika bhabare chinhat hue . eka brukak angakoshija rogara sambhabya sanketa ebong lakhyanagudika madhyare parisra ray rakta, parswa jantrana ebong pett bhara antarbhukta . pathophysiology. brukak sangrahakaree naleegudikara aantah-sanchita koshagudikaru brukak angakoshija kosh srusti hoithae bolly bibechana karajae. ehaa astropachara dwara punahchhedita brukak neoplasmer 5 pratishataru 15 pratishataku pratinidhitwa kare . ati bhittibhumi drustiru, eosynophilic koshagudikare aneka mitochondria rahithae. hystologic drushya. eka uncocytoma heuchhi eka epithelial tumour jaahaa uncocyte, budd eosynophilic koshaku nei gathita, jeunthire chhot, golakara, saumya-drushyamana nucleus sahita budd nucleoli ebong atyadhika parimanara mitochondria thaae . roga nirnai. motamoti roopare, arbudagudika taan kimba mahogani badami rangara, bhal bhabare paribestita ebong eka kendriah daaga dhaaran kare . semane eka budd aakaar (byasare 12 shay. mea. parjyanta) hassel kariparanti . brukak uncocytomar mukhya bhinna nidan heuchhi "chromofobe brukak kosh carcinoma uncocytic bhariant", jeunthire brukak oncocytoma pari eosynophilic cytoplasm achhi, kintu perinyukliyar klijaring ebong, sadharanatah, kichhi matrare nuclear atpa achhi . chikitsa. renal oncocytoma saumya bolly bibechana karajae, jaahaa nephrectomy dwara aarogya hue . keteka paribarika mamla rahichhi jeunthire ehi arbudagudika ekaki heba paribarte bahukendrika hoithae. tebe, eka maratmaka arbudaku baada deba paain segudiku alga karajaipare, jathahji. brukak kosh karkata. purbanumana. samagrika bhabe pancha barsha banchibara haara 63 pratishata bolly akalana karajaichi, jeunthire <aai. dii. 1> roga-nirdista banchiba rahichhi.

gurde dey oncocytoma gurde daa oncocytoma ikk tioomar hunda haii joe oncocytes, upkala saillan daa baniaa hunda haii jiss witch mitochondria dee vadhu matra hundi haii. chinnh atey lachhan gurde dey oncocytoma aksar lachhan rahit hunde hunn atey aksar pett dey ceaty jaan ultrasound utte mauka-baab-mauka labbhe jaande hunn. gurde dey oncocytoma dey sambhavit sanketan atey lachhnan witch pishab witch khoon, paase daa darad atey pett daa punj shamal haii. pathophysiology. gurde dey uncocytoma noon gurde dey nalian noon ikkatha curran dey interclated saillan toon paida hunda haii. ih sarjari duaara vande gaye gurde dey neoplasm daa 5 toon 15 pratishat darsaunda haii. atiant buniaadi dhanche dey adhaar utte, eosynophilic saillan witch kaee mitochondria hunde hunn. histologic dikkh. oncocytoma ikk upkala tioomar haii joe oncocytes, vadde eosynophilic saillan dey baney hunde hunn jinhan witch chhote, goal, vadde nucleoli atey bahut ziaada matra witch mitochondria dey naal saumya dikhai denh vaale nucley hunde hunn. nidan. kull dikkh witch, tioomar taen jaan mahogani bhure rung dey hunde hunn, changi tarahan gheriaa hoiaa hunda haii atey ikk kendri nishan hunda haii. uh ikk vadde aakaar (12 centimeter viaas takk) noon prapat qarr sakde hunn. gurde dey oncocytoma dee mukkh bhinntavadi tashkhis "chromofob gurde dey saill carcinoma oncocytic roop" haii, jiss witch gurde dey oncocytoma dee tarahan eosynophilic cytoplasm hunda haii, parr perinuclear clearing hundi haii atey, aam taur utte, kujh hadd takk pramanu atpia hunda haii. ilaaj. gurde dey oncocytoma noon nirpakh manniaa jaanda haii, joe nephrectomy duaara theek keeta jaanda haii. kujh parivarak mamle hunn jinhan witch ih tioomar ikalle dee bajaae bahu-kendrit hunde hunn. halanki, uhanan noon ikk ghatak tioomar noon bahr kaddhan laee vakkh keeta jaa sakda haii, jiven kii.jee. gurde saill carcinoma. bhavikhbani. kull milaa keey panj saalan dee bachaa darr 63 pratishat honn daa anuman lagaiaa giaa haii, jiss witch 100% bimari-vishesh bachaa haii.

vrukkeeya-oncosatoma vrukkeeya-oncosatoma iti vrukkasya arbudam bhavati yat oncosats ityanena, upakalaa-koshikaih, adhikamatrayam matochondria ityanena saha nirmitam asti. chihnam lakshanam. vrukkeeya-oncosatoma-rogaah praayah lakshanarahitaah bhavanti, tathaa cha praayah udarasya see. tea. athavaa ultrasand ityatra akasmikataya anweshtaah bhavanti. vrukka-oncosatoma ityasya sambhaavya-chihneshu lakshaneshu mootre rakttam, paarshva-vedanaam, udara-dravyamaanam cha antarbhavanti. pethophysiology. vrukka-sangraha-nalikanam antara-koshikanam karanat vrukka-oncosatoma-rogah utpadyate iti manyate. shalyakriyaya viccheditaanaam vrukkaanaam neoplaajam-ityasya 5 taha 15 pratishatam yaavat etat pratinidhitvam karoti. avasamrachanaatmakadrushtyaa, isinophilic-koshikasu anekaani matochondria-jeevakaah bhavanti. hystological-roopam. oncosatoma iti upakalaa-arbudah asti yah oncosat-ityanena, bruhatsinophilik-koshikaih, bruhatsau, vruttaakaarayuktaih, saumyaroopena drushyamaanaih, bruhatsaukhyaih, atyadhikamatrayam maitokondriyaayuktaih cha yukttaih upakalaa-arbudaihi nirmitah asti. nidaanam. sthoolaroopen, arbudaah taan athavaa mahoganee-godhoomavarnasya bhavanti, supariveshtitaah bhavanti, kendriya-vranaha cha bhavanti. te bruhadaakaaram (12 se. mee. vyaasaah yaavat) praaptum shaknuvanti. vrukka-oncosatoma ityasya mukhya-vibhedaka-nidanam "chromophob-renal-sell-carcinoma-oncosatic-prakaarah" asti, yasmin vrukka-oncosatoma-ityasya sadrusham isinophilic-satoplasm asti, parantu perinuclear-clearing, samanyataya nuclear-atipia ityasya cha kinchitkramah bhavati. chikitsaam. vrukka-oncosatoma-rogah saumyah iti manyate, yah nephrectomy-dwara nivaaryate. kechan paarivaarik-prakaraneshu ete arbudaah ekaki naa tu bahukendrikaah bhavanti. parantu, te vikaarak-arbudam nishkaasayitum pruthakkaranam kartum shaknuvanti, udaa.jii. vrukkakoshasya carcinoma. poorvaanumaan. samagratayaa panchavarshasya jeevitasya daraha 63 pratishatam iti anumaanitam asti, roga-vishishtasya jeevitasya 100% sahitam.

moothrapida ongocytoma oru moothrapida oncocytoma enbathu athigappadiyaana mitochontria konda aankoasaittukal, epitelial selgalaal aana oru kalleeral katti aagum. arikurigal mattrum arikurigal. moothrapida oncocytomakkal perumpaalum arikuriyattravai mattrum adikkadi vayittrin chii. dii allathu ultrasoundil thartcheyalaaka kandariyappadugindrana. oru moothrapida ancocytomavin saathiyamaana arikurigal mattrum arikurigalil siruneeril raththam, pakka valii mattrum vayitrtru vegujanam aagiyavai adangkum. pathophysiology. moothrapidaththin sekariththa kuzhaaigalin idaippatta selkalilirunthu moothrapida ancocytoma ezhum endru karudhappadugiradhu. idhu aruvai sigitchaiyaal priththedukkappatta moothrapida neoplasangalil 5 sathaveetham muthal 15 sathaveetham varai pirathinithiththuvappaduththu. ulkattamaippin adippadaiyil, ecenophilic selgal aeraalamaana mitochondriavaik kondullana. hystologic thoattram. oru oncocytoma enbathu aankoasaittukal, periya ecenophilic selgal, siriya, vattamaana, theengattra-thoandrum nucleusudon periya nucleoli mattrum athigappadiyaana mitochontria konda oru epitelial katti aagum. noayarithal. moththa thoattraththil, kattikal paluppu allathu mahogani paluppu niraththil ullana, nanku suttrivalaikkappattullana mattrum oru maiya vadukkalaik kondullana. avai oru periya alavai (12 semee vittam varai) adaiyalaam. chromophope renal chell carcinoma oncositic maarupaadu" enbathu renal ancocytomavin mukiya vaerupatta noayarithal aagum, idhu renal oncocytomavaip poalavae ecenophilic cytoblasm kondullathu, aanaal podhuvaaga, perineuclear clering mattrum oralavu nuclear adbia ullathu. sigichchai. moothrapida puttrunoai theengattrathu endru karudhappadugiradhu, idhu nephrectomy moolam gunappaduththappadugiradhu. inththa kattikal thanimaiyai vida panmugaththanmai kondavai endru sila kudumba vazhakkugal ullana. iruppinum, avai oru veeriyam mikka kattiyai vilakkuvatharkaaga pirithedukkappadalaam, e.jii. renal chell carcinoma. munkanippu. ottumoththa ainthu aandu uyirvaazhum vigitham 63 sathaveethamaaga mathippidappattullathu, 100% noai-kuripitta uyirvaazhvudan.

moothrapindaala ancocytoma moothrapindaala ancocytoma anedi aankosaitlato tayaaraina moothrapindaala kaniti, adhika mottamlo mitochondriatho kuudina epithelial kanaalu. sankethaalu mariyu lakshanaalu. moothrapindaala ancocytomas tarachugaa lakshanarahitamgaa untaayi mariyu tarachugaa pottikadupu yokka siti ledhaa ultrasoundlo yaadrucchikamgaa kanugonabadataayi. moothrapindaala ancocytoma yokka saadhyamayye sankethaalu mariyu lakshanaalalo moothramlo raktam, parshwa noppi mariyu pottikadupu dravyarashi untaayi. pathophysiology. moothrapindaala yokka naalaalanu sekarinche paraspara kanaala nundi moothrapindaala ancocytoma udbhavistundani bhaavistunnaaru. idhi shastrachikitsa dwara vaeru cheyabadina moothrapindaala neoplasmlalo 5 saatam nundi 15 saataanni suuchistumdi. moulika sadupayala paramgaa, isinophilic kanaalu aneka mitochondrianu kaligi untaayi. hystologic roopaanni. ancocytoma anedi aankosaitlu, pedda aeosynophilic kanaalu, pedda nucleoli mariyu adhika mottamlo mitochondriatho chinna, gundramgaa, nirapaayamaina-kanipinche kendrakaalanu kaligi unna epithelial tumour. rooga nirdhaarana. sthuulamgaa kanipinche kanitulu thaan ledhaa mahoganee godhuma rangulo untaayi, baga chuttabadi untaayi mariyu kendra macchanu kaligi untaayi. avi pedda parimaanaanni (12 centimeters vyaasam varaku) saadhinchavachchu. moothrapindaala ancocytoma yokka pradhana bhedaatmaka roganirdhaarana "chromophobe moothrapindaala kana cancer ancocytic roopaantaram", idhi moothrapindaala ancocytoma vale isinophilic cytoplasmnu kaligi untundi, conny saadhaaranamgaa, perinuclear clearing mariyu kontha sthaayilo nuclear atipianu kaligi untundi. chikitsa. moothrapindaala ancocytomanu nirapaayamainadigaa pariganistaaru, nephrectomy dwara nayam chestaaru. eee kanitulu ontarigaa kakunda bahula kendreekrutamaina konni kutumba kesulu unnaayi. ayithe, praanaantaka kanitini minahaayinchadaaniki vaatini vaeru cheyavachu, udhaa.zii. moothrapindaala kana cancer. rooga niruupana. mottam aidu samvatsaraala manugada raetu 63 saatamgaa anchanaa veyabadindi, vyaadhi-nirdishta manugadatho.

reunal oonkosetoma reunal oonkosetoma garday kaa eek tumour hay juu oonkocytes epithelial khaliyon say banaa hotaa hay jiss mein mitochondria kii izaafi maqdar hoti hay. elamaat aur elamaat. reunal oonkosetoma aksar ghair alamati hotay haine aur aksar pait kay see tye yaa ultrasound parr ittefaq say driyafat hotay haine. reunal oonkosetoma kii mamkanah elamaat aur elamaat mein peshaab mein khoon pehlu mein dard aur pait kaa maas shaamil haine. paitho physiology. khayaal kiyaa jaataa hay kahh reunal oonkosetoma garday kii naaliyon kuu jamaa karnay kay baaham jaday hoay khaliyon say paida hotaa hay. yaha jarahi kay zariye alg kiye gayey reniyal neoplasm kay 5 say 15 faisad kii numaindagi kartaa hay. ultra infrastructure kay lahaaz say avcinophalic khaliyon mein mutadid mitochondria hotay haine. histological zahiri shakal. oonkosetoma eek epithelial tumour hay juu oonkocytes parr mushtamil hotaa hay baday avcinophalic khalyaat jinn mein chhotay goal benayan zahir honay waalay nucleus hotay haine jinn mein baday nucleoli aur mitochondria kii zarurat say ziyadah maqdar hoti hay. tashkhis. majmuyi shakal mein tumour teen yaa mahugani brown hotay haine achhi tarah say gahiray hoay hotay haine aur markazi daagh parr mushtamil hotay haine. wah eek baday size (qatar mein 12 centy metter takk) haasil kirr saktay haine. reunal oonkosetoma kii bunyadi tafriq tashkhis "chromofob reunal sail carsonoma oonkosetik qasm" hay jiss mein reunal oonkosetoma kii tarah avcinophalic cytoplasm hotaa hay leakin iss mein peeri nuclear clearing aur aam toor parr kachh hadd takk nuclear atpia hotaa hay. alaaj. reunal oonkosetoma kuu bay mawafiq samjha jaataa hay juu nephrectomy kay zariye theek hotaa hay. kachh khaandaani muamilat aisey haine jinn mein yaha tumour tanha honay kay bajaye kaseer markoz hotay haine. tahim inhein eek mahlak tumour kuu khaarij karnay kay liye alg kiyaa jaa saktaa hay misaal kay toor parr.jee. reunal sail carsonoma. pation goyee. majmuyi toor parr paanch saal kii baqaa kii sharah 63 faisad honay kaa takhmina lagaya gayaa hay jiss mein 100% bemari say mutaliq baqaa hay.

fffa22bc803ca0f5b973ca35968b0afc3b220343b9180e56c4708ed3eb5113eb

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25747506

HMAS Armidale I

HMAS Armidale I

eis. em. ess. armidal aai

eich. emm. esha. armidale aaee

aech. aema. aesa. armidale I

aich. aim. aeye. armidale aaee

etch. emm. ess. armidale aii

echu. emm. ezz. armidale aii

etch. emm. ess. armidale aay

etch. emm. ess. armidale I

aich. aim. aii. armidale aaee

ech. emm. ess. armidale aii

fffa28678af91a503ce9a0a762b762c4a0047e68298576df4f699d0ce141ffe6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44307325

Query Abstraction Layer

Query Abstraction Layer QAL is an open-source development project that aims to create a collection of libraries for mixing, moving, merging, substituting and transforming data; also in some cases, such as MongoDB, schemas. Description. Sources and destinations include different database backends, file formats like codice_1, XML and spreadsheets. Even untidy HTML web pages can be used as both a source and destination. For , it has a database abstraction layer that supports basic connectivity to Postgres, MySQL / MariaDB, IBM Db2, Oracle and MS SQL Server. It uses XML formats (the SQL schema is self-generated) for representation of queries, transformation and merging, making it all processable by scripts. With regards to SQL, QAL uses a subset of SQL features and data types, which while obviously not complete however is sufficient for most usages. It is however easy to instead use backend-specific SQL when the queries do not have to be backend-agnostic. It is currently distributed as a Python Library (codice_2) and a Debian package file (codice_3). It is related to the Optimal BPM (Business Process Management) project. The Optimal BPM SourceForge project used to be DAL/QAL. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> " This article incorporates http://sourceforge.net/projects/qal/ text available under the CC0 license."

onuxondhan bimurto stor kaal hoise ek mukto-utxo unnoyon prokolpo jaar lokhyo hoise tothyo mihli koraa, sthanantor koraa, ekotrito koraa, protisthapon koraa aaru rupantor korar baabe puthibhoralor xongroho sristi koraa; kisuman khetrotu, jene mongudob, schema. bornona. utxo aaru gontobyosthanxomuhor bhitorot bibhinno databes backend, file formate jene koo 'kcho _ 1, xml aaru spreadswit ontorbhukto. aanoki oniyontrito eis. ti. em. el. web pristhaburu utxo aaru gontobyo hisape byobohar koribo paari. iyar baabe, iyat etaa databes abstraction leyar aase ji postgress, mysql/mariadbi, ibm ibm, oh 'rekel aaru ms sql charbharor xoite moulik xongzugok xomorthon kore. ee prosnor protinidhitwo, rupantor aaru ekotrito korar baabe xml binyax byobohar kore (sql schematu swo-sristi koraa), jaar folot iyak lipir dwara prokriya koribo poraa yaay. ess. kiu. el.-ror khetrot, kaal-e ess. kiu. el. boixistyo aaru tothyor prokaror etaa upoxomuschoj byobohar kore, ji spostobhabe xompurno nohoy jodiu besibhag byoboharor baabe jothesto. obosye iyar poriworte backend-nirdisto ess. kiu. el. byobohar koratu xohoj jetiya prosnobur backend-agnostic hoh 'bob nalage. bortoman iyak paithon library (koukoch _ 2) aaru debian package file (koukoch _ 3) hisape bitoron koraa hoise. ee onukul bi. pi. em. (byowoxayik prokriya byowosthapona) prokolpor xoite xomporkito. xorbuttom bi. pi. em. utxo prokolpotu daal/kaal hoh 'bob logaa hoisil.

anusandhan bimurto stor cull ekti mukto-utso unnayan prokolpo jaar lakkhya holl tothyer mishran, sthanantar, ekibhutkaran, protisthapon ebong rupantarer jonno gronthagargulir ekti sangraha toiri koraa; kichhu khettre, jemon mangodava, schema. bornona. utso ebong gontobyogulir modhye royeche bivinno databes backend, file format jemon kaoka _ 1, eksa. emm. ell ebong spreadsheet. emonki oporichonno eich. tii. emm. ell web pezgulio utso ebong gontobbo hisabe byabohar koraa jete paare. kaaron, etite ekti databes bimurto stor royeche jaa postgress, mysql/mariadbi, ibm dibby2, orakal ebong ms sql server saathe moulik sangjogke samarthan korey. etty proshno, rupantar ebong ekotrikoroner protinidhitter jonno eksa. emm. ell binnas (esha. cue. ell schema swa-srishto) byabohar korey, jaa etike script dwara prokriyakoronjoggo korey toley. sql-err khettre, cull sql baisishtya ebong tothyo prokarer ekti uposet byabohar korey, jaa sposhtotoi sampurna naa holeo beshirbhag byaboharer jonno jotheshto. tobey proshnoguli backend-agnostic naa holey backend-nirdishto sql byabohar koraa sahaj. etty bortomane ekti python library (coics _ 2) ebong ekti debian package file (coics _ 3) hisabe bitoron koraa hoy. etty sarbottama bpm (byabasayik prokriya byabosthapona) prokolper saathe somporkito. sarbottama bpm sourceforge prokolpoti dull/cull hisabe byabohrito hoto.

kweri abstraction star qala aee aek open-soars development project chhe jeno udesh maahiteene mishreet karvaa, khasedva, merge karvaa, badalvaa aneey rupantarit karvaa maate pustakalayona sangrahne banaavvaano chhe; ketlaak kissaaomaa pann, jaim keey mongodab, yojnaa. varnan. stroto aneey sthalomaa viveedh database backend, file formate jaim keey cocks _ 1, ex. aema. aela. aneey spreadsheetsno samaavesh thaay chhe. asvachch aech. tii. aema. aela. web prushthono pann srot aneey gantavya banne tareeke upyog curry shakaay chhe. kaaran keey, temaa database abstraction layer chhe jeey postgress, mysql/mariyadbi, ibm db2, orekal aneey ms sql server saathe mulbhoot jodanne teko aape chhe. teey prashnoni rajuaat, parivartan aneey merge karvaa maate xml formate (SQL yojnaa swa-generated chhe) noow upyog karey chhe, jeey tene script dwara prakriyaa curry shakaay tevu banaave chhe. aesa. kyoo. aela. naa sandarbhma, qala aesa. kyoo. aela. suveedhao aneey detaa prakaarona subsetno upyog karey chhe, jeey dekheeti reete sampoorn naa hovaa chhataa motabhagna upyogo maate puratu chhe. jooe keey jyaare prashno backend-agnostic naa hoya tyaare backend-vishisht escuelno upyog karvo saral chhe. teey haalmaa pythone library (kokee _ 2) aneey debiyan package file (kokee _ 3) tareeke vahenchaayelu chhe. teey shreshth bii. pii. aema. (vyavsaay prakriyaa vyavsthaapan) project saathe sambandhit chhe. shreshth bii. pii. aema. srot bada projectno upyog daal/qala tareeke thato hato.

prashn amoort parat cull ack mukt srot vikas pariyojana haye jiska uddeshya detta koo milaane, sthanantarit karane, vilay karane, pratisthaapit karane aur badalane key liye pustakalayon kaa sangrah banaana haye; kuchh mamalon mein bhee, jaise kii mongodab, yojanaaen. varnan. sroton aur gantavyon mein vibhinn databases backend, file praarup jaise cock _ 1, aiks. aim. ell. aur spreadsheet shamil hain. yahaan taka kii aswachh aich. tii. aim. ell. web prishthon kaa upayog srot aur gantavya donon key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye. isake liye, isamen ack databases amoort parat haye joe postgress, mysql/mariadabi, ibm db2, orecal aur ms sql server key liye buniyaadi connectivity kaa samarthan karati haye. yeh prashnon key pratinidhitva, parivartan aur vilay key liye aiks. aim. ell. praarupon (aiss. kyu. ell. yojana swa-utpann haye) kaa upayog kartaa haye, jisase yeh sabhi script dwara sansaadhit kiya jaa sakata haye. aiss. kyu. ell. key sambandh mein, cull aiss. kyu. ell. visheshtaon aur detta prakaron key ack upasamuchchay kaa upayog kartaa haye, joe spasht roop seey poorna naheen haye, lekin adhikansh upayogon key liye paryaapt haye. haalaanki isake bajaay backend-vishisht aiss. kyu. ell. kaa upayog karna aasaan haye jaba prashnon koo backend-agnostic naheen honah chaahiye. yeh vartamaan mein ack python library (cock _ 2) aur ack dabian package file (cock _ 3) key roop mein vitarit haye. yeh ishtatam bee. pee. aim. (vyavasaay prakriya prabandhan) pariyojana seey sambandhit haye. ishtatam bee. pee. aim. srot bull pariyojana daal/cull key liye upayog kii jaati thee.

prashneya amoorta padara khaal ondu mukta-moola abhivruddhi yojaneyagiddu, idu dattaamshavannu mishrana maadalu, chalisalu, vileenagolisalu, badalisalu mattu parivartisalu granthaalayagala sangrahavannu rachisuva guriyannu hondide; kelavu sandarbhagalalli, udaaharanege mongod, skimagalu. vivarane. moolagalu mattu gamyasthaanagalu vividha dattasanchaya backendgalu, coque _ 1, exml mattu spreadsheetgalantaha file svaroopagalannu olagondive. asamarpakavaada etch. tii. emm. ell. web putagalannu saha moola mattu gamyasthaanavaagi balasabahudu. ekendare, idu postgress, mysql/mariadby, ibm db2, orakal mattu ms sqvl sarvargalige moolabhoota samparkavannu bembalisuva database amoorta padaravannu hondide. idu prashnegala pratinidhya, roopaantara mattu vileenakkaagi xml svaroopagalannu balasuttade (SQL schemavu swayam-rachitavaagide), idu skriptgalinda ellavannoo prakriyegolisuvante maaduttade. ess. kyoo. ell. ge sambandhisidante, khaal ess. kyoo. ell. vaishishtyagalu mattu dattaamsha prakaaragala upavibhagavannu balasuttade, idu spashtavagi poornavaagilladiddaru hecchina balakegalige saakaaguttade. aadaagyoo, prashnegalu backend-magnostic agiradiddaga backend-nirdishta ess. kyoo. ell annu balasuvudu sulabha. idannu prastuta paithan library (coque _ 2) mattu debian package file (coque _ 3) aagi vitarisalaagide. idu atyuttama bpm (vevahaara prakriye nirvahane) yojanege sambandhiside. atyuttama bpm moola-bala yojaneyu dhaal/cull aagiruttade.

kwari amoorthamaaya paali daatta mixes cheiyunnathinum neekkunnathinum layippikkunnathinum pakaramaayi mattunnathinum parivartthanam cheiyunnathinumaayi librarikalude oru shekharam srishtikkaan lakshyamidunna oru ooppan sozhs vikasana padhathiyaanu call; chila sandarbhangalil, mangodb, skeemakal polullava. vivaranam. uravidangalilum lakshyasthanangalilum vyathyastha daattaabes backendukal, kokvi _ 1, exml, spreadsheettukal thudangiya phayal formaattukal ulppedunnu. vrithiyillaatha echu. tii. emm. ell. web pejukal polum oru uravidamaayum lakshyasthaanamaayum upayogikkaam. kaaranam, ithinu postgress, mysql/marriadby, ibm db2, orakkil, ems skvl server ennivayilekkulla adisthaana connectivitye pinthunaykkunna oru daattaabes amoortheekarana paali undu. ithu anweshanangalude praathinidhyam, parivartthanam, layanam ennivaykkaayi exml formaattukal (ezz. kyu. ell schema svayam srishtikkappettathaanu) upayogikkunnu, ithu skripttukal vazhi prosess cheyyaan kazhiyum. ezz. kyu. elline sambandhichidatholam, kwal ezz. kyu. ell savisheshathakaludeyum dattaa tharangaludeyum oru upavibhagam upayogikkunnu, ithu theerchayaayum poornnamallengilum mikka upayogangalkkum paryaapthamaan. ennirunnaalum, chodyangal backend-anjeyaathmakamaakaathappol backend-nirddishta ezz. kyu. ell upayogikkunnathu eluppamaanu. ithu nilavil oru paitthan libraryaayum (kokvis _ 2) oru debian paakkej fayalayum (kokvis _ 3) vitharanam cheyyappedunnu. ithu opttimal bpm (bisinus proses maanejment) padhathiyumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. ettavum anuyojyamaaya bpm sozhs forge padhathi dhaal/call aayirunnu.

prashna amoort thurr cull haah eka mukt srot vikas prakalp aahe jyacha uddesh mahitee misalane, halavane, villin karane, badalane aanee rupantarit karnyasathi granthalayancha sangrah tayar karane aahe; kahee prakarananmadhye, jase qee mungodab, yojana. varnan. srot aanee gantvyasthananmadhye vividh databases backend, cockoge _ 1, ex. emm. ell. aanee spreadsheet yasarkhya file swarupancha samavesh hoto. asvachch etch. tii. emm. ell. web prushthe dekhil srot aanee gantvyasthan mhanoon vaparali jaau shakatat. kaaran, tyat databases amoort thurr aahe joou postgress, mysql/mariyadabi, ibm ibm, oracle aanee ms sql sarvharshi moolbhut jodanila samarthan deto. heey prashnanche pratinidhitva karnyasathi, parivartan aanee vilinikaran karnyasathi ex. emm. ell. swarupancha vapar karate (ess. kyu. ell. yojana swayam-nirmit aahe), jyamule teey serve scriptdware prakriya karnyayogya banate. ess. kyu. ell. chya sandarbhat, cull ess. kyu. ell. vaishishtye aanee deta prakarancha upasanch vaparato, jeey nishchitach purn nasale taree bahutek vaparasathi purese aahe. matra, jevha prashna backend-adnyeyavadi asanyachi garaj nasate, tevha tyaeivaji backend-vishisht ess. kyu. ell. vaparane sope asate. sadhya teey python library (cocois _ 2) aanee debian package file (cocois _ 3) mhanoon vitarit kele jaate. heey ishtatam bii. pii. emm. (vyavasay prakriya vyavasthapan) prakalpashi sambandhit aahe. daal/cull haah bii. pii. emm. chaa sarvottam srot prakalp hota.

kweri amurtata taha cull euta khula srota vikas pariyojana how jasko uddeshya deta mishran, sarne, merge garne, pratisthapan garne rar rupantaran garne pustakalayharuko sangraha sirjana garnu how; kehi awasthama pani, jastai mongodab, schema. warnan. srotharu rar gantawyaharuma vibhinna databases backendharu, file dhanchaharu jastai kokja _ 1, xml rar spreadsitharu samawesh chhan. aswachcha html web prishthaharu pani srota rar gantawya duwaiko rupma prayog garna sakinchha. yasaka lagi, yasama databases amurtata taha chha jasle postgress, mysql/mariadbi, ibm dibi2, orekal rar ms sql sarbharma adharbhut jadanlai samarthan gardacha. yasale prashnaharuko pratinidhitwa, rupantaran rar marjaka lagi xml dhanchaharu (sql schema swa-utpanna chha) prayog gardacha, jasle yasalai scriptharudwara prashodhan yogya banaunchha. sqlko sandarbhama, kalale sql suwidhaharu rar deta prakarharuko upasamuchchay prayog gardacha, june spashta rupma purna nabhae pani dherai prayogharuka lagi paryapta chha. yadyapi yasako satta backend-wishishta sql prayog garna sajilo chha jab prashnaharu backend-agyeyawadi hunu pardaina. yo hall python pustakalaya (coques _ 2) rar debian package file (coques _ 3) ko rupma witaran garieko chha. yo istatam bpm (wyapar prakriya wyawasthapan) pariyojanasanga sambandhit chha. istatam bpm srota ball pariyojana daal/cull hunthyo.

prashna bimurta stara cull' heuchhi eka mukta-utsa bikash prakalpa jahara uddeshya heuchhi tathya mishran, sthanantara, mishran, pratisthapana ebong paribartana paain librarygudikara eka sangraha srusti kariba; keteka khetrare madhya, jepariki 'mongodaba', schema. barnana. utsa ebong gantabyagudika madhyare bibhinna databases backend, file formatt jepariki kokwis _ 1, ex. emm. ell. ebong spreadsit antarbhukta . epariki aparishkara echa. tii. emm. ell. weba prusthagudiku madhya ubhaja utsa ebong gantabyastala bhabe byabahara karajaipariba. kaaran, ethire eka databases bimurta stara rahichhi jaahaa postgress, mysql/mariedabi, ibm dibi2, orakal ebong ms sql sarbhara sahita moulika sanjogaku samarthan kare . ehaa prasnagudikara upasthapana, paribartana ebong mishran paain ex. emm. ell. formatt (ess. kee. ell. schema swajang-utpanna) byabahara karithae, jaahaa ehaaku script dwara prakrijakaranajogya karithae. ess. kee. ell. sambandhare, cull ess. kee. ell. baisistya ebong tathya prakaragudikara eka upset byabahara karithae, jaahaa spastatah sampurna naah hoithile madhya adhikansha byabahara paain yathesta. tebe ehaa paribarte backend-nirdista ess. kee. ell. byabahara kariba sahaja, jetebele prashnagudika backend-agyejabadee hebara abashyakata nathaae. ehaa bartamana eka python library (kokwis _ 2) ebong eka debian package file (kokwis _ 3) bhabare bitarana karajaichi. ehaa sarbottama bpm (byabasai prakriya parichalana) prakalpa sahita jadita . sarbottama bpm utsa-shakti prakalpa thila daali/cull.

puchgich abstraction layer qaal ikk open soars vikas project haii jisda udesh detta noon milaun, lijaan, milaun, badlan atey badlan laee libraries daa sangrah banauna haii; kujh mamlian witch, jiven kii mongodab, schema. varnan. sarotan atey manzilan witch vakkh-vakkh databases backend, file format jiven kii koki _ 1, xml atey spreadsheetan shamal hunn. ithon takk kii ashudh aich. tii. aim. ail web pejan noon sarot atey manzil dovan vajon vartiaa jaa sakda haii. iss laee, iss witch ikk databases abstraction layer haii joe postgress, mysql/mariadabi, ibm ibm, orekal atey ms sql sarvar naal buniaadi connectivity daa samarthan kardi haii. ih parshanan dee numaindagi, parivartan atey raleven laee xml formattan (SQL schema sway-tiaar keeti gaee haii) dee varton kardi haii, jiss naal ih scriptan duaara prakiriaa yog hoow jaandi haii. aiss. kioo. ail. dey sambandh witch, cull aiss. kioo. ail. visheshtavan atey detta kisman dey ikk upp samooh dee varton karda haii, joe spasht taur 'teey sampuran naheen haii parr ziaadaatar varton laee kaafi haii. halanki iss dee bajaae backend-vishesh aiss. kioo. ail. dee varton karna assan haii jadon swal backend-agnostic naheen hunde hunn. iss vele iss noon ikk python library (koki _ 2) atey ikk dabian package file (koki _ 3) dey roop witch vandiaa giaa haii. ih anukool bee. pee. aimm. (karobari prakiriaa parbandhan) project naal sabandhat haii. anukool bee. pee. aimm. sarot bull project daal/cull hunda see.

prashna-amurtata-starah kaal iti mukta-srota-vikasa-pariyojanaa asti yasya uddeshyam dattaamshasya mishranartham, sthanantarartham, vileenam kartum, pratisthapanartham, parivartanaay cha pustakalayasangraham nirmaatum asti; keshuchit sandarbheshu api yathaa mongodb, skimaa ityaadi. varnanam. mulani gantavyaani cha vividhaani databases-prushtabhaagaah, cock-1, eksa. emm. ell. ityadini sanchikaa-swaroopaani, spread-sheet cha santi. aswacchaani echa. tea. emm. ell. jaalaputaani api srotaroopen gantavyam cha iti rupena upayoktum shaknuvanti. yatah, tasya dattaamshasangraha-amurta-starah asti yah postgress, maisk-ell/mariad-bii, aii. bii. emm. dii. bii. 2, orakal, emm. ess. ess. k-ell server ityetaih saha moolabhoot-samparkam samarthayati. etat prashnanam pratinidhitvaartham, parivartanaartham, vileeneekaranaartham cha eksa. emm. ell. svarupan (ess. kyoo. ell. yojanaa swa-nirmitam) upayujyate, yena sarvam lipibhihi prakriyaay shakyate. ess. kyoo. ell. vishaye, cull-samsthaa ess. kyoo. ell. visheshaanaam dattamshaprakaranam cha upasamucchayam upayujyate, yat yadyapi poornam naasti tathaapi adhikamshanam upayoganam krute paryaaptam asti. parantu yadaa prashnaani prushtabhaaga-ajneya-naa bhavanti tadaa tasya sthaane prushtabhaaga-vishishtasya ess. kyoo. ell. ityasya upayogah sulabhah bhavati. samprati etat paithaan-pustakaalayaroopen (cock-2), debian-pyaakej-sanchikaa (cock-3) cha vitaritam asti. etat ishtatam-bee. pee. emm. (vyaparaprakriya-vyavasthaapanam) pariyojanena saha sambaddham asti. bee. pee. emm. ityasya uttama-srota-bull-pariyojanaa daal/cull iti aasit.

vinaval surukka adukku kaall enbathu oru thirantha moola maempaattuth thittamaagum, idhu kalaththal, nagarththuthal, inaiththal, tharavai maattruthal mattrum maattruvatharkaana noolagangkalin thoguppai uruvaakkuvathai nokkamaagak kondullathu; sila santharppangalil, mangoatp, skeemaakkal poantravai. vilakkam. aathaarangkal mattrum idangkalukku vevvaeru tharavuththala pinnadaivugal, kook _ 1, exml mattrum virithaalgal poantra kooppu vadivangkal adangkum. ozhungkattra ech. dii. emm. ell valaippakkangkal kooda oru aathaaramaakavum ilakku mattrum idamaagavum payanpaduththappadalaam. aenenil, idhu oru tharavuththala surukka adukkaik kondullathu, idhu poast cress, mysql/marriott, aii. pii. emm. dibi2, aracle mattrum ems sql sarvar aagiyavattrirkaana adippadai inaippai aatharikkirathu. idhu kaelvigal, maattram mattrum inaippu aagiyavattrai pirathinithiththuvappaduththu xML vadivangkalaip payanpaduththukirathu (SQL thittam suyamaaga uruvaakkappattathu), idhu scriptkalaal seyalaakkakkoodiyathaaga irukkirathu. sathura sathuraththai porutthavarai, cull sathura sathura sathura amsangkal mattrum tharavu vagaikalin thunaikkuzhuvaip payanpaduththukirathu, idhu velippadaiyaaga muzhumaiyadaiyavillai entraalum perumpaalaana payanpaadugalukku poathumaanathu. iruppinum, kaelvigal pinnoakkiya-arivaattral kondathaaga irukka vaendiyathillai endraal adharku pathilaaka pinnoakkiya-kuripitta sathura aip payanpaduththuvathu elithu. idhu tharpoothu oru baithaan noolagam (kaak _ 2) mattrum oru debian thoguppu kooppaaga (kaak _ 3) viniyoagikkappadugirathu. idhu uganththa ppm (vaniga seyalmurai maelaanmai) thittaththudan thodarpudaiyathu. uganththa ppm moolap padai thittam paruppu/kaall aagum.

prasna sangraha pora coll anedi oka open soars development project, idhi dayta mixing, moving, vileenam, pratyaamnaayam mariyu parivartana kosam libraryla sekarananu srushtinchadam lakshyamgaa pettukundi; konni sandarbhaallo, mangod, schemalu vantivi kooda. vivarana. muulaalu mariyu gamyasthanalalo vividha database backendlu, coque _ 1, xML mariyu spreadsheetlu vanti file formatlu unnaayi. chedu hetch. tii. emm. ell. web paejeelanu kooda muulam mariyu gamyam rendintigaa upayoginchavacchu. endukante, idhi postgress, mysql/marriod, ibm db2, orakil mariyu ms sqvl sarvarlaku praathamika kanektiviteeki maddatu ichhe database obstraction poranu kaligi undhi. idhi prasnala praatinidhyam, parivartana mariyu vileenam kosam xML formatlanu (SQL schema sweeya-utpatti) upayogistundi, idhi scriptla dwara annintinee proses cheyadaginadigaa chestundi. SQL kuu sambandhinchi, qal SQL lakshanaalu mariyu dayta rakaala upasamitini upayogistundi, idhi spashtamgaa puurti kaanappatikee chaalaa upayogaalaku saripotundi. ayithe prasnalu backend-agneyamgaa undanappudu badulugaa backend-nirdishta SQL nii upayoginchadam sulabham. idhi prastutam paithan library (coque _ 2) mariyu debian packagy file (coque _ 3) gaa pampinhee cheyabadindi. idhi optimal bpm (business proses management) prajectuku sambandhinchinadi. saraina bpm sourceforge project dhaal/kalga upayoginchabadindi.

istefsaar tajridi parat kaal eek open soars dwelopment project hay jiss kaa maqsad ddita kuu milaa kirr muntaqil karnay zam karnay muthbadil aur tabdil karnay kay liye librariyon kaa majmuah banana hay. kachh muamilat mein jeesay mongodab schema. wazahat. zaraye aur maqamat mein mukhtalif ddita bees beek aind fayel formats jeesay koki _ 1yee aiks ayem eel aur spreadsheet shaamil haine. yahaan takk kahh ghair saaf aich tye ayem eel waib safhaat kuu bhee maakhiz aur manzal donon kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. iss kay liyay iss mein eek ddita bees tajridi parat hay juu postgrace mayee aiss kiyo eel/maridab aayee bee ayem ddee bee 2yee aurikal aur ayem aiss aiss kiyo eel sarwar say bunyadi raabtay kii himayat karti hay. yaha sawalat kii numaindagi tabdili aur inzamam kay liye aiks ayem eel formats (aiss kiyo eel schema khood tayaar kardah hay) kaa istemaal kartaa hay jiss say yaha sabb script kay zariye qaabil amal how jaataa hay. aiss kiyo eel kay hawalay say kaal aiss kiyo eel khususiyat aur ddita kii aqsaam kaa eek zeeli majmuah istemaal kartaa hay juu zahir hay kahh makmal nahein hay leakin ziyadah tarr istemaal kay liye kaafi hay. tahim iss kay bajaye beek aind makhsus aiss kiyo eel kaa istemaal karnaa aasaan hay jabb sawalat beek aind agnostic honay kii zarurat nahein hay. yaha phee alhaal azgar library (kokeez _ 2) aur eek debeen package fayel (kokeez _ 3) kay toor parr taqsim kiyaa gayaa hay. iss kaa taaluq behtareen bee pee ayem (buznis procees mangement) project say hay. behtareen bee pee ayem soars force project daal/kaal hawaa kartaa thaa.

fffa2a4d8c43d286b9cd9cfce9fcc5b790024ee88045058ac2eb780f3ed94179

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=6104137

cãrutsã

cãrutsã Aromanian. Etymology. or from , possibly from the plural of an original proto-Romanian form (altered by influence from the diminutive suffix), or alternatively through a root , . Compare . Cf. also Italian , French . Doublet of , which was taken from Italian.

kerutsa xugondhi. byutpotti. baa, xombhobotoh etaa mool protu-rumanian rupor bohubosonor poraa (khyudro proityor probhawor dwara xoloni), baa bikolpobhabe etaa mulor joriyote. tulona korok. chi. ef. logote italy, forasi. doublet off, jitu italyr poraa luwa hoisil.

karutsa sugandhi. byutpatti. athoba, sombhoboto ekti mool proto-romanian rooper bahubachan theke (khudro pratyaya theke prabhab dwara poribortito), baa bikolpobhabe ekti mooler madhyome. tulna korun. shee. eff. echhadao italiya, farasi. err double, jaa italiya theke neoa hoyechilo.

keratsa sugandhit. vyutpatti. athavaa, kadaach mool proto-romanian swarupnaa bahuvachanmathi (laghu pratyayna prabhaav dwara badalaayel), athavaa vaikalpik reete mool dwara. sarkhaamani karoo. see. aef. italian, french pann. doublet off, jeey italionmathi levaamaa aavyu hatoo.

caratsa sugandhit. vyutpatti. yaa sambhavatah mool proto-romanian roop key bahuvachan seey (laghu pratyay key prabhaav seey parivartit), yaa vaikalpik roop seey ack mool key madhyam seey. tulanaa karein. see. aff. italvi, french bhee. doublet off, joe italvi seey liya gayaa thaa.

karatsa sugandha. vyutpatti. athawa, bahushah moola moola-romanian roopada bahuvachanadinda (chikka pratyayada prabhaavadinda badalaagide), athawa paryayavagi mooladinda. holike maadi. cf. italian, french kooda. double off, idannu italian ninda tegedukollalagide.

karutsa aromanian. padavyuthpathishaasthram. allengil orupakshe oru yadhaartha proto-romanian roopathinte bahuvachanathil ninnu (cheria prathyayathil ninnulla swaadheenathaal mattappettirikkunnu), allengil pakaramaayi oru veriloode. thaarathamyam cheyyuka. sii. eph. itaaliyan, franch. itaaliyan bhashayil ninnu eduthathaanu doublet oof.

caratsa sugandhi. vyutpatti. kinwa, kadachit mool proto-romanian swarupachya bahuvachanatun (laghuroop pratyay prabhavane badallele), kinwa paryayipane mooladvare. tulana qaraa. see. eff. italian, french dekhil. duheri, jeey italionmadhun ghetale gele hote.

क्यारुत्सा sugandhit. wyutpatti. wa, sambhawatah muel proto-romanian rupko bahuwachanbata (laghu pratyayako prabhawadwara pariwartan garieko), wa vaikalpik rupma muel marfat. tulana garnuhos. cf. italian, francelli pani. doublet aff, june italionbata liieko thiyo.

karutsa sugandhita. byutpatti. kimba, sambhabatah eka moola proto-romanian ruper bahubachanaru (khudra pratyajaru prabhaba dwara paribartita), kimba bikalpa bhabare eka moola madhyamare, tulana karantu. sii. aif. italiah, farasi madhya. doublet off, jaahaa italeejaru niajaithila .

cretsa khushbudar. shabdawali. jaan, sambhav taur utte ikk mool proto-romanian roop dey bahuvachan toon (chhote pichhetar dey prabhav duaara badliaa giaa), jaan vikalpik taur utte ikk ruut duaara, tulna crow. see. eff. italvi, franch vee. doublet, joe kii italian toon liaa giaa see.

karatsa aromenian. vyutpattih. athavaa, sambhawatah mulasya proto-romanian-rupasya bahuvachanaat (alpa-pratyayasy prabhaawen parivartitam), athavaa vaikalpikaroopen mulasya madhyamena. tulanam karotu. see. ef. italian, french api. doublet-aaf iti, yat italian-deshaat gruheetam.

karatza narumanap porul. sorpirappiyal. allathu, oru asal proto-romanian vadivaththin panmai (siriya pinnottu thaakkatthaal maattrappattathu), allathu maattraaka oru vaer moolam, irunthu. oppidungkal. cf. itaaliya, pirenchu mozhiyum kooda. irattai, idhu itaaliya mozhiyilirunthu edukkappattathu.

karatsa sugandha dravyam. vyutpatti. ledhaa nundi, bahusha asalu proto-romanian roopam yokka bahuvachanam nundi (chinna pratyayam nundi prabhavam dwara maarchabadindi), ledhaa pratyamnaayamgaa muulam dwara,. polchi chudandi. cf. italian, french kooda. double off, idhi italian nundi teesukobadindi.

karotsa khushbudar. siftiyat. yaa mamkanah toor parr kasee asl proto romani shakal kay jamaa say (chhotay lahqah kay asar say tabdil)yee yaa muthbadil toor parr judd kay zariye. mawaznah karein. see aif. ataalvi francisi bhee. doublet aaf juu atalvi say liyaa gayaa thaa.

fffa2b024cf58a09e617eecc4ac4d4618ed63b635bdc1224a32b07671da50c3d

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=49783556

DVieD-EP

DVieD-EP DVieD-EP (pronounced "Divide EP") is an EP and the third release by Donnie Vie as a solo artist. Track listing. All original songs written by Donnie Vie References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

devide-ee. pi. dibhid-ipi ("devide ipi" buli ussarit) hoise ekok xilpi hisape dony bhir ekhon ee. pi. aaru tritiyokhon mukti. trekk talika. dony bhir dwara likha xokolu mool geet

divid-ep divid-ee. pii (uchcharito "divid ee. pii") ekti ekok shilpi hisabe donny bhiye-err tritiya prakash. track talika. donny bhiye rachito samasta mool gaan

dii. vee. ee. pii. deveed-app (uchchaaran "dewide app") aee aek aekal kalakar tareeke donny vee dwara rajoo karaayel aek app aneey triji rajuaat chhe. track listing. donny vee dwara lakhaayela tamaam mool geeto

dee. vee. aaee. dee.-ee. pee. deveed-ep (uchchaaran "devide ep") ack ekal kalakar key roop mein donny vee dwara ack ep aur teesari release haye. track soochi. donny vee dwara likhe gaye sabhi mool geet

dii. vii. ii. pii divid-ip ("devide ip" endu uchcharisalaaguttade) ondu aa. pii. mattu donni vaii avara ekavyakti kalaavidanaagi bidugadeyaada moorane chitravagide. track patti. ellah moola haadugalannu donny vii barediddaare

dii. wide-iii. pii. donny vaii oru sooloo aarttistaayi puratthirakkunna moonnaamathe chithravum oru eiii. pii. yumaanu divid-iii. pii. ("devide iii. pii" ennu ucharikkappedunnu). track listt. donny vaii ezhuthiya ellah yadhaartha gaanangalum

dii. vhee. eae. pii. dii. vhee. eae. pii. (uchcharit 'divid eae. pii.') haah eka eae. pii. aahe aanee ekal kalakar mhanoon donny vhee. chaa tisra prakashanatil chitrapat aahe. track yadee. donny wii yanni lihileli serve mool ganee

dii. bhi. aai. dii.-ee. pii. dvad-ee. pii. (uchharana "devide ee. pii.") heuchhi eka ee. pii. ebong ekaka kalakara bhabe dony bhi. nka dwara muktilabha karithiba truteeja chalachitra. track talika. dony bhinka dwara likhita samasta moola geeta

dee. vee. aaee. dee.-ee. pee. dvied-ep (ucharan "deveed ee. pee") ikk ee. pee. haii atey ikk solo kalakar dey roop witch donny vaaee duaara tiji rileez haii. track suchi. saare mool geet joe donny vaaee duaara likhe gaye hunn

dwid-ip dweed-ee. pee. ("devaid-ee. pee." iti ucchaaritam) ekaa ee. pee., tathaa cha doney vee. ityanena ekala-kalakararupena truteeya-vimochanam asti. anusuchyam soochayati. doney vee ityanena likhitaani sarvaani mulagitaha

fffa2caed9204fbbb2dd69c2a9d0d64598e8f7d2b19e598382683bf309e73096

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25219019

There Stands the Glass

There Stands the Glass "There Stands the Glass" is a country song written by Russ Hull, Mary Jean Shurtz, and Autry Greisham. Originally recorded by Blaine Smith in 1952, it was a hit for Webb Pierce in 1953. It was Pierce's fifth release to hit number one on the country chart. It spent 27 weeks on the chart and was at the top for 12 weeks. Bob Dylan said that "The star of this song is the empty bourbon glass, and it's built around the same kind of crack guitar sound as on a Hank Williams record, as well as the magical open-string, strummed chord." References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

taat kastu thiyo hoi aase "dere stands dyo glaax" hoise raas hool, meree jinn swartz aaru otri greisame likha ekhon dexor geet. mulotoh 1952 sonot blain smithe record koraa ei sobikhon 1953 sonot web pirchor baabe hitt hoisil. ee dexor chartot ek nomborot uponeet huwa pirchor ponchomkhon mukti aasil. ee chartot 27 xoptah otibahito korisil aaru 12 xoptahor baabe xirxot aasil. bobo delane koichil je "ei gittur tarkatu hoise khaali borbon glaax, aaru iyak henk uiliams recordor dore eke dhoronor crack gitter xobdor logote jadukori mukoli-string, strummed cordor aaxe paxe nirman koraa hoise."

sekhane kaanch dandiye achhe "deyar stands dya glasses" ekti country gaan jaa ruses hull, merry zina shirtz ebong autrie grishamer lekha. mulat 1952 saale blain smith dwara record koraa, etty 1953 saale web piercer jonno ekti hitt chhilo. etty piercer pancham mukti jaa country charte eka nombore pouchechilo. etty talika 27 saptaha atibahito korey ebong 12 saptaha dhorey shirshe chhilo. bobb dealan bollen jey, "eyi gaaner tarka holl khaali borbon glasses, ebong etty hank uilliams recorder moto ekoi dharaner crack gitter shobder pashapashi jadukari open-string, strummed corder charpashe nirmito."

tyaan kaach oobho chhe "tyaan kaach oobho chhe" aee aek deshnu geet chhe jeey rus hull, meerii jiina shirtz aneey otree grisham dwara lakhaayelu chhe. mulroope mulroope blain smith dwara reqorda karaayel, teey teey web piirs maate safal rahee hatee. teey deshnee yaadimaa pratham number parr pahonchnaar pirsnee paanchmee rajuaat hatee. tene chaart parr 27 athvadiya gaadyaa aneey 12 athvadiya sudhee toach parr rahyu. boob dialene kahyoo keey "aaa geetno taaro khaalee borban glass chhe, aneey teey henk williams reqorda parr samaan prakaarnaa crack gitaar avaajnee aaspaas banavvama aavyo chhe, temaj jadui open-string, strummed coord."

vahaan kaanch khadaa haye "deyar stands dha glass" ack deshi geet haye jise russ hull, mairi jeane shirtz aur autri greesham ney likhaa haye. mool roop seey 1952 mein blain smith dwara record kiya gayaa, yeh 1953 mein web pierce key liye ack hitt thee. yeh desh key chart parr number ack parr pahunchane vaali pierce kii paanchvin release thee. isane chart parr 27 saptah bitaaye aur 12 saptah taka sheersh parr rhaa. bobb dylan ney kahaa kii "iss geet kaa sitara khaali borban glass haye, aur yeh usee tarah kii crack gitar dhwani key aspas banaaya gayaa haye jaisa kii ack hank williams record parr haye, saath hii saath jadui open-string, strummed cord."

allie gaaju nintide "dher stands dhii glass" embudu rus hull, merrie zeane shirtz mattu autri greesham bareda halligaadina haadu. moolatah 1952ralli blain smith avaru dhwanimudrisida idu 1953ralli web piersge hitt aagittu. idu kantri chartnelli modala sthaanakkerida piers avara aidane bidugadeyagittu. idu pattiyalli 27 vaaragalannu kaledide mattu 12 vaaragala kaala agrasthaanadallittu. baab dylan helidaru, "ee haadina nakshatravu khaali borban gaajaagide, mattu idannu hank villiams rekaardnalliruva adhe reetiya crack guitar dhwaniya suttaloo nirmisalaagide, jotege maantrika tereda-tanti, strummed svaramelavannu nirmisalaagide."

tithe kaach ubha aahe "dear stand daad glass' heey rus hull, merrie jeane shirtz aanee autree grisham yanni lihilele eka deshi gaane aahe. moolatah 1952 madhye blain smithne dhwanimudrit kelela haah chitrapat 1953 madhye web piyarsathi yashasvi tharala. country chartvar pratham kramankavar pohochanara haah piyarcha pachva pradarshit chitrapat hota. tyane taktyavar 27 aathvade ghalavale aanee 12 aathvade shirshasthani hota. bobb dylan mhanale qee, "yaa ganyacha taara rikama borban kaach aahe aanee too hank vilyamsachya dhwanimudrit crack gitarchya aavajapramanech, tasech jaaduchi khulee taar, strummed cordchya bhovati bandhala gela aahe."

tyahan gillas khada chha "deyar stands da glass" rus hull, merry zin certz rar otri grisamdwara lekhieko contry geet how. muel rupma sann 1952 maa blain smithdwara record garieko, yo sann 1953 maa web pierceska lagi heat thiyo. yo desh chartma number ekma pugne piercesko panchaun rilij thiyo. yasale chartma 27 hapta bitaeko thiyo rar 12 haptasamma shirshama thiyo. bub dealanle bhane kii "yass gitko tara khali borban glass how, rar yo hank williams recordma jastai crack gitar dhwaniko waripari banaieko chha, sathai jadui open-string, strummed cord pani."

sethare kachati thia hoichhi "derr stand daa glass" heuchhi eka deshi geeta jaahaa rus hull, merrie zin certz ebong autri greeshamnka dwara likhita . moolatah 1952 ray blain smithnka dwara record karajaithila, ehaa 1953 ray web pears paain eka heat thila. ehaa desh chartre eka nambara chhuinba paain piercer pancham muktilabha thila . ehaa chartre 27 saptaha bitaithila ebong 12 saptaha parjyanta sheershare thila . bub dylan kahichanti je "ehi geetara tarka heuchhi khaali borban glass, ebong ehaa hyank williams recordre thiba samaana prakarara crack gitara dhwani sahita jadukari open-string, strummed kardaku nei nirmita ."

itthe shishe daa pakka pakka pakka haii "deyar stands dha glass" ikk desh daa geet haii joe rus hull, mairi jeane shirtz atey autery garisham duaara likhiaa giaa haii. mool roop witch 1952 witch blain smith duaara ricard keeta giaa, ih 1953 witch web peers laee ikk hitt see. ih peers dee panjvin rileez see joe desh dey chaart utte number ikk utte pahunchi see. iss neey chaart utte 27 hafte bitaae atey 12 haftiaan laee sikhar utte riha. baub dylan neey kiha kii "iss geet daa taara khaali borban glass haii, atey ih use tarahan dee crack gitar aavaaz dey duaale banaiaa giaa haii jiven kii ikk hank villiams ricard utte, naal hii jadui open-sturring, strummed cord."

tatra kaachah asti. "der stands da glass" iti rus hull, merry jeane shirtz, autrie greesham ityetabhyam likhitam deshiyam geetam asti. moolatah 1952 tame varshe blain smit ityanena dhwanimudritam, 1953 tame varshe web-piers ityasya krute hitt aasit. desha-soochee-madhye prathamastham praaptam piers ityasya panchamam vimochanam aasit. etat chaart-madhye 27 saptahani yaavat avasare, 12 saptaahaparyantam cha shirshasthane aasit. baab dylan ityeshah avadat yat "asya gitasya taarah riktah borban-glass asti, tathaa cha etat hank-viliums-abhilekhe yathaa kryaak-gitaar-dhwanyaah samaanaroopen nirmitam asti, tathaiva jaadukaram mukta-taaram, strummed-coord cha asti."

angkae kannadi nirkirathu "angkae kannadi nirkirathu" enbathu ruzz hull, maeri jeane shirts mattrum audry gresham aakiyoaraal ezhuthappatta oru naattuppura paadal aagum. muthalil 1952 aam aandil blane smithaal pathivu seiyappatta idhu, 1953 aam aandil wep piyarsukku oru vetrtriyaaka irunththathu. idhu naattin tharavarisaiyil muthalidaththai pidiththa piersin ainthaavathu veliyeedaagum. idhu tharavarisaiyil 27 vaarangkal kazhiththathu mattrum 12 vaarangkalukku muthalidaththil irunththathu. paap dylan koorugaiyil, "inththa paadalin natchatthiram vetrtru poarpan kannadi, maelum idhu honk villiams pathivil ulla athae vagaiyaana grack kittar oliyaiyum, athae poal mandhira thirantha-saram, strum seiyappatta valaiyaththaiyum suttri kattappattullathu."

akkada gaaju undhi "dher stand dhi glass" anedi rus hull, maerii zeane shirtz mariyu autree greesham raasina oka desheeya paata. modata 1952loe blain smith record chesina eee chitram 1953loe webb piers kosam vijayavantamaindi. idhi country chaartlo modati sthaanaaniki cherukunna piers yokka aidava vidudala. idhi chaartlo 27 vaaralu gadipindi mariyu 12 vaaraala paatu agrasthaanamlo undhi. baab dylan matladutu, "eee paata yokka nakshatram khaalii borban glass, mariyu idhi hank villiams recordulo unna adhe rakamaina pagullu guitar dhwani chuttoo nirminchabadindi, alaage maantrika open-string, strummed theega."

wahaan shishah khadaa hay "dayer stands dee glaas" eek milki gaana hay jasay raas hill meeri jaine shirtz aur autery gratiom nay likhaa hay. asl mein 1952 mein blain samath kay zariah record kiyaa gayaa yaha 1953 mein waib pairs kay liye eek hutt thee. yaha pairs kii panchwen release thee juu kantri chaart parr pehley number parr aayee. iss nay chaart parr 27 haftay guzaray aur 12 hafton takk sabb say oopar rehaa. baab dylan nay kahaa kahh "iss gaaney kaa satarah khaali borban glaas hay aur yaha asee qasm kii crack gataar aawaz kay ard gird banaya gayaa hay jaisa kahh hannic waleems kay record parr hay neez jaduyi open string strummed cord bhee hay."

fffa2eed0b4dad6f0f574df6495f1162a3985b2c57c4ad6c88de99c396b28faf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17213075

Johnny Boyle

Johnny Boyle Johnny Boyle is the former drummer of Irish band The Frames. He first came to the attention of the Irish music scene when he joined Picture House before the release of their second album, Karmarama. He left the band shortly after the third studio album, "Madness, Sadness, Gladness" (on which he co-wrote the song "Lonely Like The Sun") to join Marianne Faithfull on tour. He then joined The Frames initially as a session drummer, but joined the band full-time soon after. He has also played on the Once tour with Glen Hansard and Marketa Irglova. He resides in Dublin with his wife and two daughters. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

johnny boyel johnny boyel hoise aairis bendo dyo framesor prakton drummer. teulukor dwitiyo elbam kormorama mukoli huwar purbe pikchar housot jugdan korar xomoyot teu prothombaror baabe aairis xongitor drishyopotor dristigusor hoisil. teu tritiyo studio 'elbam, "unmadona, dukh, aanondo" (jaar uporot teu "xurzor dore ekaki" gittu xoho-likhisil) ror kichu xomoyor pisote bendtu eri marian failtelor xoite bhromonot jugdan korisil. taar pisot teu prothomote ejon seson drummer hisape framexomuhot jugdan korisil, kintu taar pisote xompurno xomoyor baabe bendtut jugdan korisil. teu ebaar huwa bhromonkhonot glain hunsard aaru marketa irglover xoiteu khelise. teu potni aaru dugoraki konyar xoite doublinot baax kore.

johnny boyel johnny boyel airish banned dya framer praktan drummer. taader dwitiya album karmarama prokasher agey jokhon tini picture housey jog deena tokhon tini prothom airish sangiter drishyer nojore asen. tini tritiya studio album, "madness, sadness, haldness" (jaar upor tini "lonely like dya shaan" ganti soho-likhechilen)-err porpori banned chhede choley zaan. erpor tini prothome ekjon seshana drummer hisabe framey jog deena, kintu shighroi purno-somoyer bande jog deena. tini glena hansard ebong marketa irglover saathe ekbarer safareo khelechen. tini taar stree ebong dui konnake niye doubline thaken.

johnny boyal johnny boyal irish benned dhaa framesnaa bhutpurv drummer chhe. teo pratham vakhat irish sangeetnaa drashyanaa dhyaan parr aavyaa jyaare teo temnaa beeja album, karmarmaanaa prakaashan pahelaa picture housema jodaya. temane trija studiyo album, "gaandpan, udasi, aanand" (jenaa parr temane "suryanee jaim ekalataa" geet saha-lakhyu hatoo) pachhi toonk samayma pravaas parr maariyaane vafaadaar saathe jodava maate benned chhodi didhu hatoo. tyarbad teo sharuaatmaa satra drummer tareeke framesmaa jodaya, parantu toonk samayma jaj bendamaa purn-samay maate jodaya. teey glain hancered aneey marketa irglova saathe aek vakhatnaa pravasma pann ramyo chhe. teo temnee patnee aneey beey dikareeo saathe doublinma rahe chhe.

johnny boyley johnny boyley ayrish baind dha frame key poorv drummer hain. way pahali baar ayrish sangeet key drishya key dhyaan mein taba aae jaba way unake dusare album, karmarama key release seey pahale picture house mein shamil hue. unhone teesare studio album, "pagalpan, udasi, khushi" (jiss parr unhone "soorya kii tarah akela" geet saha-likhaa) key turant baad daure parr marian wafadar mein shamil honey key liye baind chhod diyaa. isake baad vaha shuru mein ack satra drummer key roop mein frame mein shamil hoe gaye, lekin jald hii purnakaalik baind mein shamil hoe gaye. unhone glain hansard aur marketa irglova key saath ack baar key daure parr bhee khela haye. vaha apani patni aur dou betiyon key saath doublin mein rahata haye.

johnny boyle johnny boyle avaru airish byaand dhii framesna maaji drummer agiddare. avara eradane album karmarama bidugadeyaguva modalu avaru picture housege seridaaga avaru airish sangeetada drashyada gamanakke bandaru. moorane studio album, "madness, sadness, halness" (adara mele avaru "lonely like dhii sunn" haadannu saha-baredaru) nantara avaru pravaasadalli marian failtel avarondige seralu byaand annu toredaru. nantara avaru aarambhadalli session drummer aagi framegalannu seridaru, aadare shighradalle purnakaalika bandge seridaru. avaru glen hancered mattu marketa irglova avarondige ons pravaasadalli adiddare. aata tanna patni mattu ibbaru putriyarondige dablinnalli vaasisuttaane.

johnny boyil airish baand frameukalude muun drummeranu johnny boyil. avarude randaamathe aalbamaaya karmarama purathirangunnathinu munbu picture hausil chernnapozhaanu addeham aadyamaayi airish sangeetha ramgathinte sradhayilppettathu. moonnaamathe studiyo aalbamaaya "bhraanthan, dukkham, santhosham" (athil addeham "sooryaneppole eakaanthatha" enna gaanam rachichu) kazhinju taamasiyaathe addeham baand upekshichu marian failalinoppam touril chernnu. thudakkathil oru session drummerayi addeham frameukalil chernnenkilum taamasiyaathe bandle muzhuvan samayavum chernnu. glen hansard, marketta irglova ennivarkkoppam addeham orikkal touril kalichittundu. bhaaryaykkum rund penmakkalkkumoppam addeham dablinilaanu thaamasikkunnath.

johnny boyley johnny boyley heey ayrish band daad framesche majee drummer aahet. tyancha dusra album, karmarama pradarshit honyapurvi jevha too picture hausmadhye sameel jhaala tevha too pahilyanda ayrish sangeet drushyachya laksh vedhoon ghetala. madness, sadness, haldness' (jyavar tyane 'lonley like daad sunn' heey gaane sahalekhit kele) yaa tisya studio albamanantar lagechach tyane band sodala aanee marian feltelsobat dauyavar gela. tyanantar too suruvatila satra drummer mhanoon chaukatimadhye sameel jhaala, parantu tyanantar lavkarach purnavel bandmadhye sameel jhaala. too glain hancered aanee marketa irglovasobat ekdachya dauyavarhi khelala aahe. too tyachi patni aanee done mullins doublinmadhye rahato.

johnny boyal johnny boyal iris banned da frameka purva drummer hun. tiniharuko dosro album, karmarama rilij hunuaghi jab uni picture housema samel bhae, uni pahilo patak iris sangit drishyako dhyanma ae. unle tesro studio album, "pagalpan, udasi, khushi" (jasma unle "surya jastai eklo" geet saha-lekhe) pachhi chaandai banned chhode. tyasapachhi uni suruma satra dramarko rupma fremharuma samel bhae, tara tyasko lagattai purna-samaya bandma samel bhae. unle glen hancered rar marketa irglobhasanga ek patakko bhramanma pani kheleka chhan. uni afnie shrimati rar dui chhorisanga doublinma baschhan.

janii baela janii baela heuchhanti iris banned framer purbatana drummer. shay prathame iris sangeeta drushyara dhyana akarshana karithile jetebele shay semanankara dwiteeja album karmarama muktilabha purbaru picture hausare joga deithile . truteeja studio album, "pagalami, duhkha, ananda" (jaahaa upare shay "surjyanka pari ekaki" geeta saha-lekhithile) rahr kichhi samai parey shay banned chadithile ebong turare mariane biswastanka saha joga deithile. ehapare shay prathame jane session drummer bhabare phremgudikare joga deithile, kintu shighra byandare purnakalina joga deithile. shay glen hansard ebong marketta iraglobhanka saha thare gastare madhya khelichanti. shay taanka patni ebong dui jhianka saha dablinare ruhanti.

johnny boil johnny boel irish baind dey frames daa sabka drummer haii. uh pahili vaar irish sangeet dey drish dey dhiaan witch udon aaiaa jadon uh uhanan dee duji album, karmarama dee rileez toon pahilan picture haaoos witch shamal hoiaa. uss neey daure 'teey marian vafadar naal shamal honn laee tiji studio album, "pagalpan, udasi, khushi" (jiss' teey uss neey "suraj wang ikalla" geet likhiaa see) toon turant baad baind chhadd ditta. firr uh shuru witch ikk saishan drummer dey roop witch frames witch shamal hoye, parr jaldi hii poore samein laee baind witch shamal hoow gaye. uh ikk vaar dey daure witch glain hensard atey markita irglova naal vee khed chukka haii. uh aapni patni atey doou dhiaan naal doublin witch rahinda haii.

jaanee boyale jaanee bayal ityayam airish-bend-da frames ityasya poorwah drummer asti. saha prathamam airish-sangeeta-drushyasya avadhaanam avaapnot yadaa saha teshaam dwiteeyasya aalbam karmarama ityasya vimochanaat poorvam picture-house-madhye sammilitah. saha "madness, syaadnes, gladeness" (yasmin saha "lonley laik da sunn" iti geetam saha-likhitavaan) iti truteeye studio-aalbam ityasya kinchitkalanantaram pravaase marian-felial ityanena saha sammilayitum vaadyavrundam agacchat. tatah saha praarambhe satra-drummer-rupena frame-madhye sammilitah, parantu tatah sheeghramev purnakaalikam vaadyavrundam sammilayt. saha glen hancered tathaa marketa irglova ityetaih saha ekavaaram pravaase api kreeditavaan. saha svapatnyabhyam, putraadwayena cha saha doublin-nagare nivasati.

johnny paayil johnny paayil airish isaikkuzhuvin munnaal trummer aavaar. avarkalin irandaavathu aalbamaana karmarama veliyeettirku munbu biksar havusil saernthapoathu avar muthanmuthalil airish isaik kaatchiyin kavanaththirku vanthaar. moontraavathu studio aalbamaana "paiththiyam, sogam, magizhchchi" (athil avar "sooriyanaip poala thanimaiyil" endra paadalai inainthu ezhuthinaar) mudintha sirithu neraththilaeyae avar isaikkuzhuvai vittu veliyaerinaar. pinnar avar aarambaththil oru amarvu dirammaraaga piraemgalil saernthaar, aanaal viraivil mulunaera isaikkuzhuvil saernthaar. avar clen hunsord mattrum marketta irclova aakiyoarudan oru murai suttruppayanaththil vilaiyaadiyullaar. avar thanathu manaivi mattrum irandu magalgaludan dublinil vasikkiraar.

johnny boil johnny boil airish byaand dhi frames yokka maajee drummer. vaari rendava album karmarama vidudalaku mundu picture houselo cherinappudu athanu modata airish sangeeta drushyam drushtiki vacchaadu. moodava studio album, "picchi, vicharam, aanandam" (daanipai athanu "suuryuni vanti ontari" patanu saha-vrasadu) tarvaata koddikaalaanike athanu paryatanalo marian failt thoo chaeradaaniki byaandnu vidichipettadu. aaa taruvaata athanu modatlo session drummerga framelalo cheraadu, conny aaa tarvaata ventane bandlo puurti samayam cheraadu. athanu okasari glen hansard mariyu marketa irglovatho kalisi kooda aadadu. athanu thana bhaarya mariyu iddaru kumartelato kalisi doublinlo nivasistunnadu.

jaanee boyal jaanee boyal aairish bend dee freem kay saabiq dermer haine. wah pehli baar aairish music seen kii taujah mein iss waqat aayey jabb inhon nay inn kay dosray album karmarama kii release say pehley pakchar house mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii. inhon nay teesre studio album "paagal punn adaasi khushi" (jiss parr inhon nay "soraj kii tarah tanha" gaana mushtarkah toor parr likhaa thaa) kay foraa baad bend chhod diyaa aur doray parr maaryaan wafadar kay saath shaamil how gayey. iss kay baad wah ibtadayi toor parr eek seeshan dermer kay toor parr freemon mein shaamil huay leakin iss kay foraa baad hyee wah kill waqti bend mein shaamil how gayey. wah eek baar kay doray parr gleen hancered aur marketa argalova kay saath bhee kheel chakay haine. wah apnee bewi aur duu betiyon kay saath doublin mein rehta hay.

fffa30fcd550b4e13be74979a64307dd7e0cb4558ff4ba6b1a625d3425b21148

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=41265578

Semion Elistratov

Semion Elistratov Russian speed skater Semion Andreyevich Elistratov (; alternatively spelled Semen or Semyon, born 3 May 1990) is a Russian short track speed skater. He is the 2014 Olympic champion in the 5000 m relay and a double bronze medalist in the 1500 m at the 2018 and 2022 Winter Olympics. Career. Elistratov competed at the 2010 Winter Olympics for Russia. In the 500 metres and 1000 metres, he placed third in his round one heat, failing to advance, and in the 1500 metres, he placed fourth, also failing to advance. In all three events, he ended up 24th overall. As of 2013, Elistratov's best performance at the World Championships came in 2015, when he won a gold medal in 1500 m individual race. Elistratov won gold medals as a member of the Russian relay team at the 2013 and 2014 European Championships, and was runner-up in the overall competition at the 2014 European Championships as well. As of 2013, Elistratov has two ISU Short Track Speed Skating World Cup victories as part of the relay team in 2012–13 at Sochi, and in the 500 metres at Changchun in 2010–11. He also has nine other podium finishes at World Cup events, three as an individual and six in relay races. His top World Cup ranking was 4th in the 1500 metres in 2012–13. On 8 March 2016, it was known Elistratov failed a drug test for meldonium and was withdrawn from the entry list for Russia's Team to compete at the 2016 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships in Seoul, South Korea. He was temporarily suspended from the Russian team. On 13 April, the World Anti-Doping Agency gave amnesty to athletes with the presence of less than one microgram of meldonium in doping samples in tests conducted on athletes before 1 March 2016 is acceptable, WADA cites due to uncertainties and lack of studies for how long meldonium stays in the body. On 21 April 2016, the International Skating Union lifted its temporary ban on Elistratov, and he was reinstated in the team since the concentration of meldonium was below the threshold. The International Skating Union's Official Statement was quoted: "In the case of Meldonium, the WADA recognized that there is currently a lack of clear scientific information on excretion time and considers that in certain circumstances there may be grounds for no fault or negligence on the part of the athlete. All mentioned skaters credibly assured the ISU that they had discontinued the use of Meldonium before 1 January 2016, when the substance was included in the prohibited list. In light of the given information, the ISU has decided to lift the provisional suspension imposed on the four skaters, with immediate effect, to stay the results management process and consequently not to disqualify any results at the present stage." References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

semiun elistratov semiun andreavies elistratov (; bikolpobhabe semen baa semiun baanan koraa hoy, jonmo 3 mey '1990) hoise ejon rasian swort trekk speed skater. teu 5000 mitter rile 'too 2014 sonor olympic champion aaru 2018 aaru 2022 xitkalin olimpikot 1500 mitarot dubar bronz podok bijoyi. keriyar. elistratuve 2010 sonor xitkalin olimpikot rasiyar hoi protidondita korisil. 500 mitter aaru 1000 mitarot teu aagoloi jaboloi byortho hoi teur ek round hitot tritiyo sthan laabh korisil, aaru 1500 mitarot teu soturtho sthan laabh korisil, logote aagoloi jaboloi byortho hoisil. tiniuta eventot teu xamogrikbhabe 24 nomborot uponeet hoisil. 2013 sonoloike, biswo championswipot elistratovor shrestho prodorxon 2015 sonot aahisil, jetiya teu 1500 mitter byoktigoto dourot xunor podok laabh korisil. elistratuve 2013 aaru 2014 sonor europiyo championswipot rasian rile dolor xodosyo hisape xunor podok laabh korisil, aaru 2014 sonor europiyo championswipot xamogrik protijugitat ranar-aap aasil. 2013 sonoloike, elistratovor dutaa aaisu swort trekk speed skating biswokap joy aase, jikhon rile dolor ongxo hisape xusit 2012-13 too, aaru 500 mitarot sangsunot 2010-11 too. teur biswo kaap eventot aan notaa podiyam xomapto hoise, tinita byoktigotobhabe aaru soikhon rile resot. 1500 mitarot teur xirxo biswokap ranking aasil aasil sthanot. 2016 sonor 8 marchot, elistratuv meldoniumor baabe drugs porikhyat bifol hoisil buli jonaa goisil aaru dokhyin kuriyar siyulot onusthito huwa 2016 sonor biswo swort trekk speed skating championswipot protidondita koriboloi rasiyar dolor baabe prowex talikar poraa aatorai luwa hoisil. teuk rasiyar dolor poraa xamoyikbhabe nilombito koraa hoisil. 13 aprilot biswor anty-doping agencye 2016 sonor 1 marchor aagote kheluoixokolor uporot koraa porikhyat doping nomunaxomuhot etatkoi komm maikro "graam meldoniumor uposthiti thoka kheluoixokolok khyoma prodan korisil, waada-ye onissitota aaru xorirot meldonium kiman dinn thaake taar odhyoyonor obhawor baabe ullekh korise. 2016 sonor 21 aprilot antohrastriyo skating unione elistratovor uporot thoka osthayi nixedhagya uthai loisil aaru meldoniumor ghonotwo ximar tolot thokar baabe teuk dolot punor sthapon koraa hoisil. antohrastriyo skating unionor sorkari bibriti uddhrito koraa hoisiloh "meldoniumor khetrot, waada-ye swikar korisil je bortoman nirgomonor xomoyor uporot sposto boigyanik tothyor obhab aase aaru bibesona kore je kisuman poristhitit kheluoir faalor poraa kunu dux baa owohelar kaaron nathakibo paare. ullekh koraa xokolu skatere biswaxjugyobhabe aai. ess. eu. koo aaswax disil je teuluke 1 january 2016-ror aagote meldoniumor byobohar bondho korisil, jetiya ei podarthotu nixidho talikat ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. diya tothyor proti lokhyo raakhi, aai. ess. eu.-ye folafol byowosthapona prokriya obyahot rakhiboloi aaru pholsworupe bortoman porzayot kunu folafol ojugyo nokoriboloi, sarita skateror uporot aarup koraa osthayi nilombon tatkhyonikbhabe probhabito korar xiddhanto loiche."

semione elistratov semione andreivich elistratov (; bikolpobhabe semen baa semione banan, jonmo 3 meey 1990) ekti russian short track speed skater. tini 5000 mitter rilete 2014 olympic champion ebong 2018 ebong 2022 shitkalin olympyke 1500 mitare double bronz padakjayee. karmajiban. elistratov 2010 saaler shitkalin olympyke russier hoye protidwondita korechilen. 500 mitter ebong 1000 mitare tini taanr eka round hitte tritiya sthan adhikar corren, egiye jete byartho hohn ebong 1500 mitare choturtho sthan adhikar corren, ebong egiye jeteo byartho hohn. tinti eventei tini samogrikbhabe 24tomo sthane shesh corren. 2013 saaler hisabe, bishwa championshipe elistratover sera performance 2015 saale aase, jokhon tini 1500 mitter byaktigato daude swarnapadak jitechilen. elistratov 2013 ebong 2014 europea championshipe russian reele doler sadasya hisabe swarnapadak jitechilen ebong 2014 europea championshipeo samogrik protijogitai runner-up chhilen. 2013 saaler hisabe, elistratover duti isu short track speed skating vishwakap joy royeche jaa sochite 2012-13 reele doler ongsho hisabe ebong 2010-11-ayee changchune 500 mitare. tini vishwakap evente arow noyti podium samapti korechen, tinti byaktigatabhabe ebong chhoyti reele rese. 1500 mitter 2012-13-ayee taanr sheersho vishwakap ranking chhilo 4র্থ।. 2016 saaler 8ee march, elistratov meldoniumer jonno ekti drugg porikkhai byartho hohn ebong dakkhin corrier siul-ayee 2016 saaler bishwa short track speed skating championshipe protidwondita korar jonno russier doler probesh talika theke prottahar koraa hoy. taake russian doll theke samoyikbhabe borkhasto koraa hoy. 13ee april, bishwa anty-doping agency 1 march 2016-err agey kridavidder upor porichalito porikkhai doping namuna eka microgramero qama meldonium uposthitir saathe kridavidder khama diyechilo, oyada anishchayata ebong adhyayaner abhaber karone ullekh koreche jey meldonium shorire kotokkhon thaake. 21shhey april 2016-ayee, antorjatik skating union elistratover upor theke taar asthayi nishedhagga tuley neyo ebong meldoniumer ghonotto seamer niche thakay taake doley punarbahal koraa hoy. antorjatik skating unioner anusthanik bibriti uddhrito koraa hoyechiloh "meldoniumer khettre, oyada sweekar koreche jey bortomane malmutra uttoloner somoy somporke sposhto boigyanik tothyer abhab royeche ebong bibechona korey jey nirdishto poristhitite konao dosh baa abohelar kaaron thakte paare naa kridavid. ullikhito samasta sketarra biswasjogyobhabe isuke ashwasto korechilen jey, 2016 saaler 1 januarir agey meldoniumer byabohar bondho korey deoa hoyechilo, jokhon podarthoti nishiddho talika antarbhukta koraa hoyechilo. prodotto tothyer aloke, aaee. esha. eu. folafol porichalon prokriyati abyahoto rakhte ebong falaswarup bortoman porjaye konao folafolke ajogya naa korar jonno, tatkhonikbhabe karjokorbhabe charti skater upor aropito asthayi sthogitadesh tuley neoar siddhanta niyeche."

semiyan alastratov semion andrewich alastratov (; vaikalpik reete veerya athavaa semeeonnee jodani, janm 3 meey 1990) aek russian tunkaa track speed skater chhe. teo 5000 meater reelema 2014 olympic champiyan chhe aneey 2018 aneey 2022 shiyaalu olympicma 1500 meterma bevada kansya chandrak vijeta chhe. karkirdi. elistratove russia maate 2010naa shiyaalu olympicma bhaag leedho hato. 500 meater aneey 1000 meterma, temane potaani aek round heetma trija sthaane sthaan melavyu, aagad vadhvaamaa nishfal rahyaa, aneey 1500 meterma, teo chothaa sthaane rahyaa, pann aagad vadhvaamaa nishfal rahyaa. traney spardhaoma, teey ekandare 24maa sthaane rahyo hato. 2013 sudhimaa, vishva champiyanshipma elistratovnu shreshth pradarshan 2015 maan aavyu hatoo, jyaare tene 1500 meater vyaktigat dodmaa suvarn chandrak jeetyo hato. elistratove 2013 aneey 2014 european champiyanshipma russian reele teamnaa sabhy tareeke suvarn chandrako jeetya hataa aneey 2014 european champiyanshipma pann ekandar spardhama upvijeta hataa. 2013 sudhimaa, alastratov paase sochee khaate 2012-13 maan reele teamnaa bhaag rupe beey isu shorta track speed skating vishva cup jeet chhe, aneey 2010-11 maan changchun khaate 500 meterma. tenee paase vishva cup spardhaoma anya nava podiyam samaapt chhe, trana vyaktigat tareeke aneey chh reele resamaa. 1500 meterma 2012-13 maan temnu tochnu vishva cup ranking 4thoo hatoo. 8 march 2016naa roj, teey jaanitu hatoo keey alastratov meldonium maate drugg testamaa nishfal gayo hato aneey dakshin koreeyana siolma 2016 vishva shorta track speed skating champiyanshipma spardhaa karvaa maate russiani team maate pravesh soochimathi tene paachho khenchee levaamaa aavyo hato. temne russian teamathi asthaayi rupe suspended karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 13 aprilnaa roj, vishwani dopping veerodhi agency 1 march 2016 pahelaa athlets parr haath dharvaamaa aavela parikshanoma dopping namunaoma aek microgramthi ochha meldoniyamni haajari saathe athletsne maafee aapee hatee, jeey sveekarya chhe, kaaran keey anishchitataane kaarane aneey shareerma meldonium ketalo samay rahe chhe tenaa abhyasna abhavne kaarane. 21 april 2016naa roj, aantarrashtriy skating yuniyane alastratov parno teno kaamchalaau pratibandh hataavi leedho hato aneey meldoniyamni saandrata threasholdthi neeche hovathi tene team punsthapit karvaamaa aavyo hato. aantarrashtriy skating unionnun sattavaar nivedan tankvama aavyu hatuh "meldoniyamnaa kissaamaa, vaadaae sveekaaryu hatoo keey haalmaa visarjanaa samay parr spasht vaignanik maahiteeno abhaav chhe aneey teey maane chhe keey amuk sanjogomaa ramatvirni koee bhool athavaa bedarkari maate aadhaar hoi shake chhe. ullekheet tamaam sketaroae isune vishvaspatra reete khaatari aapee hatee keey teoae 1 january 2016 pahelaa meldoniyamno upyog bundh curry deedho hato, jyaare padaarthne pratibandhit yaadimaa saamel karvaamaa aavyo hato. aapel maahitinaa prakashma, isuae parinam vyavsthaapan prakriyaane jaalvi raakhvaa aneey parinaame vartmaan tabakke koee pann parinaamone geralayak naa theravvaa maate, taatkaalik asarthi chaar skater parr ladvama aavela kaamchalaau suspensionne hataavvaano nirnay leedho chhe."

semian alastratov semione andrewich alastratov (; vaikalpik roop seey veerya yaa semione, janm 3 maee 1990) ack russie laghu track gati skater haye. vaha 5000 meater rille mein 2014 olympic champion hain aur 2018 aur 2022 sheetkaleen olympic mein 1500 meater mein dou baar kansya padak vijeta hain. carrier. alastratov ney roose key liye 2010 sheetkaleen olympic mein bhaag liya. 500 meater aur 1000 meater mein, unhone apani round ack heat mein teesara sthaan praapt kiya, aage badhane mein whiffle rahey, aur 1500 meater mein, unhone chautha sthaan praapt kiya, joe aage badhane mein bhee whiffle rahey. teenon pratiyogitaon mein, vaha kull milakar 24vein sthaan parr rahey. 2013 taka, vishva championship mein alastratov kaa sarvshreshth pradarshan 2015 mein aaya, jaba unhone 1500 meater vyaktigat daud mein swarn padak jeetaa. alastratov ney 2013 aur 2014 europeeya championship mein russie rille team key sadasya key roop mein swarn padak jeete, aur 2014 europeeya championship mein bhee samagr pratiyogita mein upvijeta rahey. 2013 taka, alastratov ney sochi mein 2012-13 mein rille team key hisse key roop mein dou isu short track speed skating vishva cup jeet hassil kii haye, aur 2010-11 mein changchun mein 500 meater mein. unake paas vishva cup pratiyogitaon mein nau anya podium finish bhee hain, teen ack vyaktigat key roop mein aur chhah rille daud mein. unaki sheersh vishva cup ranking 1500 meater mein 2012-13 mein chauthi thee. 8 march 2016 koo, yeh gyaat thaa kii alastratov meldonium key liye ack dawa pareekshan mein whiffle rhaa aur dakshin koria key seol mein 2016 vishva short track speed skating championship mein pratispardha karane key liye roose kii team key liye pravesh soochi seey vaapas leey liya gayaa thaa. unhein russie team seey asthaayi roop seey nilambit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 13 aprail koo, vishva dopping rodhi agency ney 1 march 2016 seey pahale athletes parr kiye gaye parikshanon mein dopping namoonon mein ack microgram seey cumm meldonium kii upasthiti vaale athletes koo maafi dee, joe sweekarya haye, vaadaa ney anishchitataon aur adhyayan kii kamee key kaaran bataaya kii shareer mein meldonium kitane samay taka rahata haye. 21 aprail 2016 koo, antarrashtriya skating sangh ney alastratov parr apana asthaayi pratibandh hataa liya, aur unhein team mein bahaal curr diyaa gayaa kyonki meldonium kii ekagrata seema seey neeche thee. antarrashtriya skating sangh key aadhikarik bayaan koo uddhrit kiya gayaa thaah "meldonium key mamle mein, vaadaa ney maanaa kii vartamaan mein visarjan samay parr spasht vaigyaanik jaankaari kii kamee haye aur yeh maanata haye kii kuchh paristhitiyon mein athlete kii or seey koee galati yaa laparwahi key liye aadhar naheen hoe sakate hain. sabhi ullikhit skaters ney isu koo vishvasyogya roop seey ashvasana diyaa kii unhone 1 janwari 2016 seey pahale meldonium kaa upayog bund curr diyaa thaa, jaba padaarth koo pratibandhit soochi mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa. dee gaee jaankaari key aalok mein, aaee. aiss. yuu. ney parinam prabandhan prakriya koo banaae rakhane aur parinamswarup vartamaan star parr kissy bhee parinam koo ayogya naheen thaharaane key liye, tatkaal prabhaav seey chaar skaters parr lagaae gaye asthaayi nilamban koo hataane kaa nirnay liya haye."

semian elistratov semian mattu elistratov (paryayavagi veerya athawa semione endu uchcharisalaaguttade, janana 3 mayee 1990) obba rashyaada short track speed skater. avaru 5000 meater rileyalli 2014rahra olympic champiyan mattu 2018 mattu 2022rahra chaligaalada olympicsnalli 1500 meater otadalli eradu baari kanchina padaka vijetaraagiddaare. vrattijeevana. elistratov 2010rahra chaligaalada olympicsnalli rashyaakkaagi spardhisidaru. 500 meater mattu 1000 meetargalalli, avaru tamma round one heetnalli moorane sthaanadalliddaru, munnadesalu viphalaraadaru, mattu 1500 meetargalalli, avaru nalkane sthaanadalliddaru, munduvariyalu viphalaraadaru. ellah mooru spardegalalli, avaru ottare 24neey sthaanadalli konegondaru. 2013rahra hottige, vishwa champiyanshipnalli elistratov avara atyuttama pradarshanavu 2015ralli banditu, avaru 1500 meater vaiyaktika otadalli chinnada padakavannu geddaru. elistratov 2013 mattu 2014rahra european champiyanshipgalalli rashyaada relay tandada sadasyaraagi chinnada padakagalannu geddaru mattu 2014rahra european champiyanshipgala ottare spardheyalliyu runner-up aagiddaru. 2013rahra hottige, elistratov avaru sochiyalli 2012-13 nalli relay tandada bhagavagi eradu isu short track speed scating vishwakap vijayagalannu hondiddaare, mattu 2010-11 nalli changchannalli 500 meetargalalli. avaru vishwakap spardegalalli ombattu podiyam phinishgalannu saha hondiddaare, mooru vaiyaktikavagi mattu aaru relay resgalalli. 1500 meetargalalli avara agra vishwakap shreyankavu 4neey sthaanadallittu. 2016rahra march 8randu, elistratov meldoniumna aushadha pariksheyalli viphalanaadanendu tilidubandide mattu daksina koriyaada seyolnalli nadeda 2016rahra vishwa short track speed scating champiyanshipnalli spardhisalu rashyaada tandakke pravesha pattiyinda hintegedukollalaayitu. avarannu rashyaada tandadinda tatkalikavagi amaanatugolisalaayitu. april 13randu, vishwa doping virodhi samstheyu 2016rahra march 1rahra modalu kridapatugala mele nadesida parikshegalalli doping maadarigalalli wandakkinta kadime microgram meldonium iruvikeyondige kridapatugalige kshamaadaanavannu needitu, anishchitategalu mattu meldonium dehadalli eshtu kaala uliyuttade embudara adhyayanada korateyindagi idu sweekaaraarhavaagide endu ullekhisalaagide. 2016rahra april 21randu, antararashtriya scating okkootavu elistratov melina taatkaalika nishedhavannu tegeduhaakitu mattu meldoniumna saandrateyu mitiginta kelagiddarinda avarannu tandadalli marusthaapisalaayitu. antararashtriya scating okkootada adhikruta helikeyannu ullekhisalaagideh "meldoniumna sandarbhadalli, visarjaneya samayada bagge prastuta spashta vaignaanika maahitiya korateyide endu vaadaa gurutiside mattu kelavu sandarbhagalalli yaavude tappu athawa nirlakshyakke karanagalilla endu pariganisuttade. ullekhisalaada ellah skatergalu 2016rahra janavari 1rahra modalu, nishedhita pattiyalli ee padaarthavannu serisidaaga, meldoniumna balakeyannu nillisiruvudaagi isuvige vishvasarhavagi bharavase niididaru. kottiruva maahitiya belakinalli, phalitaamshagala nirvahanaa prakriyeyannu ulisikollalu mattu adara parinaamavaagi prastuta hantadalli yaavude phalitaamshagalannu anarhagolisadante, takshanadinda jaarige baruvante naalku skatergala mele vidhisalaada taatkaalika amanatu tegeduhakalu isu nirdhariside."

semian elistraattov oru russian short track speed skettaraanu semian andrevich elistraattov (; pakaram beejam allengil semian ennu ucharikkappedunnu, jananam 3 meyy 1990). 5000 meter relayil 2014leeii olimbiku chaambyanum 2018,2022 sheetakaala olimbiksil 1500 meettaril eratta venkala medel jethaavumaan addeham. currier. 2010leeii sheetakaala olimbiksil russiayk vendi elistraattov malsarichu. 500 meterilum 1000 meterilum thante raundu vann heatil moonnaam sthaanathethiya addeham munnerunnathil parajayappettu, 1500 meettaril naalam sthaanathethiya addeham munnerunnathil parajayappettu. moonnu enangalilum addeham mothatthil 24-aamm sthaanathethi. 2013 leeii kanakkanusarichu, loka chaambyanshippile elistraattovinte ettavum mikacha prakadanam 2015 ll 1500 meter vyakthigatha oottathil swarnna medel nediyappozhaanu. 2013lum 2014lum europian chaambyanshippil russian rile teamil amgamenna nilayil swarnna medalukal nediya elistraattovu 2014ll europian chaambyanshippilum randaam sthaanathethi. 2013 leeii kanakkanusarichu, esistraattovinu rile teaminte bhaagamaayi rund isu short track speed scating lokakapp vijayangal undu, sochiyile 2012-13 lum, 500 meettaril chaanchoonile 2010-11 lum. lokakappil moonnu vyakthigatha malsarangalilum aarr rile malsarangalilum addehathinu mattu ombathu podiyam finishukalum undu. 1500 meettaril aii. dii. 1ll naalam sthaanathaayirunnu addehathinte lokakapp ranking. 2016 march 8 nuu, meldoniyathinaayulla oru mayakkumarunnu parisodhanayil elistraattovu parajayappettathaayi ariyappedukayum dakshina koriyayile siyolil nadanna 2016 loka short track speed scating chaambyanshippil malsarikkunnathinu russian teaminte entry listtil ninnu pinmaarukayum cheythu. russian teamil ninnu addehathe thaalkkaalikamaayi suspended cheythu. 2016 march onninu munbu athlattukalil nadatthiya parisodhanakalil uttejaka saambilukalil oru microgram meldonium maathram ulla athlattukalkk epril 13 nuu loka uttejaka virudha ejansi pothumaapp nalki, ithu sveekaaryamaanu, anishchithathvangalum padanangalude abhavavum kaaranam vaada udharikkunnu. 2016 epril 21 nuu anthaaraashtra scating union elistraattovinu melulla thaalkkaalika nirodhanam pinvalikkukayum meldoniyathinte saandrata paridikk thazheyaayathinaal addehathe teamil punasthaapikkukayum cheythu. anthaaraashtra scating yooniyante audyogika prasthavana udharichu "meldoniyathinte kaaryatthil, visarjjana samayathekkurichu nilavil vyakthamaaya shaasthreeya vivarangalude abhaavamundennu vaada thiricharinju, chila saahacharyangalil athlattinte bhaagathuninnu thetto ashradhayo illennu kanakkakkunnu. 2016 januvari 1nuu munbu meldonium nirodhicha pattikayil ulppeduthunnathinu munbu meldonium upayogikkunnathu nirthalaakkiyathaayi paraamarshicha ellah skettarmaarum isuk vishvaasayogyamaayi urappu nalki. nalkiyirikkunna vivarangalude velichathil, phala maanejment prakriya nilanirthunnathinum thathfalamaayi nilavile ghattathil oru phalatheyum ayogyamaakkaathirikkunnathi naalu skettarmaarkk earppeduthiyirunna thaalkkaalika suspension udan praabalyatthil ninnu neekkaan aii. ezz. yuu theerumaanichu."

semian elistratov semione andrewich elistratov (; paryayipane veerya kinwa semione asey lihile jaate, janm 3 meey 1990) haah eka russian short track speed skater aahe. too 5000 meater rilemadhye 2014 olympic vijeta aahe aanee 2018 aanee 2022 hiwali olympicmadhye 1500 metermadhye duheri kansyapadak vijeta aahe. karkird. elistratovne elistratovne hiwali olympicmadhye rashiyasathi bhag ghetala. 500 meater aanee 1000 meater sharyatit, too tyachya pahilya ferichya sharyatit sharyatit sthanavar rahila, pudhe jaanyat ayashasvi jhaala aanee 1500 meater sharyatit too chauthya sthanavar rahila, pudhe jaanyatahi too ayashasvi jhaala. tinhi spardhanmadhye too ekoon ekoon sthanavar rahila. 2013 paryant, elistratovchi jaagtik ajinkyapad spardhetil sarvottam kamgiri 2015 madhye aalee, jevha tyane 1500 meater vaiyaktik sharyatit suvarnapadak jinkale. elistratovne 2013 aanee 2014 chya european ajinkyapad spardhanmadhye russian rile sanghacha sadasya mhanoon suvarnapadake jinkley aanee 2014 chya european ajinkyapad spardhanmadhyehi too ekoon spardhet upavijeta tharala. 2013 paryant, elistratovne sochee yethe 2012-13 madhye rile sanghacha bhag mhanoon done isu short track speed skating vishvachashak vijay midavale aahet aanee 2010-11 madheel changchun yethe 500 metermadhye. vishvachashak spardhanmadhye tyane itar nauu podiyam finishing dekhil kele aahet, teen vaiyaktik aanee sahaa rile sharyatinmadhye. 1500 meater sharyatit aay. dii. 1. madhye tyache avval jaagtik kramvarit chauthe sthan hote. 8 march 2016 roji, meldoniumsathichya aushadh chachanimadhye elistratov ayashasvi jhaala aanee dakshin koriyachya siol yethe jhalelya 2016 chya jaagtik short track speed skating ajinkyapad spardhet russiachya sanghasathi pravesh yaditoon tyala mage ghenyat aale. tyala russian sanghatoon tatpurte nilambit karnyat aale hote. 1 march 2016 purvi kheladunvar kelelya chachanyanmadhye, dopping namunyanmadhye eka microgrampeksha qamee meldonium asalelya kheladunna 13 april roji jaagtik uttejak dravyavirodhi sansthene maafee dilee, asey anishchitatemule aanee sharirat meldonium kitee kaal rahato yabaddal abhyasachya abhavamule vada uddhrut karate. 21 april 2016 roji, aantarrashtriy skating unionne elistratovaril tatpurati bandee uthavali aanee meldoniumche praman threasholdchya khalee asalyane tyala sanghat punha samavisht karnyat aale. aantarrashtriy skating sanghatanechya adhikrut nivedanacha hawala deela gelah "meldoniumchya babatit, vadane olakhale qee sadhya utsarjanachya velebaddal spasht vaidnyanik mahiticha abhav aahe aanee kahee paristhitinmadhye kheladuchya konatyahi chukisathi kinwa nishkaljipanasathi karane asoo shakatat asey manale jaate. serve ullekhit skaterney aay. ess. yuu. laa vishvasarhpane aashvasan dile qee tyanni 1 janewari 2016 purvi meldoniumcha vapar bund keela hota, jevha padarth pratibandhit yadeet samavisht karnyat aala hota. dilelya mahitichya prakashat, aay. ess. yuu. neey parinam vyavasthapan prakriya sthagit thevanyasathi aanee parinami sadhyachya tappyavar konatehi nikal apatra naan tharvanyasathi, chaar skatervaril tatpurte nilamban tatkal prabhavane uthavanyacha nirnay ghetala aahe."

semian alastratov semian andreivich alastratov (; vaikalpik rupma virya wa semian hizze, janma 3 maee 1990) ek rusi chhoto track speed skater how. uni 5000 mitter rilema 2014 olympic champion rar 2018 rar 2022 shitkalin olympicma 1500 mitterma dohoro kansya padak vijeta hun. currier. alastratovle sann 2010 ko shitkalin olympicma ruska lagi pratispardha gareka thie. 500 mitter rar 1000 mitterma, unle afno round ek heatma tesro sthan prapta gare, agadi badhna asafal bhae, rar 1500 mitterma, uni chautho sthan prapta gare, pani agadi badhna asafal bhae. tinai pratiyogitama uni samagrama 24 aun sthanma rahe. sann 2013 samma, vishwa championshipma alastratovko utkrishta pradarshan sann 2015 maa aeko thiyo, jab unle 1500 mitter wyaktigat daudama swarna padak jiteka thie. alastratovle 2013 rar 2014 europeli championshipma rusi rile toliko sadasyako rupma swarna padak jiteka thie, rar 2014 europeli championshipma pani samagra pratiyogitama upawijeta thie. sann 2013 samma, alastratovle sochima 2012-13 maa rile toliko bhagko rupma dui isu cert track speed skating vishwa cup jitharu paeka chhan, rar 2010-11 maa changchunma 500 mitterma. unisanga vishwakap pratiyogitaharuma anya nau podium finishharu pani chhan, tean wyaktigat rupma rar chha rile daudharuma. unko shirsha vishwakap ranking 1500 mitterma 2012-13 maa chautho thiyo. 8 march 2016 maa, alastratov meldoniumko lagi aushadhi parikshanma asafal bhaeko thaha thiyo rar dakshin koreako siulma bhaeko 2016 vishwa cert track speed skating championshipma pratispardha garna rasiyako tolika lagi prawesh suchibata firta liiyo. unlai rusi tolibata asthayi rupma nilamban garieko thiyo. 13 aprilma, vishwa anti-doping agencyle 1 march 2016 aghi kheladiharuma garieko parikshanharuma doping namunama ek microgram bhanda cum meldoniumko upasthiti bhaeka kheladiharulai mafi diyo, wadale anishchittako karan rar sharirma meldonium kati samayasamma rahanchha bhanne adhyayanko abhawalai uddhrit gardacha. 21 april 2016 maa, antarrashtriya skating unionle alastratovmathi afno asthayi pratibandha hataeko thiyo, rar meldoniumko ekagrata thresholdbhanda tall bhaekale unlai tolima punahsthapita garieko thiyo. antarrashtriya skating unionko adhikarik bayan uddhrit garieko thiyoh "meldoniumko mamalama, wadale hall utsarjan samayako barema spashta vaigyanik jankariko abhawa raheko swikar garyo rar kehi paristhitiharuma ethlitko kunai galti wa laparwahiko adhar huna sakdaina bhanne vichar gardacha. sabai ullekhit skaterharule vishwasaniya rupma isulai ashwasana die kii uniharule 1 janawari 2016 aghi meldoniumko prayog banda gareka thie, jab padartha nishedhit suchima samawesh garieko thiyo. diieko jankariko prakashma, isule parinam wyawasthapan prakriyalai kayam rakhna rar falaswarup wartaman charanma kunai pani parinamlai ayogya namanna tatkal prabhawabata chaar skaterharuma lagaieko asthayi nilamban hataune nirnaya gareko chha."

semian elistratabh semian aandreivich elistratabh (; bikalpa bhabe birjya kimba semian, janma 3 meey 1990) jane rushiah cert track speed skater. shay 5000 mitter rilere 2014 alympic champion ebong 2018 ebong 2022 shitakalina alimpiksare 1500 mitarare dwita bronz padaka bijeta . kyariyara. elistratov 2010 shitakalina alimpiksare rushia paain pratidwandita karithile. 500 mitter ebong 1000 mitter daudare shay pratham roundre truteeja sthana adhikara karithile, aagaku badhibare biphal hoithile ebong 1500 mitter daudare chaturtha sthana adhikara karithile, ebong aagaku badhibare madhya biphal hoithile. ehi tinoti iventare shay motamoti bhabe bhabe sthanare rahithile. 2013 masiha suddha, biswa champianasipare elistratovnka shrestha pradarshan 2015 masihare asithila, jetebele shay 1500 mitter byaktigata daudare swarna padaka jitithile. 2013 ebong 2014 europeah champianasipare rushiah rile dalara sadasya bhabare elistratov swarna padaka jitithile ebong 2014 europeah champianasipare madhya samagrika pratijogitare runners up hoithile. 2013 masiha suddha, elistratov sochithare 2012-13 ray rile dalara ansha bhabare duiti isu cert track speed skating biswakap bijai hassel karichanti, ebong 2010-11 ray changachunare 500 mitarare. biswakap iventare tankara anya nauty podiam samapta hoichhi, tinoti byaktigata bhabare ebong rile resare chhaati . 1500 mitter daudare tankara biswakap rankinga chaturtha sthanare thila. 8 march 2016 ray, ehaa janaa padithila je elistratov meldonium paain eka drugg parikhyare biphal hoithile ebong dakhina koriara siulare 2016 biswa cert track speed skating championshipre pratidwandita karibaku rushiaara dala paain prabesha talikaru pratyahara karajaithila. tanku rushiah dalaru samajika bhabe nilambita karajaithila. april 13 ray, biswa anty-doping agency 1 march 2016 purbaru athaletmananka upare karajaithiba parikhyanare doping namunare eka microgramaru comm meldonium upasthita thiba athaletmananku khyama pradan karithila, wada anishchitata ebong adhyajana abhaba hetu uddhruta karichhi je meldonium kete deane parjyanta shareerare rahithae . 21 april 2016 ray, antarjatija skating union elistratov upare ehara asthajee pratibandhaka uthaila, ebong meldoniumer sandrata seema tale thibaru tanku dalare punahsthapita karajaithila . antarjatija skating unionara sarkari bibruttiku uddhruta karajaithilaha "meldonium khetrare, wada sweekara karichhi je bartamana nirgamana samai bishajare spust baigyanika suchanara abhaba achhi ebong bibechana kare je nirdista paristhitire kaunasi truti kimba abahela paain aadhara nathaipare kridabit. samasta ullikhita skatermane biswasaneeja bhabare isjuku aaswasana deithile je semane 1 januari 2016 purbaru meldoniumer byabahara banda karideichhanti, jetebele padarthaku nishidha talikare antarbhukta karajaithila . diajaithiba suchanaku drustire rakhi, aai. ess. jayu. phalaphal parichalana prakrijaku sthagita rakhiba ebong phalaswaroopa bartamana parjyajare kaunasi phalaphalaku ajogya ghoshana nakariba paain, turanta prabhaba sahita chaari john sketarnka upare laagu karajaithiba asthajee nilamban uthaibaku nishpatti neichi."

semian elistertov semian andrievich elistertov (; badalven roop witch seaman jaan semione, janam 3 maee 1990) ikk russie shaart track speed skater haii. uh 5000 meeter relay witch 2014 olympic champion haii atey 2018 atey 2022 dey sarad rutt olympic witch 1500 meeter witch doou vaar kaansi daa tagma jetu haii. carrier. elistratov neey roos laee 2010 dey sarad rutt olympic witch hissa liaa. 500 meeter atey 1000 meeter witch, uh aapni raoond vann heat witch teeje sathaan 'teey riha, agge vadhan witch asfal riha, atey 1500 meeter witch, uh chauthe sathaan' teey riha, uh vee agge vadhan witch asfal riha. tinnan mukabaliaan witch uh kull milaa keey keey sathaan utte riha. 2013 takk, vishav championship witch elistratov daa sarbottam pardarshan 2015 witch aaiaa see, jadon usne 1500 meeter viaktigat daud witch soone tagma jittiaa see. elistratov neey 2013 atey 2014 european championship witch russie relay team dey member vajon sone dey tagme jitte atey 2014 european championship witch vee samuche mukabale witch upp jetu riha. 2013 takk, elistratov neey sochi vikhe 2012-13 witch relay team dey hisse vajon doou aaee. aiss. yuu. shaart track speed skating vishav kapp jitte hunn, atey 2010-11 witch changchun vikhe 500 meeter witch. uss neey vishav kapp dey mukabaliaan witch naun horr podium finish vee keete hunn, tinn viaktigat taur 'teey atey chhe relay races witch. uhanan dee vishav kapp ranking 1500 meeter witch chauthe sathaan utte see. 8 march 2016 noon, ih janhiaa jaanda see kii elistratov meldonium laee ikk drugg test witch asfal hoow giaa see atey roos dee team laee seol, dakkhni koria witch 2016 vishav shaart track speed skating championship witch mukabala curran laee entary suchi toon waps lae liaa giaa see. uss noon roos dee team toon asthai taur 'teey muattal qarr ditta giaa see. 13 aprail noon, vishav doping roku agency neey 1 march 2016 toon pahilan athleetan utte keete gaye testan witch doping namuniaan witch ikk microgram toon ghatt meldonium dee maujudgi vaale athleetan noon muafi dey ditti, joe swikaryog haii, vaada neey anishchittavan atey adhiaen dee ghaat caarn dassiaa kii sareer witch meldonium kinne samein takk rahinda haii. 21 aprail 2016 noon, antarashtari skating union neey elistertov utte aapni asthai pabandi hataa laee, atey uss noon team witch bahaal qarr ditta giaa kiunki meldonium dee gadahapan threshold toon hethan see. antarashtari skating union dey adhikarat biaan daa havala ditta giaa seeuuu "meldonium dey mamle witch, vaada neey manniaa kii iss vele mull-nikas dey samein baare sapshat vigiaanak jankari dee ghaat haii atey mannada haii kii kujh haaltan witch athleet dee koee galti jaan laparvahi dey adhaar naheen hoow sakde hunn. saare zikar keete skateran neey aaee. aiss. yuu. noon bharoseyog dhang naal bharosa ditta kii unhan neey 1 janwari 2016 toon pahilan meldonium dee varton bnd qarr ditti see, jadon padarath noon varjit suchi witch shamal keeta giaa see. ditti gaee jankari dey maddenazar, aaee. aiss. yuu. neey chaar skateran utte lagaai aarzi muattali noon turant prabhav naal hataun daa faisla keeta haii, taan joe natije parbandhan prakiriaa noon rokiaa jaa sake atey natije vajon maujuda padaa utte kise vee natije noon ayog naa thahiraiaa jaa sake."

semion alastratov semion endrevich alastratov (; vaikalpikaroopen veeryam athavaa semion iti vartanee, janma 3 mey 1990) ekaha russian-laghu-maarga-gati-skater asti. saha 5000 meater rile ityasmin 2014 olympic-chaampiyan asti, 2018 tathaa 2022 shitkal-olympic-kreedaasu 1500 meater ityasmin dvivaaram kaamsyapadakavijetaa cha asti. vruttihi. alastratov ityeshah 2010 tame varshe rashiyaadeshasy krute shitkal-olympic-kreedaasu spardhaam akarot. 500 meater-1000 meater-madhye cha, saha swasya prathama-vrutta-ushnatayam truteeyam sthaanam praptavan, agre gantum asaphalah, 1500 meater-madhye cha chaturtham sthaanam praptavan, api cha agre gantum asaphalah abhavat. trayanam spardhaasu saha samagratayaa 24 tame sthaane samaapitah. 2013 tamavarshaparyantam vishva-pratiyogitaasu alastratov ityasya sarvottamam pradarshanm 2015 tame varshe abhavat, yadaa saha 1500 meater vyaktigata-spardhayam swarnapadakam praptavan. alastratov 2013 tathaa 2014 tame varshe europiya-championship-kreedaasu russian-rile-dalasya sadasyatvena swarnapadakam praptavan, 2014 tame varshe europiya-championship-kreedaasu api samagraspardhayam upavijetaa aasit. 2013 tamavarshaparyantam, alastratov-varyasya sochee-nagare 2012-13 ityasmin rile-dalasya bhagarupena, tathaa cha 2010-11 ityatra chaangchun-nagare 500 meater-madhye cha isoo-shaart-track-speed-skating-vishvakap-vijayadvayam asti. tasya vishvakap-spardhaasu nava podiyam-finishing api asti, trayah vyaktigataroopen, shut rile-res-madhye cha. 1500 meater-kridaayaam tasya vishvakap-madhye shirshasthanam chaturtham aasit. 2016 maarch 8 dinaanke, alastratov ityeshah meldonium ityasya aushadhaparikshaayaam asaphalah abhavat iti dnyaatah, dakshinakoriyadeshasy siyol-nagare 2016 tame varshe vishva-laghu-patha-gati-skating-pratiyogitaayaam spardhaam kartum rashiyaadeshasy dalasya praveshasoocheem prati apasaaritah. saha russian-dalaat asthaayeeroopen nilambitah. april 13 dinaanke, vishva-doping-rodhee-samsthaa 2016 maarch 1 dinaankaat poorvam kridapatunam upari aayojiteshu parikshaneshu doping-namoonaasu eka-macrograam-taha nyunaa meldonium-yuktaanaam kridapatunam krute kshamadanam adadat, wada ityeshah anishchitatayaha tathaa shareere meldonium kiyat kaalam yaavat bhavati iti adhyayanasya abhaavasya cha karanat udaghoshayati. 2016 april 21 dinaanke antarashtriya-skating-sanghah alastratov ityasya upari asthaayeeroopen pratibandham nitva, meldonium ityasya sandrata sima-nyoonah aasit iti karanat saha dale punah sthaapitah. antarashtriya-skating-sanghasya adhikarikam vaktavyam uddhrutam aasith "meldonium-ityasya vishaye, wada-samsthaa vartamaanakaale visarjana-samayasya vishaye spashtasya vaidnyaanikasoochanaanaam abhaawah asti iti angeekrutavatee, tathaa cha katipaya-paristhitishu kreedaapatunah doshasya athavaa upekshayaha kaaranaani naa bhaveyuhu iti manyati. sarve ullikhita-skater-kreedakaah aii. ess. yoo.-samsthaayai vishvaasayogyatayaa aashwastawantah yat te 2016 janavaree 1 taha poorvam meldonium ityasya upayogam nirasitavantah iti, yadaa padarthah nishiddhasuchyam antarbhavati sma. dattasuchananam prakashena, aii. ess. yoo. ityanena parinaamaprabandhanaprakriya stheertum tathaa tatkshanaat vartamaanastare kasyaapi parinaamasya ayogyatam naa kartum, chaturnaam skaters-krute aaropitasya asthaayeesy nilambanam tatkshanaat prabhaawen nivaarayitum nirnayah krutah."

semian elistradov semian mattrum reivich elistradov (; maattru ezhuththu vadivil vinthanu allathu semeon, pirappu 3 mae 1990) oru russia kurugiya track vaeka scatter aagum. avar 5000 meettar rilaeyil 2014 olympic saambiyanaagavum, 2018 mattrum 2022 kulirkaala olimpikkil 1500 meteril irattai venkalap pathakkam ventravaraagavum ullaar. thozhil. elistradov 2010 kulirkaala olimpikkil rashyaavukkaaga poattiyittaar. 500 meettar mattrum 1000 meteril, avar thanathu suttru oru veppaththil moontraavathu idaththaip pidiththaar, munnaerath thavarivittaar, 1500 meteril, avar naankaavathu idaththaip pidiththaar, maelum munnaerath thavarivittaar. moontru nigazhvugalilum, avar ottumoththamaaga 24 vadhu idaththaip pidiththaar. 2013 aam aandu nilavarappadi, ulaga saambiyanshippil elistradovin sirantha seyalthiran 2015 aam aandil vanthathu, appoathu avar 1500 meettar thanipatta panthayaththil thangap pathakkam ventraar. elistradov 2013 mattrum 2014 iroappiya saambiyanshippugalil russia rilae aniyin uruppinaraaga thangap pathakkangkalai ventraar, maelum 2014 iroappiya saambiyanshippilum ottumoththa poattiyil irandaam idaththaip pidiththaar. 2013 aam aandu nilavarappadi, elistradov soachchiyil ulla aii. dii. 2 ill rilae aniyin oru paguthiyaaga irandu aii. ess. yuu kurugiya track vaeka scatting ulagak kooppai vetrtrikalaiyum, aii. dii. 1 ill ulla saangsanil ulla 500 meterilum pettrullaar. ulagak kooppai nigazhvugalil avar onbathu maedaiyil muditthullaar, moontru thaninaparaagavum, aaru rilae panthayangkalilum. 1500 meettar oottappanthayaththil avarathu muthal ulagak kooppai tharavarisai tharavarisai idaththil irunththathu. 8 maarch 2016 andru, elistradov meltoaniyaththirkaana oru poathaipporul soathanaiyil thoalviyadainthaar endru ariyappattathu, maelum therku koreavin seulil nadantha 2016 ulaga kurugiya track speet scatting saambiyanshippil poattiyida russiavin anikkaana nuzhaivu pattiyalil irunthu thirumbap perappattathu. avar russia aniyil irunthu thartkaaligamaaga idaineekkam seiyappattaar. aepral 13 andru, ulaga ookkamarunthu ethirppu niruvanam vilayaattu veerargalukku podhu mannippu valangkiyathu, 1 maarch 2016 kku munnar vilayaattu veerargalukku nadatthappatta soathanaigalil ookkamarunthu maathirigalil oru micrograamukkum kuraivaana meltonium iruppathu aetrtrukkollaththakkathu, nichchayamatra thanmai mattrum aaivugal illaathathaal maerkoal kaattukirathu meltonium udalil evvalavu kaalam ullathu. aepral 21,2016 andru, sarvadesa scatting union elistradov meethaana thartkaalika thadaiyai neekkiyathu, maelum meltanium serivu varampirkuk keezhae irunthathaal avar aniyil meendum niyamikkappattaar. sarvadesa scatting ontriyaththin athikaarappoorva arikkai maerkoal kaattappattathuh "meltonium vishayathil, veliyaettra neram kuritthu tharpoothu thelivaana ariviyal thagavalkal illai enbathai vadaa angkeekariththathu, maelum sila soozhnilaigalil thadagala veerarin tharappil endha thavarum allathu alatchiyamum illai endru karudhugiradhu. kurippidapatta scatergal anaivarum 2016 janavari 1 aam thaethikku munnar meltanium payanpaduththuvathai niruththiyathaaga aii. ess. yuu. kku nambagaththanmaiyudan uruthiyaliththanar, appoathu antha porul thadaiseiyappatta pattiyalil serkkappattathu. kodukkapatta thagavalin velichchaththil, naanku scatergal meethu vithikkappatta thartkaalika idaineekkaththai udanadiyaaga nadaimuraikku kondu vara, mudivugal maelaanmai seyalmuraiyai nilainiruththavum, idhan vilaivaaga tharpoothaiya kattaththil endha mudivugalaiyum thaguthi neekkam seiya vaendaam endrum aii. ess. yuu mudivu seithullathu."

semian elistratov semione mariyu elistratov (; pratyamnaayamgaa semen ledhaa semione anie vraayabadutundi, jananam 3 mae 1990) oka russian short track speed skater. athanu 5000 meterla rilelo 2014 olympic chhampian mariyu 2018 mariyu 2022 sheethaakaala olympicslo 1500 meterlalo double kaamsya pataka vijaeta. vrutti. elistratov 2010 sheethaakaala olympicslo russia tarafuna pootii paddadu. 500 meterlu mariyu 1000 meterlalo, athanu thana round vann heatlo moodava sthaanamlo nilichaadu, munduku saagadamlo viphalamayyaadu, mariyu 1500 meterlalo, athanu naalugo sthaanamlo nilichaadu, munduku saagadamlo kooda viphalamayyaadu. moodu eeventloonuu, athanu mottam 24va sthaanamlo nilichaadu. 2013 natiki, prapancha chhampiyanshiplo elistratov yokka uttama pradarsana pradarsana vachindi, athanu 1500 meterla vyaktigata resulo bangaaru patakaanni geluchukunnadu. elistratov 2013 mariyu 2014 european champiyanshiplalo russian rile jattulo sabhyudiga bangaaru patakaalu geluchukunnadu mariyu 2014 european champiyanshiplalo mottam pootiiloo rannarapga nilichaadu. 2013 natiki, elistratov sochi vadda 2012-13 loe rile jattulo bhaagamgaa rendu isu short track speed skating prapancha cup vijayalu saadhinchaadu, mariyu 2010-11 loe changchun vadda 500 meterla loe. athanu prapancha cup eeventlalo tommidi podium finishlanu kooda kaligi unnadu, moodu vyaktigatamgaa mariyu aaru rile resulalo. 1500 meterla vibhaagamlo athani agra prapancha cup ranking 4va sthaanamlo undhi. 8 marchi 2016naa, elistratov meldonium kosam oka aushadha pareekshalo viphalamayyaadani telisindi mariyu dakshina korealoni seol loe jarigina 2016 prapancha short track speed skating chhampiyanshiplo pootii cheyadaaniki russia jattuku pravesha jabita nundi upasamharinchabadindi. atanni russia jattu nundi tatkalikamga suspend chesaaru. april 13naa, prapancha dopping nirodhaka samstha 2016 marchi marchi mundu athletlapy nirvahinchina pareekshalalo dopping namoonaalalo oka microgram kante takkuva meldonium unna athletlaku kshamabhiksha ichindi, anischitulu mariyu sareeramlo meldonium enthakaalam untundo adhyayanam lekapovadam kaaranamgaa wada udaharinchindi. 21 april 2016naa, antarjaateeya skating union elistratovpai taatkaalika nishedhaanni ettivesindi, mariyu meldonium yokka ekagrata parimiti kante takkuvagaa unnanduna athanu jattulo tirigi niyaminchabaddaadu. antarjaateeya skating union yokka adhikaarika prakatana ilaa utankinchabadindih "meldonium vishayamlo, prastutam visarjana samayam gurinchi spashtamaina shaastreeya samacharam ledani wada gurtinchindi mariyu konni paristhitulalo athlet yokka tappu ledhaa nirlakshyaaniki kaaranaalu undakapovachani bhaavistundi. perkonna skaetarlandaruu 2016 janavari 1 kii mundu, padaartham nishedhita jaabitaalo cherchabadinappudu, meldonium vadakanni nilipivesinatlu isuku vishwasaneeyamgaa haamii icchaaru. icchina samacharam drishtya, phalitaala nirvahana prakriyanu konasaaginchadaaniki mariyu tatphalitamgaa prastuta dasalo yea phalitaalanu anarhulugaa prakatinchakundaa undataaniki, takshaname amaluloki vachhe vidhamgaa, naalugu skaterlapy vidhinchina taatkaalika suspensionnu ettiveyaalani isu nirnayinchindi."

simeen elstratof simeen andrewch elstratof (vovo muthbadil toor parr manee yaa simon kii hajay paidaish 3 mayee 1990) eek rosee shaart track speed scatter hay. wah 5000 metter railay mein 2014 olympic champine aur 2018 aur 2022 kay sarmayi olympics mein 1500 metter mein double kaansi kaa tamgha jeetnay waalay haine. carrier. elstratof nay roos kay liye 2010 kay sarmayi olympics mein hasah liyaa. 500 metter aur 1000 metter mein wah aagay badhnay mein nakaam how kirr apnay round winn heat mein teesre number parr rahay aur 1500 metter mein wah choothay number parr rahay aur aagay badhnay mein bhee nakaam rahay. teenon muqabilon mein wah majmuyi toor parr 24 wein number parr rahay. 2013 takk aalimi champine ship mein elstratof kii behtareen karkardgi 2015 mein aayee jabb inhon nay 1500 metter infiradi dodh mein talayi tamgha jeeta. elstratof nay 2013 aur 2014 kii europi champine ship mein rosee railay team kay rakan kii haisiyat say talayi tamghe jeetay aur 2014 kii europi champine ship mein bhee majmuyi muqabilay mein runner app rahay. 2013 takk elstratof nay sochi mein 2012-13 mein railay team kay hasay kay toor parr duu aayee aiss yuu shaart track speed scating world cup jeetein haine aur 2010-11 mein changchan mein 500 metter mein. iss kay paas world cup kay muqabilon mein noow deegar podium khatam bhee haine teen infiradi toor parr aur chh railay rees mein. inn kii topp world cup renking 1500 metter mein 2012-13 mein choothay number parr thee. 8 maarch 2016 cow yaha malum hawaa kahh elstratof meldonium kay manshiyaat kay test mein nakaam how gayaa aur asay janubi koriya kay seeval mein 2016 kii aalimi shaart track speed scating champine ship mein muqabilah karnay kay liye roos kii team kii andraj kii fehrist say waps lay liyaa gayaa. inhein rosee team say aarizi toor parr muatil kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. 13 apreel cow aalimi ainti doping agency nay 1 maarch 2016 say pehley khiladiyon parr kiye gayey teston mein doping kay namunon mein eek microgram say bhee kumm meldonium kii maujudgi waalay khiladiyon kuu maafi day dee waada nay ghair yaqeeni surathaal aur mutalah kii kamee kii wajah say hawalah diyaa kahh meldonium jasm mein katnay arsey takk rehta hay. 21 apreel 2016 cow beenn alaqwami scating union nay elstratof parr apnee aarizi pabandi uthaa lie aur inhein team mein bahaal kirr diyaa gayaa keunkah meldonium kaa artakaz hadd say neechey thaa. international scating union kay sarkaari biyaan kaa hawalah diyaa gayaa: "meldonium kay muamile mein waada nay tasleem kiyaa kahh phee alhaal akhraaj kay waqat kay baaray mein waazah sciency malumat kii kamee hay aur iss kaa khayaal hay kahh baaz halaat mein khilaadi kii taraf say koyee ghalti yaa laparwahi kii bunyaad nahein how sakti hay. tamaam mazkur scatters nay aayee aiss yuu kuu qaabil aetemad yaqeen dehani karayee kahh inhon nay yakam januri 2016 say pehley meldonium kaa istemaal bund kirr diyaa thaa jabb iss maadah kuu mamnuah fehrist mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa. dee gayee malumat kii roshni mein aayee aiss yuu nay chaar scatters parr aayed aarizi maatli kuu fouri toor parr khatam karnay kaa faislah kiyaa hay taakah nataij kay intezam kay amal kuu barqarar rakhaa jaa sakay aur iss kay natijay mein maujudah marhalay mein kasee bhee nataij kuu naahil naha kiyaa jaa sakay."

fffa3330b28aeb2aeb4346a27a6261ca1a051906002c75cc11d6b47a08ca9ddd

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=47227656

Incantations (composition)

Incantations (composition) Concerto by Einojuhani Rautavaara "Incantations" for Percussion and Orchestra is a concerto for percussion and orchestra in three movements by the Finnish composer Einojuhani Rautavaara. The work was composed for the percussionist Colin Currie on a joint commission from the London Philharmonic Orchestra, the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra, the Rotterdam Philharmonic Orchestra, and the Tampere Philharmonic Orchestra. The first performance was given in Royal Festival Hall, London by Currie and the London Philharmonic Orchestra under the conductor Yannick Nézet-Séguin on October 24, 2009. Composition. Structure. The concerto has a duration of roughly 23 minutes and is composed in three movements: Style and inspiration. Rautavaara described the origins of the piece in the score program note, writing:<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" /> Currie later recalled that when he arrived in Helsinki the composer had already finished two-thirds of the score. After hearing Currie's input, however, Rautavaara left room for a cadenza in the third movement to be improvised by Currie. Instrumentation. "Incantations" is scored for a solo percussionist and orchestra, comprising two flutes, two oboes, two clarinets, two bassoons, two French horns, three trumpets, two trombones, timpani, tubular bells, and strings. Reception. Guy Rickards of "Gramophone" described the work's form as "an orthodox but compelling vehicle for Currie's blistering virtuosity" and praised the music for its "powerfully elemental undertow." Rosie Pentreath of "BBC Music Magazine" similarly lauded, "It's one of Rautavaara's most immediate and colourful concertos, framed by a majestic statement of purpose. Its finale is a dizzying dance, whose improvised cadenza seems to point to the soloist as much as the composer as the shaman of the piece." Martin Kettle of "The Guardian" reflected that the piece "manages to be both intensely innovative and highly conventional" and wrote:<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />Rautavaara's concerto is dominated by a resplendent opening orchestral fanfare, which returns at the work's close. The solo part is not, as one had feared, a massive crash-bang-wallop drum extravaganza, but a delicate and luminous invention of great expressiveness, with the marimba and vibraphone carrying much of the solo writing. Colin Currie's athletic playing was as dazzling and persuasive as the work itself. Tom Huizenga of NPR called the work "compelling" and remarked:<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />The three-movement concerto is laid out in the tried and true fast-slow-fast formula, which plays into Currie's virtuosity in the outer movements. Rautavaara's opening gambit, a complex marimba line that stretches out as if to the horizon, eventually gives way to raucous passages for drums and cymbals. The heart of the work is the central "Espressivo," a calm oasis for vibraphone only where repeated chords get refracted over again in various keys. He continued:<templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />The final movement [...], with its shifting pulsations, hints at Rautavaara's mystical side. In his notes to the piece, he says it "could be a shaman's dance in a jerky rhythm." And that shaman might as well be Currie armed with his mallets, his battery of instruments and his staggering technique. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

swor (rosona) "parkeswan aaru orkestrar baabe "morjyada" hoise finlandor xurkar aainujuhani rautabharar tinita gotibidhot parkeswan aaru orkestrar baabe ek xongitanusthan. ei kaamtu london filharmonik orkestra, bultim 'ror simphoni orkestra, rotterdam filharmonik orkestra aaru temper filharmonik orkestrar jutiya commissionot parkasonisto kolin korir baabe rosona koraa hoisil. 2009 sonor 24 octoborot londonor royel festival holot koree aaru london filharmonik orkestrai porisalok yanik nejet-seguinor odhinot prothom prodorxon prodorxon korisil. rosona. gothon. concertur xomoikal pray 23 minute aaru iyak tinita gotibidhot rosona koraa hoyoh xoili aaru onuprerona. routabharai score programor tukatut ei tukuratur utpottir bixoye bornona kori likhisiloh pisot koriye monot pelai je jetiya teu helsingkit uposthito hoisil tetiya xurkarjone itimodhye scorer dui tritiyangxo xomapto korisil. obosye, korir input xuni routabharai tritiyotu gotibidhot korir dwara tatkhyonikbhabe porisalona koribo porakoi cadenger baabe thaai eri goisil. badyojontro. "swornodhwoni" ejon ekok parksunisto aaru orkestrar baabe score koraa hoy, zo "too dutaa baahi, dutaa ubu, dutaa clairnet, dutaa basun, dutaa forasi horno, tinita trumpet, dutaa trombone, timpany, tubular bail aaru string thaake. obhyorthona. gramufun" ror go "ror rikarde ei kaamtur ruptuk" korir fupula gunagunor baabe ek rothdox kintu aakorxoniyo baahon "buli bornona korisil aaru iyar" xoktixali moulik untertu "ror baabe xongitor proxongxa korisil."bibisi music alusonir ror" chi pentretheu ekedhorone proxongxa korisil, "eitu routabharar ataitkoi tatkhyonik aaru rongin concertur bhitorot etaa, jitu ek rajokiyo uddesyor bibritir dwara prostut koraa hoise. iyar surantotu hoise ek somokprod nrityo, jaar tatkhyonik kedenjai ekok xilpir faale xurkarjonor dore tukuratur swamenor faleu anguliyai diya zen laage."" "dyo guardian" "ror martin ketole protipholito korisil je ei tukuratu" "tibrovabe udbhawonimulok aaru otyonto poromporagot duyuta hoh 'boloi byowostha kore" "aaru likhisiloh eno. pi. aar.-ror tomm huijengai ei kaamtuk "aakorxoniyo" buli obhihito korisil aaru montobyo korisiloh teu aaru koichiloh

montro (rachona) "parakashana ebong orchestra jonno "montro" holl finish surkar ainuzuhani routavarar tinti andolone parakashana ebong orchestra jonno ekti concerto. kaajti london philharmonic orchestra, baltimore symphony orchestra, rotterdam philharmonic orchestra ebong tampier philharmonic orchestra ekti joutho komishone parokashonbadok collin kaarir jonno rachito hoyechilo. londoner rayyal festival holey 24shhey octobor, 2009-ayee carrie ebong london philharmonic orchestra dwara conductor ianic nejeta-seguiner adhine prothom anusthanti deoa hoyechilo. rachona. kathamo. concerttir samaykal pray 23 minit ebong etty tinti gotite rachito hayah shaili ebong anuprerana. rautavara score programa notey eyi ongshotir utpotti bornona korechen, likhechenoh curry porey smaran corren jey, tini jokhon helsinkite pouchon, tokhon surkar itimadhye dui-tritiyangsho score shesh korey felechilen. tobey, kaarir input shonara porr, rautavara tritiya nadachadar somoy ekti cadenzer jonno jaiga chhede deena jaate kaarir dwara unnoto koraa yaay. jontropati. "montro" ekti ekok parokashonbadok ebong orchestra jonno soor koraa hoy, jaar modhye duti banshi, duti obo, duti clarinate, duti basun, duti farasi horn, tinti tuurii, duti trombone, timpany, tubular ghanta ebong string royeche. abhyarthana. gramophoner" looka ricardra eyi kaajer ruptike "kaarir fosca guner jonno ekti gonda kintu akarshaniya bahon" hisabe bornona korechen ebong "shaktishali moulik underto"-err jonno sangiter proshongsha korechen."bbc music magaziner" roji pentrith ekibhabe proshongsha korechen, "etty routavarar sabcheye tatkhonik ebong rongin concertogulir modhye ekti, jaa uddeshyer ekti rajakiya bibriti dwara toiri koraa hoyeche. err samaptiti ekti chamakprada nutch, jaar tatkhonik cadenza ekok shilpike tototai nirdesh korey jotota surkarke ebong shamanke."" "abhibhabok" "-err martin kettle protifolito korechen jey eyi ongshoti" "atyanta udbhaboni ebong atyanta procholito ubhayi hotey paare" "ebong likhechenoh enn. pii. arr-err tomm huizenga eyi kaajtike "akarshaniya" boley abhihito korechen ebong montobbo korechenoh tini arow bolenoh

mantra (rachnaa) "percusion aneey orchestra maate "mantra" aee finnish sangeetkaar aainojuhani rautavara dwara trana hilchaalmaa percusion aneey orchestra maatenu aek sangeetmay geet chhe. aaa kaary london filharmonic orchestra, baltimore simphany orchestra, rotterdam filharmonic orchestra aneey temper filharmonic orchestrana sanyukt commission parr parkyusanvaadak collin curry maate rachvaamaa aavyu hatoo. 24 october, 2009naa roj londonna royal festival holamaa keree aneey london filharmonic orchestra dwara vaahak yanik nezet-seguin hethal pratham pradarshan aapvama aavyu hatoo. rachnaa. maalakhu. concertono samaygaalo aashre 23 minuteno hoya chhe aneey teey trana hilchaalmaa rachaay chheh shailee aneey prernaa. ravutvaaraae sqora prograam notamaa aaa tukadani utpatti varnavi hatee, jemaa lakhyu hatuh kareeae paachhalthi yaad karyoo keey jyaare teo helsinki pahonchya tyaare sangeetkaar pahelethee jaj beey trutiyaansh sqora purn curry chookya hataa. joke, kareenu input sambhalya pachhi, ravutvaaraae triji hilchaalmaa cadenza maate curry dwara sudhaarvaa maate jagya chhodi deedhi. sadhansamagri. "mantra" aek solo parkyusanvaadak aneey orchestra maate karvaamaa aave chhe, jemaa beey vaansali, beey obo, beey clairnet, beey basoon, beey french shingda, trana ranshingada, beey trombones, timpani, tubular ghant aneey taarno samaavesh thaay chhe. swaagat. gramophone" naa gaay rickeredse aaa kaarynaa swaroopne "kareeni tejasvi kushalataa maate aek rudhichust parantu aakarshak vaahan" tareeke varnavyu hatoo aneey tenaa "shaktishaali mauleek underto" maate sangeetni prashansa curry hatee."" "bii. bii. see. music magazine" "naa rosey pantreathe pann tevee jaj reete prashansa curry hatee," "teey rautavarana sauthee taatkaalik aneey rangeen sangeet kaarykramomaanno aek chhe, jeey hetunaa bhavya nivedan dwara rachaayel chhe". teno anteem bhaag aek chamakato nrutya chhe, jeno taatkaalik cadenza sangeetkaarne gitanaa shaaman jetalo jaj nirdesh karey chhe."" "dhaa guardian" "naa martin ketalae pratibimbit karyoo keey aaa tukado" "atyant naveen aneey atyant paramparagat banne hovaanu manage karey chhe" "aneey lakhyu aena. pii. aar. naa tooma huizenga aaa kaaryane "aakarshak" ganaavyu aneey tippani kareeh temane aagad kahyunh

mantra (rachana) "taalvaadya aur vaadyavrind key liye "mantra" finish sangeetkaar anozuhani rawatwara dwara teen andolanon mein taalvaadya aur vaadyavrind key liye ack sangeet karyakram haye. yeh kaam landan philharmonic orchestra, baltimore symphany orchestra, rotterdam philharmonic orchestra aur tampere philharmonic orchestra key ack sanyukt aayog parr taalvaadak collin curry key liye banaaya gayaa thaa. 24 octuber, 2009 koo landan key shaahi utsav holl mein carrie aur landan philharmonic orchestra dwara conductor yanik nezet-seguin key tahat pahala pradarshan diyaa gayaa thaa. rachana. sanrachana. concerto kii avadhi lagbhag 23 minut kii hoti haye aur yeh teen andolanon mein banaa hotaa haih shally aur prerana. rawatwara ney ank karyakram key nott mein iss tukade kii utpatti kaa varnan karate hue likhaah curie ney baad mein yaad kiya kii jaba vaha helsinki mein pahunche tou sangeetkaar pahale hii dou-tihai score puuraa curr chuke they. halanki, curry key input koo sunane key baad, ravutwara ney teesari gatividhi mein ack cadenza key liye jagah chhod dee, jise curry dwara sudhaar kiya jaanaa thaa. vaadyayantra. "mantra" ack ekal taalvaadak aur vaadyavrind key liye banaaya jaataa haye, jisamen dou bansuri, dou obo, dou clarinet, dou baasoon, dou french horn, teen turahiyan, dou trombones, timpani, tubeler bell aur taar shamil hain. swaagat. gramophone" key gayakon ney iss kaam key roop koo "curry key fafoledar guna key liye ack roodhivaadi lekin sammohak vaahan" key roop mein varnit kiya aur sangeet kii "shaktishali maulik underto" key liye prashansa kii."bee. bee. see. sangeet patrika" key rossie pantraith ney isi tarah seey sarahana kii, "yeh ack rajsi uddeshya key bayaan dwara taiyar kiye gaye ravutwara key sabse tatkaal aur rangeen sangeet karyakramon mein seey ack haye. iska samaapan ack chakkar laane vaalaa nritya haye, jiska tatkalik cadenza ekal kalakar koo utanaa hii ingit kartaa haye jitna kii sangeetkaar koo tukade key shaman koo."" "sanrakshak" "key martin ketli ney pratibimbit kiya kii yeh tukada" "gahan roop seey naveen aur atyadhik paaramparik donon honey kaa prabandhan kartaa haye" "aur likhaah aine. pee. aar. key tomm huijenga ney iss kaam koo "sammohak" kahaa aur tippani keeh unhone aage kahaah

mantragalu (samyojane) "talavadya mattu vaadyavrundada "mantragalu" embudu finnish samyojaka ainojuhani routavaaraaravara mooru calanegalalli talavadya mattu vaadyavrundada sangeeta samyojaneyagide. london philharmonic archestra, baltimore simphany archestra, rotordam philharmonic archestra mattu tamper philharmonic archestragala junty aayogadalli talavadya vaadaka collin kareegaagi ee krutiyannu rachisalaagide. london raayal festival haalnalli october 24,2009 randu curie mattu london philharmonic archestra conductor yanik nejet-seguin avara netrutvadalli modala pradarshanavannu niididaru. samyojane. rachane. ee sangeeta kacheriyu sumaru 23 nimishagala avadhiyannu hondide mattu mooru calanegalalli samyojisalpattideh shaili mattu sphurti. routavaaranu ankagala kaaryakramada tippaniyalli ee krutiya moolavannu vivarisuttaa heege barediddaaneh nantara, taanu helsinkige bandaaga, samyojakanu eegaagale moorane eradarashtu sangeetavannu poornagolisiddaane endu currie nenapisikondaru. aadaagyoo, karria soochaneyannu kelida nantara, ravutavaaranu moorane chalaneyalli ondu cadenzavannu karria moolaka sudharisalu avakasha maadikottanu. upakarana. "ekavyakti talavadya mattu vaadyavrundakke "mantragalannu" sangeeta samyojane maadalaaguttade, idaralli eradu kolalugalu, eradu obogalu, eradu clarinetgalu, eradu bassoongalu, eradu french kombugalu, mooru tuttoorigalu, eradu trombongalu, timpany, tubular gantegalu mattu tantigalu serive. svaagata. gramophone" naa gai recordgalu ee krutiya roopavannu "karria gulle hodeyuva sadgunakke saampradaayika aadare balavaada vaahana" endu bannisidaru mattu sangeetavannu adara "shaktiyutavaada moolabhootavaada olanotakkagi" shlaghisidaru."bbc music niyatakaalikeya rossi pentreath idhe reeti shlaghisidaru," idu routavaarara atyanta takshanada mattu varnaranjita sangeeta kacherigalalli ondaagide, idu bhavyavaada uddeshada helikeyinda roopisalpattide. adara antima bhagavu ondu digbhramegolisuva nrutyavagiddu, adara sudhaarita cadenza sangeeta samyojaneyannu samyojisuvavarashte ekavyakti kalavidarannu soochisuttade."" "guardian" "naa martin kettle ee tunuku" "tivravagi naveena mattu hecchu saampradaayikavaagide" "endu pratibimbisuttade mattu baredideh enn. pii. aarr. naa tomm huizenga ee krutiyannu "balavaada" kruti endu karedaru mattu heege helidaru aata munduvarisidaruh

manthrangal (rachana) "finnish samgeethasamvidhaayakanaaya ainojuhani routhwaarayude moonnu chalanangalil thaalavaadyathinum oorkkastraykkumulla oru samgeethasamvidhaanamaanu thaalavaadyathinum oorkkastraykkumulla "manthrangal". lunden philharmonic oorkkastra, baltimore symphany oorkkastra, rotterdam philharmonic oorkkastra, tamper philharmonic oorkkastra ennivayil ninnulla samyuktha commissionil percussionist collin kariykkaayi eee kruthi rachichu. 2009 october 24 nuu landanile royal festival haalil kariyum lunden philharmonic oorkkastrayum conductor yanik nesettu-seguyininte keezhil aadya prakadanam nadatthi. rachana. ghadana. ekadesham 23 minitt dairkhyamulla eee sangeetha paripadi moonnu chalanangalilayi rooppeduthiyittundu sailiyum prachodanavum. score prograam kurippil rauthwaara eee kashanathinte uthbhavam vivarichu thaan helsinghiyil athiyappol samgeethasamvidhaayakan samgeethathinte moonnil rund bhagam poortthiyaakkiyittunna curry pinneedu oormmippichu. ennirunnaalum, kariyude inputt ketta sesham, rauttavaara moonnaamathe chalanatthil oru kaadansaykk curry mechappeduthunnathinna idam vittu. upakaranam. "rund pullaankuzhal, rund obokal, rund klaarinettukal, rund baassanukal, rund franch honukal, moonnu kahalangal, rund trombonukal, timpany, tubular bells, stringukal enniva ulppedunna oru sooloo percussionistinum orkkastraykkum vendi "manthrangal" score cheiyunnu. sweekaranam. graamaphonile gaii ricards eee kruthiyude roopathe "kariyude thilangunna naipunyam vardhippikkunna oru yaadhaasthithikavum ennaal aakarshakavumaya vahanam" ennu visheshippikkukayum samgeethathe athinte "sakthamaaya moulikamaaya unterto" kku prashamsikkukayum cheythu."bbc music maasikayude rossie pentreth samaanamaayi prashamsichu," ithu oru gambheeramaaya prasthavanayaal roopappeduthiya routhaavaarayude ettavum udanadi varnnabhamaaya kacherikalilonnaanu. athinte avasaanabhagam oru chalanathmakamaaya nrithamaanu, athinte mechappetta cadenza samgeethasamvidhaayakaneppole thanne samgeethasamvidhaayakaneyum soochippikkunnu."" "guardian" "enna kruthiyude martin kettil eee kashanam" "theevramaaya noothanavum valare parambaraagathavumaanennu prathifalippikkukayum ezhuthi enn. pii. aarile toom huysenga eee kruthiye "akarshakam" ennu vilikkukayum abhipraayappedukayum cheythu addeham thudarnnu

mantra (rachana) "talvadya aanee vadyavrundasathiche "mantra" heey finlandche sangitkar enojuhani rautavara yanchya teen halchalinmadhye talvadya aanee vadyavrundasathiche eka sangitsanvad aahe. london philharmonic aurkestra, baltimore symphany aurkestra, rotterdam philharmonic aurkestra aanee tampere philharmonic aurkestra yanchya sanyukt aayogavar talvadak collin karisathi heey kaam tayar karnyat aale hote. 24 aktoobar 2009 roji londonmadhil royal festival hallmadhye curry aanee london philharmonic aurkestrane yannic nezette-seguin yaa sanchalakachya netrutvakhali pahile sadarikaran kele. rachana. rachana. yaa sangeet karyakramacha kalavadhi andaje 23 minitancha asato aanee too teen halchalinmadhye tayar keela jaatoh shaili aanee prerana. rautavarane gunank karyakramachya nondit yaa tukadyachya utpattiche varnan kele aahe, asey lihile aaheh curry nantar aathavala qee jevha too helsinkimadhye pohochala tevha sangitkarane aadhich done trutiyansh sangeet purn kele hote. matra, kariche input aikalyanantar, rautavarane tisya halchalit cadenzasathi kholee sodali, jee karidware sudharit kelee jaau shakate. upkaran. "ektya talvadak aanee vadyavrundasathi 'mantra' vajavale jaatat, jyat done basoo, done obo, done clarinet, done basoon, done french shinge, teen ranshingade, done trombones, timpani, tubeler ghanta aanee tarancha samavesh asato. swagat. gramophone' chya gayak ricardsney yaa kalakrutichya swarupache varnan 'karichya chakchakit gunadharmansathi eka rudhivadi parantu aakarshak vahan' asey kele aanee tyachya 'shaktishali moolbhut aateel shailisathi' sangitachi prashansa kelee."bii. bii. see. sangeet niyatkalikachya rosey pentreethne ashach prakare kautuk kele," haah eka bhavya uddeshane tayar kelela rautavaracha sarvat tatkal aanee rangiberangi sangeet karyakram aahe. tyacha shevat eka chittathararak nrutya aahe, jyacha sudharit cadenza haah tukadyachya shamanpramanech sangitkarakadehi nirdesh karato."" "daad guardian" "chya martin ketaline pratibimbit kele qee haah tukada" "atyant navinyapurn aanee atyant paramparik donhi prakare vyavasthapit hoto" "aanee lihileh aine. pii. aar. chey tomm huizenga yanni yaa karyala 'aakarshak' mhatale aanee tippani keleeh tyane pudhe mhatleh

mantra (rachana) "percusion rar archestraca lagi "incantation" finlandka sangitkar anozuhani rautawara dwara tinawata andolanharuma perkson rar archestraca lagi ek concerto how. yo kaam london filharmonic archestra, baltimore simphany archestra, rotordam filharmonic archestra, rar tempere filharmonic arkestrako sanyukta ayogbata parkyusanwadak collin karika lagi rachana garieko thiyo. pahilo prastuti royal festival hull, londonma october 24,2009 maa conductor yanik nejet-seguinko netritwama curry rar london filharmonic archestrale dieko thiyo. rachana. sanrachana. concertoko awadhi lagbhag 23 minetko hunchha rar yo tinawata chalharuma baneko chhah shaili rar prerana. rautawarale score program notema tukrako utpattiko warnan gardai lekheka chhanh pachhi karile helsinkima aipugepachhi sangitkarle scoreko dui tihai pura garisakeka thie bhani samjhae. tara, kariko suchana sunepachhi, rawutwarale karidwara sudhar garna tesro chalma cadenzaca lagi thaaun chhode. upkaran. "mantra" ekal talwadak rar archestraca lagi score garinchha, jasma dui baansuri, dui obo, dui clarinet, dui basuna, dui francelli singa, tean bigul, dui trombones, timpany, tubeler bayle rar tarharu samawesh chhan. swagat. gramophone" kaa wyakti recardharule kamko ruplai "kariko fokaune gunka lagi ek rudhiwadi tara sammohak wahn" ko rupma warnan gare rar yasako "shaktishali maulik underto" kaa lagi sangitko prashansa gare."bbc music magjin" ko rossy pentrethle pani tyasai gari prashansa gare, "yo uddeshyako bhawya kathandwara banaieko rautawarako sabaibhanda tatkal rar rangin concertoharu madhye ek how. yasako samapan ek chakhalagdo nritya how, jasko improvised cadenzale ekal kalakarlai tukrako shaman jattikai sangitkarlai pani aunlyaeko dekhinchha."guardian" ko martin ketlile pratibimbit garyo kii tukra "" duwai tiwra naveen rar atyadhik paramparagat huna wyawasthit gardacha "" rar lekheh enn. pie. arr. kaa tom huijengale yass kamlai "akarshak" bhaneka chhan rar tippani gareka chhanh unle jaari rakheh

mantra (rachna) "talabadya ebong arkestra paain "mantra" heuchhi finnish sangeetakara enojuhani routawaranka dwara tinoti gatibidhi ray talabadya ebong arkestra paain eka sangeeta karjyakram . ehi karjyati london philharmonic arkestra, baltimore simphany arkestra, rotterdam philharmonic arkestra ebong temper philharmonic arkestra thaaru eka milita commissionre talabadaka collin curie paain rachna karajaithila . londner rayal festival halare october 24,2009 ray conductor yanik nejet-seguinanka adheenare curie ebong london philharmonic arkestra dwara pratham pradarshan karajaithila. rachna. dhancha. ehi sangeeta samarohara abadhi pakhapakhi 23 minute ebong ehaa tinoti gatibidhire gathita hoithaeh sailee ebong prerana. rautawara score programme notare ehi anshara utpatti barnana curry lekhichhantih parey curie maneh pakaile je jetebele shay helasinkire pahanchithile, setebele surakara scorer dui trutijansha shesh karisarithile. maatra, tarakareera suchana suniba parey, routawara truteeja gatibidhire eka cadenza paain sthana chadithile, jaahaaku tarkari dwara unnat karajaithila. jantrapati. "mantra" jane ekaka talabadaka ebong arkestra paain score karajae, jeunthire duiti banshi, duiti obo, duiti clarnet, duiti basson, duiti french hern, tinoti trumpet, duiti trumbone, timpany, naleeja ghanta ebong string antarbhukta . swagata. gramophone" rahr bayya recards ehi karjyara roopaku "tarakareera sfeeta guna paain eka orthodox kintu aakarshaneeah bahn" bhabare barnana karithile ebong ehara "shaktishali moulika underto" paain sangeetaku prashansa karithile."" bibisi music magazin "rahr rossy pentrith samaana bhabare prashansa karithile," ehaa eka rajkiah uddeshya bibruti dwara prastuta hoithiba routawaranka sabutharu turanta ebong rangeena concerto madhyaru gotie . ehara shesh heuchhi eka chamkrar nrutya, jahara improvised cadenza ekaka kalakaranku suchaithae, jetiki kii surakaranka pari, khander shaman."" "abhibhabaka" "rahr martin ketley pratiphalita karithile je ehi khandati" "ubhaja atyanta abhinaba ebong atyadhika paramparika hebaku parichalana kare" "ebong lekhichhantih enn. pii. aara. rahr tomm huijenga ehi karjyaku "aakarshaneeah" bolly kahithile ebong mantabya deithileh shay ahuri kahithileh

mantar (rachna) "prookshan atey archestra laee "mantar" finny sangeetkar ainojuhani rautawara duaara tinn andolanan witch prookshan atey archestra laee ikk sangeet haii. ih kamm london filharmonic archestra, baltimore simphany archestra, rotterdam filharmonic archestra atey tempir filharmonic archestra dey ikk sanjhe commission utte pluxionist collin curry laee tiaar keeta giaa see. pahili peshkari 24 aktubar, 2009 noon conductor yanik nezette-seguin dey adheen curry atey london filharmonic archestra duaara london dey shaahi tiuhar haal witch ditti gaee see. rachna. banatar. sangeet samaroh dee miaad lagbhag 23 mint haii atey ih tinn andolanan witch baniaa haiyav shaili atey prerna. rautwara neey score program nott witch iss tukde dee utpati daa varnan karde hoye likhiaao curry neey baad witch yaad keeta kii jadon uh helsinki witch pahunche taan sangeetkar pahilan hii doou-tihai sangeet poora qarr chukka see. halanki, curry dee jankari sunan toon baad, rautwara neey tiji lahir witch ikk cadenza laee jagha chhadd ditti jiss noon curry duaara sudhar keeta jaa sakda haii. saaz-saaman. "mantar" ikk solo perksnist atey archestra laee banaiaa jaanda haii, jiss witch doou bansariaan, doou obo, doou clarinet, doou basoon, doou franch sing, tinn turhiaan, doou trumbonan, timpani, tubeler ghantiaan atey taaran shamal hunn. suagat. gramophone" dey munde recordan neey kamm dey roop noon "curry dee dhundli gunn laee ikk orthodox parr aakarshak vaahan" vajon darsaiaa atey sangeet dee "shaktishali maulik underto" laee parshansa keeti."bee. bee. see. sangeet magazine" dee rozzy pantreath neey isey tarahan parshansa keeti, "ih rautwara dey sabh toon turant atey rangeen sangeet samarohan vicchon ikk haii, joe udesh dey shandar biaan duaara tiaar keeta giaa haii. iss daa antam hissa ikk changa naach haii, jiss daa sudhar cadenza ikalle kalakar vall ona hii ishara karda japda haii jinna kii sangeetkar atey tukde dey shaman vall."" "guardian" "dey martin kettle neey darsaiaa kii ih tukda" "bahut navintakari atey bahut ziaada ravaiti dovan daa parbandh karda haii" "atey likhiaao ainn. pee. aar. dey tomm huizainga neey iss kamm noon "aakarshak" kiha atey tippni kitia uss neey agge kihaau

mantraani (rachanaa) "taalavaadyasya vaadyavrundasya cha "mantraani" iti finnish-sangeetakaaren ainojuhaanee rautavaaraa ityanena trishu chalaneshu taalavaadyasya vaadyavrundasya cha sangeetasangrahah asti. landan-philharmonic-archestra, baltimore-simphany-archestra, rotardam-philharmonic-archestra, tempier-philharmonic-archestra ityetayoho samyukta-aayoge taalavaadakasya collin-karee ityasya krute etat krutihi rachitaa aasit. landan-nagarasya rayal-festival-haal-madhye 24 october 2009 dinaanke, kairee ityanena, landan-philaharmonic-archestra ityanena cha yaanik-nejet-seguin ityasya sanchaalaken prathamam pradarshanm dattam. rachanaa. samrachanaa. sangeeta-sangamasya avadhihi praayah 23 nimeshaani bhavati, trishu chalaneshu cha rachitah asti. shaileeh preranaa cha. rautaawarah anka-karyakrama-swaralipyaam krutasya mulasya varnanam likhitavaan - pashchat karee smaryat yat yadaa saha helsinki-nagaram pravishtavaan tadaa sangeetakaarah sangeetasy truteeyaamsham samaptavan iti. parantu, karee ityasya soochanaah shrutvaa, ravutavaaraa, truteeye chalane kedenza ityasya krute, karidwara sudhaarayitum, sthaanam agruhnaat. upakaranam. "mantraani" ekaa taalavaadakasya vaadyavrundasya cha krute ankyante, yasmin dwau baansureeh, dwau obos, dwau clarnet, dwau bassoon, dwau french-haarn, trayah trumpets, dwau trombones, timpany, tubular-bails, tamshaah cha santi. sweekaranam. gramophone" ityasya gai-records ityanena krutasya roopam "karee ityasya utkeern-gunasya krute ekaha roodhi-baddhah parantu sammohak-vaahanah" iti varnitam, tathaa cha "shaktiyutaroopena maulika-ukttih" iti sangeetasy prashamsaam krutam."bee. bee. see. sangeeta-patrikaa" ityasya rossie pentreeth ityeshaa api tathaiva prashamsitaa, "etat rautaavaaraa ityasya atyantam tatkshanasya varnaranjaka-sangeeta-karyakrameshu anyatam asti, yat bhavya-uddeshya-kathanadwara nirmitam asti. asya antimam nrutyam chanchalam asti, yasya tatkalikam cadenza-nrutyam ekala-gayakam prati uta soochayati yathaa sangeeta-rachanaakaarah yathaa krutasya shaaman."da guardian" ityasya martin ketley ityanena prateeyate yat etat khandah "teevratayaa naveenam tathaa cha ati-paaramparikam cha bhavati" iti tathaa likhitah. enn. pi. aar. ityasya taam huijengaa ityayam krutim "sammohakam" iti uktvaa tippaneem akarot. saha avartata.

manthirangkal (kalavai) "thaala isai mattrum isaikkuzhuvirkaana "manthirangkal" enbathu finnish isaiyamaippaalar ainojuhani ravudhavaaraavaal moontru iyakkangkalil thaala isai mattrum isaikkuzhuvirkaana oru isai nigazhchchiyaagum. lundon bilharmonic isaikkuzhu, baltimore simboni isaikkuzhu, rotterdam bilharmonic isaikkuzhu mattrum dambier bilharmonic isaikkuzhuvin koottu aanaiyaththil thaalavaatha koolin kariyukkaaga inththa vaelai iyatrtrappattathu. muthal nigazhchchi october 24,2009 andru landanil ulla raayal festival haalil curie mattrum lundon filharmonic archestra moolam nadaththunar yaanik nesset-seguin thalaimaiyil vazhangkappattathu. kalavai. amaippu. inththa isai nigazhchchi sumar 23 nimidangal needikkum mattrum moontru asaivugalil iyatrtrappadukirathu paani mattrum uthvaegam. ravudhawara score niral kurippil inththa thundin thoattraththai vivaritthaar, ezhuthinaar pinnar curie, avar helsingikku vanthapoathu isaiyamaippaalar aerkanavae moontril irandu pangku isaiyai muditthuvittaar enbathai ninaivu koornthaar. iruppinum, kariyin ulleettaik kaetta piragu, ravudhawara moontraavathu iyakkaththil oru kedansaavukku idamaliththuvittaar, adhai kariyaal maempaduththa vaendum. karuvi. "irandu pullaangkuzhal, irandu oopoakkal, irandu kilaarinettukal, irandu paaschoonkal, irandu pirenchu kombugal, moontru ekkaalangkal, irandu trumphonkal, dimbani, kuzhaai manigal mattrum sarangal aagiyavattraik konda oru thanii thaala isaikkalainar mattrum isaikkuzhuvirku "manthirangkal" isaikkappadukirathu. varavaerpu. gramabone" inn kaii ricards inththa padaippin vadivaththai "kariyin kodhikkum nallolukkaththirkaana oru marabuvazhi aanaal kattaaya vaaganam" endru vivaritthaar, maelum adhan "sakthivaaintha adippadai udambu" isaikku parattu therivitthaar."ppc isaip paththirigaiyin rossie bentreath idhaepoal paaraattinaar," "idhu ravudavaaraavin miga udanadi mattrum vannamayamaana kachchaerigalil ontraakum, idhu oru kambeeramaana nokkaththudan vadivamaikkappattullathu". adhan iruthip pakuthi oru thalaichchuttral nadanamaagum, adhan maempatta cadenza paadalin shamanaip poalavae isaiyamaippaalaraip poalavae thanippaadalaich suttikkaattuvathaagath therikirathu."" "paathukaavalar" "inn martin kettil, inththa thundu" "migavum puthumaiyaanathaakavum migavum vazhakkamaanathaakavum ullathu" "enbathai pirathipaliththathu mattrum ezhuthiyathu enn. pii. aarr. inn daam huisenga inththa padaippai "kattaayamaanathu" endru alaiththaar mattrum pinvarumaaru kuripittaar avar thodarnthaar

mantraalu (kuurpu) "percussion mariyu archestra kosam "mantraalu" anedi finnish swarakarta ainojuhani routawara moodu kadalikalo percussion mariyu archestra kosam oka kacheri. london philharmonic archestra, baltimore symphany archestra, rotordam philharmonic archestra mariyu tamper philharmonic archestra samyukta commissionlo percusionist collin currie kosam eee panini swaraparichaaru. modati pradarsananu october 24,2009naa landanlooni raayal festival haallo currie mariyu conductor anic nejet-seguin aadhvaryamlo london philharmonic archestra pradarsinchaaru. kuurpu. nirmaanam. eee kacheri sumaru 23 nimishala vyavadhini kaligi untundi mariyu moodu kadalikalo koorchindih shaili mariyu prerana. routavaara score programme notlo eee mukka yokka muulaalanu vivaristuu ilaa vraasaadu taanu helsinkeeki cherukunnappudu swarakarta appatike moodinta rendu vantula score puurti chesaarani currie taruvaata gurthu chesukunnaru. ayithe, kuura yokka input vinna taruvaata, ravutawara moodava kadalikalo kuura dwara meruguparachadaaniki oka kadenja kosam gadini vadilivesadu. parikaraalu. "mantraalu" anedi oka solo percusionist mariyu archestra kosam swaraparachabadutundi, indulo rendu venuvulu, rendu obos, rendu clarinetlu, rendu bassoonlu, rendu french kommulu, moodu bakalu, rendu trombones, timpany, gottapu gantalu mariyu teegalanu kaligi untaayi. swaagatam. gramophone" yokka gai records eee rachana yokka roopaanni "kuura yokka pokkulugala naipunhyaaniki oka sanaatana conny balavantapu vahanam" gaa abhivarninchaaru mariyu daani "saktivantamaina moulikamaina underto" kosam sangeetaanni prasamsimchaaru."bbc music magazine" yokka rossie pentreath adevidhamgaa prasamsimchaaru, "idhi routawara yokka atyanta takshana mariyu rangurangula kachereelalo okati, idhi oka gambheeramaina prakatanatho roopondinchabadindi. daani mugimpu oka merupulu teppinche nrutyam, dheeni adhunaatana kadenja swarakartanu chuupinamtagaa swarakartanu choopistundi."" "dhi guardian" "yokka martin ketil eee mukka" "teevramgaa vinuutnamgaa mariyu atyanta sampradaayamgaa undagaladani" "pratibimbimchimdi mariyu ilaa rasindi enn. pii. aarr. kii chendina tomm huizenga eee panini "balavantapu" anie pilichi ilaa vyaakhyaaninchaaduh ayana konasagincharuh

mantar (saakhat) "prakshan aur archistra kay liye "inctations" funn lend kay mausiqar annojohni rotwara kii teen tehreekon mein prakshan aur archistra kay liye eek concerto hay. yaha kaam landan filharmonk archistra baltimore sumphany archistra rotardium filharmonk archistra aur temper filharmonk archistra kay mushtarkah commission parr parctionist colan karee kay liye tartib diyaa gayaa thaa. pehli performans raail festival haall landan mein 24 aktobar 2009 kuu conductor yanak neezt seegoin kay tahat karee aur landan falharmonk archistra kay zariye dee gayee. saakhat. saakhat. concerto kii madat taqriba 23 mint hay aur yaha teen harkaat mein tashkil dee gayee hay: andaaz aur tehreek. raotwara nay score prograam nott mein iss takday kii ibtada biyaan kartay hoay likhaa: karee nay baad mein yaad kiyaa kahh jabb wah helsonki pahunche tuu mausiqar pehley hyee score kaa duu tahayi hasah makmal kirr chakay thay. tahim karee kaa inn putt sunnay kay baad rotwara nay teesri harkat mein cadenza kay liye jagah chhod dee jasay karee kay zariye behatar banaya jaaye. aalat saazi. "inctations" eek solo parctionist aur archestra kay liye score kiyaa jaataa hay jiss mein duu bansariyan duu obo duu clarinate duu basoon duu francisi seeng teen suur duu trombone timpani nalki ghantiyan aur taar shaamil hotay haine. isteqbaliya. gramfon" kay gayee records nay iss kaam kii shakal kuu "karee kii chamakti hoyee khubsuri kay liye eek qadamat pasand leakin zabardast gaadi" kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa aur iss kii "taqatwar ansar kii karkardgi" kay liye mausiqi kii tareef kii."bee bee see music megzin" kii rozee pantreth nay bhee asee tarah tareef kii "yaha rotwara kay sabb say fouri aur rangeen concerto mein say eek hay juu maqsad kay shandar biyaan say tayaar kiyaa gayaa hay. iss kaa ikhtatami hasah eek chakar daar raqs hay jiss kaa takhfif shadah cadenza solost kii taraf atnaa hyee asharah kartaa hay jitna kahh composure kii taraf jitna takday kay shameen kii taraf."guardine" kay maartan cattle nay iss baath kii akaasi kii kahh yaha tukda "" intehayi akhtarayi aur intehayi rawayati donon honay kaa intezam kartaa hay "" aur likhaa: aine pee aar kay tomm hoizinga nay iss kaam kuu "zabardast" qaraar diyaa aur tabsarah kiyaa: iss nay mazeed kahaa:

fffa33cf33f036bac7c26a638d0274874834aa2fb8b79251a585c4da2e03f1b3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28458613

2003 Quebec municipal elections

2003 Quebec municipal elections The Canadian province of Quebec held municipal elections in 465 communities on November 2, 2003. Some results from these elections are included on this page. Bedford. "Source: "Eastern Townships Municipal Elections Results," "Sherbrooke Record", 3 November 2003, p. 7."

2003 quibek pour nirbason kanadian prodex kiubekot 2003 sonor 2 novemborot 465taa xomprodayor pour nirbason onusthito hoisil. ei nirbasonor kisuman folafol ei pristhat ontorbhukto koraa hoise. bedford. "utxoh" "pubo nogor nirbasonor folafol", "swerbruk record, 3 novembor 2003, pristha. 7."

2003 cubeck pour nirbachan kanadar cubeck pradesh 2003 saaler 2raa navembar 465tii sampradayer modhye pour nirbachan onusthito korey. eyi nirbachoner kichhu folafol eyi pristhai antarbhukta koraa hoyeche. bedford. "sootroh" "purbo jonopod pour nirbachoner folafol", "sherbrook record, 3 navembar 2003, pri. 7."

2003 cubeck municiple chuntanio kenedana quebeck praantmaa 2 november, november roj 465 samudayoma municiple chuntanio yojai hatee. aaa chuntaniona ketlaak parinaamo aaa prushth parr saamel chhe. bedford. "strotah" "purveey nagar palikani chuntaniona parinaamo", "sharebrook reqorda, 3 november 2003, pru. 7."

2003 cubec nagarpalika chunaav cubec key kanadai praant ney 2 navambar, 2003 koo 465 samudaayon mein nagarpalika chunaav aayojit kiye. inn chunaavon key kuchh parinam iss prishth parr shamil hain. bedford. "srotah" "purvi basti key nagarpalika chunaavon key parinam", "sherbrook record, 3 navambar 2003, pee. 7."

2003rahra cubec purasabheya chunavanegalu kenadaada quebeck praantyavu 2003rahra november 2randu 465 samudaayagalalli purasabheya chunavanegalannu nadesitu. ee chunavanegala kelavu phalitaamshagalannu ee putadalli serisalaagide. bedford. "moolah" "purvada pattangala purasabheya chunavanegala phalitaamshagalu", "sherbrooke daakhale, 3 november 2003, puta". 7."

2003 cubeck nagarpalika nirvachan kyubekko canadali prantale november 2,2003 maa 465 samudayharuma nagarpalika chunawaharu ayojana garyo. yee chunawaka kehi parinamharu yass prishthama samawesh garieko chha. bedford. "srotah" "purvi basti nagarpalika chunawa parinamharu", "cerbrook record, 3 november 2003, pri. 7."

2003 kwebek poura nirbachana kanadara cubec pradesh navember 2,2003 ray 465 tii sampradajare poura nirbachana ayojan karithila. ehi nirbachanara kichhi phalaphal ehi prusthare antarbhukta karajaichi . bedford. "utsah" "purba tounship municipality nirbachana phalaphal", "sherbrook record, 3 navember 2003, pru. 7."

2003 cuback mioonspal chonhan canadian soobe cuback neey 2 navambar, 2003 noon 465 bhaichariaan witch mioonspal chonhan karvaiaan sunn. inhan chonhan dey kujh natije iss panne utte shamal keete gaye hunn. bedford. "sarotaa" purbi township mioonspal chonhan dey natije "," sherbrook ricard, 3 navambar 2003, pee. 7."

2003 tame varshe cubec-nagaranirvaachanam. kenadaadeshasy quebeck-praantah 2003 tame varshe navambaramaasasy 2 dinaanke 465 samudayeshu nagarapalika-nirvaachanam krutavaan. etayoho nirvachananam kechan parinaamaah asmin prushthe samaavishtaah santi. bedford. "srotah" poorveeya-nagar-nagar-nirvaachanasya parinaamaani "," sherbrook-abhilekhah ", 3 november 2003, pru. 7."

2003 cubec nagaraatchi thaerthalkal kanediya maagaanamaana gwebeg navambar 2,2003 andru 465 samoogangalil nagaraatchi thaerthalkalai nadaththiyathu. inthath thaerthalkalin sila mudivugal inthap pakkaththil serkkappattullana. bedford. "aathaaram" "kilakku nagariya nagaraatchi thaerthal mudivugal", "sherbrooke pathivu, 3 navambar 2003, buck. 7."

2003 cubec purapalaka ennikalu kenadian provins off cubec november 2,2003naa 465 communitylalo munisipal ennikalanu nirvahinchindi. eee ennikala nundi konni phalitaalu eee pageelo cherchabaddaayi. bedford. "moolamh" "thoorpu pattanapalaka samsthala purapalaka ennikala phalitaalu", "sherbrooke rikaardu, 3 november 2003, p. 7."

2003 cuback baldiyati intekhabat canada kay subah cuback nay 2 nomber 2003 kuu 465 communities mein baldiyati intekhabat karaye. inn intekhabat kay kachh nataij iss safha parr shaamil haine. bedford. "maakhiz:" "mashriqi town ship kay baldiyati intekhabat kay nataij" "yee sherbrok record 3 nomber 2003yee safha. 7."

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28198097

Ainslie Sheil

Ainslie Sheil Rugby player Ainslie Glenister Ross Sheil (born 4 November 1933) was a rugby union player who represented Australia. Sheil, a fly-half, was born in Melbourne, Victoria and claimed 1 international rugby cap for Australia. Early life and education. Ainslie Sheil was born in 1933 and entered The Southport School in 1947 as a member of Delpratt House. During his time at the School he was an accomplished scholar and sportsman, winning Dux of the School, the Chelmsford Cup and the Founder's Prize. Ross was also a School Prefect, House Captain, member of the 1st XV Rugby, 1st XI Cricket, 1st IV Tennis, as well as being a member of the School's Swimming and Athletics teams. Following his graduation from The Southport School in 1950, Ross began his medical degree at the University of Queensland, where he continued to build upon his already accomplished sporting profile. As a member of St. John's College, he represented the College in Cricket, Rugby, Athletics, Swimming, Tennis and Rowing. He was awarded a College Blue in 1951 in recognition of his outstanding contribution. As well as representing St. John's College, Ross also represented the University of Queensland in Rugby Union at a time when the University of Queensland won the Premiership six times during the seven-year period from 1952 – 1957. Ross also represented the University in Athletics and Tennis for which he was awarded a University Blue in 1952. Whilst continuing his studies, Ross was also a member of the Queensland XV from 1952 – 1957. He was selected for the Australian Universities XV which played New Zealand in 1954, Japan in 1956 and the Australian Barbarian XV in 1957. His one and only National cap came in 1956 when he was selected for Australia against South Africa in Sydney. He acquitted himself well, however dislocated his shoulder and so was unavailable for the second test. Following the 1957 season, Ross was awarded a Rhodes scholarship to Balliol College, Oxford University, where he continued his studies in Medicine. Whilst at University, Ross continued to pursue his passion for both rugby and tennis and was awarded a Full Blue for both in 1958. Career. In 1962, Sheil was admitted to the Royal College of Surgeons and in 1966, was admitted to the Royal College of Australian Surgeons. At Oxford University he studied surgery and undertook pioneering research into organ transplantation. After furthering this work in Boston, Sheil returned to Australia where he specialised in Vascular surgery and was a pioneer in transplantation surgery. He was appointed Professor of Transplant Surgery at Sydney University and formed part of the Sydney University Renal Transplant Group, which in 1967 embarked on a community based cadaveric renal transplant program for NSW (Sheil, Stewart, Johnson et al. 1969). He headed the Transplantation Unit at Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and became head of the Australian National Liver Transplant Unit, and in fact carried out the first liver transplant in NSW. He is now Emeritus Professor. He was appointed Officer of the Order of Australia General division (AO) 1992 for services to surgery particularly clinical and research transplantation References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

aainsli swil aainsli glenister roch swil (jonmo 4 novembor 1933) ejon ragbi union kheluwoi aasil ji australiak protinidhitwo korisil. xiil, egoraki fly-huff, victoriyar mailburnot jonmogrohon korisil aaru australier baabe 1taa antohrastriyo ragbi kep daabi korisil. prarombhik jiwan aaru xikhya. 1933 sonot jonmogrohon koraa aainsli swil 1947 sonot delprat housor xodosyo hisape southport bidyaloyot prowex korisil. schoolot thoka xomoyot teu ejon dokhyo pondito aaru krirabid aasil, jiye bidyaloyor dox, samesford kaap aaru protisthapokor botaa laabh korisil. roch egoraki schoolor prefect, house captain, 1moo xv ragbi, 1moo xi cricket, 1moo 1moo tenisor xodosyo huwar logote bidyaloyor xatur aaru athletics dolor xodosyo aasil. 1950 sonot southport schoolor poraa snatok degree laabh korar pisot rose queensland biswobidyaloyot sikitsar degree laabh korisil, zo 'too teu itimodhye nijor krititwopurno krira profile gorhi tulisil. ess. ti.-ror xodosyo hisape. jonos collegeor teu cricket, ragbi, athletics, xatur, tenis aaru roying-too mohabidyaloikhonok protinidhitwo korisil. teur oxamanyo obodanor swikriti sworupe 1951 sonot teuk kolej blue botaa prodan koraa hoisil. logote stock protinidhitwo kore. jonos kolej, rose ragbi unionor queensland biswobidyaloyoku protinidhitwo korisil jetiya 1952-1957 sonor xaat bosoriya xomoisuwat queensland biswobidyaloye soibar prodhanmontripod laabh korisil. rose athletics aaru tenisot biswobidyaloykhonok protinidhitwo korisil jaar baabe teuk 1952 sonot biswobidyaloyor neela botaa prodan koraa hoisil. teur odhyoyon obyahot rokhar xomoyot, roch 1952-1957 sonor poraa queensland exvir xodosyo aasil. teuk 1954 sonot newzealand, 1956 sonot jaapan aaru 1957 sonot australier barberian exvi khel khelaa australian biswobidyaloy exvir baabe nirbasito koraa hoisil. 1956 sonot sidneet dokhyin africar biruddhe australier baabe nirbasito huwar xomoyot teur ekmatro rastriyo kep aahisil. teu nijoke bhaldore duxmukto korisil, obosye teur kandhor sthanchyuti hoisil aaru xeyehe dwitiyo porikhyar baabe onupolobdho aasil. 1957 sonor sijonor pisot, rosok oxford biswobidyaloyor balliol kolejoloi ror 'dos britti prodan koraa hoisil, zo' too teu sikitsa bigyanor odhyoyon obyahot rakhisil. biswobidyaloyot thokar xomoyot rose ragbi aaru tenis duyutare proti thoka teur aagroh obyahot rakhisil aaru 1958 sonot duyure baabe teuk xompurno neela botaa prodan koraa hoisil. keriyar. 1962 sonot swilok royel kolej owo sarjonot bhorti koraa hoisil aaru 1966 sonot australier royel kolej owo sarjonot bhorti koraa hoisil. oxford biswobidyaloyot teu ostrupsar odhyoyon korisil aaru ongo proityaruponor khetrot ogroni gowexona korisil. bostonot ei kaamtu aagborhai niyar pisot swile australialoi ubhoti aahisil zo 'too teu bhaskular ostrupsarot bixexogyo aasil aaru rupon ostrupsarot egoraki pothoprodorxok aasil. teuk sidney biswobidyaloyot proityarupon ostrupsaror odhyapok hisape nijukti diya hoisil aaru sidney biswobidyaloyor ongxo hisape gothon koraa hoisil. renel transplant groop, jiye 1967 sonot eno. ess. dobliu. (swil, stewart, jonoson ett ol) ror baabe ek xomproday bhittik cadaveric renel transplant karzoxusi aarombho korisil. 1969). teu royel prince alfred sikitsaloyot rupon gutor netritwo disil aaru australier rastriyo jokrito proityarupon gutor murobbi hoisil, aaru prokritote eno. ess. dobliu.-too prothom jokrito proityarupon korisil. teu etiya emoritax odhyapok. teuk ostrupsaror xewa bixexkoi clinical aaru gowexona proityaruponor baabe australia xadharon bibhag (e. oh ') 1992-ror order bixoya hisape nijukti diya hoisil.

einsley sheel einsley glenister ross sheel (jonmo 4 navembar 1933) chhilen ekjon ragbi union kheload jini australier protinidhitto korechilen. victoria melbourne jonmogrohonkari shail australier hoye 1tii antorjatik ragbi cap daabi corren. prathomik jeebon ebong shikkha. einsley sheel 1933 saale jonmogrohon corren ebong 1947 saale delprat houser sadasya hisabe southport schoole probesh corren. schoole thakakalin tini ekjon dokkho pondito ebong kridavid chhilen, jini skooler docks, chamesford cup ebong protisthatar puraskar jitechilen. ross chhilen ekjon school prefect, house captain, 1maum xv ragbi, 1maum xi cricket, 1maum 1maum tenniser sadasya, pashapashi skooler saantaar ebong athletics doler sadasya. 1950 saale southport school theke snatok howar porr, ross queensland bishwobidyaloye taanr chikitsa degree shuru corren, jekhane tini taanr itimadhye somponno krida profiler upor vitti korey gadey tulte thaken. center sadasya hisabe. johns college tini cricket, ragbi, athletics, saantaar, tennis ebong roying-ayee colleger protinidhitto korechilen. taanr asamanno abodaner sikritiswarup 1951 saale taanke ekti college blue puraskar deoa hoy. pashapashi seenta protinidhitto korey. john 'shha college, ross ragbi unioner queensland bishwobidyaloyer protinidhittoo korechilo emon eka somoye jokhon 1952-1957 saal porjonto shaat bochorer samaykale queensland vishwavidyalaya chhoybar premiership jitechilo. ross athletics ebong tennise bishwobidyaloyer protinidhitto korechilen jaar jonno 1952 saale taanke ekti bishwobidyaloyer neel puraskar deoa hoyechilo. padashona chaliye yawar somoy, ross 1952-1957 saal theke queensland exvi-rawr sadasyao chhilen. tini australian vishwavidyalaya exvi-err jonno nirbachito hoyechilen jaa 1954 saale newzealand, 1956 saale japan ebong 1957 saale australian barbarian exvi khelechilo. taanr ekmatro jatiya cap 1956 saale aase jokhon tini sidneyr dakkhin africar biruddhe australier jonno nirbachito hohn. tini nijeke bhalbhabe khalas diyechilen, tobey taanr kandher sthanchuti hoyechilo ebong taai dwitiya porikkhar jonno onupolobdho chhilen. 1957 saaler morshumer porr, roske oxford bishwobidyaloyer balliol college ekti roades britti pradan koraa hoy, jekhane tini chikitsabiggane padashona chaliye zaan. bishwobidyaloye thakakalin, ross ragbi ebong tennis ubhoyer proti taanr anurag abyahoto rekhechilen ebong 1958 saale ubhoyer jonno ekti purno neel puraskar peyechilen. karmajiban. 1962 saale, shiyelke rayyal college off surgeonsey bhorti koraa hoy ebong 1966 saale, australian sarjonder rayyal college bhorti koraa hoy. oxford bishwobidyaloye tini astropachar niye padashona corren ebong ongo protisthaponer khettre aggragami gobeshona corren. bostone eyi kaajti chaliye yawar porr, shiel australia firey asen jekhane tini vascular sarjarite biseshoggo chhilen ebong transplantation surgery aggragami chhilen. tini sidney bishwobidyaloye transplant surgery adhyapak nijukto hohn ebong sidney bishwobidyaloyer ongsho hohn. renal transplant group, jaa 1967 saale enn. esha. dobleeu (shale, stuart, johnson ebong anyanno)-err jonno ekti sampradai vittik cadeveric renal transplant programa shuru korey. 1969). tini rayyal prince alfried hospitaler protisthapon uniter netritto deena ebong australian jatiya libhara transplant uniter prodhan hohn ebong prokritopokkhe enn. esha. dobleeu-teey prothom libhara transplant corren. tini ekhon emeritus adhyapak. ostropocharer jonno bishesh korey clinical ebong gobeshona protisthaponer jonno 1992 saale tini australia general dibhishaner (ayee. oo) officer nijukto hohn.

einsley sheel einsley glenister roosa sheel (janm 4 november 1933) rugby unionno khelaadi hato jene australianu pratinidhitva karyoo hatoo. fly-haaf, sheelno janm mailborne, viktoriyaamaa thayo hato aneey tene austreliya maate 1 aantarrashtriy rugby kepno daavo karyo hato. praarambhik jeevan aneey shikshan. einsley sheelno janm 1933maan thayo hato aneey 1947maan delpret housena sabhy tareeke southport shaalaama pravesh karyo hato. shaalaama temnaa samay darmiyan teo aek kooshal vidhvaan aneey ramatveer hataa, jemane shaalano ducks, chamesford cup aneey sthaapakno puraskar jeetyo hato. roosa shaalaana mukhya, house capton, pratham XV rugby, pratham XI cricket, pratham IV tennisnaa sabhy temaj shaalaani swimming aneey athletics teamona sabhy pann hataa. 1950maan southport schoolmathi snaatak thayaa baad, rosse quinsland universityma temnee tabibi degreeni sharuaat curry, jyaan temane temnee pahelethee jaj nipun ramatgamatni ruprekha parr nirmaan karvaanu chaalu raakhyu. sabhy tareeke St. john collegemaa temane cricket, rugby, athletics, swimming, tennis aneey roingma collegenu pratinidhitva karyoo hatoo. temnaa utkrusht yogadaanne maanyata aapvaa maate temne 1951maan college blue enayat karvaamaa aavyo hato. temaj sentanu pratinidhitva karey chhe. john college, rosse rugby unionma quinsland universitynu pratinidhitva pann karyoo hatoo, jyaare university off quinsland 1952-1957naa saat varshnaa samaygaalaa darmiyan chh vakhat premiership jeetee hatee. rosse athletics aneey tennisma pann universitynu pratinidhitva karyoo hatoo, jenaa maate temne 1952maan university blue enayat karvaamaa aavyo hato. temno abhyaas chaalu raakhtee vakhate, roosa 1952-1957 sudhee quinsland XVnaa sabhy pann hataa. temnee pasandagi australian university XV maate karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey 1954maan newzealand, 1956maan japan aneey 1957maan australian barbarian XV saathe ramee hatee. temnee ekmatra raashtriy cape 1956maan aavee hatee jyaare temne sidneyma dakshin africa saame austreliya maate pasand karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. tene potaane saaree reete nirdosh jaaher karyo, joke tenaa khabhaane avyavastha thaee gaee aneey tethee teey beejee test maate anupalabdh hato. 1957nee season pachhi, rosne beliyol college, oxford universityma roads shishyavrutee enayat karvaamaa aavee hatee, jyaan temane davaamaa temno abhyaas chaalu raakhyo hato. universityma hataa tyaare, rosse rugby aneey tennis banne maate temnaa jussane aagad vadhaarvaanu chaalu raakhyu aneey 1958maan banne maate temne sampoorn vaadadi puraskar enayat karvaamaa aavyo hato. karkirdi. 1962maan, sheelne royal college off sarjanomaa dakhal karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey 1966maan, australian sarjanoni royal collegemaa dakhal karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. oxford universityma temane shastrakriyaano abhyaas karyo aneey anga pratyaropanma agranee sanshodhan haath dharyu. bostanma aaa kaamne aagad vadhaarya pachhi, sheel austreliya parat faryaa jyaan temane vescular sarjarimaa visheshta melvee aneey pratyaropan sarjarimaa agranee hataa. temne sidnee universityma transplant sarjarinaa prophesara tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey teo sidnee universityno bhaag banyaa hataa. mutrapind pratyaropan jooth, jene 1967maan aena. aesa. doubleu. (sheel, stuart, johnson vagere) maate samudaay aadharit shabpeti pratyaropan kaarykram sharoo karyo hato. 1969). temane royal prince alfred hospitalma pratyaropan aekamnu netrutva karyoo aneey australian raashtriy yakrut pratyaropan ekamnaa vadaa banyaa, aneey hakeekatma aena. aesa. doubleu. maan pratham yakrut pratyaropan haath dharyu. teo havey emeritus prophesara chhe. temne shastrakriya, khaas kareene clinical aneey sanshodhan pratyaropanni sevaao maate order off austreliya general division (aao) 1992naa adheekari tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa.

einsley sheel einsley glenister rose sheel (janm 4 navambar 1933) ack ragbi union khilaadi they jinhone australia kaa pratinidhitva kiya thaa. sheel, ack fly-haaf, melburn, victoria mein paida hui thee aur australia key liye 1 antarrashtriya ragbi cap kaa daavaa kiya thaa. praarambhik jeevan aur shiksha. einsley sheel kaa janm 1933 mein huaa thaa aur 1947 mein delpret house key sadasya key roop mein southport school mein pravesh kiya thaa. school mein apane samay key dauran vaha ack kushal vidwan aur khilaadi they, jinhone school kaa ducks, chamesford cup aur sansthaapak kaa puraskar jeetaa. rose ack school prefect, house capton, 1st xv ragbi, 1st xi cricket, 1st IV tennis key sadasya key saath-saath school kii tairaki aur athletics teams key sadasya bhee they. 1950 mein southport school seey snaatak honey key baad, rose ney queensland vishvavidyalaya mein apani chikitsa kii degree shuru kii, jahan unhone apane pahale seey hii nipun khel profile kaa nirmaan karna jaari rakhaa. aiss. tii. key sadasya key roop mein. johnn college mein unhone cricket, ragbi, athletics, tairaki, tennis aur naukaayan mein college kaa pratinidhitva kiya. unake utkrisht yogdan kii maanyata mein unhein 1951 mein college blue seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. saath hii sent kaa pratinidhitva karate hain. johnn college, rose ney ragbi union mein queensland vishvavidyalaya kaa bhee pratinidhitva kiya, usa samay jaba 1952-1957 seey saat saal kii avadhi key dauran queensland vishvavidyalaya ney chhah baar pradhaan mantri pada jeetaa thaa. rose ney athletics aur tennis mein bhee vishvavidyalaya kaa pratinidhitva kiya, jisake liye unhein 1952 mein ack vishvavidyalaya blue seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. apani padhaai jaari rakhate hue, rose 1952-1957 seey queensland xv key sadasya bhee they. unhein australiyai vishvavidyalaya xv key liye chunaa gayaa thaa, joe 1954 mein newzealand, 1956 mein japan aur 1957 mein australiyai barbarian xv khela thaa. unaki ekmatra rashtriya cap 1956 mein aaee jaba unhein sidney mein dakshin africa key khilaf australia key liye chunaa gayaa thaa. unhone khud koo achchi tarah seey burry curr diyaa, halanki unake kandhe mein chot lugg gaee aur isaliye way dusare pareekshan key liye upalabdh naheen they. 1957 key satra key baad, ross koo balliol college, oxford vishvavidyalaya koo roads chhatravritti seey sammaanit kiya gayaa, jahan unhone chikitsa mein apani padhaai jaari rakhee. vishvavidyalaya mein rahate hue, rose ney ragbi aur tennis donon key liye apane junoon koo jaari rakhaa aur 1958 mein donon key liye unhein poorna neela puraskar seey sammaanit kiya gayaa. carrier. 1962 mein, sheel koo royal college off sarjan mein bharti karaaya gayaa thaa aur 1966 mein, unhein royal college off australian sarjan mein bharti karaaya gayaa thaa. oxford vishvavidyalaya mein unhone shalya chikitsa kaa adhyayan kiya aur anga pratyaropan mein agrani shodh kiya. boston mein iss kaam koo aage badhaane key baad, sheel australia laut aae jahan unhone samvahani shalya chikitsa mein visheshagyata praapt kii aur pratyaropan shalya chikitsa mein agrani they. unhein sidney vishvavidyalaya mein pratyaropan shalya chikitsa key professor niyukt kiya gayaa aur sidney vishvavidyalaya kaa hissa banaaya gayaa. gurda pratyaropan samooh, jisane 1967 mein aine. aiss. doubleu. (sheeil, stevert, johnson aur anya) key liye ack samudaay adharit shav pratyaropan karyakram shuru kiya. 1969). unhone royal prince alfred aspatal mein pratyaropan ikai kaa netritva kiya aur australiyai rashtriya yakrit pratyaropan ikai key pramukh baney, aur vaastav mein aine. aiss. doubleu. mein pahala yakrit pratyaropan kiya. abb way emeritus professor hain. unhein shalya chikitsa vishesh roop seey naidaanik aur anusandhaan pratyaropan kii sevaaon key liye australia samanya prabhaag (aeo) 1992 key adesh kaa adhikaari niyukt kiya gayaa thaa.

ainsli sheel ainslee glenister rose sheel (janana 4 november 1933) australiavannu pratinidhisida ragbi union atagararagiddaru. fly-hoff aagiruva sheel, viktoriyaada melbornalli janisidaru mattu australia para 1 antararashtriya ragbi cap padedaru. arambhika jeevana mattu sikshana. ainsli sheel 1933ralli janisidaru mattu 1947ralli delprot housena sadasyaraagi southport shaalege praveshisidaru. shaaleyallidda samayadalli avaru obba nipuna vidvaamsa mattu kridapatuvagiddaru, shaleya ducks, chelmsford cup mattu samsthaapaka prashastiyannu geddaru. rose avaru shaleya mukhyastharagiddaru, house capton aagiddaru, 1neey xv ragbi, 1neey xi cricket, 1neey 4neey tennis sadasyaraagiddaru, jotege shaleya eeju mattu athletics tandagala sadasyaroo aagiddaru. 1950ralli southport shaaleyinda padavi padeda nantara, rose avaru queensland vishvavidyaalayadalli tamma vaidyakeeya padaviyannu praarambhisidaru, allie avaru eegaagale tamma creeda vyaktitvavannu belesuvudannu munduvaresidaru. ess. tii. yaya sadasyaraagi. johns colleginalli, avaru cricket, ragbi, athletics, eeju, tennis mattu roingnalli kaalejannu pratinidhisidaru. avara atyuttama kodugeyannu gurutisi 1951ralli avarige kaaleju neeli prashastiyannu nidalaayitu. allade St. 1952rinda 1957ravaregina elu varshagala avadhiyalli queensland vishvavidyaalayavu aaru baari pradhana mantritvavannu gedda samayadalli, johns kaaleju, raas ragbi union queensland vishvavidyaalayavannu pratinidhisitu. rose avaru athletics mattu tenisnalli vishvavidyaanilayavannu pratinidhisidaru, idakkaagi avarige 1952 ralli vishvavidyaanilayada neeli prashastiyannu nidalaayitu. tamma adhyayanavannu munduvaresuvaga, rose 1952-1957 rinda queensland XV yaya sadasyaroo aagiddaru. avaru 1954 ralli newzealand, 1956 ralli japan mattu 1957 ralli australian barbarian XV aadida australian vishvavidyaalayagalige aaykeyaadaru. avara ekaika rashtriya cap 1956 ralli sidney yalli daksina africa viruddha australiakke aykeyaadaaga banditu. aata tannannu taanu chennagi khulasegolisikondaru, tanna bhujada angavaikalyadindaagi eradane parikshege labhyaviralilla. 1957rahra rtuvina nantara, oxford vishvavidyaanilayada balliol kaalejige roads vidyaarthivetanavannu nidalaayitu, allie avaru vaidyakeeyadalli tamma adhyayanavannu munduvaresidaru. vishvavidyaanilayadalliddaa, raas ragbi mattu tennis eradaralloo tamma utsaahavannu munduvarisidaru mattu 1958ralli eradakkoo purna neeli bannavannu padedaru. vrattijeevana. 1962ralli, sheel avarannu raayal college off sarjangalige serisalaayitu mattu 1966ralli, raayal college off australian sarjangalige serisalaayitu. oxford vishvavidyaalayadalli avaru shastrachikitseyannu adhyayana maadidaru mattu anganga kasige sambandhisidante pravartaka samshoodhaneyannu kaigondaru. bostannalli ee kelasavannu munduvaresida nantara, sheel australiakke maralidaru, allie avaru naaliya shastrachikitseyalli parinati padedaru mattu kasi shastrachikitseyalli munchooniyalliddaru. avaru sidani vishvavidyaalayadalli kasi shastrachikitseya pradhyapakaragi nemakagondaru mattu sidani vishvavidyaalayada bhagavagi roopugondaru. mootrapinda kasi gumpu, 1967ralli enn. ess. doubleu. (sheel, stewart, johnson mattu itararu) gaagi samudaaya aadhaarita shavjanaka mootrapinda kasi kaaryakramavannu praarambhisitu. 1969). avaru raayal prince alfred aaspatreyalli kasi ghatakavannu munnadesidaru mattu aastreliyaada rashtriya yakruttu kasi ghatakada mukhyastharaadaru mattu vaastavaagi enn. ess. doubleu. nalli modala yakruttu kasi maadidaru. eega avaru emeritus pradhyapakaragiddare. shastrachikitse, visheshavaagi vaidyakeeya mattu samshodhanaa kasige needida sevegaligaagi avarannu 1992ralli arder off australia general division (aa. oo.) adhikariyagi nemisalaayitu.

ionsley sheel ionsley glenister ross sheel (janm 4 november 1933) haah rugby unioncha kheladu hota, jyane austreliyache pratinidhitva kele. fly-haaf asalelya sheelcha janm melburn, victoria yethe jhaala aanee tyane austreliyasathi 1 aantarrashtriy rugby cap midavali. prarambhik jeevan aanee shikshan. ionsley sheelcha janm 1933 madhye jhaala aanee 1947 madhye delprat hausacha sadasya mhanoon tyane southport shalet pravesh keela. shaletil tyanchya kalat teey eka kushal vidwan aanee kheladu hote, jyanni shalecha ducks, chamesford cup aanee sansthapakacha puraskar jinkla. ross heey shaleche mukhyadhyapak, haus capton, crickett xv rugby, crickett xi crickett, crickett 1lii tennische sadasya tasech shalechya jaltaran aanee ethletics sanghanche sadasya dekhil hote. 1950 madhye southport shaletoon padvi ghetalyanantar, rosney queensland vidyapithatun vaidyakeey padvi ghenyas suruvat kelee, jithe tyane aadhich siddha kelelya tyachya creeda vyaktimatvavar aadhar ghene suru thewale. ess. tii. chey sadasya mhanoon. johnchya mahavidhyalayat, tyane crickett, rugby, ethletics, jaltaran, tennis aanee naukanayan yaa vishayanmadhye mahavidhyalayache pratinidhitva kele. tyanchya utkrusht yogdanachya sanmanarth 1951 madhye tyanna mahavidhyalayin nila puraskar denyat aala. tasech sentche pratinidhitva karate. johns college, rosney rugby unionmadhil queensland vidyapithache pratinidhitva dekhil kele, jevha queensland vidyapithane 1952-1957 yaa saat varshanchya kalavadhit sahaa vela pantpradhanpad jinkale. rosney ethletics aanee tennismadhye vidyapithache pratinidhitva kele jyasathi tyala 1952 madhye nilya vidyapithacha puraskar midala. tyacha abhyas suru asatana, ross 1952-1957 paryant queensland XV chaa sadasya dekhil hota. tyachi nivad austreliyan university XV sathee jhaali hotee jee 1954 madhye newzealandshee, 1956 madhye japanshi aanee 1957 madhye austreliyan barbarian barbarian khelali. tyachi ekmev rashtriy cap 1956 madhye aalee jevha tyachi nivad sidney yethe dakshin afrikeviruddha austreliyasathi jhaali. tyane swatahla changlya prakare nirdosh tharavale, matra tyacha khanda aswasth jhaala aanee tyamule too too chachanisathi anupalabdha hota. hota hangamanantar, rossla auxford vidyapithachya balliol mahavidhyalayala roads shishyavrutti denyat aalee, jithe tyane vaidyakeey shikshan suru thewale. vidyapithat asatana, rosney rugby aanee tennis yaa donhimbaddalchi tyachi aavad kayam thewali aanee 1958 madhye doghansathihi tyala purn nila puraskar denyat aala. karkird. 1962 madhye sheelala royal college auph sarjanmadhye dakhal karnyat aale aanee 1966 madhye royal college auph austreliyan sarjanmadhye dakhal karnyat aale. auxford vidyapithat tyanni shastrakriyecha abhyas keela aanee avyav pratyaropanasathi agraganya sanshodhan haatee ghetale. bostenmadhye heey kaam pudhe kelyanantar, sheel austreliyala paratala jithe too raktavahinyanchya shastrakriyemadhye tadnya hota aanee pratyaropan shastrakriyemadhye agrani hota. tyanna sidney vidyapithat pratyaropan shastrakriyeche pradhyapak mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale aanee sidney vidyapithacha bhag banale mootrapind pratyaropan gut, jyane 1967 madhye aine. ess. doubleu. (sheel, stuart, johnson aanee itaransathi) sathee samuday aadharit shavchikitsa mootrapind pratyaropan karyakram suru keela. 1969). tyanni royal prince alfried rugnalayatil pratyaropan vibhagache netrutva kele aanee austreliyan rashtriy yakrut pratyaropan vibhagache pramukh banale aanee kharey tarr aine. ess. doubleu. madhye pahile yakrut pratyaropan kele. teey aata emeritus pradhyapak aahet. shastrakriyetil sevansathi, visheshtah vaidyakeey aanee sanshodhan pratyaropanasathi, tyanchi aurder auph austreliya general division (aii. oo.) 1992 madhye adhikari mhanoon niyukti karnyat aalee.

ainsley sheel ainsley glenister ross sill (janma 4 november 1933) ek ragbi union kheladi thie jasle astreliako pratinidhitwa gareka thie. fly-haf, sill mailborne, victoriama janmieki thiin rar astreliaka lagi 1 antarrashtriya ragbi cap dabi gareki thiin. prarambhik jiwan rar shiksha. sann 1933 maa janmieki ainsley sill sann 1947 maa delprat hausako sadasyako rupma southport schoolma prawesh gareki thiin. schoolma afno samayama uni ek kushal vidwan rar kheladi thie, jasle schoolko docks, chamesford cup rar sansthapakko puraskar jiteka thie. ross schoolka prefect, house captain, 1 xv ragbi, 1 xi cricket, 1 th IV tenniska sadasya, sathai schoolko paudi rar athletics tolika sadasya pani thie. sann 1950 maa southport schoolbata snatak garepachhi, rosle university aff quinslandma afno medical degree suru gare, jahaan unle afno pahile nai sampanna khel profilema nirman garna jaari rakhe. centko sadasyako rupma. joneko kalejma unle cricket, ragbi, athletics, paudi, tennis rar roingma collegeko pratinidhitwa gare. unko utkrishta yogadanko sammanma sann 1951 maa unlai college bluebata sammanit garieko thiyo. sathai centko pratinidhitwa gardai. joneko college, rosle ragbi unionma queensland wishwawidyalayako pani pratinidhitwa gare jab queensland vishwavidyalayale 1952-1957 dekhi saat warshako awadhima chha patak premiership jityo. rosle athletics rar tennisma pani wishwawidyalayako pratinidhitwa gare jaska lagi unlai 1952 maa vishwavidyalaya nilobata sammanit garieko thiyo. afno adhyayan jaari rakhdai, ross 1952-1957 dekhi queensland XV kaa sadasya pani thie. uni astreliyali vishwavidyalaya XV kaa lagi chunie jasle 1954 maa newzealand, 1956 maa japan rar 1957 maa astreliyali berber XV khelyo. unko ek matra rashtriya cap 1956 maa ayo jab uni sidnima dakshin afrikawiruddha astreliaka lagi chayan bhae. unle afulai ramro tarikale nirdosh nikale, yadyapi unko kandha wisthapit bhayo rar tyasaile dosro testka lagi anupalabdha thie. sann 1957 ko sijanpachhi, roslai baliyol college, oxford vishwavidyalayama roads chhatrawritti pradan gariyo, jahaan unle chikitsama afno adhyayan jaari rakhe. vishwavidyalayama hunda, rosle ragbi rar tennis duwaika lagi afno joshlai pachhyaundai gae rar 1958 maa duwaika lagi purna nilo puraskar pradan gariyo. currier. sann 1962 maa, sillai royal college aff sarjanma bharna gariyo rar sann 1966 maa, royal college aff astrelian sarjanma bharna gariyo. oxford vishwavidyalayama unle shalyakriyako adhyayan gare rar anga pratyaropanma agragami anusandhan gare. bostonma yass kamlai agadi badhaepachhi, sill astrelia farkie jahaan uni bhaskular shalyakriyama visheshagyata prapta gare rar pratyaropan shalyakriyama agragami thie. uni sidney vishwavidyalayama pratyaropan shalyakriyaka pradhyapak niyukta bhae rar sidney wishwawidyalayako hissa bane. renal transplant samuha, jasle sann 1967 maa nsw (cell, stuart, johnson att all) kaa lagi samudayama adharit cadbheric renal transplant karyakram suru garyo. 1969). unle royal prince alfred aspatalma pratyaropan ekaiko netritwa gare rar australiako rashtriya kalejo pratyaropan ekaiko pramukh bane, rar wastawma nswma pahilo kalejo pratyaropan gare. ahile uni ameritus professor hun. shalyakriyama vishesh gari clinical rar anusandhan pratyaropanma sewaharuka lagi unlai australia general division (aeo) 1992 ko arderko officer niyukta garieko thiyo.

aainsali sheel aainsali glenister rus shale (janma 4 navember 1933) jane ragbi union khelali thile jieki astreliaaku pratinidhitwa karithile. seil, jane fly-haf, victoriara melabornare janmagrahana karithile ebong astrelia paain 1 antarjatija ragbi cap daabi karithile. prarambhika zeeban ebong sikhya. aainsali sheel 1933 masihare janmagrahana karithile ebong 1947 masihare delprat houser sadasya bhabe southport schoolre prabesha karithile. bidyalajare thiba samajare shay jane nipuna bidwana ebong kridabit thile, jie bidyalajara docks, chamesford cop ebong pratisthata puraskara jitithile. rus madhya jane skula prefect, houses captain, 1maha xv ragbi, 1maha xi cricket, 1maha 1maha tennis sadasya tatha bidyalajara santarana ebong athletics dalara sadasya thile. 1950 masihare southport schooleru snataka hassel kariba parey, rus quinsland biswabidyalajare nijara daktari degree arambha karithile, jeunthare shay nijara purbaru hinn krutakarjya krida prophailaku aagaku badheibare lagithile. cent. rahr sadasya bhabe. zohn 'shh college ray shay cricket, ragbi, athletics, santarana, tennis ebong roingre colleger pratinidhitwa karithile. tankara ullekhaneeah abadanaku swekruti dei 1951 masihare tanku eka college blue puraskara pradan karajaithila. ebong sentanku pratinidhitwa karanti . zohn 'shh college, rus madhya ragbi junianare quinsland biswabidyalajara pratinidhitwa karithile, jetebele quinsland biswabidyalaja 1952-1957 thaaru saata barshar abadhire chhaa thara pradhanamantri pada jitithila. rus athletics ebong tenisare biswabidyalajara pratinidhitwa karithile, jeunthipain tanku 1952 ray eka biswabidyalaja blue pradan karajaithila. taanka adhyajana jaari rakhiba samajare, rus 1952 ru 1957 parjyanta quinsland XV rahr sadasya madhya thile. shay astreliah biswabidyalaja XV paain manoneet hoithile jaahaa 1954 ray nyujilyanda, 1956 ray japan ebong 1957 ray astreliah barbara XV khelithila. tankara ekamatra jatiah cap 1956 ray asithila jetebele shay sidneere dakhina africa bipakhyare astrelia paain manoneet hoithile . shay nijaku bhal bhabare dosamukta karithile, kintu taanka kandh sthanachyuta hoithila ebong tenu dwiteeja test paain anupalabdha thile . 1957 rutu parey, rasnku oxford biswabidyalajara baliola kalejaku roades chhatrabrutti pradan karajaithila, jeunthare shay medisinare adhyajana jaari rakhithile. biswabidyalajare thibabele, rus ubhaja ragbi ebong tennis prati tankara agraha jaari rakhithile ebong 1958 ray ubhaja paain eka sampurna neela puraskara paithile . kyariyara. 1962 masihare, sheelanku rayal college off sarjanare bhartti karajaithila ebong 1966 masihare, astrelian sarjanka rayal kalejare bhartti hoithile. oxford biswabidyalajare shay astropachara adhyajana karithile ebong anga pratiropana upare agrani gabeshana karithile. bostanare ehi karjyaku aagaku badhaiba parey, sheel astrelia pherithile jeunthare shay bhaskulara sarjarire bisheshagya thile ebong pratiropana astropacharare jane agragami thile. shay sidney biswabidyalajare transplant sarjarira professor bhabare nijukta hoithile ebong sidney biswabidyalajara anshabisesha hoithile. brukak pratiropana gosthi, jaahaa 1967 ray enn. ess. wa. (shill, stewart, johnson ebong anya) paain eka gosthi aadharita shaba-brukak pratiropana karjyakram arambha karithila. 1969). shay rayal prince alfred hospitalera pratiropana unitor netrutwa neithile ebong astreliah jatiah jakruta pratiropana unitor mukhya hoithile, ebong bastabare enn. ess. were pratham jakruta pratiropana karithile. ebe shay emerits professor achanti. astropachara, bisesh curry clinical ebong gabeshana pratiropana, paain shay 1992 masihare astrelia general divijana (aii. oh.) rahr order officer bhabe nijukta hoithile.

ansely sheel ansely glenister ross sheel (janam 4 navambar 1933) ikk ragbi union khidari see jiss neey australia dee numaindagi keeti see. sheel, ikk fly-haaf, daa janam melburn, victoria witch hoiaa see atey usne australia laee 1 antarashtari ragbi cap daa daava keeta see. mudhla jeevan atey sikkhiaa. ansely sheel daa janam 1933 witch hoiaa see atey 1947 witch delpret haaoos dey member vajon southport school witch dakhal hoiaa see. school witch aapne samein dauran uh ikk nipun vidwan atey khidari sunn, jinhan neey school daa ducks, chamsford kapp atey sansthapak puraskar jittiaa. ross ikk school prefect, haaoos kaptan, 1 xv ragbi, 1 xi cricket, 1 4 tennis dey member dey naal-naal school dee tairaki atey athletics teaman daa member vee see. 1950 witch southport school toon graduation curran toon baad, ross neey queenzland university witch aapni medical digri dee shuruat keeti, jitthe usne aapni pahilan toon hii mukammal khed profile noon banauna jaari rakkhiaa. sant dey member vajon. johns kaalaj witch, usne cricket, ragbi, athletics, tairaki, tennis atey roying witch kaalaj dee numaindagi keeti. unhan dey shandar yogdan noon maanta dinde hoye unhan noon sann 1951 witch kaalaj blue naal sanmanit keeta giaa see. naal hii cent dee numaindagi karde hoye. johns kaalaj, ross neey ragbi union witch queenzland university dee numaindagi vee keeti jadon queenzland university neey 1952-1957 toon satt saal dee miaad dauran chhe vaar pardhan mantri daa darja jittiaa. ross neey athletics atey tennis witch vee university dee numaindagi keeti jiss laee unhan noon 1952 witch university blue naal sanmanit keeta giaa see. aapni padahi jaari rakkhde hoye, ross 1952-1957 toon queensland XV daa member vee see. uss noon australiaai university XV laee chunhiaa giaa see jiss neey 1954 witch newzealand, 1956 witch japaan atey 1957 witch australia dee barbarian XV naal khediaa see. uss dee ikko ikk rashtari cap 1956 witch aaee see jadon uss noon sidney witch dakkhni africa virudh australia laee chunhiaa giaa see. uss neey aapne aap noon changi tarahan burry qarr ditta, halanki uss daa modha tutt giaa atey iss laee uh dooje test laee upalbadh naheen see. 1957 dey season toon baad, ross noon baloliol kaalaj, oxford university noon roads scholarship naal sanmanit keeta giaa, jitthe usne dawai witch aapni padahi jaari rakkhi. university witch rahinde hoye, ross neey ragbi atey tennis dovan laee aapne janoon noon jaari rakkhiaa atey 1958 witch dovan laee ikk poora neela puraskar ditta giaa. carrier. 1962 witch, sheel noon raail kaalaj aaf surgeons witch dakhal karvaiaa giaa see atey 1966 witch, uss noon raail kaalaj aaf australian surgeons witch dakhal karvaiaa giaa see. oxford university witch uhanan neey sarjari daa adhiaen keeta atey anga transplentation witch mohri khoj keeti. boston witch iss kamm noon agge vadhaun toon baad, sheel australia waps aaa giaa jitthe uss neey naadi sarjari witch muharat haasal keeti atey transpentation sarjari witch mohri see. uhanan noon sidney university witch transplent sarjari daa professor niyukat keeta giaa see atey uh sidney university daa hissa baney sunn. gurde transponstal group, jiss neey 1967 witch ainn. aiss. dablioo. (sheel, stevert, johnson atey horr) laee ikk community adharat cadveric gurde transponstal program dee shuruat keeti. 1969). uss neey raail prince alfried hospital witch transpentation unit dee agvai keeti atey australia dee rashtari jigar transpental unit daa mukhi bann giaa, atey asal witch ainn. aiss. w. witch pahila jigar transpental keeta. uh hunn emirites professor hunn. uhanan noon sarjari, khaas karke clinical atey khoj transplentation deeaan sevavan laee australia general division (aii. ou.) 1992 dey arder daa adhikari niyukat keeta giaa see.

ainslee sheel ainslee glenister rose sheel (janma 4 november 1933) ekaha ragbee-union-kreedakah aasit yah australia-deshasya pratinidhitvam krutavaan. sheel, flai-haaf, viktoriyaadeshasya melborne-nagare ajayata, australia-deshasya krute 1 antarashtriya-ragbee-cap-kreedaam praapnot. praarambhikajeevanam tathaa shiksha. ainslee sheel 1933 tame varshe ajayata, 1947 tame varshe sautport vidyaalaye delprat-gruhasya sadasyatvena pravishtavatee. vidyaalaye tasya kaale saha ekaha nipunah vidvaamsaha kreedaaluh cha aasit, vidyaalayasya ducks, chamesford cup, samsthapakapuraskaram cha praapnot. rose vidyaalayasya prefect, house-capton, prathama-xv ragbee, prathama-xi-cricket, prathama-IV tennis, tathaiva vidyaalayasya swimming-athletics-dalanam sadasyah api aasit. 1950 tame varshe sautport vidyaalayaat snaatakapadaveem praapya rose ityeshah queensland-vishvavidyaalaye vaidyashaastrasya upaadhim prarabhata, yatra saha swasya poorvasiddhaam creedaa-vyaktitvasya nirmanam nirantaram kurvan aasit. sadasyatvena ess. jaan-mahaavidyaalaye saha cricket, ragbee, athletics, swimming, tennis, roying ityaadishu mahaavidyaalayasya pratinidhitvam krutavaan. tasya utkrushtasya yogadanasya manyatam praapya 1951 tame varshe college-bloo iti puraskaarah praaptah. api cha sa. jaan-mahaavidyaalayasya rose-varyaha ragbee-sanghasya queensland-vishvavidyaalayasya pratinidhitvam api tasmin samaye krutavaan yadaa queensland-vishvavidyaalayaha 1952-1957 varshayoho saptavarsheshu shanmaavadhau pradhaanamantripadam avaapnot. rose ityayam athletics-tennis-kridaayaam vishvavidyaalayasya api pratinidhitvam krutavaan, yasya krute 1952 tame varshe vishvavidyaalayasya neel-puraskaarah praaptah. adhyayanm anuvartayan rose ityeshah 1952-1957 tame varshe queensland-XV ityasya sadasyah api aasit. saha 1954 tame varshe newjeelyaand-deshasya, 1956 tame varshe japaan-deshasya, 1957 tame varshe australian-barbarian-XV ityasya cha australia-vishvavidyaalayasya krute chitah aasit. tasya ekamaatrah raashtriyah cap 1956 tame varshe abhavat, yadaa saha sidney-nagare dakshina-africa-deshasya viruddham australia-deshasya krute nirwaachitah. saha svameva samyak nirdoshah abhavat, tathaapi tasya bhujasya sthaanachyuti abhavat, ataha dwiteeyapareekshaayaah krute anupalabdhah abhavat. 1957 tamavarshasya anantaram, rose ityasmai oxford-vishvavidyaalayasya beliyol-mahaavidyaalayaaya roads-skaalarship pradanam krutam, yatra saha vaidyashaastrasya adhyayanm anwawartat. vishvavidyaalaye vidyamaanam kaale, rose ityeshah ragbee-tennis-kreedayoh vishaye swasya abhiruchim anwawartat, 1958 tame varshe ubhayoho krute poorna-neelavarnam cha avaapnot. vruttihi. 1962 tame varshe shail-varyaha rayal college aaf sarjan ityasmin pravesham praptavan, 1966 tame varshe cha rayal college aaf australian sarjan ityasmin praveshah praptavan. oxford-vishvavidyaalaye saha shalyakriyayaha adhyayanam krutvaa anga-pratyaaropanasy vishaye agragaameesamshodhanam akarot. boston-nagare etat karyam agre nitva sheel australia-desham pratyagatavan, yatra saha raktavahika-shalyakriyayam visheshadnyah aasit, pratyaaropana-shalyakriyayam cha agragaamih aasit. saha sidney-vishvavidyaalaye pratyaaropana-shalyakriyayaha pradhyapakaha niyuktah, sidney-vishvavidyaalayasya bhaagah cha abhavat. vrukka-pratyaaropana-samoohah, yah 1967 tame varshe enn. ess. doubleu. (sheel, stevert, jaansan ityaadih) krute samudaay-aadharitam shava-vrukka-pratyaaropana-karyakramam prarabhata. 1969). saha rayal prince alfred chikitsaalaye pratyaaropana-ghatakasy netrutvam krutvaa australia-deshasya rashtriya-yakruta-pratyaaropana-ghatakasy pramukhah abhavat, vastutah enn. ess. doubleu. madhye prathamam yakruta-pratyaaropanam akarot. idaaneem saha nivruttapradhyaapakah asti. shalyakriyayaha, visheshatah chikitsaatmak-samshodhana-pratyaaropanasy cha sewaayaah krute saha 1992 tame varshe arder aaf australia-general division (e. o.) ityasya adhikarina niyuktah.

ainsley sheel ainsley clenister roas shill (prappu navambar 4,1933) australiavai pirathinithiththuvappaduththum rakbi union veerar aavaar. shail, oru fly-hoff, victoriavin melbornil piranthaar mattrum australiavukku 1 sarvadesa rakbi toppiyaik koorinaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai mattrum kalvi. 1933 aam aandil pirantha ainsley shill, 1947 aam aandil delbrett havusin uruppinaraaga southboard pallyil nuzhainthaar. pallyil irunththa kaalaththil avar oru tiramaiyaana arinyaraagavum, vilayaattu veeraraagavum irunthaar, palliyin tuxes, selmsford kooppai mattrum niruvanar parisu aagiyavattrai ventraar. roas oru palli thalaimai, veettuth thalaivar, 1 vadhu xv rakbi, 1 vadhu xi crickett, 1 vadhu dennis uruppinaraagavum, athae poal palliyin neechal mattrum thadagala anigalil uruppinaraagavum irunthaar. 1950 aam aandil southboard pallyil pattam petrtrathaith thodarnthu, roas thanathu maruththuvap pattatthai quinslandhu palkalaikkazhagaththil thodangkinaar, angku avar aerkanavae thanathu vilayaattu suyavivaraththai thodarnthu uruvaakkinaar. saint uruppinaraaga. johns kallooriyil, avar crickett, rakbi, thadagalam, neechal, dennis mattrum roying aagiyavattril kallooriyaip pirathinithiththuvappaduththinar. avarathu sirantha pankalippai angkeekarikkum vagaiyil 1951 aam aandil avarukku kalluri neela viruthu vazhangkappattathu. maelum St aii pirathinithiththuvappaduththu. johns kalluri, roas rakbi unionil ulla queensland palkalaikkazhagaththaiyum pirathinithiththuvappaduththinar, 1952 muthal 1957 varayilaana aezhu aandu kaalaththil queensland palkalaikkazhagam aaru murai pirathamaraaga ventrathu. thadagalam mattrum dennisil palkalaikkazhagaththai pirathinithiththuvappaduththiya roas, 1952 aam aandil oru palkalaikkazhaga neela viruthaip pettraar. thanathu padippaith thodarnthapoathu, roas 1952-1957 muthal queensland XV inn uruppinaraagavum irunthaar. 1954 ill newsilaandhu, 1956 ill jappan mattrum 1957 ill australian parparian XV aagiya anigalil vilaiyaadiya australian palkalaikkazhagangkalukku avar thernthedukkappattaar. 1956 aam aandil sidniyil thennaapirikaavukku ethiraaga australiavukku thaernthedukkappattapoathu avarathu oray thaesiya thoppi 1956 ill vanthathu. avar thannai nanku viduvitthaar, iruppinum avarathu thoalpattai idampeyarnthathaal irandaavathu soathanaikku avar kidaikkavillai. 1957 paruvatthaith thodarnthu, roas oxpordu palkalaikkazhagaththin paleol kallurikku roads uthaviththogai vazhangkappattathu, angku avar maruththuvaththil thanathu padippaith thodarnthaar. palkalaikkazhagaththil irunththapoathu, rakbi mattrum dennis aagiya irandilum thanathu aarvatthaith thodarntha roas, 1958 aam aandil iruvarukkum muzhu neela nira viruthu vazhangkappattathu. thozhil. 1962 aam aandil, shill raayal kaalej off surgeons ill anumathikkappattaar, 1966 aam aandil, australian aruvai sigichchai nipunarkalin raayal kallooriyil anumathikkappattaar. oxpordu palkalaikkazhagaththil aruvai sigichchaiyaip payintru, uruppu maattru aruvai sigichchaiyil munnoadi aaraaychchiyai maerkondaar. poastanil inththa vaelaiyai thodarnthu seitha piragu, shill australiavukkuth thirumbinaar, angku avar vascular aruvai sigichchaiyil nibunaththuvam pettraar mattrum maattru aruvai sigichchaiyil munnoadiyaaga irunthaar. avar sidney palkalaikkazhagaththil maattru aruvai sigichchaiyin paeraasiriyaraaga niyamikkappattaar mattrum sidney palkalaikkazhagaththin oru paguthiyaaga irunthaar. 1967 aam aandil enn. ess. doublue (sheel, stevard, johnson mattrum palar) kkaana samooga adippadaiyilaana kalleeral maattru aruvai sigichchai thittatthai thodangiya moothrapida maattruk kuzhu. 1969). avar raayal brins alfred maruthuvamanaiyil maattru aruvai sigichchai privukku thalaimai thaangkinaar, australian thaesiya kalleeral maattru aruvai sigichchai pirivin thalaivaraanaar, unmaiyil enn. ess. doublue ill muthal kalleeral maattru aruvai sigichchai seithaar. avar ippoathu emiritus paeraasiriyaraaga ullaar. aruvai sigichchai, kurippaaga maruththuva mattrum aaraaichi maattru aruvai sigichchaiyin sevaikalukkaaga australia podhup pirivin (aee. ooo) 1992 inn aanaiyin athikaariyaaga avar niyamikkappattaar.

inesley sheel inesley glenister rose sheel (jananam 4 november 1933) australiaku praatinidhyam vahinchina rugby union aatagadu. sheel, oka fly-haaph, victorialoni melbornelo janminchaadu mariyu australia kosam 1 antarjaateeya rugby capnu pondaadu. prarambha jeevitam mariyu vidya. inesley sheel 1933loe janminchi, 1947loe delprat house sabhyudiga southport paatasaalalo pravesinchaaru. paatasaalalo unna samayamlo athanu oka nishnaata panditudu mariyu kreedaakaarudu, paatasaala yokka ducks, chamesford cup mariyu vyavasthaapakudi bahumatini geluchukunnadu. rose paatasaala prefect, house kepten, 1 va xv rugby, 1 va xi cricket, 1 va tennis sabhyudu, alaage paatasaala yokka swimming mariyu athletics jatlalo sabhyudiga kooda unnaaru. 1950loe southport paatasaala nundi graduation taruvaata, rose queensland vishwavidhyaalayamlo thana vaidya degreeni praarambhinchaadu, akkada athanu appatike saadhinchina thana creeda vyaktitvaanni pempondinchukovadam konasaginchadu. St. sabhyudiga. zaan kalasalalo, athanu cricket, rugby, athletics, swimming, tennis mariyu roying loe kalaasaalaku praatinidhyam vahinchaadu. ayana chesina adbhutamaina krushiki gurtimpugaa 1951loe aayanaku kalaasaala blue avaardu labhinchindi. alaage St nii suuchistumdi. 1952-1957 nundi edu samvatsaraala kaalamlo queensland vishwavidyaalayam aarusaarlu premiyarshipnu geluchukunna samayamlo zaan kalaasaala, rose rugby unionloni queensland vishwavidhyaalayaaniki kooda praatinidhyam vahinchindi. rose 1952loe athletics mariyu tennislo vishwavidhyaalayaaniki praatinidhyam vahinchaadu, dheeniki ataniki vishwavidyaalayam blue avaardu labhinchindi. thana chaduvunu konasagistune, rose 1952-1957 nundi queensland XVloe kooda sabhyudiga unnadu. athanu 1954loe newzealand, 1956loe japan mariyu 1957loe australian barbarian XV aadina australian vishwavidhyaalayaalaku empikayyaadu. athani ekaika jaateeya cap 1956loe sidneylo dakshinaafrikaato australiaku empikainappudu vachindi. athanu tananu taanu baga nirdoshigaa prakatinchukunnadu, ayithe athani bhujam sthaanabhramsham chendindi, anduvalla rendava pareekshaku andubaatulo laedu. 1957 season taruvaata, rosku oxford vishwavidhyaalayamloni balliol kalaasaalaku roads scholarship labhinchindi, akkada athanu vaidyamlo thana adhyayananni konasaginchadu. vishwavidhyaalayamlo unnappudu, rose rugby mariyu tennis rendinti patla thana abhiruchini konasaginchadu mariyu 1958loe rendintikee puurti neelam rangu avaardu pondaadu. vrutti. 1962loe, sheel raayal college off sarjanlalo cheraaru mariyu 1966loe, raayal college off australian sarjanlalo cheraaru. oxford vishwavidhyaalayamlo ayana shastrachikitsanu adhyayanam chesi avayava maarpidilo maargadarsaka parisoedhananu chepattaru. bostonlo eee panini konasaaginchina taruvaata, sheel australiaku tirigi vacchaadu, akkada athanu vascular shastrachikitsalo pratyekata kaligi unnadu mariyu marpidi shastrachikitsalo maargadarsakudu. athanu sidney vishwavidhyaalayamlo marpidi shastrachikitsa professorga niyaminchabaddaadu mariyu sidney vishwavidhyaalayamlo bhaagamgaa erpaddaadu. moothrapindaala marpidi samuuham, 1967loe nsw (sheel, stevert, johnson mariyu itarulu) kosam oka community aadhaarita shava moothrapindaala marpidi karyakramanni praarambhinchindi. 1969). athanu raayal prins alfred aasupatrilo marpidi vibhaagaaniki naayakatvam vahinchaadu mariyu australian jaateeya kaaleya marpidi vibhaagaaniki adhipati ayyadu, vaastavaaniki nsdablue modati kaaleya maarpidini nirvahinchaadu. ayana ippudu emeritus professor. shastrachikitsaku, mukhyamgaa clinical mariyu research transplantation sevalaku gaanu 1992loe australia general division (eoo) arder adhikariga niyamitulayyaaru.

aainsli sheel aainsli glenester raas sheel (paidaish 4 nomber 1933) ragbi union kaa eek khilaadi thaa jiss nay australia kii numaindagi kii. sheel eek flayee haaf melborn victoriah mein paida hoyee aur iss nay australia kay liye 1 beenn alaqwami ragbi cape kaa daawi kiyaa. ibtadayi zindagi aur taleem. aainsli sheel 1933 mein paida hoyee aur 1947 mein delprate house kay rakan kay toor parr saoth port school mein daakhil hoyee. school mein apnay waqat kay doraan wah eek maahir scholar aur khilaadi thay jinhon nay school kaa dicks chelmsford cup aur baanee kaa anaam jeeta. raas school kay prefect house captin frust aiks wee ragbi frust aiks aayee cricket frust IV tense kay rakan honay kay saath saath school kii teraki aur athletics teamon kay rakan bhee thay. 1950 mein saoth port school say graduation kay baad raas nay apnee medical digri kaa aaghaz university aaf quenz lend say kiyaa jehaan inhon nay apnay pehley say hyee kamiyab kheelon kay profile kuu badhana jaari rakhaa. sent kay rakan kay toor parr. jaanz college mein inhon nay cricket ragbi athletics teraaki tense aur rowing mein college kii numaindagi kii. inn kii shandar khidmaat kay aiteraf mein inhein 1951 mein college blue say nawaza gayaa. neez sent kii numaindagi kartay hoay. jaanz college raas nay ragbi union mein university aaf quenceland kii numaindagi bhee eek aisey waqat mein kii jabb university aaf quenceland nay 1952 say 1957 takk saat saalah arsey kay doraan chh baar premairship jeeti. raas nay athletics aur tense mein bhee university kii numaindagi kii jiss kay liye inhein 1952 mein university blue say nawaza gayaa. apnee taleem jaari rakhtay huay raas 1952 say 1957 takk quenceland XV kay rakan bhee thay. inhein austrailvi universityon XV kay liye muntakhib kiyaa gayaa jiss nay 1954 mein newzi lend 1956 mein japaan aur 1957 mein austrailvi barberian XV say kheela. inn kii waahid qomi tupi 1956 mein aayee jabb inhein janubi afriqah kay khalaaf australia kay liye muntakhib kiyaa gayaa. iss nay khood kuu achhi tarah say bury kirr diyaa tahim iss kaa kandha hutt gayaa aur iss liye wah dosray test kay liye dastiyaab nahein thaa. 1957 kay seezan kay baad raas kuu beliol college oxford university kuu roads scholarship say nawaza gayaa jehaan inhon nay tabb mein apnee taleem jaari rakhee. university mein rehtay huay raas nay ragbi aur tense donon kay liye apnay shoq kuu jaari rakhaa aur 1958 mein donon kay liye inhein fill blue say nawaza gayaa. carrier. 1962 mein sheel kuu raail college aaf sarjanz mein daakhil kiyaa gayaa aur 1966 mein inhein raail college aaf austrailvi sarjanz mein daakhil kiyaa gayaa. oxford university mein inhon nay sarjari kaa mutalah kiyaa aur aizaa kii nql woo hamal mein aham tehqeeq kii. bostan mein iss kaam kuu aagay badhanay kay baad sheel australia waps aayey jehaan inhon nay vescolar sarjari mein maharat haasil kii aur transplantation sarjari mein paish paish thay. inhein sudney university mein transplant sarjari kaa professor muqarar kiyaa gayaa aur wah sudney university kaa hasah banay. reddle transplant group jiss nay 1967 mein aine aiss dabliyo (sheel stevart jaansan waghairah) kay liye community parr mubni cadawark railen transplant prograam kaa aaghaz kiyaa. 1969). inhon nay raail prince alfared hospital mein transplantation yount kii sarbarahi kii aur austrailvi national leaver transplant yount kay sarbarah banay aur darhaqiqat aine aiss dabliyo mein pehla jigar transplant kiyaa. abb wah emerates professor haine. inhein operation khaas toor parr tabee aur tehqiqi transplantation kii khidmaat kay liye arder aaf australia general devision (aey awo) 1992 kaa afsar muqarar kiyaa gayaa thaa.

fffa3b00d762187ee572bfd16cf6da0c6d5cdeaf4690b75bbc42ee9667156cf2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=44134815

Ivar Stakgold

Ivar Stakgold Norwegian American mathematician Ivar Stakgold (December 13, 1925 – May 29, 2018) was a Norwegian-born American academic mathematician and bridge player from Newark, Delaware. As the sole author of two books he specialized in boundary value problems (LCSH). Life. Stakgold was born in Oslo, Norway to parents with Russian-Jewish heritage. He studied applied mathematics at Harvard University and earned the Ph.D. in 1949 with a dissertation, "The Cauchy Relations In A Molecular Theory of Elasticity", under Léon Nicolas Brillouin. He was professor emeritus of mathematical sciences at the University of Delaware and a researcher at the University of California, San Diego. He was a former president of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM). References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

aaibhar stuckgold aaibhar stuckgold (13 disembor, 1925-29 mey ', 2018) ejon norobeziyo-jonmogrohon koraa aamerikan academic gonitobid aaru newark, delaweror breej player aasil. dukhon kitapor ekmatro lekhok hisape teu xeema mulyo xomosya (lcs) too bixexotwo laabh korisil. jiwan. rasian-jeuis oitijyo thoka pitri-matrir usorot norober uslut stackgoldor jonmo hoisil. teu harbhard biswobidyaloyot proyugik gonito odhyoyon korisil aaru paisdi laabh korisil.di. 1949 sonot lion nikulax brill 'uinor odhinot "sthitisthapokotar aanobik totwot kaasi xomporko" naamor ek probondhor xoite. teu delware biswobidyaloyor ganitik bigyanor emoritus odhyapok aaru chaan daigur california biswobidyaloyor gowexok aasil. teu oudyugik aaru proyugik gonito (siyam) xomitir prakton xobhapoti aasil. bahyik xongzug.

iver stuckgold iver stackgold (13 december, 1925-29 meey, 2018) chhilen ekjon norwegian bongshodbhuto markin academic ganitobid ebong newark, delwarer brij kheload. duti boiyer ekmatro lekhok hisabe tini seemana mulya samasya (ell. shee. esha. eich)-ayee biseshoggo chhilen. jeebon. russian-ihudi oitijhyer pitamatar kachhe stackgold oslo, norwete jonmogrohon korechilen. tini harvard bishwobidyaloye folito gonito niye padashona corren ebong paechd orjon corren.dii. 1949 saale ekti gobeshonapotrer saathe, lyon nicolas brilluin-err adhine "sthitisthapokota-rawr anobik totte kachi somporko". tini delwar bishwobidyaloyer ganitik bigyaner emeritus adhyapak ebong california vishwavidyalaya, shaan diegor gobeshok chhilen. tini industrial anned applied mathematics (siam) societyr praktan sabhapati chhilen. bahyik link.

ivor stackgold ivor stackgold (december 13,1925-meey 29,2018) norwegian-janmela american shaikshanik ganeetshastri aneey newark, delawarena brij player hataa. beey pustakonaa ekmatra lekhak tareeke temane seema moolya samasyao (aela. see. aesa. aech.) maan visheshta melvee hatee. jeevan. stackgoldno janm oslo, norvemaa russian-yahudi vaarsa dharaavtaa matapitane thayo hato. temane harvarda universityma laagu ganeetno abhyaas karyo aneey piaech. dii. melvee.dii. melvee.dii aek mahanibandh saathe, "sthitisthapaktana parmaanu siddhaantmaa kaachee sambandho", leone nicolas brilluin hethal. teo delaware universityma gaanitik vignanna maanad prophesara aneey university off california, saana diyegomaa sanshodhak hataa. teo audhyogik aneey laagu ganeet (siyaam) maate societyna bhutpurv pramukh hataa. baahy kadeeo.

ivor stockgold ever stackgold (13 disambar, 1925-29 maee, 2018) norwey mein janme americi akaadamik ganitshastri aur newark, delaware key pull khilaadi they. dou pustakon key ekmatra lekhak key roop mein unhone seema moolya samasyaon (ell. see. aiss. aich.) mein visheshagyata praapt kii. jeevan. stackgold kaa janm oslo, norwey mein russie-yahudi viraasat vaale maataa-pitaa key ghar huaa thaa. unhone harvard vishvavidyalaya mein anuprayukt ganit kaa adhyayan kiya aur ph. dee. kii upaadhi praapt kii.dee. 1949 mein ack shodh prabandh key saath, "loach key aanvik siddhant mein kauchi sambandh", leone nicolaus brilloin key tahat. way delaware vishvavidyalaya mein ganitiya vigyaan key maanad professor aur california vishvavidyalaya, saine diego mein ack shodhkarta they. way audyogik aur anuprayukt ganit (siyam) key liye samaaj key poorv adhyaksh they. baahari link.

aivar stuckgold aivaar stockgold (december 13,1925-mayee 29,2018) norwegian moolada american shaikshanika ganitashaastragna mattu delawaren newarkna bridge player aagiddaru. eradu pustakagala ekaika lekhakaraagi avaru gadi moulyada samasyegalalli (lcshech) parinati padedaru. jeevana. stockgold avaru rashyaada-jevish parampareyannu hondiruva poshakarige oslo, norweyalli janisidaru. avaru haarvard vishvavidyaalayadalli anvayika ganitavannu adhyayana maadidaru mattu ph. dii. galisidaru.dii. 1949ralli, lyon nicolus brillouin avara adiyalli, "sthitisthaapakatvada aanvika siddhaantadalli kaachi sambandhagalu" emba prabandhadondige. avaru delaware vishvavidyaalayadalli ganitashaastrada emeritus pradhyapakaragiddaru mattu syaan diyegoda california vishvavidyaalayadalli samshoodhakaraagiddaru. avaru kaigarika mattu anvayika ganita (siam) samstheya maaji adhyaksharaagiddaru. baahya samparkagalu.

ever stackgold ever stackgold (13 december 1925-29 meey 2018) haah norweymadhye janmalela american shaikshanik ganitshastradnya aanee newark, delaware yetheel brij player hota. done pustakanche ekmev lekhak mhanoon tyanni seema moolya samasyanmadhye (ell. see. ess. etch.) vishesh kaushalya prapt kele. jeevan. russian-jyoo varsa asalelya palakanchya gharee auslo, norwey yethe stackgoldcha janm jhaala. tyanni harvard vidyapithat upayojit ganitacha abhyas keela aanee ph. dii. midavali.dii. 1949 madhye, lyon nicolas brilloin yanchya netrutvakhali, 'lavchikatechya aanvik siddhantatil kachee sambandh' yaa prabandhasah. teey delaware vidyapithat ganiteey vidnyanache manad pradhyapak aanee california vidyapith, sann diego yethe sanshodhak hote. teey audhyogik aanee upayojit ganeet (siyam) societyche majee adhyaksh hote. bahya duve.

ibhar stackgold ibhar stackgold (december 13,1925-maee 29,2018) nervegianma janmeka americi shaikshik ganitashastri rar newark, delawareka brij player thie. dui pustakka ekmatra lekhakka rupma unle sima mulya samasyaharu (lcsh) maa visheshagyata prapta gare. jiwan. stackgold oslo, narvema rusi-yahudi sampadaka amababuma janmieka thie. unle harward vishwavidyalayama anuprayukta ganit adhyayan gare rar piechdi prapta gare.dee. sann 1949 maa leone nikolas briloinko netritwama "lochko anawik siddhantama kauchi sambandha" namak euta shodh prabandhako sath. uni delaware vishwavidyalayama ganitiya vigyanka ameritus pradhyapak rar california vishwavidyalaya, saan digoma anusandhankarta thie. uni audyogik rar anuprayukta ganit (siam) kaa lagi societyka purva adhyaksha thie. bahya linkharu.

aaivara stackgold aaivara stackgold (december 13,1925-meey 29,2018) jane narawejeeah-janmita americae academic ganitika ebong delawejarara niwarkara brij khelali thile. duiti pustakara ekamatra lekhaka bhabe shay seema mulya samasya (ell. sii. ess. etch.) ray biseshatwa hassel karithile. zeeban. stackgold narawera oslore rushiah-ihudi aitihya thiba pitamatanka ghare janmagrahana karithile. shay harbard biswabidyalajare prajoga ganita adhyajana karithile ebong ph. dii. hassel karithile.dii. 1949 masihare, eka gabeshanapatra sahita, "sthitisthapakatare anabika siddhantare kachi samparka", leone nicolas briloinanka adheenare. shay delawejara biswabidyalajare ganitika bigyanara emerits professor ebong california biswabidyalaja, shaan digore jane gabeshaka thile. shay society pharr industrial anded applied mathematics (siam) rahr purbatana sabhapati thile. bahya linka.

ivor stackgold ivor stackgold (13 dasambar, 1925-29 maee, 2018) ikk norwegian-jamme amriki akadamik ganit shastari atey nevark, delaware toon brij khidari see. doou kitaban dey iklaute lekhak vajon unhan neey seema mull samassiaavan (aill. see. aiss. aich.) witch muharat haasal keeti. jeevan. stackgold daa janam oslo, narve witch russie-yahudi virasat vaale maapiaan dey gharr hoiaa see. unhan neey harward university witch uplied ganit dee padahi keeti atey ph. dee. keeti.dee. 1949 witch ikk khoj nibandh dey naal, leone nicholls briloin dey adheen, "lachkilepan dee anoo thioori witch kauchi sabndh". uh delaware university witch ganit vigiaan dey professor atey california university, sainn digo witch ikk khojkarta sunn. uh suciety phaar industrial aind uplied mathematics (siaam) dey sabka pardhan sunn. baahari link

ivar stockgold aivaar stockgold (december 13,1925-mey 29,2018) norwegian-american-shaikshanik-ganitashaastradnyah, delaware-nagarasya newark-nagarasya bridge-player cha aasit. pustakadwayam ekasya lekhakatvena saha sima-mulya-samasyasu (ell. sii. ess. ech.) visheshadnyah aasit. jeevati. stockgold ityasya janma oslo, naarve-nagare, russian-yahoodee-paramparayuktanam matapitrubhyaha abhavat. saha haarvard-vishvavidyaalaye upayokta-ganitasya adhyayanam krutvaa pi. ech. dii. praptavan.dee. 1949 tame varshe leone nicolas briloyin ityasya adheene "da kauchee relations inn e molecular theory aaf elasticity" iti shodha prabandhah aasit. saha delaware-vishvavidyaalaye ganitashaastrasy maanad-pradhyapakaha, syaan-diyego-nagarasya california-vishvavidyaalaye shodhakah cha aasit. saha audyogika-upayojita-ganita-sanghasya (siam) poorwah adhyakshah aasit. baahya-samparkah.

aivar stagold aivar stack coult (disambar 13,1925-mae 29,2018) oru norway-pirantha america kalviyiyal kanidhaviyalaalar mattrum newark, delaware nagaraich saerntha bridge veerar aavaar. irandu puththagangkalin oray ezhuththaalaraaga avar ellai mathippu sikkalkalil (ell. chii. ess. ech) nibunaththuvam pettraar. vaazhkkai. stackold russia-juvish paarambariyaththudan noarvaeyin oosloavil pettroaridam piranthaar. avar haarvard palkalaikkazhagaththil payanpaattu kanithaththaip padiththaar mattrum Ph.dii. 1949 aam aandil, leone nicolaus pirilouyin keezh, "negizhvuththanmaiyin moolakkooru koatpaattil kaachi uravugal" endra aaivarikkaiyudan. avar delaware palkalaikkazhagaththil kanitha ariviyalin emiritus paeraasiriyaraagavum, chaan diagovin california palkalaikkazhagaththil aaraaychchiyaalaraakavum irunthaar. avar thozhilthurai mattrum payanpaattu kanithaththirkaana (siam) samoogaththin munnaal thalaivaraaga irunthaar. veli inaippugal.

ivor stuckgold ivor stockgold (december 13,1925-mae 29,2018) norwegian-janminchina american academic ganita shaastravetta mariyu delaverloni newyorku chendina bridge player. rendu pustakaalaku ekaika rachayitagaa ayana sarihaddu viluva samasyalalo (elcshetch) pratyekata kaligi unnaaru. jeevitam. stockgold oslo, norwaylo russian-jevish vaarasatvamto tallidandrulaku janminchaadu. athanu haarvard vishwavidhyaalayamlo anuvartita ganitaanni abhyasinchaadu mariyu Ph.dii. 1949loe oka vyaasamtho, leone nicolus brilloin aadhvaryamlo "sthitisthaapakata yokka paramaanu siddhaantamlo kaachii sambandhaalu". athanu delawar vishwavidhyaalayamlo ganita saastraala emeritus professor mariyu california vishwavidyaalayam, shaan diago loe parisoedhakudu. ayana paarisraamika mariyu anuvartita ganitam (siam) kosam sosaiteeki maajee adhyakshudu. bahya linkulu.

aayoor stock gold aayoor stock gold (13 dasambar 1925-29 mayee 2018) naarway mein paida honay waala americi taleemi riyaazi daan aur newarik delaveer say taaluq rakhnay waala barj player thaa. duu kitaabon kay waahid masnaf kay toor parr inhon nay boundry velio kay masail (eel see aiss aich) mein maharat haasil kii. zindagi. stock gold auslo naarway mein rosee-yahudi warsay kay waldeen kay haan paida hawaa thaa. inhon nay harward university mein itlaaqi riyaazi kii taleem haasil kii aur pee aich ddee kii digri haasil kii.ddee. 1949 mein leone nikolas brailwain kay tahat eek maqalay kay saath "lachak kay salmati nazariyah mein kaachi taluqat". wah university aaf delaveer mein riyaziyati aloom kay professor emerates aur university aaf california saan diyago mein mohqaq thay. wah society faar industrail aind applied methematics (seyam) kay saabiq sadr thay. beruni rawabit.

fffa3e899670cb0c1c1ff8e9513e1a33fdf736102e05aa4a812b3076d232cabb

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8496067

Richard Goblet d'Alviella

Richard Goblet d'Alviella Belgian businessman Count Richard Goblet d'Alviella (born 6 July 1948) is a Belgian businessman, who studied economics at the Université libre de Bruxelles, (Brussels), and obtained an MBA at the Harvard Business School. He is a son of Jean Goblet d'Alviella and his wife, June Dierdre Corfield. He is the grandson of Sir Conrad Laurence Corfield. On 22 July 1971, he married countess Veronique d'Oultremont. He is a member of the board of directors of the Groupe Danone and Sofina, director and member of the audit committee of the Delhaize Group, and SES.

rechard goblet di 'alviela count rechard goblet di 'alviela (jonmo 6 july 1948) ejon beljian byowoxayi, jiye universite libre di brookxels (brachels) too orthoniti odhyoyon korisil aaru harbhard byowoxayik bidyaloyot em. bi. e. laabh korisil. teu jinn goblet di 'alviela aaru teur potni june diardre corfieldor putro. teu chaar conrad laurence corfieldor naati. 1971 sonor 22 julyte teu countes vernik di 'altremontok biyaa koray. teu groop denun aaru sofinar porisalok porixodor xodosyo, deleij gutor xonsalok aaru audit komitir xodosyo, aaru chess.

richarda gobblet dii 'alviella kaunta richarda gobblet dii 'alviella (jonmo 6 julai 1948) ekjon belgian byabasayi, jini university libre dii broxels (brassels)-ayee arthaniti niye padashona corren ebong harvard bijnes schoole mba orjon corren. tini zina gobblet dii 'alviella ebong taanr stree june deardrey corfielder putro. tini syara conrad laurence corfielder naati. 1971 saaler 22shhey julai tini countes veronic dii 'ultremontke biye corren. tini group danon ebong sophina-rawr porichalona porshoder sadasya, porichalok ebong delheise grouper nirikkha komitir sadasya ebong cesses.

richard goblet dii 'alviela kaaunt richard goblet dii 'alviela (janm 6 julai 1948) aek belgian udhyogpati chhe, jemane university libre dii bruxels (braseels) khaate arthshashtrano abhyaas karyo hato aneey harvarda business schoolma mba melavyu hatoo. teey jiina goblet dii 'alviela aneey tenee patnee, juna diardrey corfieldno putra chhe. teey surr conred laurence corfieldno pautra chhe. 22 julai julai roj, temane countess veronic dii 'alteremont saathe lagna karyaa. teo group denon aneey sofeena naa booard off directorsnaa sabhy chhe, director aneey delheise groupni audit kameeteena sabhy chhe.

richard goblet dee 'alvela count richard goblet dee 'alvela (janm 6 julaai 1948) ack belgium key vyavasaayi hain, jinhone university libre dee bruxels (brussels) mein arthshastra kaa adhyayan kiya aur harvard business school mein aim. bee. aeye. praapt kiya. vaha jeane goblet dee 'alvela aur unaki patni, juuna diardray corfield kaa betaa haye. vaha surr conrad laurence corfield key potey hain. 22 julaai 1971 koo unhone countess veronic dee 'walteremont seey shaadi kii. vaha samooh danon aur sofina key nideshak mandal key sadasya hain, nideshak aur delheise samooh kii lekha pariksha samiti key sadasya hain.

richard goblet dii 'alviella count richard goblet dii 'alviella (janana 6 julai 1948) obba belgian udyamiyaagiddu, avaru universite libre dii bruxels (brussels) nalli arthashaastravannu adhyayana maadidaru mattu haarvard bisiness shaleyalli mba padedaru. aata zeane goblet dii 'alviella mattu aatana patni zoon deardrey carfieldra maga. aata surr kanrad laurence carfieldna mommaga. 1971rahra julai 22randu aata countess veronic dii 'ultremontrannu vivaahavaadaru. avaru group danon mattu sophina nirdesakara mandaliya sadasyaragiddare, delheise gumpina nirdeshaka mattu lekkaparishodhana samitiya sadasyaragiddare.

richard goblet dii 'alvela count richard goblet dii 'alvela (janm 6 julai 1948) haah eka belgian vyapari aahe, jyane university libre dii bruxels (braseels) yethe arthshastracha abhyas keela aanee harvard business skoolmadhye emm. bii. aii. prapt kele. too jeane goblet dii 'alvela aanee tyachi patni juuna diardray corfield yancha mulga aahe. too surr conrad laurence corfieldcha natoo aahe. 22 julai 1971 roji tyanni countess veronic dii 'altremontshee lagn kele. teey gut danone aanee sofinachya sanchalak mandalache sadasya, delhays gatache sanchalak aanee lekhaparikshan samitiche sadasya aanee cess aahet.

richard goblet dee 'alviela count richard goblet dee 'alviela (janma 6 july 1948) ek belgiumka wyapari hun, jasle university libre day broxels (brasels) maa arthashastrako adhyayan gare, rar harward business schoolma mba prapta gare. uni zin goblet dee 'alviela rar unaki shrimati june diardrey corfieldka chhora hun. uni sear konrad lawrence curfieldka naati hun. 22 july 1971 maa, unle countess bheronik dee 'oltremontsanga vivaha gare. uni group danon rar sofinako nirdeshak samitiko sadasya, delize samuhako nirdeshak rar lekhaparikshan samitiko sadasya, rar cess hun.

richard goblet dii 'alabhijela count richard goblet dii 'alabhijela (janma 6 july 1948) jane belgia byabasajee, jieki' junibharsite libre dii brooksels '(brasels) ray arthaneeti adhyajana karithile ebong harbard business schooleru emm. bii. aii. hassel karithile. shay zin goublet dii 'alviala ebong taanka patni june dajaradre karfieldanka pua. shay saar kanrad laurence karfieldanka naati. 1971 masiha july 22 tarikhare shay countess veronic dii 'ultremontnku bibaha karithile. shay group danon ebong sophinanka nirdeshaka mandalira sadasya, delize group ebong sesra audit kamitira nirdeshaka ebong sadasya atanti.

richard gobblet dee 'alviela count richard gobblet dee 'alviela (janam 6 julai 1948) ikk belgian vapari haii, jiss neey university libre dee brooksells (brasals) witch arth shastar dee padahi keeti atey harward busions school toon aim. bee. aii. prapat keeti. uh jeane gobblet dee 'alviela atey uss dee patni, juun dired corfield daa puttar haii. uh sarr konrad laurence corfield daa pota haii. 22 julai 1971 noon, uss neey countase veronic dee 'oltremont naal viaah karwa liaa. uh group danon atey sophina dey board aaf directors daa member haii, director atey delheise group dee audit kameti daa member haii, atey aiss. ee. aiss.

richard goblet dee 'alviela kaunt richard goblet dii 'alviyellaa (janma 6 julai 1948) ekaha belgian-vyaapaarih asti, yah universite librey dii bruxels (brasals) ityatra arthashastram adhyanam akarot, haarvard-bisiness-vidyaalaye emm. bii. e. padaveem cha praptavan. saha jeane goblet dii 'alviela ityasya, tasya patnee joon dearder carfield ityasyaah cha putrah asti. saha surr konrad laurence carfield ityasya pautrah asti. 1971 julai 22 dinaanke saha countes veronic dii 'oltremont ityanaya saha vivaahah akarot. saha group danon tathaa sofina ityasya nirdeshaka-mandalasya sadasyah, delhaz-samuhasya nirdeshakasya, lekhaapareekshan-samityaah sadasyah cha asti, tathaa cha ses iti sadasyah asti.

richard coblet dii 'alviella count richard coblet dii 'alviella (prappu juulai 6,1948) oru beljiya thozhilathibar aavaar, avar university libre dii brooksels (pressels) ill porulaathaaram payintru, haarvard vanigap pallyil emm. pii. aee pettraar. avar jeane coblet dii 'alviella mattrum avarathu manaivi juun deartray carfieldin magan aavaar. avar charr conrat laurence carfieldin paeran aavaar. 1971 juulai 22 andru, avar countess veronic dii 'ultremandai mananthaar. avar kuzhuvaana danon mattrum sofinavin iyakkunarkal kuzhuvil uruppinaraagavum, iyakkunaraagavum, delheise kuzhuvin thanikkaik kuzhuvin uruppinaraagavum ullaar.

richard goblet dii 'alviella count richard goblet dii 'alviella (jananam 6 juulai 1948) oka belgian vyaapaaravaetta, athanu universite librey dii bruxels (brassels) loe aardhika saastraanni abhyasinchaadu mariyu haarvard business schoollo mba pondaadu. athanu zeane goblet dii 'alviella mariyu athani bhaarya juun deared carfield kumarudu. athanu surr kanrad laurence carfield manavadu. 1971 juulai 22naa, athanu countess veranic dii 'oltremaantnu vivaham chesukunnadu. athanu group danon mariyu sophina directorla boardu sabhyudu, director mariyu delheise group audit kamitee sabhyudu, mariyu ses.

richard gobalt ddee alvela count richard gobalt ddee alvela (paidaish 6 jolayi 1948) eek belgium kay taajir haine jinhon nay university labri ddee broxilis (barsalz) mein muashiyat kii taleem haasil kii aur harward buznis school say ayem bee aey haasil kiyaa. wah jaine gobalt ddee alvela aur iss kii bewi joone diarder coor feld kaa betaa hay. wah sarr konrad larns coor feld kaa potaa hay. 22 jolayi 1971 cow inhon nay countees veronic ddee oltremont say shaadi kii. wah grop denon aur sophina kay board aaf directors kaa rakan director aur delheez grop kii audet committy kaa rakan aur seez hay.

fffa3f8f7e1389a6eff02493f6293e53d78d6604d720bfb6f8c179feb0e6caa7

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58806991

The Girl on the Bus

The Girl on the Bus "The Girl on the Bus" is the twelfth episode of the thirtieth season of the American animated television series "The Simpsons", and the 651st episode overall. The episode was directed by Chris Clements and written by Joel H. Cohen. It aired in the United States on Fox on January 13, 2019. Plot. Channel 6 news opens up with the city's history of the founding and development of Springfield, which leads to the run down school bus Lisa and Bart ride to school every day. On the bus, Lisa wishes she had a close friend, then notices a girl sitting on her front porch playing a clarinet. The next day, Lisa asks Otto Mann to stop the bus, and he drops her off. Exploring the Springfield Heights neighborhood, she finds the girl's house and notices her crying through a window. Lisa introduces herself to the girl, whose name is Sam, and finds that they have much in common. Sam's parents invite Lisa over to dinner, then ask her about her family. Wanting to not reveal her embarrassing family, Lisa lies about them, saying that Homer is a sculptor, Marge is a chemist, Maggie is a precocious professor, and Bart does not exist. Sam's parents want to meet Lisa's parents, but then reveal that they are moving. When Sam's father drops Lisa off, she tells Ned Flanders to pretend that he is her dad. Eventually, Sam's family announces they are not moving, so Lisa then lies that her parents are going to Lithuania, not wanting her lies to be exposed. She then begins a short double life with Sam's family and her own. After a while, Marge catches her. Marge forces Lisa to invite Sam's family over to dinner and tells Homer to be on his best behavior. At the dinner table, Homer uses the lines Marge gave him to talk, but then when Sam's father asks Homer about his life, Lisa finally admits she lied about her family. Sam's father admits to lying as well; he previously stated that he was from Nigeria, but he is actually from Cameroon. Noticing the sudden awkwardness, Bart invites everyone to hang out in his redecorated room, which he worked on secretly while everyone was focused on Lisa, who is ecstatic to have her story have a happy ending. Over time, Bart's room becomes a hit, and he invites everyone to his room to use as a hang-out except his own parents, who are worried the situation is getting out of hand. Bart's appointed bouncer Nelson Muntz does let in Marge, who promises Homer she will talk to Bart. Production. In July 2018 at San Diego Comic-Con, the producers announced that Patti LuPone would guest star as Sam's mother. Cultural references. Homer texts Lisa the internet meme of himself backing into a bush. The meme originated from the season 5 episode "Homer Loves Flanders". Reception. Viewing figures. Leading out of the on Fox, the episode earned a 3.2 rating with a 12 share and was watched by 8.2 million viewers. Critical response. Dennis Perkins from "The A.V. Club" gave the episode a D+ ranking, stating "Lisa’s a tough character to write for. Not because her smarts make her better than everyone else, but because her awareness of her world’s absurdities can’t shield her from being, irrevocably, part of it. So again—degree of comedic difficulty noted. But this is "The Simpsons". And say what you want about the good old days, but when there’s a legacy of writing great Lisa stories and you botch one this badly, the failure is that much more glaring." Tony Sokol from "Den of Geek" gave the episode 3.5 out of 5 points ranking, stating "'The Girl on the Bus' gets caught in crosstown traffic by the ending. While we always know the family is going to work things out, lately things have been working out too well for the Simpsons. The comfort of the smooth animation now couches comfier endings. There is no additional twist to the loving outpouring. It is a feel-good episode that should have felt a little bad. Lisa learns how exciting it is to deceive all the people she loves, but she can't sustain her enthusiasm." References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

basot thoka suwali "dyo garl ono dyo baach" hoise aamerikan animated television sirij "dyo ximpchons" ror trixotomo sijonor dwadox khondo, aaru xamogrikbhabe xamogrikbhabe khondo. ei khondotu crich clementse porisalona korisil aaru juwel eis-e likhisil. kuhen. ee 2019 sonor 13 januaryt aamerika juktorastrot fokxot xomprosarito hoisil. plot. senel 6 niuj sohorkhonor springfieldor protistha aaru bikaxor itihaxor xoite aarombho hoy, jaar folot protidine skool baach lisa aaru bart raid skuloloi yaay. baskhonot, lisar issa hoy je taair ejon ghonistho bondhu aasil, taar pisot taair xonmukhor bardat bohi thoka egoraki suwalik clairnet kheli thoka lokhyo kore. pisdina, lisa ottu maanok baskhon rokhaboloi koy, aaru teu taik eri diye. springfieldor uschotar suburiyatu onwexon kori taai suwalijonir ghortu bisari paay aaru etaa khirikir maajere taair kandun lokhyo kore. lisar xoite suwaligorakir porisoy hoy, jaar naam chem, aaru teuluke gom paay je teulukor maajot bohut mill aase. semor pitri-matriye lisak raatir aahar khaboloi aamontron jonay, taar pisot taair poriyalor bixoye xudhibo. nijor lojjajonok poriyalok prokax nokoriboloi bisari, lisawe teulukor bixoye misa koy je humar ejon bhaskorjoxilpi, marj ejon roxayonobid, megi egoraki okal odhyapok, aaru bartor ostitwo naai. semor pitri-matriye lisar pitri-matrik log koribo bisare, kintu taar pisot teuluke sthanantorito hoise buli prokax kore. jetiya semor deutake lisak eri diye, tetiya taai nedd flandersok teur deutak buli obhinoy koriboloi koy. owoxexot, semor poriyale ghuxona kore je teuluke sthanantorito huwa naai, xeyehe lisai tetiya misa koy je taair pitri-matriye lithuanialoi goi aase, taair misa kotha mukoli koratu nibisare. taar pisot taai semor poriyal aaru nijor xoite etaa suti dwoito jiwan aarombho kore. kichu xomoyor pisot marge taik dhore. marjoi lisak semor poriyalok raatir aahar khaboloi aamontron koriboloi badhyo kore aaru humarok teur xorbosrestho aasoron koriboloi koy. noixobhujor tableot, humare marjor dwara teuk kotha patiboloi diya xaribur byobohar kore, kintu taar pisot jetiya semor deutake humarok teur jiwanor bixoye xudhile, lisawe owoxexot swikar kore je teu nijor poriyalor bixoye misa koichil. semor deutakeu misa kotha swikar kore; teu aagote koichil je teu nigeriar poraa aahisil, kintu teu prokritote kemerunor poraa aahise. hothate huwa bisitrota lokhyo kori barte xokoluke teur punor xojuwa kuthat bohi thakiboloi aamontron jonay, zo "too teu gupone kaam korisil, aanhate xokoluwe lisar uporot monujug disil, ji taair kahinir ek xukhi xomapti huwat anondito. xomoyor loge loge bartor kuthatu hitt hoi pore, aaru teu nijor pitri-matrir baahire xokoluke teur kuthaloi heng-out hisape byobohar koriboloi aamontron jonay, jixokole poristhititu haator poraa aatori goi aase buli sintit. bartor nijukto bounchar nelson muntoje marjot jaboloi diye, jiye humarok bartor xoite kotha patibo buli protisruti diye. utpadon. 2018 sonor julyte chaan diyegu komik-konot projujokxokole ghuxona korisil je petty lupune semor maatri hisape otithi obhinoy koribo. xangoskritik ullekh. humare nijor etaa jharikoi ghuri ohaar internet memtu likhi diye. ei memtur utpotti hoise sijon 5 khondor "humare flanderxokolok bhaal paay" ror poraa. obhyorthona. dorxon koraa xongkhya. ono fokxor poraa bahiroloi ulai ohaa ei khondotuwe 12taa swearor xoite 3.2 rating laabh korisil aaru 82 laakh dorxoke iyak saisil. xomaluchonamulok protikriya. dyo e" ror denis parkins.bhi. clube "khondotuk di + ranking disil," lisar baabe likhiboloi etaa kothin soritro. taair buddhimottai taik aan xokolure tulnat unnot kori tule buli nohoy, kintu taair prithibir ojouktikotar bixoye teur xosetonotai taik iyar ongxo huwar poraa rokhya koribo nuware. xeyehe punor-comedic oxubidhar matra ullekh koraa hoise. kintu eituwei hoise "dyo ximpchons". aaru bhaal puroni dinburor bixoye aapuni ki bisare kouk, kintu jetiya mohan lisa kahini likhaar uttoradhikar thaake aaru aapuni etak imaan beyabhabe bifol kore, tetiya bifolotatu odhik sposto hoy." dane owo geek" ror tonny cho 'koll-e ei khondotu khondotu bhitorot 3.5 point ranking di koy je "baskhonor suwaligoraki" xex huwar loge loge crostownor zaan-jotor maajot aabodho hoi pore. jodiu aami xoday jaanu je poriyaltuwe kambur koriboloi goi aase, xehotiyakoi simposonxokolor baabe kambur oti bhaldore soli aase. moxrin animationor swaschondyoi etiya aramdayok xomaptir baabe upojukto. premor probahot kunu otirikto twist naai. eitu etaa bhaal onubhob huwa khondo jitu olop beyaa onubhob huwa usit aasil. lisawe janibo paare je taair priyo xokoluke protarona koratu kiman rumanchokor, kintu taai nijor utxah bojai rakhibo nuware."

baase meye "dya garla ono dya baas" holl american animated television sirij "dya simpsons"-err trishtama morshumer dwadosh porbo ebong samogrikbhabe 651tomo porbo. porboti porichalona korechen criss clements ebong likhechen joel eich. kohen. etty 2019 saaler 13ee januari markin juktorashtre fox-ayee somprocharito hoy. plot. channel 6 newz shohorer springfield protistha oo unnoyoner itihas niye khole, jaar foley protidin school baas lissa ebong barter madhyome schoole yawa hoy. baase, lissa ichcha korey jey taar ekjon ghonistho bondhu thakat, tarpor lakkhya korey jey taar samoner baranda ekti meye clarinate bajiye achhe. porer deane, lissa otto manke baas thamate boley ebong seey taake chhede deyo. springfield uchchotar paday ghure bedate giye seey meyetir baadi khunje paay ebong ekti janala diye taar kanna lakkhya korey. lissa seii meyer sange porichoy koriye deyo, jaar naam syama, ebong dekhe jey taader modhye onek mill royeche. syamer baba-maa lisake raater khabare amantran jaanaay, tarpor taake taar poribarer kotha jigyasa korey. taar bibratkar poribarke prakash naa korte chaile, lissa taader somporke mithya boley jey hommer ekjon bhaskar, marge ekjon rasayanabid, maggy ekjon akal adhyapak ebong barter astitto nei. syamer baba-maa lisara baba-mayer saathe dekha korte chaay, kintu tarpor prakash korey jey taaraa choley jachche. jokhon syamer baba lissa keey feley deyo, tokhon seey needa flanderske boley jey seey taar baba. abosheshe, syamer poribar ghoshana korey jey taaraa sorey jachche naa, taai lissa tokhon mithya boley jey taar baba-maa lithuania jachchen, taar mithya prakash naa hoke. tarpor seey syamer poribar ebong taar nijer saathe ekti sangkhipto dwaito jeebon shuru korey. kichukkhan porr marge taake dhorey feley. marge lisake syamer poribarke naishabhoje amantran janate badhyo korey ebong homarke taar sera acharan korte boley. dinner tabile, hommer marge taake jey lineguli kotha bolar jonno diyechilo taa byabohar korey, kintu tarpor jokhon syamer baba homarke taar jeebon somporke jigyasa corren, tokhon lissa abosheshe sweekar corren jey tini taar poribar somporke mithya bolechen. syamer babao mithya kotha sweekar korechen; tini agey bolechilen jey tini nigeria theke esechen, tobey tini asle cameroon theke esechen. hothat eyi bishreeta lakkhya korey, bart sobaike taar punra sajjito ghore ghure bedanor amantran jaanaay, jekhane seey gopone kaaj koroto, ebong sobai lisara dike mononibesh koroto, jey taar golper ekti sukhi samapti peye uchchosito. somoyer saathe saathe, barter ghorti hitt hoye yaay ebong seey taar nijer baba-maa chhada sobaike taar ghore hangg-out hisabe byabohar korar jonno amantran jaanaay, jaaraa poristhiti haater baire choley jachche boley chintito. barter nijukto bouncer nelson muntz marge probesh korey, jey homarke protishruti deyo jey seey barter saathe kotha bolbe. utpadon. 2018 saaler julai maase shaan diego comic-conn-ayee, projojokra ghoshana corren jey patty lupon syamer mayer choritre atithi choritre abhinoy korben. sangoskritik ullekh. hommer nijer ekti jhopjhade firey aasaar internet mimti likhechilen. mimti sijon 5 porbo theke udbhuto hoyechilo "hommer flanderder bhalobase". abhyarthana. porisongkhyan dekha. ono fox theke egiye, porboti 12 sheyara soho 3.2 retting orjon korey ebong 82 lokkho dorshok dekhechilo. samalochanamulak protikriya. dya ayee" theke dennis parkins.vee. club "porbotike ekti dii + ranking diyeche, boleche" lissa ekti kathin choritrer jonno likhte paare. taar buddhi taake onno sobar cheye vall korey toley boley noy, borong taar bishwer ajouktikata somporke taar sachetanata taake oporibortoniyobhabe err ongsho haoya theke rakkha korte paare naa. taai abar-comedy samasyar matra lakkhya koraa geche. kintu etty holl "simpson". ebong purno diner valo diner kotha bolun, kintu jokhon durdanto lissa golpo lekhar uttoradhikar thaake ebong upney ekti golpoke eto kharapbhabe byartho corren, tokhon byarthota arow sposhto hoye othe." deena off geek"-err tonny sokol porbotike 5 pointer modhye 3.5 point ranking diye bollen, "baaser meyeti" shesh howar saathe saathe crostown trafficer modhye dhora porey yaay. jodio amra sabsamoi jaani jey poribarti sabkichu thhik korte choleche, samprati simposonder jonno jinisguli khub vall kaaj korche. mosrino animationer aram ekhon aramdayak samapti. premer probahoke konao atirikto modd deoa yaay naa. etty ekti anubhuti-vall porbo jaa ektu kharap bodh koraa uchito chhilo. lissa jaante paare jey taar priya samasta lokke protarito koraa kotota uttejonapurno, kintu seey taar utsaho bojay rakhte paare naa."

basmaa chhokari "dhaa gerl ona dhaa bus" aee american animated television shrenee "dhaa simpsons" nee trismu satra aneey ekandare ekandare prakaran chhe. aaa episodenu nirdeshan criss clements dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey joel aech dwara lakhvaamaa aavyu hatoo. cohain. teey 13 january, january roj united statesma foakes parr prasaarit thayu hatoo. plooat. chenal 6 news springfieldnee sthaapnaa aneey vikasna shahernaa itihas saathe khule chhe, jeey darroj shaala bus lisa aneey shaala maate bart savaari taraf doree jaay chhe. basmaa, lisa ichchhe chhe keey teneeno koee gaadh mitra hoya, pachhi tenaa aagalnaa mandap parr bethelee aek chhokarine clairnet vagaadati juae chhe. beeja divase, lisa otto maanane bus rokvaa maate kahe chhe, aneey teey tene chhodi deey chhe. springfield unchaina padoshmaa anveshan karatee vakhate, teneene chhokarinu ghar maley chhe aneey teey barimathi radatee juae chhe. lisa chhokari saathe potaano parichay karaave chhe, jenu naam same chhe, aneey juae chhe keey temnee vachche ghanoo badhu samaan chhe. semnaa maataa-pitaa lisaane ratribhojan maate aamantran aape chhe, pachhi tene tenaa parivaar vishe puchhe chhe. potaana sharamjanak parivaarne jaaher naa karvaa ichchhati, lisa temnaa vishe juthu bolle chhe, kahe chhe keey hommer aek shilpkar chhe, marge aek rasaayanshaastri chhe, megee aek akaal prophesara chhe, aneey bart astitvamaa nathee. semnaa maataa-pitaa lisana matapitane malvaa maange chhe, parantu pachhi teo sthalaantar curry rahyaa chhe teey jaaher karey chhe. jyaare semnaa pitaa lisaane chhodi deey chhe, tyaare teey needa flandersne kahe chhe keey teey tenaa pitaa hovaano dhhong karey. aakhare, semnu kutumb jaaherat karey chhe keey teo sthalaantar curry rahyaa nathee, tethee lisa pachhi juthu bolle chhe keey tenaa matapita lithuania jaee rahyaa chhe, tenaa juthaanaano pardafash naa thaay teey ichchhe chhe. teey pachhi teey same aneey tenaa potaana parivaar saathe tunkaa bevada jeevanni sharuaat karey chhe. thodaa samay pachhi, marge tene pakade chhe. marge lisaane semnaa parivaarne ratribhojan maate aamantran aapvaa maate dabaan karey chhe aneey homarne tenaa shreshth vartan parr rahevaa kahe chhe. ratribhojanna table parr, hommer tene vaat karvaa maate aapvama aaveli liteeono upyog karey chhe, parantu pachhi jyaare semnaa pitaa homarne tenaa jeevan vishe puchhe chhe, tyaare lisa aakhare kabool karey chhe keey tene tenaa parivaar vishe juthu bolyu hatoo. semnaa pitaa pann juthu bolvani kaboolaat karey chhe; tene agau kahyoo hatoo keey teey nigeriano hato, parantu teey vaastavma cameroonno chhe. achaanak anagamo joine, bart darekne tenaa fareethi sushobhit roomma farvaa aamantran aape chhe, jenaa parr tene goopt reete kaama karyoo hatoo, jyaare darek vyaktee lisa parr dhyaan kendrit curry rahee hatee, jeey tenee vaartano sukhad anta laavvaa maate khush chhe. samay jataa, bartno orado safal baney chhe, aneey teey darekne tenaa oradama tenaa potaana maataa-pitaa sivaay farvaa maate aamantran aape chhe, jeo paristhiti hathmathi neekali rahee chhe tenee chinta karey chhe. bartnaa niyukt bouncer nelson muntz maargmaa pravesh karey chhe, jeey homarne vachan aape chhe keey teey bart saathe vaat karashe. utpaadan. julai julai seena diyego comic-qoona khaate, nirmataoae jaaherat curry hatee keey patti lupon semnee maataa tareeke maheman kalakar tareeke kaama karashe. saanskrutik sandarbho. hommer lakhanoma potaani jaatne zaadimaa paachha fartaa internet memamaa lisa karey chhe. aaa meem season season episode "hommer loves flanders" maanthi udbhavyu chhe. swaagat. aankadao juo. dhaa ona foxmanthi aagad vadheene, episodene 12 shhare saathe 3.2 rating malyun aneey tene 82 laakh darshakoae joyu hatoo. vivechanaatmak pratisaad. dhaa aee" maanthi dennis perkins.vee. clubbe "episodene dii + ranking aapyu hatoo, jemaa janaavyu hatoo keey" lisa maate lakhvu mushkel chhe. tenaa smarts tene beeja badhaa kartaa vadhu saaree banaave chhe etalaa maate nahee, parantu tenaa vishwani vaahiyaat baabto visheni tenee jagruti tene atalpane teno bhaag banvathi bachaavi shaktee nathee. tethee fareethi-comedic mushkeleenu pramaan nondhayu. parantu aaa "simpsons" chhe. aneey junaa saaraa divaso vishe tamane jeey joiae chhe teey kaho, parantu jyaare mahaan lisa vaartao lakhvaano vaarso hoya aneey tame tene aaa reete kharaab reete avgano chho, tyaare nishfalta aetali vadhu spasht hoya chhe." dayne off geek" naa tonny sokole episodene 5 maanthi 3.5 point ranking aaptaa kahyoo hatoo keey "basmaa bethelee chhokari" anta sudhimaa crosstown trafficma fasai jaay chhe. jyaare aapane hammesha jaantaa hoiae chhiae keey parivaar vastuo parr kaama karvaa jaee rahyo chhe, taajetarma simpsons maate vastuo khoob saaree reete kaama curry rahee chhe. saral animationni aaraam havey aaramdayak anta laave chhe. premaal pravaahmaa koee vadharano valaank nathee. aaa aek saaro anoobhavno episode chhe jene thodu kharaab laagyu hovu joiae. lisa sheekhe chhe keey teey jene prem karey chhe teey badhaane chhetarvu ketalu romaanchak chhe, parantu teey tenaa utsaahne takaavi shaktee nathee."

buss mein ladki "dha gerl onn dha buss" americi animated television shrinkhala "dha simpsons" key teesaven season kaa baarahavaan episode haye, aur kull milakar 651vaan episode haye. episode kaa nirdeshan criss clements ney kiya thaa aur ise joel aich ney likhaa thaa. kohain. yeh 13 janwari, 2019 koo sanyukt raajya america mein fox parr prasaarit huaa. plot. channel 6 samachar springfield kii sthaapana aur vikas key shahar key itihas key saath khulata haye, joe harr dinn school buss lissa aur bart kii sawari seey school jaataa haye. buss mein, lissa chaahati haye kii uska ack karibi dost hoe, phir ack ladki koo apane saamane key baramade parr baithe shehnai khelate hue dekhti haye. agale dinn, lissa otto maine seey buss rokane key liye kahati haye, aur vaha usey chhod detaa haye. springfield oonchaai key pados kii khoj karate hue, vaha ladki kaa ghar paati haye aur usey ack khidki seey rote hue dekhti haye. lissa ney apana parichay usa ladki seey karaaya, jiska naam saim haye, aur paaya kii unamen bahut kuchh samaan haye. saim key maataa-pitaa lissa koo raat key khaane key liye aamantrit karate hain, phir usase usake parivaar key baare mein poochate hain. apane sharmanak parivaar koo prakat naheen karna chaahati, lissa unake baare mein jhooth bolati haye, yeh kahati haye kii hommer ack moortikaar haye, marge ack rasaayanagya haye, maggy ack poorv professor haye, aur bart maujood naheen haye. saim key maataa-pitaa lissa key maataa-pitaa seey milna chaahte hain, lekin phir bataate hain kii way jaa rahey hain. jaba saim key pitaa leesa koo chhod dete hain, tou vaha naid flanders koo bataati haye kii vaha usake pitaa honey kaa naatak karey. antatah, saim kaa parivaar ghoshana kartaa haye kii way naheen jaa rahey hain, isaliye lissa taba jhooth bolati haye kii usake maataa-pitaa lithuania jaa rahey hain, naa kii usake jhooth kaa khulasa karna chaahte hain. phir vaha saim key parivaar aur apane parivaar key saath ack chhota dohra jeevan shuru karati haye. thodi dair baad, marge usey pakad letaa haye. marge lissa koo saim key parivaar koo raat key khaane key liye aamantrit karane key liye majboor kartaa haye aur hommer koo apane sabse achche vyavhaar parr rahane key liye kahata haye. ratribhoj kii mez parr, hommer ney usey baat karane key liye dee gaee panktiyon kaa upayog kiya, lekin phir jaba saim key pitaa ney hommer seey usake jeevan key baare mein poochha, tou lissa aakhirkaar sweekaar karati haye kii usane apane parivaar key baare mein jhooth bolaa thaa. saim key pitaa bhee jhooth bolane kii baat sweekaar karate hain; unhone pahale kahaa thaa kii way nigeria seey they, lekin way vaastav mein cameroon seey hain. achaanak ajibata koo dekhate hue, bart sabhi koo apane nae kamare mein ghoomane key liye aamantrit kartaa haye, jiss parr usane gupt roop seey kaam kiya, jabaki harr koee lissa parr dhyaan kendrit curr rhaa thaa, joe apani kahani kaa sukhad anta honey parr khush haye. samay key saath, bart kaa kamra hitt hoe jaataa haye, aur vaha apane maataa-pitaa koo chhodkar sabhi koo apane kamare mein haing-out key roop mein upayog karane key liye aamantrit kartaa haye, joe chintit hain kii sthiti haath seey nickle rahee haye. bart kii niyukt bouncer nelson muntz ney maaraj mein jaane diyaa, joe hommer seey vaadaa karati haye kii vaha bart seey baat karegi. utpaadan. julaai 2018 mein saine diago comic-conn mein, nirmaataon ney ghoshana kii kii patti lupone saim kii maan key roop mein atithi kalakar honge. saanskritik sandarbh. homer ney khud key ack jhaadi mein peechhe hatane key internet meem koo likhaa haye. meem kii utpatti season 5 key episode "hommer loves flanders" seey hui thee. swaagat. dekhane key aankade. fox parr agrani, episode ney 12 share key saath 3.2 rating arjit kii aur ise 82 laakh darshakon dwara dekhaa gayaa. aalochanatmak pratikriya. aeye" seey dennis perkins.vee. club ney episode koo dee + ranking dete hue kahaa kii "lissa key liye likhana ack kathin charitra haye. isaliye naheen kii usaki chaturiyaan usey harr kissy seey behtar banaati hain, balki isaliye kii usaki duniya kii betuki baaton key baare mein usaki jagrukta usey iska hissa banane seey naheen bachaa sakati haye. tou phir seey-haasya kathinaaee kii degree nott kii gaee. lekin yeh "simpson" haye. aur achche puraane dinon key baare mein aap kyaa chaahte hain, lekin jaba mahaan lissa kahaaniyan likhane kii viraasat hoti haye aur aap ise buri tarah seey ghataate hain, tou viphalata bahut adhik spasht hoti haye." daine off geek" key tonny sokol ney episode koo 5 ankon mein seey 3.5 ank diye, jisamen kahaa gayaa kii "buss mein ladki" anta taka crosstown traffic mein funce jaati haye. jabaki humm hamesha jaanate hain kii parivaar cheejon koo thheek karane jaa rhaa haye, haal hii mein cheejen simpson key liye bahut achchi tarah seey kaam curr rahee hain. chikani animation kaa aaraam abb aramdayak anta kartaa haye. prempurna pravaah mein koee atirikt modd naheen haye. yeh ack achchha anubhav karane vaalaa episode haye jise thodaa buraa mahsoos honah chaahiye thaa. lissa koo pataa chalata haye kii una sabhi logon koo dhokha denaa kitna romanchak haye jinase vaha pyaar karati haye, lekin vaha apane utsaah koo banaae naheen rakh sakati."

bassinallidda hudugi "dhii gurl aun dhii bus" embudu american animated duradarshana sarani "dhii simpsons" naa moovattane season naa hanneradane sanchikeyaagide mattu ottare 651neey sanchikeyaagide. ee sanchikeyannu criss clements nirdeshisiddare mattu joel etch barediddaare. kohen. idu 2019rahra janavari 13randu america samyukta samsthaanadalli foxnelli prasaaravaayitu. plat. channel 6 nyus nagarada springfieldna sthaapane mattu abhivruddhiya itihaasadondige tereyuttade, idu pratidina shaalege shaala bus lisa mattu bart savaarige kaaranavaaguttade. bassinalli, lisa tanage obba aapta snehitaniddirabekendu bayasuttaale, nantara tanna mumbhagada mukhamantapada mele kulitidda hudugiyobbalu clarinet nudisuttiruvudannu gamanisuttaale. marudina, lisa otto maan avarannu bus nillisalu keluttaale, mattu avanu avalannu bittubiduttaane. springfield ettarada nerehoreyannu anveshisuttaa, avalu hudugiya maneyannu kandukolluttaale mattu kitakia moolaka avala aluvikeyannu gamanisuttaale. lisa tannannu taanu samm emba hesarininda kareyalpaduva hudugige parichayisikolluttaale mattu avarige bahalashtu saamyategalive endu kandukolluttaale. samna poshakaru lisavannu uutakke ahvaanisuttaare, nantara avala kutumbada bagge keluttaare. tanna mujugarada kutumbavannu bahirangapadisadiralu bayasida lisa, homour obba shilpi, marge obba rasaayanashaastragna, maggy obba akalika pradhyapaka mattu bart astitvadallilla endu heluva moolaka avara bagge sullu heluttaale. samna poshakaru lisala poshakarannu bhetiyagalu bayasuttaare, aadare nantara avaru sthalaantaragolluttiddaar endu bahirangapadisuttaare. samna tande lisavannu bidisidaaga, avalu ned flandersge avanu tanna tande endu natisalu heluttaale. antimavagi, samna kutumbavu taavu sthalaantaragolluttilla endu ghooshisuttade, aaddarinda lisa tanna sullugalannu bahirangapadisuvudannu bayasade tanna poshakaru lithuveniyage hoguttiddaare endu sullu heluttaale. nantara avalu samna kutumba mattu tanna svantadondige ondu sanna dwandwa jivanavannu prarambhisuttale. swalpa samayada nantara, marge avalannu hidiyuttaane. marge, lisavannu samna kutumbavannu bhojanakke aahvaanisuvante ottaayisuttaane mattu homour tanna atyuttama nadavalikeyannu torisuvante heluttaane. uutada mejina bully, homour, marge avanige maatanaadalu needida saalugalannu balasuttaane, aadare nantara samna tande homarnannu avana jeevanada bagge kelidaaga, lisa antimavagi tanna kutumbada bagge sullu heliddannu oppikolluttaale. samna tande kooda sullu heliruvudannu oppikolluttaane; avanu ee hinde taanu naijeeriyaadinda bandavanu endu heliddanu, aadare avanu vaastavaagi cameroonninda bandavanu. ee hathat vichitrateyannu gamanisida bart, tanna marulankaranagonda kooneyalli suttaadalu ellarannoo ahvaanisuttaane, adara mele avanu rahasyavaagi kelasa maduttiddaga ellaroo lisa mele kendrikarisuttiddaru, avalu tanna katheya santoshada antyavannu hondalu bhaavukaraagiddalu. kaalaanantaradalli, bartna kooneyu janapriyavaguttade, mattu paristhitiyu kaimiri hoguttide endu chintisuttiruva tanna swanta poshakarannu horatupadisi, aata tanna koonege ellarigoo hang-out aagi balasalu ahvaanisuttaane. bartna nemakagonda bouncer nelson muntz marjge avakasha maadikoduttaale, avalu bartnondige maatanaaduvudaagi homarge bharavase niiduttaale. utpaadane. julai 2018 ralli syaan diego kaamik-qaan nalli, patty lupon samm avara taayiyaagi atithi natana patravannu nirvahisaliddaare endu nirmapakaru ghoshisidaru. saamskrutika ullekhagalu. homour tannannu taanu bushge hintirugisuttiruva antarjaalada lekkapatravannu bareyuttaane. ee lekkapatravu season 5rahra sanchikeyaada "homour flanders annu pritisuttaane" dinda huttikondide. svaagata. anki amshagalannu noduvudu. ee sanchikeyu 12 sherugalondige 3.2 rating galisitu mattu 82 laksha vikshakaru vikshisidaru. vimarshaatmaka pratikriye. dhii aa" ninda dennis perkins.vii. club ee sanchikege dii + shreyankavannu needi, "lisa avara patravannu bareyalu kathinavaagide" endu helide. avala buddhivantikeyu avalannu itarariginta uttamavaagisuttade emba kaaranakke alla, aadare avala prapanchada asambaddhategala bagge avala arivu avalannu adara bhagavaguvudarinda rakshisalu sadhyavilla. aaddarinda matte-haasyada kashtada mattavannu gurutisalaagide. aadare idu "simpsons". mattu haleya dinagala bagge nimage enu beku embudannu heli, aadare uttama lisa kathegalannu bareyuva parampare iddaaga mattu neevu adannu kettadaagi tappisidaaga, vaiphalyavu hecchu spashtavaguttade." denne off geek" naa toney sokol ee sanchikege 5ralli 3.5 ankagala shreyankavannu needi, "bassinalliruva hudugi" antyada velege crosstowne sanchaaradalli sikkihakikolluttale endu helidaru. kutumbavu vishayagalannu pariharisuttade endu namage yavagalu tilididdaroo, ittichege simpsangalige vishayagalu tumba uttamavaagi kaaryanirvahisuttive. nayavaada animation eega aaramadaayakavaada antyagalannu hondide. preetiya harivige yaavude hechchuvari tiruvu illa. idu swalpa kettadaagi bhavisabahudada ondu olleya anubhavada prasangavagide. taanu pritisuva ellarannoo mosagolisuvudu eshtu romaanchanakaariyaagide embudannu lisa kaliyuttaale, aadare tanna utsaahavannu ulisikollalu avalige sadhyavaguvudilla."

basmadhil mulgi "daad gerl aun daad bus' haah american animated television malika 'daad simpsons' chya teesavya hangamacha barava bhag aahe aanee ekoon 651 vaa bhag aahe. yaa bhagache digdarshan criss clements yanni kele hote aanee joel etch yanni lihile hote. cohain. too 13 janewari 2019 roji americet foxwor prasarit jhaala. plot. channell 6 news shaharachya springfieldchya sthapanechya aanee vikasachya itihasasah ughadate, jyamule darroj shalechya bus lisa aanee bartchya shalechya pravasala chalana milate. basmadhye, lisachi ichcha asate qee tichi eka jawalchi maitreen asavi, mug tichya samoril mandapavar eka mulgi shahanpan khelat asalyache teela disate. disate divashi, lisa oto manla bus thambavanyas sangate aanee too teela sodoon deto. springfieldchya unch parisaramadhye teela tyaa muliche ghar sapadate aanee teela khidakitoon radtana disate. lisa samm navachya mulishi swatachi olakh karoon dete aanee tyanna aadhalate qee tyanchyat barech samya aahe. samche ivadil lisala ratrichya jevanasathi bolavtat, nantar teela tichya kutumbabaddal vichartat. aaplya lajirwani kutumbacha khulasa naan karanyachi ichcha asalelya lisa, hommer haah shilpkar aahe, marge haah rasayanshastradnya aahe, maggy haah purvaniyojit pradhyapak aahe aanee bart astitvat nahee asey mhanat tyanchyabaddal khote bolatat. samchya palakanna lisachya palakanna bhetayache asate, parantu nantar teey sthalantarit hott asalyache ughad karatat. jevha samche vadil lisa sodoon detat, tevha tee need flandersla too ticha pita asalyache bhasvayala sangate. akheris, samche kutumb jaheer karate qee teey halat naheet, mhanoon lisa nantar khote bolate qee tiche ivadil lithuaniala jaat aahet, tiche khote ughad houu deu ichchit naheet. tyanantar tee samchya kutumbasah aanee tichya swatachya kutumbasah eka lahanse duheri jeevan suru karate. kahee velanantar, marge teela pakadato. marge lisala samchya kutumbala ratrichya jevanasathi bolavanyas bhag padato aanee homerla tyachya sarvottam vagnyavishayi sangato. jevanachya tablower, hommer tyala bolanyasathi marjane dilelya olincha vapar karato, parantu nantar jevha samche vadil homerla tyachya aayushyabaddal vichartat, tevha lisa shevati kabool karate qee tine tichya kutumbabaddal khote sangitale. samche vadilahi khote bolalyachi kabuli detat; tyanni aadhi sangitale hote qee teey nayajeriyatil aahet, parantu teey pratyakshat cameroonche aahet. achanakchi vichitrata lakshat yetach, bart sarvanna tyachya punha sajavalelya kholeet firayala aamantrit karato, jyavar tyane guptapane kaam kele, tarr pratyekjan lisavar laksh kendrit karat hota, jee tichya kathecha sukhad shevat jhalyane aanandit aahe. kalantarane, bartchi kholee lokpriy hote aanee paristhiti hatabaher jaat asalyachi chinta asalelya tyachya swatachya palkanvyatirikt, too pratyekala tyachya kholeet hang-out mhanoon vaparnyasathi aamantrit karato. bartcha niyukt baunsar nelson muntz marjmadhye utarato, joou homerla vachan deto qee tee bartshee bolel. utpadan. julai 2018 madhye sann diego comic-conn yethe nirmatyanni jaheer kele qee patty lupone samchya aaichi bhoomika pahuna mhanoon sakarel. sanskrutik sandarbh. homarne eka zadimadhye mage hatatanache swatache internet meem liza kele aahe. homerla flanders aavadatat' yaa yaa bhagatoon hii meem tayar jhaali aahe. swagat. aakruti pahane. aun foxmadhun pudhe asalelya yaa bhagala 12 takke saha 3.2 gunankan midale aanee 82 laakh prekshakanni teey pahile. gambhir pratisad. dennis perkins 'daad aaa' madhoon.vhee. clubney yaa bhagala dii + kramvari dilee, aanee mhatale qee, "lisa heey lihinyasathi katheen patra aahe. tichi buddhi teela itaranpeksha changli banavate mhanoon nahee, tarr tichya jagachya murkhpanachi tichi jaaniv teela tyacha bhag honyapasoon, aparivartaniyapane, sanrakshn deu shakat nahee mhanoon. tarr punha-vinodi adchaniche praman nondavale gele. pann heey 'daad simpson' aahe. aanee tumhala junya changlya divasambaddal kaay havey aahe teey sanga, parantu jevha uttam lisa katha lihinyacha varsa asato aanee tumhi tyaa itakya white prakare talhata, tevha apayash itake adhik spasht hote." dayne auph geek' madheel toney sokolane yaa bhagala 5 paiki 3.5 gunanche kramvarit dile aanee mhatale qee 'basmadhil mulgi' shevatparyant crosstownchya rahdarit adakate. aamhala nehmich mahit asate qee kutumb goshti sodavinar aahe, alikade simpasansathi goshti khoop changlya prakare kaam karat aahet. gulgulit animationchi soya aata aaramdayi shevat dete. premal pravahat konatehi atirikt valan nahee. haah eka sukhad anubhav denara bhag aahe joou thoda white vatala pahije hota. lisa teela teela serve lokanna fasavane kitee romanchak aahe heey shikate, parantu tee ticha utsah tikavu shakat nahee."

basma ketty "da gearl unn da bus" americi animated television shringkhala "da simpson" ko tisaun sijanko bahraun episode how, rar samagrama 651aun episode how. episode criss clementsdwara nirdeshit rar joel echdwara lekhieko thiyo. kohena. yo sanyukta rajya americama faxma janawari 13,2019 maa prasarit bhayo. plut. channel 6 samacharle saharko springfieldko sthapana rar wikasko itihasko sath kholchha, jasle harek dina schol bus lisa rar bart sawari schoolma laijanchha. basma, lisa afnie ek ghanishtha sathi bhaeko chahanchhin, tyasapachhi unko agadiko baramadma basiraheki ketilai clernet kheliraheko dekhchhin. bholipalta, lisale oto manlai bus rokna agraha garchha, rar usale usalai chhodchha. springfield uchai chhimekko anweshan gardai, unle ketiko ghar bhettaunchhin rar jhyalbata unko roiraheko dekhchhin. lisale ketisanga afno parichaya garaunchhin, jasko naam saam how, rar uniharusanga dherai samanataharu chhan bhanera patta lagaaunchhin. samka amababule lisalai ratiko khanama nimto dinchhan, tyasapachhi unko pariwarko barema sodhchan. afno lajmardo pariwarlai prakat nagarna chahandai, lisale unko barema jhuta bolchhin, hommer murtikar hun, marge rasayanshastri hun, maggy ek purva pradhyapak hun, rar bart awasthit chhaina. samka amababu lisaka amababulai bhetna chahanchhan, tara tyasapachhi uniharu sardaichhan bhanera khulasa garchhan. jab samka bubale lisa chhodchhan, unle nedd flanderslai uni unka buba bhaeko natak garna bhanchhin. antatah, samko pariwarle afu sardai chhaina bhani ghoshana garchha, tyasaile lisale jhuta bolchhin kii unka amababule afno jhuta ujagar hose bhanne chahandainan, lithuania jandaichhan. tyasapachhi unle samko pariwar rar afnai pariwarsanga chhoto dohoro jiwan suru garchhin. kehi samayapachi margele unlai samatchha. margele lisalai samko pariwarlai ratiko khanama amantrit garna badhya parchha rar homarlai afno uttam wyawahar garna bhancha. dinner tablema, homerle margele unlai kura garna dieko lineharu prayog gardacha, tara tyasapachhi jab samka bubale homarlai unko jiwanko barema sodhchan, lisale antatah swikarchhin kii unle afno pariwarko barema jhuto boleki thiin. samka bubale pani jhuto boleko swikar garchhan; unle pahile nai afu nigeriaca thie bhani bhaneka thie, tara uni wastawma cameronka hun. achanak anautho mahasus gardai, bartle sabailai afno punah sajaeko kothama samaya bitauna amantrit gardacha, jasma unle gopya rupma kaam gare jabki sabaijana lisama kendrit thie, jo unko kathako sukhad antya bhaekoma khusi chhan. samaya bitdai jaanda, bartko kotha heat hunchha, rar unle sabailai afno kothama hang-autako rupma prayog garna amantrit garchhan, afna amababu bahek, jo sthiti hatbata bahira hundai gaeko chha bhanera chintit chhan. bartko niyukta baunser nelson muntzle marzma prawesh garchhin, jasle homarlai bartsanga kura garne wacha garchhin. utpadan. july 2018 maa saan diyego kamik-kanma, nirmataharule ghoshana gare kii patti leuponle samki amako rupma atithi abhinaya garnechan. sanskritik sandarbha. homerle afulai jhadima firta bhaeko internet mem liza path gardacha. yo mem sijan 5 episode "homerle flanderslai maya gardacha" batt utpanna bhaeko how. swagat. tathyankaharu hernu. unn faxbata bahira niskane yass episodele 12 seyarko sath 3.2 rating kamaeko thiyo rar 82 lakh darshakharule hereka thie. alochanatmak pratikriya. denis perkins "da ae" batt.wee. cluble episodlai dee + shrenikaran dindai "lisa lekhna gahro charitra how" bhani bataeko chha. unko smartle unlai aru sabai bhanda ramro banaunchha bhanera hoina, tara unko sansarko murkhata bare unko jagaruktale unlai apariwartaniya rupma yasako hissa hunbata bachauna sakdaina. tyasaile feri-comedic kathinaiko degree note gariyo. tara yo "da simpson" how. rar tapainle asal purana dinharuko barema key chahanuhunchha bhannuhos, tara jab tyahan utkrishta lisa kathaharu lekhne virasata hunchha rar tapainle yasalai naramrosanga haraunuhunchha, asafalata yati spashta hunchha." dayne aff geek" kaa tony sokolle episodlai 5 madhye 3.5 ankako shrenikaran die, "basma ketty" antyasammama crustown traficma samatinchha. jabki hamilai sadhain thaha hunchha kii pariwarle chijharu kaam garna gairaheko chha, halasalai simpsonharuka lagi chijharu dherai ramrosanga kaam gardaichhan. chillo animationko aramle ab aramdayak antyaharu sametchha. prempurna prawahama kunai atirikta mode hundaina. yo euta ramro anubhuti hune episode how june alik naramro mahasus hunuparchha. lisale afule maya garne sabai manisharulai dhoka dinu kati romanchak hunchha bhanera sikchhin, tara unle afno utsaha kayam rakhna sakdainan."

basre jhiati "daa gearl aun daa bus" heuchhi americae animated television sirij "daa simpson" rahr tirisatama sijin rahr dwadasha episode ebong samagrika bhabare 651 tama episode . ehi adhyajati criss clementsnka dwara nirdeshita hoithila ebong joel echnka dwara likhita hoithila. kohain. ehaa januari 13,2019 ray phaksare aamerikare prasarita hoithila . plut. channell 6 nyuj saharar springafieldara pratistha ebong bikashar itihas sahita kholithae, jaahaa pratidina skula bus lissa ebong bart ryde skulaku talaku theli die . basre, lissa ichha kare je tankara jane ghanistha bandhu thile, taa 'parey shay dekhila je jane jhia taa' rahr sammukh baranda upare bussy clarinet kheluchhi. pardin, lissa otto mananku bus atakaibaku kahila, ebong shay taaku chhadi delah. springfield uchchata padoshiku anweshana curry, shay jhiara ghara khojanti ebong eka jharaka dei kanduthiba lakhya karanti . lissa sehi jhia sahita nijara parichai karaile, jahara naama saam, ebong janibaku paile je semananka madhyare aneka samanata rahichhi. samanka pitamata lisaku ratribhojana paain nimantran karanti, taa 'parey tanku taanka paribara bishajare pacharanti . niz lajjajanaka paribaraku prakash nakaribaku chahunthiba lissa taanka bishajare micha kahithanti je hommer jane shilpi, marge jane rasayan bigyani, maggy jane akalika professor, ebong bart bidyamana naahin. samanka pitamata lisanka pitamatanku bhetibaku chahanti, kintu parey prakash karanti je semane sthanantarita heuchhanti . jetebele samanka bapa lisanku chhadi dianti, shay ned flandersnku taanka bapa bolly abhinai karibaku kuhanti. sheshare, samanka paribara ghoshana karanti je semane sthanantara karunahanti, tenu lissa setebele micha kuhanti je taanka pitamata lithuania jauchhanti, taanka michaku unmochita karibaku chaahun nahanti . taa 'parey shay samanka paribara ebong taanka niz sahita eka chhot dwita zeeban arambha karanti . kichhi samai parey, marge tanku dharinie. marge lisaku samanka paribaraku ratribhojana paain nimantran karibaku badhya kare ebong homaranku taanka sarbottama acharan karibaku kahe . ratribhojana tebulare, hommer tanku kathabartta karibaku marge deithiba dhadi byabahara karanti, kintu jetebele samnka bapa homaranku taanka zeeban bishajare pacharanti, sheshare lissa sweekara karanti je shay taanka paribara bishajare micha kahithile. samanka bapa madhya micha kahiba kathaa sweekara karanti; shay purbaru kahithile je shay nigeriar thile, kintu shay bastabare cameroonaru aasichanti. hathat ehi aswabhabikata dekhi, bart samastanku taanka punahsajja kothareere hungout karibaku nimantran karanti, jaahaa upare shay gupta bhabare kaama karithile, jetebele samaste lisanka upare dhyana kendrit karithile, jieki taanka kahanira sukhad samapti paain anandita . samajakrame, bartanka kothari eka heat hoijae, ebong shay samastanku taanka kothareeku hungout bhabare byabahara karibaku nimantran karanti, kebala taanka niz pitamatanka byatita, jeunmane paristhiti hatachada heuchhi bolly chintita . bartanka nijukta bouncer nelson muntz marjaku jibaku dianti, jie homaranku pratishruti dianti je shay bartanka saha kathaa hebe. utpadana. july 2018 ray shaan diego kamika-kanare, nirmatamane ghoshana karithile je patti lupon samanka maa 'bhabare atithi abhinai karibe. sanskrutika sandarbha. hommer eka buda bhitaraku pachaku pheruthiba nijara internet mimku liza karanti . ehi mimati sijin 5 episode "hommer flandersnku bhal paanti" ru utpanna hoithila . swagata. chitraman dekhantu. aun faksru aagare rahi, ehi episode 12tii seyara sahita 3.2 reting arjan karithila ebong 82 lakhya darshaka ehaaku dekhithile. samalochanamoolaka pratikrija. daa aii" ru denis perkins.bhi. club ehi adhyajaku dii + rankinga pradan curry kahichhi je "lisanka charitrati lekhiba kastakara. taa 'rahr chaturata tanku anyamananka apekhya unnat kare naahin, barang taa' rahr duniaara abastabata bishajare taa 'rahr sachetanata taaku ehara ansha hebaru rakhya karipariba naahin. tenu puni-kamedi asubidha degree ullekha karajaichi . kintu ehaa heuchhi "simpson". ebong bhal puruna dinagudika bishajare apana jaahaa chahunchhanti taaha kuhantu, kintu jetebele mahan lissa kahani lekhibara eka parampra achhi ebong apana ehaaku ete kharap bhabare biphal karanti, biphalata ete adhika spust ." dayne off geek" rahr tony sokol ehi adhyajaku 5 point madhyaru 3.5 point rankinga dei kahithile je "basre thiba jhiati" shesh suddha crosstown traphikare dharapadanti. jadio aame sabubele jaanu je paribara sabu kichhi thika karibaku jauchhi, nikatare simpasanmananka paain jinish bahuta bhal kaama karuchhi . masruna animation rahr aram bartamana aaramadajaka shesh ku soaf kare . premamai prabahare kaunasi atirikta mode naahin . ehaa eka bhal anubhaba parba jaahaa tike kharap anubhaba kariba uchit thila . lissa janibaku paanti je shay bhal pauthiba samasta lokanku pratarita kariba kete romanchkar, kintu shay taanka utsahaku bajaiah rakhiparibe naahin ."

buss witch kuddi "dha garal aana dha buss" amriki animated television ladiwar "dha simpsons" dey teehven season daa barahvan episode haii, atey kull milaa keey 651vaan episode haii. iss episode daa nirdeshan criss clements neey keeta see atey iss noon joel aich neey likhiaa see. kohain. ih sanyukat raaj amrica witch 13 janwari, 2019 noon fox utte prasarit hoiaa. plaat. channel 6 news shehar dey basant khetar dee sathapana atey vikas dey itihaas naal khulhdi haii, jiss naal harr rose school buss leesa atey baart dee swari school jaandi haii. buss witch, leesa chahundi haii kii uss daa koee karibi dosat howay, firr uss neey ikk ladki noon aapne sahmane dey porch utte baithe ikk clernet khedade hoye dekhiaa. agle dinn, leesa otto maen noon buss rokann laee kahindi haii, atey uh uss noon chhadd dinda haii. basant khetar deeaan uchaiaan dey guaandh dee padchol karde hoye, uh ladki daa gharr labbhadi haii atey uss noon ikk khidki vicchon rondi hoee vekhadi haii. leesa neey aapne aap noon uss ladki naal pesh keeta, jiss daa naam saim haii, atey paaiaa kii unhan witch bahut kujh sanjha haii. saim dey maape leesa noon raat dey khaane laee sadda dinde hunn, firr uss noon uss dey parivaar baare puchhde hunn. aapne sharminda parivaar daa khulasa naa karna chahundi, leesa aapne baare jhooth boldi haii, ih kahindi haii kii hommer ikk murtikar haii, maaraj ikk chemist haii, maggy ikk purav-professor haii, atey baart maujood naheen haii. saim dey maape leesa dey maapiaan noon milna chahunde hunn, parr firr khulasa karde hunn kii uh chaley jaa rahey hunn. jadon saim daa pitaa leesa noon chhadd dinda haii, taan uh naid flanders noon ih dikhawa curran laee kahindi haii kii uh uss daa pitaa haii. akheer witch, saim daa parivaar ailaan karda haii kii uh naheen jaa rahey hunn, iss laee leesa firr jhooth boldi haii kii uss dey maape lithuania jaa rahey hunn, naa kii uss dey jhooth daa pardafash karna chahunde hunn. firr uh saim dey parivaar atey aapne naal ikk chhoti jihi dohri zindagi shuru kardi haii. kujh dair baad, maaraj uss noon fadd lainda haii. maaraj leesa noon saim dey parivaar noon raat dey khaane laee sadda denh laee majbur karda haii atey hommer noon aapne vadhiaa vivhaar 'teey rahinn laee kahinda haii. raat dey khaane dee mez utte, hommer neey maaraj duaara uss noon gall curran laee dittiaan lines dee varton keeti, parr firr jadon saim dey pitaa neey hommer noon uss dee zindagi baare puchhiaa, taan leesa neey aakharkar savikar keeta kii uss neey aapne parivaar baare jhooth boliaa see. saim dey pitaa neey vee jhooth bolna savikar keeta; uss neey pahilan kiha see kii uh nigeria toon see, parr uh asal witch cameraman toon haii. achanak ajibta noon vekhdiaan, baart harr kise noon aapne dubara sajaae kamre witch ghumman daa sadda dinda haii, jiss utte usne gupat roop witch kamm keeta see jadon kii harr koee leesa utte dhiaan kendrat qarr riha see, joe aapni kahani daa ikk khushhal ant honn toon khush haii. samein dey naal, baart daa kamra hitt hoow jaanda haii, atey uh aapne maapiaan noon chhadd keey harr kise noon aapne kamre witch ikk haing-aaoot vajon vartan laee sadda dinda haii, joe chintat hunn kii sathiti hatthon nickle rahee haii. baart daa niyukat bouncer nelson muntz maaraj witch jaanda haii, joe hommer naal vaada karda haii kii uh baart naal gall karegi. utpadan. julai 2018 witch sainn diago kamik-qaan vikhe, nirmatavan neey ailaan keeta kii paiti lupon saim dee maan dey roop witch mehmann starr hovega. sabheyacharak havale. hommer neey aapne aap noon ikk jhaadi witch waps aaunn daa internet meem likhiaa haii. meem season 5 episode toon utpan hoiaa "hommer flanders noon piaar karda haii". suagat. ankade vekhna. iss episode neey 12 shares dey naal 3.2 rating prapat keeti atey iss noon 82 lakkh darshakan duaara dekhiaa giaa. aalochnatmak pratikiriaa. aii" toon danis perkins.vee. club neey episode noon dee + ranking ditti, jiss witch kiha giaa kii "leesa daa kirdaar likhan laee ikk mushkal haii. iss laee naheen kii uss dee budhimanta uss noon harr kise naalon bihtar banaundi haii, balki iss laee kii uss dee dunia deeaan betukiaan baare jagrukta uss noon iss daa hissa bannan toon naheen bacha sakadi. iss laee dubara-hasohini mushkal dee digri nott keeti gaee. parr ih "simpsons" haii. atey change purane dinan baare joe tusin chahunde hoow uh kaho, parr jadon mahaan leesa kahaniaan likhan dee virasat hundi haii atey tusin ikk noon inni buri tarahan guaa dinde hoow, taan asafalta inni ziaada spasht hundi haii." dayne aaf geek" dey tonny sokol neey episode noon 5 vicchon 3.5 ank dee ranking dinde hoye kiha kii "buss witch baithi ladki" ant takk crostaun traephik witch phas jaandi haii. jadon kii aseen hamesha janade haan kii parivaar cheezan noon hall curran jaa riha haii, haal hii witch simpsons laee cheezan bahut vadhiaa kamm qarr rahiaan hunn. nirvighan animation daa aaram hunn aaramdaik ant karda haii. piaar curran vaale pravaah witch koee vadhu modd naheen haii. ih ikk changa anubhav curran vaala episode haii jiss noon thoda buraa mahisus honaa chahida see. leesa noon pataa laggda haii kii unhan saare lokan noon dhokha denna kinna dilchsap haii jinhan noon uh piaar kardi haii, parr uh aapne utshah noon kaaim naheen rakkh sakadi."

bus madhye balika "da gearl aan da bus" iti american-animated-dooradarshan-dhaaraavaahikasy "da simpsons" ityasya trishatakasya, samagratayaa samagratayaa cha prakaranasya dwaadashatamah prakaranah asti. asya prakaranasya nirdeshanm criss clements ityanena krutam, lekhanam cha joyal ech ityanena krutam. kohen. 2019 janavaree 13 dinaanke samyuktarajyamerika-deshe faaks-madhye etat prasaaritam. plut. chaanal 6 nyoos iteedam nagarasya springfield ityasya sthapana-vikaasasya cha itihasena udghaatayati, yena pratidinam vidyaalayasya bus-lisaa-yaanam, vidyaalayam prati bart-savaaree cha bhavati. bus-madhye, lisaa ityeshaa icchati yat tasyaah kashchan nikatah mitrah aasit, tatah tasyaah agrabhaage upavishyaam ekaa balika clarnet-kreedaam kurvantee drushyate. aparadine, lisaa oto maan ityenam bus-yaanam sthagayitum prushtavatee, saha tam nishkaasayati. springfield-hats-parisaram anvishya saa balikayaha gruham anvishya, kitakidwara tasyaah rodanam avadati. lisaa saa-naamnyaah balikayaha parichayah karoti, tathaa cha teshaam madhye anekaani samaanaani santi iti jaanaati. samasya maataapitarau lisaam ratribhojanartham aamantrayanti, tatah tasyaah kutumbasya vishaye prucchanti. svaparivaarasya lajjaam naa prakatayitum icchantee, lisaa tasyaah vishaye mithyaa vadati, hommer ekaha shilpakaarah, maarj rasaayanashaastradnyah, maigee ekaha poorva-pradhyapakaha, bart cha naa asti iti. samasya maataapitarau lisaa ityasya maataapitarau militum icchanti, parantu tatah te sthanantaram kurvanti iti prakatayanti. yadaa syaam ityasya pitaa lisaa ityetam nishkaasayati tadaa saa ned flanders ityenam swapitru iti natayitum vadati. ante, samasya parivaarah ghoshayati yat te naa gacchanti iti, ataha lisaa tadaa mithyaa vadati yat tasyaah maataapitarau lithuvenia-nagaram gacchanti, tasyaah mithyacharaha udghaatitah naa bhavet iti naa icchati. tatah saa samasya parivaaren swakeeyena cha alpakalam dwaitajeewanam aarabhate. kinchitkalanantaram maarj tasyaah grahanam karoti. maarj, lisaam samasya parivaaram ratribhojanartham aamantrayitum balaat nirbandhayati, hommer ityenam swasya uttama-vyavahaaram kartum vadati. bhojan-tabley hommer, maarj ityanena kathayitum dattaani panktih upayunjati, parantu tatah yadaa syaam ityasya pitaa hommer ityenam tasya jeevanasya vishaye prucchati, tadaa antatah lisa svaparivaarasya vishaye mithyaa vadati iti angeekaroti. samasya pitaa api mithyam angeekaroti; saha poorvam avadat yat saha nigeria-deshaat aasit, parantu saha vastutah kyamaroon-deshaat asti iti. akasmikam vichitrataam drushtvaa, bart-varyaha sarvaan swasya punah alankruta-prakoshte hyang-aut kartum aamantrayati, yasmin saha guptarupena karyam krutavaan, yadaa kii sarve lisaa-varyasya vishaye dhyanam kendreekrutavantah, yaa svakaavyasya sukhada-samaaptih praapya harshitaa asti. kalantare, bart ityasya prakoshtam hitt bhavati, saha sarwebhyah swasya prakoshtam prati aahvaanam karoti, swasya matapitaram vihaay, ye paristhitim atikramayanti iti chintayanti. bart ityasya niyuktah bouncer nelson muntz maarj-madhye pravesham karoti, yah hommer-ityasmai pratijnaam karoti yat saa bart-ityanena saha vaartaalaapam karishyati iti. utpaadanam. 2018 julai-maase syaan-diyego-kaamik-kaan-madhye, nirmataraha ghoshayan yat pyaatee-loopon iti samasya maataaroopen atithi-natah bhavishyati iti. saamskrutika-sandarbhah. hommer ityayam swasya antarjaala-mem iteedam liza iti likhati yat saha ekam bush-madhye punaraavartayati. hommer-loves flanders" iti 5 khandaat asya mem ityasya utpattih abhavat. sweekaranam. drushyaani ankaani. aan-faaks-madhye agrasthaane, prakaranam 12 amshaihi saha 3.2 ankanam praapnot, 8.2 lakshaih darshakaih cha drushtam. vimarshaatmakapratikriyaa. denis perkins ityatah "da e" iti.vi. club "iti samsthaa prakaranaay dii + shreneekaranam dattavatee," lisaa ityasya paatrasya lekhanam kathinam asti iti avadat. tasyaah buddhivruttihi saa sarvasmaat apekshayaa uttamaa bhavati iti naa, apitu tasyaah vishvasya asambaddhataam vishaye tasyaah avajnayaa tasyaah amshaat, aparivartaneeyatayaa, rakshayitum naa shakyate iti karanat. ataha punah-hasya-kashtasya matra abhilikhitaa. parantu etat "da simpsons" iti. evam vadatu yat bhavaan suprachinadinani icchati, parantu yadaa mahaan lisaa-kathaah likhitum parampara asti, tathaa cha bhavaan etavan durgunam karoti, tadaa viphalataam tatt adhikam spashtam bhavati." denn aaf geek" ityasya toney sokol ityayam prakaranam 5 madhye 3.5 ankaan dattavaan, "bus-madhye balika" iti samaptya cross -staa-yaana-vyavahaare aagacchati iti avadat. yadyapi vayam sarvadaa janamaha yat parivaarah karyan sampaadayitum shaknoti iti, tathaapi sadyah eva simpsons-krute karyani ati uttamaani bhavanti. smoot-aanimeshan ityasya aramaha adhunaa sukhakaram samaapanam karoti. premapurnasya pravaahasya krute kimapi atiriktam twist naasti. eshah ekaha anubhooti-uttamah prakaranah asti yah alpam durdashaam anubhavitum yogyah aasit. lisaa jaanaati yat swapriyaan sarveshaam janaan vanchayitum kiyat romanchakaram bhavati iti, parantu saa swotsaaham asthaapayitum naa shaknoti."

paerunththil irunththa sirumi "thii kaerl aann thii buss" enbathu america animation seiyappatta tholaikaatchi thodaraana "thii simpsons" inn muppathaavathu season pannirandaavathu aththiyaayamaagum, maelum ottumoththamaaga 651 vadhu aththiyayam aagum. inththa aththiyaayatthai chriss clements iyakkiyullaar mattrum joyal ech ezhuthiyullaar. gohain. idhu americavil fax ill janavari 13,2019 andru oliparappappattathu. sathi. saenal 6 news springfieldin niruval mattrum valarchchiyin nagaraththin varalaattraith thodangukirathu, idhu ovvoru naalum palli paerunthu lissa mattrum pallikku paart savaarikku vazhivagukkirathu. paerunththil, lissa thanakku oru nerungiya nanbar irunthirukka vaendum endru virumbukiraar, pinnar oru penn thanathu muun mandapaththil clarinet vilaiyaaduvathaik kavanikkiraar. marunaal, lissa oottoa maenidam bassai niruththumaaru ketkiraar, avar avalai irakkividugiraar. springfield uyara suttruppuraththai aaraaynthu, aval sirumiyin veettaik kandupiditthu, oru jannal vazhiyaaga azhuvathaik kavanikkiraal. lissa thannai saam endra pennukku arimugappaduththik kolgiraar, maelum avarkalukku niraiya ottrumaikal iruppathai avar kaankiraar. saamin pettroar lisavai iravu unavirku azhaikkiraargal, pinnar avarathu kudumbaththaip pattri avalidam kaetkiraargal. thanathu sankadamaana kudumbaththai velippaduththa virumbaatha lissa, hoomar oru sirpi, maarj oru vaethiyiyalaalar, maeki oru munkoottiya paeraasiriyar, paart illai endru koori, avarkalaip pattri poy solkiraar. saamin pettroar lisavin pettroaraich santhikka virumbukiraargal, aanaal avarkal nagarvathai velippaduththukiraarkal. saamin thanthai lisavaik kaivittuvidumpoathu, avar thanathu thanthai endru paasaangku seiyumaaru nett flanders enbavaridam koorukiraar. iruthiyil, saamin kudumbaththinar thaangkal nagaravillai endru arivikkiraargal, enavae lissa thanathu poikalai ambalappaduthuvathai virumbaamal, thanathu pettroar lithuveniyaavukkuch selkiraargal endru poy solkiraar. pinnar aval saamin kudumbaththudanum avaludaiya sontha vaazhkkaiyudanum oru kurugiya irattai vaazhkkaiyaith thodangkukiraal. sirithu neeraththirkup piragu, maarj avalaip pidikkiraar. maarj saamin kudumbaththai iravu unavirku alaikka lisavai kattaayappaduthugiraar, maelum homarai thanathu sirantha nadaththaiyil irukkach solkiraar. iravu unavu maesaiyil, hoomar paesa maarj koduttha varigalaip payanpaduththukiraar, aanaal pinnar saamin thanthai homaridam avarathu vaazhkkaiyaip pattri kaetkumpoathu, lissa iruthiyaaka thanathu kudumbaththaip pattri poy sonnathaaga oppukkolkiraar. saamin thanthaiyum poy sonnathaaga oppukkolkiraar; avar naijeeriyavaich sernthavar endru munbu koorinaar, aanaal avar unmaiyil cameroonaich sernthavar. thideerendru asoukariyaththaik kavanittha paart, thanathu maruvadivamaikappatta araiyil hangowd seiya anaivaraiyum alaikkiraar, athil avar ragasiyamaaga paniyaattrinaar, athae neraththil elloarum lisaavil kavanam seluththinar, avar thanathu kadhaiyin magizhchchiyaana mudivaik kondiruppathil magizhchchiyadaigiraar. kaalappoakkil, bartin arai oru vetrtriyaaka maarukirathu, maelum nilaimai kaimeerukirathu endru kavalaippadum thanathu sontha pettroaraith thavira, anaivaraiyum thanathu araikku oru haengkavuttaagap payanpaduththa alaikkiraar. bardin niyamikkapatta bouncer nelson munds maarjil nuzhaigiraar, avar homarukku paarttudan paesuvathaaka uruthiyalikkiraar. urpaththi. juulai 2018 ill chaan tiago kaamik-kaanil, thayaarippaalarkal paatti lubon saamin thaayaaga virunththinaraaga nadippathaaga ariviththanar. kalaachaara kurippugal. hoomar oru putharukkul thannaith thiruppik konda inaiya meem lisavai ezhuthukiraar. inththa meem season 5 episodil irunthu uruvaanathu "hoomar flandergalai nesikkiraar". varavaerpu. pullivivarangkalaip paarkkavum. inththa aththiyayam 12 pangkugaludan 3.2 mathippeettaip pettrathu mattrum 82 latcham paarvaiyaalargalaal paarkkappattathu. vimarsana reethiyaana pathil. dennis bergins "thii aee".vii. kilap "aththiyaayaththirku dii + tharavarisaiyai valangkiyathu," lissa ezhutha kadinamaana kathaapaaththiram. avaludaiya puththisaaliththanangkal avalai mattravargalai vida siranthavalaaga aakkuvathaal alla, aanaal avaludaiya ulagin abaththangkalaip pattriya avaludaiya vizhippunarvu avalai adhan oru paguthiyaaga iruppathilirunththu paathukaakka mudiyaathu enbathaal. enavae meendum-nagaichchuvai sikkalin alavu kurippidappattullathu. aanaal idhu "simpsons". nalla pazhaiya naatkazhaip pattri neengkal virumbuvathaich sollungal, aanaal sirantha lissa kadhaigalai ezhuthum marabu irukkumpoathu, neengkal ontrai moasamaaga thavaravidumpoathu, tholvi migavum velippadaiyaanathu." tenne off keek"-aich saerntha donny sogol, aththiyaayaththirku 5 pulligalukku 3.5 pulligal tharavarisaiyai valangkinaar, "paerunththil irunththa penn" iruthiyil crosstown poakkuvaraththil sikkik kolgiraar endru koorinaar. kudumbam vishayangkalaich seiyap poakirathu enbathai naangkal eppoathum arinthirunththaalum, sameepaththil simpsonsukku vishayangkal nandraaga vaelai seigindrana. menmaiyaana animation aaruthal ippoathu vasathiyaana mudivugalai valangkukirathu. anbaana velippaattil koodudhal thiruppam illai. idhu oru nalla unarvu aththiyayam, idhu konjam moasamaaga unarnthirukka vaendum. lissa thaan nesikkum anaivaraiyum aemaattruvathu evvalavu urchaakamaaka irukkirathu enbathaik kattrukkolkiraal, aanaal avalaal thanathu urchaakaththaith thakkavaikka mudiyaathu."

bassulo unna ammai "dhi gurl aann dhi bus" anedi american animated television syries "dhi simpsons" yokka muppaiva season yokka pannendava episode, mariyu mottam meeda 651va episode. eee episodku criss clements darsakatvam vahinchagaa, joel hetch raasaaru. kohain. idhi 2019 janavari 13naa united stateslo faxlo prasaram cheyabadindi. plaat. chhaanel 6 nyuus springfield sthaapana mariyu abhivruddhi yokka nagaram yokka charithratho praarambhamavutundi, idhi pratiroojuu paatasaala bassu lisa mariyu paatasaalaku bart raidku daariteestundi. bassulo, lisa tanaku sannihita snehituraalu undaalani korukuntundi, appudu aame mundu vaakili meeda kuurchunna oka ammai clarinet adatam gamanistundi. marusati roeju, lisa bassunu aapamani oto maannu adugutundi, athanu aamenu vadilivestaadu. springfield ettaina parisaraalanu anveshistuu, aame aaa ammai intini kanugoni, kitikee gundaa edustunnatlu gamaninchindi. lisa tananu taanu saam anae ammayiki parichayam chesukuntundi, mariyu vaariki chaalaa saaruupyatalu unnayani telusukuntundi. saam tallidandrulu lisanu bhojananiki aahvaanistaaru, aapai aame kutumbam gurinchi adugutaaru. thana ibbandikaramaina kutumbaanni bahirgatam cheyakudadanukunna lisa, hommer oka shilpi, marge oka rasayana shaastravetta, maagee oka mundastu professor, mariyu bart unikilo ledani cheppi, vaari gurinchi abaddham chebutundi. saam tallidandrulu lisa tallidandrulanu kalavalanukuntaru, conny vaaru maarutunnaarani velladistaaru. saam tandri lisanu vadilesinappudu, athanu thana tandrigaa natinchamani aame ned flanders kii chebutundi. chivariki, saam kutumbam vaaru kadaladam ledani prakatistundi, kabatti lisa appudu thana abaddhalu bahirgatam kaavaalani korukokunda, thana tallidandrulu lithuveniaku velutunnaarani abaddham chebutundi. aame saam kutumbam mariyu thana sonta kutumbamtho oka chinna dwandwa jeevitaanni praarambhistundi. kontakaalam tarvaata, marge aamenu pattukuntaadu. marge lisa nuu saam kutumbaanni bhojananiki aahvaaninchamani balavantam chesi, homarku thana uttama pravartananu chuupamani chebutaadu. vindu table vadda, hommer marge tanaku maatlaadataaniki icchina panktulanu upayogistaadu, conny saam tandri homarnu athani jeevitam gurinchi adiginappudu, lisa chivaraku thana kutumbam gurinchi abaddham cheppanani angeekaristundi. saam tandri kooda abaddham cheppinatlu angeekaristaadu; athanu nigeriaku chendinavaadani gatamlo cheppadu, conny athanu vaastavaaniki kemeraku chendinavaadu. akasmaattugaa ibbandikaramaina paristhitini gamaninchina bart, thana punarnirminchina gadilo samavesamayyela prati okkarinee aahvaanistaadu, prati okkaroo lisa meeda drushti kendrikarincharu, aame katha santoshakaramaina mugimpunu kaligi undataaniki santoshistundi. kalakramena, bart gadhi vijayavantamavutundi, mariyu paristhiti cheyidaatipotundani aandolana chendutunna thana sonta tallidandrulu tappa, prati okkarini thana gadiki samavesaniki aahvaanistaadu. bart niyaminchina bouncer nelson muntz marge loki vellestaadu, aame bartho matladatanani haamii istundi. utpatti. juulai 2018loe shaan diego comic-cohn loe, patty lupon saam talligaa athidhi paatra pooshinchanunnatlu nirmaatalu prakatinchaaru. saamskrutika suuchanalu. hommer oka bush loki tirigi vacchina internet meemnu vraastaadu. eee meam season 5 episode "hommer flanderlanu premistaadu" nundi udbhavinchindi. swaagatam. chuudataaniki ganaamkaalu. eee episode 12 share thoo 3.2 ratingnu sampaadinchindi mariyu 8.2 millionla mandhi veekshakulu chuusaaru. vimarsanaatmaka pratispandana. dhi eah" nundi dennis perkins.vii. club eee episodku dii + ranking ichindi, "lisa paatra kosam vrayadam chaalaa kashtam. aame telivitaetalu aamenu andarikante merugga chestayane kaaranamgaa kaadu, conny aame prapanchamlooni asambaddhatala gurinchi aame avagahana aamenu, maarchaleni vidhamgaa, daanilo bhaagam kakunda kaapaadadu kabatti. kabatti mallii-haasya kashtam yokka sthaayi gamaninchabadindi. conny idhi "simpsons". manchi paatha rojula gurinchi meeku emi kavalo cheppandi, conny goppa lisa kathalu vraase vaarasatvam unnappudu mariyu meeru okadaanni intha chedugaa tappubattinappudu, vaiphalyam chaalaa spashtamgaa untundi." denne off geek" kuu chendina toney sokol episodku 5 paayintlaku 3.5 ranking icchaaru, "bassulo unna ammai" mugise samayaniki crosstowne trafficlo chikkukuntundi. kutumbam vishayalanu parishkarinchabotondani maaku ellappuduu telusu, ayithe iteevala simpsonlaku vishayalu chaalaa baga panicheestunnaayi. mruduvaina animation yokka soukaryam ippudu soukaryavantamaina mugimpulanu kaligi undhi. premapoorvaka pravaahaaniki adanapu malupu ledhu. idhi konchem chedugaa anipinchina anubhooti-manchi episode. taanu preminche vyaktulandarinee mosam cheyadam entha uttejakaramainado lisa telusukuntundi, conny aame thana utsahanni konasaaginchadu."

buss mein ladki "dee garal aann dee buss" americi animated teeli vision seerez "dee simpsins" kay teeswein seezan kii barahwein qast hay aur majmuyi toor parr 651 wein qast hay. iss qast kii hidayat kaaree curse clements nay kii thee aur asay joyal aich nay likhaa thaa. kohan. yaha 13 januri 2019 kuu riyasathaye muthadah mein faaks parr nashar hawaa. plaat. chinal 6 newz shehar kii spring feld kii bunyaad aur tarqi kii tareekh kay saath khilta hay jiss kii wajah say harr roz school buss leesa aur baart kii sawari school jaati hay. buss mein leza kii khwahish hay kahh iss kii koyee qareebi dost hotee phir eek ladki kuu apnay saamney kay porch parr beeth kirr clarinate kheltay hoay dekhti hay. aglay dunn leza oto minn say buss roknay kuu kehti hay aur wah asay chhod deeta hay. spring feld kay oonchayi waalay mahley kii talaash mein wah ladki kaa gahar dhondti hay aur asay khidki say rotay hoay dekhti hay. leesa nay apnaa taaruf iss ladki say karaya jiss kaa naam seem hay aur patah chalaa kahh inn mein behat kachh mushtarik hay. seem kay waldeen leesa kuu raat kay khaaney parr madau kartay haine phir iss say iss kay khaandaan kay baaray mein poochtay haine. apnay sharmanak khaandaan kuu zahir naha karnaa chahti leesa inn kay baaray mein jhoot bolti hay yaha kehtay hoay kahh homar eek mujasmah saaz hay maarj chemist hay meegi eek qabal az waqat professor hay aur baart mojud nahein hay. seem kay waldeen leesa kay waldeen say milna chahtay haine leakin phir zahir kartay haine kahh wah muntaqil how rahay haine. jabb seem kay waalid leesa kuu chhod deetay haine tuu wah need flanders say kehti hay kahh wah dikhawa karay kahh wah iss kaa baap hay. aakhir kaar seem kay ahal khaanah aalaan kartay haine kahh wah muntaqil nahein how rahay haine lehza leesa phir jhoot bolti hay kahh iss kay waldeen lathwania jaa rahay haine yaha nahein chahtay kahh iss kay jhoot bay nqab hoan. iss kay baad wah seem kay khaandaan aur apnay saath eek mukhtasir dohri zindagi sharoo karti hay. thodi deer baad maarj asay pakad leeta hay. maarj leesa kuu majbur kartaa hay kahh wah seem kay khaandaan kuu raat kay khaaney parr madau karay aur homar kuu apnay behtareen royay parr rehney kuu kehta hay. dunner table parr homar maarj kii taraf say asay baath karnay kay liye dee gayee linon kaa istemaal kartaa hay leakin phir jabb seem kay waalid homar say iss kii zindagi kay baaray mein poochtay haine tuu leza aakhir kaar tasleem karti hay kahh iss nay apnay khaandaan kay baaray mein jhoot bolaa thaa. seem kay waalid nay bhee jhoot bolnay kaa aiteraf kiyaa vovo iss nay pehley kahaa thaa kahh wah nigeria say hay leakin wah darasil cameron say hay. achanak ajeeb woo gharib honay parr baart sabb kuu apnay dobarah sajaye hoay kamray mein ghoomnay phirnay kii daawat deeta hay jiss parr iss nay khafiya toor parr kaam kiyaa thaa jabkah sabb kii taujah leesa parr markoz thee juu apnee kahaani kay khushgawar ikhtatam parr behat khush hay. waqat guzarnay kay saath baart kaa kamrah maqbool how jaataa hay aur wah apnay kamray mein harr kasee kuu daawat deeta hay kahh wah asay haing aaot kay toor parr istemaal karein sawaye iss kay kahh iss kay apnay waldeen juu preshan haine kahh surathaal qaabu say baahir how rahee hay. baart kaa muqarar kardah bounce neelson mentz maarj mein daakhil hotaa hay juu homar say waadah kartaa hay kahh wah baart say baath karay gee. paidawar. jolayi 2018 mein saan diyago kaamak kaan mein prodiosaron nay aalaan kiyaa kahh peeti lopon seem kii maan kay toor parr mahman adakaar hoan gay. saqafati hawalah jaat. homar nay internet parr apnay aap kuu eek jhaadi mein peeche hattay hoay likhaa hay. meem seezan 5 kii qast "homar flanders say mohabat kartaa hay" say sharoo hawaa. isteqbaliya. aidaad woo shamaar dekhna. aann faaks say baahir aaney waali iss qast nay 12 shayer kay saath 3.2 kii darjah bundi haasil kii aur asay 82 laakh nazireen nay dekha. tanqidi radamil. aey" say dense parkanz.wee. kalb nay qast kuu ddee + darjah bundi deetay hoay kahaa kahh "leesa kaa kirdaar likhna mashkal hay. iss liye nahein kahh iss kii hoshiyariyan asay harr kasee say behatar banaati haine balkah iss liye kahh iss kii duniya kii bay waqoofiyon kay baaray mein iss kaa shaoor asay iss kaa hasah bannay say nahein bachaa saktaa. tuu phir say-mazahiya mashkal kii digri nott kii gayee. leakin yaha "simpson" hay. aur achhay paraaney dunon kay baaray mein juu aap chahtay haine wah kahein leakin jabb leza kii emdah kahaniyan likhnay kii miraas hoti hay aur aap inn mein atnee bury tarah say kamee kartay haine tuu nakami atnee ziyadah waazah hoti hay." deane aaf geek" kay tony sokul nay qast kuu 5 mein say 3.5 points kii darjah bundi deetay hoay kahaa kahh "buss mein mojud ladki" aakhir takk crostaun trafic mein phans jaati hay. agarcha humm hamishah jaantay haine kahh khaandaan cheezon kuu theek karnay waala hay haal hyee mein simpson kay liye cheezein behat achhi tarah say kaam kirr rahee haine. hamwaar harkat paziri kaa scone abb aaraam dhah ikhtatam kuu coor kartaa hay. mohabat karnay waalay bahao mein koyee izaafi moad nahein hay. yaha eek achhaa ahsaas honay waali qast hay jasay thoda braa mahsus honaa chahiye thaa. leesa kuu malum hotaa hay kahh inn tamaam logon kuu dhokah deena katnaa dilchasp hay jinn say wah pyaar karti hay leakin wah apnay josh woo kharoosh kuu barqarar nahein rakh sakti."

fffa52899fcee578d45d5a8b258a12d9d9de5c58646a0d5f6d637b69993bcbea

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=66340654

2022 Prime Minister Cup

2022 Prime Minister Cup Cricket tournament in Nepal The 2022 Prime Minister Cup was the fifth edition of the Prime Minister One Day Cup, the premier one-day cricket tournament in Nepal. The tournament was contested by teams representing the seven Provinces of Nepal as well as three departmental teams. It began on 30 October 2022 and ended on 12 November 2022. Armed Police Force Club won their second title after defeating defending champions Tribhuwan Army Club in the final. Squads. The ten participants were divided into two groups. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

2022 prodhanmontri kaap 2022 sonor prodhanmontri kaap aasil nepalor prodhan ediniya cricket protijugita prodhanmontri ediniya kaapor ponchom xongskoron. protijugitakhonot nepalor xatkhon prodexor logote tinita bibhagiyo dolor protinidhitwo koraa dolxomuhe protidondita korisil. ee 2022 sonor 30 octoborot aarombho hoisil aaru 2022 sonor 12 novemborot xex hoisil. xoxostro aarokhyi bahini clube finalot defending champion trivuan aarmi clubok porasto korar pisot teulukor dwitiyo khitap joy korisil. scowad. dohojon ongxogrohonkarik dutaa dolot bibhokto koraa hoisil.

2022 prodhanmontri cup 2022 saaler prodhanmontri cup chhilo nepaler prodhan ekodiner cricket turnament, prodhanmontri ekodiner kaaper pancham sanskaran. nepaler satti prodesher protinidhittokari dalgulir pashapashi tinti bibhagiya doll eyi turnamente protidwondita korechilo. etty 30 octobor 2022-ayee shuru hoy ebong 12 navembar 2022-ayee shesh hoy. soshostro pulish phorsa club finale defending champion trivuan armi clubke porajito korar porey taader dwitiya shiropa jiteche. squade. dashjan ongshogrohonkarike duti doley bhag koraa hoyechilo.

2022 vadapradhan cup cup pradhaanmantri cup nepaalmaa yojanari mukhya aek divaseey cricket tournament, pradhaanmantri aek divaseey kapnee paanchmee aavrutti hatee. aaa tournament nepaalnaa saat praanto temaj trana vibhagiy teamonu pratinidhitva karatee teamo dwara ladvaamaa aavee hatee. teey 30 october november roj sharoo thayu aneey 12 november november roj samaapt thayu. sashastr police dada clubbe finalmaan defending champiyan tribun armie klabne haraavya baad temnu beeju khitaab jeetyu. tukadio. dass sahbhagione beey juthomaa vahenchvaamaa aavyaa hataa.

2022 pradhaanmantri cup 2022 kaa pradhaanmantri cup pradhaanmantri ack divasiya cup kaa paanchvaan sanskaran thaa, joe nepal mein pramukh ack divasiya cricket tournament thaa. tournament mein nepal key saat praanton kaa pratinidhitva karane vaali teams key saath-saath teen vibhaagiya teams dwara pratispardha kii gaee thee. yeh 30 octuber 2022 koo shuru huaa aur 12 navambar 2022 koo samaapt huaa. sashastr pulis bull club ney final mein gata champion tribhuvan armi club koo haraane key baad apana doosara khitaab jeetaa. daste. duss pratibhagiyon koo dou samoohon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa.

2022rahra pradhani cup 2022rahra pradhana mantri cup nepalada pradhana ekadina cricket pandyavaliyada pradhana mantri ekadina kapna aidane aavruttiyaagittu. nepalada elu praantyagalannu pratinidhisuva tandagalu mattu mooru vibhagiya tandagalu ee pandyaavaliyalli spardhisiddavu. idu 30 october 2022 randu praarambhavaayitu mattu 12 november 2022 randu konegonditu. sashastra police padey club finalnalli haali champiyan tribuwan armi club annu solisida nantara tamma eradane prashastiyannu geddukonditu. tanda. hattu bhagavahisuvavarannu eradu gumpugalaagi vingadisalaagide.

2022 pradhaanamantri kapp neppaalile pradhana ekadina krikkatt toornamentaaya pradhaanamanthriyude ekadina kappinte anchaam pathippaayirunnu pathippaayirunnu pradhaanamantri kapp. neppaalile ezhu pravishyakale prathinidheekarikkunna teamukalum moonnu vakupputhala teamukalum chernnaanu toornamentil malsarichathu. 2022 october october aarambhicha ithu 2022 november november avasaanichu. finalil nilavile chaambyanmaaraaya tribhuvan armi klabbine paraajayappedutthiya sesham sayudha police fozhsu club avarude randaamathe kireedam nedi. schwadukal. pankeduttha patthu pere rund grouppukalaayi thirichirikkunnu.

2022 pantpradhan chashak 2022 chaa pantpradhan cup haah nepalmadhil pramukh ekdivasiy crickett spardha asalelya pantpradhan ekdivasiy chashak spardhechi pachvi aavrutti hotee. nepalchya saat prantanche pratinidhitva karananya sanghanni tasech teen vibhagiy sanghanni hii spardha ladhavali hotee. 30 aktoobar 2022 roji suru jhalelya aanee 12 november 2022 roji sampalelya sashastr police dalane antim fereet gatavijetya tribhuvan armi clubcha parabhav karoon tyanche dusare vijetepad jinkale. pathake. daha sahbhaginna done gatanmadhye vibhagale gele.

2022 pradhanmantri cup sann 2022 ko pradhanmantri cup nepalko pramukh ekdiwasiya cricket pratiyogita pradhanmantri ekdiwasiya kapko panchaun sanskaran thiyo. yo pratiyogitama nepalka saat prantako pratinidhitwa garne tolly rar tinn vibhagiya tolile pratispardha gareka thie. yo 30 october 2022 maa suru bhayo rar 12 november 2022 maa samapta bhayo. sashastra police ball cluble finalma defending champion tribhuwan armi clublai parajit garepachhi afno dosro upadhi jityo. toliharu. das zana sahbhagilai dui samuhama vibhajan garieko thiyo.

2022 pradhanamantri cop 2022 prime minister cop thila pradhanamantri dinikia kapra pancham sanskarana, jaahaa nepalara pramukh dinikia cricket turnament thila. ehi turnamentare nepalara satati pradeshaku pratinidhitwa karuthiba dala tatha tinoti bibhageeja dala pratidwandita karithile. ehaa 30 october 2022 ray arambha hoithila ebong 12 navember 2022 ray shesh hoithila. sashastra police force club phainalare defending champion tribhuwana armi klabaku parasta curry semanankara dwiteeja title jitithila . dala. dasha john anshagrahanakareenku duiti dalare bibhakta karajaithila.

2022 pardhan mantri kapp 2022 daa pardhan mantri kapp pardhan mantri ikk dinaa kapp daa panjwan sanskaran see, joe nepal witch pramukh ikk roza cricket tournament see. tournament witch nepal dey satt subiaan dee numaindagi curran valiaan teaman dey naal-naal tinn vibhagi teaman neey hissa liaa see. ih 30 aktubar 2022 noon shuru hoiaa atey 12 navambar 2022 noon khatam hoiaa. hathiaarband pulis bull club neey final witch maujuda champion tribhuvan aarmi club noon haraa keey aapna dooja khitaab jittiaa. teaman. dass bhagidaran noon doou samoohan witch vandiaa giaa see.

2022 pradhaanamantri-cup 2022 tame varshe pradhaanamantri-cup iti nepaladeshasya pramukha-ekadivasee-cricket-pratiyogitaayaah, pradhaanamantri-ekadivasee-cup ityasya panchamah samskaranah aasit. nepalasya saptaprantanam pratinidhitvam kurwantah dalaihi tathaa trayah vibhaageeyadalaih cha iyam pratiyogitaa spardhitaa aasit. 2022 october 30 dinaanke aarabhy 2022 november 12 dinaanke samapya sashastra-aarakshak-bull-club antimaayaam spardhayam defending-champion-tribhuvan-aarmi-club-ityenam parajitya dwiteeyapadakam praapnot. dalaani. dashabhaaginah dwayoh samooheshu vibhaktau aasan.

2022 pirathamar kooppai 2022 pirathama mandhiri kooppai enbathu pirathama mandhiri orunaal kooppaiyin ainthaavathu pathippaakum, idhu nepaalaththil nadaipettra muthanmaiyaana orunaal crickett poattiyaagum. nepaalaththin aezhu maakaanangkalai pirathinithiththuvappaduththum anigal mattrum moontru thuraisaarntha anigal inththa poattiyil pankettrana. idhu 30 october 2022 andru thodangi 12 navambar 2022 andru mudivadainthathu. aayuthamaenthiya bolees padai kilap iruthip poattiyil nadappu saambiyanaana tribhuvan iraanuva kilappai thoarkadiththa pinnar thangal irandaavathu pattatthai ventrathu. anigal. paththu pankerpaalarkal irandu kuzhukkalaagap pirikkappattanar.

2022 pradhani cup 2022 pradhana mantri cup nepaul loe pradhana okaroju cricket tornament ayina pradhana mantri okaroju cup yokka aidava edition. eee tornamentlo nepaalloni edu praavinsulaku praatinidhyam vahistunna jatlu, alaage moodu departmental jatlu pootii paddayi. idhi 30 october 2022naa praarambhamai 12 november 2022naa mugisindi. saayudha pooliisu dalam club finallo defending chhampian tribuwan armi klabnu oodinchina taruvaata vaari rendava titlenu geluchukundi. squads. padhi mandhi paalgonevaarini rendu samuhaluga vibhajinchaaru.

2022 prime minister cup 2022 kaa prime minister cup neepal mein premier winn day karkat tornament prime minister winn day cup kaa panchwan edition thaa. tornament mein neepal kay saat soobon kii numaindagi karnay waali teamon kay saath saath teen mohkamah jaati teamon nay hasah liyaa. yaha 30 aktobar 2022 kuu sharoo hawaa aur 12 nomber 2022 kuu khatam hawaa. maslah police force kalb nay final mein dafayi champines turbhuven aarmi kalb kuu shakast deenay kay baad apnaa dosra khataab jeeta. dastay. duss sharkaa kuu duu gropon mein taqsim kiyaa gayaa.

fffa53fe9412cd310e986f09662f92ed0db1624c5d9e3800339350f0726cc67f

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=39658659

2013 Miami RedHawks football team

2013 Miami RedHawks football team American college football season <templatestyles src="Standings table start/styles.css" /> The 2013 Miami RedHawks football team represented Miami University in the 2013 NCAA Division I FBS football season and finished the season with an 0–12 record. They were led by head coach Don Treadwell for the first five then led by interim head coach Mike Bath of their final seven games. They played their home games at Yager Stadium and competed as a member of the East Division of the Mid-American Conference. After opening the season 0–5, head coach Don Treadwell was fired and Mike Bath was named interim head coach. Over his tenure as head coach, Treadwell compiled a record of 8–21 since he was hired in 2011. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

2013 mayami redhocks football doll 2013 sonor mayami redhocks football dole 2013 sonor eno. chi. e. e. dibhijon aai. ef. bi. ess football sijonot mayami biswobidyaloyok protinidhitwo korisil aaru sijontu ek obhilekhor xoite xomapto korisil. prothom paskhonor baabe mukhyo proxikhyok donn tradewelle teulukor netritwo disil aaru taar pisot teulukor ontim xatkhon khelor ontobortikalin mukhyo proxikhyok maik baathor netritwot aasil. teuluke yegar stadiumot teulukor ghoruwa khelxomuh khelisil aaru modhyo-aamerikan xonmilonor pubo bibhagor xodosyo hisape protidondita korisil. sijon aarombho huwar pisot mukhyo proxikhyok donn tradewelok borkhasto koraa hoisil aaru maik baathok ontobortikalin mukhyo proxikhyok hisape nijukti diya hoisil. mukhyo proxikhyok hisape teur karzokalot tradewelle 2011 sonot nijukti diyar pisor poraa ek obhilekh xongkolon korisil.

2013 miami redhox football doll 2013 miami redhox football doll 2013 ncaa dibhishana aaee fbs football morsume miami bishwobidyaloyer protinidhitto korey ebong ekti record diye morsumti shesh korey. prothom panch matcher jonno prodhan coach donn tradewell taader netritto deena ebong tarpor taader shesh shaat matcher antarbartikalin prodhan coach maik bather netritte chhilen. taaraa iagar stadiume taader ghorer khela khelechilo ebong modhyo-american sommeloner purbo bibhager sadasya hisabe protidwondita korechilo. morshum shurur porr, prodhan coach donn tradewellke borkhasto koraa hoy ebong maik bathke antarbartikalin prodhan coach nijukto koraa hoy. prodhan coach hisabe taanr meyadkale, 2011 saale niyoger porr theke tradewell ekti record toiri korechilen.

2013 miyami redhox football team 2013 miyami redhox football teame 2013 ncaa division aaee fbs football seasonma miyami universitynu pratinidhitva karyoo hatoo aneey seasonne reqorda saathe samaapt curry hatee. teo pratham paanch maate mukhya coach doned tradewelle netrutva karyoo hatoo, tyarbad temnee anteem saat ramatona vachgalana mukhya coach mike baath dwara netrutva karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. teo yagar stadium temnee gharaanganaani ramato ramyaa hataa aneey madhya-american parishadna purv vibhagna sabhy tareeke bhaag leedho hato. seasonni sharuaat karyaa pachhi, mukhya coach doona tradewellne bartaraf karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey mike baathne vachgalana mukhya coach tareeke naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. mukhya coach tarikenaa temnaa kaarykaad darmiyan, tradewelle tradewelle temnee nimanook thaee tyaarthi aek vikram banaavyo hato.

2013 miyami redhox football team 2013 miyami redhox football team ney 2013 ncaa division aaee fbs football season mein miyami vishvavidyalaya kaa pratinidhitva kiya aur ack record key saath season samaapt kiya. pahale paanch maichon key liye mukhya coach donn tradewell ney unakaa netritva kiya aur phir unake antim saat maichon key antarim mukhya coach mike baath ney unakaa netritva kiya. unhone apane gharelu khel yagar stadium mein khele aur madhya-americi sammelan key purvi prabhaag key sadasya key roop mein pratispardha kii. satra kii shuruat key baad, mukhya coach donn tradewell koo nikaal diyaa gayaa aur mike baath koo antarim mukhya coach naamit kiya gayaa. mukhya coach key roop mein apane karyakal key dauran, tradewell ney 2011 mein niyukt honey key baad seey ack record banaaya.

2013 miami redhox football tanda 2013 rahra miami redhox football tandavu 2013 rahra enn. sii. aa. aa vibhaga aii. eff. bii. ess football rtuvinalli miami vishvavidyaalayavannu pratinidhisitu mattu daakhaleyondige rtuvannu mugisitu. modala aidu pandyagalige mukhya tarabetudaara daan treadwell avara netrutvadalli avaru aadidaru, nantara avara antima elu pandyagala madhyantara mukhya tarabetudaara mike snaanada netrutvadalli. avaru tamma tavaru pandyagalannu yagger kridaanganadalli aadidaru mattu madhya-american sammelanada purva vibhagada sadasyaraagi spardhisidaru. rtuvina aarambhada nantara, mukhya tarabetudaara daan treadwell avarannu vajaa maadalaayitu mattu mike baath avarannu madhyantara mukhya tarabetudaara endu hesarisalaayitu. mukhya tarabetudaararaagi tamma adhikaaraavadhiyalli, treadwell avaru 2011 ralli nemakagondagininda daakhaleyannu sangrahisidaru.

2013 miyami redhox football team 2013 miyami redhox football team 2013 enn. sii. eiii. eiii division aii. eph. bii. ezz football seasonil miyami sarvakalashalaye prathinidheekarichu oru recordumaayi season avasaanippichu. aadyathe anjilum mukhya pariseelakan doonn treadwell avare nayichu, thudarnnu avarude avasana ezhu malsarangalil idakkaala mukhya pariseelakan mike baath avare nayichu. avar avarude hoome geyimukal yagger stadiyathil kalikkukayum midu-american konfaransinte eest divisionile amgamaayi malsarikkukayum cheythu. season aarambhichathinusesham, mukhya pariseelakan doonn treadwelline puratthaakkukayum mike baath idakkaala mukhya parisheelakanaayi niyamikkappedukayum cheythu. mukhya parisheelakanaayirikke, 2011ll niyamikkappettathinushella oru record treadwell samaaharichu.

2013 miyami redhox football sangh 2013 chya miyami redhox football sanghane 2013 chya aine. see. aii. aii. vibhag aay. eff. bii. ess. football hangamat miyami vidyapithache pratinidhitva kele aanee vikrami kamgiri karoon hangam sampavala. pahilya paach samnyansathi mukhya prashikshak donn tradewell yanni tyanche netrutva kele aanee tyanantar tyanchya shevatchya saat samnyanmadhye antarim mukhya prashikshak mike baath yanni tyanche netrutva kele. tyanni tyanche gharche samne yagar stadiumvar khelale aanee madhya-american parishadechya purv vibhagache sadasya mhanoon bhag ghetala. hangam suru jhalyanantar, mukhya prashikshak donn tradewell yanna kadhoon taknyat aale aanee mike baath yanna antarim mukhya prashikshak mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale. mukhya prashikshak mhanoon tyanchya karyakalat, 2011 madhye tyanchi niyukti jhalyapasuncha vikram tradewellne sankalit keela.

2013 miyami redhoks football tolly 2013 miyami redhoks football tolile 2013 nca division aie fbs football sijanma miyami wishwawidyalayako pratinidhitwa गऱ्यो। rar recordko sath sijan samapta गऱ्यो।. pahilo paanch khelka lagi mukhya prashikshak dunn treadwelle netritwa gareka thie tyasapachhi uniharuko antim saat khelharuma antarim mukhya prashikshak mick bathle netritwa gareka thie. tiniharule yager stadiumma afno gharelu khelharu khele rar madhya-americi sammelanko purvi divisionko sadasyako rupma pratispardha gare. sijanko udghatan garepachhi, mukhya prashikshak dunn treadwelllai barkhasta gariyo rar mick bathlai antarim mukhya prashikshak niyukta gariyo. mukhya prashikshakko rupma afno karyakalma, treadwelle 2011 maa niyukta bhaedekhi record sankalan gare.

2013 miami redhox football dala 2013 miami redhox football dala 2013 ncaa divijana aai fbs football sijanare miami biswabidyalajara pratinidhitwa karithila ebong eka record sahita sijin samapta karithila . pratham panchti match paain mukhya prashikhyaka donn tradewelnka netrutware semane shesh satati myachre antarina mukhya prashikhyaka mick bathnka netrutwa neithile. semane jagara stadijamare semananka gharoi match khelithile ebong madhya-americae sammilanira purba divijanara sadasya bhabare pratidwandita karithile. sijin arambha kariba parey, mukhya coach donn tredwelanku barakhasta karajaithila ebong mick bathnku antarina mukhya coach bhabare nijukta karajaithila. mukhya prashikhyaka bhabe karjyakala madhyare, tradewell tradewell nijukta heba paratharu eka record srusti karithile.

2013 miaami redhox football team 2013 miaami redhox football team neey 2013 ncaa division aaee fbs football season witch miaami university dee numaindagi keeti atey season noon ikk ricard naal khatam keeta. uhanan dee agvai mukkh coach daan tradewell neey pahile panj laee keeti see atey firr uhanan dey aakhri satt maichan dey antrim mukkh coach mike baath neey agvai keeti see. unhan neey yagar stadium witch aapne gharelu match khede atey maddh-amriki sammelan dey purbi division dey member vajon hissa liaa. season dee shuruat toon baad, mukkh coach daan tradewell noon barkhast qarr ditta giaa see atey mike baath noon antrim mukkh coach niyukat keeta giaa see. mukkh coach dey roop witch aapne karajkal dauran, tradewell neey 2011 witch niyukat keete jaanh toon baad ikk ricard tiaar keeta.

2013 miyami redhox football-dalam 2013 tame varshe miyaami-redd-haaks-football-dalah 2013 tame varshe enn. see. e. e. vibhaagasya aii. ef. bee. ess. football-creedaa-rutau miyaami-vishvavidyaalayasya pratinidhitvam krutvaa, abhilekhena saha creedaa-kaalasy samaapanam akarot. teshaam netrutvam prathamapanchashu mukhya-prashikshakah done-treadwell ityanena krutam, tatah teshaam antima-sapta-kreedaasu antarima-mukhya-prashikshakah maik-baath ityanena netrutvam krutam. te yaagar-kreedaagruhe swagruhakreedaah kreeditavantah, madhya-american-sammelanasy poorva-vibhaagasya sadasyatvena api spardhaam akurvan. rutuhu udghatayitva, mukhya-prashikshakah done-treadwell ityeshah nishkaasitah, maik-baat ityeshah cha antarima-mukhya-prashikshakah iti namankitaha. mukhya-prashikshakatvena swasya karyakale, treadwell 2011 tame varshe niyuktah iti abhilekham sankalitavaan.

2013 miami redhox kaalpandhu anii 2013 miami redhox kaalpandhu anii 2013 enn. chii. aee. aee pirivu aii eff. pii. ess kaalpandhu paruvaththil miami palkalaikkazhagaththai pirathinithiththuvappaduththi oru saathanaiyudan paruvatthai mudiththathu. muthal ainthu poattikalil thalaimai payirchiyaalar dawn treadwell thalaimaiyil avarkal vilaiyaadinar, pinnar avarkalin iruthi aezhu aattangkalil idaikkaala thalaimai payirchiyaalar maik paath thalaimaiyil irunththanar. avarkal yagar maithaanaththil thangal sontha vilaiyaattukalai vilaiyaadinar mattrum nadu america maanattin kilakku pirivin uruppinaraaga poattiyittanar. seesanaith thodangiya piragu, thalaimai payirchiyaalar dawn treadwell neekkappattaar mattrum maik paath idaikkaala thalaimai payirchiyaalaraaka niyamikkappattaar. thalaimai payirchiyaalaraaka irunththa kaalaththil, 2011 aam aandil avar paniyamarththappattathilirundhu oru saathanaiyai treadwell thoguththaar.

2013 mayami redhox football jattu 2013 mayami redhox football jattu 2013 NCAA division i FBS football seasonlo mayami vishwavidhyaalayaaniki praatinidhyam vahinchindi mariyu rikaardutoe seejannu muginchindi. modati aidu matchlaku pradhana coach daan treadwell naayakatvam vahinchaaru, taruvaata vaari chivari edu matchla taatkaalika pradhana coach mike baath naayakatvam vahinchaaru. vaaru tama sonta atalanu yagger stadiumlo aadaru mariyu madhya-american conferences yokka thoorpu vibhaagamlo sabhyudiga potipaddaru. season praarambhinchina taruvaata, pradhana coach daan treadvelnu tolaginchaaru mariyu mike baath taatkaalika pradhana kochga niyaminchabaddaaru. pradhana kochga thana padaveekaalamlo, treadwell 2011loe niyaminchabadinappati nundi oka rikaardunu roopondinchaadu.

2013 miyami reed hocks fitt baal team 2013 miyami reed hocks fitt baal team nay 2013 aine see aey aey devision aayee aif bee aiss fitt baal seezan mein miyami university kii numaindagi kii aur seezan kuu record kay saath khatam kiyaa. inn kii qayadat pehley paanch kay liye head coach done trade weel nay kii thee phir inn kay aakhri saat kheelon kay aburi head coach mayik baath nay qayadat kii. inhon nay apnay gharilo kheel yajar steadium mein khelay aur wast americi conference kay aist devision kay rakan kay toor parr muqabilah kiyaa. seezan kii sharoaat kay baad head coach done trade weel kuu bartarf kirr diyaa gayaa aur mayik baath kuu aburi head coach namzad kiyaa gayaa. head coach kay toor parr apnay door mein trade weel nay 2011 mein inn kii khidmaat haasil karnay kay baad say eek record martab kiyaa.

fffa58e484a3ece67a3f0f5c577aac86787d2e25ca66c074e905367c53cb7fa2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=51887834

Mohammad Ghodsi

Mohammad Ghodsi Mohammad Ghodsi (Persian: محمد قدسی) is an Iranian computer scientist, electrical engineer, and professor. Ghodsi is also the project director of FarsiTeX, a Persian typesetting language derived from TeX. He was the team leader for the Iranian national team participating in the International Olympiad in Informatics for several years. He was also chosen as the top professor in Iran and has received his prize from ex-president Mohammad Khatami . References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

mohommod ghuroxi mohommod ghudhyi (persianh محمد قدشی) ejon iranor computer bigyani, boidyutik obhijonta aaru odhyapok. ghudsi hoise texor poraa udbhob huwa parchi typeseting bhaxa farsitexor prokolpo xonsalok. teu keiba bosor dhori tothyo bigyanor antohrastriyo olympiadot ongxogrohon koraa iranor rastriyo dolor dolor netaa aasil. teuk iranor xirxo odhyapok hisapeu nirbasito koraa hoisil aaru prakton rastropoti mohommod khatamir poraa teur botaa laabh korisil.

mahammad ghodsi mahammad ghodsi (farsih محمد قدسی) ekjon irani computer bigyani, boidyutik prakaushali ebong adhyapak. ghodsi takes theke udbhuto farcy typesetting bhasha farsitexer prokolpo porichaloko. tini besh koyek bochor dhorey tothyobiggane antorjatik olympiade ongshogrohonkari iran jatiya doler doler neta chhilen. tini iraner sheersho adhyapak hisabeo nirbachito hoyechilen ebong praktan rashtrapati mahammad khatamir kachh theke taanr puraskar peyechen.

mohammed ghodasi mohammed ghodasi (faarseeh محمد قدسی) aek irani computer vaignanik, electrical angineer aneey prophesara chhe. ghodasi aee taxmanthi utaree aaveli farsi typesating bhaasha, farcitexna project director pann chhe. teo ghanaa varsho sudhee informaticsma aantarrashtriy olympiadma bhaag letee irani raashtriy team maate teamnaa netaa hataa. temne iranma tochnaa prophesara tareeke pann pasand karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey temne bhutpurv rashtrapati mohammed khaataami tarafthi temnu inam malyun chhe.

mohammad ghodsi mohammad ghodsi (faarsih محمد قدسی) ack irani computer vaigyaanik, vidyut engineer aur professor hain. ghodsi farcitex key pariyojana nideshak bhee hain, joe takes seey vyutpann ack farsi typesetting bhasha haye. vaha kaee varshon taka soochana vigyaan mein antarrashtriya olympiad mein bhaag lene vaali irani rashtriya team key liye team leader they. unhein iran mein sheersh professor key roop mein bhee chunaa gayaa thaa aur poorv rashtrapati mohammad khatami seey unhein puraskar milaa haye.

mohammed ghodsi mohammed ghodsi (pertian محمد قدسی) obba iranina computer vignaani, electrical enginiyar mattu pradhyapaka. ghodsiyu texninda padeda pertian type setting bhasheyada forcitexna yojana nirdeshakaroo agiddare. avaru halavaaru varshagala kaala maahitishaastradalli antararashtriya olympiadnalli bhagavahisida iraan rashtriya tandada naayakaraagiddaru. avaru iranna unnata pradhyapakaragiyu aaykeyaadaru mattu maaji adhyaksha mohammed khatami avarinda tamma prashastiyannu padediddaare.

mohammed ghodsi oru iranian computer shaasthranjanum electrical enchineeyarum professorumaanu mohammed ghodsi (pershyan محمد قدسی). texil ninnu uruthirinja pershyan typesetting bhashayaaya faarsiteksinte project director koodiyaanu ghodsi. niravadhi varshatholam informaattiksil anthaaraashtra olimpyaadil pankeduttha iraan deseeya teaminte team leaderaayirunnu addeham. iraanile unnatha professorayum thiranjedukkappetta addeham muun president mohammed khathamiyil ninnu puraskaaram nediyittundu.

mohammed ghodasi mohammed ghodasi (pertianh محمد قضسی) heey irani sanganak shastradnya, vidyut abhiyanta aanee pradhyapak aahet. ghodasi heey texmadhun vyutpann jhalelya farcitex yaa pertian tanklekhan bhasheche prakalp sanchalak dekhil aahet. anek varshe teey mahitishastratil aantarrashtriy olympiadmadhye sahbhagi sahbhagi iranchya rashtriy sanghache sanghache nete hote. iranmadhil sarvoch pradhyapak mhanoonahi tyanchi nivad jhaali aanee tyanna majee rashtrapati mohammed khatami yanchyakadun puraskar midala aahe.

mohammad ghodsi mohammad ghodsi (persianah mahmad qadasی) ek irani computer vaigyanik, electrical engineer, rar professor hun. ghodsi texbata wyutpanna farsi typesetting bhasha farcitexko pariyojana nirdeshak pani hun. uni dherai warshasamma suchana vigyanma antarrashtriya olympicma bhag line irani rashtriya tolika tolika neta thie. uni iranka shirsha pradhyapaka rupma pani chunieka thie rar purva rashtrapati mohammad khatamibata unko puraskar prapta gareka chhan.

mahammad ghodasi mahammad ghodasi (pharasihi محمد قدسی) jane iranian computer baigyanika, baidyutika engineer ebong professor. ghodsi madhya farcitexer prakalpa nirdeshaka, jaahaa teksaru utpanna eka parciah typeseting bhasha . shay aneka barsha dhari suchana bigyanare antarjatija alimpiadare anshagrahana karuthiba iran jatiah dalara netrutwa neithile. shay iranara shirsha professor bhabare madhya manoneet hoithile ebong purbatana rastrapati mahammad khataminkatharu tankara puraskara grahan karichanti.

mohammad ghodsi mohammad ghodsi (farci محمد قدسی) ikk irani computer vigiaani, electrical engineer atey professor haii. ghodsi farcitex daa project director vee haii, joe taiks toon liaandi gaee ikk farcy typesetting bhasha haii. uh kaee saalan takk soochna vigiaan witch antarashtari olympiad witch hissa lainn vaali irani rashtari team dey team leader rahey. unhan noon iraan witch choti dey professor vajon vee chunhiaa giaa see atey unhan noon sabka rashtarpati mohammad khatami toon puraskar miliaa haii.

muhammad ghodsee muhammad ghodsee (phaaraseeh محمد قدسی) ekaha iranian-ganakayantr-vaidnyaanikah, vidyuta-abhiyantah, pradhyapakaha cha asti. ghodsee takes-bhashayaha farcitex ityasya pariyojanaa-nirdeshaka api asti, yaa takes-bhashayaha farasi-bhashayaha aksharawinyaas-bhasha asti. saha katipayavarshaani yaavat soochanaashaastrasy antarashtriya-olympiad-kridaayaam bhaagam sveekrutya iranasya rashtriya-dalasya dalaneta aasit. saha iraan-deshasya sheershapradhyaapakatvena api chitah, poorvaraashtrapatih muhammad-khatamyaah puraskaram api praptavan.

mugamathu koatchi mugamathu koatchi (persian محمد قضسی) oru eeraaniya kanini vinjnaani, minn poriyaalar mattrum paeraasiriyar aavaar. texilirunthu perappatta oru persiya vagaippaduththal mozhiyaana forcitexin thitta iyakkunaraagavum koatchi ullaar. avar pala aandugalaaka thagaval ariviyalil sarvadesa olympiattil pankettra eeraaniya thaesiya aniyin anith thalaivaraaga irunthaar. eeraanil uyarmatta paeraasiriyaraagavum thernthedukkappatta avar, munnaal janathipathi mugamathu kadaamiyidamirunthu thanathu parisaip pettrullaar.

mahmad ghodsi mohammed ghodsi (pertian محمد قدسی) oka iranian computer shaastravetta, electrical injanir mariyu professor. ghodsi tex nundi udbhavinchina pertian type setting bhasha ayina forcetex yokka project director kooda. athanu aneka samvatsaraalu informaticslo antarjaateeya olympiadlo palgonna iraan jaateeya jattuku jattu nayakudiga unnadu. athanu iraanlo agra professorga kooda empika cheyabaddaadu mariyu maajee adhyakshudu mohammed khatami nundi thana bahumatini andukunnadu.

mohammad ghodsi mohammad ghodsi (faarsi: mohammad mohammad eek airani computer sciencedan electrical engineer aur professor haine. ghodsi farstex kay project director bhee haine juu kahh teks say makhuz faarsi type seeting zabaan hay. wah kayee saalon takk information mein beenn alaqwami olympiad mein hasah leenay waali airani qomi team kay team leader rahay. inhein airaan mein aalee professor kay toor parr bhee muntakhib kiyaa gayaa thaa aur saabiq sadr mohammad khatami say inn kaa anaam haasil kiyaa hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2066349

Gunge

Gunge Gooey, yet runny, substance used in children's shows Gunge as it is known in the United Kingdom, or slime as it is known in the United States and most English-speaking areas of the world, is a thick, gooey, yet runny substance with a consistency somewhere between that of paint and custard. It has been a feature on many children's programs for many years around the world and has made appearances in game shows as well as other programming. While gunge mostly appears on television, it can also be used as a fundraising tool for charities, youth and religious groups. Gunge tanks have appeared at nightclubs and Fun Days. The British charities Comic Relief and Children in Need, supported by the BBC, have used gunge for fundraising in the past. In the U.S., slime is sometimes associated with Nickelodeon, even having several game shows revolving around it, such as "Slime Time Live". Composition. The gunge that is widely used on television is an industrial powder thickener hydroxyethyl cellulose, a widely-used gelling and thickening agent. Alternatively, other items can be used for "gunge", for example eggs, sauces, as well as other messy items. In many cases, the gunging occurs in a gunge tank, a transparent booth with a means for storing and releasing the gunge. Due to source ingredients uses as food thickeners in soups and stews, gunge is often safe to eat, provided the colouring is also non-toxic. Other ingredients used in gunge can be Oobleck, a mixture of cornstarch and water, and Xanthan gum, another food additive. The iconic green slime of the Canadian television series "You Can't Do That on Television" was developed by accident, according to producer Roger Price. The original idea had been to dump a barrel of food leftovers on a young boy chained in a dungeon, but before it could be used, the contents of the barrel had turned green with mold. The noxious mixture was dumped on the young boy anyway, and overnight the series had its trademark gag. The show subsequently went through several different slime recipes incorporating ingredients such as lime gelatin dessert powder, flour, oatmeal or Cream of Wheat, baby shampoo, and even cottage cheese (not all necessarily at the same time). On the show (and subsequently on Nickelodeon since then), the composition of the slime was treated as a closely guarded secret, and some episodes revolved around the cast members trying to discern the composition of slime. Today gunge or slime features on many television shows around the world; however, since the 2000s the focus has changed from mainstream shows to children's and teenager's television programs such as Nickelodeon's "Figure It Out". Thanks largely to the popularity of Nickelodeon shows, slime and gunge have typically been associated with children's programming in North America since the 1980s. In addition to its use on television and as a fundraiser, gunge in tanks sometimes features in nightclubs. Youth groups such as church groups and scouting movements also make use of gunge to "gunge the leaders" as well as the children. History of gunge on television. The 1960s. In the UK the popular BBC show "Not Only... But Also" featured a closing sketch called "Poet's Corner" in which that week's guest would be challenged to an improvisational poetry contest against Peter Cook, with Dudley Moore acting as referee. Each contestant would sit at the corner of a square tank of "BBC Gunge" on a rigged seat that could be triggered so as to catapult the occupant into the tank. The referee would sit at one of the other corners in a similar chair. Any use of repetition, hesitation or deviation from the challenge theme would precipitate the offender into the tank. The sketch always ended with all three personalities in the tank, chest deep in slime and reciting poetry. 1970–1979. The UK Saturday morning children's show "Tiswas" used the concept of gunge in abundance. Having already established messy slapstick humour through custard pies and buckets of water being thrown over presenters and guests, Tiswas had taken to locking up adult volunteers into a cage. Once inside the cage, the inhabitants would normally be soaked with buckets of water at random points in the show. Where gunge became involved, was thanks to the tin bath perched on top of the Cage. Through a handle, this tub could be tilted, dropping its messy contents onto the people below, While famous for its custard pie humour, it would not be unusual for Tiswas to have buckets of food and imitation mud/horse manure poured over people. Custard and baked beans were popular choices. 1980–1989. In North America, "You Can't Do That on Television", a Canadian children's show popular on Nickelodeon developed by a British TV producer, Roger Price, routinely subjected its characters to "slime" (usually green, but sometimes in other colours), usually when they said, "I don't know." It became a staple of the show where other actors would try to encourage their peers to say a phrase to get them slimed. A sliming scene from a 1982 episode of "You Can't Do That on Television" was also used in the opening of the 1987 film "Fatal Attraction", and references to the series have been used in mainstream U.S. television series ranging from "NewsRadio" to "Family Guy". This aspect of the cult show later became iconized in Nickelodeon's slime logo, subsequent game shows such as "Double Dare", "What Would You Do?", "Figure It Out", and "BrainSurge" revolving around slime, pies in the face, and other forms of mess, and live events in which participants (including celebrities, particularly at the annual Kids' Choice Awards) would be offered the chance to get slimed or publicly humiliated. In the late 1980s, Nickelodeon and its Canadian counterpart, YTV, even held write-in contests in which the grand prize was a trip to the "YCDTOTV" set in Ottawa, Ontario, to be slimed. The popularity of Nickelodeon's slime shows spawned imitators such as the short-lived 1988 syndicated game show "Slime Time" (no relation to Nickelodeon's later "Slime Time Live"), in which schoolteachers were the victims of green gungings. The most famous instances of the said gunging tradition opens in 1987 with the first Kids Choice Awards. In Britain and Europe, in the early 1980s, children's gunge-based game shows were the norm. Particularly shows like "How Dare You!" on ITV and "Crackerjack" on the BBC ensured that the gunging element featured on shows for the decade to come. On "How Dare You!", one of the main games was 'Teach Them a Lesson', where children got the opportunity to drench their teacher or representative from their school in gunge while sitting above a knee deep filled gunge tank. After this game the teachers were sometimes knocked off their perch by one of show's presenters and into the gunge tank. On "Crackerjack", the two weekly celebrities, one male and one female, would compete against host Stu Francis in a gunge based gamed called "Take A Chance" to try to win points for their child contestant. Failure to answer questions correctly would lead to Francis and/or the celebrity guest being covered in gunge. Additionally, sometimes the winner would get gunged regardless as punishment for laughing at their opponent, especially if it was Francis. Later in the 1980s, the BBC launched "Double Dare", based on the US style format, but much sloppier than its U.S. counterpart. Also, gunge started to appear on mainstream shows such as "Game for a Laugh" on ITV and "Noel's Saturday Roadshow" on the BBC. Other countries in Europe also started to have gunge elements on mainstream shows. "Un, dos, tres... responda otra vez" on TVE in Spain often had contestants throwing buckets of gunge at each other. Also, "Donnerlippchen", a television show in Germany, had many messy games; the climax of the show was dunking the team's suited boss in a dunk tank and pouring custard down inside every team members pair of boxer shorts. The New Zealand children's show "What Now" has used gunge over the years since its launch in 1981. As of 2015 the show is still broadcasting on channel 2 each Sunday morning from 8am. Various segments of the show using gunge include, tank of terror, gunge on the run, flushed away, frog in the bog and brain freeze. 1990–1999. In "Noel's House Party", the public often voted to determine which celebrities on the television show would be gunged in the Gunge Tank. In later years, the Gunge Tank became the Gunge Train, and celebrities were forced to take a ride on the train and were covered in gunge throughout their journey. Celebrities usually returned with their suits or dresses ruined and faces unrecognizable. Sometimes audience members were gunged on the show for reasons of revenge by family members or friends. The entertainment factor attached to the process of gunging was realised by the producers of the charity event "Comic Relief", who held an event, in cooperation with the Guinness World Records at the National Exhibition Centre, Birmingham where an attempt to set a record for the Most People Gunged Simultaneously took place on 12 March 1999. 184 gallons of gunge was splattered over 731 people. All across Europe television producers were ordering more gunge segments to be fitted into mainstream television shows due to its popularity with viewers. In Germany, on Sat.1, Halli galli, Glücksritter (RTL), Glücksspirale, plus the German version of NHP - Gottschalk's Haus-Party, all involved a high dose of gunge. Halli Galli had audience members plucked out of their seats and sent down a messy gunge slide and into a pool. Likewise, Glücksspirale on SAT1, Glücksritter RTL and Rache ist Süß Sat1, had contestants plucked out of the audience and gunged in the most spectacular ways. Towards the end of the 1990s, with the demise of "Noel's House Party" and the dwindling audience figures for other European shows, the gunge segment in many mainstream shows started to fade. Throughout the 1990s, gunge became a focal feature in many children's television shows. Teenagers and celebrity guests are often seen competing in quizzes on "Live & Kicking", and are gunged if they lose. Celebrities Lee Ryan, Ben Adams, Katy Hill, Lesley Waters, Katherine Merry, Heather Suttie and Victoria Hawkins were gunged on this show. Many other shows used gunge throughout - "Fun House", "Get Your Own Back", "Run the Risk" and "Double Dare". From 1997 to 2003, a Canadian show called Uh Oh!, that ran on YTV, featured a punishment system that had the participant go inside a closet sized room and have green gunged dropped on them if their partner was not able to answer the question correctly. 2000–2009. In mainstream television programs during the Aughts, gunge was used in shows such as "The Paul O'Grady Show", "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", and "Insides Out". 2010-present. Gunge continues to feature in 2010 on children's TV in the UK and continuing the trend of the latter half of the 2000s, not as much as it once did. "101 Ways to Leave a Gameshow" has used it in its Bonus Round. The host picks a random name and the first person to get the question he asks wrong gets lowered down a pipe and gets gunged. Basilchildren's Swap Shop returned minus the gunge gallery but introducing a new game with a western theme called Gold Rush. In this game, the two winning teams from the previous game (dunk beds) take part in the game set in a mine shaft where the aim is to fill up tubes with liquid sludge by tipping buckets with the slop into the tubes which are hidden (so the children do not know who is winning). At the end the four kids take cover in the now shuddering mine shaft. The winning team then receives gold (yellow gunge) while the losing team were initially covered in brown sludge however later episodes they remain dry. In New Zealand kids television, "What Now" introduced a new gungey game the big breakfast and Splat Cave. Fe Fi Fo Yum has a challenge which sees two children go barefoot into a bowl of gunge to collect objects for their teammates such as letters/numbers or other items. The final game also makes use of the gunge bowl, where the last part involves wading in the pool and up a ramp in order to release their captive teammates. In 2014, a few new games such as Use Ya Head, Target Ya Teacher and Small Balls were added to What Now. In addition, the spin-off from "Horrible Histories", "" involved a physical challenge involving gunge. The three children in the quiz running barefoot across an inflatable collecting "poo" and depositing it in their tanks at the other end. Above the inflatable are three containers - one for each lane of the inflatable, storing gunge which is released at points in the game. A variation of this challenge sees the three contestants again running barefoot along an inflatable lane, in an all play game, throw pies into mouths attached to a bungee cord, in the second series, this has the added difficulty of "Garum sauce" falling onto the inflatable at a random point in the game causing the children to slip and slide thus increasing the difficulty of the challenge. As of series 3 the losing kids would go down a slide barefoot into a vat of brown gunge and have to crawl through it.. The British and Australian versions of Nickelodeon's "Camp Orange" also features challenges which involve getting gunged. "Splatalot" (in Dutch Spetterslot), a medieval themed game show, similar to "Total Wipeout" features gunge/slime is fired at the attackers by the defenders at random points in the challenges as a means to slow down the attackers. Sam and Mark Big Friday Wind Up has started featuring gunge since 2014. The game was called rotation and two family teams were asked general knowledge questions while a gunge tank is being poured into, if they get the question right they spin and it is the other family's turn to answer a question. The team that is under the gunge when it is full gets gunged. In 2016, rotation was replaced by another gungey game called Splat in the box. Two family teams were asked general knowledge questions. However many seconds they took to answer the question is however many turns they do on the handle on the box. for example if they took 3 seconds to answer they will have to turn the crank 3 times. if they get a question wrong or run out of time they will have to do the maximum of turns which is 10. A gunge monster was hiding in the box and a certain number of turns will open the box and whichever team is standing in front of the box gets gunged. 7two had a new gameshow with gunge in called "Flushed". The losers of the previous round went into a gunge tank and got gunged with purple gunge or "Sludge" as they call it in the show. There were 2 rounds so each episode contained 2 gungings unless there was a tie in one of the rounds so that it was just one gunging. In terms of prime time television, in the UK at least, gunge has made appearances in the ITV1 game show "The Whole 19 Yards" where two transparent spheres contained either pink or yellow gunge. In one of the many physical challenges, a contestant had to unscrew the bottom of the sphere of their colour resulting in the gunge falling onto them and the floor below in order to retrieve a key in the sphere, which allowed them to complete the challenge. The Channel 5 version of "Big Brother" (both celebrity and normal version) features gunge in various tasks and as a way to nominate housemates. At the 2014 Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Sports Awards, the Legend Award was given to soccer player David Beckham, who was slimed with gold slime rather than the traditional green. Baseball player Derek Jeter, who received the award the following year, was also slimed with a gold color. This tradition has continued with Kobe Bryant in 2016, Michael Phelps in 2017, and Danica Patrick in 2018. This sliming is notable not only for its unique gold look, but for the overwhelming fashion in which the individuals are covered with slime. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

bonduk united kingdomot gonj baa slime buli jonajat, jaak aamerika juktorastro aaru biswor besibhag ingraji bhaxi oncholot jonaa yaay, ee hoise ek daath, gui, tothapiu rong aaru custardor maajot koo 'robat ek sthirotar xoite uluwa podartho. ee biswojuri bohu bosor dhori bohutu xixur karzoxusit ek boixistyo hoi aahise aaru gaim swo 'ror logote onyanyo programingtu dekha goise. jodiu gaanoj besibhag televisionot dekha yaay, iyak datobyo xongstha, juwok-juboti aaru dhormiyo gutor baabe puji xongrohor xojuli hisapeu byobohar koribo paari. nightclub aaru aamudjonok dinot gaanoj tenk dekha goise. britis datobyo xongstha komik rilof aaru proyujoniyo xixuxokole, bibisir xohayot, otitot dhon xongrohor baabe gaanoj byobohar korisil. eu. too.ess., slime ketiyaba nikeludiyonor xoite jorito hoy, aanoki iyar sariufale keibatau game swo 'ghuri thaake, jene "slime time live". ee waam baa sploching fetisor ek guruttopurno dix. rosona. televisionot bohulbhabe byobohrito ganj hoise ek oudyugik powder dathenar hydroxyethyl cheluluj, ek bohulbhabe byobohrito jailing aaru dathening agent. bikolpobhabe, aan xamogrixomuh "gaanoj" ror baabe byobohar koribo paari, udahoronsworupe konee, sos, logote onyanyo beyaa xamogri. bohu khetrot, ganjtu xongrokhyon aaru mukoli korar upay thoka etaa swoscho booth, ganj tengkot ganging hoy. utxor upadanbure saab aaru styut khadyo dathenar hisape byobohar korar baabe, gaanoj praye khuwar baabe nirapod, jodihe rongtu bixakto nohoy. ganjot byobohar koraa onyanyo upadanbur hoh 'bob paare oh' belek, makoir charch aaru panir mishron, aaru aan ek khadyo jugatmok jenthan gaam. kanadian television sringkholar iconic xeujiya slime "aapuni xeitu televisionot koribo nuware" durghotonaboxotoh bikoxito koraa hoisil, projujok ror 'gaaror mulyo onuxori-mool dharonatu aasil ondhokarot xikolore bandhi thuwa ejon jubokor uporot khadyor baaki thoka etaa berel pelai diya, kintu iyak byobohar korar aagote, berelor xomolbur sasor xoite xeujiya hoi porisil. obosye ei kyotikarok misrontu lo "raatur uporot pelai diya hoisil, aaru ratitur bhitorot ei sringkholatur trademark geg aasil. poroborti xomoyot ei swo "tu bibhinno slime rondhon pronalir maajere goisil zo" too sun jiletin desert powder, aata, utmil baa ghehur kreem, bebi swempu, aanoki kutor ponir (xokolu eke xomoyote huwatu abosyok nohoy) aadi upadan ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. swo 'too (aaru taar pisot nikeludiyonot), slimer rosonatuk ek nibirbhabe xurokhito guponiyota hisape gonyo koraa hoisil, aaru kisuman khondo slimer rosonatu bujaar chesta koraa cust xodosyoxokolor sariufale ghuri aasil. aaji xomogro biswor bohutu television swo 'too gaanoj baa slimer boixistyo aase; obosye, 2000-ror doxokor poraa mulxutir swo' ror poraa xixu aaru kixur-kixurir television onusthan jene nikel 'diyonor "figure itt out" loi monujug xoloni hoise. nikelodiyon swo "ror jonopriyotar baabe mulotoh dhonyobad, slime aaru gaanoj xadharonote 1980-ror doxokor poraa uttor aamerikat xixur programingor xoite jorito hoi aase. televisionot aaru puji xongrohkari hisape iyar byoboharor uporiu, ketiyaba noixo klabxomuhot tengkot gaanoj dekha yaay. juwo gutt jene girja gutt aaru scouting andulonxomuheu "netaxkolok bondukore aaghat koriboloi" logote xixuxokolor baabe bondukor byobohar kore. televisionot bondukor itihax. 1960ror doxok. eu. key.-too jonopriyo bibisi swo 'kewol nohoy... kintu "kobir kunu" naamor etaa xomapti scaseu prodorxito koraa hoisil zo 'too xei xoptahor otithixokolok pitter kukor biruddhe ek tatkhyonik kobita protijugitat proityahban jonuwa hoisil, jaar xoite doodle mure referee hisape kaam korisil. protijon protijugiye "bibisi gaanoj" ror etaa borgo tenkor kunot ekhon rigged sitot bohibo jitur folot awaxijonok tengkot bhorai dibo paari. referee ekedhoronor ekhon seyorot aan etaa kunot bohibo. proityahbanor bixoybostur poraa punorabritti, dwidha baa bisyutir jikunu byobohare oporadhik tengkot prowex koribo. scasetu xoday tengkot thoka tiniujon byoktitwor xoite xex hoisil, bukur gobhirot slime aaru kobita abritti korisil. 1970-1979. eu. key.-ror xonibare ratipuwa xixur onusthan "tiswa"-too ganojor dharonatu prosur porimane byobohar koraa hoisil. itimodhye custard paai aaru panir baloti uposthaponkari aaru otithixokolor uporot pelai diyar joriyote beyaa slapstick haisyorox protistha korar pisot, tisowaxxokole praptoboyosko sessaxewokxokolok etaa khasat bondho kori disil. ebaar khaajor bhitoroloi juwar pisot, baxindaxokol xadharonote swo 'ror jadrischik sthanot baloti panire bhijai thakibo. zo 'too bonduk jorito hoi porisil, khaajor uporot thoka tinor snanor baabe dhonyobad aasil. etaa handler joriyote, ei taabtu nomoniyo kori tolot thoka lukoxokolor uporot iyar ogusalu xamogri pelai dibo paari, aanhate iyar custard paai haisyorxor baabe bikhyat, tiswar baabe khadyor baloti aaru manuhor uporot maati/ghurar xaar dhaali diya oswabhabik noho 'bob. custard aaru backed bean aasil jonopriyo posondo. 1980-1989. uttor aamerikat, "aapuni televisionot xeitu koribo nuware", ejon britis tibhi projujokor dwara bikoxito nikel "diyonot jonopriyo etaa kanadian xixur onusthan, ror" gaar praise, niyomiyabhabe iyar soritroburok "slime" (xadharonote xeujiya, kintu ketiyaba onyanyo rongot) ror odhin kore, xadharonote jetiya teuluke koy, "moi najanu."eitu onusthanor ek mukhyo ongxo hoi porisil zo 'too aan obhinetaxokole teulukor xomoboyxixokolok etaa bakyangxo koo' boloi utxahito koriboloi chesta korisil jaate teulukok paatol kori tulaa yaay. aapuni xeitu televisionot koribo nuware" ror 1982 sonor etaa khondor etaa khyin drishyo 1987 sonor solositro "maratmok aakorxon" ror aarombhonite byobohar koraa hoisil, aaru ei sringkholatur proxongoxomuh mulxutir iut byobohar koraa hoise.ess. newzradio" ror poraa "poriyalor manuh" loike television dharabahik. cult swo 'ror ei dixtu pisot nikeludiyonor slime lugut iconize koraa hoisil, poroborti khelor swo' jene "daabol daar", aapuni ki koribo?"," eitu bisari uliyauk ", aaru" brainserge "slime, mukhot paai, aaru onyanyo dhoronor mesor sariufale ghuri aase, aaru live eventot ongxogrohonkarixokolok (bixexkoi barxik xixur posondor botar xoite) slim huwar baa rajohuwabhabe opomanito huwar xujug diya hoh 'bob. 1980-ror doxokor xexor faale, nikelodiyon aaru iyar kanadian xomokhyo, whitivy-ye aanoki raait-inn protijugitau onusthito korisil zo 'too grand puroskartu ontorio' ror oh 'tawat sthapon koraa "waisidit" bhi "loi ek bhromon aasil. nikeludiyonor slime swo "ror jonopriyotar folot 1988 sonor komm xomoyor sindicated game swo" slime time "(nikeludiyonor pisor" slime time live "ror xoite kunu xomporko naai) ror dore onukoronkarir sristi hoisil, zo" too schoolor xikhyokxokol xeujiya gubor bolly hoisil. ei guruha poromporar ataitkoi bikhyat udahoron 1987 sonot prothom xixur posondor botar xoite aarombho hoy. 1980-ror doxokor aarombhonite britain aaru europot xixur gaanoj-aadharito khelor onusthanbur aasil niyom. bixexkoi "aapunar kiman xahox hoise!"aai. ti. bhi. too aaru bibisi-too" crackerjek "-e nischito korisil je aagontuk doxoktur baabe swo 'too ganging upadantu prodorxito hoisil. tumar ki xahox hoh" lo!", etaa mukhyo khel aasil 'teulukok etaa paath xikuwa', zo 'too xixuxokole aathur uporot bhori thoka bondukor tenkor uporot bohi thokar xomoyot teulukor xikhyok baa protinidhir schoolor poraa bondukot dubo diyar xujug paisil. ei khelor pisot xikhyokxokolok ketiyaba onusthanor ejon uposthapokor dwara teulukor parchor poraa sitoki porisil aaru ganj tengkot bhorai diya hoisil. crackerjek" too, dujon xaptahik xelibriti, ejon purux aaru egoraki mohila, teulukor xixu protijugir baabe point joy koriboloi chesta koriboloi "etaa xujug louk" naamor gaanoj bhittik gemot aayujok stu francisor biruddhe protidondita koribo. prosnoburor xothik uttor diboloi byortho hoh "ley francis aaru/baa jonopriyo otithixokolok bondukore dhaaki rokha hoh" bob. iyar uporiu, ketiyaba bijoyik teulukor protipokhyok hahiboloi xasti hisape bibesona nokorakoi bondukore hotya koraa hoy, bixexkoi jodi ee francis hoy. 1980-ror doxokor pisor faale, bibisiye us xoilir formator uporot aadharito kori "daabol deyar" aarombho korisil, kintu iyar eu-tokoi bohut odhik owonomito.ess. protipokhyo. logote, itivito "game for e heje" aaru bibisito "nuwels setterede road swo" ror dore mulxutir swo 'too gaanoj dekha diboloi aarombho korisil. europor aan dexburotu mulxutir onusthanxomuhot bondukor upadan thoka aarombho hoisil. "uno, dodd 'cho, tress... spainor twe 'too protidondixokole praye ijone xijonok bondukor baloti nikhyep korisil. germanyr etaa television swo ', "dodd" narlipposen "too bohutu beyaa khel aasil; ei swo" tur climax aasil dolor upojukto bob "sojonok etaa dongko tengkot dubo diya aaru protitu dolor xodosyor bakchar swortchor jurar bhitorot custard dhaali diya. 1981 sonot mukoli huwar pisor bosorburot newzealandor xixur onusthan "etiya ki" ye gaanoj byobohar korise. 2015 sonoloike ei onusthantu etiyau proityek deubare puwa 8 bojar poraa senel 2-too xomprosarito hoi aase. gaanoj byobohar koraa swo 'ror bibhinno ongxor bhitorot aase, aatongkor tenk, polai juwar xomoyot gaanoj, flos koraa, bogot bengena aaru mogoju himayito koraa. 1990-1999. nuwels house party" too, jonoxadharone praye television swo "too kunogoraki celebritic gaanoj tengkot bondukore hotya koraa hoh" bob xeitu nirdharon koriboloi bhutdan korisil. pisor bosorburot, gaanoj tenktu gaanoj trainot porinot hoisil, aaru xelibritixokolok trainot jatra koriboloi badhyo koraa hoisil aaru teulukor gutei jatratut ganojore abrito koraa hoisil. jonopriyo byoktixokole xadharonote teulukor sut baa puchak nosto kori ubhoti aahe aaru osinaki mukhor xonmukhin hoy. ketiyaba poriyalor xodosyo baa bondhuborgor dwara protixudh luwar karonot dorxokor xodosyoxokolok onusthanot gulee soluwa hoisil. gunging prokriyar xoite jorito monuronjonor karoktu datobyo onusthan "komik rilof" ror projujokxokole upolobdhi korisil, jiye rastriyo prodorxoni kendro, barminghamot gines biswo obhilekhor xohojugitat etaa onusthan onusthito korisil, zo 'too 1999 sonor 12 marchot ekeloge bondukore bonduk soluwa xorbadhik lukor baabe ek obhilekh sthapon korar prochesta koraa hoisil. xomogro europor television projujokxokole dorxokor maajot iyar jonopriyotar baabe mulxutir television swo 'too odhik gaanoj khondo loguwar aadex disil. germanyt, sat.1, haali gaali, glookspreeter (rtl), glookspiral, aaru eno. eis. pi-gotchalkor haas-partyr german xongskoron, xokolute ganojor uscho matra jorito aasil. halli galliye dorxokxokolok teulukor aaxonor poraa uliyai etaa gonj slide aaru etaa puloloi pothiyai disil. ekedore, ekedore, glookspiral glooksriter rtl aaru raase isto sut 1, protijugixokole dorxokor poraa aatorai loi ataitkoi dorxoniyo dhorone bonduk soluwaisil. 1990-ror doxokor xexor faale, "nuwels house party" ror owoxan aaru onyanyo europiyo swo "ror baabe dorxokor xongkhya hraax puwar loge loge, bohutu mulxutir swo" too gaanoj khondotu mlaan hoh "boloi aarombho korisil. 1990-ror doxokor gutei xomoisuwat, bohu xixur television swo 'too gaanoj ek kendriyo boixistyo hoi porisil. kixur-kixuri aaru jonopriyo otithixokolok praye "live endo kicking" ror kuijot protidondita kori dekha yaay, aaru jodi teuluk porajito hoy tente bondukore hotya koraa hoy. ei onusthanot bikhyat byokti lee rian, benn adams, kaati hill, lesoli waters, ketherin meree, hithaar suti aaru victoria hokinxok bondukore aaghat koraa hoisil. aan bohutu swo "too gaanoj byobohar koraa hoisil-" faan house "," aapunar nijor ghurai louk "," riskotu dourauk "aaru" daabol daar ". 1997 sonor poraa 2003 sonoloike, uho uho naamor ekhon kanadian onusthan!, ji waai. ti. bhi. too solisil, iyat ek xasti pronalir boixistyo aasil zo 'too ongxogrohonkariye almarir aakaror kuthar bhitoroloi goisil aaru jodi teulukor xongiye prosnotur xothik uttor dibo nuwarile teulukor uporot xeujiya bonduk nikhyep korisil. 2000-2009. aagtosor xomoyot mulxutir television karzoxusixomuhot, poll oh 'grady swo' ror dore swo 'too ganz byobohar koraa hoisil, moi ejon celebrity...muk iyar poraa uliyai aanok!, aaru "bhitoror poraa bahiroloi. 2010-bortoman. ganoje 2010 sonot eu. key. too xixur tibhit prodorxito hoi aase aaru 2000-ror doxokor xexor faaler probonota obyahot rakhise, ebaar huwar dore nohoy. etaa gameswo 'e eri juwar 101taa upayor baabe iyak iyar bunas roundot byobohar koraa hoise. ayujokjone etaa jadrischik naam baasi loy aaru teu bhul xudhise xei prosnotu puwa prothomjon byoktiye paipor poraa naami yaay aaru bondukore aaghat paay. tuloxir xixur binimoy dukantuwe gaanoj gallery baad di ghuri aahisil kintu gold raas naamor poschimiya bixoybostur xoite etaa notun khel proborton korisil. ei khelot, purbor khelor poraa dutaa bijoyi dole (dank bedd) etaa maain xaftot set koraa khelot ongxogrohon kore zo 'too lokhyo hoise balotir xoite balotir xoite balotire balotire nolikabur bhorai torol sesare nolbur bhorai lukuwai rokha nolaburot (jaate xixuxokole najane je coon joyee hoise). xexot sarita xixuwe etiya kopi thoka khonir xaftot aawori loy. bijoyi doltuwe taar pisot xun (halodhiya ganj) laabh kore aanhate porajito huwa doltuwe prothomote badami silaire abrito aasil jodiu pisot khondobur xukan hoi thaake. newzealandor xixu televisionot, ji etiya etaa notun gangeyo khel proborton korise-dangor ratipuwar aahar aaru splate guha. fe phi pho 'yumor etaa proityahban aase zo' too dutaa xixuwe teulukor xotirthoxokolor baabe sithi/xongkhya baa onyanyo xamogrir dore bostu xongroho koriboloi khaali bhorire ganojor baati etat juwa dekha yaay. suranto khelot gaanoj batiu byobohar koraa hoy, zo 'too xexor ongxot pulot uri juwa aaru teulukor bondi xotirthoxokolok mukoli koriboloi remp uporoloi uthaa jorito thaake. 2014 sonot, euge iya head, turget yaa tisar aaru xoru bolor dore keitaman notun khel etiyar khelor xoite jug koraa hoisil. iyar uporiu, bhoyongkor itihaxor poraa ohaa spin-ofot bondukor xoite jorito ek xaririk proityahban jorito aasil. kuijot thoka tinijon xixuwe urbor bhorire furaa "puu" xongroho kori aan etaa faale nijor tengkot jomaa kori aase. sfito koribo porar uporot tinita paatro thaake-sfito koribo poraa protitu lenor baabe etaa, xongrokhyon koraa gaanoj jitu khelor pointot mukoli koraa hoy. ei proityahbanor etaa bhinnotai tinijon protijugik punor urbor bhorire etaa sfito koribo poraa lenor xoite douri thoka dekha yaay, etaa xompurno khelor khelot, banji cordor xoite xonglogno mukhot paai nikhyep korok, dwitiyo sringkholat, iyar folot "garam sos" ror odhik oxubidha hoy jaar folot khelor ek jadrischik sthanot sfito koribo porar uporot pore jaar folot xixuxokole pisoli yaay aaru enedore proityahbanor oxubidha briddhi paay. sirij 3-ror mote heruwa xixuxokole khaali bhorire badami rongor ganjor bhitoroloi naami jaabo aaru iyar maajere kraal koribo lagibo.. nikeludiyonor kemp komolar britis aaru australian xongskoronu proityahbanor boixistyo bohon kore zo 'too bondukore akranto huwatu jorito. splatalot (dusch spatersolutot), ek modhyojugiyo thimjukto game swo ', ji xompurno wipeout boixistyor dore, aakromonkarixokolok monthor korar upay hisape proityahbanor jadrischik pointot defenderxokole aakromonkarixokolok gulee soluwa hoy. chem aaru mark big friede wind aap-e 2014 sonor poraa ganojor boixistyo dekhuwaboloi aarombho korise. khelkhonok rutexon buli kuwa hoisil aaru dutaa poriyalor dolok xadharon gyanor prosno xudha hoisil jetiya etaa gaanoj tenk dhaali diya hoisil, jodi teuluke prosnotu xothikbhabe paay tente teuluke ghuri yaay aaru eitu etaa prosnor uttor diyar baabe aan poriyalor paala. bondukor tolot thoka doltu jetiya xompurno hoy tetiya bondukore guliborxon koraa hoy. 2016 sonot, rutexonor thait splate inn dyo boxes naamor aan etaa ganji gemor sristi hoisil. dutaa poriyalor dolok xadharon gyanor prosno xudha hoisil. obosye prosnotur uttor diboloi teuluke bohu sekendo xomoy loisil jodiu teuluke bakchot thoka handelot bohutu paal loi yaay. udahoronsworupe, jodi teuluke uttor diboloi 3 sekendo xomoy loy tente teuluke cranktu 3 baar ghurai dibo lagibo. jodi teuluke etaa prosno bhulkoi paay baa xomoy xex hoy tente teuluke xorbadhik 10taa paal koribo lagibo. etaa bondukor doityo bakchot lukai aasil aaru etaa nirdisto xongkhyok paaltu bakoskhon khulibo aaru bakchor xonmukhot thiyo hoi thoka jikunu doltu bondukore akranto hoh 'bob. 'bob। flas naamor ganojor xoite etaa notun gameswo 'aasil. purbor roundor porajito huwaxokole etaa gaanoj tengkot goisil aaru swo 'too teuluke iyak benguniya gaanoj baa "silai" buli kuwar loge loge bondukore gulee soluwa hoisil. 2taa round aasil xeyehe protitu khondote 2taa gunjing aasil jodihe etaa roundot taai nasil jaate ee maatro etaa gunjing aasil. prime time televisionor khetrot, eu. key. too ontotoh, ganje ganje game swo 'too gutei 19 gojor poraa dekha goise zo' too dutaa swoscho gulok gulpiya baa halodhiya ganj aase. bohutu xaririk proityahbanor bhitorot etat, ejon protijugiye teulukor rongor gulokor tolor ongxotu unscru koribo logaa hoisil jaar folot gulat etaa saabi uddharor baabe bonduktu teulukor uporot porisil aaru tolor mojiyatu porisil, jaar folot teuluke proityahbantu xompurno koriboloi xokhyom hoisil. senel 5 xongoskoronor dangor bhatri (jonopriyo aaru swabhabik xongskoron duyutai) too bibhinno kaamot aaru ghoror xodosyoxokolok monunit korar upay hisape ganjor boixistyo aase. 2014 sonor nikelodiyon xixur posondor krira botatut kingbodonti botatu football kheluwoi david bekhamok diya hoisil, ji poromporagot xeujiyar xoloni xunor slimere paatol aasil. pisor bosorot botaa laabh koraa besbol kheluwoi derek jetaroku xunor rongere slim koraa hoisil. ei porompora 2016 sonot kube bryant, 2017 sonot michael felps aaru 2018 sonot denika petorikor xoite obyahot aase. ei slimming kewol iyar ononyo xunor seherar baabei nohoy, byoktigorakik slimere abrito koraa otixoy feswonor babeu ullekhjugyo.

banduk juktorajye ganj baa slime hisabe porichito, jaa markin juktorashtro ebong bishwer beshirbhag ingrejibhashi anchale porichito, etty ekti puru, goyi, tobuo rongo ebong custarder modhye kothao samanjasya soho probahito podartho. etty vishwajude bohu bochor dhorey shishuder onek programe ekti baisishtya hoye dandiyeche ebong gema shoyer pashapashi anyanno programingye uposthito hoyeche. jodio beshirbhagi televisione ganz prodorshito hoy, etty datobbo sangostha, jubosomaj ebong dharmiya gosthigulir jonno tehbil sangraher hatiar hisabeo byabohar koraa jete paare. niteclub ebong mojar dingulite bonduker tank dekha geche. british datobbo sangostha comic releaf ebong proyojone thaka sisura, bbc dwara somorthito, atite tehbil sangraher jonno banduk byabohar koreche. eu-teey.esha.slime kokhono kokhono nickelodeoner saathe jukto hoy, emonki err charpashe besh koyekti gema shoe thaake, jemon "slime time live". etty oyama baa sploshing phetisha-err ekti mool diko. rachona. televisione byapokbhabe byabohrito bandukti ekti shilp pouder puru hydroxyethyl cellulose, jaa ekti byapokbhabe byabohrito jailing ebong puru korar agent. bikolpobhabe, anyanno jinisguli "gonjo"-err jonno byabohar koraa jete paare, udahoronsorup dima, soss, pashapashi anyanno agochalo jinis. onek khettre, ekti gonjo tanke, ekti swachcho boothe gonjo sanrakkhan ebong mukto korar upay soho gunjing ghote. supe ebong stewte khaddo puru korar jonno utso upadangulir byaboharer karone, gonjo prayashai khaoa nirapada, jodi rangtio aaa-bishakto hoy. ganje byabohrito anyanno upadanguli hotey paare obleck, cornstarch ebong joler mishran, ebong janthan gaam, arekti khaddo sanjojan. projojok roser mulya onusare kanadian television sirijer iconic sobuj slime "upney televisione etty korte parben naa" durghatanakrame toiri hoyechilo-mool dharonati chhilo ekti chhoto chheler upor aboshishto khabarer barrell feley deoa ekti ondhokare shickle deoa, kintu etty byabohar korar agey, barreler visayavastu chhanche sobuj hoye giechilo. khotikarok mishranti jebhabei hoke torun chheletir upor feley deoa hoyechilo ebong ratarati sirijtir trademark gyaga chhilo. porobortikale eyi prodorshonite choon geltin dejarta pouder, moyda, oatmill baa gomer crim, bebby shyampu ebong emonki kutir ponirer (ekoi somoye sabgulii noy) moto upadanguli antarbhukta korey bivinno slime recipigulir modhyo diye yaay. shote (ebong porobortikale nickelodeone), slimer rachonake ekti ghonisthobhabe surokkhito gopon hisabe bibechona koraa hoyechilo ebong kichhu porbo cust sadasyader slimer rachanati bojhar chesta korar charpashe ghore. aaz vishwajude onek television shote ganz baa slime baisishtya royeche; tobey, 2000-err doshok theke focus muldhara shoe theke shishuder ebong kishorder television programe jemon nickelodeoner "etty berr korun"-ayee poribortito hoyeche. mulat nickelodeon shoyer janapriyatar jonno dhonnobad, slime ebong gonjo sadharonoto 1980-err doshok theke uttor america shishuder programingyer saathe jukto. televisione ebong tehbil sangrahokari hisabe err byabohar chharao, kokhono kokhono nightclube tankgulite bonduker baisishtya dekha yaay. churcher doll ebong scouting andoloner moto jubo gosthigulio shishuder pashapashi netader bonduker jonno banduk byabohar korey. televisione bonduker itihas. 1960-err doshok. juktorajye janapriya bbc shoe "cable noy... kintu "kobir koona" naame ekti samapti sketcho prodorshito hoyechilo jekhane seii saptaher atithike pitter kuker biruddhe ekti tatkhonik kobita protijogitai challenge koraa hobey, jekhane doodly moor referee hisabe kaaj korben. protiti protijogi "bbc gonjo"-err ekti borgakar tanker koney ekti rigg koraa asone bosoben jaa chalokke tanke niye yawar jonno trigger koraa jete paare. referee ekoi dharaner cheyare onno eka koney bosoten. challenge thim theke punorabritti, dwidha baa bichyutir jey konao byabohar aporadhike tanke niye jaabe. sketchti sarbada tanker modhye tinti byaktitter saathe shesh hoy, booker govire slime ebong kobita abritti korey. 1970-1979. juktorajyer shanibar sokaler shishuder anusthan "tiswas" prachur porimane bonduker dharonati byabohar korechilo. custard paai ebong joll balti diye uposthapok ebong atithider upor feley deoar madhyome itimadhye nongra slapstick hasyoros protistha korar porey, tiswas praptoboyosko swechchasebokder ekti khanchai atke rekhechilo. ekbar khanchar vitore probesh korle, basindara sadharonoto shoyer elomelo pointgulite balti joll diye vijiye rakhten. jekhane banduk jorito hoye porechilo, taa chhilo khanchar upore thaka tiner snaner jonno dhonnobad. ekti hatoler madhyome, eyi tobti helano hotey paare, err agochalo visayavastu neecher lokder upor feley deoa jete paare, jodio custard paai hasyoroser jonno bikhyato, teaswor jonno khabarer balti ebong manusher upor anukaran koraa kaadaa/ghodar shaar ddhala aswabhabik kichhu hobey naa. custard ebong baked motorshooti chhilo janapriya pochondo. 1980-1989. uttor america, "upney televisione etty korte parben naa", nickelodeone janapriya ekti kanadian shishuder anusthan jaa ekjon british tibhi projojok, roser price dwara bikoshito, niyomitovabe taar choritrogulike "slime" (sadharonoto sobuj, kintu kokhono kokhono anyanno ronge) err adheen korey, sadharonoto jokhon taaraa boley, "aami jaani naa."etty shoyer ekti prodhan ongsho hoye othe jekhane anyanno abhinetara taader sahokarmider ekti bakyangsho bolte utsahito korar chesta korten jaate taaraa slima hoye yaay. televisione upney taa korte parben naa"-err 1982 saaler ekti porber ekti slimming drishya 1987 saaler cholochchitro "marattok akarshan"-err udwodhoni anusthaneo byabohar koraa hoyechilo ebong sirijer ullekhguli muldhara eu-teey byabohar koraa hoyeche.esha. newzradio" theke shuru korey "paribarik byakti" porjonto television sirij. cult shoyer eyi dikti porey nickelodeoner slime logote iconize koraa hoyechilo, poroborti gema shoe jemon "double dayer", upney qee korben?"," etty berr korun ", ebong" mostishker kaaj "slime, mukhe paai ebong anyanno dhoroner jagakhichudi ebong live eventgulir charpashe ghore jekhane ongshogrohonkarider (celebrity soho, biseshoto barshik bachchader pochonder puroshkare) slima baa prokashye apomanito howar sujog deoa hobey. 1980-err doshoker shesher dike, nickelodeon ebong taar kanadian protipokkho, waitibhi emonki raita-inn protijogitao ayojan korechilo jekhane granned prizety chhilo ontarior otawate seeta koraa "wicdtv"-teey ekti tripa, slima korar jonno. nickelodeoner slimer janapriyata swalpasthayi 1988 saaler syndicated gema shoe "slime time" (nickelodeoner poroborti "slime time live"-err saathe konao somporko nei)-err moto onukoronkarider jonmo deyo, jekhane school shikkhokra sobuj gangingyer shicker hoyechilen. 1987 saale prothom shishuder pochonder puroskarer madhyome eyi gunging oitijhyer sabcheye bikhyato udaharanguli shuru hoy. 1980-err doshoker godar dike britten ebong europe shishuder banduk-vittik gema shoe chhilo adarsha. bishesh korey "upner sahos kemon!"itv ebong bibisir" "crackerjack" "nischito korey jey agami doshoker jonno shote gunging upadanti prodorshito hoyeche. tomar sahos holl kii korey!", prodhan khelagulir modhye ekti chhilo 'taader ekti paatth shekhan', jekhane sisura hantute bhora bonduker tanker upore bosey taader shikkhok baa taader school theke protinidhike bonduker modhye dubiye deoar sujog paay. eyi khelar porey shikkhokra kokhono kokhono shoyer uposthapokder dwara taader parcha theke chhitke porey ebong bonduker tanke probesh korey. crackerjack"-ayee, dui saptahik celebrity, ekjon purush ebong ekjon mohila, taader shishu protijogir jonno point jetar chesta korar jonno "ekti sujog neen" naame ekti banduk vittik geme hosta stue franciser biruddhe protidwondita korben. sathikbhabe proshner uttor ditey byartho holey francis ebong/athoba celebrity atithike bonduker kobole padte hobey. uporontu, kokhono kokhono vijayi taader protipokkhoke niye hasser shasti hisabe nirbisheshe bonduker aghate nihoto hoten, bishesh korey jodi taa francis hoy. 1980-err doshke, bbc markin shailir binnaser upor vitti korey "double dayer" chaalu korey, tobey err eu-err tulna onek beshi ddhile.esha. protipokkho. echhadao, muldhara shote ganz prodorshito hotey shuru korey jemon etite "hasir jonno khela" ebong bibisite "noeler shonibarer roadshow". europer anyanno deshguliteo muldhara shote bonduker upadan thakte shuru korey. "eka, doss, trace... spener 'responda otra vez'-ayee prayashai protijogira eke oporer dike bonduker balti nikkhep koroto. echhadao, germanyr ekti television shoe "donnerlippchen"-ayee onek agochalo khela chhilo; shoyer climax chhilo doler upojukto boske ekti dump tanke dubiye deoa ebong protiti doler sadasyer boxer shortser vitore custard ddhele deoa. 1981 saale chaalu howar porr theke neu jilyander shishuder anusthan 'hoat naao' bochorer porr bochor dhorey banduk byabohar korey asche. 2015 saal porjonto anusthanti ekhono channel 2-ayee protidin sokal 8taa theke somprocharito hachche. banduk byabohar korey anusthaner bivinno ongsher modhye royeche, santraser tank, daude banduk, paliye yawa byang, boge byang ebong mostishko himayit. 1990-1999. noeler house party"-teey, television shote coone celebrityder bonduker tanke gully koraa hobey taa nirdharan korar jonno jonosadharon prayashai bhot dito. poroborti bochorgulite, bonduker tankti bonduker traine porinoto hoy ebong celebrityder traine chadte badhyo koraa hoy ebong taader puro jatra judey bonduker modhye ddheke rakha hoy. celebrityra sadharonoto taader suite baa poshak noshto korey ebong oporichito mukh niye firey asen. kokhono kokhono poribarer sadasya baa bondhuder dwara protishodh neoar karone dorshokder upor gully koraa hoto. gunjing prokriyar saathe sangjukto binodan factorti datobbo anusthan "comic releaf"-err projojokder dwara upolobdhi koraa hoyechilo, jaaraa birminghamer jatiya prodorshoni kendre ginnes worled recorder sahojogitai ekti event ayojan korechilen, jekhane 1999 saaler 12 march ekoi saathe sorbadhik loker jonno ekti record sthaponer chesta koraa hoyechilo. europer samasta television projojok dorshokder kachhe janapriyatar karone muldhara television shote arow ganz bibhag laganor adesh dichchilen. germanyte, sat.1, halley gally, glookspreeter (rtl), glookspirel, ebong nhp-gotschalker haash-partyr german sanskaran, sabgulii uchcho matrar bonduker saathe jorito. halley gallie dorshokder asson theke berr korey ekti nongra bonduker slide ebong ekti puley pathay. ekibhabe, glookspirel ono syata1, glooksreeter rtl ebong rache isto syata1, protijogider dorshokder theke berr korey diyechilo ebong sabcheye darshaniya upaye banduk chaliyechilo. 1990-err doshoker shesher dike, "noeler house party"-rawr poton ebong anyanno europea shoe-rawr jonno dorshokder sankhya hrass pawar saathe saathe, onek muldhara shoe-teey ganz bibhagti mlan hotey shuru korey. 1990-err doshok judey, shishuder onek television shote ganz ekti kendrobindute porinoto hoy. kishore-kishori ebong celebrity atithider prayashai "live anned kicking"-err bishoye quize protidwondita korte dekha yaay ebong taaraa herey gele taader gully koraa hoy. eyi shote celebrity ly rayan, beena adams, catty hill, lesley waters, cathryn merry, heather suity ebong victoria hockinske gully koraa hoyechilo. anyanno onek shoe judey banduk byabohar koraa hoy-"mojar baadi", "nijer firey petey", "jhunki chaalan" ebong "dwaito sahos". 1997 theke 2003 saal porjonto, ekti kanadian shoe, jaar naam uho oh!, jaa utv-teey cholechilo, ekti shastimulok byabostha chhilo jaa ongshogrohonkarike ekti almarir akarer ghorer vitore niye yaay ebong jodi taader sangi proshner sothik uttor ditey sokkhom naa hoy tobey taader upor sobuj banduk feley deyo. 2000-2009. muldhara television anusthangulite, poll oo 'grady shoe, aaee emm ayaa celebrityr moto shote ganz byabohar koraa hoto...amake ekhan theke berr korey daao!, ebong "insides out". 2010-bortoman. ganz 2010 saale juktorajye shishuder tivite prodorshito hotey thaake ebong 2000-err doshoker sheshardhe probonota abyahoto rakhe, jaa ekbarer moto chhilo naa. ekti gamesho chhede yawar 101tii upay etike taar bonus rounde byabohar koreche. hosta ekti elomelo naam beche neyo ebong jey prothom byakti bhul proshnoti korey seey ekti piper niche neme yaay ebong bonduker aghate ahoto hoy. tulsi shishuder adalbadal dokanti banduk galleryke baad diye firey esechilo tobey sonara bhid naame ekti poschima thim soho ekti notun khela chaalu korechilo. eyi khelay, ager khela theke duti vijayi doll (donk bedd) ekti mine shufte seeta koraa khelay ongsho neyo jekhane lakkhya holl balti diye torol slaz diye tubeguli bharat koraa jaa tubegulite lukiye thaake (jaate sisura jaane naa keey jitche). shesh porjonto charjan shishu ekhon kanpche emon khanir khaade ddheke yaay. vijayi doll tokhon swarna (holud banduk) paay ebong porajito doll prathomikbhabe badami qaday ddhaka chhilo tobey porey porboguli shukno thaake. neu jilyander kids televisione, jaa ekhon ekti notun ganji gema chaalu koreche-borh pratohrash ebong splat guha. phee phii phoe iyumer ekti challenge royeche jaa duti shishuke taader sotirthoder jonno akkhar/sankhya baa anyanno jinispatra sangraher jonno khaali paye ekti butty bonduker modhye jete dekhe. chudanta khelay bonduker boltio byabohar koraa hoy, jekhane shesh ongshe taader bondee sotirthoder chhede deoar jonno puler modhye ebong ramper upor diye yawa jorito. 2014 saale, euge iyaa heeda, turget iyaa teacher ebong chhoto boler moto koyekti notun gema ekhon jaa jog koraa hoyeche. uporontu, bhayankar itihas theke spina-off, banduk jorito ekti sharirik challenge jorito. quizer tinn shishu khaali paye ekti sphito sangraha "poo" judey dauda ebong onno prante taader tanke jomaa korey. sphitojogger upore tinti dharok royeche-sphitojogger protiti lener jonno ekti, jaa khelar pointgulite chhede deoa hoy. eyi chyalenjer ekti boichitro dekhe jey tinjan protijogi abar ekti sphito leena borabor khaali paye daudan, ekti samasta khelar khelay, ekti banji corder saathe sangjukto mukhe paai nikkhep korun, dwitiya sirije, err foley "garam soss" khelar ekti elomelo bindute sphito howar upor porey yawar atirikto asubidha hoy jaar foley sisura pichle yaay ebong slide korey eibhabe chyalenjer asubidha briddhi paay. sirij 3-err hisabe harano bachchara khaali paye badami ganjer ekti vyata-ayee slide korey yaay ebong err modhyo diye hamagudi ditey hoy.. nickelodeoner camp oranger british ebong australian sangaskaranguliteo emon challenge royeche jaa banduk dhorar saathe jorito. splatalot (dutch spatersault), ekti madhyayugiya thimjukto gema shoe, jaa moat wipeout boisister anurup, akromonkarider dheer korar upay hisabe chyalenjer elomelo pointgulite defenderder dwara akromonkarider dike gully koraa hoy. syama ebong marqa bigg friede wind up 2014 saal theke ganz baisistyajukta hotey shuru koreche. khelatike rotation bolla hoto ebong duti paribarik dolke sadharan gyaner proshno jigyasa koraa hoyechilo jokhon ekti ganz tank ddhala hachche, jodi taaraa proshnoti sathikbhabe paay tobey taaraa ghurbe ebong etty onno poribarer ekti proshner uttor deoar paalaa. jey dolti purno holey bonduker niche thaake taaraa bonduker aghate nihoto hoy. 2016 saale, ghurnanti splat inn dya boxes naame arekti banduk khela dwara protisthapito hoyechilo. duti paribarik dolke sadharan gyaner proshno jigyasa koraa hoyechilo. jodio proshner uttor ditey taaraa onek second somoy neyo, tobey taaraa baxe handley onek paalaa korey. udahoronsorup, jodi taaraa uttor ditey 3 second somoy neyo tobey taader 3 barr crankti ghuriye ditey hobey. jodi taaraa konao proshno bhul paay baa somoy shesh hoye yaay tobey taader sorbochcho 10tii modd nitey hobey. ekti bonduker danab baxe lukiye chhilo ebong ekti nirdishto sankhyak modd buxtee khulbe ebong jey doll buxer saamone dandiye achhe taaraa bonduker aghate nihoto hobey. 7 too-err ekti notun gamesho chhilo jaar modhye banduk chhilo jaake flush koraa hoy. ager rounder porajitora ekti bonduker tanke yaay ebong shote taaraa etike beguni banduk baa "slaz" boley abhihito korey. sekhane 2 round chhilo taai protiti porbe 2tii gunjing chhilo jodi naa ekti rounde tye thaake jaate etty cable ekti gunjing hoy. prime time televisioner poriprekkhite, juktorajye ontoto, bandukti itv1 gema shote puro 19 goj uposthito hoyeche jekhane duti swachcho goalke golapi baa holud banduk royeche. onek sharirik chyalenjer modhye ektite, ekjon protijogike taader ronger goloker neeche berr korey aante hoyechilo jaar foley goloker ekti chaabi punoruddhar korar jonno bandukti taader upor ebong neecher mejhete porey yaay, jaa taader chyalenjti sampurna korar anumati deyo. channel 5-ayee borh bhaiyer (celebrity ebong sadharan sanskaran ubhoy) bivinno kaaje ebong baadir sadasyader manoneet korar upay hisabe ganz royeche. 2014 saaler nickelodeon kids pochonder krida puroskare kingbadanti puroskarti football kheload david beckhamke deoa hoyechilo, jini oitijjobahi sobuj ronger poriborte sonara slime diye slima chhilen. porer bochor puroskarti pawa baseball kheload derek jetarkeo sonara rongo diye slima koraa hoyechilo. eyi oitijhyoti 2016 saale kobe bryant, 2017 saale michael felps ebong 2018 saale danica patricker saathe abyahoto royeche. eyi slimming cable taar ananya sonara chehara jonnoi noy, tobey aprotirodhyo fashioner jonnou ullekhjoggo jekhane byaktira slime diye achchadito.

bandook gunge tareeke united kingadamma jaanitu chhe, athavaa slime tareeke teey united states aneey vishvanaa motabhagna angreji bolata vistaroma jaanitu chhe, teey aek jaadu, gooi chhe, tema chhataa rung aneey custard vachcheni susangataa saathe vaheto padaarth chhe. teey vishvbharma ghanaa varshothi baadakona ghanaa kaarykramo parr aek suveedha chhe aneey ramatnaa shho temaj anya karykramoma pann jovaa maley chhe. jyaare bandook mote bhaage television parr dekhaay chhe, tyaare teno upyog sakhaavati sansthao, yuvaano aneey dhaarmik jutho maate bhandol oobhu karvaanaa saadhan tareeke pann thaee shake chhe. niteclubo aneey manoranjak divasomaa ganaj tanco jovaa maley chhe. british sakhaavati sansthao comic releaf aneey jaruriyatmand baadako, jeey bii. bii. see. dwara samartheet chhe, bhutkaalmaa bhandol oobhu karvaa maate ganajno upyog karyo chhe. yuu. maan.aesa.slime ketalikvaar nicholdeon saathe sankalaayelu hoya chhe, tenee aaspaas fartaa ghanaa ramatnaa shho pann hoya chhe, jaim keey "slime time live". teey vaam athavaa sploshing fatitionu mukhya paasu pann chhe. rachnaa. television parr vyaapakpane upyogmaa levaati ganaj aee audhyogik powder jaadu hydroxyethyl cellulose chhe, jeey vyaapakpane upyogmaa levaato jailing aneey jaadu karnaar agent chhe. vaikalpik reete, anya vastuono upyog "gunge" maate thaee shake chhe, udaaharan tareeke indaa, chutneyo, temaj anya avyavasthit vastuo. ghanaa kissaaomaa, ganjing aek ganj taankimaa thaay chhe, jeey ganjane sangraheet karvaa aneey chhodvana saadhan saathe paardarshak booth chhe. soop aneey stuma khoraakne ghatt karvaa maate strot ghatakono upyog karvaamaa aave chhe, too rung biin-zerii hoya too pann, ganj khavama ghanivaar salaamat hoya chhe. ganjmaa upyogmaa levaata anya ghatako obleck, cornstarch aneey paaninu mishran aneey zenthan gumm, anya khaadhy umeran hoi shake chhe. nirmata rojar price anusaar, kenediyan television shrenee "tame teey television parr curry shaktaa nathee" nee iconic lealy slime akasmathi vikasavvama aavee hatee-mool vichaar andharkotadima saankalo bandhela aek yuvan chhokara parr khoraaknaa bachela beralne fenkvaano hato, parantu teno upyog curry shakaay teey pahelaa, beralnee samagri molled saathe leela thaee gaee hatee. haanikaarak mishranne koipan reete yuvan chhokara parr fenki devaamaa aavyu hatoo, aneey ratorat shreneema teno trademark geg hato. aaa shho pachhithi viveedh slime vangiomathi pasaar thayo jemaa chunaani gelatin mithaaino powder, looat, autmill athavaa ghaunee cream, babby shampoo aneey kuteer cheez (badhaa aek jaj samaye jaroori nathee) jevaa ghatakono samaavesh thaay chhe. shomaa (aneey tyarbad nicholdeon parr), slimeny rachnaane najikthi sanrakshit goopt tareeke ganvaamaa aavee hatee, aneey ketlaak episode cast sabhyoni aaspaas farey chhe jeey slimeny rachnaane samjavaano prayaas karey chhe. aaje vishvbharnaa ghanaa television shho parr gunge athavaa slimeny suveedhao chhe; jooe keey, keey daaykaathi dhyaan mukhya pravaahnaa shothee baadako aneey keeshorona television kaarykramo jaim keey nikaldiyonnaa "tene bahaar kaadho" taraf badalaayu chhe. nicholdeon shonee lokpriyataane kaarane, slime aneey gunge saamanya reete hoya daaykaathi uttar americama baadakona kaarykramo saathe sankalaayela chhe. television parr aneey bhandol ubhoo karvaa maate teno upyog karvaa upraant, ketalikvaar nitecluboma taankioma ganaj jovaa maley chhe. church jutho aneey scouting chalvalo jevaa yuvaa jutho pann netaao temaj baadakone "bandukthi maarvaa" maate bandukno upyog karey chhe. television parr bandukno itihas. 1960 naa daykama. yukemaa lokpreey bbc shho "maatra nahee... parantu "kaveena khoona" tareeke odakhaata samaapan scatch pann darshavvama aavyu hatoo jemaa teey athvadiyana mahemaanne pieter cook saame improvisational kaveeta spardhaa maate padkarvama aavashe, jemaa doodly moore referee tareeke kaama karashe. darek spardhak "bii. bii. see. gunge" nee choras taankinaa khoone aek rigged seat parr besashe jeey chaalu thaee shake chhe jethee temaa rahenaarne taankimaa laee jaee shakaay. referee samaan khurshima anya khoonaomathi aek parr besashe. padkaarni thimmathi punraavartan, khachkaat athavaa vichalanno koipan upyog gunegaarne taankimaa dhakeli deshe. scatch hammesha taankimaa traney vyaktitva saathe samaapt thaay chhe, chhatima kaadav aneey kavitaanu pathan. 1970-1979. yukena shanivaarnaa baadakona kaarykram "tiswas" maan ganajnee vibhavnano vipul pramanma upyog karvaamaa aavyo hato. custard paai aneey prastutkartaao aneey mahemaano parr fenkvaamaa aavtaa paanini doll dwara avyavasthit slapstick ramooj pahelethee jaj sthaapit karyaa pachhi, tiswane pukht svayamsevakone panjarama bundh karvaa maate laee javama aavyaa hataa. aekvaar panjarani andar gayaa pachhi, rahevasio saamanya reete shomaa avyavasthit binduo parr paanini dolthi palaali devaamaa aavtaa hataa. jyaan bandook saamel thaee hatee, teey panjarani toach parr aavela tean snaanne kaarane hatoo. handle dwara, aaa tubne namaavi shakaay chhe, tenee avyavasthit saamgreene nichenaa loko parr mookie shakaay chhe, jyaare keey tenaa custard paai ramooj maate prakhyaat chhe, teey loko parr khoraaknee doll aneey anookaran maatee/ghodaanu khaatar redvu teey asamanya nahee hoya. custard aneey bekad biina lokpreey pasandgio hatee. 1980-1989. uttar americama, "tame television parr teey curry shaktaa nathee", british television nirmata dwara vikasavvama aavel nicklodian parr lokpreey kenediyan baadakona shho, rojar price, niyamitpane tenaa paatrone "slime" (saamanya reete leelo, parantu kyarek anya rangomaa) neey aadheen karey chhe, saamanya reete jyaare teo kahe chhe, "maney khabar nathee"."teey aaa kaarykramno mukhya bhaag bunny gayo hato jyaan anya abhinetao temnaa saathione slima karvaa maate aek shabdsamuh kaheva maate protsaahit karvaano prayaas kartaa hataa. tame television parr teey curry shaktaa nathee" naa 1982 naa episodena aek paatala drashyano upyog 1987 nee film "jeevalen aakarshan" naa praarambhmaa pann karvaamaa aavyo hato, aneey shreneena sandarbhono upyog mukhya pravaahmaa karvaamaa aavyo chhe.aesa. television shrenee "newzradio" thee "paarivaarik vyaktee" sudhini chhe. cult shonaa aaa pasane paachhalthi nikaldiyonnaa slime logomaa iconize karvaamaa aavyu, pachhinaa ramatnaa shho jaim keey "double dayer", tame shun karasho?"," tene bahaar kaadho ", aneey" magaj "kaadav, chahera parr paai aneey anya prakaarnee avyavasthaani aaspaas farey chhe, aneey jivant kaarykramo jemaa sahbhagio (celebrities saheet, khaas kareene vaarshik baadakoni pasandaginaa puraskaroma) neey slima thavaani athavaa jaaherma apmanit thavaani taka aapvama aavashe. hoya daykana antamaa, nicholdeon aneey tenaa kenediyan samkaksh, vitva lekhan spardhao pann yoji hatee, jemaa bhavya inam otava, ontariyoma seeta karaayel "vycdtovy" nee suffer hatee, jene paatalu karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. nikelodiyanni slime shonee lokpriyataae tunkaa gaalaana 1988 syndicated game shho "slime time" (nikelodeeyanna pachhinaa "slime time live" saathe koee sambandh nathee) jevaa anookaran karnaaraaone janm aapyo, jemaa shaalaana shikshako leela gaanjaano bhog banyaa hataa. aaa kahevaati ganging paramparana sauthee prasiddh udaaharano udaaharano pratham baadakoni pasandaginaa puraskaaro saathe sharoo thaay chhe. britton aneey europema, hoya daaykaani sharuaatmaa, baadakona bandook aadharit ramatnaa pradarshno saamanya hataa. khaas kareene "tamaari himmat kevee chhe!" jevaa kaarykramo."bii. bii. see. parr aaee. tii. vee. aneey" crackerjack "aee sunishchit karyoo keey aagaami daaykaa maate shho parr gunjing tatva darshavvama aave. tamaari himmat kevee chhe!", mukhya ramatomaani aek hatee 'temne paath sheekhavo', jyaan baadakone ghoontanni undee bharelee bandukni taankini upar beseene temnaa shikshak athavaa temnaa shaalaana pratinidhine bandukma dubadvani taka malee. aaa ramat pachhi shikshakone ketalikvaar shonaa prastutkartaomathi aek dwara temnaa purchne aneey gunge tankma dhakeli devaamaa aavtaa hataa. crackerjack" parr, beey saaptaahik hasteeo, aek purush aneey aek maheela, temnaa baad spardhak maate point jitvaano prayaas karvaa maate "taka loow" tareeke odakhaata gunge aadharit ramatmaa yajmaan stoo frances saame spardhaa karashe. prashnona yogya javaab aapvama nishfalta frances aneey/athavaa celebrity mahemaanne gunjamaa aavari levaa taraf doree jashe. vadhumaa, ketalikvaar vijeta temnaa pratispardhi parr hasvaa maate sajaa tareeke bandukthi marvama aave chhe, khaas kareene jooe teey frances hoya. hoya daykama, bbca yuu. aesa. shaileena swaroop parr aadharit "double dayer" sharoo karyoo, parantu tenaa yuu karataa ghanoo dhaalvaalu hatoo.aesa. samkaksh. aaa upraant, ganaj tenaa parr "game phora aaa hasaa" aneey bbc parr "noelno shanivaarno rooad shho" jevaa mukhya pravaahnaa shho parr dekhaava laagyo. yuropnaa anya deshomaa pann mukhya pravaahnaa shho parr ganaj tatvo hovaanu sharoo thayu. "aek, doo, trana... spainma "otraa ways" parr spardhako ghanivaar aekbeeja parr bandukni doll fenki detaa hataa. germanyma television shho "donorlippachain" maan pann ghanee avyavasthit ramato hatee; aaa kaarykramno parakashtha teamnee yogya bosne dunk taankimaa dunk kareene aneey darek teamnaa sabhyoni boxer shortsnee jodeeni andar custard redvaano hato. newzealandna baadakona shho "whot naau" aee 1981 maan tenee sharuaat thaee tyaarthi varshothi ganajno upyog karyo chhe. 2015 sudhimaa aaa shho haju pann chenal 2 parr darroj savaare 8 vagyathi prasaarit thaay chhe. ganjano upyog kareene shonaa viveedh vibhagoma, aatankni taanki, bhagine bandook, door flush, bogmaa dedako aneey magaj stheer thaay chhe. 1990-1999. noel house party" maan, loko ghanivaar aee nakki karvaa maate matdaan kartaa keey television shomaa kaee hasteeone ganaj tankma golee marvama aavashe. pachhinaa varshomaa, gunge tenk gunge train bunny gaee, aneey hasteeone trainma savaari karvaanee faraj puddy aneey temnee samagr musafari darmiyan temne ganjamaa aavari levaamaa aavyaa. celebrities saamanya reete temnaa suits athavaa kapadaane barbad kareene parat faryaa hataa aneey temne odakhee naa shakaay tevaa chaheraano saamno karvo padyo hato. kyarek parivaarnaa sabhyo athavaa mitro dwara badalo levaanaa kaaranosar prekshakona sabhyone shomaa golee maaree devaamaa aavtee hatee. gunjingni prakriyaa saathe jodaayel manoranjan pareebalne charity event "comic releaf" naa nirmatao dwara samjavama aavyu hatoo, jemane raashtriy pradarshan kendra, birmingham khaate ginnys worled recordsnaa sahkarthi aek kaarykram yojyo hato, jyaan 12 march 1999 naa roj aek saathe sauthee vadhu loko maate reqorda banaavvaano prayaas karvaamaa aavyo hato. yuropnaa tamaam television nirmatao darshakomaa tenee lokpriyataane kaarane mukhya pravaahnaa television shomaa vadhu gunj segmentsno order aapee rahyaa hataa. germanyma, sat.1 parr, haalee gayley, glookspriter (rtl), glookspirail, vattaa aena. aech. pii.-gotschalkna haas-partynu german sanskaran, badhaama ganjano uchch dose saamel hato. haalee galeemaa prekshakona sabhyo temnee bethakomathi bahaar neekali gayaa hataa aneey aek avyavasthit gunge slidene neeche mokaleene poolma mokali deedhaa hataa. tevee jaj reete, glookspirail ona sus, glooksritter rtl aneey reche ist sus sus, spardhakoae prekshakomathi bahaar kaadhya hataa aneey sauthee adbhoot reete bandook chalaavi hatee. laagyu daykana anta taraf, "noel house party" naa avsaan aneey anya european shho maate ghatata prekshakona aankada saathe, ghanaa mukhya pravaahnaa shomaa gunge segment zankhu padvaa laagyu. laagyu daaykaa darmiyan, gunge ghanaa baadakona television shomaa kendrabindu bunny gayoo. kishoro aneey celebrity mahemaano ghanivaar "live anned kick" parr kwizma bhaag letaa jovaa maley chhe, aneey jooe teo haaree jaay too temne golee maaree devaamaa aave chhe. aaa shomaa lii reyan, bayne addams, ketee hill, leslie water, katherine meerii, heather sutty aneey viktoriya hockins jevee hasteeone nishan banavvama aavee hatee. anya ghanaa shomaa samagr samay darmiyan ganjano upyog karvaamaa aave chhe-"phana house", "tamaari potaani peeth melvo", "jokham loow" aneey "double himmat". 1997 thee 2003 sudhee, aek kenediyan shho 'ooh oh!, jeey vietivy parr chaali hatee, temaa aek sajaa pranali darshavvama aavee hatee jemaa sahbhagi kabaatnaa kadnaa oradama jaay chhe aneey jooe temnaa jivansathi prashnano saacho javaab aapee shaktaa nathee too temnaa parr lealy bandook fenki deey chhe. 2000-2009. mukhya pravaahnaa television karykramoma, paul oo 'grady shho, aaee aema aee celebrity jevaa shomaa ganjano upyog thato hato...maney aheenthi bahaar kaadho!, aneey "andarthi bahaar". 2010-vartmaan. bandook 2010 maan yukemaa baadakona tivi parr darshaavvaanu chaalu raakhe chhe aneey 2000 naa daykana uttarardhna valanne chaalu raakhe chhe, teey aek vakhat jetalu nahotu. gamesho chhodvani 101 reetoae teno upyog tenaa bonus roundma karyo chhe. yajmaan aek yaadruchchhik naam pasand karey chhe aneey jeey vyaktee khoto prashna puchhe chhe teey pratham vyaktee pipe neeche neeche aavee jaay chhe aneey bandukthi golee maaree leey chhe. tulsinaa baadakoni adlabadlini dukan ganaj gallery baad kareene parat pharii hatee parantu gold rush naamnee pashchimi theem saathe navee ramat rajoo curry hatee. aaa ramatmaa, agaauni ramat (dunk bayd) maanthi beey vijeta teamo khaannaa shaftma seeta karelee ramatmaa bhaag leey chhe, jyaan dhyey pravaahi kaadav saathe naleeo bharvaano chhe, jemaa dhhaalvaali naleeo saathe doll bhareene chhupayeli naleeo (jethee baadakone khabar naa padey keey koona jeetee rahyu chhe). ante chaar baadako havey dhrujati khaannaa kantama dhhanki deey chhe. vijeta teamne pachhi sonoo (peelo ganj) maley chhe jyaare haaree rahelee teamne sharuaatmaa kaththai kaadavthi dhankvama aavee hatee, joke pachhinaa episodema teey sookie rahe chhe. newzealandna baadakona televisionma, jeey havey aek navee gangee ramat rajoo karey chhe-motaa naasto aneey splate gufaa. phii phii phoo yum paase aek padkaar chhe jeey beey baadakone temnaa saathee khelaadeeo maate aksharo/sankhyao athavaa anya vastuo jevee vastuo aektrit karvaa maate ughaade page banduknaa baulma jataa juae chhe. anteem ramatmaa gunge baaulno pann upyog thaay chhe, jyaan chhella bhagma poolma farvu aneey temnaa captive teamnaa saathione mukt karvaa maate ramp upar karvo padey chhe. chhe, yuz yaa heeyd, target yaa teacher aneey naana dadaa jevee ketalik navee ramato havey jeey chhe temaa umervaamaa aavee hatee. vadhumaa, bhayanak itihasmathi spina-off, jemaa bandukno samaavesh thato shaaririk padkaar saamel hato. kwizma trana baadako ughaade page "puu" bhego kareene aneey beeja chhede temnee taankimaa jamaa kareene dode chhe. havaathi bharee shakaay tevaa trana container upar hoya chhe-havaathi bharee shakaay tevaa darek leena maate aek, sangraheet gunge jeey ramatnaa binduo parr chhodvama aave chhe. aaa padkaarni vividhataa trana spardhakone fareethi aek foolatee leena saathe ughaade page dodataa juae chhe, aek sampoorn ramatnee ramatmaa, banjee coord saathe jodaayela monmaa paaio fenki doo, beejee shreneema, aamaa "geram sosa" nee vadhaaraani mushkeli chhe jeey ramatnaa aek yaadruchchhik bindu parr foolatee sapaati parr padey chhe jenaa kaarane baadako lapsee jaay chhe aneey aama padkaarni mushkeleemaa vadhaaro thaay chhe. shrenee 3 mujab gumavnar baadako ughaade page neeche bhuro rangnaa ganjani aek pattimaa jaay chhe aneey temathi pasaar thavu padey chhe.. nikaldiyonnaa camp orangeni british aneey australian aavruttioma pann padkaaro chhe jemaa bandook pakadvi saamel chhe. splatelot (dutchma spatterslot), aek madhyayugin theem aadharit ramat shho, jeey coole wipeout suveedhao jevo jaj chhe, humalaakhorone dheemu karvaanaa saadhan tareeke padkaroma defenders dwara humalaakhoro parr random point parr ganaj/slime chhodvama aave chhe. same aneey marqa bigg friede wind up 2014 thee gunge darshaavvaanu sharoo karyoo chhe. ramatne rotation kahevama aavtee hatee aneey beey paarivaarik teamone saamanya gnyanna prashno puchhvama aavtaa hataa jyaare aek gunge taanki redvaamaa aavee rahee hatee, jooe teo prashnane yogya reete melve too teo spina karey chhe aneey teey anya parivaarno prashnano javaab aapvaano vaaro chhe. jeey team bandook hethal hoya chhe jyaare teey bharelee hoya tyaare tene golee maaree devaamaa aave chhe. 2016 maan, rotationne splate ina dhaa booaks naamnee beejee gangi ramat dwara badalvama aavee hatee. beey paarivaarik teamone saamanya gnyanna prashno puchhvama aavyaa hataa. jooe keey, aaa prashnano javaab aapvaa maate teoae ghanee sekand leedhi, joke teo boxes parnaa handle parr ghanaa valaank leey chhe. udaaharan tareeke, jooe teo javaab aapvaa maate 3 second leey too teoae crankne 3 vakhat feravvo padashe. jooe temne koee prashna khoto padey athavaa samay puuro naa thaay too teoae mahattam 10 valaank levaa padashe. aek gunj rakshas boxma chhupayelo hato aneey chokkas sankhyama valaank booaks kholashe aneey jeey pann team boxney saame oobhi hashe teey bandukthi sajj thaee jashe. 7 too paase flushed tareeke odakhaati bandook saatheno aek navo gamesho hato. agaauna roundnaa harnarao gunge taankimaa gayaa aneey shomaa tene jambali gunge athavaa "kaadav" tareeke odakhaavtaa hataa. tyaan 2 round hataa tethee darek episodema 2 gunjings hataa sivaay keey aek roundma tye hoya jethee teey maatra aek gunjing hoya. prime time televisionni drashtiae, yukemaa ochhama ochhu, gunge aee itv 1 ramatmaa sampoorn 19 yardsma dekhaayo chhe jyaan beey paardarshak golaaomaa gulabi athavaa peelo gunge hoya chhe. ghanaa shaaririk padkaromathi aekmaa, spardhake temnaa rangnaa golaanaa taliyethi bahaar kaadhvu padyu hatoo, jenaa parinaame golaamaa chaavee melavaa maate temnaa parr aneey neecheni sapaati parr bandook puddy hatee, jenaathi teo padkaar purn curry shakyaa hataa. motaa bhaina chenal 5 sanskaranma (celebrity aneey saamanya sanskaran banne) viveedh kaaryoma aneey gharnaa sabhyone namankit karvaanee reet tareeke gunj darshavvama aave chhe. chhe nicholdeon kids pasandaginaa ramatgamat puraskaroma, dantkathaa puraskar sokara khelaadi david backhamne aapvama aavyo hato, jeey paramparagat leela rangne badale sonaani slimethi paatala hataa. baseball khelaadi derek jetter, jene teey pachhinaa varshe award malyo hato, tene pann sonaana rangthi paatalo karvaamaa aavyo hato. aaa parampara parampara kobe bryant, bryant michael felps aneey aneey denica patrick saathe chaalu rahee chhe. aaa slimming maatra tenaa ananya sonaana dekhaav maate jaj nahee, parantu jabardast fashion maate pann nondhpaatra chhe jemaa vyakteeo slimethi dhankayeli hoya chhe.

bandook gunz jaisa kii ise united kingdam mein jaanaa jaataa haye, yaa slime jaisa kii ise sanyukt raajya america aur duniya key adhikansh angreji bhashi kshetron mein jaanaa jaataa haye, ack motaa, gooee, phir bhee pent aur custard key beach kaheen naa kaheen sthirata key saath bahata padaarth haye. yeh duniya bhar mein kaee varshon seey kaee bachchon key karyakramon mein ack visheshta rahee haye aur game show key saath-saath anya karyakramon mein bhee dikhaai dee haye. jabaki bandook jyaadaatar television parr dikhaai detee haye, iska upayog daan, yuvaaon aur dhaarmik samoohon key liye dhana ugaahane key upkaran key roop mein bhee kiya jaa sakata haye. gunn tank night clubon aur majedar dinon mein dikhaai diye hain. british charity comic releaf aur jaruratmand bachchon ney, bee. bee. see. dwara samarthit, ateet mein dhana ugaahane key liye ganaj kaa upayog kiya haye. yuu mein.aiss.slime kabhi-kabhi nicklodeon key saath judaa hotaa haye, yahaan taka kii isake chaaron or ghoomane vaale kaee game show bhee hotey hain, jaise kii "slime time live". yeh vaam yaa sploshing fatish kaa ack pramukh pahalu bhee haye. rachana. television parr vyaapak roop seey upayog kii jaane vaali ganaj ack audyogik pouder gaadha hydroxyethyl cellulose haye, joe ack vyaapak roop seey upayog kiya jaane vaalaa jailing aur gaadha karane vaalaa agent haye. vaikalpik roop seey, anya vastuon kaa upayog "ganj" key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, udaaharan key liye andey, chutney, saath hii saath anya gandi vastuen. kaee mamalon mein, ganjing ack ganj tank mein hoti haye, ack pardarshi booth jisamen ganj koo sangraheet karane aur chhodane kaa ack saadhan hotaa haye. soop aur stoo mein khaadya gaadha karane key liye upayog kii jaane vaali srot samagri key kaaran, ganaj aksar khaane key liye surakshit hotaa haye, basharte kii rung bhee gair-vishaakt hoe. ganj mein upayog kii jaane vaali anya samagri obleck, cornstarch aur paani kaa mishran, aur zainthan gumm, ack anya khaadya yojak hoe sakati haye. kanadai television shrinkhala "aap television parr aisaa naheen curr sakate" kii pratishthit hurry slime koo nirmaata roser moolya key anusaar durghatana seey vikasit kiya gayaa thaa-mool vichaar ack chhote ladke parr bache hue bhojan kii ack bairal koo ack kalkothri mein janjeeron seey baandh curr fenkana thaa, lekin isase pahale kii iska upayog kiya jaa sakey, bairal kii samagri mould key saath hurry hoe gaee thee. hanikarak mishran koo vaise bhee yuva ladke parr fenk diyaa gayaa thaa, aur ratonrat shrinkhala kaa apana trademark gagg thaa. baad mein show kaee alag-alag slime vyanjanon seey gujra jisamen choone key gelatin mithaai pouder, aataa, daliya yaa gehuun kii cream, bebi shampo aur yahaan taka kii kuteer cheez (sabhi ack hii samay mein jaruri naheen) jaisi samagri shamil thee. show mein (aur baad mein nicklodeon parr), slime kii rachana koo ack gupt roop seey sanrakshit maanaa gayaa thaa, aur kuchh episode kalakaron key sadasyon key aspas ghoomate they joe slime kii sanrachana koo samajhane kii koshish curr rahey they. aaj duniya bhar key kaee television show mein ganaj yaa slime feature hain; haalaanki, 2000 key dashak seey dhyaan mukhyadhara key show seey bachchon aur kishoron key television karyakramon jaise nicklodeon key "ise pataa karein" parr badal gayaa haye. nicholdeone show kii lokpriyata key kaaran, slime aur ganj aam taur parr 1980 key dashak seey uttari america mein bachchon kii prograaming seey judey hue hain. television parr aur ack dhana ugaahane vaale key roop mein isake upayog key alawa, kabhi-kabhi night clubon mein tankon mein bandooken dikhaai detee hain. yuva samooh jaise church samooh aur scouting andolan bhee "netaaon koo goli maarne" key saath-saath bachchon koo bandook seey maarne key liye bandook kaa upayog karate hain. television parr bandook kaa itihas. 1960 key dashak mein. britten mein lokpriya bee. bee. see. show "naa kewal... lekin "kavi key koney" naamak ack samaapan rekhaachitra bhee dikhaaya gayaa jisamen usa saptah key atithi koo peater cook key khilaf ack aashurachanatmak kavita pratiyogita key liye chunauti dee jaayegi, jisamen dudley moor referee key roop mein kaary karenge. pratyek pratiyogi "bee. bee. see. ganj" key ack vargakar tank key koney mein ack rigged seat parr baithega jise chaalu kiya jaa sakata haye taaki usamen rahane vaale koo tank mein leey jaaya jaa sakey. referee isi tarah kii kursi parr dusare konon mein seey ack parr baithata thaa. chunauti vishay seey punaravritti, hichkichaahat yaa vichalan kaa koee bhee upayog aparaadhi koo tank mein dhakel dega. rekhaachitra hamesha tank mein teenon vyaktitvon key saath samaapt hotaa haye, chhaati mein keechad aur kavita kaa paath. 1970-1979. britten key shaniwar subah bachchon key show "tiswas" mein bahutaayat mein bandook kii avadharana kaa upayog kiya gayaa. pahale seey hii custard paaee aur paani kii baltiyon koo prastutkartaon aur mehmaanon parr fenkane key madhyam seey gadbad slapstick haasya sthaapit karane key baad, tiswas ney vayask swayamsevakon koo ack pinjare mein bund curr diyaa thaa. pinjare key ander jaane key baad, nivaasiyon koo aam taur parr show mein yaadrichhik binduon parr paani kii baltiyon seey bhigo diyaa jaataa thaa. jahan bandook luggy thee, pinjare key oopar tinn key snan key kaaran. ack handle key madhyam seey, iss tub koo jhukaa jaa sakata haye, apani gandi samagri koo neeche key logon parr giraa sakata haye, jabaki apane custard paaee haasya key liye prasiddh haye, yeh asamanya naheen hoga kii tiswa mein bhojan kii balty aur logon parr mitty/ghode kii khaad daali jaae. custard aur bekad beans lokpriya vikalp they. 1980-1989. uttari america mein, "aap television parr aisaa naheen curr sakate", ack kanadai bachchon kaa nicklodeon parr lokpriya show joe ack british tv nirmaata dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa, roser price, niyamit roop seey apane paatron koo "slime" (aamtaur parr haraa, lekin kabhi-kabhi anya rangon mein) key adheen kartaa haye, aamtaur parr jaba way kahate hain, "mujhe naheen pataa."yeh show kaa ack mukhya hissa bunn gayaa jahan anya abhineta apane sathiyon koo ack vakyansh kahane key liye protsaahit karane kii koshish karate they taaki way slim hoe jaaen. aap television parr aisaa naheen curr sakate" key 1982 key ack episode key ack slim drishya kaa upayog 1987 kii film "ghaatak aakarshan" key udghaatan mein bhee kiya gayaa thaa, aur shrinkhala key sandarbhon kaa upayog mukhyadhara yuu mein kiya gayaa haye.aiss. television shrinkhala "newsradio" seey laker "parivarik vyakti" taka. cult show kaa yeh pahalu baad mein nicklodeon key slime logo mein icon hoe gayaa, baad mein game show jaise "double dayer", aap kyaa karenge?"," ise pataa karein ", aur" dimag "keechad, chehare parr paaee, aur gadbad key anya roopon key ird-gird ghoomata haye, aur live event jisamen pratibhagiyon (mashur hastiyon sahit, vishesh roop seey vaarshik bachchon key chayan puraskaron mein) koo slim yaa saarvajanik roop seey apamaanit honey kaa mauka diyaa jaayega. 1980 key dashak key anta mein, nicklodeon aur usake kanadai samkaksh, vitv ney lekhan pratiyogitaon kaa bhee ayojan kiya, jisamen bhavya puraskar otawa, ontario mein sett kii gaee "vicdtv" kii yatra thee. nicklodeon key slime show kii lokpriyata ney kuchh samay key liye 1988 key syndicated game show "slime time" (nicklodeon key baad key "slime time live" seey koee sambandh naheen) jaise anukaran karane vaalon koo janm diyaa, jisamen school key shikshak harey ghaas key shikaar they. kathit ganjing parampara key sabse prasiddh udaaharan 1987 mein bachchon kii pahali pasand key puraskaron key saath khulate hain. britten aur europe mein, 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein, bachchon key bandook-adharit khel pradarshan maanak they. vishesh roop seey iss tarah key show "aap kaise himmat karate hain!"itv parr aur bee. bee. see. parr" "crackerjack" "ney yeh sunishchit kiya kii aaney vaale dashak key liye show mein gunjing tatva koo dikhaaya jaae. tumhari himmat kaise hui!", mukhya khelon mein seey ack thaa 'unhein ack sabak sikhana', jahan bachchon koo ghutane seey bharey tank key oopar baithe apane shikshak yaa apane school key pratinidhi koo bandook mein daalane kaa avsar milaa. iss khel key baad shikshakon koo kabhi-kabhi show key prastutkartaon mein seey ack dwara unake purch seey baahar curr diyaa jaataa thaa aur ganj tank mein daal diyaa jaataa thaa. crackerjack" parr, dou saptahik hastiyaan, ack purush aur ack mahila, apane baal pratiyogi key liye ank jeetane kii koshish karane key liye "ack mauka lein" naamak ack ganj adharit khel mein mezban stoo fraansis key khilaf pratispardha karengi. prashnon kaa sahee uttar dene mein viphalata seey fraansis aur/yaa celebrity atithi koo bandook mein rakhaa jaayega. isake alawa, kabhi-kabhi vijeta koo apane pratidvandi parr hansane key liye sajaa key roop mein bandook seey maar diyaa jaataa thaa, khaskar aggar vaha fraansis thaa. baad mein 1980 key dashak mein, bee. bee. see. ney americi shally key praarup parr adharit "double dayer" launch kiya, lekin isake yuu kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik dhilai.aiss. samkaksh. isake alawa, ganaj mukhyadhara key show jaise kii itv parr "game forr aeye hasaa" aur bbc parr "noel kaa shaniwar kaa road show" dikhaai dene lagaa. europe key anya deshon mein bhee mukhyadhara key show mein bandook key tatva honey lagey. "ack, dou, teen... spen mein "respanda otra ways" mein aksar pratiyogiyon dwara ack-dusare parr bandook kii balty fenkane kii koshish kii jaati thee. germany mein ack television show, "donorlippachen" mein bhee kaee gadbad khel they; show kaa charmotkarsh team key upayukt boss koo ack dunk tank mein dalna aur pratyek team key sadasyon kii jodee boxer shorts key ander custard dalna thaa. newzealand key bachchon kaa show "what naau" 1981 mein apane launch key baad seey varshon seey ganaj kaa upayog curr rhaa haye. 2015 taka yeh show abhee bhee channel 2 parr pratyek ravivaar subah 8 baje seey prasaarit hoe rhaa haye. ganj kaa upayog karate hue show key vibhinn khandon mein shamil hain, aatank kaa tank, bhaagne parr bandook, bahaaya gayaa, dibbe mein mendhak aur mastishk jumm jaataa haye. 1990-1999. noel house party" mein, janata aksar yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye matdan karati haye kii television show mein kaun see hastiyaan bandook tank mein bund curr dee jaayengi. baad key varshon mein, gunn tank ganaj train bunn gayaa, aur mashur hastiyon koo train mein sawari karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa aur unaki poori yatra key dauran unhein ganaj mein dhaka diyaa gayaa. mashur hastiyaan aamtaur parr apane soot yaa kapade barbad karke lautati hain aur unakaa saamana pahchaanane yogya naheen hotaa haye. kabhi-kabhi darshakon key sadasyon koo parivaar key sadasyon yaa doston dwara badala lene key karanon seey show mein goli maar dee jaati thee. ganjing kii prakriya seey judey manoranjan kaarak koo charity karyakram "comic releaf" key nirmaataon dwara mahsoos kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone rashtriya pradarshani kendra, birmingham mein gineej vishva record key sahyog seey ack karyakram aayojit kiya, jahaan 12 march 1999 koo ack saath sabse adhik logon key liye ack record sthaapit karane kaa prayaas kiya gayaa thaa. europe bhar key television nirmaata darshakon key beach isaki lokpriyata key kaaran mukhyadhara key television show mein adhik gunn segment lagaane kaa adesh dey rahey they. germany mein, sat.1, haali gally, glookspriter (rtl), glookspirail, aur aine. aich. pee.-gotschock key haas-party key german sanskaran mein, sabhi mein ganaj kii uchch khuraak shamil thee. hollie gully mein darshakon key sadasyon ney apani seeton seey baahar nikaal curr ack gandi bandook kii slide koo neeche bhej diyaa aur ack pool mein bhej diyaa. isi tarah, gluxspirale onn sait1, gluxeritor rtl aur raache ist suz sait1, ney pratiyogiyon koo darshakon seey baahar nikaal diyaa aur sabse shandar tarikon seey bandook chalaai. 1990 key dashak key anta mein, "noel house party" key nidhan aur anya europeeya show key liye ghatate darshakon key aankadon key saath, kaee mukhyadhara key show mein ganj khand feaky padane lagaa. 1990 key dashak key dauran, kaee bachchon key television show mein ganj ack kendra bindu bunn gayaa. kishoron aur prasiddh mehmaanon koo aksar "live aind kick" parr prashnottari mein pratispardha karate dekhaa jaataa haye, aur aggar way haar jaate hain tou unhein goli maar dee jaati haye. iss show mein lii raayan, bayne addams, ketty hill, leslie watter, catherine merrie, heather suity aur victoria hockins jaisi hastiyon koo nishaane parr liya gayaa thaa. kaee anya show mein poore samay bandook kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye-"majedar ghar", "apani khud kii vaapsee karein", "jokhim uthaaen" aur "dohri himmat". 1997 seey 2003 taka, ack kanadai show jise uha oh kahaa jaataa haye!, joe vaaee. tii. vee. parr chalaa, ack dund pranali koo pradarshit kartaa haye jisamen pratibhaagi ack almari key aakar key kamare key ander jaataa haye aur aggar unakaa saathi prashn kaa sahee uttar dene mein saksham naheen hotaa haye tou una parr hurry bandooken girai jaati hain. 2000-2009. mukhyadhara key television karyakramon mein, poul oh 'grady show, aaee aim aeye celebrity jaise karyakramon mein ganj kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa...mujhe yahaan seey nikaal dou!, aur "ander seey baahar. 2010-vartamaan. ganaj 2010 mein yuke mein bachchon key tv parr pradarshit honah jaari haye aur 2000 key dashak key uttaraardh kii pravritti koo jaari rakhta haye, utanaa naheen jitna ack baar thaa. gameshow koo chhodane key 101 tarikon ney ise apane bonus daur mein istemal kiya haye. mezban ack yaadrichhik naam chunata haye aur galat sawal poochhane vaalaa pahala vyakti pipe seey neeche utar jaataa haye aur goli maar dee jaati haye. tulsi key bachchon kii adla-badali kii dukaan ney gunn gallery koo chhod diyaa lekin ack paschimi vishay key saath ack nayaa khel pesh kiya jise gold rush kahaa jaataa haye. iss khel mein, pichhale khel (dunk bedd) seey dou vijeta teemen ack mine shaft mein sett kiye gaye khel mein bhaag letee hain, jahaan uddeshya tubes mein dhalaan key saath baltiyon koo tipping karke taral keechad seey tubes koo bharna haye joe chhipi hui hain (isaliye bachchon koo naheen pataa kii kaun jeet rhaa haye). anta mein chaar bachche abb kaampate hue khadaan key shaft mein dhaka jaate hain. vijeta team koo taba swarn (peela ganj) praapt hotaa haye jabaki haarne vaali team koo shuru mein bhoore rung key keechad mein dhakaa jaataa thaa, halanki baad key episode mein way sookhe rahate hain. newzealand key bachchon key television mein, joe abb ack nae gange khel kii shuruat kartaa haye-badaa nashta aur splat gufa. phee phee phoe yama key paas ack chunauti haye jisamen dou bachche apane sathiyon key liye akshar/sankhya yaa anya vastuon jaisi vastuon koo ikattha karane key liye nange pair bandook key katore mein jaate hain. antim khel mein ganj baul kaa bhee upayog kiya jaataa haye, jahaan antim bhaag mein pool mein ghoomana aur apane bandee sathiyon koo chhodane key liye ramp parr chadhana shamil hotaa haye. 2014 mein, kuchh nae khel jaise kii yooz yaa haid, target yaa teacher aur chhoti genden abb joe hain, unamen jodee gaeen. isake alawa, bhayaanak itihas seey spin-off mein bandook seey judee ack shaaririk chunauti shamil thee. prashnottari mein teen bachche nange pair ack havaa seey bharey hue sangrah "poo" key paar bhaagate hain aur dusare chhor parr ise apane tank mein jamaa karate hain. havaa seey bharane yogya key oopar teen paatr hotey hain-havaa seey bharane yogya, bhandaran ganj key pratyek laine key liye ack joe khel mein ankon parr jaari kiya jaataa haye. iss chunauti kii ack bhinnata mein teen pratiyogiyon koo phir seey ack phulaane yogya laine key saath nange pair daudate hue dekhaa jaataa haye, ack poore khel mein, ack banji cord seey judey munh mein paaee fenkate hain, doosari shrinkhala mein, isamen "garam saus" key khel mein ack yaadrichhik bindu parr phoolane yogya parr girane kii atirikt kathinaaee hoti haye jisase bachche fisal jaate hain aur iss prakaar chunauti kii kathinaaee badh jaati haye. shrinkhala 3 key roop mein khone vaale bachche nange pair bhoore rung kii bandook mein fisal jaate they aur unhein isake madhyam seey rengna padata thaa.. nicklodeon key shivir narangi key british aur australiyai sanskaranon mein bhee aisee chunautiyon kii visheshta haye jinamen bandook seey hamla karna shamil haye. splatalot (dutch mein spattersloat), ack madhyayugeen theem vaalaa game show, kull wipeout suvidhaon key samaan, hamlaavaron koo dheema karane key saadhan key roop mein chunautiyon mein yaadrichhik binduon parr rakshakon dwara hamlaavaron parr bandook/slime daaga jaataa haye. saim aur maark bigg friede wind upp ney 2014 seey ganj kii visheshta shuru curr dee haye. khel koo rotation kahaa jaataa thaa aur dou parivarik teams seey samanya gyaan key prashn poochhe jaate they, jabaki ack ganj tank daala jaa rhaa thaa, aggar way prashn sahee paate hain tou way ghoomate hain aur yeh dusare parivaar kii baari haye kii way ack prashn kaa uttar dein. joe dall bandook key neeche hotaa haye jaba vaha bharaa hotaa haye tou usey goli maar dee jaati haye. 2016 mein, rotation koo ack aur gange game dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa jise splat inn dha boxes kahaa jaataa haye. dou parivarik dalon seey samanya gyaan key prashn poochhe gaye. haalaanki iss sawal kaa jawab dene mein unhone kaee sekand kaa samay liya, lekin way boxes parr handle parr kaee modd lete hain. udaaharan key liye yadi unhone jawab dene key liye 3 sekand kaa samay liya tou unhein 3 baar crank koo ghumana hoga. yadi unhein koee sawal galat milata haye yaa samay samaapt hoe jaataa haye tou unhein adhikatam 10 modd lene honge. ack gunj rakshas boxes mein chhipa huaa thaa aur ack nishchit sankhya mein modd boxes koo khol denge aur joe bhee team boxes key saamane khadee hogi, usey goli maar dee jaayegi. 7 too ney ack nayaa gameshow banaaya thaa jisamen ganaj thaa jise flush kahaa jaataa thaa. pichhale daur key haarne vaale ack bandook tank mein gaye aur show mein baingani bandook yaa "keechad" seey goli maar dee gaee. 2 round they isaliye pratyek episode mein 2 gunjing they jaba taka kii ack round mein tyee naa hoe taaki yeh sirf ack gunjing hoe. prime time television key sandarbh mein, cumm seey cumm britten mein, ganj ney poore 19 gaj key khel mein dikhaai dee haye, jahaan dou pardarshi golon mein gulabi yaa peele rung kii ganj hoti haye. kaee shaaririk chunautiyon mein seey ack mein, ack pratiyogi koo apane rung key gole key neeche kii or seey gend nikaalani padee, jisake parinamswarup goal mein ack kunji praapt karane key liye una parr aur neeche kii manjil parr bandook gir gaee, jisase unhein chunauti koo puuraa karane mein madad millie. channel 5 mein badey bhaai (celebrity aur samanya sanskaran donon) key sanskaran mein vibhinn karyon mein aur ghar key sadasyon koo naamit karane key tareeke key roop mein gunj kii suvidha haye. 2014 key nicklodeon bachchon key pasand key khel puraskaron mein, mahaan khilaadi david beckham koo yeh puraskar diyaa gayaa thaa, joe paaramparik harey rung key bajaay soney kii slime seey slim thaa. baseball khilaadi derek jetter, jinhen agale varsh puraskar milaa, koo bhee soney key rung seey slim kiya gayaa thaa. yeh parampara 2016 mein kobe bryant, 2017 mein michael felps aur 2018 mein danica patrick key saath jaari rahee haye. yeh slimming naa kewal apane advitiya soney key roop key liye ullekhaniya haye, balki bhaari fashion key liye bhee ullekhaniya haye jisamen vyakti slime seey dhake hue hain.

gunn united kingdamnalli gunz endu kareyalaaguva athawa united states mattu vishvada hecchina inglish maatanaaduva pradeshagalalli tilidiruva slime, dappa, gooyi, aadaroo banna mattu custard naduve ello sthirateyondige hariyuva padaarthavaagide. idu prapanchadaadyanta aneka varshagalinda aneka makkala karyakramagalalli ondu vaishishtyavaagide mattu aatada pradarshanagalalli mattu itara karyakramagalalli kanisikondide. gunz hechchaagi duradarshanadalli kanisikolluttadeyadaru, idannu datti samsthegalu, yuvakaru mattu dharmika gumpugalige nidhisangraha saadhanavaagiyu balasabahudu. naitklabgalu mattu mojina dinagalli gunz tankgalu kanisikondive. british datti samsthegalu kaamik releaf mattu agatyaviruva makkalu, bbsiyinda bembalitavagi, hinde nidhisangrahakkagi gunz annu balasiddaare. yuu. nalli.ess.kelavomme, "slime time live" nantaha halavaaru aatada pradarshanagalannu saha hondiruva slime, nikelodiyange sambandhiside. idu waam athawa sploashing fetitiona pramukha amshavaagide. samyojane. duradarshanadalli vyaapakavaagi balasalaaguva gunz kaigarika pudi dappanaada hydroxythyl cellulose aagide, idu vyaapakavaagi balasalaaguva jelling mattu dappagolisuva agent aagide. paryayavagi, itara vastugalannu "gunz" ge balasabahudu, udaaharanege mottegalu, saasgalu mattu itara avyavastheya vastugalu. aneka sandarbhagalalli, gung tank, gung annu sangrahisalu mattu bidugade maadalu ondu vidhaanadondige paradarshaka bootnalli gung sambhavisuttade. moola padaarthagalu suup mattu stewgalalli aahaarada dappavagisuva padaarthagalaagi balasuvudarinda, ganj annu tinnalu surakshitavagide, bannavu vishakaariyalladiddaru saha. gunjnalli balasuva itara padaarthagalu obleck, cornstarch mattu neerina mishrana, mattu xanthon gumm, mattondu aahara samyojakavagirabahudu. nirmaapaka roser beleya prakara, kenadaada duradarshana saraniya "neevu adannu duradarshanadalli maadalu sadhyavilla" emba saampradaayika hasiru loleyu aakasmikavaagi abhivraddhipadisalpattitu-moola kalpaneyendare kattalakooneyalli bandhisalaada chikka hudugana mele aahaarada ulidiruva barrell annu eseyuvudu, aadare adannu balasuva modalu, barrelln vishayagalu achchinondige hasiru bannakke tirugittu. hanikara mishranavannu hegaadaroo chikka hudugana mele eseyalaayitu, mattu ratriyidi saraniyu adara trademark gyag annu hondittu. taruvaaya, ee pradarshanavu sunnada gelatin sihi pudi, hittu, otmeel athawa godhiya kene, bebi shampoo mattu cottage chisnantaha padaarthagalannu olagonda halavaaru vibhinn loleya paakavidhaanagala moolaka hoyitu (ellavoo onde samayadalli irabekaagilla). pradarshanadalli (mattu nantara nickelodean nalli), loleya samyojaneyannu nikatavagi kaavalugaarana rahasyavendu pariganisalaayitu, mattu kelavu kantugalu patravargada sadasyara suttaloo tirugi loleya samyojaneyannu grahisalu prayatnisuttiddavu. indu prapanchadaadyantada aneka duradarshana karyakramagalalli gunz athawa slime vaishishtyagalu; aadaagyoo, 2000dha dasakadinda gamanavu mukhyavahiniya kaaryakramagalinda makkala mattu hadihareyadavara duradarshana karyakramagalada nickelodianna "figure itt out" ge badalaagide. nickelodean pradarshanagala janapriyatege hechchaagi dhanyavaadagalu, 1980 rahra dasakadinda uttara americadalli makkala kaaryakramagalondige slime mattu gunz samanyavagi sambandhisive. duradarshanadalli mattu nidhisangrahakaariyaagi adara balakeya jotege, tankgalalli gunz kelavomme naitklabgalalli kaanisikolluttade. church gumpugalu mattu scouting chaluvaligalantaha yuva gumpugalu "nayakarannu mattu makkalannu gunn maadalu" gunz annu balasuttave. duradarshanadalli bandookugala itihaasa. 1960rahra dashaka. yukeyalli janapriya bbc show "matravalla... aadare "kaviya corner" emba koneya rekhaachitravannu saha olagondittu, idaralli aaa vaarada atithige peater cook viruddha sudhaarita kavana spardhege savaalu haakalaaguttittu, dudley moor refereeyagi kaaryanirvahisidaru. prati spardhi "bbc gunz" naa chaukaakaarada tankna mooleyalli kulitukolluttaare, adhu rigg seetina mele kulitukolluvavarannu tankge karedoyyuvante prachodisabahudu. refereeu idhe reetiya kurchiyalli itara mulegalalli wandaralli kulitukolluttaane. challenge theemninda punaraavartane, hinjarike athawa vichalanada yaavude balakeyu aparaadhigalannu tankge talluttade. rekhaachitravu yavagalu tanknalliruva ellah mooru vyaktigalondige konegolluttade, kesarinalli edeya aala mattu kaviteyannu pathisuttade. 1970-1979. yuke shanivaarada makkala pradarshana "tiswas" gunz parikalpaneyannu heralavaagi balasitu. eegaagale custard chilagalu mattu neerina baketgalannu prastutapadisuvavaru mattu atithigala mele eseyuva moolaka avyavastheya slapstick haasyavannu sthaapisida tiswagalu, vayaska svayamsevakarannu panjaradalli bandhisalu tegedukondiddaru. omme panjaradolage praveshisida nantara, nivasigalu samanyavagi pradarshanadalli yaadruchchika stalagalalli baketgala nirininda nenesi hoguttaare. panjarada meledda tavarada snanakke dhanyavaadagalu, allie gunz olagondittu. handle moolaka, ee tottiyalliruva avyavastheya vishayagalannu kelagiruva janara mele beelisi, adara custard paie hasyakke hesaruvaasiyaagiddare, aahaarada baketgalannu hondiruvudu mattu janara mele anukarane mannu/kudure rasavannu surisuvudu asaamaanyavenalla. custard mattu beyisida beans janapriya aaykegalaagiddavu. 1980-1989. uttara americadalli, british duradarshana nirmaapakarinda abhivraddhipadisalaada nikelodiyannalli janapriyavaada kenadaada makkala karyakramavada "neevu adannu duradarshanadalli maadalu sadhyavilla", roser bele, vaadikeyante adara patragalannu "slime" ge olapadisuttade (samanyavagi hasiru, aadare kelavomme itara bannagalli), samanyavagi avaru "nanage gottilla" endu helidaaga."idu pradarshanada pradhana bhaagavaayitu, allie itara nataru tamma geleyarannu slim maadalu ondu padavannu helalu proothsaahisalu prayatnisuttiddaru. yuu cant du dutt aun television" emba 1982rahra sanchikeya ondu teluvaada drashyavannu 1987rahra chalanachitra "maaranaantika akarshane" yaya praarambhadalli balasalaayitu mattu ee saraniya ullekhagalannu mukhyavahiniya yuu. nalli balasalaagide.ess. nyus radio" dinda "family gai" varegina duradarshana saranigalu. cult shona ee amshavu nantara nickelodianna slime laanchanadalli ikaanik aayitu, nantarada aatada pradarshanagalaada "double dier", neevu enu maduttiri?"," adannu kanduhidiyiri ", mattu" midulu "," lole, mukhada mele paigalu, mattu itara reetiya avyavasthe, mattu bhagavahisuvavarige (celebritigalu seridante, visheshavaagi varshika makkala aykeya prashastigalalli) avakaashavannu needuva live eeventgala sutta suttuttade. 1980rahra dashakada koneyalli, nickelodean mattu adara kenadian pratiroopavaada vitivy, rait-inn spardhegalannu saha ayojisidavu, idaralli grand price ottawa, ontaariyodalli sett maadalaada "vicidotivi" ge pravaasavaagittu. nickelodianna loleya janapriyateyu alpavadhiya 1988 rahra syndicated game show "loleya samaya" (nickelodianna nantarada "loleya samaya live" ge yaavude sambandhavilla) nantaha anukaranakararannu huttuhaakitu, idaralli shaala sikshakaru hasiru ganjinggalige baliyagiddaru. ee helalaada ganjing sampradaayada atyanta prasiddha nidarshanagalu nidarshanagalu makkala modala aykeya prashastigalondige praarambhavaaguttave. britton mattu europnalli, 1980rahra dashakada aarambhadalli, makkala gunz aadhaarita aatada pradarshanagalu roodhiyaagiddavu. visheshavaagi "nimage eshtu dhairya!"itvyalli mattu bbcyalli" "crackerjack" "mumbaruva dasakadalli pradarshanagalalli kanisikolluva gunjing amshavannu khachitapadisitu". ninage eshtu dhairya!", mukhya atagalalli ondaada 'avarige paatha kalisi', allie makkalu tamma sikshaka athawa tamma shaleya pratinidhiyannu monakaalina tumbida gunz tank mele kulitukondu gunz nalli mulugisalu avakaashavannu padedaru. ee aatada nantara, kelavomme pradarshanada niroopakaralli obbaru shikshakarige tamma purch annu hodedu gunj tankge haakuttiddaru. crackerjack" nalli, ibbaru varakkomme prasiddharaada, obba purusha mattu obba mahile, tamma makkala spardhige ankagalannu gellalu prayatnisalu "avakasha tegedukolli" emba gunz aadhaarita gamenalli aatitheya stu francis viruddha spardhisuttaare. prashnegalige sariyagi uttarisalu viphalavaadare francis mattu/athawa celebrity atithigalu gunjnalli muluguttaare. hechchuvariyagi, kelavomme vijetaru tamma eduraaliyannu naguvudakkagi shiksheyaagi lekkisade gundu harisuttare, visheshavaagi adhu francis agiddare. 1980rahra dashakada nantara, bbcu yuu. ess. sailiya svaroopavannu aadharisida "double dair" annu praarambhisitu, aadare adara yuginta hecchu ilijaaraagittu.ess. pratiroopa. allade, gunz mukhyavahiniya karyakramagalada itvyalli "game phaar aa nagu" mattu bbcyalli "noels satterday road show" nalli kanisikollalu praarambhisitu. europina itara deshagalu saha mukhyavahiniya pradarshanagalalli gunz amshagalannu hondalu praarambhisidavu. "yun, daas, tress... spine nalli "responda otra vez" nalli spardhigalu aagaagge parasparara mele gungina baketgalannu eseyuttiddaru. germany duradarshana karyakramavada "donorlippchen" nalli aneka gondalamaya atagalu nadedavu; kaaryakramada parakashtheyu tandada sookta baas annu dunk tanknelly mulugisuvudu mattu prati tandada sadasyara baxer shortsna jodiyolage custard annu suriyuvudu. newzealandna makkala karyakrama "waat nau" nau" praarambhavaadaagininda halavu varshagalinda gunz annu balasuttide. balasuttide ee kaaryakramavu prati bhanuvara beligge 8 ganteyinda channel channel prasaaravaaguttide. gundiyannu balasuva kaaryakramada vividha bhagagalalli, bhayotpadaneya tank, odihoda gundetu, flush out, bognalli kappe mattu medulu freeze serive. 1990-1999. noel house party" yalli, dooradarshanada kaaryakramadalli yaava celebritigalannu gunz tanknelly gunn maadalaaguttade embudannu nirdharisalu saarvajanikaru aagaagge matha chalaayisuttaare. nantarada varsagalalli, gunz tank gunz railinantayitu, mattu celebritigalu railinalli sawari maadabekaayitu mattu avara prayanaduddakku ganjninda mucchalpattaru. celebritigalu samanyavagi tamma sootgalu athawa battegalannu halumadi marali baruttaare mattu gurutisalagada mukhagalannu edurisuttaare. kelavomme kutumbada sadasyaru athawa sneehitaru pratikaarada karanagaligagi prekshakara mele gundu haarisuttiddaru. gunjing prakriyege sambandhisida manaranjana amshavannu chaariti eevent "kaamik releaf" naa nirmapakaru aritukondaru, avaru rashtriya pradarshana kendradalli ginnis vishwa daakhalegala sahakaaradondige ondu kaaryakramavannu nadesidaru, birminghamnalli 12 march 1999 randu nadedaddu, allie ekakaaladalli bandookugalinda hecchina janarige daakhaleyannu sthaapisuva prayatnavu nadeyitu. yuropinaadyantada ellah duradarshana nirmapakaru vikshakaralli adara janapriyateyindaagi mukhyavahiniya duradarshana kaaryakramagalige hecchina gunz vibhagagalannu alavadisalu aadeshisuttiddaru. germaniyalli, sat.1, haali gally, glookspirale, glookspirale, jotege nhp-gotshockn haas-party german aavruttiyalli, hecchina pramanada gunz olagondittu. haali galliyalli prekshakara sadasyaru tamma asanagalinda horabandu gondalamaya gunz slide annu kelagilisi kolakke kaluhisidaru. anteye, glookspirale aun sus, glookes retur artl mattu raache ist sus sus, spardhigalannu prekshakarallinda horategeyuvante mattu atyanta adbhuta reetiyalli gunn maaduvante maaditu. 1990rahra dashakada antyada velege, "noel house party" yaya nidhana mattu itara european pradarshanagalige prekshakara sankhye kshinisuvudarondige, aneka mukhyavahiniya pradarshanagalallina gunz vibhagavu masukagalu praarambhisitu. 1990rahra dashakaduddakku, gung aneka makkala duradarshana karyakramagalalli kendrabinduvaayitu. hadihareyadavaru mattu prasiddha atithigalu samanyavagi "live & kick" emba rasaprashnegalalli spardhisuttiruvudannu kaanabahudu mattu avaru sotare avarannu gundikki kollalaaguttade. ee kaaryakramadalli lea rayan, benn audums, keti hill, lessie waters, catherine merri, heather sutty mattu victoria hockins emba prasiddha vyaktigalu gundetige guriyagiddaru. mojina maney", "nimma svantadannu marali padeyiri", "apaayavannu edurisi" mattu "double dier"-ee ellah itara pradarshanagalu gunz annu balasuttave. balasuttave 1997rinda, kenadaada kaaryakramavondu uh!idu, uh!idu prasaaravaaguttittu, idaralli bhagavahisuvavaru ondu kapatina gatrada kooneyolage hogi, avara sangaatige prashnege sariyagi uttarisalu saadhyavaagadiddare avara mele hasiru bannada gundugalannu haarisuva siksheya vyavastheyannu olagondittu. 2000-2009. mukhyavahiniya duradarshana karyakramagalalli, paul oo 'grady show, aii aum aa celebrity muntaada karyakramagalalli gung annu balasalaaguttittu...nannannu illinda horadudi!, mattu "olagininda horakke". 2010-prastuta. gunz gunz yukeyalli makkala duradarshanadalli kaanisikonditu mattu 2000dha dashakada uttaraardhada pravruttiyannu munduvaresitu, adhu omme maadidashtu alla. aatavannu bidalu 101 maargagalu adannu adara bonus suttinalli balasikondive. aatitheyanu yaadruchchika hesarannu arisikolluttane mattu avanu tappagi keluva prashneyannu padeyuva modala vyaktiyu pipe annu kelagilisuttaane mattu bandooku hodeyuttaane. tulasi makkala vinimaya angadiu gunz galleryannu bittu hindirugitu aadare goaled rush emba pashchimatya theemnondige hosa aatavannu parichayisitu. ee aatadalli, hindina aatada eradu vijeta tandagalu (dunk haasigegalu) maine shaftnalli sett maadalaada aatadalli bhagavahisuttave, allie guriyu drava kesarannu tumbuva moolaka baketgalannu slaapninda muchchuva moolaka tubegalannu muchchalaaguttade (aaddarinda makkalu yaaru gelluttiddaarendu tilidilla). koneyalli naalku makkalu eega naduguttiruva gani dandeyalli muchchikolluttare. vijeta tandavu nantara chinnavannu (haladi gundige) padeyuttade, aadare sotha tandavu aarambhadalli kandu kesarinalli muchchalpattittu, aadare nantarada kantugalalli avu onagiruttave. newzealandna makkala duradarshanadalli, eega hosa gangee aatavannu parichayisiddu dodda upahara mattu splat guheyagide. eradu makkalu tamma tandada saha aatagaararige aksharagalu/sankhyegalu athawa itara vastugalantaha vastugalannu sangrahisalu barigaalinalli gundiyolage hoguvudannu noduva ondu savaalannu phe phii phoe yamm hondide. antima aatavu gunz baul annu saha balasuttade, allie koneya bhagavu tamma bandhita tandada saha aatagararannu bidugade maadalu poolnalli mattu ramp annu olagondiruttade. olagondiruttade, yous yaa head, target yaa teacher mattu sanna chendugalantaha kelavu hosa aatagalannu eega serisalaagide. idallade, bhayanaka itihaasagala spin-off, gunz annu olagonda daihika savaalannu olagondittu. rasaprashneyalliruva moovaru makkalu ubbida "poo" sangrahada mele barigaalinalli oduttaare mattu innondu tudiyalli tamma tankgalalli adannu thewani maaduttaare. gaali tumbabahudaada padaarthada mele mooru dharakagalive-gaali tumbabahudaada pratiyondu lenge ondu, aatada ankagalli bidugadeyaguva gunz annu sangrahisuttade. ee challenge naa vyatyaasavu mooru spardhigalu matte gaali tumbabahudaada laine nalli barigaalinalli oduvudannu noduttade, ellah aatada aatadalli, banjee cord ge jodisalaada baayige paigalannu eseyiri, eradane saranialli, idu aatadalli yaadruchchika hantadalli gaali tumbabahudaada mele beeluva "garam saas" naa hechchuvari kashtavannu hondide, idarindaagi makkalu jarikolluttare mattu slide maaduttaare heegaagi challenge naa tondare hechchaguttade. sarani sarani, sotha makkalu barigaalinalli kandu bannada gundiyolage jarikolluttare mattu adara moolaka croll maadabekaaguttade.. nickelodianna camp kittale bannada british mattu australian aavruttigalu saha bandookugalannu olagondiruva savaalugalannu hondive. splatalot (dutch spetersatnalli), madhyakaalina theem game show, ottu wipe out vaishishtyagalanteye, akramanakararannu nidhaanagolisuva sadhanavagi savaalugalalli yaadruchchika bindugalalli raksakaru dalikorara mele gunz/slime annu harisuttare. samm mattu maark bigg frieday wind up 2014 rinda gunz annu pradarshisalu praarambhiside. aatavannu rotation endu kareyalaayitu mattu eradu kutumba tandagalige saamaanya gnaanada prashnegalannu kelalaayitu, gunz tank annu suriyalaaguttittu, avaru prashneyannu sariyagi padedare avaru tiruguttaare mattu ondu prashnege uttarisuva saradi itara kutumbadadu. gunz adiyalli iruva tandavu tumbidaaga gundige guriyaguttade. sampradaayavu, tiruguvikeyannu splat inn dhii boxes emba mattondu ganjee aatadinda badalaayisalaayitu. eradu kutumba tandagalige saamaanya gnaanada prashnegalannu kelalaayitu. aadaagyoo, avaru ee prashnege uttarisalu tegedukonda aneka sekendugalu, avaru pettigeya handlenalli aneka tiruvugalannu maaduttaare. udaaharanege, avaru uttarisalu 3 sekendugalannu tegedukondare avaru crank annu 3 baari tirugisabekaguttade. avaru ondu prashneyannu tappagi kelidare athawa samaya kaleduhodare avaru garishta 10 tiruvugalannu maadabekaaguttade. ondu gunj daityanu pettigeyalli adagikondiddanu mattu ondu nirdishta sankhyeya tiruvugalu pettigeyannu tereyuttave mattu pettigeya munde nintiruva yaavude tandavu bandooku padeyuttade. 7 too flush endu kareyalaaguva gunz hondiruva hosa gameshowannu hondittu. hindina suttina sotavaru gunz tankge hodaru mattu pradarshanadalli avaru adannu kareyuvante nerale gunz athawa "kesaru" yinda gundu haarisidaru. allie 2 suttugaliddavu, aaddarinda prati sanchikeyu 2 gunggalannu hondittu, ondu suttinalli tye illadiddare adhu kevala ondu gung aagittu. prime time dooradarshanada vishayadalli, kanishta yukeyalli, gunz idee 19 gajagalashtu aatadalli kanisikondide, allie eradu paradarshaka golagalu gulabi athawa haladi gunz annu olagondive. aneka daihika savaalugalalli ondaada, spardhigalu tamma bannada golada kelabhagavannu bichchabekaayitu, idara parinaamavaagi gundiyu avugala mele beeluttade mattu goladalli keeliyannu himpadeyalu kelagina nelavu avarige savaalannu poornagolisalu avakasha maadikottitu. bigg bradarna 5neey aavruttiyu (celebrity mattu saamaanya aavrutti eradoo) vividha karyagalalli gunz annu hondide mattu housemategalannu namanirdeshana maaduva maargavaagide. 2014rahra nickelodean makkala ayke creeda prashastigalalli, saampradaayika hasiru bannakkinta hechchaagi chinnada loleyondige teluvaada saakar atagara david beckhamge dantakatheya prashastiyannu nidalaayitu. mundina varsha prashastiyannu padeda baseball atagara derec jetter kooda chinnada bannadinda tellagaagittu. ee sampradaayavu sampradaayavu cobe bryant, bryant micheal phelps mattu mattu danica pyatrikgalondige munduvaredide. ee slimming tanna vishishtavaada chinnada notakke matravalla, vyaktigalu loleyinda muchchalpattiruva agaadha fashiongoo gamanarhavagide.

bandukichi ganj, jyala united kingadammadhe olakhale jaate, kinwa america aanee jagatil bahutek ingraji bhashik bhagat jyala kalam mhanatat, too eka jaad, gooee, tarihi rung aanee custardchya darmyan kuthetari susangatata asalela vahanara padarth aahe. jagbharatil anek varshanpasun mulanchya anek karyakramanmadhye heey vaishishtya aahe aanee khelanchya karyakramanmadhye tasech itar karyakramanmadhye teey disale aahe. ganj bahutek durchitravanivar disun yete, parantu tyacha vapar dharmaday sanstha, yuvak aanee dharmik gatansathi nidhi ubharaniche sadhan mhanoon dekhil keela jaau shakato. niteclub aanee majedar divasanmadhye ganj tank disu lagalya aahet. british dharmaday sanstha comic releaf aanee garajunna bii. bii. see. chya pathimbyane, purvi nidhi ubharanisathi ganjacha vapar keela aahe. yuu madhye.ess., kadhikadhi laal nickelodianshi sambandhit asate, agadi tyachya bhovati firnare anek khel pradarshandekhil asatat, jase qee "laal vel thet". haah wamm kinwa sploshing fetishcha eka mahattvacha pailu dekhil aahe. rachana. durchitravanivar mothya pramanavar vaparali jaanari ganj hii eka audhyogik powder jaad karnari hydroxyethyl cellulose aahe, jee mothya pramanat vaparali jaanari jailing aanee jaad karnari agent aahe. vaikalpikaritya, itar vastoo "ganj" sathee vaparlya jaau shakatat, udaharanarth undy, chutney tasech itar gondhalalelya vastoo. anek prakarananmadhye, gunj sathavanyasathi aanee sodanyasathichya sadhanansah eka pardarshak booth asalelya gunj tankmadhye gunjing hote. suup aanee stewmadhye ann ghatt karnyasathi strot ghatakancha vapar kelyamule, rung dekhil vishari naslyas, ganj khane anekada surakshit asate. ganjmadhye vaparale jaanare itar ghatak mhanje obleck, cornstarch aanee panyache mishran aanee zanthan gumm, aanakhi eka ann padarth. canadachya durchitravani maliketil 'yuu canned nott duu daad aun television' haah pratishthit hirwa chikhal, nirmatyachya roser kimmatinusar, apghatane vikasit karnyat aala hota-mool kalpana hotee qee uralelya annachi eka nalee eka tarun mulavar andharkothyat bandhali gelee hotee, parantu tee vaparnyapurvi, nalitil samagri sachalelya hiravya rangat badalali hotee. hanikarak mishran taree tyaa tarun mulavar fekale gele aanee ratrabhar yaa malikevar tyacha trademark bund padala. tyanantar yaa karyakramat chunyachya gelatinechya mishtann powder, peeth, otamil kinwa gavhachi malai, bebby shampo aanee agadi cottage cheej (serve ekach velee aavashyak nahee) yasarkhe ghatak samavisht karoon anek vegvegalya chikhal pakakruti paar padalya. yaa karyakramat (aanee tyanantar nikelodiyanavar), chikhalchi rachana heey eka barkaine sanrakshit kelele rahasy manale jaat asey aanee kahee bhag heey kalakar sadasyanchya sabhovati firat hote jeey chikhalchi rachana samajoon ghenyacha prayatna karat hote. aaj jagbharatil anek durchitravani karyakramanmadhye gunj kinwa slimechi vaishishtye aahet; tathapi, 2000 chya dashakapasun mukhya pravahatil karyakramanpasun nikelodiyanchya 'figure iit out' sarkhya mulanchya aanee kishoravayin mulanchya durchitravani karyakramankade laksh kendrit kele gele aahe. nickelodian karyakramanchya lokpriyatemule, 1980 chya dashakapasun samanyatah uttar americetil mulanchya karyakramanshi chikhal aanee ganj sambandhit aahet. durchitravanivar aanee nidhi ubharanisathi tyacha vapar karnyavyatirikt, kadhikadhi niteclubmadhye takyanmadhil gunj disun yete. churchche gut aanee shodh chalvalisarkhe yuva gut dekhil "netyanna tasech mulanna lakshya karnyasathi" bandukicha vapar karatat. durchitravanivaril ganjacha itihas. 1960 chya dashakat. yuu. keey. madhye lokpriy bii. bii. see. karyakram "keval nahee... parantu 'kavincha kopra' navache eka shevatche rekhachitra dekhil darshavile gele jyamadhye tyaa aathvadyatil pahunyanna pieter kukviruddhachya aashurachanatmak kavita spardhesathi aavhan dile jaeel, jyamadhye doodly muur punch mhanoon kaam kartil. pratyek spardhak 'bii. bii. see. ganj' chya chauras takichya kopyat eka suteechya seatwar basayacha, jee chalavali jaau shakat hotee jenekarun tyaa vyaktila takimadhye adakavale jaau shakel. punch itar kopyanpaiki eka kopyat ashach khurchivar basayacha. aavhanachya sankalpanepasun punaravrutti, sankoch kinwa vichalanacha konatahi vapar gunhegarala takimadhye dhaklel. rekhachitra nehmi takeet teenahi vyaktinsah, galyat khol chhati aanee kavita vachan karoon sampate. 1970-1979. yookechya shaniwari sakali mulanchya karyakram 'tiswas' madhye ganjachi sankalpana mubalak pramanat vaparali gelee. custardchya pishavya aanee panyachya badalya sadarkarte aanee pahunyanvar fekoon deuun aadhich gondhalalela thappadbajicha vinod nirman karoon, tisavyanni praudh svayamsevakanna pinjaryat bandist karnyache kaam haatee ghetale hote. ekada pinjaryat pravesh kelyavar, rahivasi sahasa pradarshanat yadruchchik thikani panyachya badalyanni bhijavale jaat asat. jithe gunj sameel jhaala, teey pinjaryachya varr asalelya tinchya snanamule hote. eka hatodidware, heey tub khalee asalelya lokanvar khalee fekoon dile jaau shakate, jaree teey custard paichya vinodasathi prasiddha asale taree, tishavanmadhye annachya badalya aanee anukaran maatee/ghodyache khat lokanvar otane asamanya nahee. custard aanee beeck kelele shengdane heey lokpriy paryay hote. 1980-1989. uttar americet, niklodiyanavar lokpriy asalela, british durchitravani nirmatyane vikasit kelela, canadachya mulancha karyakram, 'yuu dont duu iit aun television', roser price, tyachya patranna niyamitpane 'slime' (sahasa hirwa, parantu kadhikadhi itar ranganmadhye) adheen karato, sahasa jevha teey mhanatat, 'mallah mahit nahee."haah yaa karyakramacha mukhya bhag banala, jithe itar kalakar tyanchya samvayaskanna eka vakyansh sanganyas protsahit karnyacha prayatna kartil, jenekarun teey vajan qamee karoo shaktil. yuu canned duu datt aun television' yaa 1982 chya bhagatil eka patal drushya 1987 chya 'ghatak aakarshan' yaa chitrapatachya udghatanat dekhil vaparale gele hote aanee yaa malikeche sandarbh mukhya pravahatil yuu madhye vaparale gele aahet.ess. news redio' pasoon teey 'family boy' paryantchi durchitravani malika. cult shocha haah pailu nantar niklodiyanchya slime logomadhye pratima banala, tyanantarchya game shomadhye jase qee 'double dayer', tumhi kaay karal?"," teey shodhun kadha ", aanee chikhal, chehnyavaril paee aanee itar prakarchya gondhal aanee thet karyakramambhovati firnare" brainsers "jyamadhye sahbhaginna (prasiddha vyaktinsah, visheshtah varshik mulanchya nivad puraskaranmadhye) sliim honyachi kinwa sarvajanikaritya apmanit honyachi sandhee dilee jaeel. 1980 chya dashakachya uttaradhat, nickelodian aanee tyache canadian samkaksh, vaay. tii. vhee. yanni lekhan spardhanchehi aayojan kele, jyamadhye bhavya bakshis ontariyochya ottawa yetheel 'vaay. see. dii. tii. vhee.'. chee sahal hotee, jee qamee karnyasathi hotee. nikelodiyanchya slime shochya lokpriyatemule 1988 chya alpakalin syndicated game shhow 'slime time' (nikelodiyanchya nantarchya 'slime time live' shhee konatahi sambandh nahee) yasarkhe anukaran karnare tayar jhaale, jyamadhye shaley shikshak hiravya gangiche balee tharale hote. yaa ganging paramparechi sarvat prasiddha udaharane 1987 madhye mulanchya pahilya nivad puraskaransah suru hotat. 1980 chya dashakachya suruvatila britton aanee europemadhye mulansathi ganj-aadharit khelanche pradarshan heey sarvasamanya hote. visheshtah "tumchi himmat kashee jhaali!" yasarkhya karyakramanmadhye"aay. tii. vhee. varr aanee bii. bii. see. varr" "fatakebaji" "neey heey sunishchit kele qee aagami dashkasathi karyakramanmadhye gunjing ghatak darshavila jaeel". kitee dhadas aahe tuzi!"tyanna dhada shikavane' haah mukhya khel hota, jyamadhye mulanna gudghyachya kholvar bharalelya ganj takichya varr basoon tyanchya shaletil shikshak kinwa pratinidhila ganjmadhye bhijavanyachi sandhee midali. yaa khelanantar kahivela karyakramachya eka sadarikarankartyane shikshakanna tyanchya parchvaroon khalee fekoon dile aanee ganj tankmadhye takale. crackerjack' varr, done saptahik celebrity, eka purush aanee eka mahila, tyanchya baal spardhkasathi guna jinkanyacha prayatna karnyasathi 'take aaa chons' navachya ganj aadharit khelat yazman stu francishi spardha kartil. prashnanchi yogya uttare naan dilyane francis aanee/kinwa prasiddha pahunyanna ganjmadhye jhakale jaeel. yavyatirikt, kadhikadhi vijetyala, visheshtah jarr too francecha asel tarr, tyanchya pratispardhyavar haslyabaddal shiksha mhanoon naan deta golya ghatalya jaat asat. nantar 1980 chya dashakat, bii. bii. see. neey yuu. ess. shailichya swarupavar aadharit, parantu tyachya yuu. peksha khoopach dhasalhate, 'double dayer' suru kele.ess. samkaksh. tasech, aay. tii. vhee. varr 'game phaur aaa hall' aanee bii. bii. see. varr 'noelcha shaniwar road shhow' yasarkhya mukhya pravahatil karyakramanmadhye ganj disu lagla. europemadhil itar deshanmadhyehi mukhya pravahatil karyakramanmadhye gunj ghatak disu lagale. "eka, done, teen... spainmadhil 'twhee' varr 'responda otra ways' madhye anekada spardhak ekmekanvar tofanchya badalya fekat asat. tasech, germanytil 'donorlippachen' yaa durchitravani karyakramat anek gondhalalele khel hote; yaa karyakramacha parakashtha mhanje sanghachya yogya bosla dunk tankmadhye budavane aanee pratyek sangh sadasyachya boxer shortschya jodimadhye custard takane. newzealandchya mulancha karyakram 'vhat naau' haah 1981 madhye suru jhalyapasun anek varshanpasun ganjacha vapar karat aahe. 2015 paryant haah karyakram ajunahi channell 2 varr pratyek ravivari sakali 8 vajalyapasun prasarit hott aahe. ganjacha vapar karoon karyakramachya vividh bhaganmadhye, dahashatiche taakee, paloon jaatana bandook, flush kelele bedook, bogmadhye bedook aanee mendu gothane yancha samavesh aahe. 1990-1999. noelchya haus party" madhye, durdarshanvaril konatya celebritinna ganj tankmadhye golya ghatalya jaatil heey tharvanyasathi janata anekada matdan karat asey. nantarchya varshanmadhye, ganj taakee hii ganj train bunley aanee prasiddha vyaktinna trainmadhye pravas karnyas bhag padale gele aanee tyanchya sampoorn pravasat tyanna ganjane jhakale gele. celebrity sahasa tyanche suut kinwa kapade kharab karoon parat yetat aanee tyanna olakhata yet nahee. kadhikadhi kutumbatil sadasya kinwa mitrankadun suud ghenyachya karanastav prekshakanna yaa karyakramat golya ghatalya jaat asat. gingingchya prakriyeshi jodalela karamanukicha ghatak 'comic releaf' yaa dharmaday karyakramachya nirmatyanna jaanavala, jyanni rashtriy pradarshan kendra, birmingham yethe ginnies world recordchya sahkaryane eka karyakram aayojit keela, jithe ekach velee sarvadhik lokanna golya ghalanyacha prayatna 12 march 1999 roji jhaala. 731 lokanvar 184 gallen ganjacha fawara udavanyat aala. sampoorn europemadhil durchitravani nirmate prekshakanmadhye lokpriy asalyamule mukhya pravahatil durchitravani karyakramanmadhye adhik gunj vibhag basavanyachi magani karat hote. germanymadhye, sat.1 varr, haalee gally, glooksritter (rtl), glookspirel, tasech nhp-gotschockchya haus-partychi german aavrutti, yaa sarvanmadhye ganjacha uchch doses samavisht hota. haalee galline prekshakanchya sadasyanna tyanchya aasananmadhun baher kadhale aanee eka gondhalaleli ganj slide khalee aanee talavat pathavali. tyachpramane, gluxspirail aun satt1, gluxritor aar. tii. ell. aanee rache ist sus satt1, yaa spardhakanni prekshakanmadhun baher kadhale aanee sarvat netradipak paddhatine golibar keela. 1990 chya dashakachya akheris, 'noelchya haus party' chya nidhanane aanee itar european karyakramansathi prekshakanchi sankhya qamee jhalyamule, anek mukhya pravahatil karyakramanmadhil ganj vibhag qamee houu lagla. 1990 chya dashakat, ganj heey anek mulanchya durchitravani karyakramanmadhye eka kendrabindu banale. kishoravayin aanee prasiddha pahune anekada 'live andd kicking' yaa vishayavaril prashnamanjushanmadhye bhag ghetana disatat aanee jarr teey harale tarr tyanna golya ghatalya jaatat. yaa karyakramat lii rayan, baine admus, catty hiill, lesley watter, catherine merrie, heather sutty aanee victoriya hockins yaa prasiddha vyaktinchi dadagiri karnyat aalee. itar anek karyakramanmadhye ganjacha vapar keela jaato-'majedar ghar', 'swatachi paratfed qaraa', 'jokhim ghya' aanee 'duheri dhadas'. 1997 teey 2003 paryant, oh oh! navacha eka canadian karyakram., jeey vaay. tii. vhee. varr chalavale gele, tyat eka shiksha pranali darshavili gelee hotee jyat sahbhagi kapat aakarachya kholeet gela hota aanee jarr tyancha jodidar prashnache yogya uttar deu shakala nahee tarr tyanchyavar hirwa bandukicha maaraa keela hota. 2000-2009. aay emm aaa celebrity' yaa paul oo 'grady shosarkhya karyakramanmadhye, augtschya kalat mukhya pravahatil durchitravani karyakramanmadhye' ganj 'chaa vapar keela jaat asey...mallah ithoon baher kaadh!, aanee "aatoon baher". 2010-sadhya. ganj 2010 madhye yukemadhil mulanchya tvver pradarshit hott aahe aanee 2000 chya uttaradhatil cull chaloo aahe, joou purvisarkha navhata. gameshow sodanyachya 101 marganni tyacha vapar tyachya bonus ferimadhye keela aahe. yazman yadruchchik naav nivadato aanee too chukicha prashna vicharananya pahilya vyaktila pipe khalee utaravale jaate aanee tyala golee lagate. tulshichya mulanchya adlabadal dukanane ganj gallery vagaloon parat aale parantu goaled rush navachya pashchatya sankalpanesah eka naveen khel sadar keela. yaa khelat, mageel khelatil done vijeta sangh (dunk bedd) khanchya khambamadhye seet kelelya khelat bhag ghetat, jethe lapalelya nalyanmadhye dolki ghaloon drav gaal asalelya nalya bharane haah uddesh asato (tyamule mulanna kona jinkat aahe heey mahit nasate). shevati chaar mule aata thartharanya khaneet zakoon thevatat. tyanantar vijeta sanghala suvarn (pivala ganj) milate, tarr harnara sangh suruvatila tapkiri galane jhakalela asato, matra nantarchya bhaganmadhye teey korade rahatat. newzealandchya mulanchya durchitravanivar, jyane aata eka naveen gange khel, mhanje motha nashta aanee splat guha sadar keela. phay phii phoe yamche eka aavhan aahe jyamadhye done mule tyanchya sahkanyansathi akshare/sankhya kinwa itar vastoo gola karnyasathi ughadpaline bandukichya vadgyat jaatat. antim khelat ganjacha chendu dekhil vaparla jaato, jithe shevatchya bhagat tyanchya bandee asalelya sahakanyanna sodanyasathi poolmadhye chalane aanee rampower chadhane samavisht asate. 2014 madhye, yuz yaa haid, target yaa teacher aanee lahan chendu yasarkhe kahee naveen khel aatachya khelat jodale gele. yavyatirikt, bhayanak itihasatil up-bhagamadhye, ganjacha samavesh asalele sharirik aavhan samavisht hote. prashnamanjushetil teen mule eka phulavata yenyajogya 'puu' sangrahanachya palikade anwani payanni dhavtat aanee dusya tokala tyanchya takyanmadhye jamaa karatat. havah vadhavanyachya patrachya varr teen container asatat-havah vadhavanyachya patrachya pratyek gallisathi eka, sathavalelya ganjsathi jeey khelatil gunanvar sodale jaate. yaa aavhanachya badalamadhye teen spardhak punha phulavata yenyajogya gallit anwani payanni dhavtana disatat, sampoorn khelachya khelat, banji dorkhandala jodalelya tondat paee fektat, dusya maliket, yamule "garam saus" khelatil yadruchchik binduvar phulavata yenyajogya galichyavar padane adhik katheen hote jyamule mule ghasaratat aanee sarakatat jyamule aavhanachi adchan vadhate. malika 3 paryant haraleli mule anwani payanni tapkiri rangachya gongmadhye khalee sarakatil aanee tyanna tyatoon croll karave lagel.. nikelodiyanchya camp aurenjachya british aanee austreliyan aavrutyanmadhye dekhil aavhane aahet jyat bandukicha samna karane samavisht aahe. sampoorn pusanyachya vaishishtyanpramanech, splatalot (duchmadhye spaterslot) haah madhyayugeen sankalpanecha khel, hallekhorancha veg qamee karnyasathi aavhanatil yadruchchik bindunvar bachavkartyandvare hallekhoranvar golibar keela jaato. samm aanee marqa bigg fryday wind apane 2014 pasoon ganj khelanyas suruvat kelee aahe. yaa khelala rotation asey mhatale jaat hote aanee done kautumbik sanghanna samanya dnyanache prashna vicharale jaat hote, jevha eka ganj taakee otali jaat hotee, jarr tyanna prashna yogya vatala tarr teey firatat aanee eka prashnache uttar denyachi dusya kutumbachi paalee asate. bandukikhali asalela sangh jevha bharalela asato tevha tyachyavar golya zadalya jaatat. 2016 madhye, rotationchya jaagi splat inn daad boxes navachya aanakhi eka gange gemane badalale. done kautumbik gatanna samanya dnyanache prashna vicharale gele. yaa prashnache uttar denyasathi tyanni kitihi sekand ghetale taree teey chaukativaril handlever kitihi valane karatat. udaharanarth, jarr tyanni uttar denyasathi 3 sekand ghetale tarr tyanna crank 3 vela firvave lagel. jarr tyanna ekhada prashna chukicha padala kinwa vel sampala tarr tyanna jastit jaast 10 valane karavi lagtil. eka ganj rakshas peteet lapala hota aanee vishisht sankhyene valane petty ughadel aanee petisamor ubha asalela konatahi sangh bandukit marla jaeel. 7 toocha eka naveen gameshow hota jyamadhye ganj hota jyala flush mhanatat. mageel feritil parabhoot kheladu ganj tankmadhye gele aanee teey shomadhye jyala jambhalya rangachi ganj kinwa 'gaal' mhanatat, tyane tyanchyavar golya zadalya. 2 feiiah hotya, tyamule pratyek bhagamadhye 2 gungings hote, joparyant eka feryat barobari hott nahee, jenekarun tee fakt eka gunging hotee. prime time televisionchya babatit, kiman yuu. keey. madhye, ganjane sampoorn 19 yardchya aay. tii. vhee. 1 game shomadhye hajeri lavali aahe jithe done pardarshak golanmadhye ektar gulabi kinwa pivala ganj asato. anek sharirik aavhananpaiki eka aavhanacha samna kartana, spardhkala tyanchya rangachya golyachya talashi asalelya bhagachi chhanani karavi lagali, parinami golatil chavee parat midvanyasathi tyanchyavar aanee khalchya majalyavar gong padala, jyamule tyanna aavhan purn karata aale. mothya bhavachya vahini 5 aavruttimadhye (celebrity aanee samanya aavrutti donhi) vividh karyanmadhye aanee gharatil sadasyanna namankit karnyacha eka marg mhanoon ganj aahe. 2014chya nickelodian mulanchya nivad creeda puraskaranmadhye, paramparik hirvyaaivaji sonyachya chikhalane patal jhalelya football kheladu david bekhamala haah dantkatha puraskar denyat aala hota. pudhchya varshi haah puraskar midavanara baseball kheladu derek jetter hahee sonyachya rangane sliim jhaala hota. hii parampara 2016 madhye kobe bryant, 2017 madhye michael felps aanee 2018 madhye danica patricks suru rahili aahe. hii slimming keval tyachya adviteey sonyachya swarupasathich navhe tarr jyaa prachand fashionmadhye vyakti chikhalane jhakalelya aahet tyasathi dekhil ullekhaneey aahe.

gunn ganjalai sanyukta rajyama chininchha, wa slime jaslai sanyukta rajya america rar vishwaka adhikansh angreji bolne kshetraharuma chininchha, ek baklo, gui, tara rung rar custardko bichma katai sthirata bhaeko bagne padartha how. yo sansarbharika dherai warshaharuma dherai balbalikako karyakramma ek suwidha bhaeko chha rar khel karyakramharuka sathai anya karyakramharuma pani dekha pareko chha. jabki gunz prayaha televisionma dekha pardachha, yasalai paropkari, yuwa rar dharmik samuhaharuka lagi kosh sankalan garne upkaranko rupma pani prayog garna sakinchha. night club rar ramailo dinharuma gunz tankharu dekha pareka chhan. bibisidwara samarthit britis paropkari sanstha hasya rahat rar awashyak parne balbalikaharule vigatma kosh sankalanka lagi gunz prayog gareka chhan. yu maa.ess.slime kahilekaahin nikalodiyansanga sambandhit hunchha, yasako waripari ghumne dherai khel karyakramharu pani hunchhan, jastai "slime time laibh". yo wam wa splosing fetishko euta pramukh paksha pani how. rachana. televisionma wyapak rupma prayog hune gunz ek audyogik pouder gadha hydroxyethyl cellulose how, june wyapak rupma prayog hune jailing rar gadha garne agent how. vaikalpik rupma, anya wastuharu "gunz" kaa lagi prayog garna sakinchha, udaharanka lagi anda, sus, sathai anya ganda wastuharu. dherai awasthama, gunz tankyma gunz hunchha, gunz bhandaran rar chhodne madhyamko sath paradarshi booth. srota samagriharule supe rar steuma khana gadha garneko rupma prayog garne karan, rung pani gaira-vishakta bhae tapani, gunz prayaha khaan surakshit hunchha. ganjama prayog hune anya samagriharu obleck, makaiko starch rar paniko mishran, rar anya khadya yojak, janthan gama huna sakchha. canadali television shringkhala "tapain televisionma tyaso garna saknuhaunna" ko pratishthit hariyo slime durghatanabata wiksit garieko thiyo, nirmata roser mulyaka anusar-muel vichar euta sano ketama baandhieko khanako barrellai euta andherama janjirma baandhne thiyo, tara yasalai prayog garnu aghi, barrelko samagri moldle hariyo bhaeko thiyo. hanikarak mishran jey bhae pani jawan ketama fyaankieko thiyo, rar ratarat shringkhalako trademark gyag bhayo. soe pachhi chunai gelatin mithai pouder, pitho, otmill wa gahunko cream, beby sempu, rar kutira cheej (sabai ekai samayama awashyak chhaina) jasta samagriharu samawesh gardai vibhinna slime resipiharu marfat gayo. karyakramma (rar tyasapachhi nikalodianma), slimeko rachanalai najikbata surakshit gopya rupma liinthyo, rar kehi episodharu cast sadasyaharule slimeko sanrachana bujhna khojiraheka thie. az sansarbharika dherai television karyakramharuma gunz wa slime suwidhaharu chhan; tathapi, 2000 ko dashakdekhi dhyan mukhyadharaka karyakramharubata bachchaharu rar kishorkishoriharuko television karyakramharuma jastai nikalodiyanko "yasalai patta lagaunuhos" maa pariwartan bhaeko chha. nichlodean shoko lokapriyataka lagi dherai hadasamma dhanyawad, slime rar gunz samanyataya 1980 ko dashakdekhi uttari americama balbalikako karyakramsanga sambandhit chhan. televisionma yasako prayogka atirikta rar kosh sankalan garneko rupma, tankaharuma gunz kahilekaahin night clubharuma dekha pardachha. church samuha rar scouting andolanharu jasta yuwa samuhaharule pani "netaharu rar bachchaharulai goli hannah" bandukko prayog garchhan. televisionma ganko itihas. sann 1960 ko dashak. belayatma lokpriya bibisi karyakram "matra hoina... tara "kawiko kuna" bhanine samapan rekhachitra pani prastut gariyo jasma tyas haptako pahunalai pieter cook wiruddhako improvisional kawita pratiyogitama chunauti diinechha, doodly murle refreeko rupma kaam garnechan. pratyek pratiyogi "bibisi gunz" ko wargakar tankiko kunama rigg sitma baschhan june trigger garna sakinchha taaki tankyma basneharulai catalt garna sakinchha. refree saman kursima anya kunaharu madhye ekma baschhan. chunauti vishayavastubata dohorine, hichkichaune wa wichalanko kunai pani prayogle aparadhilai tankyma dhakelnechha. rekhachitra sadhain tankyma tinai wyaktitwaharu, chechama gahiro chhati rar kawita path garera samapta hunchha. 1970-1979. belayatko shanibar bihanko balbalikako karyakram "tiswas" ley prachur matrama ganjako awadharanako prayog prayog. custard paiharu rar panika baltiharu prastutkarta rar pahunaharumathi fyaankera awyawasthit thappad hasya sthapit garisakepachi, tiswaharule wayaska swayamsewakharulai pinjarema banda garne kaam gareka thie. pinjarabhitra ek patak, basindaharu samanyataya karyakramma aniyamit binduharuma paniko baltile bhijeka hunchhan. jahaan gunj sanlagna bhayo, pinjareko mathi raheko tinn snanko lagi dhanyawad thiyo. handleko madhyambata, yass tabalai namyauna sakinchha, yasako ganda samagriharu talka manisharuma chhodna sakinchha, jabki yasako custard pai hasyaka lagi prasidha chha, tiswaharuka lagi khanako balty rar manisharuma mato/ghodako mull khanyaunu asamanya hundaina. custard rar beck garieko binharu lokpriya wikalpaharu thie. 1980-1989. uttari americama, "tapain televisionma tyaso garna saknuhaunna", nikalodianma lokpriya euta canadian balbalikako karyakram, jaslai ek britis tivi nirmata, roser pricele vikas gareko thiyo, niyamit rupma yasaka patraharulai "slime" (samanyataya hariyo, tara kahilekaahin anya rangharuma) ko adhinma rakhchha, jab uniharule bhane, "malai thaha chhaina."yo karyakramko mukhya bhag banyo jahaan anya kalakarharule afna sathiharulai slim garaunaka lagi euta wakyansh bhanna protsahit garne prayas garthe. sann 1982 ko episodko euta slim drishya "yu cant du dutt unn television" pani sann 1987 ko film "ghatak akarshan" ko udghatanma prayog garieko thiyo, rar shringkhalaka sandarbhaharu mukhyadharako yuma prayog garieko chha.ess. television shringkhala "nyujarediyo" dekhi "pariwarik manchhe" samma. cult soko yo paksha pachhi nikalodiyanko slime logoma iconize bhayo, tyasapachhiko khel karyakramharu jastai "double dayer", tapain key garnuhunchha?"," yasalai patta lagaunuhos ", rar" brangers "mato, anuharma paiharu, rar anya prakarka mesharu, rar laibh karyakramharu jasma sahabhagiharu (celebratiharu sahit, vishesh gari warshik bachchaharuko chhanauta puraskarharuma) prastawa garinechha. sann 1980 ko dashakko uttarardhama, nichlodean rar yasako canadali samakaksh, waitibhile lekhan pratiyogitaharu pani ayojana gare jasma grand puraskar otawa, ontarioma sett garieko "waisiditotbhi" ko yatra thiyo. nikalodiyanko slime shoko lokapriyatale alpakalin 1988 syndicated game show "slime time" (nikalodiyanko pachhillo "slime time laibh" sanga kunai sambandha chhaina) jasta nakkalkartaharulai janma diyo, jasma schoolka shikshakharu hariyo gunjako sikar thie. ukta gunging paramparako sabaibhanda prasidha udaharanharu sann 1987 maa pahilo bachchaharuko chhanauta puraskarharusanga khulchha. belayat rar europema, sann 1980 ko dashakko suruma, balbalikako gunz-adharit khel karyakramharu samanya thie. vishesh gari "tapainle kasari himmat garnubhayo!" jasta karyakramharu"itvma rar bibisima" kracker jack "ley aaundo dashaka lagi shoharuma gunzing tatwa prastut garieko sunishchit garyo. tapainko kati himmat bhayo!", euta mukhya khel 'uniharulai path sikaunuhos' thiyo, jahaan balbalikaharule ghunda gahiro bharieko gunz tanky mathi basera afna shikshak wa afna schoolka pratinidhilai ganjama dubaune awasar pae. yass khelpachhi shikshakharulai kahilekaahin soka prastota madhye ekle uniharuko parchabata rar gunz tankyma khasalthe. kracker jack" maa, dui saptahik celebratiharu, ek purush rar ek mahila, afno ball pratiyogika lagi anka jitne prayas garna "tech aha chance" bhanine ganjama adharit khelma host stu francissanga pratispardha garnechan. prashnaharuko sahi jawaf dina asafal bhaema francis rar/wa celebrati pahunalai ganjama dhakinechha. thap rupma, kahilekaahin vijetalai afno pratidwandimathi hansnaka lagi sajayako rupma goli hanne garinchha, vishesh gari yadi yo francis thiyo bhane. pachhi sann 1980 ko dashakma, bibisile yues shaili dhanchama adharit "double dayer" suru garyo, tara yasako yu bhanda dherai dhilaipurna.ess. samakaksh. sathai, gunj itvma "game ferr aha hasaune" rar bibisima "noelko shanibar roadso" jasta mukhyadharaka karyakramharuma dekha parna thalyo. yuropka anya deshharuma pani mukhyadharaka karyakramharuma gunz tatwaharu huna thale. "ek, doses, trace... spenma "responda otra ways" maa prayaha pratiyogiharule ekarkalai bandukko balty fyaankne garthe. germanyko television karyakram "donorlippchen" maa pani dherai awyawasthit khelharu thie; karyakramko charmotkarsha bhaneko toliko upayukta maliklai dunk tankyma dubaunu rar pratyek tolika sadasyaharuko baksar certko jodibhitra custard khanyaunu thiyo. newzealandka balbalikako karyakram "whatt nau" ley sann 1981 maa yasako suruwat bhaedekhi warshaundekhi gunz prayog gardai aeko chha. sann 2015 samma yo karyakram ajhai pani channel 2 maa pratyek aitbar bihan 8 baje dekhi prasaran bhairaheko chha. gunz prayog garera karyakramko vibhinna khandaharuma atangkako tanky, bhagda gunz, flus garieko, bagma bhyaguta rar brain friz samawesh chhan. 1990-1999. noelko house party" maa, television karyakramma kuna celebratiharulai gunz tankyma goli hanne chha bhanera nirdharan garna janatale prayaha matadan gare. pachhilla warshaharuma, gunz tanky gunz train banyo, rar celebratiharulai railma sawari garna badhya parieko thiyo rar uniharuko yatrabhari ganjale dhakieko thiyo. celebratiharu samanyataya afno suit wa luga barbad garera farke rar aparichit anuharharu samana garchhan. kahilekaahin pariwarka sadasya wa sathiharule badala line karanle karyakramma darshak sadasyaharulai goli hanthe. gungingko prakriyasanga jodieko manoranjan karaklai paropkari karyakram "hasya rahat" kaa nirmataharule mahasus gare, jasle rashtriya pradarshani kendra, berminghamma ginij vishwa recordko sahayogma ek karyakram ayojana gare, jahaan 12 march 1999 maa ekaisath sabaibhanda dherai manisharulai goli hanera record banaune prayas gariyo. yuropbharika television nirmataharule darshakharuma yasako lokapriyataka karan mukhyadharaka television karyakramharuma thap gunz khandaharu fitt garna adesh diiraheka thie. germanyma, sat.1, hally gally, glooksriter (rtl), glookspirel, sathai nhp-gotschalkko house-partyko german sanskaran, sabaima ganjako uccha khurak samawesh thiyo. holly gallile darshaka sadasyaharulai afno sitbata bahira nikaldai euta gunz slide rar pokharima pathae. tyastai gari, gluxspirail unn suesa, gluxritor rtl rar rache east suesa suesa, ley pratiyogiharulai darshakharubata bahira nikalchha rar sabaibhanda shandar tarikama banduk lagaunchha. sann 1990 ko dashakko antyatira, "noelko house party" ko antya rar anya europeli karyakramharuka lagi ghatiraheko darshakharuko tathyankasangai, dherai mukhyadharaka karyakramharuma gunz khanda misine thalyo. sann 1990 ko dashakbhari, gunj dherai balbalikako television karyakramharuma ek kendrabindu banyo. kishore rar celebrati pahunaharu prayaha "laibh anned kick" maa kwijma pratispardha gareko dekhinchha, rar yadi tiniharu harema goli hanio. yass karyakramma lea ryan, bayne addams, ketty hill, leslie water, catherine merry, heather sutti rar victoria huckins jasta celebratiharulai goli hanio. anya dherai karyakramharule gunz prayog gare-"ramailo ghar", "afnai firta linuhos", "jokhim chalaunuhos" rar "dohoro sahas". sann 1997 dekhi 2003 samma, oh oh namak canadali karyakram!yo, june otibhima chalyo, yasama ek danda pranali prastut garieko thiyo jasma sahbhagilai almariko akarko kothabhitra janchha rar yadi uniharuko sathile prashnako sahi jawaf dina saksham bhaena bhane hariyo bandukle tiniharuma khasalieko hunchha. 2000-2009. augustko samayama mukhyadharaka television karyakramharuma, pall o 'grady karyakram, mahm ek celebrity hun jasta karyakramharuma gunz prayog garieko thiyo...malai yahanbata bahira nikalnuhos!, rar "bhitra bahira". sann 2010-wartaman. sann 2010 maa belayatma balbalikako televisionma ganjako pradarshan jaari chha rar 2000 ko dashakko uttarardhako prawritti jaari chha, yo ek patakko rupma hoina. gemasho chhodne 101 tarikaharule yasalai yasako bonus roundma prayog gareko chha. hostle aniyamit naam chhanchha rar usale galat sodhne prashna prapta garne pahilo wyakti pipema tall jharchha rar goli chalcha. tulasika bachchaharuko swap pasalle gunz gallerylai ghataera firta garyo tara gold rus namak paschimi wishayawastuko sath nayan khel prastut garyo. yass khelma, aghillo khel (dunk bedd) kaa dui vijeta toliharule mine shaftma sett garieko khelma bhag linchhan jahaan lukeka tubeharuma balty tipera taral slajle tubeharu bharne uddeshya chha (tyasaile bachchaharulai thaha chhaina ko jitdaichha). antyama charjana bachchaharule ahile compan bhairaheko khaniko khandama dhakeka hunchhan. vijeta tolile tyasapachhi swarna (pahenlo gunz) prapta gardacha jabki harney tolly suruma khairo kichadma dhakieko thiyo tara pachhi episodharuma tiniharu sukkha rahanchha. newzealand kids televisionma, jasle ab nayan gangi khel bigg breakfast rar splat gufa prastut garyo. fay fi foe yumsanga euta chunauti chha jasma duijana balbalika afna tolika sathiharuka lagi akshar/number wa anya wastuharu sankalan garna nange khutta ganjako katorima janchhan. antim khelle gunz balko pani prayog gardacha, jahaan antim bhagma uniharuko bandi tolika sathiharulai mukta garna pulma hindnu rar ramp mathi chadhnu samawesh hunchha. sann 2014 maa, kehi nayan khelharu jastai yuz yaa head, target yaa teacher rar sanah balharu ahile kema thapie. thap rupma, bhayanak itihasbata spin-aff, gunz samawesh bhaeko sharirik chunauti samawesh thiyo. kwijma raheka tinjana balbalika nange khutta futeko euta fulne "pu" sankalan gardai arko chheuma afno tankyma jamma gardai chhan. inflatableko mathi tinawata containerharu chhan-inflatableko pratyek lenka lagi euta, bhandaran gunz june khelko binduharuma jaari garinchha. yass chunautiko bhinnatale tinn pratiyogiharulai feri inflatable lenma nange khutta daudiraheko dekhcha, sabai khelko khelma, bengi cordma jodieko mukhma paiharu fyaanknuhos, dosro shrinkhalama, yasale "garam sus" ko thap kathinai chha. shringkhala 3 kaa anusar haraune bachchaharu nange khutta khairo ganjako bhattama tall jharchhan rar tyasabata ladnuparchha.. nikalodiyanko camp suntalako britis rar astrelian sanskaranharuma pani chunautiharu chhan jasma goli haninu samawesh chha. splatlot (douch spaterslotma), ek madhyayugin vishayavastu khel karyakram, kull whipeout suwidhaharu jastai gunz/slimelai akramankariharulai susta parney madhyamko rupma chunautiharuma aniyamit binduharuma rakshakharule akramankariharuma fire garchhan. saam rar mark bigg fryday wind apale sann 2014 dekhi ganjako suwidha dina thaleko chha. khellai rotation bhaninthyo rar dui pariwarik toliharulai samanya gyan prashnaharu sodhieko thiyo jab gunz tanky khanyairaheko thiyo, yadi uniharule prashna sahi pae bhane tiniharu ghumaunchhan rar yo arko pariwarko prashnako jawaf dine barry how. gunz muni raheko tolly jab bharincha goli chalcha. sann 2016 maa, rotationlai arko gangi kheldwara pratisthapan garieko thiyo jaslai splat inn da bucks bhaninchha. dui pariwarik toliharulai samanya gyanka prashnaharu sodhieko thiyo. yadyapi uniharule prashnako jawaf dina dherai secondharu lie tapani tiniharule buxma handlema dherai modharu garchhan. udaharanka lagi yadi uniharule jawaf dina 3 second lie bhane uniharule kranklai 3 patak ghumaunu parnecha. yadi uniharule kunai prashna galat pae wa samaya sakie bhane uniharule adhikatam 10 wata modharu garnuparnecha. euta gunz rakshas buxma lukeko thiyo rar nishchit sankhyama modharule bucks kholchha rar buxko agadi ubhieko tolly bandukma parchha. 7 tusanga flus namak ganjako sath nayan gemasho thiyo. aghillo roundka hareka kheladiharu gunz tankyma gae rar karyakramma baijani gunz wa "sluz" ley goli hanera marie. tyahan 2 roundharu thie tyasaile pratyek episodema 2 gungingharu thie jabasamma kii ek roundma tye bhaena taaki yo kewal ek gunging thiyo. prime time televisionko sandarbhama, belayatma kamtima, ganjale itv 1 khelma dekha pareko chha june sampurna 19 gajko khel how jahaan dui paradarshi kshetraharuma gulabi wa pahenlo gunz samawesh chha. dherai sharirik chunautiharu madhye ekma, ek pratiyogile afno rangko golako taltira screw hataunuparyo jasko parinamswarup golama euta chabi punah prapta garna gunz tiniharuma rar talko bhuinma khascha, jasle uniharulai chunauti pura garna anumati diyo. channel 5 sanskaranko thula bhai (dubai celebrity rar samanya sanskaran) ley vibhinna karyaharuma rar gharka sadasyaharulai namangkan garne tarikako rupma gunz prastut gardacha. sann 2014 ko nichlodean kids chwaisa sports awardma, ligyand award football kheladi devid bekhamlai diieko thiyo, jo paramparagat hariyoko satta sunko slimele patlo thiyo. arko warsha puraskar prapta garne baseball kheladi derek jetarlai pani sunaulo rangle patlo parieko thiyo. yo parampara sann 2016 maa kobe bryant, sann 2017 maa micheal felps rar sann 2018 maa denica patricksanga jaari chha. yo slimming yasako adwitiya sunko rupka lagi matra hoina, tara wyaktiharu slimele dhakieko bhari fessionka lagi ullekhaniya chha.

ganj ganj, jaahaa juktarajyare janashuna, kimba luha, jaahaa juktarastra america ebong biswara adhikansha ingraji bhashi anchalare janashuna, eka mota, guo, tathapi prabahita padartha jaahaa ranga ebong custard madhyare keunthi sthirata sahita . ehaa saaraa bisware aneka barsha dhari aneka shishu karjyakramare eka baisistya hoi rahichhi ebong game shoe sahita anyanya programingre upasthita hoichhi . ganj mukhyatah telivijanare dekhajaithiba bele, ehaaku databya sanstha, jubaka ebong dharmika gosthi paain panthi sangraha upakarana bhabare madhya byabahara karajaipariba . night club ebong mazadar dinare ganj tyank dekhajaithae . british databya sanstha kamika releaf ebong aabasyaka karuthiba pilamane, bibisi dwara samarthita, ateetare panthi sangraha paain ganj byabahara karichanti . jayu. ray.ess., khyara belebele nichelodian sahita jadita, epariki ehara charipakhare aneka khela shoe ghoori buluchhi, jepariki "slime time live" . ehaa madhya waam kimba splosing fetisher eka pramukh diga . rachna. telivijanare byapaka bhabare byabahruta ganja heuchhi eka shilpa pouder jadner hydroxyethyl cellulose, eka byapaka bhabare byabahruta jailing ebong mota agent . bikalpa bhabare, anya samagreegudika "ganj" paain byabahruta hoipare, udaharana swaroopa anda, sus, ebong anyanya agochara samagri . aneka khetrare, ganj tyankare ganj hoithae, eka swacha booth jaahaa ganj sanrakhyana ebong mukta karibara eka madhyama . suup ebong styure khadya ghana kariba paain utsa upadan byabahara hetu, ganj khaiba paain prajatah nirapada, jadi ranga madhya bishakta nuhen . ganjare byabahruta anya upadanagudika heuchhi obleck, eka cornstarch ebong jalara mishran, ebong anya eka khadya jojaka, janthan gama . nirmata roser mulya anujai, canadia television dharabahika "jayu cann dutt dutt aun television" rahr iconic sabuja luha durghatanajanita bhabe bikashita hoithila-moola uddeshya thila eka chhot balaka upare eka barrell abasista khadyaku eka andhakoopare bandha hoi pakaiba, kintu ehaaku byabahara kariba purbaru, byarelara bishajabastu sabujima rangare parinata hoijaithila. khyatikaraka mishranati chhot pila upare jaai padijaithila, ebong ratarati ehi shrunkhalara trademark banda hoijaithila. parabarti samajare ehi shoe 'ray bibhinna prakarara slime recipe dekhibaku milithila, jeunthire choon gelatin mistanna pouder, ataa, otamil kimba gahmar cream, bebi sampu ebong epariki kuteera panira (samasta eka samajare aabasyaka nuhen) bhali upadan samil thila. shoe 'ray (ebong parabarti samajare nichelodian ray), luhar rachanaku eka nibida bhabare surakhita gupta bhabare bibechana karajaithila, ebong kichhi episode luhar gathanaku chinhat karibaku chesta karuthiba cast sadasyanka charipakhare ghuri buluthila . aaji saaraa bisware aneka television shoe 'ray ganj kimba slime fitcher; tathapi, 2000 dashakaru dhyana mukhyadharara shoe' ru pilamananka ebong kishoranka television programaku badalichi jepariki nikelodijanka "figure eat out" . nichelodian shoe 'rahr lokaprijata paain mukhyatah dhanyabada, 1980 dashakaru uttara aamerikare sadharanatah shishu karjyakram sahita slime ebong ganj jadita . telivijanare ebong eka panthi sangrahakaree bhabare ehara byabahara byatita, tyankare ganj belebele night klabare dekhajaithae . church gosthi ebong skautinga andolana bhali juba gosthi madhya "netamananku guli kariba" tatha pilamananka upare guli chalaiba paain ganj byabahara karithanti. telivijanare ganj rahr itihas. 1960 dashaka. britenare lokpriya bibisi shoe "kebala nuhen ..... kintu ethire 'kabinka karnara' namaka eka samapan sketch madhya pradarshita hoithila jeunthire sehi saptahara atithinku pieter kukanka birodhare eka improvisional kabita pratijogita paain challenge karajiba, jeunthire doodly murr referee bhabare karjya karibe . pratyeka pratijogee "bibisi ganj" rahr eka bargakara tyankara konare eka rigad sitare basibe jaahaa trigger hoipariba jaahaa tyankare thiba byaktinku tyakire bhartti kariba . referee anya eka konare samaana chejarare basibe . challenge thimaru punarabrutti, dwidha kimba bichyutira kaunasi byabahara aparadhinku tyanka bhitaraku theli deba. ehi rekhachitra sarbada tinijana byaktitwanka sahita tankire shesh hoithila, chhatire gabhira kalanka ebong kabita paath . 1970-1979. britten shanibara sakalara shishu karjyakram "tiswas" prachur parimanare ganj dharana byabahara karithila . purbaru prastutakartta ebong atithimananka upare custad paai ebong balty paani phingiba madhyamare ganda slapstick hasya srusti curry, tiswas bayaska swechasebeemananku eka pinjarre banda curry deithile. thare pinjara bhitaraku prabesha kariba parey, adhibasimane sadharanatah shoe 'rahr jadruchhika sthanare balty panire bhiji jaithanti. jeunthare ganj jadita hoithila, pinjar upare thiba tinn snan paain dhanyabada . eka handle madhyamare, ehi tub ku namaniah karajai pariba, ehara ganda samagreeku tale thiba lokanka upare pakaipariba, jadio ehara custard paai hasya paain prasidha, tiswamananka paain khadya balty ebong anukaran kadua/ghoda saara lokanka upare dhaliba aswabhabika heba naahin . custard ebong bekad bins lokpriya pasanda thila . 1980-1989. uttara aamerikare, "apana telivijanare taaha kariparibe naahin", nichelodian upare lokpriya eka canadia shishu shoe, jane british tibhi nirmata dwara bikashita, roser prices, nijamita bhabare ehara charitragudiku "slime" (sadharanatah sabuja, kintu belebele anya rangare) ku bashabarti kare, sadharanatah jetebele semane kuhanti, "mun jaane naahin."ehaa shoe 'rahr eka mukhya ansha palatigala jeunthare anya abhinetamane semananka sathimananku eka bakyansha kahibaku utsahita karibaku chesta karibe jaahaa semananku slim kariba . apana telivijanare taaha kariparibe naahin" rahr 1982 adhyajara eka patala drushya 1987 chalachitra "maratmaka akarshana" rahr udaghaataneere madhya byabahruta hoithila, ebong ehi sirij bishajare sandarbha mukhyadharara jayu ray byabahruta hoichhi .ess. nyuj redio" ru arambha curry "paribarika byakti" parjyanta television sirij . coult shoe 'rahr ehi diga parey nikelodijanka slime logore icon hoithila, parabarti game shoe jepariki "double deyar", apana qa' naa karibe?"," ehaaku bahara karantu ", ebong" brancers "luha, muhanre paai, ebong anyanya prakarara gandagola, ebong laiva event jeunthire anshagrahanakareemananku (celebritinka sameth, bisesh curry barshika pilamananka pasanda puraskarare) slim kimba sarbasadharanare apamanita hebara sujoga diajiba . 1980 dashkar shesh bhagare, nichelodian ebong ehara canadia pratipakhya, wai. tii. bhi., epariki lekhalekhi pratijogita ayojan karithile jeunthire grand puraskarati thila atowa, ontariore sett hoithiba "wai. sii. dii. tii. bhi" ku eka jatra, jaahaaku sliming karibaku thila . nikelodijanara slime shoe 'rahr lokaprijata swalpakaleena 1988 syndicated game shoe' slime time '(nikelodijanara parabarti "slime time live" sahita kaunasi samparka naahin) pari anukaranakaree srusti karithila, jeunthire skula shikhyakamane sabuja gangingra shikara hoithile . ukta ganging paramparar sabutharu prasidha udaharana 1987 ray pratham shishu pasanda puraskara sahita arambha hue . britten ebong juropare, 1980 dashkar prarambhare, pilamananka ganj-aadharita game shoe sadharana thila . bisesh curry "kete sahasa helah!" bhali caryacrumman"aai. tii. bhi. ray ebong bbsira" "krakarajak" "nischita karithila je agami dashandhi paain shoe 'ray ganging upadan pradarshita heba. tumara kete sahasa!", eka mukhya khela thila 'semananku eka paath shikhantu', jeunthare pilamane aanthure bhartti ganja tyanka upare basithibabele semananka sikhyaka kimba semananka schooler pratinidhinku ganjare budaibara sujoga paithile. ehi khela parey shikhyakamananku belebele shoe 'rahr jane upasthapaka semananka purch ebong ganja tyankare dhakka deithile. krakarajak" ray, dui saptahika celebrity, jane purush ebong jane mahila, semananka shishu pratijogeenka paain point jitibaku chesta karibaku "tech aii chance" namaka eka ganj aadharita game ray host stu fransisnka bipakhyare pratidwandita karibe . sathik uttara debare biphal hele francis ebong/kimba celebrity atithinku ganjare aachadita karajiba . ehaa byatita, belebele bijetanku semananka pratidwandinku hasiba paain danda nadei guli curry hatya karajauthila, bisesh curry jadi ehaa francis thila . parey 1980 dashakare, bibisi jayu. ess. style formatt upare aadharita "double deyar" arambha karithila, kintu ehara jayu tulanare bahuta dhila .ess. pratipakhya. ehaa byatita, gunj aai. tii. bhi. ray "game pharr aii hus" ebong bibisire "noelra shanibara road soe" pari mukhyadharara shoe 'ray dekhajibaku arambha karithile. yuropara anya deshagudikare madhya mukhyadharara shoe 'ray ganj upadan rahiba arambha hoithila. "u, dos, trace..... spainer twere 'responda otra bhej' ray pratijogeemane prajatah paraspara upare balty off ganj phinguthile. germanyra eka television shoe "donorlippen" ray madhya aneka ganda khela thila; shoe 'rahr climax thila dalara upajukta basnku eka danka tyankare danka kariba ebong pratyeka dalara sadasyanka jodi baksar certs bhitare custard dhalideba . 1981 masihare arambha heba paratharu, nyujilandara shishu karjyakram 'what nao "barsha barsha dhari ganj byabahara kariasuchhi. 2015 masiha suddha, ehi karjyakram ebe madhya pratyeka rabibara sakaala 8taaru channell 2ray prasarita heuchhi. ganj byabahara curry shoe 'rahr bibhinna bibhaga madhyare rahichhi, aatankabada tyank, palajana karuthiba ganj, flus off, bugg ray benga ebong brain friz . 1990-1999. noel 'saas house party" ray, television shoe' ray keun celebritymananku ganja tyankare guli karajiba taaha sthira karibaku lokamane prajatah bhot deithile. parabarti barshagudikare, ganja tankati ganja trainre parinata hoithila, ebong celebritymane trainre jatra karibaku badhya hoithile ebong semanankara jatra samajare ganjare aachadita hoithile . celebritymane sadharanatah semananka suit kimba poshaka nust curry pherithile ebong aparichita muhnra sammukheen hoithile. belebele shoe 'ray darshaka sadasyamananku paribara sadasya kimba bandhunka dwara pratisodha neba karanaru guli karajaithila. gunjur prakriya sahita jadita manoranjan karakaku databya karjyakram "kamika releaf" rahr nirmatamane anubhaba karithile, jeunmane barmingahamara jatiah pradarshani kendrare ginija biswa record sahajogare eka karjyakram ayojan karithile, jeunthare 12 march 1999 ray ekakaleena sarbadhika lokanka paain eka record sthapana karibaku prayasa karajaithila . 731 lokanka upare 184 gallon ganja chhindi hoithila . samagra juropare television nirmata darshakanka madhyare ehara lokaprijata hetu mukhyadharara television shore adhika ganj segamentaku fitt karibaku nirdesh deuthile . germanyre, sat.1, haali gaali, glooksriter (rtl), glookspirail, ebong enn. etch. pii.-gotsachaknka hus-partyra german sanskarana, samaste uccha matrare ganj antarbhukta karithile. halli gaali darshaka sadasyamananku semananka sitaru bahara curry eka ganj slide ebong eka pool bhitaraku pathaithile . sehipari, gloxspirail aun saat1, gloxritor artl ebong raache ista sus saat1 ray pratijogeemane darshakanka thaaru bahara curry deithile ebong sabutharu chamatkara upaajare guli chalaithile. 1990 dashkar shesh aadaku, "noel 'saas houses party" rahr anta ebong anya europeah shoe paain darshakanka sankhya hrass paiba sahita, aneka mukhyadharara shore ganj bibhaga mlan hebaku lagila . 1990 dashakare, ganj aneka shishu television shoe 'ray eka kendrabindu biseshatwa hoigala . kishore ebong celebrity atithimane prajatah "live ebong kick" upare kuijare pratidwandita karuthiba dekhibaku milithae, ebong jadi semane haari jaanti tebe semananku guli curry hatya karajae . ehi shoe 'ray ly rayan, bayne adams, kaati hill, lesale waters, catherine merry, heather suity ebong victoria hakinsanku guli karajaithila. anya aneka shoe 'ray ganj byabahruta hoithila-"fann houses", "nijaswa ferasta niantu", "risk runn karantu" ebong "double dier" . 1997 ru 2003 parjyanta, eka canadia shoe " uha oh!, jaahaa wai. tii. bhi. ray chalithila, ethire eka danda byabastha thila jeunthire anshagrahanakaree eka almari akarara kothari bhitaraku jaithile ebong jadi semananka saathee prashnara sathik uttara debare sakhyama hoinathile tebe semananka upare sabuja rangara guli phingithile. 2000-2009. agts samajare mukhyadharara television karjyakramare, pull oh 'grady shoe', aai emm aii celebrity pari shoe 'ray ganj byabahruta hoithila .....mote etharu bahara karidia., ebong "bhitararu baharijae. 2010-bartamana. 2010 masihare brittener pilamananka tibhire ganj pradarshan jaari rahichhi ebong 2000 dashkar sheshardhare ehi dhaara jaari rahichhi, jetiki purbaru nathila. eka gemsho chhadibara 101tii upaiah ehaaku ehara bonus roundre byabahara karichhi. atitheah eka jadruchhika naama bachanti ebong shay bhul pacharuthiba prashnaku pratham byakti pipe talaku olhai dianti ebong guli chalana karanti . tulsi sisunka adalabadala dokanati ganj galleryku baada dei pherithila kintu gold rush namaka eka paschatya bishajabastu sahita eka nutan khela prabartana karithila . ehi khelare, purba khelara dui bijai dala (danka shajya) eka mine shaftre sett hoithiba khelare anshagrahana karanti jeunthare uddeshya heuchhi balty sahita balty tipp curry tarala kadua sahita tube purana kariba jaahaa luchai achhi tube (tenu pilamane jananti naahin kie jituchhi) . sheshare charijana pila ebe kampita heuthiba khani chaparare aachadana karanti . ehapare bijai dala swarna (haladia ganj) grahan karuthibabele parajit dala prathame badami kaduare aachadita hoithila, kintu parabarti samajare segudika shukhila rahe . nyujilandara shishu telivijanare, jaahaa bartamana eka nutan gange khela bigg breakfast ebong splat gumpha prabartana karichhi . phee phi phoe yum pakhare eka challenge achhi jeunthire dui john pila khaali paadare eka baati ganj bhitaraku jaai semananka saathee khelalinka paain akhyara/sankhya kimba anyanya jinish sangraha karanti . antim myachare ganj bole madhya byabahara karajaithae, jeunthare shesh bhagare semananka bandi sathimananku mukta kariba paain pool bhitare chaliba ebong eka ramp uparaku jiba antarbhukta . 2014 ray, yuz jaa head, target jaa teacher ebong chhot bull pari kichhi nutan khela bartamana jaahaa joga karajaithila . ehaa byatita, bhajankara itihasaru spin-off, ganja sahita jadita eka sharirika challenge antarbhukta . quizer tini john pila khaali paadare eka sfeeta sangraha "poo" upare dauduchhanti ebong anya parsware semananka tyankare jamaa karuchanti . sfeeta karana upare tinoti container rahichhi-sphitakaranajogya ganjra pratyeka leena paain gotie, jaahaa khelara paentare chhadi diajae . ehi challenger eka paribartana dekhuchhi je tini pratijogee puni eka sfeeta lenare khaali paadare dauduchhanti, eka sampurna khela khelare, eka bangee kardare sanlagna patire paai phingidianti, dwiteeja sirijare, ethire "garam sus" rahr atirikta asubidha achhi khelara eka jadruchhika bindure sfeeta upare padiba phalare pilamane khasijanti ebong khasijanti ehipari challenger asubidha brudhi kare . sirij 3 anujai, harithiba pilamane khaali paadare eka slide talaku badami ganj bhyat bhitaraku jaanti ebong ehaa madhyadei crall karibaku padiba ... nikelodijanka camp arenjra british ebong astreliah sanskaranare madhya awhanman rahichhi jeunthire guli chalana antarbhukta. splatalot (douch spatersault ray), eka madhyajugeeja thim game shoe, mote wipeout baisistya pari ganj/slime aakramanakareenku manthara karibara eka madhyama bhabare chyalenjare jadruchhika paentare defendermananka dwara aakramanakareenka upare guli chalana karajae . saam ebong marck bigg fryday windup 2014 masiharu ganj pradarshan kariba arambha karichhi . ehi khelaku rotation kuhajauthila ebong duiti paribarika dalaku sadharana gyaana prashna pacharajaithila jetebele eka ganj tyank bhartti karajauchhi, jadi semane prashna sathik paanti tebe semane ghurithanti ebong eka prashnara uttara deba paain anya paribarara paali . jeun dala ganj tale thaae jetebele ehaa purna thaae guli hoijae . 2016 ray, ghurnanaku splat inn daa bucks namaka anya eka ganji khela dwara pratisthapita karajaithila . duiti paribarika dalaku sadharana gyaana prashna pacharajaithila. ehi prashnara uttara debaku semane kete second samai nele madhya, baxre thiba handelare semane kete thara paali karanti. udaharana swaroopa, jadi semane uttara deba paain 3 second samai nianti, tebe semananku 3 thara kryankaku ghunchaibaku padiba. jadi semane kaunasi prashna bhulare pacharuchanti kimba samai shesh hoijae, tebe semananku sarbadhika 10tii mode nebaku padiba, jaahaa heuchhi eka ganj rakhyas baxre luchi rahithila ebong eka nirdista sankhyaka mode buxku kholiba ebong bucks sammukhare jeun dala thia hoichhi, semane gulimada hebe. 7 tuu 'nka pakhare flused namaka ganj sahita eka nutan gemsho thila . purba roundre parajitamane eka ganja tyanka bhitaraku jaithile ebong shoe 'ray semane ehaaku baiganee ganj kimba "sluz" bolly kahuthibaru gulimada karithile. sethare 2 round thila tenu pratyeka episode 2 gunging thila jadi gotie roundre tye naah hue jaahaa dwara ehaa kebala gotie gunging thila . prime time television drustiru, britenare, atikamre, ganj aitibhi1 game shoe 'ray samagra 19 gajare upasthita hoichhi jeunthare duiti swacha golaka golapi kimba haladia ganj dhaaran karichhi . aneka sharirika aahwana madhyaru gotiere, jane pratijogeenku semananka rangara golkar talabhagaku screw bahara karibaku padithila jahaphalare golakare eka chaabi punaruddhara kariba paain ganj semananka upare ebong tala floorare padithila, jaahaa semananku chyalenjaku sampurna karibaku anumathi deithila . bigg bradara channell 5 sanskarana (ubhaja celebrity ebong sadharana sanskarana) bibhinna karjyare ebong housematemananku manoneet karibara eka upaiah bhabare ganj pradarshita kare . 2014 nichelodian sisunka pasanda krida puraskarare, kimbadanti puraskara football khelali devida bekhamanku diajaithila, jieki paramparika sabuja paribarte suna luhare slim hoithile . parabarti barsha ehi puraskara paithiba baseball khelali derek jetter madhya eka subarna rangare slim hoithile. ehi parampra 2016 ray kobe bryant, 2017 ray michael felps ebong 2018 ray danika patrick sahita jaari rahichhi . ehi sliming kebala ehara ananya suna roop paain nuhen, barang atyadhika fashion paain ullekhaneeah jeunthire byaktimane luhare aachadita .

banduk ganj jiven kii iss noon united kingdom witch janhiaa jaanda haii, jaan mailam jiven kii ih sanyukat raaj amrica atey dunia dey ziaadaatar angrezi bolann vaale khetran witch janhiaa jaanda haii, ikk sanghani, gooee, parr firr vee vahindi cheez haii jiss witch pent atey custard dey vichkaar kitey iksarta haii. ih dunia bharr witch kaee saalan toon bacchiaan dey bahut saare programan witch ikk visheshta rahee haii atey game shoa dey naal-naal horr programan witch vee dikhai ditti haii. jadon kii ganj ziaadaatar television utte dikhai dinda haii, iss noon charity, naujwanan atey dharmik samoohan laee fund ikkatha curran dey saadhan vajon vee vartiaa jaa sakda haii. night kalabban atey mazedar dinan witch ganj taink dikhai ditte hunn. british charities kamik raahat atey zaruratmand bacchiaan neey, bee. bee. see. duaara samarthit, ateet witch fund ikkatha curran laee ganj dee varton keeti haii. yuu witch.aiss., malime kaee vaar niclodian naal judiaa hunda haii, ithon takk kii iss dey duaale ghumde hoye kaee game shoa vee hunde hunn, jiven kii "malime time live". ih vaim jaan sploshing fattis daa ikk mukkh pahilu vee haii. rachna. ganj joe television utte viaapak taur utte varti jaandi haii, ikk udyogik pounder gaadha curran vaala hydroxythyl cellulose haii, joe ikk viaapak taur utte vartiaa jaanh vaala jailing atey gaadha curran vaala agent haii. vikalpik taur utte, horr cheezan dee varton "ganj" laee keeti jaa sakadi haii, udaharan vajon andey, chutney dey naal-naal horr gandee cheezan. bahut saare mamlian witch, ganjing ikk ganj taink witch hundi haii, ikk pardarshi booth jiss witch ganj noon store curran atey chaddan daa saadhan hunda haii. soop atey stuu witch bhojan noon mota curran laee varte jaanh vaale sarot tattan dey caarn, ganj aksar khaann laee surakhiat hunda haii, basharte rung vee gair-zahirila howay. ganj witch vartiaan jaanh valiaan horr samaggariaan oblack, makki dey starch atey paanee daa mishran, atey zenthan gamm, ikk horr bhojan editive hoow sakdiaan hunn. canadian television seereez dee pratishathit hurry mail "tusin television utte ih naheen qarr sakde" noon utpadak rojar dee keemat dey anusar, durghatna naal vikast keeta giaa see-asal vichaar ikk chhote munde utte bache hoye bhojan dee ikk bairal noon ikk kalkosh witch bnnh keey suttna see, parr iss toon pahilan kii iss dee varton keeti jaa sake, bairal dee samaggari ulli naal hurry hoow gaee see. honeycarc mishran noon vaise vee naujwan munde utte sutt ditta giaa see, atey raato raat luddy daa aapna trademark gaig hoow giaa see. shoa baad witch kaee vakkh-vakkh gandey pakwanan vicchon langhiaa jiss witch choone gelatin mithai paudar, aataa, otmeal jaan kanak dee kareem, bebi shampo atey ithon takk kii cottage panir (zaruri naheen kii saare ikko samein) shamal honn. shoa witch (atey baad witch uss samein toon niclaudian utte), gandey dee rachna noon ikk nediyon surakhiat gupat manniaa giaa see, atey kujh episode cast memberan dey duaale ghumde sunn joe gandey dee rachna noon samjhan dee koshish karde sunn. ajj dunia bharr dey bahut saare television shoa witch ganj jaan malime feature hunn; halanki, 2000 dey dahake toon dhiaan mukkh dhaara dey shoa toon bacchiaan atey kishoran dey television programan jiven kii niclodian dey "iss noon labbho" vall badal giaa haii. niclaudian shoa dee prasidhi laee dhanvad, slime atey ganj aam taur 'teey 1980 dey dahake toon uttri amrica witch bacchiaan dey programan naal jude hoye hunn. television utte atey ikk fundrezer dey roop witch iss dee varton toon ilava, tainkan witch ganj kaee vaar night kalabban witch dikhai dinda haii. yuva samooh jiven kii church samooh atey scouting andolan vee "netavan dey naal-naal bacchiaan noon banduk naal maaran" laee banduk dee varton karde hunn. television utte ganj daa itihaas. 1960 dey dahake witch. yuke witch prasidh bee. bee. see. shoa "naa siraf... parr "kaveez carner" namak ikk samapati scatch vee pesh keeta giaa jiss witch uss hafte dey mehmann noon pieter kukk dey virudh ikk sudharatmak kavita mukabale laee chunhauti ditti javegi, jiss witch dudli moor referee vajon kamm karange. harek pratiyogi "bee. bee. see. ganj" dey ikk vargakar taink dey coney witch ikk rigged seet utte baithega jiss noon chalu keeta jaa sakda haii taan joe swaar noon taink witch suttiaa jaa sake. referee isey tarahan dee kursi utte dooje koniaan vicchon ikk utte baithda see. chunhauti dey vishe toon duhraun, chijak jaan vicholgi dee koee vee varton apradhi noon taink witch sutt devegi. scatch hamesha taink witch tinnon shakhsiatan, chhaati witch dunghi gandgi atey kavita dey paath naal khatam hunda haii. 1970-1979. yuke shanivar savere bacchiaan dey shoa "tiswas" witch ganj dee dharna dee bharpurta naal varton keeti gaee. peshkaran atey mehmanan utte kappde deeaan paaiaan atey paanee deeaan baltiaan suttan naal pahilan hii gadbad vaala thappad mazak sathapat curran toon baad, tiswa neey baalag volunteeran noon ikk pinjre witch bnd qarr ditta see. pinjre dey ander jaanh toon baad, aam taur utte shoa witch betartibe binduaan utte vasneek paanee deeaan baltiaan naal bhijj jaande sunn. jitthe ganj shamal hoow giaa, pinjre dey uppar sathit tean dey ishnan daa dhanvad see. ikk handle raahin, iss tubb noon jhukaiaa jaa sakda haii, iss dee gandee samaggari noon hethan ditte lokan utte suttiaa jaa sakda haii, jadon kii iss dey custard paaee haase laee mashur haii, tisswan laee bhojan deeaan baltiaan atey lokan utte mitty/ghode dee khaad dee nakal karna koee asdharan gall naheen hovegi. cutted atey pakkiaan beans prasidh wicklup sunn. 1980-1989. uttri amrica witch, "tusin television utte ajiha naheen qarr sakde", ikk british television nirmata duaara vikast keeta giaa niclodian utte prasidh ikk canadian bacchiaan daa shoa, rojar price, niyamit taur utte aapne patran noon "malime" (aam taur utte haraa, parr kaee vaar horr rangan witch) dey adheen karda haii, aam taur utte jadon uh kahinde hunn, "mainoon naheen pataa."ih shoa daa ikk mukkh hissa bann giaa jitthe horr adakar aapne sathiaan noon ikk vakansh kahinn laee utshahit curran dee koshish karde sunn taan joe uh patle hoow sakann. tusin television utte ih naheen qarr sakde" dey 1982 dey episode daa ikk patle drish dee varton 1987 dee film "ghatak aakarshan" dey udghatan witch vee keeti gaee see, atey luddy dey havaliaan dee varton mukkh dhaara witch keeti gaee haii.aiss. news radio" toon lae keey "parivarak munde" takk dee television luddy. cult shoa daa ih pahilu baad witch niclodian dey malime logo witch iconized hoow giaa, baad witch game shoa jiven kii "double dayer", tusin qee karoge?"," iss daa pataa lagao ", atey gandgi, chihre witch pies, atey gadbad dey horr roopan dey duaale ghumde hoye" dimagh-saraj ", atey live event jinhan witch bhagidaran (mashur hastiaan samet, khaas karke salana bacchiaan dey chonh puraskaran witch) noon pesh keeta javega. 1980 dey dahake dey akheer witch, niclodian atey iss dey canadian hamrutba, vaaee. tii. vee. neey likhan dey mukabale vee aayojit keete jinhan witch shandar inam otawa, ontario witch sett keete gaye "vaaee. see. dee. tii. vee" dee yaatra see. niclodian dey mail shoa dee prasidhi neey nakal curran valiaan noon janam ditta jiven kii thodeh samein laee 1988 dey syndicated game shoa "slime time" (niclodian dey baad dey "slime time live" naal koee sabndh naheen), jiss witch school dey adhiaapak harey gunging dey shikar sunn. kathit gunging parampra deeaan sabh toon mashur udaharnan 1987 witch bacchiaan dee pahili pasand dey puraskaran naal khulhdiaan hunn. britten atey yoorap witch, 1980 dey dahake dey arambh witch, bacchiaan dey ganj-adharat game shoa aam sunn. khaas taur utte shoa jiven "tuhadi himmat kiven hoee!"aaee. tii. vee. atey bee. bee. see. utte" pataka chalaun "neey ih sunishchit keeta kii aaunn vaale dahake laee shoa witch gunging tatt pradarshit keeta jaave. tuhadi himmat kiven hoee!", mukkh khedan vicchon ikk 'unhan noon sabak sikhao' see, jitthe bacchiaan noon aapne school dey adhiaapak jaan numainde noon gode naal bharey ganj taink dey uppar baith keey ganj witch duboun daa mauka miliaa. iss khed toon baad kaee vaar shoa dey peshkaran vicchon ikk duaara adhiaapkan noon unhan dey purch toon bahr kaddh keey ganj taink witch sutt ditta jaanda see. pataka chalaun" utte, doou haftavari hastiaan, ikk marad atey ikk aurat, aapne baal pratiyogi laee ank jittan dee koshish curran laee "ikk mauka laou" namak ikk ganj adharat game witch mezban stuu francis dey virudh mukabala karangiaan. parshanan dey sahee jawab denh witch asafalta francis atey/jaan mashur mehmann noon ganj witch cover qarr sakadi haii. iss toon ilava, kaee vaar jetu noon aapne virodhi 'teey hassan dee sazaa dee parwah keete binan goli maar ditti jaandi see, khaskar jey ih francis see. baad witch 1980 dey dahake witch, bee. bee. see. neey yuu. aiss. shaili dey format dey adhaar 'teey "double dayer" dee shuruat keeti, parr iss dey yuu naalon bahut dhilla haii.aiss. hamrutba. iss toon ilava, ganj aaee. tii. vee. 'teey "game phaar aii laaf" atey bee. bee. see.' teey "noel daa shanivar road shoa" varge mukkh dhaara dey shoa witch dikhai denna shuru hoow giaa. yoorap dey horr deshan witch vee mukkh dhaara dey shoa witch ganj tatt hone shuru hoow gaye hunn. "ikk, dose, trace... spain witch 'tway' utte pratiyogiaan noon aksar ikk dooje utte ganj deeaan baltiaan suttan laee kiha jaanda see. germany witch ikk television shoa "donorlipchain" witch vee bahut saariaan gadbad valiaan khedan hoiaan sunn; shoa daa sikhar team dey dhukven baus noon ikk dunk taink witch dubona atey harek team dey memberan dey mukkebaaz shorts dee jodee dey ander custard pauna see. newzealand dey bacchiaan daa shoa "hunn qee haii" neey 1981 witch aapni shuruat toon lae keey pichle saalan toon ganj dee varton keeti haii. 2015 takk ih shoa ajey vee harr aitwar savere 8 vaje toon channel 2 utte prasarit hoow riha haii. ganj dee varton karde hoye shoa dey vakkh-vakkh hissiaan witch, dahishat daa taink, bhajjan 'teey ganj, flushed, daddu witch daddu atey dimag noon freeze karna shamal haii. 1990-1999. noel dee haaoos party" witch, janata aksar ih nirdharat curran laee vott paundi see kii television shoa deeaan kihdiaan mashur hastiaan noon ganj taink witch goli maar ditti javegi. baad dey saalan witch, ganj taink ganj train bann giaa, atey mashur hastiaan noon rail gaddi witch swari curran laee majbur keeta giaa atey unhan dee saaree yaatra dauran ganj witch dhakkiaa giaa. mashur hastiaan aam taur utte aapne soot jaan kappde barbad karke waps aaundiaan hunn atey uhanan noon pachaniaa naheen jaa sakda. kaee vaar shoa witch darshakan noon parivarak memberan jaan dostan duaara badla lainn dey kaarnan karke goli maar ditti jaandi see. gunging dee prakiriaa naal jude manoranjan kaarak noon charity program "kamik releaf" dey nirmatavan duaara mahisus keeta giaa see, jinhan neey rashtari pardarshani kendra, barmingham witch ginnies vishav ricard dey sahiyog naal ikk program aayojit keeta, jitthe 12 march 1999 noon ikko samein sabh toon vaddh lokan laee ikk ricard sathapat curran dee koshish keeti gaee see. yoorap bharr dey television nirmata darshakan witch iss dee prasidhi dey caarn mukkh dhaara dey television shoa witch vadhere ganj hissiaan noon fitt curran daa adesh dey rahey sunn. germany witch, sat.1, haali gallie, glookspritter (rtl), glookspirail, atey naal hii nhp-gotschok dee haus-party dey german sanskaran witch, saare ganj dee ucch khurak shamal sunn. haali glee neey darshakan noon aapniaan seetan toon bahr kaddh keey ikk gandee ganj slide atey ikk pool witch bhej ditta. isey tarahan, gluxpirail aana aiss. aii. tii. 1, gluxpreter aar. tii. aill. atey rache ist suz aiss. aii. tii. 1, neey pratiyogiaan noon darshakan toon bahr kaddh ditta atey sabh toon shandar tarikiaan naal goli maar ditti. 1990 dey dahake dey ant witch, "noel dee haaoos party" dee maut atey horr european shoa laee ghatde darshakan dey ankadiaan naal, bahut saare mukkh dhaara dey shoa witch ganj hissa madham honaa shuru hoow giaa. 1990 dey dahake dauran, bacchiaan dey bahut saare television shoa witch ganj ikk kendra visheshta bann gaee. kishoran atey mashur mehmanan noon aksar "live atey kicking" 'teey quiz witch mukabala karde hoye dekhiaa jaanda haii, atey jey uh haar jaande hunn taan unhan noon goli maar ditti jaandi haii. iss shoa witch mashur hastiaan lee riaan, baine addams, catty hill, leslie waters, catherine mairi, heather suity atey victoria hockins noon goli maar ditti gaee see. kaee horr shoa witch ganj dee varton keeti jaandi haii-"funn haaoos", "aapni khud dee vaapsee crow", "jokham noon chalao" atey "dohri himmat". 1997 toon 2003 takk, ikk canadian shoa jiss noon uh oh!, joe kii vaaee. tii. vee. utte challda see, ikk sazaa pranali dee visheshta dinda see jiss witch bhagidar ikk almari dey aakaar dey kamre dey ander jaanda see atey jey unhan daa saathi parshan daa sahee uttar denh dey yog naheen hunda taan unhan utte haraa banduk sutt ditti jaandi see. 2000-2009. augas dauran mukkh dhaara dey television programan witch, ganj dee varton paal ou 'grady shoa, aaee aim ikk mashur hasti varge shoa witch keeti jaandi see...mainoon ithon bahr kaddho!, atey "andron bahr". 2010-varatman. ganj 2010 witch yuke witch bacchiaan dey teevi utte pradarshit honaa jaari haii atey 2000 dey dahake dey akhirle addh dey rujhan noon jaari rakkhda haii, ona naheen jinna ih ikk vaar see. game shoa noon chaddan dey 101 tarikiaan neey iss noon aapne bones daur witch vartiaa haii. mezban ikk betartibe naam dee chonh karda haii atey joe viakati galat swal puchhda haii uh ikk pipe toon hethan aaa jaanda haii atey goli maar ditti jaandi haii. tulsi dey bacchiaan dee adla-badli dee dukan neey ganj gallery noon ghataa keey waps aaa giaa parr ikk pachmi theem naal ikk naveen khed dee shuruat keeti jiss noon gold rush kiha jaanda haii. iss khed witch, pichli khed (dunk bedd) deeaan doou jetu teaman ikk mine shaft witch sett keeti gaee khed witch hissa laindiaan hunn jitthe udesh baltiaan noon baltiaan naal jode keey taral gandgi naal tiooban noon bharna hunda haii. ant witch chaar bacche hunn kamban vaale mine shaft witch cover lainde hunn. jetu team noon firr sone (peeli ganj) daa tagma milda haii jadon kii haaran vaali team noon shuru witch bhure rung dee gandgi naal dhakkiaa jaanda see parr baad witch uh sukke rahinde hunn. newzealand dey bacchiaan dey television witch, jiss neey hunn ikk naveen gangi game dee shuruat keeti-vadda breakfast atey splat gufa. phee faaee phoo yum dee ikk chunhauti haii jiss witch doou bacche aapne saathi khidariaan laee akkhar/number jaan horr cheezan ikattar curran laee nange pair ganj dey ikk katore witch jaande hunn. antim khed witch ganj baool dee varton vee keeti jaandi haii, jitthe aakhri hisse witch pool witch challna atey aapne captive team dey sathiaan noon chaddan laee ikk ramp utte jaanha shamal hunda haii. 2014 witch, kujh naviaan khedan jiven kii yooz yaa head, target yaa teacher atey chhotiaan gendan noon hunn joe shamal keeta giaa see. iss toon ilava, bhiaanak itihaas toon spin-aaf witch ikk sarirak chunhauti shamal see jiss witch ganj shamal see. quiz witch tinn bacche nange pair ikk havaa vaale ikkathe curran vaale "poo" dey paar daudade hunn atey dooje sire 'teey iss noon aapne tainkan witch jamhan karde hunn. havaa vaale dey uppar tinn containeran hunn-havaa vaale dee harek laine laee ikk, bhandaran ganj joe khed dey ankan 'teey jaari keeta jaanda haii. iss chunhauti dee ikk bhinnta witch tinn pratiyogi firr toon ikk havaa naal bharee laine dey naal nange pair daudade hoye, ikk puurii khed witch, ikk banji cord naal jude moonh witch paaee suttde hunn, duji luddy witch, iss witch "garam saas" dey dhiggan dee vadhu mushkal hundi haii. luddy 3 dey anusar haaran vaale bacche nange pair bhure rung dee ganj witch hethan chaley jaande sunn atey unhan noon iss vicchon langhna painda see.. niclodian dey camp aurenj dey british atey australiaai sanskarnan witch vee chunotiaan hunn jinhan witch banduk marna shamal haii. splatalot (dutch witch spatterslot), ikk madhkali theem vaala game shoa, kull wipeout visheshtavan dey samaan, hamlavaran noon hauli curran dey saadhan vajon defenderan duaara chunotiaan witch betartibe binduaan 'teey hamlavaran' teey goli chalai jaandi haii. saim atey maarak bigg friede wind upp neey 2014 toon ganj dee visheshta shuru qarr ditti haii. khed noon rotation kiha jaanda see atey doou parivarak teaman noon aam giaan dey swal puchhe jaande sunn jadon kii ikk ganj taink paaiaa jaa riha see, jey uh swal noon sahee samajhade hunn taan uh ghumde hunn atey ih dooje parivaar dee vaari haii kii uh ikk swal daa jawab denh. jadon ih puurii tarahan bharee hundi haii taan joe team banduk dey hethan hundi haii, uss noon goli maar ditti jaandi haii. saal 2016 witch, rotation noon ikk horr gangi game duaara badliaa giaa see jiss noon splat inn dha boxes kiha jaanda haii. doou parivarak teaman noon aam giaan dey swal puchhe gaye sunn. bhaven kii unhan neey parshan daa uttar denh laee kaee skint lae, uh boxes dey handle utte bahut saare modd lainde hunn. udaharan dey laee jey unhan neey jawab denh laee 3 skint lae taan unhan noon 3 vaar crank noon modna pavega. jey unhan noon koee swal galat milda haii jaan samaan khatam hoow jaanda haii taan unhan noon vaddh toon vaddh modd laina pavega joe kii 10 haii. ikk ganj rakhash boxes witch lukiaa hoiaa see atey ikk nishchit ginti witch modd boxes noon kholehga atey joe vee team boxes dey sahmane khadhi haii, uss noon goli maar ditti javegi. 7 too neey ikk navaan game shoa keeta jiss witch ganj see jiss noon flushed kiha jaanda see. pichle daur dey haaran vaale ikk ganj taink witch gaye atey jamani ganj jaan "gandey" naal banduk maar ditti gaee jiven kii uh iss noon shoa witch kahinde hunn. 2 raoond sunn iss laee harek episode witch 2 gunging sunn jadon takk kii ikk raoond witch koee tyee naa howay taan ih siraf ikk gunging see. prime time television dey mamle witch, ghatto ghatt yuke witch, ganj neey aaee. tii. vee. 1 game shoa witch poore 19 gaz witch pesh keeta haii jitthe doou pardarshi khetran witch gulabi jaan peele rung dee ganj hundi haii. bahut saariaan sarirak chunotiaan vicchon ikk witch, ikk pratiyogi noon aapne rung dey khetar dey hethle hisse noon kaddhana piaa jiss dey natije vajon khetar witch ikk kunji prapat curran laee unhan utte atey hethan farsh digg giaa, jiss naal uh chunhauti noon poora qarr sake. vadde bharaa dey channel 5 sanskaran (mashur hastiaan atey aam sanskaran doven) witch vakkh-vakkh kaarjan witch atey gharr dey memberan noon namzad curran dey tarike vajon ganj dee visheshta haii. 2014 dey niclodian bacchiaan dey chonh khed puraskaran witch, mahaan puraskar football khidari david bekham noon ditta giaa see, joe ravaiti harey dee bajaae sone dee gandgi naal patla see. baseball khidari derek jetter, jiss noon agle saal puraskar miliaa see, noon vee sone dey rung naal patla qarr ditta giaa see. ih parampra 2016 witch kobe bryant, 2017 witch michael felps atey 2018 witch danica patrick naal jaari rahee haii. ih slimming naa siraf aapni vilakkhan sone dee dikkh laee, balki bhaari fashion laee vee dhiaan denh yog haii jiss witch viakati gandey naal dhakke hoye hunn.

gung unated-kingdam-deshe gang-namakam, athavaa samyuktarajyamerikadesha tathaa vishvasya adhikaamsheshu anglabhashinam kshetreshu dnyaatam kshaaram, ekaha sthoolah, gooyee, tathaapi sraavayuktah padarthah asti, yasya varnasya custard-ityasya cha madhye kasminshchit sthirata asti. etat sampoorne vishve bahubhyah varshebhyah balanam karyakrameshu vishesharoopen drushyate, tathaa cha creedaa-pradarshaneshu anyeshu karyakrameshu api drushyate. yadyapi gang-chalacchitram adhikatayaa dooradarshan-kaaryakrame drushyate, tathaapi daanadharmebhyah, yuvaanaam, dharmikasamoohanam cha krute nidhisankalan-saadhanaroopen api tasya upayogah kartum shakyate. natclub-madhye, vinodeshu cha dineshu gang-tyaank-ityete drushyante. british-daatrutvasamsthaha kaamik releaf tathaa bee. bee. see. ityanena samarthitaah baalakaah cha poorvam nidhisankalanaartham ganj ityasya upayogam krutavantah. yoo madhye.ess.kshaarah kadaachit nickelodeon ityanena saha sambadhah bhavati, tasya paritah anekaani creedaa-pradarshanani api santi, yathaa "kshar-call-jeevah". etat vaam athavaa sploshing fetish ityasya pramukham amsham api asti. rachanaa. dooradarshanasy krute vyaapakaroopen prayuktah ganj iti audyogika-churna-ghaneekaran-hydroxythail cellulos iti, vyaapakaroopen prayuktah jeling tathaa ghaneekaran-abhikartuhu asti. vaikalpikaroopen, anyaani vastooni "ganj" krute upayoktum shakyante, yathaa andaani, saas, tathaiva anyaani avyavasthitaani vastooni. anekeshu sandarbheshu, gang-tyaank-madhye gang-gang bhavati, yatra gang-ityasya sanchayasya, vimochanasya cha saadhanam bhavati. soop-khadyapadartheshu, khaadya-padaartheshu cha mool-ghatakam upayogena, gunj-khadyapadarthaha praayah surakshitah bhavati, yadi tasya varnaha visharahitah api bhavati. ganj ityasmin prayuktaah anye ghatakaah obleck iti carn-stark ityasya jalasya cha mishranm, tathaa anyah khaadya-yojakah zaanthan-gam iti cha bhavitum arhanti. kenada-deshasya dooradarshan-shrunkhalaayaah "yoo kaand doo dutt aan television" iti prateek-harita-kshar-vastu, nirmaatru-roser-mulyasya anusaaram, akasmikataya vikasitah aasit-mool-vichaarah aasit, andhakaare bandhitah baalakah upari avashishta-khaadya-padarthasya eka-peetam nikshepayitum, parantu tasya upayogaat poorvam peetam ityasya saamagreeh syoot-yukttaa harita-jaatah aasit. hanikaram mishranm tathaapi balake nikshiptam, raatrau shrunkhalaayaah treadmark-gaig aasit. tadanantaram, kaaryakramah anekaan bhinnan slam-pakavidhanan paryaweshtat, yasmin laim-gelatin-desert-pouder, aataa, ott-meal athavaa godhoomasy kreem, bebby-shaimpoo, kuteer-cheej (naa tu sarvaani ekasamaye aavashyakaani) ityadini ghatakaah antarbhavanti sma. kaaryakrame (tatah param nickelodean ityatra), ksharasya rachanaa ateeva guptarupena manyante sma, kechan prakaranaani ksharasya rachanam dnyaatum prayatamananam paatravargasya sadasyanam paritah paribhramanti sma. adyatve vishvasya anekeshu dooradarshan-karyakrameshu gang athavaa slam iti visheshaah drushyante; tathaapi, 2000 tamaat dashakaat aarabhy, mukhyadharayaha karyakraman balanam kishoranam cha dooradarshan-karyakraman yathaa nickelodean ityasya "figure itt aut" ityetaani prati dhyanam parivartitam asti. nickelodean-pradarshanam lokapriyataayaah karanat, 1980 tamaat dashakaat uttaramerikadeshe balanam karyakramanam saha samanyataha slam, ganj cha sambaddhaani santi. dooradarshanasy krute, dhanasanchayasy krute cha asya upayogaat atiriktam, kadaachit natclubs madhye tyaank-madhye ganj iti api drushyate. charch-samoohah, scouting-aandolanaani ityadini yuva-samoohaani api cha "netrubhyah gunjanam kartum" tathaa baalakebhyah cha ganj ityasya upayogah kurvanti. dooradarshanasy gunjasya itihaasah. 1960 tame dashake. yoo. key. madhye lokapriyah bee. bee. see. sho "naa kevalam... parantu "kavi-carner" iti antimam rekhaachitram api pradarshitam, yasmin tasmin saptahasya atithihi peater-kuka ityasya viruddham ashurachanatmaka-kaavya-spardhayam pratipratisandhah bhavishyati, yatra dudley-moor ityeshah nirnaayakah iti karyam karoti sma. pratyekam pratiyoginah "bee. bee. see. ganj" ityasya vargaakaarasy tyaank ityasya kone rigg-seat-upari upavishyanti, yat udbuddhum shakyate yena vaasinah tyaank-madhye nyastah bhavet. nirnaayakah anyeshu koneshu ekasmin samaan-kurchee-sthaane upavishyati sma. aavartanam, sankochah athavaa chunautee-vishayavastuh vyatikramah ityetayoho kasyaapi upayogena aparaadhee tyaank-madhye prasarati. rekhaachitram sarvadaa sanchaye tribhihi vyaktitvaihi, chetalasy gabheere chhaateebhih, kaavyasya pathanena cha samaaptam abhavat. 1970-1979. yoo. key.-deshasya shanivaasare praatahkaale balanam pradarshanm "tiswas" ityasmin ganj ityasya parikalpanam prachuryena upayujyate sma. prastotaah atithayah cha upari castard-pees, jala-baltic ityetaih cha prakshiptaih gandaa-slap-stick-haasyam poorvamev sthapayitva, tiswaa-janaah vayaska-svayamsevakaaha pinjare bandhayitum pravruttaah aasan. ekadaa pinjaraam antah aagaty, nivaasinah samanyataya pradarshanasy yaadrucchika-bindushu baltiyaihi jalaihi nimajjitaah bhavanti sma. yatra gunj iti antarbhavati sma, tatra pinjaraayaah upari sthitasya tinn-snanasya krute dhanyavaadam aasit. hastakadwara, etat tub adhah janaanaam upari paatayitum shakyate, yadyapi custard-pai-hasyasya krute prasidham asti, tiswaa-krute bhojanasya baltic-ityetaani, anukaranasya mruttikaa/ashvasya khaadyam cha janaanaam upari nikshiptam bhavati, tatt asamanyam naa syaat. custard, backed beans cha lokapriyaani vikalpaani aasan. 1980-1989. uttaramerikadeshe, "yoo kena naat doo dutt aan television" iti nickelodean ityatra lokapriyam kanaadaadeshasy balanam kaaryakramah, yah british-dooradarshan-nirmatrudvara vikasitah, roser prais iti, niyamitaroopen tasya paatraani "slam" (praayah haritavarnah, parantu kadaachit anyavarneshu) iti, praayah yadaa te vadanti, "aham naa jaanaami."etat pradarshanasy mukhyam abhavat yatra anye abhinetaarah swamitraan swaam laghu-padam vakttum protsaahayitum prayatante sma. 1982 tame varshe "yoo kaand doo dutt aan television" iti prakaranasya ekaha ksheenah drushyah 1987 tame varshe "datalic-attrekshan" iti chalacchitrasya udghaatane api prayuktah aasit, tathaa cha asya shrunkhalaayaah ullekhah mukhyadharayam yoo ityasmin prayuktah asti.ess. neusrdio" taha "parivaarasya vyaktihi" paryantam dooradarshan-dhaaraavaahikaani santi. cult-sho ityasya ayam bhaagah pashchat nickelodean ityasya slam-logo ityasmin pratimaankitah abhavat, tadanantaram "double-derr" ityadini creedaa-sho, bhavaan kim karishyati?"," "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" " 1980 tamasya dashakasy ante nickelodean tathaa tasya kenada-deshasya vai. tii. vi. ityeshaa api lekhan-pratiyogitaam ayojayan, yasmin ontario-rajyasya oottaavaa-nagare sthite "vai. sii. dii. tott. vi" ityasya laghu-pradarshanartham bhavya-puraskaarah aasit. nickelodean ityasya slam-sho ityasya lokapriyataayaah karanat 1988 tame varshe alpakalam yaavat prachalite "slam-taim" (nickelodean ityasya pashchat "slam-taim-laiv" ityanena saha naa sambadhaah) iti syndicated-gem-sho ityasya anukaranakaraha utpadyanta, yasmin vidyaalayashikshakah harita-ganging-ityasya peeditah aasit. uktasya ganging-paramparayaha prasidhaah udaaharanaani 1987 tame varshe balanam prathama-chyan-puraskaaraih udghaatyante. 1980 tamasya dashakasy aarambhe, britton-europe-deshayoho balanam ganj-aadhaarit-creedaa-pradarshanani samanyani aasan. visheshatah "bhavantah katham dhairyam akurvan!" ityaadishu karyakrameshu."aii. tii. vi. ityatra, bee. bee. see. ityatra" kryakarjak "ityatra cha, agrime dashake pradarshaneshu gang-tattvam pradarshitam bhavet iti sunishchitam. bhavatah kati dhairyam!", mukhyakreedaasu anyatam aasit 'taan ekam paatham shikshayatu', yatra baalakaah ghutane gabhirataya puritasya ganj-tyaank ityasya upari upavishya svavidyaalayasya shikshakam vaa pratinidhim vaa ganj-madhye nimajjanasy avasaram avaapnot. asya kreedaayaah anantaram shikshakaah kadaachit pradarshanasy prastotabhyam, teshaam parch-sthanat, gunj-tyaank-madhye cha nakshutah aasan. krakarjak" ityasmin, saaptaahik-khyaatipraaptau dwau, ekaha purushah, ekaha mahilaa cha, swasyaah baalapratisadasy krute ankaan praaptum prayatayitum "tech a chaans" iti namna ganj-aadhaarit-gem ityasmin aatitheyasy stu francies-varyena saha spardhaam karishyanti sma. prashnanam samyak uttaram naa daatum viphalah chet francis tathaa/athavaa prasiddh-atithihi gunje aacchaaditah bhavishyati. api cha, kadaachit pratidwandweem apahasya dandarupena, visheshatah yadi saha fraamsis aasit, vijetuhu golikayaa prahaaritah bhavati sma. pashchat 1980 tame dashake bee. bee. see. ityanena "double derr" iti "yoo. ess. shailyaah swaroopasya aadhaaren" praavartitam, parantu tasya yoo-ityasya apekshayaa bahu mandah.ess. pratiroopah. api cha, gunj iteedam aii. tii. vi. ityatra "gem faar e hassa", bee. bee. see. ityatra "noyals shanivaasare road sho" ityaadishu mukhyadharayaha karyakrameshu api drushyamabhavat. europe-deshasya anyeshu desheshu api mukhyadharayaha pradarshaneshu gang-tattvaani bhaveyuhu. "yun, dus, trace... spen-deshasya "tave-aan-inn-spen" ityasmin praayah pratiyoginah parasparm gunj-baltic-ityetaani praaharanti sma. germany-deshasya dooradarshan-kaaryakrame "donnarlippchen" ityasmin api bahavah avyavasthita-kreedaah aasan; karyakramasya paraakaashtaayaam dalasya upayuktam baas-sadasyam dunk-tyaank madhye nimajjanam krutvaa, pratyekasya dalasya sadasyasy baaksar-shorts-yugmasya antah custard-draund iti aasit. 1981 tame varshe arambhat aarabhy, newzealand-deshasya balanam kaaryakramah "vaat nau" iti varshaanuvarshebhyah gang ityasya upayogam karoti. 2015 tamavarshaparyantam, kaaryakramah adyapi pratidinam ravivaasare praatah 8 vaadanebhyah chaanal 2 madhye prasaaryate. ganj ityasya upayogena pradarshanasy vibhinneshu khandeshu, aatankasya tyaank, bhaage ganj, flush-aut, bog-madhye byaanah, bren-freeze cha antarbhavanti. 1990-1999. noyals-house-party" ityasmin, dooradarshan-kaaryakrame kaani prasidhaah gunj-tyaank-madhye bandukena baadhitaah iti nirnetum janaah praayah matadanm kurvanti sma. pashchat varsheshu, ganj-tyaank ganj-rail-yaanam abhavat, khyataha janaah rail-yaanam api cha yatram kartum baadhyaah abhavan, sampoorne yatrayam cha ganj-yaanam aavrutavantah. khyataha janaah praayah svavastraani vaa vastraani vaa nashtaan krutvaa pratyaagataah, aparichitaan cha sammukheekrutya. kadaachit prekshakanam sadasyan, parivaaren mitraihi vaa pratishodhakaaranen, kaaryakrame golikayaa praharam krutam. gunj-prakriyaya sambaddham manoranjana-kaarakam "kaamik releaf" iti daana-karyakramasya nirmaatrubhihi anubhooyate sma, ye barminghaam-nagarasya rashtriya-pradarshanee-kendre ginnis-vishva-abhilekhanam sahakarena ekam karyakramam ayojayan, yatra 12 maarch 1999 dinaanke ekasamaye sarvadhikanam jananam krute abhilekhasya prayatnah abhavat. 731 janeshu 184 gyaalan-yaavat gunj-visphotanam krutam. sampoorne europe-deshe dooradarshan-nirmataraha darshakanam lokapriyataayaah karanat mukhyadharayaha dooradarshan-karyakrameshu adhikaan ganj-khandaan yojayitum aadesham dattavantah. germany-deshe, sat.1, haalee galli, glucritor (rtl), glookspirel, tathaa enn. ech. pi.-gotshack ityasya haas-party ityasya german-samskarane, sarveshu uccha-matra-gunj-yuktah aasit. haalee galee ityeshaa prekshakanam sadasyan swasthanat utrutya, ganj-slad iteedam neechu-jalaashaye cha preshayat. tathaiva, gluxspirale aan saat1, gluxritor aar. tii. ell. tathaa raache ist sus saat1 ityatra spardhakaah prekshakaih bahishkrutaah, atyantam adbhutaroopen golikapraharam cha krutavantah. 1990 tamasya dashakasy ante, "noyals-house-party" ityasya nidhanena, anyaih europiya-pradarshanam krute shrotrugananam hrasena cha, anekeshu mukhyadharayaha pradarshanam gang-khandah mlaanah abhavat. 1990 tame dashake balanam anekeshu dooradarshan-karyakrameshu gang iti kendrabinduhu abhavat. kishoravayaskaah, prasidhaah atithayah cha praayah "laiv and kick" iti vishaye prashnotare spardhaam kurwantah drushyante, yadi te parajitaha bhavanti tarhi te golikayaa praharitaha bhavanti. asmin kaaryakrame lee-rayaan, benn-aadams, ketty-hill, lesale-waters, kethareen-merry, header-suity, victoria-haakins ityete prasidhaah janaah akramitaha aasan. anye bahavah pradarshanani sampoorne gunj ityasya upayogam kurvanti-"funn-house", "sweeyam punah praapnu", "runn da risk", "double-derr" cha. 1997 taha 2003 paryantam, uh o! iti namna kenada-deshasya ekaha kaaryakramah abhavat.vai. tea. vee. madhye prasaarite, shikshaawidheh pradarshane, sahabhagi alamaarisadrushasya prakoshtasya antah gatvaa yadi teshaam sahabhaaginah prashnasya samyak uttaram daatum naa shaknuvanti tarhi teshaam upari harita-golica-prahaarah krutah. 2000-2009. augts-kaale mukhyadharayaha dooradarshan-karyakrameshu, paal o 'grady-sho, aii emm e salibrity ityaadishu karyakrameshu gang ityasya upayogah krutah...mahyam etasmaat bahihi nayatu., tathaa "antah bahihi". 2010-vartamaanam. 2010 tame varshe yoo. key.-deshe baal-dooradarshan-kaaryakrame gang-ityasya pradarshanm nirantaram prachalati, 2000-dashakasy uttaraardhasy pravruttihi api avartate, yat poorvam aasit. gemsho-ityasya nishkramanasya 101 vidhayah tasya bonus-chakrasya krute upayujyante. aatitheyah yaadrucchikam naam chinoti, prathamam yah vyaktihi tam galatam prashnim sweekaroti saha nalikaa-adhah nyastah bhutva golikayaa prahaaritah bhavati. tulasee-balanam swaap-shaap-iteedam ganj-gallery-ityetaat nyoonam pratyaagatam, parantu gold-rush iti paashchaty-vishayavastum yukttam nootanam kreedaam pravartayat. asmin kridaayaam, poorveeyasya kreedaayaah (dunk-beds) vijetaah dwau dalau main-shaft-madhye sthapitayam kridaayaam bhaagam kurvanti, yatra lukonayukteshu tube-madhye vaaltikaasu nalikaasu nalikaasu nikshiptvaa drava-sludge-yukttaah tube-ityetaani poorayitum uddeshyam bhavati (ataha baalaah naa jaananti yat kah jitaha iti). ante chatwaarah baalakaah adhunaa kampitaayaam khanyaah shaatre aacchaadayanti. tatah vijetaa dalam swarnam (peeta-ganj) praaptam, parajitadalam praarambhe godhoom-shilaalekhe aacchaaditam aasit, parantu pashchat khandeshu te shushkaani eva bhavanti. newzealand-deshasya kids-dooradarshan-madhye, adhunaa nootanam gange-kreedaam praavartayat-bigg-breakfast tathaa splat-kev iti. fay fee pho yam ityasya ekam chunautee asti yasmin dwau baalau nagnapaalen ganj-paatram agruhnan swasahayoginam krute aksharaani/sankhyaah athavaa anyaani vastooni sangruheetum drushyante. antimakreedaa ganj-baul ityasya api upayogam karoti, yatra antimabhaage pool-madhye naukaayaanam, ramp-upari cha bhavati yena teshaam bandhita-sahakarminah mukttaah bhavanti. 2014 tame varshe, yuj yaa head, target yaa teacher, small-balls ityadini kechan nootanaani kreedaani adhunaa yojitaah. tadatiriktam, bhayaanak-itihasasya upa-kramah, gang ityanena saha sambadhaah shaareerikapratisandhih antarbhootaah aasan. quiz-kridaayaam trayah baalaah, anaavrutapaate dhaavantah, vayuvahita "poo" iti sangrahanam paarya, aparam praante swa-tyaank-madhye nikshepayanti. vaayuvaahakasya upari treeni paatraani santi-vaayuvaahakasya pratyekasya margasya krute ekaha, sanchaya-ganj, yat kreedaayaah bindushu nirgamati. asya chaalanch ityasya bhinnatayam, trayah spardhakaah punah vayuvahita-margasya paarshve nargataa dhaavanti, sarvakridaayaam, bangee-taaren sanlagneshu mukheshu pees-nikshepayanti, dwiteeya-shrunkhalaayaam, kreedaayaah yaadrucchika-binduve vayuvahita-upari "gaaram-saas" ityasya patanen baalakaah patitaah, patitaah cha bhavanti, yena chaalanch ityasya kashtam vardhate. 3 shrunkhalaayaah anusaaram, haaritaah baalaah nagnapaate godhoom-ganj-madhye patanti, tatra crall-karaneeyaah bhavanti.. nickelodean ityasya shibir-narangasya british-australian-samskaraneshu api chunautihi santi yeshu golikaaprahaarah antarbhavati. splatelat (dutch-bhashayam spatters-laat) iti madhyayugeen-vishayavastu-yuktah creedaa-pradarshanah, poorna-safaleekaran-visheshaanaam sadrushah, akramanakarinam mandam kartum pratirodhakaih avartakanam prati avartakanam krute aavartaneshu yaadrucchika-bindushu ganj/slam iti prahaarah bhavati. syaam and maark bigg fradey wind up 2014 tamaat varshaat gang-kreedaayaah pradarshanm aarabhat. creedaa rotation iti namna khyata aasit, tathaa cha dwayoh parivaarayoh dalayoho saamaanyadnyaanaprashnaah prucchitaah, yadaa gang-tyaank prasaryate, yadi te prashnasya samyak praapayanti tarhi te spin kurvanti, tathaa cha anyasya kutumbasya prashnasya uttarasy saranee bhavati. ganj ityasya adhah yah dalah poornah bhavati tadaa saha golikayaa prahaaritah bhavati. 2016 tame varshe, rotation ityasya sthaane splat inn da baaks iti anyayaa gange-kreedayaa pratisthaapitam. parivaaradvayam saamaanyagyaanaprashnam prushtam. yadyapi te prashnasya uttarartham katipayaani kshanaani gruheetavantah tathaapi te petikaayaah hastalekhe bahuvaaram kurvanti. yathaa, yadi te uttaraya 3 sekendaani sweekaroti tarhi te kryaank-iteedam 3 praavashyam tiryante. yadi te kimapi prashnam galatam vaa samayasamaptam vaa kurvanti tarhi te adhikatamm 10 iti chakram kartum arhanti. ekaha ganj-raakshasah petikaayaam guptah aasit, nishchitasankhyaakaah chakraah petikaam udghaatayanti, tathaa cha petikaayaah sammukhe yah dalah sthitah bhavati saha golikayaa baadhitah bhavati. 7-too ityasya ganj-inn ityanena saha flushed iti nootanah gemsho aasit. poorvavartinaam chakrasya parajitaha gunj-tyaank-madhye gatvaa, pradarshanasy namanusarena, baivarnee-gunj athavaa "sludge" ityanena golikayaa praharitaha abhavan. tatra 2 chakraani aasan, ataha pratyekasmin prakaranasya 2 chakraani aasan, yadi naa ekasmin chakrasya samantarata bhavati, yena tatt kevalam ekam chakram bhavati. praim-taim-dooradarshanasy drushtyaa, yoo. key.-deshe, nyunatinyoonam, ganj iti aii. tea. vee. 1 kridaayaam, sampoornam 19 gajaparimitam pradarshanm krutavaan, yatra dwayoh paaradarshak-golayoho, gulaabi-peeta-ganj-sanketah aasit. anekaasu shaareerikapratisandhau ekasmin spardhakena svavarneeyakshetrasya adhah bhaagam vicchedya, tasya parinaamen teshaam upari ganj, adhah cha bhoome patitah, yena kshetre chaavee punah praapyate, yena te chelenj poornum shaknuvanti sma. bigg-bradar ityasya 5-samskaranasya vaahinyaam (prasiddhanaam samanyanam cha samskarananam cha) vividheshu kaaryeshu, gruha-sadasyanam namankanam kartum cha ganj iti upaadarshitam asti. 2014 tame varshe nickelodean-balanam chyan-creedaa-puraskaare, pauraanika-puraskaarah saakar-kreedakaay devit bekhyaam ityasmai dattah, yah paaramparika-harita-kreedaayaah apekshayaa suvarna-kshaaren patitah aasit. agrimavarshe puraskaram praaptah besball-kreedakah derek jetter api suvarnavarnena patitah aasit. eshaa parampara 2016 tame varshe kobe bryant ityanena, 2017 tame varshe mckell felps ityanena, 2018 tame varshe danica petrick ityanena cha anwawartat. eshaa slimming naa kevalam vishishtasya swarnaroopasya krute, apitu vyaktayah yatra lomahatvena aacchaaditaah santi tasya prabal-shailyaa api ullekhaneeyam asti.

thuppakki united kingtamil ariyappadum kanj allathu americavilum ulagin perumpaalaana aangkilam paesum pakuthikalilum ariyappadum saeru, oru adarththiyaana, kooy, aanaal paint mattrum custertukku idaiyil engkaavathu oru nilaiththanmaiyudan oodum porul. idhu ulagengkilum pala aandugalaaka pala kuzhandhaigalin thittangalil oru amsamaaga irunthu varukirathu, maelum vilayaattu nigazhchchigalilum pira niralaakkangkalilum thoantriyullathu. thuppakki perumpaalum tholaikaatchiyil thoandrum athae neraththil, idhu thondu niruvanangal, ilainyargal mattrum madhak kuzhukkalukkaana nidhi thirattum karuviyaagavum payanpaduththappadalaam. iravu viduthigal mattrum vaedikkaiyaana naatkalil thuppakki thottikal thoantriyullana. british thondu niruvanangal kaamik nivarana mattrum thaevaippadugira kuzhandhaigal, pipiciyaal aatharikkappattu, kadantha kaalaththil nidhi thirattuvatharku kanj payanpaduththiyullanar. U ill.ess.sila nerangalil, "saeru naera neradi" poantra pala vilayaattu nigazhchchigal kooda nikkaloadiyanudan thodarpudaiyavai. idhu vaam allathu sploashing fedition mukiya amsamaagum. kalavai. tholaikaatchiyil paravalaagap payanpaduththappadum thuppakki oru thozhilthurai thool thadimanaana hydroxyethyl cellulose aagum, idhu paravalaagap payanpaduththappadum jelling mattrum thadimanaana mugavar aagum. maattraaka, mattra porutkalai "kanj" kku payanpaduththalaam, eduththukkaattaaga muttaikal, saaskal mattrum pira kuzhappamaana porutkal. pala santharppangalil, oru thuppakki thottiyil kungkin nigazhkirathu, idhu oru velippadaiyaana saavadiyil thuppakki semippatharkum veliyiduvatharkum oru vazhiyaagum. moolap porutkal soopkal mattrum stookkalil unavuth thadimanaagap payanpaduththappaduvathaal, kanjch perumpaalum saappida paathukaappaanathu, niramum nachchuththanmaiyatrathaaka irunthaal. kunjil payanpaduththappadum pira porutkal ooplek, soalam maavu mattrum neer kalavaiyaaga irukkalaam, maelum mattroru unavu saerkkaiyaana santhan qamm aagum. kanadiya tholaikaatchi thodarin chinnamaana pacchai saeru "tholaikaatchiyil neengkal athaich seiya mudiyaathu" thartcheyalaaka uruvaakkappattathu, thayaarippaalar rojar vilaiyinpadi-asal yoasanai oru siruvan meethu oru peeppaai unavu enjchiyathai kottuvathaaga irunththathu, aanaal adhu payanpaduththappaduvatharku munbu, peeppaayil ulla ulladakkangkal achchudan pacchai niramaaga maariyirunththana. theengku vilaivikkum kalavai eppadiyum siruvan meethu veesappattathu, maelum oray eravil inthath thodar adhan varththaga muththiraiyai kondirundhadhu. inththa nigazhchchi pinnar sunnaambu jelatin inippu thool, maavu, oadmeel allathu koathumai gream, paepi shambu mattrum kudisaipporul (anaiththum oray neraththil irukka vaendiya avasiyamillai) poantra porutkalai ulladakkiya palvaeru saeru samaiyal kurippugalaik kadanthu sentrathu. nigazhchchiyil (pinnar nicalodian meethu), saeru kalavai oru nerukkamaana paathukaakkappatta ragasiyamaaga karudhappattathu, maelum sila aththiyaayangkal saeru kalavaiyai kandariya muyarchikkum nadiga uruppinargalaich suttri suzhandrana. intru ulagengkilum ulla pala tholaikaatchi nigazhchchigalil thuppakki allathu saeru amsangkal ullana; iruppinum, 2000 kazhil irunthu mukiya nigazhchchigalil irunthu kuzhandhaigal mattrum ilainyargalin tholaikaatchi nigazhchchigalaana nicalodian "ficker idd awood" poantravattrukku kavanam maariyullathu. nicalodian nigazhchchigalin pirabalaththirku perumpaalum nandri, saeru mattrum kunjch podhuvaaga 1980 kazhil irunthu vada americavil kuzhandhaigalin niralaakkaththudan thodarpudaiyavai. tholaikaatchiyil adhan payanpaattirkum, nidhi thirattupavarukkum koodudhalaaga, daangkigalil thuppakki sila nerangalil iravu viduthigalil idampettrullathu. devalayak kuzhukkal mattrum saarana iyakkangkal poantra ilaignar kuzhukkalum "thalaivarkalaiyum kuzhandhaigalaiyum thuppaakkiyaal suda" thuppakki suduvathaip payanpaduththukintrana. tholaikaatchiyil thuppaakkich soottin varalaaru. 1960kazhil. englaanththil pirabalamaana ppc nigazhchchi "mattumalla... aanaal "kavignarin moolaiyil" endru azhaikkappadum oru iruthi ooviyaththaiyum kondirundhadhu, athil antha vaara virunththinar piittar samaiyalkaararukku ethiraana oru maempatta kavidhai poattikku sawal viduvaar, tudley muur naduvaraaga seyalpaduvaar. ovvoru poattiyaalarum "ppc kanjch" endra sathura thotiyin moolaiyil oru rick seiyappatta irukkaiyil amarvaargal, idhu kudiyiruppaalarai thottiyil alaiththuch selvatharkaaga thoondappadalaam. naduvar idhae poantra naarkaaliyil mattra moolaigalil ondril amarwar. sawal karupporulilirunthu meendum meendum, thayakkam allathu vilagal aagiyavattraip payanpaduththuvathu kuttravaaliyai thottiyil thallum. scatch eppoathum thottiyil ulla moontru aalumaigaludan mudivadainthathu, maarbu aazhamaaga saettril mattrum kavidhai oothukirathu. 1970-1979. englaandhin sanikkizhamai kaalai kuzhandhaigalin nigazhchchi "diswa" thuppakki endra karutthai aeraalamaaka payanpaduththiyathu. aerkanavae custert paikkal mattrum thanneer vaaligal vazhangkunargal mattrum virunththinargal meethu veesappaduvathan moolam kuzhappamaana slapstick nagaichchuvaiyai niruviya diswakkal, vayathu vantha thannaarvalargalai oru koondil puutta alaiththuch sendranar. koondukkul nuzhainthavudan, kudiyiruppaalargal vazhakkamaaga nigazhchchiyil seerattra pulligalil vaaligal thanneeril nanaikkappaduvaargal. angku thuppakki eedupaadu aerpattathu, koondin mael irunththa thagarak kuliyal kaaranamaaga irunththathu. oru kaippidiyin moolam, inththa thottiyai saaikka mudiyum, adhan kuzhappamaana ulladakkangkalai keezhae ulla makkal meethu poadalaam, athae neraththil adhan custert paii nagaichchuvaikku pirabalamaanathu, diswakkal unavu mattrum uruvagappaduththappatta mann/kudhirai uram aagiyavattrai makkal meethu uutrtruvathu vazhakkaththirku maaraanathu alla. custert mattrum vaekavaiththa beans pirabalamaana thaervugalaaga irunththana. 1980-1989. vada americavil, "tholaikaatchiyil neengkal athaich seiya mudiyaathu", oru kanadiya kuzhandhaigal nigazhchchi nicalodianil pirabalamaanathu, oru british tholaikaatchi thayaarippaalar, rojar vilai, vazhakkamaaga adhan kathaapaaththiranggalukku "saeru" (podhuvaaga pacchai, aanaal sila nerangalil pira vannangkalil) udpaduththappattathu, vazhakkamaaga avarkal sonnapoathu, "enakku theriyaathu."idhu nigazhchchiyin pirathaanamaaka maariyathu, angku mattra nadigargal thangal sagaakkalai melithaanavargalaaga maattra oru sottrodarai solla ookkuvikka muyarchippaarkal. tholaikaatchiyil athaich seiya mudiyaathu" endra 1982 episodil irunthu oru melithaana kaatchi 1987 aam aandu thiraippataththin "abaayagaramaana eerppu" thodakkaththilum payanpaduththappattathu, maelum inthath thodarin kurippugal pirathaana yuu.ess. news radio" muthal "kudumba baiyan" varayilaana tholaikaatchi thodarkal. valipaattu nigazhchchiyin inththa amsam pinnar nicalodian saeru logovil iconise seiyappattathu, aduthaduththa vilayaattu nigazhchchigal "irattai thyrium", neengkal enna seiveerkal?"," athaik kandariyungal "," mattrum "moolaichchalavai" enbathu saeru, mugaththil bies mattrum pira vagaiyaana kuzhappam mattrum neradi nigazhvugalaich suttri varukirathu, idhil pankerpaalarkalukku (pirabalangkal udpada, kurippaaga varudaanthira kuzhandhaigalin thaervu viruthugalil) melithaana allathu pagirangkamaaga avamaanappaduththappaduvatharka vaaippu vazhangkappadum. 1980 kalin pirpaguthiyil, nicalodian mattrum adhan kanadiya ethir niruvanamaana videvy, ezhuthum poattikalai kooda nadaththiyathu, idhil periya parisu ontariovin ottavaavil amaikappatta "oysididivi" kku oru payanamaaka irunththathu. nicalodian saeru kaatchigalin pugazh kurugiya kaala 1988 syndicated vilayaattu nigazhchchi "saeru neram" (nicalodian pirkaala "saeru neram neradi" udan endha thodarbum illai) poantra pinpattrupavargalai uruvaakkiyathu, idhil palli aasiriyargal pacchai maadu noayaal paathikkappattanar. inththa kungkin bhaarambariyaththin migavum pirabalamaana nigazhvugal 1987 aam aandil muthal kuzhandhaigal thaervu viruthugaludan thodangugindrana. brittan mattrum iroappaavil, 1980 kalin murpaguthiyil, kuzhandhaigalin thuppakki adippadaiyilaana vilayaattu nigazhchchigal vazhakkamaaga irunththana. kurippaaga "ungkalukku evvalavu thyrium!" poantra nigazhchchigal."ppc-yill ulla" "gragarjag" "mattrum" "idevy" "aagiyavai varavirukkum thasaapthaththil nigazhchchigalil kungkin uruppu idampettriruppathai uruthi seithana". eppadi thyrium!", mukiya vilaiyaattukalil ondru 'avarkalukku oru paadam karpiththal', angku kuzhandhaigal muzhangaal nirappapatta thuppakki thottikku maelae amarnthirukkum poathu thangal aasiriyarai allathu thangal palliyin pirathinithiyai thuppakki sudum vaaippaip pettranar. inththa vilaiyaattukkup piragu aasiriyargal sila nerangalil nigazhchchiyin vazhangkunargalil oruvaraal thangal perchil irunthu thattiyum, kunjch thottiyil nuzhainthum irunththanar. gragarjag" endra nigazhchchiyil, irandu vaaraanthira pirabalangkal, oru aann mattrum oru penn, thangal kuzhandhai pottiyaalarukku pulligalai vella muyarchikka "oru vaaippu edungkal" endru azhaikkappadum oru thuppakki adippadaiyilaana vilaiyaattil puravalan stu fraancisukku ethiraaga poattiyiduvaargal. kaelvigalukku sariyaaga pathilalikkath thavariyathu francis mattrum/allathu pirabala virunthinarukku thuppaakkich soottil moodappaduvatharku vazhivagukkum. koodudhalaaga, sila nerangalil vetrtriyaalar thangal ethiriyai sirikkum thandanaiyaaga irunththaalum, kurippaaga adhu francis endraal, thuppaakkich soodu nadathappaduvaar. 1980kalin pirpaguthiyil, ppc yuu. ess. paani vadivamaippai adippadaiyaagak konda "irattai thyrium" aii arimugappaduththiyathu, aanaal adhan yuu aii vida migavum manthamaanathu.ess. ethir. maelum, adhan tholaikaatchiyil "sirippukkaana vilayaattu" mattrum pipisiyil "noyalin sanikkizhamai saalai nigazhchchi" poantra pirathaana nigazhchchigalil kunjch thoandrath thodangiyathu. iroappaavin pira naadugalum pirathaana nigazhchchigalil thuppakki koorugalaik kondirukkath thodangkina. "onn, toas, tress... speyinil "responda odra vess" endra nigazhchchiyil poattiyaalarkal adikkadi oruvarukkoruvar thuppakki vaaligalai veesuvaargal. maelum, germanyil oru tholaikaatchi nigazhchchiyaana "donorlipsen", pala kuzhappamaana vilaiyaattukalaik kondirundhadhu; nigazhchchiyin climax oru tunk thottiyil aniyin porutthamaana muthalaaliyai moozhkadiththu, ovvoru kuzhu uruppinarkalukkum kuththuchandai jody shordsukkul custerdai uutrtruvathaaka irunththathu. newsilaandhu kuzhandhaigalin nigazhchchi "ippoathu enna" 1981 ill thodangappattathilirunthu pala aandugalaaka thuppakki payanpaduththappadukirathu. 2015 aam aandu nilavarappadi inththa nigazhchchi ovvoru nyaayitrukkizhamaiyum kaalai 8 manii muthal saenal 2 ill oliparappappadukirathu. thuppakki sudum karuviyaip payanpaduththum nigazhchchiyin palvaeru pirivugalil, bayangaravaatha thotti, oodum poathu thuppakki suduthal, parakkaviduthal, vandiyil thavalai mattrum moolai uraithal aagiyavai adangkum. 1990-1999. noyalin havus paartiyil", tholaikaatchi nigazhchchiyil endha pirabalangkal thuppakki thottiyil sudappaduvaargal enbathaith theermaanikka podhumakkal adikkadi vaakkaliththanar. pirkaalaththil, thuppakki thotti thuppakki rayilaaga maariyathu, maelum pirabalangkal rayilil sawari seiya vaendiya kattaayam aerpattathu, maelum avarkalin payanam muzhuvathum thuppaakkich soottil moodappattanar. pirabalangkal vazhakkamaaga thangal udaigal allathu aadaikalai paalaakki adaiyaalam kaana mudiyaatha mugangkalai edhirkolgiraargal. sila nerangalil paarvaiyaalar uruppinarkal kudumba uruppinarkal allathu nanbarkalaal pazhivaangkum kaaranangalukkaaga nigazhchchiyil thuppaakkich soodu nadaththappattanar. kungkin seyalmuraiyudan inaikappatta pozhuthupoakku kaaraniyai thondu niruvanamaana "kaamik releaf" thayaarippaalarkal unarnththanar, avarkal kinness ulaga saathanaigaludan inainthu oru nigazhvai nadaththinar, thaesiya kankaatchi maiyaththil, birmingham, angku 12 maarch 1999 andru oray neraththil thuppaakkich soodu nadaththiya adhiga makalukku oru saathanaiyai amaikka muyarchi seiyappattathu. iropa muzhuvathum ulla tholaikaatchi thayaarippaalarkal anaivarum paarvaiyaalargalidaiyae adhan pugazh kaaranamaaga pirathaana tholaikaatchi nigazhchchigalil adhiga thuppakki pirivugalai poruththa uththaravittanar. germanyil, sat.1, haalii kaalii, clukesprale, clukesprale, maelum enhp-kaatchaakkin haas-paartiyin jerman pathippu, anaiththum adhiga alavu thuppaakkichoottai ulladakkiyathu. haalii kalli paarvaiyaalar uruppinargalai thangal irukkaikalilirunthu veliyae eduththu oru kuzhappamaana thuppakki slide keezhae anuppi oru kulaththirkul anupinaar. idhaepoal, clukesprale aann chaat1, clukesritter artl mattrum rache ist chutt 1, poattiyaalarkal paarvaiyaalarkalidamirunthu veliyae eduththu migavum kankavar vazhigalil thuppaakkich soodu nadaththinar. 1990kalin iruthiyil, "noyalin havus barty" mattrum pira iroappiya nigazhchchigalukkaana paarvaiyaalarkal ennikkai kuraindhu varuvathaal, pala pirathaana nigazhchchigalil thuppakki pirivu mangath thodangiyathu. 1990kall muzhuvathum, pala kuzhandhaigalin tholaikaatchi nigazhchchigalil kanj oru maiya amsamaaga maariyathu. pathinvayathinar mattrum pirabala virunththinargal perumpaalum "live & kicking" endra vinadi vinaa poattiyil poattiyiduvathaik kanalaam, maelum avarkal thoattraal thuppaakkich soodu nadaththappadugiraargal. inththa nigazhchchiyil pirabalangkalaana liie rian, penatums, kaetti hiill, lesley waters, keththarin merri, heather suutti mattrum victoria hockins aagiyoar thuppaakkich soottil kollappattanar. pala nigazhchchigal muzhuvathum thuppakki payanpaduththappattana-"vaedikkaiyaana veedu", "ungkal sontha thirumbap perungkal", "aabaththai iyakkavum" mattrum "irattai thyrium". 1997 muthal 2003 varai, oru kanadiya nigazhchchi uh ooo!idhu, YTV ill oodiyathu, idhil pankerpaalar oru alamaariyin alavu araikkul sendru, avarkalin koottaaliyaal kaelvikku sariyaaga pathilalikka mudiaavittaal avarkal meethu pacchai nira thuppakki veesappatta oru thandanai amaippu idampettrathu. 2000-2009. mukiya tholaikaatchi nigazhchchigalil, paal ooo 'grady show poantra nigazhchchigalil kunjch payanpaduththappattathu, naan oru pirabalam...ennai ingirunththu veliyae kondu vaarungkal!, mattrum "ullae veliyae". 2010-tharpoothu varai. englaanththil 2010 aam aandil kuzhandhaigalin tholaikaatchiyil kanj thodarnthu idampettrathu mattrum 2000 kalin pirpaguthiyil poakkaith thodarkirathu, adhu oru murai seithathaip poala alla. oru kemshovai vittuch selvatharkaana 101 vazhigal adhan phones suttril athaip payanpaduththiyullana. puravalan oru seerattra peyaraith thaernthedukkiraar, avar thavaraaga kaetkum kaelviyaip perum muthal nabar oru kuzhaai keezhae irangkukiraar, maelum thuppaakkich soodu nadaththappadugiraar. tulasi kuzhandhaigalin idamaattrak kadai kanj kelariyai kazhiththathu, aanaal thanga avasaram endru azhaikkappadum merkaththiya karupporuludan oru puthiya vilayaattai arimugappaduththiyathu. inththa vilaiyaattil, munththaiya vilaiyaattil (tunk padukkaikal) vettri pettra irandu anigal oru surangath thandil amaikappatta vilaiyaattil pankerkindrana, angku thirava vandal kuzhaaigalai nirappuvathan moolam kuttigalaith thundugal moolam adaiththu maraikappatta kuzhaaigalil seluththuvathae idhan noakkam (enavae yaar vettri perukiraarkal endru kuzhandhaigalukkuth theriyaathu). iruthiyil naanku kuzhandhaigalum ippoathu nadungkum suranga thandil maraikkiraargal. vettri pettra anii pinnar thangaththaip (manjal kutthu) perukirathu, athae neraththil thoalviyuttra anii aarambaththil paluppu nira saettril moodappattirunthathu, iruppinum pinnar aththiyaayangkal avai ularntha nilaiyil irukkum. newsilaandhu kuzhandhaigal tholaikaatchiyil, ippoathu oru puthiya kanji vilayaattai arimugappaduththiyathu periya kaalai unavu mattrum splat kugai. phii phoo yamm oru savaalaik kondullathu, idhu irandu kuzhandhaigal thangal anii veerargalukku ezhuththukkal/enngal allathu pira porutkal poantra porutkalai sekarikka oru kinnaththil verungkaaludan selvathaik kaankirathu. iruthip poattiyil thuppaakkich soodu kinnaththaiyum payanpaduththappadukirathu, angku kadaisi paguthiyil thangal captive anii veerargalai viduvikka puul mattrum oru valaivil nadaipayirchi seivathu adangkum. 2014 aam aandil, youse yaa hett, darked yaa deacher mattrum siriya pandhugal poantra sila puthiya vilaiyaattukal ippoathu serkkappattana. koodudhalaaga, payankaramaana varalaarugalilirunthu vantha suzharchi, thuppakki sambanthappatta oru udal savaalai ulladakkiyathu. vinadi vinaavil ulla moontru kuzhandhaigalum oru uuthappatta sekarikkum "puu" vazhiyaaga verungkaal ootti, marumunaiyil thangal thottikalil vaikkintranar. uuthappatta paaththiraththirku maelae moontru kolgalangal ullana-uuthappatta karuviyin ovvoru paathaiyilum ondru, saemippu thuppakki, idhu vilaiyaattin pulligalil veliyidappadugirathu. inththa savaalin maarupaadu moontru poattiyaalargalum meendum oru uuthappatta paathaiyil verungkaal ooduvathaik kaankirathu, oru anaitthu vilayaattu vilaiyaattilum, oru banjee kaardudan inaikappatta vaail paikalai erikiraargal, irandaavathu thodaril, idhu "karam chaas" inn koodudhal siramam ullathu vilaiyaattin seerattra kattaththil uuthappatta meethu vizhugirathu, ithanaal kuzhandhaigal nazhuvich selvathu mattrum sarukkuvathu savaalin siramaththai athikarikkirathu. thodar 3 inn puddy, ilanththa kuzhandhaigal verungkaalil oru paluppu nira kundukkul slide seithu adhan vazhiyaaga valam vara vaendum.. nicalodian camp aaranjchu british mattrum australian pathippukalil thuppaakkich soodu nadaththappaduvathai ulladakkiya savaalgalum ullana. splatalot (duchu spetterslattle), oru idaikkaala karupporul vilayaattu nigazhchchi, moththa thudaippu amsangkalaip poalavae, thaakkuthalthaarigalai methuvaakkuvatharkaana oru vazhimuraiyaaga, savaalgalil seerattra pulligalil paathukaavalarkalaal thaakkuthal nadaththiyavarkal meethu thuppakki/saeru sudappadugirathu. saam mattrum maark bick friede wind app 2014 muthal kanj amsaththaik konduvarugiradhu. vilayaattu suzharchi endru azhaikkappattathu mattrum irandu kudumba anigalidam podhu arivu kaelvigal kaetkappattana, athae neraththil oru kanj thotti uutrtrappadukirathu, avarkal kaelviyai sariyaagap pettraal avarkal suzhalgiraargal, oru kaelvikku pathilalippathu mattra kudumbaththin murai. thuppakki nirambiyirukkum poathu thuppaakkich soottin keezh irukkum anii thuppaakkich soottil sikkukirathu. 2016 aam aandil, suzharchi mattroru kundup vilayaattu moolam maattrappattathu, idhu pettiyil splat endru azhaikkappadukirathu. irandu kudumba kulukkalukku podhu arivu kaelvigal kaetkappattana. iruppinum, kaelvikkup pathilalikka avarkal pala vinaadigal eduththanar, iruppinum avarkal pettiyil ulla kaippidiyil pala thiruppankalaich seikiraargal. uthaaranamaaga, avarkal pathilalikka 3 vinaadigal eduththuk kondaal, avarkal 3 murai kurattai tiruppa vaendum. avarkal oru kaelviyai thavaraagap pettraal allathu neram mudinthuvittaal avarkal athigapatchamaaga 10 thiruppankalaich seiya vaendiyirukkum. oru thuppakki asuran pettiyil marainthirunththathu mattrum oru kuripitta ennikkaiyilaana thiruppankal pettiyaith thirakkum, maelum endha anii pettiyin muun nirkirathoa adhu thuppakki sudappadum. 7 duu flush endru azhaikkappadum oru puthiya camshowike kondirundhadhu. munththaiya suttril thoalviyadainthavarkal oru thuppakki thottikkul sendru, nigazhchchiyil avarkal azhaikkumpoathu uuthaa nira thuppakki allathu "saeru" moolam suttanar. 2 suttrugal irunththana, enavae ovvoru aththiyaayaththilum 2 kungkugal irunththana, oru suttril oru dye illaiyendraal adhu oru kungaaga mattumae irunththathu. piraim time tholaikaatchiyaip porutthavarai, kurainthapatcham englaanththil, thuppakki muzhu 19 kejam kaattum idevy 1 vilaiyaattil thoantriyullathu, angku irandu velippadaiyaana koolangal ilanjchivappu allathu manjal nira thuppakki aagiyavattraik kondullana. pala udal savaalgalil ondril, oru poattiyaalar thangal niratthin koolaththin adippaguthiyil thulaikka vaendiyirunththathu, idhan vilaivaaga thuppakki avattrin meethu vizhugirathu mattrum keezhae ulla tharaiyil koolaththil oru saaviyai meettedukkirathu, idhu savaalai mudikka anumathiththathu. periya cakoothararin 5 vadhu saenal pathippu (pirabalangkal mattrum saathaarana pathippu) palvaeru panikalil thuppakki mattrum veettu uruppinargalai parinthuraikka oru vazhiyaaga ullathu. 2014 nicalodian kuzhandhaigalin thaervu vilayaattu viruthugalil, paarambariya pacchai niratthai vida thangach saettraik kondu melinthiruntha kaalpandhu veerar davit beccamukku puraana viruthu vazhangkappattathu. aduththa aandu viruthaip pettra baseball veerar terrec jetter, thanga niraththudan melindar. inththa paarambariyam 2016 aam aandil koopi bryant, 2017 aam aandil michael belps mattrum 2018 aam aandil danica paetrik aagiyavattrudan thodarnthathu. inththa melithaana thanmai adhan thaniththuvamaana thanga thoattraththirku mattumalla, thaninabarkal saettril moodappattirukkum migapperiya paanikkum kurippidaththakkathu.

tupaki united kingdamlo gunz anie piluvabade, ledhaa united states mariyu prapanchamlooni chaalaa aanglam matlade praantaalalo telisina burada, oka mandapati, gooi, inca paint mariyu custard madhya ekkado oka chota sthirathvamtho pravahinche padaardham. idhi prapanchavyaaptamgaa aneka samvatsaraalugaa aneka pillala karyakramalalo oka lakshanamgaa undhi mariyu game sholatho paatu itara karyakramalalo kooda kanipinchindi. gunz ekkuvagaa televisionlo kanipistundagaa, dheenini swachchanda samsthalu, yuvata mariyu matha samuuhaalaku nidhula sekarana saadhanamgaa kooda upayoginchavacchu. naitklablu mariyu sarada rojulalo gunz tankulu kanipinchaayi. british swachchanda samsthalu comic releaf mariyu avasaramlo unna pillalu, bbc maddatutoe, gatamlo nidhula sekarana kosam ganjnu upayoginchaaru. U loe.ess.burada konnisaarlu nikelodiyantho mudipadi untundi, daani chuttoo aneka aata pradarsanalu kooda untaayi, "burada samayam pratyakshamgaa" vantivi. idhi vaam ledhaa sploashing fetish yokka mukhya amsam kooda. kuurpu. televisionlo vistrutamgaa upayoginche gunz anedi paarisraamika pouder mandam hydroxythyl cellulose, idhi vistrutamgaa upayoginche jelling mariyu mandam chese agent. pratyamnaayamgaa, itara vastuvulanu "gunz" kosam upayoginchavacchu, udaaharanaku gudlu, saas, alaage itara gajibijigaa unde vastuvulu. aneka sandarbhaallo, gang tank loe gang sambhavistundi, gang nuu nilva cheyadaaniki mariyu vidudala cheyadaaniki oka paaradarsaka booth. suuplu mariyu vantalalo aahara mandamgaa upayoginche muula padaarthaala kaaranamgaa, rangu kooda vishapuuritam kaanidi ayithe, gunz tarachugaa tinadaaniki surakshitam. ganjlo upayoginche itara padaarthaalu obleck, corn starch mariyu neeti misramam, mariyu maroka aahara sankalitam ayina janthan gumm kaavacchu. kenadian television syries yokka iconic green slime "meeru televisionlo alaa cheyaleru" anedi pramaadavasaattu abhivruddhi cheyabadindi, nirmaata roser dhara prakaram-asalu aalochana oka chinna baaludipai migilipoyina aaharaanni oka gottamlo bandhinchi unchadam, conny daanini upayoginchadaaniki mundu, gottam yokka content achutho akupacchagaa maarindi. haanikaramaina misramaanni emainappatiki aaa chinnaripai padesaru, mariyu ratriputa eee syries daani trademark gyag kaligi undhi. aaa taruvaata eee pradarsanalo sunnam gelatine desert pouder, pindi, otmeel ledhaa godhuma cream, baby shampoo mariyu cottage cheej (annee oke samayamlo undaalsina avasaram ledhu) vanti padaarthaalanu cherchina aneka vibhina burada vantakaala dwara vellindi. pradarsanalo (mariyu aaa taruvaata nickelodian loe), burada yokka kuurpunu chaalaa rahasyamgaa pariganinchaaru, mariyu konni bhagalu burada yokka kuurpunu gurtinchadaaniki prayatnistunna taaraaganam sabhyula chuttoo tirugutaayi. nedu prapanchavyaaptamgaa aneka television sholalo gunz ledhaa slime featurelanu pradarsistunnaaru; ayithe, 2000la nundi, pradhana sravanti shola nundi nickelodian yokka "figure itt avt" vanti pillala mariyu teenager television karyakramalapai drushti maarindi. nickelodian pradarsanala prajaadaranaku dhanyavaadaalu, burada mariyu gunz saadhaaranamgaa 1980la nundi uttara americalo pillala kaaryakramaalato mudipadi unnaayi. televisionlo mariyu nidhula sekaranagaa daani upayogamtho paatu, tankullo gunz konnisaarlu niteclublalo kanipistundi. charchi samuuhaalu mariyu scouting udyamaalu vanti yuva samuuhaalu kooda "nayakulanu mariyu pillalanu thupaakeetho kottadaniki" tupaakeeni upayogistaayi. televisionlo gunz charitra. 1960la naatidi. UK loe prajaadarana pondina BBC show "matrame kaadu... conny "kavi yokka muula" anae mugimpu sketch kooda undhi, dheenilo aaa vaaram athidhi peater kukku vyatiraekamgaa oka merugudala kavitvam pooteeki savaalu cheyabadataru, dudley moor refereegaa vyavaharistaaru. prati pootiidaarudu "bbc gunz" yokka chadarapu tank muulaloe kuurchuntaaru, idhi rigg cheyabadina seetupai untundi, tadwara aaa tank loki aaa vyaktini laagavacchu. referee idhe kurcheelo itara moolallo okadaanilo kuurchuntaaru. savaalu theem nundi punaraavrutam, sankocham ledhaa vichalanam yokka edainaa upayogam nerasthudini tankloki nettivestundi. eee rekhaachitram ellappuduu tankloni mugguru vyaktulatoe, buradalo chaatii lothugaa mariyu kavitvam pathistuu mugustundi. 1970-1979. UK sanivaaram udayam pillala pradarsana "tiswas" gunz anae bhavananu samruddhiga upayoginchindi. ippatike custard pailu mariyu neeti bucketlanu samarpakulapai mariyu atithulapai visiradam dwara gandaragolamaina slap stick hasyanni sthaapinchina tiswas, vayojana volunteerlanu bonulo bandhinchadaaniki teesukunnaru. okasari panjaram lopaliki pravesinchina taruvaata, nivaasitulu saadhaaranamgaa pradarsanalo yaadruchchika paayintla vadda bucketla neetitho naanabedataaru. panjaram paina unna tinn snaanaaniki krutagnatalu, akkada gunz chikkukundi. handle dwara, eee tottenu vangi, daani gandaragola vishayalanu diguva prajalapai padeyavachu, custard paie haasyaaniki prasiddhi chendindi, tiswalalo aahara bucketlu mariyu anukarana matti/gurrapu eruvu prajala meeda povadam asaadhaaranam kaadu. custard mariyu kaalchina beans prajaadarana pondina empikalu. 1980-1989. uttara americalo, "meeru televisionlo alaa cheyaleru", oka british television nirmaata, roser dhara abhivruddhi chesina nickelodian loe prachuryam pondina kenadian pillala karyakramam, daani paatralanu mamuluga "burada" (saadhaaranamgaa aakupaccha, conny konnisaarlu itara rangulalo) kuu gurichestundi, saadhaaranamgaa vaaru "naaku teliyadu" anie cheppinappudu."idhi pradarsanalo pradhaanamainadigaa maarindi, ikkada itara natulu tama thoti vyaktulanu sannabadela oka padabandhaanni cheppamani prothsahinchadaaniki prayatnistaaru. televisionlo meeru alaa cheyaleru" anae 1982 episode nundi oka sannani sannivesam 1987 chitram "praanaantaka aakarshana" praarambhamlo kooda upayoginchabadindi, mariyu eee syries yokka suuchanalu pradhana sravanti yuu loe upayoginchabaddaayi.ess. nyuus radeo" nundi "kutumba vyakti" varaku television dharavahikalu. cult show yokka eee amsam taruvaata nickelodian yokka burada logolo iconic cheyabadindi, tadupari aata pradarsanalu "double dier", meeru emi chestaaru?"," daanni gurtinchandi ", mariyu burada, mukham meeda pais, mariyu itara rakaala gandaragolalu, mariyu pratyaksha kaaryakramaala chuttoo tirige" brain surge ", indulo paalgonevaariki (pramukhulatho sahaa, mukhyamgaa vaarshika pillala empika avaardulalo) avakaasam ivvabadutundi sannabadataaniki ledhaa bahirangamgaa avamaaninchabaddaaru. 1980la chivaralo, nickelodian mariyu daani kenadian pratiroopam, vytivi, rait-inn pootiilanu kooda nirvahinchaayi, indulo grand prize ottava, antariolo sett cheyabadina "vaisidotvi" kuu oka trip, sannaga undataaniki. nickelodian yokka burada yokka prajaadarana swalpakaalika 1988 syndicated game show "burada samayam" (nickelodian yokka taruvaata "burada samayam pratyaksha prasaram" thoo sambandham ledhu) vanti anukaranadaarulanu srushtinchindi, dheenilo paatasaala upaadhyaayulu aakupaccha burada baadhitulu. eee gongali sampradaayamlooni atyanta prasiddha udaaharanalu udaaharanalu pillala modati empika avaardulatoe praarambhamavutaayi. britton mariyu airopalo, 1980la praarambhamlo, pillala gunz aadhaarita aata pradarsanalu pramaanamgaa undevi. mukhyamgaa "meeku entha dhairyam!" vanti pradarsanalu."itv mariyu bbclo" "crackerjack" "raboye dasaabdamloo pradarsanalalo kanipinche gang elementnu nirdhaarinchindi". meeku entha dhairyam!", pradhana aatalalo okati 'vaariki oka paatham nerpandi', ikkada pillalu mokali lothaina gunz tank paina kuurchuni vaari paatasaala nundi vaari upaadhyaayudini ledhaa pratinidhini gunz loe munche avakaasam labhinchindi. eee aata taruvaata upaadhyaayulanu konnisaarlu pradarsana yokka samarpakulalo okaru vaari perch nundi padagotti, gunz tank loki padesaru. crackerjack" loe, iddaru varapu pramukhulu, oka purushudu mariyu oka mahila, tama pillala pootiidaarulaku paayintlu geluchukovadaaniki prayatninchadaaniki "oka avakaasam teesukondi" anie piluvabade gunz aadhaarita gamelo host stu fraansistoe pootii padataaru. prasnalaku sarigga samadhanam ivvadamlo vaiphalyam frances mariyu/ledhaa pramukha atithini ganjlo cover cheyadaaniki daariteestundi. adanamgaa, konnisaarlu vijaeta tama pratyarthini chuusi navvinanduku sikshagaa, mukhyamgaa adhi frances ayithe, thupaakeetho kottabadataadu. taruvaata taruvaata, bbc yuu. ess. shaili aakruti aadhaaramgaa "double dair" nuu praarambhinchindi, conny daani yuu kante chaalaa slopy.ess. pratyarthi. alaage, gunz pradhana sravanti pradarsanalalo "game pharr eah hugg" mariyu bbclo "noels satterday road show" vanti vaatilo kanipinchadam praarambhinchindi. airopaloni itara deshaalu kooda pradhana sravanti pradarsanalalo gunz amsaalanu kaligi undatam praarambhinchaayi. "yun, daas, tress... speyinlo "respanda otra vez" loe tarachugaa pootiidaarulu okarinokaru tupaki bucketlu visurutuu undevaaru. germanylo oka television show ayina "donorlippchen" loe kooda aneka gandaragola atalu jarigaayi; pradarsana yokka climax jattu yokka saripoye baasnu dunk tanklo munchiveyadam mariyu prati jattu sabhyula jatha baxer shortla lopala custardnu poyadam. newzealand pillala pradarsana "vaat nau" nau" praarambhinchinappati nundi samvatsaraalugaa ganjnu upayogistondi. 2015 natiki eee karyakramam ippatikee prati aadivaaram udayam 8 gantala nundi chhaanel chhaanel prasaram avtondi. gunz upayoginchi pradarsanalooni vividha vibhagalalo, terror tank, paruguteesukuntu gunz, flush cheyabadina kappa, boglo kappa mariyu medadu stambhimpajeyadam unnaayi. 1990-1999. noels house party" loe, television sholoni yea pramukhulanu gunz tanklo thupaakeetho kalchalo nirnayinchadaaniki prajalu tarachugaa ootu vaestaaru. taruvaati samvatsaraallo, gunz tank gunz railuga maarindi, mariyu pramukhulu railulo prayaaninchavalasi vachindi mariyu vaari prayaanamantaa gunz loe kappabaddaru. pramukhulu saadhaaranamgaa tama suutlu ledhaa dustulu paaduchesi tirigi vastaaru mariyu gurtinchaleni mukhalanu edurkontaaru. konnisaarlu kutumba sabhyulu ledhaa snehitulu prateekaaram teerchukune kaaranaala valla prekshakula sabhyulanu pradarsanalo thupaakeetho kottaru. gunjing prakriyaku anubandhinchabadina vinoda karakanni daatrutva karyakramam "comic releaf" yokka nirmaatalu grahinchaaru, vaaru jaateeya pradarsana kendram, birminghamlo ginnis prapancha recordula sahakaaramtho oka karyakramanni nirvahinchaaru, ikkada 12 marchi 1999naa ekakaalamlo thupaakeetho kaalchabadina atyadhika mandiki rikaardu nelakolpadaaniki prayatnam jarigindi. airopa antataa television nirmaatalu andaruu veekshakulalo daani prajaadarana kaaranamgaa pradhana sravanti television sholalo marinta gunz vibhaagaalanu amarchaalani aadesinchaaru. germanylo, sat.1, haalii galli, glookspirale, glookspirale, inca enhechpi-gotschack yokka haas-party yokka german version, annee adhika motaadu gunz kaligi untaayi. haali gallilo prekshakula sabhyulu tama seetla nundi bayataku teesi, oka gunz slidenu oka pool loki pampinchaaru. adevidhamgaa, glookspirale aann sus, glookes ritter artl mariyu raache ist sus sus, pootiidaarulanu prekshakula nundi bayataku teesi, atyanta adbhutamaina margallo thupaakeetho kottaru. 1990la chivaralo, "noels house party" yokka patanam mariyu itara european pradarsanala kosam prekshakula sankhya taggadamtho, aneka pradhana sravanti pradarsanalalo gunz vibhagam ksheeninchadam praarambhinchindi. 1990la antataa, gunz aneka pillala television sholalo kendra lakshanamgaa maarindi. teenagerlu mariyu pramukha atithulu tarachugaa "live & kick" paie kwijlalo potipadatam kanipistundi, mariyu vaaru odipothe vaarini thupaakeetho kottutaaru. eee pradarsanalo pramukhulaina lii ryaan, benn audums, catey hill, lessie waters, catherine merrie, heather sutty mariyu victoria hockins gayapaddaru. aneka itara pradarsanalu ganjnu upayoginchaayi-"funn house", "mea swantha tirigi pondandi", "risk amalu cheyandi" mariyu "double dier". 1997 nundi 2003 varaku, uh oh! anae kenadian show!, idhi vaitivilo nadichindi, indulo paalgonevaaru oka gadhi parimaana gadiloki velli, vaari bhagaswamy prasnaku sarigga samadhanam ivvalekapothe vaaripai aakupaccha thupaakeetho padese siksha vyavasthanu kaligi undhi. 2000-2009. pradhana sravanti television karyakramalalo, paal oo 'grady show, ii yaam eah celebrity vanti karyakramalalo gunz upayoginchabadindi...nannu ikkadi nundi bayataku teeyandi!, mariyu "lopaliki". 2010-prastutam. gunz gunz 2010loe pillala tvlo pradarsinchabadatam konasaaginchindi mariyu 2000la chivari sagam yokka dhoranini konasaaginchindi, idhi okappudu chesinantagaa kaadu. aatanu vadiliveyadaaniki 101 margalu daani bonus roundloo upayoginchaayi. atitheyudu yaadruchchika paerunu enchukuntaadu mariyu athanu tappugaa adigina prasnanu pondina modati vyakti gottanni kindaki dinchi thupaakeetho kottabadataadu. tulasi pillala marpidi dukaanam gunz galleryni tagginchi tirigi vachindi, conny goaled rush anae paaschaatya theemtho kotta aatanu pravesapettindi. eee aatalo, munupati aata (dunk padakalu) nundi gelichina rendu jatlu maine shaftlo sett cheyabadina aatalo palgontayi, ikkada gurinchina lakshyam drava buradatho gottalanu nimpadam, bucketlanu slapto kappadam dwara gottaalalo dachabadi untaayi (kabatti pillalu evaru gelustunnaro teliyadu). chivaralo naluguru pillalu ippudu vanukutunna gani shaftlo cover teesukuntaaru. gelichina jattu appudu bangaaru (pasupu gunz) nuu andukuntundi, odipoyina jattu praarambhamlo godhuma buradatho kappabadi untundi, ayithe taruvaata bhagalu avi podigaa untaayi. newzealand kids televisionlo, ippudu pedda alpaharam mariyu splat guha anae kotta gangee gemnu pravesapettindi. iddaru pillalu tama sahacharula kosam aksharalu/sankhyalu ledhaa itara vastuvula vanti vastuvulanu sekarinchadaaniki oka ginneloki cheppulu lekunda velladaanni chuse savaalu undhi. chivari aata gunz bowlnu kooda upayogistundi, ikkada chivari bhaagamlo vaari bandee sahacharulanu vidudala cheyadaaniki pool loe wading mariyu ramp up untundi. untundi, yooj yaa head, target yaa teacher mariyu chinna bantulu vanti konni kotta atalu ippudu daaniki jodinchabaddaayi. adanamgaa, bhayankaramaina charitrala nundi vacchina spin-off, gunz thoo kuudina saareeraka savaalunu kaligi undhi. kwijloni mugguru pillalu gaalitho nindina "puu" nii sekarinchi, maroka chivara vaari tankullo jama chestu cheppulu lekunda parugettutunnaaru. gaalitho nimpagalige vaati paina moodu containerlu untaayi-gaalitho nimpagalige prati laenku okati, nilva chese gunz, idhi aataloni paayintla vadda vidudala cheyabadutundi. eee savaalu yokka vaividhyam mugguru pootiidaarulu mallee gaalitho nindina laine venta cheppulu lekunda parugettadam chustundi, anni aata aatallo, banji kaardku jodinchina notiloki pailanu visireyandi, rendava siriisloo, idhi aatalo yaadruchchika binduvu vadda gaalitho kuudina "gaaram saas" padipovadamlo adanapu kashtanni kaligi untundi, deenivalla pillalu jaripoyi, slide avutaaru, tadwara savaalu yokka kashtanni penchutundi. syries 3 prakaram, odipoyina pillalu godhuma rangu gunz loki cheppulu lekunda kindaki velli daani gundaa croll cheyalsi untundi.. nickelodian yokka camp aurange yokka british mariyu australian samskaranalu kooda thupaakeetho kottabadatam vanti savaallanu kaligi untaayi. splatalot (dutch spettersloat), madhyayuga nepathya game show, mottam tudichivese lakshanaala maadirigaane, daadiki paalpadevaarini nemmadinche maargamgaa savaallalo yaadruchchika paayintla vadda rakshakulu daadi chesevaaripai gunz/buradanu kaalchutaaru. saam und maark bigg friede wind up 2014 nundi ganjnu pradarsinchadam praarambhinchindi. aatanu rotation anie pilicheevaaru mariyu rendu kutumba jatlanu saadhaarana ghnaana prasnalu adigaru, ayithe gunz tank poyabadutondi, vaaru prasnanu sarigga pondithe vaaru tirugutaaru mariyu oka prasnaku samadhanam ivvadam itara kutumbam vanthu. gunz kinda unna jattu adhi nindinappudu thupaakeetho kottabadutundi. sampradaayam, rotation sthaanamlo splat inn dhi baaks anae maroka ganji gemnu upayoginchaaru. rendu kutumba brundaalanu saadhaarana ghnaana prasnalu adigaru. ayithe, prasnaku samadhanam ivvadaaniki vaaru chaalaa sekanlu teesukunnappatiki, vaaru pettelooni handle meeda chaalaa malupulu chestaaru. udaaharanaku, vaaru samadhanam ivvadaaniki 3 sekanlu teesukunte vaaru kraanknu 3 saarlu tippavalasi untundi. vaaru oka prasna tappugaa vasthe ledhaa samayam aipothe vaaru garishtamgaa 10 malupulu cheyalsi untundi. oka gunz rakshasudu pettelo daakkunnaadu mariyu nirdishta sankhyalo malupulu pettenu terustaayi mariyu pette mundu nilabadi unna yea jattu ayina thupaakeetho kottabadutundi. 7 too flush anie piluvabade gunz thoo kotta game show kaligi undhi. munupati roundloo odipoyina vaaru gunz tankloki velli, pradarsanalo vaaru pilichinatlugaa oodaa rangu gunz ledhaa "burada" thoo thupaakeetho kottaru. 2 roundlu undevi kabatti prati episodelo oka roundloo tye unte tappa 2 gunjing luu undevi, tadwara adhi kevalam oka gunjing matrame. prime time television paramgaa, kaneesam UK loe, gunz mottam 19 gajaala aatalo kanipinchindi, ikkada rendu paaradarsaka golaalu gulabi ledhaa pasupu gunz kaligi unnaayi. aneka saareeraka savaallalo okadaanilo, oka pootiidaarudu vaari rangu yokka golam yokka diguva bhaganni teravavalasi vachindi, phalitamgaa golam loe oka keeni tirigi pondadaaniki gunz vaaripai mariyu krinda neelapai padipoyindi, idhi savaalunu puurti cheyadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. chhaanel 5 version bigg brother (pramukhulu mariyu saadhaarana version rendoo) vividha panulalo ganjnu kaligi untundi mariyu housematelanu nominate chese maargamgaa untundi. 2014 nickelodian pillala empika creeda puraskaralalo, puraana avaardu sacker aatagadu david beckhanku ivvabadindi, athanu saampradaaya aakupaccha rangu kante bangaaru buradatho sannaga undevaadu. marusati samvatsaram avaardunu andukunna baseball aatagadu derec jetter kooda bangaaru rangutho sannaga unnadu. eee sampradaayam sampradaayam cobe bryant, bryant maikhel felps mariyu mariyu danica patrick thoo konasaagindi. eee slimming daani pratyaekamaina bangaaru roopaaniki matrame kakunda, vyaktulu buradatho kappabadina adhika fyaashanku kooda gurtinchadaginadi.

gunj gunj jaisa kahh asay bartaniah mein jaana jaataa hay yaa gund jaisa kahh asay riyasathaye muthadah aur duniya kay beshtar angrezi bolnay waalay elaqon mein jaana jaataa hay eek motaa goyee leakin behta hawaa maadah hay jiss mein paint aur custard kay darmiyan kahein mustaqil mazaji hoti hay. yaha duniya bhar mein kayee saalon say bachon kay behat say programon mein eek khususiyat rehaa hay aur gaim shoz kay saath saath deegar programing mein bhee nazar aayaa hay. jabb kahh gunj ziyadah tarr teeli vision parr zahir hotaa hay asay khairati adaaron naujawanon aur mazhabi grohon kay liye fund rezing kay aalay kay toor parr bhee istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. gunj tenk night kalbon aur tafrihi dunon mein namodar hoay haine. bartanvi khairati idaaron mazahiya releaf aur zarurat mund bachon ney jinhein bee bee see kii himayat haasil hay maazi mein fund rezing kay liye gunj kaa istemaal kiyaa hay. yuu mein.aiss.yee gund kabhi kabhi niklodeen say waabistah hotaa hay yahaan takk kahh iss kay gird ghoomnay waalay kayee gaim shoz hotay haine jeesay "salaem tyme laiyo". yaha waam yaa splotiong faitish kaa eek aham pehlu bhee hay. saakhat. gunj juu teeli vision parr baday paimanay parr istemaal hotaa hay wah eek sanaati powder motayi karnay waala hydroxythyl celolose hay juu eek baday paimanay parr istemaal honay waala jailing aur motayi kaa agent hay. muthbadil toor parr deegar ashyaa kuu "gunj" kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay misaal kay toor parr anday chutney kay saath saath deegar gandaa saamaan. behat say muamilat mein ganjing eek gunj tenk mein hoti hay juu eek shafaf booth hay jiss mein gunj kuu zakhirah karnay aur chhodnay kaa zariah hotaa hay. soop aur stoo mein khaaney kay ajzaa kuu motaa karnay kay liye istemaal honay kii wajah say gunj aksar khaaney kay liye mahfuz hay bashartikah rung bhee ghair zahrila how. gaanj mein istemaal honay waalay deegar ajzaa oblik juu makayi kay daarish aur paani kaa markab hay aur zeenthan gumm juu eek aur khaaney kaa izaafi hay how saktay haine. producer rogar price kay mutabiq canadian teeli vision seerez "aap teeli vision parr aisa nahein kirr saktay" kii mashhur sabz gandgi hadsati toor parr tayaar kii gayee thee-asl khayaal yaha thaa kahh khaaney kii bachee hoyee biral kuu eek chhotay ladkay parr bandha kirr ddaal diyaa jaaye leakin iss say pehley kahh asay istemaal kiyaa jaa sakay biral kay mawaad sadna say sabz how gayey thay. nqsan dhah markab waisay bhee naujawan ladkay parr phaink diyaa gayaa aur raaton raat seerez kaa trade maark bund how gayaa. iss kay baad show mein kayee mukhtalif ganday tarkibon say guzra jiss mein chonay kii jaletan meethi powder aataa jawaar yaa gandam kii cream beebi shampo aur yahaan takk kahh cottage cheez (yaha zaruri nahein kahh sabb eek hyee waqat mein hoan) jeesay ajzaa shaamil thay. show mein (aur iss kay baad say niklodeen parr)yee gaad kii saakhat kuu eek qareebi hifazati raaz kay toor parr samjha jaataa thaa aur kachh aqsaat cast kay mumbaron kay gird ghomti thein juu gaad kii saakhat kuu samajhne kii koshish kartay thay. aaj duniya bhar kay behat say teeli vision shoz mein gunj yaa salaem kii khususiyat haine vovo tahim 2000 kii dahayi say taujah markazi dhaaray kay shoz say bachon aur noamar bachon kay teeli vision programon jeesay niklodeen kay "asay malum karein" kii taraf badal gayee hay. niklyodeen shoz kii maqboliyat kii wajah say gong aur gong aam toor parr 1980 kii dahayi say shamali america mein bachon kay programing say waabistah rahay haine. teeli vision parr aur fund reezar kay toor parr iss kay istemaal kay alawah baaz auqaat night kalbon mein tenkon mein gunj kii khususiyat hoti hay. naujawanon kay garwah jeesay charch kay garwah aur scouting kii tehreekein bhee "rehnumaon kay saath saath bachon kuu bhee nishanah bananay kay liye gunj kaa istemaal karti haine. teeli vision parr gunj kii tareekh. 1960 kii dahayi. bartaniah mein maqbool bee bee see show "naha sarf... leakin "shayer kay konay" kay naam say eek ikhtatami khaakah bhee paish kiyaa gayaa jiss mein iss haftay kay mahman kuu petter kick kay khalaaf eek takhribi shayeri kay muqabilay mein challenge kiyaa jaaye gaa jiss mein dodli morr referee kay toor parr kaam karein gay. harr madmaqabil "bee bee see gunj" kay marbaa tenk kay konay mein eek dhandli waali seet parr bethay gaa jasay mutharik kiyaa jaa saktaa hay taakah iss mein sawaar shaqs kuu tenk mein ghasita jaa sakay. referee asee tarah kii karsi parr dosray konoon mein say eek parr bethta. challenge theem say takraar hichkichahat yaa inharaf kaa koyee bhee istemaal mujaram kuu tenk mein dhakeel day gaa. khaakah hamishah tenk mein teenon shaqsiyat kay saath khatam hotaa hay seenay mein mutty aur shayeri kii talawat hoti hay. 1970-1979. bartaniah kay haftah kii sabah bachon kay show "taswas" mein gunj kay tasavur kuu kasrat say istemaal kiyaa gayaa. paish kanandgan aur mahmanon parr custard payee aur paani kii baltiyan phainaknay kay zariye pehley hyee gandaa sleep stick mazaah qayem karnay kay baad taswas nay baaligh razakaron kuu panjray mein bund kirr diyaa thaa. panjray kay andar daakhil honay kay baad baashinde aam toor parr show mein bay tartib maqamat parr paani kii baltiyon say dobay rehtay thay. jehaan gunj shaamil how gayaa iss kii badolat panjray kay oopar mojud tunn kay ghasal khaaney kii wajah say thaa. handle kay zariye iss tubb kuu jhukaya jaa saktaa hay iss kay gandaa mawaad kuu neechey kay logon parr giraya jaa saktaa hay jabkah yaha apnay custard payee mazaah kay liye mashhur hay teesoon kay liye khaaney kii baltiyan aur logon parr nqali kii mutty/ghoday kii khaad daalna koyee ghair mamuli baath nahein hogi. custard aur backed phaliyan maqbool intekhaab thay. 1980-1989. shamali america mein "aap teeli vision parr aisa nahein kirr saktay"yee eek canadian bachon kaa show juu niklodeen parr maqbool hay jasay eek bartanvi tye wee producer rogar price nay tayaar kiyaa thaa mamul kay mutabiq apnay kirdaron kuu "salom" (aam toor parr sabz leakin baaz auqaat dosray rangon mein) kaa nishanah banata hay aam toor parr jabb wah kehtay haine "majhay nahein malum."yaha show kaa eek aham hasah bunn gayaa jehaan dosray adakaar apnay saathiyon kuu patla karnay kay liye eek jamlah kahnay kii targhib deenay kii koshish kartay. aap teeli vision parr yaha nahein kirr saktay" kii 1982 kii qast kaa eek patla manzar 1987 kii film "mahlak kashash" kay aaghaz mein bhee istemaal kiyaa gayaa thaa aur seerez kay hawalah jaat kuu markazi dhaaray mein shaamil yuu mein istemaal kiyaa gayaa hay.aiss. newz redio" say lay kirr "femli gaaye" takk kii teeli vision seerez. cult show kaa yaha pehlu baad mein niklodeen kay salaem logo mein iconized how gayaa iss kay baad kay gaim show jeesay "double dair"yee aap kiyaa karein gay?"yee" asay malum karein "yee aur" brains sarj "juu gund chehrey parr payee aur garbad kii deegar shaklon kay gird ghomta hay aur braah raast taqribaat jinn mein sharkaa (bashmol mashhur shaqsiyat khaas toor parr bachon kay salanah intekhaab kay ewards mein) kuu paish kiyaa jaaye gaa. patla honay yaa awami toor parr zulat kaa nishanah bannay kaa moqaa. 1980 kii dahayi kay aakhir mein niklodeen aur iss kay canadian humm munsib waayi tye wee nay tehriri muqabilay bhee munaqid kiye jinn mein grend prize oontario kay otawa mein seet kardah "waayi see ddee tuto" kaa dorah thaa jasay patla kiyaa jaana thaa. niklodeen kay salaem shoz kii maqboliyat nay nql karnay waalon kuu janam diyaa jeesay kahh qaleel madti 1988 kay syndicated gaim show "salaem tyme" (niklodeen kay baad kay "salaem tyme laiyo" say koyee taaluq nahein)yee jiss mein school kay asatazah grain ganjing kaa shikaar thay. mazkurah gonging rawayat kii sabb say mashhur misalein 1987 mein bachon kay pehley intekhaab kay ewards kay saath sharoo hoti haine. bartaniah aur europ mein 1980 kii dahayi kay awail mein bachon kay gaanj parr mubni gaim show mamul kay mutabiq thay. khaas toor parr shoz jeesay "aap kii hamat katni hay!"bee bee see parr aayee tye wee aur" karekar jeek "nay iss baath kuu yaqeeni banaya kahh gunging ansar aaney waali dahayi kay shoz mein numayan how. tumhari hamat kisay hoyee!"yee aham kheelon mein say eek 'inhein sabq sikhana' thaa jehaan bachon kuu ghatnay say bharay gunj tenk kay oopar beeth kirr apnay astaad yaa apnay school kay numayende kuu gunj mein denk karnay kaa moqaa milaa. iss kheel kay baad asatazah kuu kabhi kabhi show kay paish kanandgan mein say eek nay inn kay parch say baahir aur gunj tenk mein ddaal diyaa. karekar jeek" parr duu haftah waar mashhur shaqsiyat eek mard aur eek khaatun apnay bachon kay madmaqabil kay liye points jeetnay kii koshish karnay kay liye "teek aey taans" naami gunj parr mubni gaim mein mezban stoo frances kay khalaaf muqabilah karein gee. sawalat kaa saheeh jawaab naha deenay kii wajah say frances aur/yaa mashhur shaqsiyat kay mahman kuu gahiray mein lay liyaa jaaye gaa. iss kay alawah baaz auqaat faatah kuu apnay mukhalif parr hansnay kii sazaa kay bawajood golee maar dee jaatee khaas toor parr agar wah frances hotaa. baad mein 1980 kii dahayi mein bee bee see nay yuu aiss style formate parr mubni "double dair" laanch kiyaa leakin iss kay yuu say behat ziyadah sast.aiss. humm mansib. neez gung aayee tye wee parr "gaim faar aey laas" aur bee bee see parr "naveel kaa sneacher day road show" jeesay markazi dhaaray kay shoz mein nazar aaney lagaa. europ kay deegar mamalik mein bhee markazi dhaaray kay shoz mein gunj anaasir honaa sharoo how gayey. "aike dow teen... speen mein "reospenda otra veez" mein aksar madmaqabil eek dosray parr gunj kii baltiyan phainktay thay. germani kay eek teeli vision show "donerlapen" mein bhee behat say gandaa kheel thay. show kaa climics team kay mozon baas kuu denk tenk mein denk karnaa aur team kay harr mumber kay andar baaksar shorts kii jodee kay andar custard daalna thaa. newzi lend kay bachon kaa show "waat naao" 1981 mein apnay aaghaz kay baad say kayee saalon say gunj kaa istemaal kirr rehaa hay. 2015 takk yaha show abb bhee chinal 2 parr harr atwaar kii sabah 8 bajay say nashar how rehaa hay. gunj kaa istemaal kartay hoay show kay mukhtalif hasoon mein dehshat girdi kaa tenk bhagtay hoay gunj flish how kirr door honaa dabay mein mendik aur brain manjamad honaa shaamil haine. 1990-1999. naveel house paarti" mein awaam aksar iss baath kaa tayeen karnay kay liye woat deetay thay kahh teeli vision show mein coone see mashhur shaqsiyat kuu gunj tenk mein golee maar dee jaaye gee. baad kay saalon mein gunj tenk gunj train bunn gayaa aur mashhur shaqsiyat kuu train mein sawari karnay parr majbur kiyaa gayaa aur wah apnay puray safar mein gunj mein dahkay rahay. mashhur shaqsiyat aam toor parr apnay sout yaa kapday barbaad kirr kay waps aatee haine aur inhein naqabil shanakhat kaa saamna karnaa padta hay. kabhi kabhi show mein saamayin kay arakeen kuu khaandaan kay afraad yaa doston kii taraf say inteqam kii wajuhaat kii banaa parr golee maar dee jaati thee. ganjing kay amal say mansalk tafrihi ansar kaa ahsaas khairati taqrib "kaamak releaf" kay prodiosaron nay kiyaa jinhon nay qomi numaishi markaz barmangham mein ganeez world record kay taawan say eek taqrib kaa anaqad kiyaa jehaan 12 maarch 1999 kuu beek waqat sabb say ziyadah logon kay liye goliyan chalanay kii koshish kii gayee. 731 afraad parr 184 gailan gunj chhadkaya gayaa. europ bhar mein teeli vision producers nazireen mein iss kii maqboliyat kii wajah say mazeed gunj segment kuu markazi dhaaray kay teeli vision shoz mein fitt karnay kaa hakam day rahay thay. germani mein mein haali galee glocustrator (rtl)yee glokes sprail neez aine aich pee-gotschak kii house paarti kaa german version sabb mein gunj kii ziyadah khuraak shaamil thee. haali glee nay saamayin kay arkaan kuu apnee nashaston say baahir nikala aur eek gandaa gunj slide neechey aur eek talaab mein bhej diyaa. asee tarah glokes spreel aann seet 1yee gloccerator aar tye eel aur raachey aist soz seet 1yee mein madmaqabil saamayin say baahir nikal gayey aur intehayi shandar tareeqon say goliyan chalayein. 1990 kii dahayi kay aakhir mein "naveel kii house paarti" kay khaatime aur deegar europi shoz kay liye saamayin kay aidaad woo shamaar mein kamee kay saath behat say markazi dhaaray kay shoz mein gunj kaa hasah khatam honaa sharoo hawaa. 1990 kii dahayi kay doraan gunj bachon kay behat say teeli vision shoz mein eek markazi khususiyat bunn gayaa. noamar aur mashhur shaqsiyat kay mahmanon kuu aksar "laiyo aind kick" parr koyaz mein muqabilah kartay hoay dekha jaataa hay aur agar wah haar jaatay haine tuu inhein golee maar dee jaati hay. iss show mein lee riyaan beenn addams keaty hill lesli waters catherine meeri haidar sooti aur victoria hockins jaisi mashhur shaqsiyat kuu nishanah banaya gayaa. behat say dosray shoz mein gunj kaa istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay-"tafrihi gahar"yee "apnee taraf loat low"yee "rusk chalayein" aur "double dair". 1997 say 2003 takk eek canadian show jiss kaa naam awah awah hay!yee juu kahh waayi tye wee parr chalaa iss mein eek sazaa kaa nazaam paish kiyaa gayaa jiss mein shareek almaari kay size kay kamray mein jaataa thaa aur agar inn kaa saathi sawaal kaa saheeh jawaab deenay kay qaabil nahein hotaa tuu inn parr sabz goliyan girayi jaati thein. 2000-2009. agast kay doraan markazi dhaaray kay teeli vision programon mein gunj kaa istemaal paal awo grady show aayee ayem aey slabraty jeesay shoz mein kiyaa jaataa thaa...majhay yahaan say nikaal duu!yee aur "andar say baahir". 2010-maujudah. gunj 2010 mein bartaniah mein bachon kay tye wee parr numayan hotaa rehaa aur 2000 kii dahayi kay awakhir kay nasf hasay kay rajhaan kuu jaari rakhaa atnaa nahein jitna iss nay eek baar kiyaa thaa. gaim show kuu chhodnay kay 101 tareeqon nay asay apnay bonas round mein istemaal kiyaa hay. mezban eek bay tartib naam chantaa hay aur juu shaqs ghalat sawaal poochta hay asay wah sabb say pehley neechey lay jaataa hay aur golee maar dee jaati hay. talsi kay bachon kii tabadle kii dakaan gunj gallery kuu chhod kirr waps aayee leakin gold rash naami maghrabi theem kay saath eek neeya kheel mutaarif karaya. iss kheel mein pachlay kheel (denk beedd) kii duu jeetnay waali teamein maain shaaft mein seet kiye gayey kheel mein hasah leeti haine jehaan maqsad yaha hay kahh naliyon kuu maaye keechad say bharna hay aur baltiyon kuu dhalwan say naliyon mein daalna hay juu poshidah haine (lehza bachon kuu malum nahein hotaa kahh coone jeeth rehaa hay). aakhir mein chaar bachay abb kaan kay kaan kay shaaft mein dahak jaatay haine. iss kay baad jeetnay waali team kuu sonay kaa tamgha (zard gaanj) milta hay jabkah haarnay waali team kuu ibtadayi toor parr bhuri keechad say dahak diyaa jaataa thaa tahim baad kii qaston mein wah khashak rehti haine. newzi lend kay bachon kay teeli vision mein jiss nay abb eek neeya ganji gaim mutaarif karaya hay wah hay badaa naashtah aur spult ghaar. phee fayee fow yamm kay paas eek challenge hay jiss mein dekha jaataa hay kahh duu bachay nangay paaon gaanj kay piyalay mein apnay saathiyon kay liye ashyaa jeesay haroof/number yaa deegar ashyaa jamaa karnay kay liye jaatay haine. final gaim mein gunj bawal kaa bhee istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay jehaan aakhri hasay mein poul mein chalna aur apnay captive team kay saathiyon kuu chhodnay kay liye remp parr chadhna shaamil hotaa hay. 2014 mein kachh nayey kheel jeesay youz yaa head target yaa teacher aur chhoti gaindon kuu abb juu kachh shaamil kiyaa gayaa hay iss mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa. iss kay alawah khufnaak tareekhon say taaluq rakhnay waalay iss mein eek jasmani challenge shaamil thaa jiss mein gunj shaamil thaa. koyaz mein teen bachay nangay paaon eek hawaa daar jamaa karnay waalay "puu" kay paar dodtay haine aur asay dosray saray parr apnay tenkon mein jamaa kartay haine. hawaa daar kay oopar teen container hotay haine-hawaa daar kii harr leane kay liye aike zakhirah karnay waali gunj juu kheel kay points parr jaari kii jaati hay. iss challenge kii eek taghir mein teen madmaqabil dobarah eek hawaa daar leane kay saath nangay paaon dodtay hoay nazar aatay haine eek aal play gaim mein banji card say mansalk manah mein payee phainktay haine dosri seerez mein iss mein "greem chutney" kay kheel kay eek bay tartib maqaam parr hawaa daar parr garnay kii izaafi mashkal hoti hay jiss kii wajah say bachay phisal jaatay haine aur iss tarah challenge kii mashkal mein izafah hotaa hay. seerez 3 kay mutabiq haarnay waalay bachay nangay paaon neechey girr kirr bhuri rung kii gunj mein jaa kirr iss mein rengna padta.. niklyodeen kay camp auranj kay bartanvi aur austrailvi warzan mein bhee aisey challenges paish kiye gayey haine jinn mein goliyan chalana shaamil hay. splatalot (dich spatersloat mein)yee eek qaroon wastee kaa mozua parr mubni gaim show juu kill wipe aaot fatures kii tarah hay muhafizon kay zariah hamlah aawaron kuu sast karnay kay liye challenges mein bay tartib maqamat parr hamlah aawaron parr gunj/salom fayer kiyaa jaataa hay. seem aur maark bugg fryday wind app nay 2014 say gunj kii khususiyat sharoo kirr dee hay. iss kheel kuu gardash kahaa jaataa thaa aur duu khaandaani teamon say amumi alam kay sawalat pooche jaatay thay jabb kahh eek gunj tenk daala jaa rehaa hotaa hay agar wah sawaal saheeh tareeqe say haasil kartay haine tuu wah ghoomtay haine aur yaha dosray khaandaan kii baari hay kahh wah kasee sawaal kaa jawaab dain. wah team juu gunj kay neechey hoti hay jabb wah bharee hoti hay tuu golee maar dee jaati hay. 2016 mein gardash kii jagah eek aur ganji gaim nay lay lee jasay supplet inn dee baaks kahaa jaataa hay. duu khaandaani teamon say amumi alam kay sawalat pooche gayey. iss sawaal kaa jawaab deenay mein inhein katnay hyee second lagay halankah wah baaks kay handle parr kayee baariyan kartay haine. misaal kay toor parr agar inhein jawaab deenay mein 3 second lagay tuu inhein 3 baar crack kuu modna paray gaa. agar inhein koyee sawaal ghalat milta hay yaa waqat khatam how jaataa hay tuu inhein ziyadah say ziyadah moad leena hoan gay juu kahh 10 haine. eek gunj rockshis dabay mein chhapa hawaa thaa aur eek makhsus taadad mein moad dabay kuu khool dain gay aur juu bhee team dabay kay saamney khadee how wah golee say maaraa jaaye gaa. 7 tuu kay paas eek neeya gaim show thaa jiss mein gunj thaa jasay flish kahaa jaataa thaa. pachlay round kay haarnay waalay gunj tenk mein gayey aur jaamni rung kii gunj yaa "keechad" say golee maar dee gayee jaisa kahh wah asay show mein kehtay haine. 2 round thay lehza harr qast mein 2 ganjingz thay jabb takk kahh kasee eek round mein tayee naha how taakah yaha sarf eek ganjing how. prime tyme teeli vision kay lahaaz say kumm az kumm bartaniah mein gunj nay aayee tye wee 1 gaim show mein puray 19 guz mein namodar kiyaa hay jehaan duu shafaf golon mein yaa tuu gulaabi yaa peela gunj hotaa hay. behat say jasmani challenges mein say eek mein eek madmaqabil kuu apnay rung kay dairay kay nichley hasay kuu bay tartib karnaa padaa jiss kay natijay mein golah inn parr aur neechey kay farsh parr girr gayaa taakah dairay mein eek chaabi kuu dobarah haasil kiyaa jaa sakay jiss say wah challenge kuu makmal kirr sakay. chinal 5 kay bugg baradar kay warzan (mashhur shaqsiyat aur aam warzan donon) mein mukhtalif kaamon mein aur gharilo saathiyon kuu namzad karnay kay eek tareeqe kay toor parr gunj kii khususiyat haine. 2014 kay niklodeen bachon kay chawais sports ewards mein legend aiward fitt baal khilaadi dude bekham kuu diyaa gayaa thaa juu rawayati sabz kay bajaye sonay kii gandgi say patla thaa. bees baal khilaadi derak jetter jasay aglay saal yaha aiward milaa kuu bhee sonay kay rung say patla kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. yaha rawayat 2016 mein koby braint 2017 mein michael felps aur 2018 mein denika patrick kay saath jaari rahee hay. yaha silming naha sarf apnee manfard sunhari shakal kay liye qaabil zakar hay balkah iss zabardast fashion kay liye bhee qaabil zakar hay jiss mein afraad kuu mutty say dahak diyaa jaataa hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2572604

James Russell Wiggins

James Russell Wiggins James Russell Wiggins (December 4, 1903 – November 19, 2000) was an American managing editor of "The Washington Post" and United States Ambassador to the United Nations. In Minnesota. Wiggins' first job in journalism was as reporter for the "Rock County Star" in Luverne, Minnesota immediately out of high school. In 1925, at the age of 22, he borrowed $10,000 and bought the newspaper. In 1930, he moved to St. Paul to become an editorial writer for the "St. Paul Pioneer Press" and later served as Washington correspondent before becoming managing editor in 1938. "Washington Post" years. During World War II, Wiggins served in Army Air Corps intelligence. While serving in the army, he met Philip Graham who would later become publisher of "The Washington Post". Graham made Wiggins managing editor of "The Post" in 1947 and promoted him to executive editor in 1955. During 1960 to 1968, he worked as editor and executive vice president. One of his first acts as editor was to end racial identification in news articles. In 1954 Wiggins Received the Elijah Parish Lovejoy Award as well as an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from Colby College. He was president of the American Society of Newspaper Editors in 1959-60. Wiggins took over the "Post"'s editorial page in 1961. U.N. ambassador. President Lyndon Johnson appointed Wiggins U.S. ambassador to the United Nations in 1968 to 1969 during the Lyndon Johnson presidency. In 1969 Wiggins received an LL.D. from Bates College. Later years. After his tenure as ambassador, Wiggins moved to Brooklin, Maine where he became editor and publisher of "The Ellsworth American" of Ellsworth, Maine. He received the Eugene Cervi Award from the International Society of Weekly Newspaper Editors in 1987. Wiggins was married to his high school sweetheart, Mabel Preston, and their marriage lasted 67 years until her death in 1990. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

james rasel wiggins james rasel wiggins (4 disembor, 1903-19 novembor, 2000) "dyo waswington post" ror egoraki aamerikan porisalona xompadok aaru rastroxonghot aamerika juktorastror rastrodut aasil. minexuta. xangbadikotat wigginsor prothom sakori aasil haiskulor poraa loge loge baahir huwa minesutar louverner "rok county staar" ror xangbadik hisape. 1925 sonot 22 bosor boyoxot teu 10,000 dollar rino loi baatori kakotkhon kroy korisil. 1930 sonot teu saintoloi sthanantorito hoisil. poll "saint" ror xompadokiyo lekhok hoh 'bob. poll pioneer press "aaru pisoloi 1938 sonot porisalona xompadok huwar aagote waswingtonor xongbaddata hisape karzonirbah korisil. "waswington post" bosor. dwitiyo biswojudhor xomoyot wigginse xenar bayu xenar goenda bibhagoto xewa aagborhaisil. xenabahinit xewa aagborhuwar xomoyot teu phillip grahamok log paisil ji pisoloi "dyo waswington post" ror prokaxok hoisil. grohame 1947 sonot wigginsok "dyo post" ror porisalon xompadok kori 1955 sonot teuk karzobahi xompadok hisape podunnoti disil. 1960 sonor poraa 1968 sonoloike teu xompadok aaru karzobahi upo-xobhapoti hisape kaam korisil. xompadok hisape teur prothom kamburor bhitorot etaa aasil baatori probondhot jatigoto sinaktokoronor onto peluwa. 1954 sonot wigginse elija paris labhjoy botar logote kolbi collegeor poraa xonmaniyo doctor owo lo 'cho degree laabh kore. teu 1959-60 too aamerikan cho "saiti owo newzpaper editorsor xobhapoti aasil. wigginse 1961 sonot" post "ror xompadokiyo pristhar dayitwo grohon korisil. eu.eno. rastrodut. rastropoti lindon jonosone wiggins eu-koo nijukti disil.ess. 1968 sonor poraa 1969 sonoloike lindon jonosonor rastropotir xomoyot rastroxonghot rastrodut aasil. 1969 sonot wigginse el. el. laabh korisil.di. bates collegeor poraa. pisor bosorburot. rastrodut hisape karzokalor pisot wiggins brooklin, mainoloi guchi goisil zo 'too teu mainor elsworthor "dyo elsworth aamerikan" ror xompadok aaru prokaxok hoisil. 1987 sonot teu antohrastriyo cho "saiti owo wi-saili newzpaper editorsor poraa eugene cherbhi botaa laabh korisil. wiggins teur haiskulor priyotoma mabel pristonor xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoisil aaru 1990 sonot teur mrityu porjonto teulukor bibah 67 bosor dhori solisil.

james russell wiggins james russell wiggins (4 december, 1903-19 navembar, 2000) chhilen "dya washington poosta"-err ekjon markin byabosthapona sompadok ebong jatisanghe markin juktorashtrer rashtroduto. minnesota. sangbadikatai wigginser prothom kaaj chhilo uchcho vidyalaya theke abilambe beriye minnesoter louverne rock county tarkar sangbadik hisabe. 1925 saale 22 bochor boyse tini 10,000 markin dollar dhaar niye sangbadpatrati kiney nene. 1930 saale tini seenta seenta-ayee choley zaan. poll center sampadakiya lekhok hotey cholechen. poll pioneer presha ebong porey 1938 saale byabosthapona sompadok howar agey washingtoner sangbaddata hisabe dayitto palon corren. "washington poosta" bochor. dwitiya bishwojuddher somoy, wiggins senabahinir aire corps intelligence-ayee kaaj korechilen. senabahinite karmarata thakakalin, tini phillip grahamer saathe dekha corren, jini porey "dya washington poosta"-err prokashok hohn. graham 1947 saale wigginske "dya poosta"-err byabosthapona sompadok corren ebong 1955 saale taanke nirbahi sompadok podey unnito corren. 1960 theke 1968 saaler modhye tini sompadok oo nirbahi soho-sabhapati hisabe kaaj corren. sompadok hisabe taanr prothom kajgulir modhye ekti chhilo sangbad nibondhogulite jatigoto porichoyer abosan ghotano. 1954 saale wiggins eliah pyarisha labhjoy puroskarer pashapashi colby college theke sommansuchok doctor off lawl 'shha degree laav corren. tini 'aidi1'-ayee american society off pepper editorser sabhapati chhilen. wiggins 1961 saale 'poosta'-err sampadakiya patar dayitto grohon corren. eu.enn. rashtroduto. rashtrapati lyndon johnson wiggins eu-keey nijukto corren.esha. 1968 theke 1969 saale lyndon johnsoner presidencyr somoy jatisanghe rashtroduto. 1969 saale wiggins ekti ll peyechilen.dii. bates college theke. porer bochorgulo. rashtroduto hisabe taanr karjokaler porr, wiggins brookline choley zaan, jekhane tini mainer elsworther "dya elsworth american"-err sompadok ebong prokashok hohn. 1987 saale tini saptahik sangbadpatra sompadokder antorjatik samiti theke eugene sarbhi puraskar paan. wiggins taar uchcho bidyalayer premika, mebel prestoner saathe bibah bondhone aboddho hohn ebong 1990 saale taar mrityur agey porjonto taader bibah 67 bochor sthayi hoy.

james russel wiggins james russel wiggins (4 december, 1903-19 november, 2000) "dhaa washington poosta" naa american managing editor aneey united nationsma united statesnaa rajdoot hataa. minnesota maan. patrakaratvamaa viginsanee pratham nokri louvern, minnesota khaate "roqa kaauntii staar" maate patrakaar tareeke hatee, jeey tarat jaj uchch shalamathi bahaar neekali hatee. 1925maan, 22 varshnee ummare, temane 10,000 dollar udhaar leedha aneey akhbaar khareedhyu. 1930maan teo saint. paul "aesa. tii." maate sampadkiy lekhak banvaa maate. poola pioneer presa "aneey pachhithi 1938maan managing editor banata pahelaa washingtonna samvaddata tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. "washington poosta" varsho. beeja vishvyuddh darmiyan, viginse armie air corps intelligencemaa sevaa aapee hatee. senaama sevaa aaptee vakhate, teo phillip graahamne malyaa hataa, jeo paachhalthi "dhaa washington poosta" naa prakashak banyaa hataa. graahame 1947maan viginsane "dhaa poosta" naa managing editor banaavya aneey 1955maan temne executive editor tareeke badhatee aapee. 1960thee 1968 darmiyan, temane editor aneey executive wies president tareeke kaama karyoo. sampaadak tareeke temnu pratham kaary samachar lekhomaa vansheey odakhno anta laavvaanu hatoo. 1954maan viginsane elijah pereesh lavjoy award temaj colby collegemathi maanad doctor off loseni degree malee hatee. teo 1959-60 maan american sosayati off akhbaarnaa sampadakona pramukh hataa. viginse 1961maan "poosta" naa sampadkiy prushthne sambhaalyu hatoo. yuu.aena. rajdoot. pramukh lyndon johnasne wiggins yuu nee nimanook curry.aesa. lyndon johnsonna rashtrapatipad darmiyan 1968 thee 1969maan sanyukt rashtrama rajdoot. 1969maan viginsane aela. aela. malyun hatoo.dii. bates collegemathi. pachhinaa varsho. rajdoot tarikenaa temnaa kaarykaad pachhi, wiggins brooklin gayaa, jyaan teo wellsworth, mainnaa "dhaa wellsworth american" naa sampaadak aneey prakashak banyaa. temne 1987maan saaptaahik akhbaar sampadakoni aantarrashtriy sosayati tarafthi yujeen servy award malyo hato. wiggins temnaa highschoolna premi, maybell preston saathe paranela hataa aneey 1990maan temnaa mrutyu sudhee temnaa lagna 67 varsh sudhee chaalya hataa.

james russell wiggins james russell wiggins (4 disambar, 1903-19 navambar, 2000) "dha washington post" key ack americi prabandh sampaadak aur sanyukt rashtra mein sanyukt raajya america key rajdoot they. minnesota mein. patrakaarita mein wiggins kii pahali naukari louvern, minnesota mein "rock county starr" key liye reporter key roop mein thee joe hyee school seey turant baahar hoe gaee thee. 1925 mein, 22 saal kii umr mein, unhone 10,000 dollar udhaar liye aur akhbar kharida. 1930 mein way sent mein chaley gaye. paul sent key liye ack sampadakiya lekhak banane key liye. paul pioneer press aur baad mein 1938 mein prabandh sampaadak banane seey pahale washington samvaadaata key roop mein kaary kiya. "washington post" varsh. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran, wiggins ney senaa key vayu senaa kii khufiya mein seva kii. senaa mein seva karate hue, unaki mulakat phillip graham seey hui, joe baad mein "dha washington post" key prakaashak baney. graham ney 1947 mein wiggins koo "pada" kaa prabandh sampaadak banaaya aur 1955 mein unhein karyakari sampaadak key roop mein padonnat kiya. 1960 seey 1968 key dauran, unhone sampaadak aur karyakari upaadhyaksh key roop mein kaam kiya. sampaadak key roop mein unakaa pahala kaary samachar lekhon mein nasleeya pehchaan koo samaapt karna thaa. 1954 mein wiggins koo elijah parrish lovejoy puraskar key saath-saath colby college seey maanad doctor off low kii degree millie. way 1959-60 mein samachar patra sampadakon kii americi society key adhyaksh they. wiggins ney 1961 mein "post" key sampadakiya prishth koo sambhala. yuu.aine. rajdoot. rashtrapati lindon johnson ney wiggins yuu koo niyukt kiya.aiss. lindon johnson key karyakal key dauran 1968 seey 1969 taka sanyukt rashtra mein rajdoot rahey. 1969 mein wiggins koo ack ell. ell. praapt huaa.dee. batus college seey. baad key varshon mein. rajdoot key roop mein apane karyakal key baad, wiggins brooklin, maine chaley gaye, jahan way elsworth, maine key "dha elsworth american" key sampaadak aur prakaashak baney. unhein 1987 mein saptahik samachar patra sampadakon kii antarrashtriya society seey eugene sarvi puraskar milaa. wiggins kii shaadi unaki hyee school kii premika, mebel preston seey hui thee, aur unaki shaadi 1990 mein unaki mrityu taka 67 saal taka chully.

james russell wiggins james russell wiggins (december 4,1903-november 19,2000) "dhii washington post" naa american vyavasthapaka sampaadaka mattu united nationsge united states raayabhaariyaagiddaru. minnesotaadalli. patrikodyamadalli wiggins avara modala kelasavendare louverne, minnesotaadalli "rock kaunti starr" ge varadigararagi proudhashaaleyinda takshanave horabandaru. 1925ralli, 22neey vayassinalli, avaru $10,000 saala padedu patrikeyannu khareedisidaru. 1930ralli avaru saint. paul avaru "ess. tii." ge sampadakiya barahagararagalu. paul pioneer press "mattu nantara 1938ralli vyavasthapaka sampaadakaraaguva modalu washington varadigararagi seve sallisidaru. "washington post" varshagalu. eradane mahayuddhada samayadalli, wiggins avaru seenaa vaayu padey guptachara ilaakheyalli seve sallisidaru. sainyadalli seve sallisuttiruvaaga, avaru phillip graham avarannu bhetiyaadaru, avaru nantara "dhii washington post" naa prakaashakaraadaru. graham avaru 1947ralli wiggins avarannu "post" naa vyavasthapaka sampadakarannagi maadidaru mattu 1955ralli avarannu karyanirvahaka sampaadakaraagi badti niididaru. 1960rinda 1968rahra avadhiyalli, avaru sampaadaka mattu karyanirvahaka upadhyaksharagi kelasa maadidaru. suddi lekhanagalalli janangiya gurutisuvikeyannu konegolisuvudu sampaadakaraagi avara modala karyagalalli ondaagittu. 1954ralli wiggins avaru elijah parish love joy prashastiyannu padedaru mattu colby kaalejininda gaurava doctor off laa padaviyannu padedaru. avaru 'aii. dii. 1' nalli american society off paper editorsna adhyaksharaagiddaru. wiggins 1961ralli 'post' naa sampadakiya putavannu vahisikondaru. yuu.enn. rayabhari. adhyaksha lindon johnson avaru wiggins yuu avarannu nemisidaru.ess. 1968rinda 1969ravarege lindon johnson adhyakshateyalli samyukta rashtragalige rayabhari. 1969ralli wiggins ondu llannu padedaru.dii. bates kaalejininda. nantarada varshagalu. rayabhariyagi avara adhikaravadhiya nantara, wiggins brooklinge teralidaru, allie avaru "dhii wellsworth american" naa sampaadaka mattu prakaashakaraadaru. avaru 1987ralli vaarapatrike sampadakara antaaraashtriya sanghadinda yujeen sarvi prashastiyannu padedaru. wiggins tanna proudhashala priya, mabel preston avarannu vivaahavaadaru mattu avara maduveyu 1990 ralli aakeya maranadavaregu 67 varshagala kaala nadeyitu.

james russell wiggins james russell wiggins (4 december 1903-19 november 2000) heey 'daad washington poost' chey american vyavasthapakiy sampadak aanee sanyukt rashtranmadhil amerikeche rajdoot hote. minnesota madhye. patrakaritetil wigginschee pahili nokri louvern, minnesota yetheel 'rock county starr' sathee patrakar mhanoon hotee, jee highschoolmadhun lagechach baher padali. 1925 madhye vayachya 22 vya varshi tyanni 10,000 dollarche karj ghetale aanee vartamanpatra vikat ghetale. 1930 madhye teey seent. paul 'seent' sathee sampadakiy lekhak honar aahe. paul pioneer press aanee nantar 1938 madhye vyavasthapakiy sampadak honyapurvi washingtonche pratinidhi mhanoon kaam kele. "washington poost" varshe. dusya mahayuddhachya kalat, wiggins yanni armi air corpschya guptachar vibhagat kaam kele. lashkarat seva kartana tyanchi phillip grahamshi bhet jhaali, joou nantar 'daad washington poost' chaa prakashak banala. graham yanni 1947 madhye wiggins yanna 'daad poost' chey vyavasthapakiy sampadak banavale aanee 1955 madhye tyanna karyakari sampadak mhanoon padonnati dilee. 1960 teey 1968 darmyan tyanni sampadak aanee karyakari upadhyaksh mhanoon kaam kele. vrutt lekhanmadhil vanshik olakh sampushtat aanane heey sampadak mhanoon tyanche pahile kaam hote. 1954 madhye wiggins yanna elijah parrish lovejoy puraskar tasech colby mahavidhyalayatun manad doctor auph lauchie padvi midali. teey 'id1' madheel american society auph news pepper editorche adhyaksh hote. wiggins yanni 1961 madhye 'poost' chey sampadakiy paan sweekarle. yuu.aine. rajdoot. adhyaksh lindon johnson yanni wiggins yuu yanchi niyukti kelee.ess. 1968 teey 1969 yaa kalat lindon johnson yanchya adhyakshatedarmyan sanyukt rashtratil rajdoot. 1969 madhye wigginsla ell. ell. midale.dii. batts mahavidhyalayatun. nantarchi varshe. rajdoot mhanoon tyanchya karyakalanantar, wiggins brooklin, maine yethe gele, jithe teey wellsworth, menchya 'daad wellsworth american' chey sampadak aanee prakashak banale. 1987 madhye tyanna saptahik vruttpatra sampadakanchya aantarrashtriy sansthekadun yujeen sarvee puraskar midala. wigginsche lagn tyachi highschoolchi preyasi, mebel preston hichyashi jhaale hote aanee 1990 madhye tichya mrutyuparyant tyanche lagn 67 varshe chalale.

james rasel wiggins james rasel wiggins (december 4,1903-november 19,2000) "da wassington post" kaa ek americi prabandha sampadak rar sanyukta rashtraka lagi sanyukta rajyaka rajdut thie. minesota. patrakaritama wigginsko pahilo kaam uccha vidyalayabata turuntai bahira niskane minnesota, leuvernma "ruck county starr" kaa lagi reporterko rupma thiyo. sann 1925 maa 22 warshako umerma unle $10,000 udharo liera akhbar kine. sann 1930 maa uni centma sare. pall "cent" kaa lagi sampadakiya lekhak bannechhan. pall agragami press "rar pachhi 1938 maa prabandha sampadak bannu aghi wassington sanwadadata rupma sewa gare. "wassington post" warsha. dosro wishwayuddhako samayama, wigginsle armi air corps intelligencema sewa gare. senama sewa garda unle phillip grahamlai bhete jo pachhi "da wassington post" kaa prakashak bane. grahamle sann 1947 maa wiginslai "da post" ko prabandha sampadak banae rar sann 1955 maa unlai karyakari sampadakko rupma padonnati gare. sann 1960 dekhi 1968 samma unle sampadak rar karyakari upadhyakshako rupma kaam gare. sampadakko rupma unko pahilo karyaharu madhye euta samachar lekhharuma jatiya pahichan samapta garnu thiyo. sann 1954 maa wigginsle eliza parish labhajoy awardka sathai colby kalejbata kanunko manad daktarko degree prapta gare. uni 1959-60 maa samacharpatra sampadakharuko american societyka adhyaksha thie. wigginsle sann 1961 maa "post" ko sampadakiya prishtha samhaleka thie. yu.enn. rajdut. rashtrapati lyndon jonasanle wiggins yu niyukta gare.ess. sann 1968 dekhi 1969 samma lyndon jonasanko karyakalma sanyukta rashtraka lagi rajdut. sann 1969 maa wigginsle ll prapta gare.dee. bates kalejbata. pachhilla warshaharuma. rajadutko rupma afno karyakalpachi, wiggins brooklin, meinma sare jahaan uni elsworth, meinko "da elsworth american" kaa sampadak rar prakashak bane. unle sann 1987 maa saptahik samacharpatra sampadakharuko antarrashtriya samajbata yuzhen servy puraskar prapta gare. wigginsle afno hai schol premika, mebel prestonsanga vivaha gareka thie, rar tiniharuko vivaha sann 1990 maa unko mrityu nabhaesamma 67 warshasamma chalyo.

james russel wiggins james russel wiggins (december 4,1903-navember 19,2000) jane americae parichalana sampadaka ebong milita jatisanghare americara rastradoota thile. minnesota ray. sambadikatare wiginsanka pratham chakiri thila uccha bidyalajaru turanta baharithiba minnesota antargata leuvern thaare "rock county starr" nka paain sambadika bhabare. 1925 masihare, 22 barsha bajasare, shay $10,000 runa neithile ebong khabarakagajati kinithile. 1930 masihare shay cent. paul 'cent' paain jane sampadakiah lekhaka hebe. pull pineer press "ebong parey 1938 ray parichalana sampadaka heba purbaru washington sambadadata bhabare karjya karithile . "washington post" barsha. dwiteeja biswajudha samajare, wiggins armi eyaara corps intelligencere karjya karithile. senare karjya karuthiba samajare shay phillip grahamanku bhetithile, jieki parey 'daa washington post' rahr prakashaka hoithile. graham 1947 ray wiginsanku "post" rahr parichalana sampadaka karithile ebong 1955 ray tanku karjyanirbahee sampadaka bhabare padonnati deithile. 1960 ru 1968 madhyare shay sampadaka ebong karjyanirbahee upadhyakhya bhabare karjya karithile. sampadaka bhabe tankara pratham karjyagudika madhyaru gotie thila sambada nibandhare jatigata parichai samapta kariba. 1954 masihare wiggins eliza parish labhjaya puraskara ebong colby kalejaru aainare sammanajanaka doctor degree paithile. shay 'id1' ray khabarkagaj sampadakamananka americae samajara sabhapati thile. wiggins 1961 ray 'post' rahr sampadakiah prustha dajitwa grahan karithile. jayu.enn. rastradoota. rastrapati lindon johnson wiggins junku nijukta karithile.ess. 1968 ru 1969 ray lindon johnson rastrapati thiba samajare milita jatisanghare rastradoota. 1969 masihare wiggins eka ell. ell. paithile.dii. bates kalejaru. parabarti barsha. rastradoota bhabe karjyakala parey, wiggins brooklin, mainku chalijaithile, jeunthare shay elsworth, minor "elsworth americae" rahr sampadaka ebong prakashaka hoithile. 1987 masihare shay saptahika sambadapatra sampadakamananka antarjatija samajaru yujen sarbhi puraskara paithile. wiggins taanka haiskul premika mabel prestananku bibaha karithile ebong 1990 ray taanka mrutyu parjyanta semanankara bibaha 67 barsha parjyanta chalithila .

james rasel wiggins james rasel wiggins (4 dasambar, 1903-19 navambar, 2000) "washington post" daa ikk amriki parbandhak sampadak atey sanyukat rashter witch sanyukat raaj daa rajdoot see. minnesota witch. pattarkari witch wiggins dee pahili naukari hyee school toon turant bahr aaunn vaale louvern, minnesota witch "raak kaoonti starr" laee reporter vajon see. 1925 witch, 22 saal dee umar witch, unhan neey 10,000 dallar udhaar lae atey akhbar kharidiaa. sann 1930 witch uh cent sant chaley gaye. paul "cent" laee ikk sampadaki lekhak bannan laee. paal pioneer presses atey baad witch 1938 witch parbandhak sampadak bannan toon pahilan washington dey pattarkar vajon seva nibhai. "washington post" saal. dooje vishav yuddh dauran, wiggins neey aarmi air coor intelligence witch seva nibhai. fauj witch seva karde hoye, uh philip graham noon miliaa joe baad witch "washington post" daa parkashak baniaa. graham neey 1947 witch wiggins noon "post" daa parbandh sampadak banaiaa atey 1955 witch uss noon karajkari sampadak vajon tarakki ditti. 1960 toon 1968 dey dauran, usne sampadak atey karajkari upp pardhan vajon kamm keeta. sampadak vajon uhanan daa pahila kamm khabran dey lekhan witch nasli pachanh noon khatam karna see. sann 1954 witch wiggins noon elijah parish lavjoye award dey naal-naal colby kaalaj toon kanoon dee aanreri doctor dee digri millie. uh 1959-60 witch amriki suciety aaf akhbar editoran dey pardhan sunn. wiggins neey 1961 witch "post" dey sampadaki panne noon sambhaliaa. yuu.ainn. rajdoot. rashtarpati lindon johnson neey wiggins yuu noon niyukat keeta.aiss. lindon johnson dee pardhangi dauran 1968 toon 1969 witch sanyukat rashter witch rajdoot. 1969 witch wiggins noon ikk aill. aill. miliaa.dee. batts kaalaj toon. baad dey saalan witch. rajdoot dey roop witch aapne karajkal toon baad, wiggins brooklin, maine chaley gaye jitthe uh elsworth, maine dey "elsworth american" dey sampadak atey parkashak baney. unhan noon 1987 witch haftavari akhbar sampadakan dee international suciety toon eugene sarvi puraskar miliaa see. wiggins daa viaah uss dee hyee school dee premika, mable preston naal hoiaa see atey unhan daa viaah 1990 witch uss dee maut takk 67 saal challiaa see.

james russell wiggins james russell wiggins (4 december 1903-19 november 2000) "da washington post" ityasya amerikiya-prabandha-sampaadakah, samyuktaraashtrasanghasya samyuktaraajyasya raajadootah cha aasit. minsota madhye. patrakaritayam wiggins ityasya prathamam karyam, louvern, minnesotaa-nagare "raak-kaunti-starr" ityasya vaartaakaararoopen aasit, yah ucchavidyaalayaat tatkshanameva nishkaasitah. 1925 tame varshe 22 varsheeyah saha $10,000 runam krutvaa vruttapatrakam krinaat. 1930 tame varshe saha sent-nagaram gatavaan. paal "sent" ityasya sampaadakeey-lekhakah bhavitum. paal-pioneer-press "tathaa cha pashchat 1938 tame varshe prabandha-sampaadakah bhavitum poorvam washington-nagarasya samvaadadaatruroopen karyam krutavaan. "washington post" varshaani. dviteeyavishvayuddhe wiggins ityeshah senaa-vaayu-senaa-guptasuchana-vibhaageshu karyam krutavaan. senayam sevaaratakaale saha phillip graham ityenam militavaan yah pashchat "da washington post" ityasya prakaashakah abhavat. graham 1947 tame varshe wiggins-ityenam "da post" ityasya prabandha-sampaadakam krutvaa 1955 tame varshe tasya karyakari sampaadakatven padonnatim krutavaan. 1960 taha 1968 paryantam saha sampaadakah, karyakari-upadhyakshah cha rupena karyam krutavaan. sampaadakatven tasya prathamam kaaryam aasit vaartaalekheshu jaativyavasthaayaah samaaptih. 1954 tame varshe wiggins ityayam elijaa-pyaarish-lavjaay-puraskaram tathaa colby-mahaavidyaalayaat maanad-vaidya-vidhi-upaadhim cha praptavan. saha 1959-60 ityasmin american-society aaf-vruttapatrikaa-sampadakanam adhyakshah aasit. wiggins 1961 tame varshe "post" ityasya sampaadakeeyaprushtam sveekrutavaan. yu.ena. raajadootah. rashtrapatihi lindon jaansan ityeshah wiggins yoo ityetam niyuktavaan.ess. 1968 taha 1969 paryantam lindon jaansan ityasya adhyakshakaale samyuktaraashtrasanghasya raajadootah aasit. 1969 tame varshe wiggins-varyaha ell. ell. praptavan.dee. bates mahaavidyaalayaat. pashchat varshaani. rajadutatvena swasya kaaryakaalasy anantaram, wiggins brooklin, main ityatra gatavaan, yatra saha main-nagarasya elswort ityasya "da elswort american" ityasya sampaadakah prakaashakah cha abhavat. saha 1987 tame varshe saaptaahik-samacharapatra-sampadakanam antarashtriya-samajat eugene-sarvee-puraskaram praptavan. wiggins ityayam swasya ucchavidyaalayasya priyatamayaa mebel preston ityanena saha vivaahitah aasit, teshaam vivaahah 1990 tame varshe tasyaah mrutyum yaavat 67 varshaani yaavat aasit.

james russell wickins james russell wickins (disambar 4,1903-navambar 19,2000) oru america nirvaaga aasiriyar mattrum aikkiya naadugal sabaikkaana amerikkath thoothar aavaar. minesotavil. wickins paththirigaiyil muthal vaelai uyarnilaip palliyilirunthu udanadiyaaga veliyaeriya minnesotavin louvernil ulla "raak kavundi natchaththiraththin" nirubar aavaar. 1925 aam aandil, 22 vayathil, avar $10,000 cuddon vaangki seithiththaalai vaankinaar. 1930ill avar saint nagaraththirku kudipeyarnthaar. paal "St" kku oru thalaiyanga ezhuththaalaraaga maara vaendum. paal munnoadiyaana paththirigai "pinnar 1938 ill nirvaaga aasiriyaraaga maaruvatharku munbu washington nirubaraaga paniyaattrinaar. "washington poast" aandugal. irandaam ulagap poarin poathu, wickins iraanuva vimaanappadai ulavuththuraiyil paniyaattrinaar. iraanuvaththil paniyaattriyapoathu, avar pilip kirahaamai sandhiththaar, avar pinnar "washington poast" inn veliyeettaalaraaka aanaar. kiraham 1947 aam aandil wickins nirvaaga aasiriyaraaga "padhaviyai" uruvaakkinaar, 1955 aam aandil avarai nirvaaga aasiriyaraaga padhavi uyarvu aliththaar. 1960 muthal 1968 varai, avar aasiriyar mattrum nirvaaga thunaith thalaivaraaga paniyaattrinaar. seithiththaalgalil ina adaiyaalaththai mudivukkuk konduvaruvathai aasiriyar endra muraiyil avar seitha muthal seyalgalil ontraagak kondirundhaar. 1954 aam aandil wickins elijah barish love joy viruthaiyum, goalbi kallooriyil irunthu kavurava doctor off laa pattaththaiyum pettraar. avar 1959-60 ill american society off seithiththaal edittarkalin thalaivaraaga irunthaar. wickins 1961 ill "poast" inn thalaiyangkap pakkatthai eduththuk kondaar. yuu.n. thoothar. janathipathi lindon johnson wickins yoovai niyamitthaar.ess. 1968 muthal 1969 varai lindon johnson janathipathi pathaviyil irunththapoathu aikkiya naadugal sabaiyin thoothar. 1969 aam aandil wickins oru ell. ell. pettraar.dii. bates kallooriyil irunthu. pinnar pala aandugal. thootharaaga irunththa kaalaththirkup piragu, wickins brooklinukku kudipeyarnthaar, angku avar meyin, elworth, meyin inn "elworth american" inn aasiriyarum veliyeettaalarum aanaar. 1987 aam aandil vaaraanthira seithiththaal aasiriyarkalin sarvadesa samoogaththilirunthu yujeen servi viruthaip pettraar. wickins thanathu uyarnilaip palli kaathaliyaana maepal breestonai mananthaar, maelum avarkalin tirumanam 1990 ill avarathu maranam varai 67 aandugal neediththathu.

james russell wiggins james russell wiggins (december 4,1903-november 19,2000) "dhi washington post" yokka american managing editor mariyu united nations kuu united states rayabari. minnesotaalo. journalismlo wiggins modati udyogam louvern, minnesotaalo "rock county starr" kosam reporterga haiskool nundi ventane bayataku vachindi. 1925loe, 22 samvatsaraala vayassulo, athanu $10,000 appu teesukoni vaartaapatrikanu konugolu chesaadu. 1930loe ayana seyint kuu vellaaru. paal "St" kosam sampadakiya rachayitagaa maaradaaniki. paal payineeru press "mariyu taruvaata 1938loe managing editor kaavadaaniki mundu washington karaspandentga panicheesaaru. "washington post" samvatsaraalu. rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo, wiggins armi air corps intelligenslo panicheesaaru. sainyamlo panichestunnappudu, athanu phillip graahamnu kalusukunnadu, athanu taruvaata "dhi washington post" prachuranakarta ayyadu. graham 1947loe vigginsnu "post" managing editargaa chesi, 1955loe executive editargaa padoonnati pondaadu. 1960 nundi 1968 varaku, athanu editor mariyu executive vais presidentga panicheesaadu. sampaadakudigaa ayana chesina modati charyalalo okati vaartaa kathanaalalo jaathi gurtimpunu antam cheyadam. 1954loe wiggins elijah parish lovejoy avaardutho paatu colby kalaasaala nundi gourava doctor off laa degreeni andukunnaru. athanu 1959-60 loe american society off vaartaapatrika editors adhyakshudiga unnadu. wiggins 1961loe "post" yokka sampadakiya paejeeni chepattadu. yuu.enn. rayabari. adhyakshudu lindon johnson wiggins yuu nii niyaminchaaru.ess. 1968 nundi 1969 varaku lindon johnson adhyaksha padaviloe unnappudu aikyaraajyasamitiki rayabariga unnaaru. 1969loe wiggins oka ll andukunnaru.dii. bates kalaasaala nundi. taruvaata samvatsaraalu. rayabariga thana padaveekaalam taruvaata, wiggins brooklin, maine kuu vellaaru, akkada athanu "dhi wellsworth american" yokka sampadakudu mariyu prachuranakarta ayyadu. 1987loe vaarapatrika sampaadakula antarjaateeya sangham nundi ayana eugene servi avaardunu andukunnaru. wiggins thana haiskool priyuralu mabel prestonnu vivaham chesukunnadu mariyu vaari vivaham 1990loe aame maraninche varaku 67 samvatsaraalu konasaagindi.

jaims rasal waganz jaims rasal waganz (4 dasambar 1903-19 nomber 2000) "washington post" kay eek americi minijing editor aur aqwam muthadah mein riyasathaye muthadah kay safeer thay. menisota mein. sahafat mein waganz kii pehli nokari lornay menisota mein "raak county staar" kay liye reporter kay toor parr thee juu hayee school say foraa baahir how gayee thee. 1925 mein 22 saal kii amar mein inhon nay 10,000 ddaalar adhaar liye aur akhbaar kharida. 1930 mein wah sent muntaqil how gayey. paal "sent" kay liye idaarti masnaf bannay kay liye. paal pioneer prais "aur baad mein 1938 mein minijing editor bannay say pehley washington kay naamah nigaar kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. "washington post" saal. dosri jung azeem kay doraan waganz nay aarmi aiyar coor intelli jans mein khidmaat anjaam dain. foj mein khidmaat anjaam deetay huay inn kii mulaqat flip graham say hoyee juu baad mein "dee washington post" kay naashir banay. graham nay 1947 mein waganz kuu "dee post" kaa minijing editor banaya aur 1955 mein inhein execto editor kay toor parr tarqi dee. 1960 say 1968 kay doraan inhon nay editor aur execto naib sadr kay toor parr kaam kiyaa. batoor editor inn kii pehli karwaiyon mein say eek khabron kay mazamin mein nasli shanakhat kuu khatam karnaa thaa. 1954 mein waganz kuu ailiyah peerish lojoye aiward kay saath saath colby college say aizazi doctor aaf laa kii digri bhee milly. wah 1959-60 mein american society aaf peepar editors kay sadr thay. wagans nay 1961 mein "post" kay idaarti safha kaa ahdah sanbhala. yuu.aine. safeer. sadr landan jaansan nay waganz yuu kuu muqarar kiyaa.aiss. 1968 say 1969 takk landan jaansan kii sadarat kay doraan aqwam muthadah mein safeer. 1969 mein waganz kuu eel eel milaa.ddee. bets college say. baad kay saalon mein. safeer kay toor parr apnay door kay baad wagans brokleen meen chalay gayey jehaan wah ails warth meen kay "dee ails warth american" kay editor aur publisher bunn gayey. inhein 1987 mein international society aaf vekli peepar editors kii taraf say yujeen saroyi aiward milaa. waganz kii shaadi inn kay hayee school kay piyaray mebal prestin say hoyee thee aur inn kii shaadi 1990 mein inn kii moth takk 67 saal takk jaari rahee.

fffa60d9d0e75bdf21de83b65d26b68c3aa70008f6bd0cdbce342b504054048b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20026486

WBXZ-LD

WBXZ-LD WBXZ-LD (channel 56) is a low-power television station in Buffalo, New York, United States. The station is owned by Manoj Bhargava and operates as a NewsNet owned-and-operated station. History. The station broadcast on channel 56 analog until it had to vacate that frequency when the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) removed it from the broadcast spectrum. It used to be an affiliate of The Box, from which the station gets its call sign, and was owned by Craig Fox, who owned several similar low-power stations across New York State. In December 2013, retired police officer Steven Ritchie purchased the then-silent station. In a statement to "The Buffalo News", he stated that he did not expect the station to be profitable and mainly planned to operate the station as a hobby, stating he did not want to take business from the other locally owned station in Buffalo, Phil Arno's WBBZ-TV. After the digital transition, the station moved from analog channel 56 to channel 17 (the channel had been held by WBUF-TV from 1953 to 1958 and PBS member station WNED-TV from 1959 to 2009) through a Special Temporary Authority approved by the FCC. (In the spectrum reallocation, it moved up to physical channel 23, previously occupied by WNLO and WPXJ.) The station returned to virtual channel 56 upon digital conversion, at which point it also planned to add several digital subchannels from Luken Communications, among them being Retro Television Network, PBJ and Heartland. WBXZ-LP returned to the air on April 17, 2014 with test programming; on May 2, the station indicated it was having trouble securing a carriage agreement with Luken (mainly because Ritchie could not fit the necessary large satellite dish onto the One Seneca Center where the station's transmitter is located but also in part due to Luken's financial problems) and was seeking other options. As of 2014, the station was carrying Cozi TV on 56.1 and "Throwback TV" (a locally programmed outlet) is carried on 56.2 (later moved to 56.4). Retro and a new Luken subchannel known as Rev'n would be added to WBXZ-LP on December 1, 2014. Buzzr would be added shortly after that network's launch. Luken's networks, along with Buzzr, were pulled from WBXZ-LP on June 28, 2016 after technical difficulties. Ebru TV and AMGTV were briefly added as replacements; both have since been removed. With the exception of Cozi and the returning Tuff TV (which was re-added after it split from Luken). Retro (but not any of the other Luken networks) was re-added in July 2017; Tuff TV was dropped later that year. In February 2018, Buzzr was added back to the list of subchannels. Jewelry Television was added shortly thereafter, with the station signing on with NewsNet, an upstart news network, when it launched in fall 2018, bringing the number of subchannels to 11. With Tuff TV ceasing operations in August 2018, Rev'n was re-added; Rev'n was dropped in August 2020 in favor of the returning AMGTV. WBXZ-LP began showing This TV in September 2019, taking over the affiliation from rimshot WVTT. On April 13, 2023, Bridge Media Networks, the parent company of NewsNet and Sports News Highlights (SNH) and backed by 5-hour Energy creator Manoj Bhargava, announced it would acquire WBXZ-LD from Ritchie for $800,000. Upon completion of the transaction, WBXZ-LD will become Bhargava's first TV station property in the state of New York. The station would also re-add NewsNet to its subchannel lineup, this time as an owned-and-operated station. Ritchie addressed the sale in a June 13 Facebook post, discussing the history of the station, its frequent (and usually FCC-imposed) frequency changes and low budget, and thanked his friends for being able to populate Throwback Television with low-cost programming; he turned over control of the station to Bhargava on July 1. Technical information. Subchannels. The station's digital signal is multiplexed. NewsNet airs on 56.1 and Sports News Highlights airs on 56.2.

wbxjd-eldi wbxjd-eldi (senel 56) hoise aamerika juktorastror neworkor moo 'hoh' too thoka etaa nimno-xoktir television steson, ji digital multicust network koo 'ji tibhir xoite xongzukto. stationtu steven risir malikanadhin. iyar sthaniyo programing iyar poriworte soturtho digital upo-senelot koraa hoy, jitu brended hoise breadebok television. itihax. federal communication commissione (ef. chi. chi.) xomprosar spectramor poraa aatorai peluwar pisot xei companktu khaali koribologiya nuhuwaloike stationtuwe senel 56 enalgot xomprosar korisil. eitu bokhyor etaa xohojugi aasil, jaar poraa statione iyar koll sinho laabh kore. ei stationtur swotwadhikari hoise sthaniyo owoxorprapto aarokhyi bixoya steven risi, jijone 2013 sonor disembor maahot craig fokxor poraa stationtu laabh korisil. digital poribortonor pisot, stationtu analog senel 56ror poraa senel 17loi sthanantorito hoisil (seneltu 1953 sonor poraa 1958 sonoloike wbuf-tibhir dwara aarombho koraa hoisil aaru 1959 sonor poraa 2009 sonoloike pbs xodosyo steson dobliuendi-tibhir dwara onusthito hoisil) efsisir dwara onumudit ek bixex osthayi kortripokhyor joriyote. (spectrum punorbontonot, ee purbote wnlo "aaru dobliupiexjer dwara dokhol koraa bhoutik senel 23 loi sthanantorito hoisil.) digital rupantoror pisot stationtu bharsuwel senel 56 loi ghuri aahisil, xei xomoyot ee luken jugajugor poraa keibatau digital upo-senel jug diyar porikolpona korisil, taar bhitorot aasil retro "television network, pibije aaru heartland. wbxje-elpi 2014 sonor 17 aprilot porikhya programingor xoite prosaroloi ubhoti aahisil; 2 mey 'too, stationtuwe ingito disil je ee lukenor xoite garir sukti xurokhito korat oxubidha paise (mukhyotoh risiye proyujoniyo dangor upogrohor distu etaa cheneka centerot fitt koribo nuwarile zo' too stationtur trensmitter owosthito kintu angxikbhabe lukenor bittiyo xomosyar babeu) aaru onyanyo bikolpo bisarisil. 2014 sonoloike, stationtuwe 56.1 too kuji tibhi korhiyai loi goisil aaru "trebok tibhi" (sthaniyobhabe progrem koraa outlet) 56.2 too korhiyai niya hoisil (pisot 56.4 loi sthanantorito koraa hoisil). retro "aaru revon naamere jonajat etaa notun luken upo-senel 2014 sonor 1 disemborot wbxje-elpito jug diya hoh 'bob. xei networkor aarombhonir kichu xomoyor pisote bojor jug koraa hoh' bob. byujaror xoite lukenor networkbur 28 june, 2016 tarikhe karikori oxubidhar pisot wbxje-elpir poraa tunny onaa hoisil. ibru tibhi aaru amgtv xongkhiptobhabe xoloni hisape jug koraa hoisil; duyuke tetiyar poraa aatorai diya hoise. kuji aaru ghuri ohaa tuff tibhir byotikromor xoite (jitu lukenor poraa prithok huwar pisot punor jug koraa hoisil). retro "(kintu aan kunu luken network nohoy) 2017 sonor julyte punor jug koraa hoisil; xei bosoror xexor faale tuff tibhi baad diya hoisil. 2018 sonor februaryt, bojorok punor upo-senelor talikat jug diya hoisil. iyar kichu xomoyor pisote gohona television jug koraa hoisil, stationtuwe newznetor xoite swakhyor korar xoite, etaa upstart niuj network, jetiya ee 2018 sonor potonot aarombho hoisil, upo-senelor xongkhya 11 loi loi aahisil. 2018 sonor aagosto maahot tuff tibhir karjyokolap bondho huwar xoite, rebh 'eno punor jug koraa hoisil; 2020 sonor aagosto maahot ribh' enok ghurai ohaa amgtvir pokhyot baad diya hoisil. wbxjd-elpiye 2019 sonor septembor maahot ei tibhi dekhuwaboloi aarombho korisil, rimswot dobliuvitir poraa swikriti grohon korisil. 2023 sonor 13 aprilot, newznet aaru krira xongbador mool company (ess. eno. eis) aaru 5 ghontar xokti sristikorta monuj bhargowar xomorthonot breej miriya networke ghuxona korisil je ee risir poraa 800,000 dolarot wbxjd-eldi laabh koribo. lenden xompurno huwar pisot, wbxjd-eldi nework rajyot bhargowor prothom tibhi steson xompoti hoi poribo. stationtuwe iyar upo-senel lineupotu newznet punor jug dibo, eibar etaa malikanadhin aaru porisalito steson hisape. karikori tothyo. upo-senelxomuh. stationor digital xongket multiplexyuktoh 56.4 aaru 56.9 sthaniyobhabe progrem koraa hoy. televisionor pisor poriborton. "trebok television" hoise 56.4 upo-senelor baabe byobohrito brend. ee senelor flagswip xewa hisape kaam kore, risiye programingor xoite programingor xoite karzoxusi kore, zo "too swotontro ancholik pru rejolsing, sthaniyobhabe prostut koraa bigyan-kolpokahini sringkhola" captain aais "tot 'poo aaru mohakaxor xotru", aaru rajohuwa domainot host koraa chinema swo ", swo" aaru solositror ek bhandar, infomercial, aaru komm khorsor/barter sindicated bhaar.

doublubxjd-eldie doublubxjd-eldie (channel 56) markin juktorashtrer neu iyarker mohisher ekti swalpo-shaktir television steshana, jaa digital multicust network koji tibhir saathe jukto. stationti steven richir malikanadhin. err sthaniya anusthanguli poriborte choturtho digital saab-chyanele porichalito hoy, jaa throback television hisabe branned koraa hoy. itihas. federal communication kamishana (eff. shee. shee) samprachar bornali theke sariye deoar porey stationti channel 56 enalog-ayee somprocharito hoy jotokkhon naa etty seii frequencity khaali korte hoy. etty buxer ekti adhibhukto chhilo, jekhan theke stationti taar qala saina paay. stationti steven richir malikanadhin, ekjon sthaniya abosarprapto pulish officer jini december 2013 saale kregg foxer kachh theke stationti orjon korechilen. digital rupantarer porr, stationti enalog channel 56 theke channel 17-ayee sthanantorito hoy (channelti 1953 theke 1958 saal porjonto dablu. bii. eu. eff-tibhi dwara ebong 1959 theke 2009 saal porjonto pbs sadasya steshana dablu. enn. dii-tibhi dwara porichalito hoyechilo) eff. shee. shee dwara onumodito ekti bishesh asthayi kortripokkher madhyome. (bornali punarbinyase, etty bhouto channel 23-ayee sthanantorito hoyechilo, jaa purbe dabluenelo ebong dablupiexje dwara adhikrito chhilo.) stationti digital rupantarer porey 56 nambar virtual chyanele firey aase, jey somoye etty luken jogajog theke besh koyekti digital subchanel jukto korar parikalpana korechilo, jaar modhye retro television network, pbj ebong heartland royeche. doblubxjd-elpi 2014 saaler 17ee april porikkhar programming niye somprochare firey aase; 2raa meey, stationti ingito deyo jey etty luken-err saathe ekti gaadi chukti surokkhito korte samasya hachche (mulat kaaron richi ekti seneka kendre prayojaniya borh satellite disha phita korte pareni jekhane stationer transmitter abosthito kintu angshikbhabe luken-err arthik samasyar karone) ebong anyanno bikalpa khunjchilo. 2014 saaler hisabe, stationti 56.1-ayee koji tibhi bohon korchilo ebong "throback tibhi" (ekti sthaniya programjukto outlet) 56.2-ayee bohon koraa hoy (porey 56.4-ayee sthanantorito hoy). retro ebong ekti notun luken saab-channel jaa rebha 'enn naame porichito, 2014 saaler 1laa december doublubxjd-elpite jog koraa hobey. seii network chaalu howar porei bujar jog koraa hobey. projuktigoto samasyar porr 28shhey june, 2016-ayee bujar soho luken-err networkguli doublubxjd-elpi theke sariye neoa hoyechilo. ibru tibhi ebong amgtv protisthapon hisabe sangkhiptabhabe jog koraa hoyechilo; ubhayi tarpor theke sorano hoyeche. koji ebong firey assa tuff tibhi (jaa luken theke bivokto howar porey punra jukto koraa hoyechilo) baade. 2017 saaler julai maase retro (kintu anyanno luken networkgulir modhye konoti noy) punra jukto koraa hoyechilo; seii bochorer shesher dike tuff tibhi baad deoa hoyechilo. 2018 saaler februaryte, bujarke saab-chyaneler talika jukto koraa hoy. err porei shighroi goyna television jog koraa hoy, jokhon stationti newzneter saathe swakkhar korey, ekti upstart newz network, jokhon etty 2018 saaler sharatkale chaalu hoy, tokhon subchanneler sankhya 11-ayee niye aase. august 2018-ayee tuff tibhi apareshana bondho korey deoar saathe saathe, reven punra jukto koraa hoy; 2020 saaler auguste firey assa amgtv-rawr pokkhe reven baad deoa hoy. doublubxjd-elpi 2019 saaler septembore eyi tvt dekhano shuru korey, rimshot doubluvity theke adhibhuktir dayitto grohon korey. 2023 saaler 13ee april, brij midia network, newznet ebong sportasa newz highliter mool sangostha (esha. enn. eich) ebong 5-ghanta shakti srashta monoz bhargab dwara somorthito, ghoshana korey jey etty richir kachh theke 800,000 markin dollare doublubxjd-eldie orjon korbe. lendenti shesh howar porey, doublubxjd-eldie neu eork rajye bhargaber prothom tibhi steshana sampatti hoye uthbe. stationti taar saab-channel lineupe newznet punra jukto korbe, ebar ekti malikanadhin ebong porichalito steshana hisabe. projuktigoto tothyo. saab-channel. stationer digital sangket multiplex korah 56.4 ebong 56.9 sthaniyobhabe programa koraa hoy. televisionke firiye aanaa. "throback television" holl 56.4 saab-chyaneler jonno byabohrito branned. etty chyaneler flagship porisheba hisabe kaaj korey, jaa richi dwara programming soho programming soho swadhin anchalik proo kusti, sthaniyobhabe utpadito bigyan-kalpakahini sirij "captain isotope ebong spacer shatru", ebong public domene hosta koraa cholochchitro shoe, shoe ebong cholochchitrer ekti bhandar, infomerial, ebong qama kharche/barter syndicate bhada.

doubleu. bii. ex. zed.-aela. dii. doublubxed-eladi (chenal 56) aee bhens, newyork, united statesma aavelu aek ochhi shaktee dharaavtu television station chhe, jeey digital multicast network cosey tivi saathe sankalaayelu chhe. aaa station steven richeeni malikinu chhe. tenaa badale tenaa sthaaneek kaarykramone chothee digital subchannel parr haath dharvaamaa aave chhe, jene throback television tareeke brand karvaamaa aave chhe. itihas. jyaare federal communications commission (fcc) aee tene prasaaran spectrummathi door curry tyaan sudhee teey aavartan khaalee karavu padyu tyaan sudhee station chenal 56 analogue parr prasaarit thayu. teey boxnee sanlagn hatee, jemathi stationne tenu qola saain maley chhe. aaa stationni maliki sthaaneek nivrutt police adheekari steven richeeni chhe, jemane december december craigg foakes pasethi station hastgat karyoo hatoo. digital sankraman pachhi, station analogue chenal chenal chenal 17 (chenal (chenal 1958 sudhee doubleu. bii. yuu. aef.-tivi dwara aneey aneey 2009 sudhee pii. bii. aesa. sabhy station doubleu. aena. dii.-tivi dwara rakhvama aavee hatee) parr aef. see. see. dwara manjur vishesh kaamchalaau sattaa dwara khasedvama aavyu hatoo. (spectrum punvistaarmaa, teey bhauteek chenal 23 sudhee aagad vadhyu, jeey agau wnlo aneey doublupxj dwara kabajo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.) digital rupaantaran parr station virtual chenal 56 parr paachhu faryu, teey samaye tene leuken sancharmathi ketalik digital subchannelo umervani pann yojnaa banaavi, jemaa retro television network, pbj aneey hartlandno samaavesh thaay chhe. doublubxed-lp 17 april, december roj parikshan kaarykram saathe prasaarit thayu; 2 menaa roj, statione sanket aapyo keey tene leuken saathe vaahan karaar melavaamaa mushkeli aavee rahee chhe (mukhyatve kaaran keey ritchie aek seneka kendra parr jaroori motee satellite vaangeene fita curry shakyu naa hatoo jyaan stationnu transmitter stheet chhe parantu anshatah leukenni nanakiy samasyaone kaarane pann) aneey anya vikalpo shodhee rahyu hatoo. 2014 sudhimaa, station 56.1 parr cosey tivi vahan karatu hatoo aneey "throback tivi" (sthaaneek reete prograam karel outlet) 56.2 parr vahan karvaamaa aave chhe (baadmaa 56.4 parr khasedvama aavyu). 1 december, december roj doubleu. bii. ex. zed.-aela. pii. maan retro aneey reeva 'aena tareeke odakhaati navee leuken subchannel umervaamaa aavashe. teey networkna praarambh pachhi toonk samayma buzzer umervaamaa aavashe. leukenna network, buzzer saathe, 28 juuna, juuna roj takneeki mushkeleeo pachhi doublubxed-aelpeemathi khenchee levaamaa aavyaa hataa. ibru tivi aneey amgtvne thodaa samay maate badalee tareeke umervaamaa aavyaa hataa; tyaarthi bannene door karvaamaa aavyaa chhe. cosey aneey parat fartaa tuff tivi (jeey leukenthi alag thayaa pachhi fareethi umervaamaa aavyu hatoo) naa apvaad saathe. retro (parantu anya leuken networkmanthi koee nahee) julai julai fareethi umervaamaa aavyu hatoo; teey varshnaa antamaa tuff tiveene padato mukvaamaa aavyo hato. februari august, buzzerne petaa chenaloni yaadimaa fareethi umervaamaa aavyu hatoo. tyarbad toonk samayma jaj jewellery television umervaamaa aavyu hatoo, jyaare station station antamaa sharoo thayu tyaare teey newsionet saathe saain ina karyoo hatoo, aek upstart news network, subchanneloni sankhyaa 11 parr laavee hatee. august august tuff tiveenee kamgiri bundh thaee gaee hatee, reeva 'aena fareethi umervaamaa aavyu hatoo; reeva' aenane august august parat fartaa amgtvni tarfenma chhodvama aavyu hatoo. doublubxed-lpa september september aaa tivi bataavvaanu sharoo karyoo, rimshot doubluvity pasethi jodaan leedhu. 13 april, april roj, newsionet aneey sports news highlites (aesa. aena. aech.) nee mool kampani aneey 5 kalaaknaa urjaa nirmata manoj bhargve jaaherat curry hatee keey teey ritchie pasethi 800,000 dollarmaa doubleu. bii. ex. zed.-aela. dii. khareedashe. vyavhaar purn thayaa pachhi, doubleu. bii. ex. zed. newyork rajyamaa bhargavni pratham tivi station property banashe. aaa station tenee sub-chenal lineupma newsionetne fareethi umerashe, aaa vakhate maliki aneey sanchaalit station tareeke. takneeki maahitee. petaa chenalo. stationno digital signal multiplexed chheh 56.4 aneey 56.9 sthaaneek reete prograam karvaamaa aave chhe. television paachhu khencho. "throback television" aee 56.4 petaa chenal maate vaparaati brand chhe. teey chenalnee mukhya sevaa tareeke kaama karey chhe, jeey ritchie dwara swatantra praadeshik proo raceling, sthaaneek reete utpaadit vigyaan-saahitya shrenee "capton isotope aneey avkashna dushman" aneey jaaher kshetramaa hoosta karelaa movie shho, shho aneey filmonu vargikaran, infommercials aneey ochha kharche/vineemay syndicated bhaadu saheet prograaming saathe prograam karvaamaa aave chhe.

doubleu. bee. aiks. jaid. ell. dee. doubleu. bee. aiks. jaid. ell. dee. (channel 56) sanyukt raajya america key newyork mein ack cumm shakti vaalaa television station haye, joe digital multicast network kozi tv seey sambaddh haye. station steven richi key swaamitva mein haye. isake sthaaniya karyakram koo isake bajaay chauthe digital upa-channel parr chalaaya jaataa haye, jise throback television key roop mein branded kiya jaataa haye. itihas. channel 56 analogue parr taba taka prasaran kiya jaataa thaa jaba taka kii sanghiya sanchaar aayog (aff. see. see.) ney ise prasaran spectrum seey hataa diyaa. yeh boxes kaa ack sambaddh huaa kartaa thaa, jisase station koo apana coll saain milata haye. station kaa swaamitva steven richi key paas haye, joe ack sthaaniya sevaanivritt pulis adhikaari haye, jisane disambar 2013 mein kregg fox seey station kaa adhigrahan kiya thaa. digital sankraman key baad, station koo aff. see. see. dwara anumodit ack vishesh asthaayi pradhikaran key madhyam seey analogue channel 56 seey channel 17 (channel 1953 seey 1958 taka doubleu. bee. yuu. aff.-tv dwara aayojit kiya gayaa thaa aur 1959 seey 2009 taka pee. bee. aiss. sadasya station doubleu. aine. dee.-tv dwara aayojit kiya gayaa thaa) mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. (spectrum punarvitaran mein, yeh bhautik channel 23 taka chalaa gayaa, joe pahale wnlo aur wpxj dwara kabja curr liya gayaa thaa.) digital roopaantaran parr station aabhaasi channel 56 mein laut aaya, jiss samay isane leuken sanchaar seey kaee digital upa-chainalon koo jodane kii bhee yojana banaai, jinamen retro television network, pbj aur hartland shamil hain. wbxjd-lp 17 aprail, 2014 koo pareekshan karyakram key saath havaa mein laut aaya; 2 maee koo, station ney sanket diyaa kii usey leuken key saath ack gaadi samjhauta hassil karane mein pareshani hoe rahee thee (mukhya roop seey kyonki richi ack seneka kendra parr aavashyak badey upgrah vyanjan koo fitt naheen curr sakata thaa jahaan station kaa transmitter sthit haye, lekin leuken kii vittiya samasyaon key kaaran bhee) aur anya vikalpon kii talash curr rhaa thaa. 2014 taka, station 56.1 parr cozzy tv leey jaa rhaa thaa aur "throback tv" (ack sthaaniya roop seey prograam kiya gayaa outlet) 56.2 parr leey jaaya jaataa haye (baad mein 56.4 parr sthanantarit kiya gayaa). retro aur ack nayaa leuken upa-channel jise rev 'aine key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, 1 disambar, 2014 koo wbxjd-lp mein jodaa jaayega. usa network key launch key turant baad buzzer jodaa jaayega. takniki kathinaaiyon key baad 28 juuna, 2016 koo buzzer key saath-saath leuken key network koo wbxjd-lp seey hataa liya gayaa thaa. ibru tv aur aeye. aim. jee. tii. vee. koo pratisthaapan key roop mein sankshipt roop seey jodaa gayaa thaa; donon koo taba seey hataa diyaa gayaa haye. kozi aur lautane vaale tuff tv (jise leuken seey alag honey key baad phir seey jodaa gayaa thaa) key apavaad key saath. retro (lekin anya leuken network mein seey koee bhee naheen) koo julaai 2017 mein phir seey jodaa gayaa thaa; usa varsh baad mein tuff tv koo hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. farwari 2018 mein, bajar koo upa-chainalon kii soochi mein vaapas jodaa gayaa thaa. isake turant baad, station ney newsnet, ack upstart news network key saath hastakshar kiye, jaba yeh 2018 key patan mein shuru kiya gayaa, tou subchannel kii sankhya 11 hoe gaee. agast 2018 mein tuff tv key sanchaalan koo bund karane key saath, rev 'aine koo phir seey jodaa gayaa; rev' aine koo agast 2020 mein vaapsee aeye. aim. jee. tii. vee. key paksh mein chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. wbxjd-lp ney sitambar 2019 mein iss tv koo dikhaana shuru kiya, rimshot wvtt seey sambaddhata koo apane haath mein leey liya. 13 aprail, 2023 koo, brij media network, newsnet aur sports news highlites (aiss. aine. aich.) kii mool company aur 5 ghante key oorjaa nirmaata manoj bhargav dwara samarthit, ney ghoshana kii kii vaha richi seey 800,000 dollar mein doubleu. bee. aiks. jaid. ell. dee. kaa adhigrahan karega. station apane upa-channel lineup mein newsnet koo phir seey jodega, iss baar ack swaamitva aur sanchaalit station key roop mein. takniki jaankaari. upa-channel. station kaa digital signal bahuayami haih 56.4 aur 56.9 sthaaniya roop seey kramaadeshit hain. television koo vaapas leey jaaen. "throback television" 56.4 upa-channel key liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa brand haye. yeh channel kii pramukh seva key roop mein kaary kartaa haye, jise richi dwara swatantra kshetriya pro raceling, sthaaniya roop seey nirmit vigyaan-kathaa shrinkhala "capton isotope aur antariksh kaa dushman", aur saarvajanik domen mein aayojit film show, show aur filmon key vargeekaran, infommercials aur cumm laagat/barter syndicated kiraya sahit prograaming key saath prograam kiya gayaa haye.

doublubxd-old doublubxjd-eldie (channel 56) yuu united statesna newyorkna emmeyalliruva kadime-shaktiya duradarshana kendravagiddu, digital multicast network koji tiviyondige samyojitavagide. ee nildaanavu steven ritchie avara odetanadallide. adara sthaliya kaaryakramagalannu nalkane digital upa chaanelnalli nadesalaaguttade, idannu throback television endu brand maadalaagide. itihaasa. federal communications commission (eff. sii. sii) adannu prasara varnapataladinda tegeduhaakidaaga aaa aavartanavannu khaali maaduvavarege channel 56 analog nalli prasaaravaayitu. idu pettigeya angasamstheyagittu, allinda nildaanavu tanna karey chihneyannu padeyuttade. ee thaneyu sthaliya nivrutta police adhikari steven ritchie avara odetanadallide, avaru december 2013 ralli kraigg foxninda thaneyannu swadhinapadisikondaru. digital parivartaneya nantara, eff. sii. sii. yinda anumodisalpatta vishesha taatkaalika praadhikaarada moolaka ee kendravu analog channel channel channel channel (channel annu annu 1953rinda doubleu. bii. yuu. eff-tv mattu mattu 1959rinda pii. bii. ess. sadasya station doubleu. enn. dii-tv hondittu) sthalaantaragonditu. (varnapatalada maruhanchikeyalli, idu bhautika channel channel sthalaantaragonditu, hinde idannu wnlo mattu doublupxj aakramisikondiddavu.) digital parivartaneya nantara kendravu virtual channel 56 ge maralitu, aaa samayadalli adhu luken samvahanagalinda halavaaru digital upa chaanelgalannu serisalu yojisitu, avugalalli retro television network, pbj mattu hartland serive. 2014rahra april april pariksha kaaryakramadondige doublubxjd-elpi prasarakke maralitu; mayee mayee, nildaanavu leukennondige sagane oppandavannu bhadrapadisikolluvalli tondare edurisuttide endu soochisitu (mukhyavaagi richeege nildaanada transmitter iruva ondu seneka kendradalli agatyavaada dodda upagraha khadyavannu alavadisalu sadhyavagalilla, aadare bhagashah lukenna arthika samasyegalindaagi) mattu itara aaykegalannu hudukuttittu. 2014rahra hottige, ee nildaanavu 56.1 nalli koji tvyannu mattu 56.2 ralli (nantara 56.4 kke sthalaantarisalaayitu) "throback tv" (sthaliyavaagi programme maadalaada outlet) annu saagisuttittu. retro mattu rev 'enn endu kareyalaaguva hosa luken upa channel annu december 1,2014 randu doublubxjd-elpige serisalaaguvudu. aaa jaalabandhada praarambhada swalpa samayada nantara bajhar annu serisalaaguttade. taantrika tondaregala nantara 2016rahra zoon zoon, bajhar jotege luken jaalagalannu doublubxjd-elpiyinda hintegedukollalaayitu. ibru tv mattu amgtvgalannu sankshiptavaagi badaliyaagi serisalaayitu; eradannoo nantara tegeduhaakalaagide. koji mattu hindiruguva tuff tvyannu horatupadisi (idu luken ninda berpatta nantara maru-serisalaayitu). retro (aadare itara yaavude luken netvarkgalalla) annu julai 2017 ralli maru-serisalaayitu; aaa varshada koneyalli tuff tvyannu kaibidalaayitu. 2018rahra phebravariyalli, bajar annu upa-vaahinigala pattige matte serisalaayitu. adaada kelave dinagalli, 2018rahra sharatkaaladalli prarambhavadaga, upstart nyus network nyoosnetnondige sahi haakuvudarondige, station annu serisalaayitu, idu upa chaanelgala sankhyeyannu sankhyeyannu tanditu. august august tuff tv karyacharaneyannu nillisuvudarondige, rev 'enn annu maru-serisalaayitu; maraluva amgtv paravagi august august rev' enn annu kaibidalaayitu. doublubxjd-elpi ee dooradarshanavannu september 2019 ralli torisalu praarambhisitu, rimshot doubluvity yinda sambandhavannu vahisikonditu. 2023rahra april april, newsnet mattu creeda suddi mukhyaamshagala (snh) moola kampaniyaada bridge media netvarkgalu mattu 5 gantegala indhana srushtikarta manoj bhargavara bembaladondige, richiyavarinda doublubxjd annu 800,000 dollarge svadhinapadisikolluvudagi ghoshisitu. vahivaatu purnagonda nantara, doublubxjd newyork rajyadalli bhargavara modala tv station aastiyaagalide. ee nildaanavu tanna upa-channel lineupge newsnet annu saha maru-serisuttade, ee baari odetanada mattu kaaryanirvahisuva kendravagi. taantrika mahiti. upa-chaanelgalu. nildaanada digital signal multiplexes aagideh 56.4 mattu 56.9 annu sthaliyavaagi kramabaddhagolisalaagide. dooradarshanada hintirugisuvike. "throback television" embudu 56.4 upa chaanelgaagi balasalaaguva brand aagide. idu swatantra praadeshika para kusti, sthaliyavaagi nirmisalaada vaignaanika-kaalpanika sarani "capton isotope mattu baahyaakaashada shatru" mattu saarvajanika domennalli aayojisalaada chalanachitra pradarshanagalu, pradarshanagalu mattu chalanachitragala sangraha, infomercialgalu mattu kadime vechchada/vinimaya syndicated shulka seridante kaaryakramagalondige ritchie avaru programme maadida chanelna pramukha seveyagi kaaryanirvahisuttade.

dablyu. bii. ex. ezz-ell. dii digital multicast network koosi tvyumaayi affiliate cheythittulla amerikkayile newyorkkile pothu enna sthalathu sthithicheyyunna oru loow-power television steshanaanu doublubxs-eldie (chaanal 56). steevan richiyude udamasthathayilullathaanu eee steshan. pakaram athinte praadeshika paripaadikal throback television ennu brand cheytha naalaamathe digital sub chaanalilaan nadathunnathu. charithram. federal communications kammeeshan (eph. sii. sii) prakshepana spectrathil ninnu neekkam cheythappol aaa aavruthi shoonyamaakkunnathuvare steshan chaanal 56 analogil prakshepanam cheythu. steshan athinte kooll saine labhikkuna boxinte anubandha sthaapanamaayirunnu ithu. 2013 desemberil craig foxil ninnu steshan ettedutha praadeshika viramicha police udyogasthanaaya steevan richiyude udamasthathayilullathaanu eee steshan. digital parivarthanatthinu sesham, eph. sii. sii amgeekaricha oru prathyeka thaalkkaalika adhikaarathiloode steshan analog chaanal 56 ll ninnu chaanal 17 lake (1953 muthal 1958 vare chaanal dablyu. bii. yuu. eph-tvyudeyum 1959 muthal 2009 vare pbs memper steshan dablyu. enn. dii-tvyudeyum kaivashamaayirunnu) maari. (spectrum punarvinyaasatthil, ithu munbu wnloyum doubleupxj kaivashappeduthiyirunna physical chaanal 23 lake neengi.) digital parivartthanatthiloode steshan vertual chaanal 56-lake madangi, aaa samayat luken ashayavinimayangalil ninnu niravadhi digital sabchaanalukal cherkkanum padhathiyittu, avayil retro television network, pbj, hartland enniva ulppedunnu. 2014 epril 17 nuu testt prograamingumaayi doublubxs-elpi samprekshanam cheythu; meyy 2 nuu, lucanumaayi oru kyarej karar urappikkunnathil prashnam undennu steshan soochippichu (pradhaanamaayum steshante traansmittar sthithicheyyunna oru seneca sentaril aavashyamaaya valia saattalait dish phitt cheyyaan richick kazhiyaathathinal, ennaal bhaagikamaayi lookkante saambathika prasnangal kaaranam) mattu oopshanukal thedukayaayirunnu. 2014 leeii kanakkanusarichu, steshan 56.1 ll koosi tv 56.2 ll (pinneedu 56.4 lake maatti) "throback tivi" (praadeshikamaayi prograam cheytha outlettu) umm vahikkunnu. retro revu 'enn ennariyappedunna oru puthiya lucan sub chanalum 2014 desember 1 nuu doublubxxx-elpiyil cherkkum. aaa network samaarambhichathin thottupinnaale buzz aarr cherkkum. saankethika budhimuttukalethudarnnathu 2016 juun 28 nuu lookkante nettvarkkukalum basrum doublubxs-elpiyil ninnu pinvalichu. pakaram ibru tv amgtv hrasvamaayi chertthu; randum pinneedu neekkam cheythu. koosi, madangunna tuff tivi enniva ozhike (ithu lucanil ninnu verpirinjathinu sesham veendum chertthu). 2017 joolaiyil retro (ennaal mattu lucan netvarkkukalonnum) veendum chertthu; aaa varshavasaanam tuff tivi upekshichu. 2018 februvariyil basrine sabchaanalukalude pattikayil veendum chertthu. athinusesham taamasiyaathe jewellery television cherkkapettu, 2018 avasaanathode aarambhicha oru upstart nyoos netvarkkaaya nyoosnettumaayi steshan saine inn cheythathode, sub chaanalukalude ennam 11 aayi. 2018 augustil tuff tivi pravartthanam nirtthiyathode, reven veendum chertthu; 2020 augustil thirichuvarunna amjitiviye anukoolichu reven upekshichu. 2019 septambaril rimshot dablyuvididiyil ninnu affiliation etteduthu doublubxs-elpi eee tivi pradarshippikkaan thudangi. 2023 epril 13 nuu, nyoosnett, sports nyoos hailaittukalude (snh) maathru kambaniyum 5 manikkoor oorjja srashtaavumaaya manoj bhaargavayude pinthunayulla bridge media netvarkkukal richiyil ninnu 800,000 dollarinu doublubxld vaangumenn prakhyaapichu. edapaadu poortthiyaakumbol, doublubxld newyork samsthaanathe bhaargavayude aadyathe tivi steshan property maarum. steshan athinte sub chaanal lainappilekku nyoosnett veendum cherkkum, ithavana udamasthathayilullathum pravarthippikkunnathi steshanaayi. saankethika vivarangal. sub chaanalukal. steshante digital signal multiplexes cheythathaanna 56.4 umm 56.9 umm praadeshikamaayi prograam cheythavayaanu. tivi pinvalikkuka. "56. 4 sub chaanalin upayogikkunna brandaanu "throback television". swatantra praadeshika proo gusthi, praadeshikamaayi nirmmicha sayans fiction seereesaaya "kyapttan isotope bahiraakaashathinte sathruvum", pothu domainil hosttucheytha moovi shokalum shokalum sinimakalum, infomersialukal, kuranja chelavil/barter syndicated nirakkukal ennivayulppedeyulla prograamukalulla richi prograam cheytha chaanalinte munnira sevanamaayi ithu pravartthikkunnu.

doubleu. bii. ex. zed.-ell. dii. doubleu. bii. ex. zed. ell. dii. (channell 56) heey americetil newyork yetheel mhashi yetheel eka qamee shaktiche durchitravani kendra aahe, jeey digital multicast network kozi tvshi sanlagn aahe. yaa sthanakachi malki steven richikade aahe. tyache sthanik karyakram tyaeivaji chauthya digital upvahinivar chalavale jaatat, jyala throback television mhanoon chinhankit kele jaate. itihas. federal communication kamishanane (eff. see. see.) prasaran spectrammadhun kadhoon takale toparyant tee varanvarta rikami karavi lageparyant heey sthanak channell 56 analogvar prasarit hote. tee chaukatichi sanlagn hotee, jithun sthankala tyache coll chinh milate. yaa thanyachi malki sthanik nivrutt police adhikari steven ritchie yanchyakade aahe, jyane december 2013 madhye kregg foxkadoon heey sthanak vikat ghetale. digital sankramananantar, eff. see. see. neey manjur kelelya vishesh tatpuratya pradhikaranachya madhyamatoon heey sthanak analogue channell 56 varoon channell 17 (channell 1953 teey 1958 paryant doubleu. bii. yuu. eff.-tvkade aanee 1959 teey 2009 paryant pii. bii. ess. sadasya station doubleu. aine. dii.-tvkade hote) kadey valale. (spectrumchya punarvitaranat, teey purvi doubleu. aine. ell. oo. aanee doubleu. pii. ex. jeey. neey vyapalelya 23 yaa bhautik vahiniparyant gele.) digital rupantarananantar heey sthanak aabhasi vahini 56 varr paratale, tyaa velee tyanni leuken sampreshanatun anek digital upavahini jodanyachi yojana aakhali, tyapaiki retro television network, pii. bii. jeey. aanee hartland yancha samavesh aahe. doubleu. bii. ex. zed.-ell. pii. 17 april 2014 roji chachani karyakramasah punha prasarit jhaale; 2 meey roji, sthanakane soochit kele qee leukenberober vahan karar surakshit karnyat adchan yet aahe (pramukhyane kaaran ritchie aavashyak mothya upgrah dishla eka seneka kendravar basavoo shakat nahee jithe stationche transmitter aahe parantu anshatah leukenchya aarthik samasyanmule) aanee itar paryay shodhat hote. 2014 paryant, heey sthanak 56.1 varr kozi tv gheuun jaat hote aanee "throback tv" (sthanik patalivar program kelele outlet) 56.2 varr (nantar 56.4 varr halavale gele) chalavale jaat hote. 1 december 2014 roji doubleu. bii. ex. zed.-ell. pii. madhye retro aanee rev 'aine. mhanoon olakhali jaanari eka naveen leuken upavahini jodali jaeel. tyaa jaalyachya prakshepanantar lavkarach buzzer jodali jaeel. tantrik adchaninmule 28 juuna 2016 roji buzzers leukenche jaale doubleu. bii. ex. zed.-ell. pii. madhoon kadhoon ghenyat aale. ibru tv aanee aii. emm. jee. tii. vhee. heey badal mhanoon thodakyat jodale gele; tyanantar donhi kadhoon taknyat aale aahet. kozi aanee paratanara tuff tv (joou lukenpasoon vegala jhalyanantar punha jodala gela) vagalata. julai 2017 madhye retro (parantu itar konatehi leuken network nahee) punha jodale gele; tyaa varshachya uttaradhat tuff tv kadhoon taknyat aala. februwari 2018 madhye, bazarla up-vahinyanchya yadeet punha samavisht karnyat aale. tyanantar lavkarach daginyanchya durchitravanichi bharr padali, 2018 chya sharad rututil suruvatis, newznet yaa naveen vruttavahinichya madhyamatoon, upavahinichi sankhya 11 varr aanali gelee. august 2018 madhye tuff tvche kaam bund jhalyane, rev 'aine punha jodale gele; gele; aii. emm. jee. tii. vhee. chya bajoone august 2020 madhye rev' aine vagalanyat aale. doubleu. bii. ex. zed.-ell. pii. neey september 2019 madhye rimshot doubleu. vhee. tii. tii. kadoon sanlagnata swikarat haah durchitravani dakhavanyas suruvat kelee. 13 april 2023 roji, newsnet aanee creeda batmyanchya thalak vaishishtyanchi (ess. aine. etch.) mool company aanee 5 taas urja nirmate manoj bhargav yanchya pathimbyane brij media networkne richikadoon doubleu. bii. ex. ell. dii. 800,000 dollarmadhe vikat gheil ashee ghoshana kelee. vyavhar purn jhalyanantar, doubleu. bii. ex. ell. dii. hii newyork rajyatil bhargavachi pahili durchitravani station malmatta banel. heey sthanak tyachya upavahinichya shreneet, yaveli malakiche aanee chalavalele sthanak mhanoon, vruttajal punha jodel. tantrik mahitee. up-vahinya. sthanakache digital signal bahugunit aaheh 56.4 aanee 56.9 heey sthanik patalivar kramvarit aahet. durchitravani mage. "throback television' haah 56.4 upavahinisathi vaparla jaanara brand aahe. swatantra pradeshik vyavsayik kusti, sthanik patalivar tayar keleli vidnyan-kalpanik malika 'capton isotope andd daad enemy auph space' aanee sarvajanik kshetrat aayojit chitrapat karyakram, karyakram aanee chitrapatanche vargikaran, infomercials aanee qamee kimatiche/barter syndicated bhade yasah richine karyakrambaddha keleli hii vahinichi pramukh seva mhanoon kaam karate.

dablyu. bii. ex. jay.-ell. dii. wbxjd-eldie (channell 56) heuchhi juktarastra americara nyujarkare thiba eka comm-shakti bisista television station, jaahaa digital multicast netawarka koji tibhi sahita anubandhita . ehi stationer malika heuchhanti stiven richi. ehara sthaniah karjyakramagudika ehaa paribarte chaturtha digital sabchanelare parichalita hue, jaahaaku throback television bhabare brand karajaichi. itihas. federal communication commission (aif. sii. sii.) ehaaku prasarana spektramaru hataideba parey stationku sehi frequency khaali karibaku naah padiba parjyanta channell 56 aanalogare prasarana karajaithila. ehaa baksar eka anubandhita thila, jeunthiru station ehara cull shine paithae . ehi stationer malika heuchhanti jane sthaniah abasaraprapta police adhikari stiven richi, jie december 2013 ray kregg faksankatharu stationku hassel karithile. digital paribartana parey, stationti analogue channell channell channell channell sthanantarita hoithila (channelti 1953 ru 1958 parjyanta dablyu. bii. jayu. aif.-tibhi dwara ebong 1959 ru 2009 parjyanta pbs sadasya station dablyu. we. enn. dii. bhi. dwara parichalita hoithila) aif. sii. sii. dwara anumodita eka swatantra asthajee kartupakhyanka madhyamare. (spectrom punahbangtanare, ehaa bhautika channell 23 ku sthanantarita hoithila, jaahaa purbaru wanlo ebong waa. pii. ex. jay. dwara adhikruta thila.) digital rupantarana parey station virtual channell 56 ku pherithila, sehi samajare ehaa luken jogajogaru aneka digital subchanel joga karibaku yojana karithila, segudika madhyare retro television netawarka, pbj ebong hartland . wbxjd-elpi april 17,2014 ray parikhyana programing sahita prasaranaku pherithila; meey 2 ray, station ingita deithila je ehaa luken sahita eka gaadi chuktinama surakhita karibare asubidha heuchhi (mukhyatah kaaran richi eka seneka sentarare aabasyaka budd upgraha dish fitt kariparila naahin jeunthare stationer transmitter abasthita kintu aanshika bhabare luken rahr arthika samasya hetu) ebong anya bikalpa khojuthila . 2014 masiha suddha, stationti 56.1 ray koji tibhi ebong "throback tibhi" (eka sthaniah programme hoithiba outlet) 56.2 ray parichalita heuthila (parey 56.4 ku sthanantarita hoithila). retro ebong rebh 'enn naamare janashuna eka nutan luken subchanel december 1,2014 ray wbxjd-elpire jodajiba. sehi netawarkara luncher kichhi samai parey bajar jodajiba . bajara sahita lucaner netawarkaku baishajika asubidha parey june 28,2016 ray wbxjd-elpiru hatai diajaithila. ibru tibhi ebong aii. emm. jii. tii. bhi. ku sankhipta bhabe pratisthapana bhabe jodajaithila; sebetharu ubhajaku hatai diajaichhi. koji ebong pheruthiba toff tibhi (jaahaa luken thaaru alga heba parey punah jodajaithila) ku baada dei. 2017 julyre retro (kintu anya kaunasi luken netawarka nuhen) ku punah jodajaithila; sehi barsha parey toff tibhi drop karajaithila . februari 2018 ray, bajaraku sabchanelara talikare joga karajaithila. ehara kichhi samai parey, 2018 sharatare arambha hoithiba eka upstart nyuj netawarka, nyujneta sahita station shine inn kariba sahita, alankara television joga karajaithila, sabchanelara sankhyaku 11 ku aanithila. august 2018 ray toff tibhi karjya banda heba sahita, reva 'enn punah jodajaithila; august 2020 ray returning aii. emm. jii. tii. bhi sapakhyare reva' enn drop karajaithila . wbxjed-elpi september 2019 ray ehi tibhi pradarshan arambha karithila, rimsot wibhititiru anubandh grahan karithila . 2023 masiha april 13 tarikhare, brij midia netawarka, nyujaneta ebong sports nyuj highlite (ess. enn. etch.) rahr moola company ebong 5 ghantara shakti nirmata manoja bhargabanka samarthanare, ghoshana karithile je ehaa richinkatharu 800,000 dalaarare dablyu. bii. ex. jaded.-ell. dii. hassel kariba. karbar samapta heba parey, dablyu. bii. ex. jaded. nyujarka rajyare bhargabanka pratham tibhi station sampatti heba. ehi station ehara saba-channell lineupre nyujanetaku madhya punah jodiba, ether eka malikanadhin ebong parichalita station bhabare . baishajika suchana. upa-channell. stationer digital signal multiplexes hoichhih 56.4 ebong 56.9 sthaniah bhabe programme karajaichi. telivijanaku pheripaibe. "throback television" heuchhi 56.4 subchanel paain byabahruta brand . ehaa chyanelara flagship seba bhabare karjya kare, jaahaa richinka dwara programing sahita swadheena anchalika pro kusti, sthaniah bhabare utpadita bigyana-kalpanika sirij "captain isotope ebong sthanara shatru", ebong sarbajaneena domenare host hoithiba chalachitra shoe, shoe ebong chalachitrara eka bhandara, infomercial, ebong swalpa mulya/barter syndicated bhada .

w. bee. aiks. zedd-ail. dee. w. bee. aiks. zedd.-ail. dee. (channel 56) majjh, newyork, sanyukat raaj amrica witch ikk ghatt-shakti vaala television station haii, joe digital multicast network kozi teevi naal judiaa hoiaa haii. station steven richi dee malkiat haii. iss dee bajaae iss dey sathanak programan noon chauthe digital sabb-channel utte chalaiaa jaanda haii, jiss noon throback television vajon brand keeta jaanda haii. itihaas. station channel 56 analogue utte prasarit hunda haii jadon takk iss noon uss barambarta noon khaali naheen karna painda jadon federal sanchar commission (eff. see. see.) neey iss noon prasaran spectrum toon hataa ditta. ih boxes naal sabandhat hunda see, jiss toon station noon aapna qaal sine milda haii. iss station dee malkiat steven richi dee haii, joe ikk sathanak sevamukt pulis adhikari haii, jiss neey dasambar 2013 witch cragg fox toon station haasal keeta see. digital tabdili toon baad, station analogue channel 56 toon channel 17 (channel 1953 toon 1958 takk w. bee. yuu. eff.-teevi duaara atey 1959 toon 2009 takk pee. bee. aiss. member station w. ainn. dee.-teevi duaara rakkhiaa giaa see) witch ikk vishesh aarzi authority duaara tabdil hoow giaa. (spectrum dee mudd vandd witch, ih bhautik channel 23 takk chalaa giaa, jiss utte pahilan wnlo atey wpxj daa kabza see.) station digital parivartan utte virtual channel 56 witch waps aaa giaa, jiss samein iss neey lukan sanchar toon kaee digital upp-chainlan noon joden dee yojna banayi, jinhan witch retro television network, pbj atey hartland shamal hunn. w. bee. aiks. zedd.-ail. pee. neey 17 aprail, 2014 noon test prograaming naal havaa witch vaapsee keeti; 2 maee noon, station neey sanket ditta kii iss noon luken naal ikk carries samjhauta surakhiat curran witch mushkal aaa rahee see (mukkh taur 'teey kiunki richi ikk seneka center' teey zaruri vadde satellite dish noon fitt naheen qarr sakiaa jitthe station daa transmitter sathit haii parr kujh hadd takk luken deeaan vitti samassiaavan caarn vee) atey horr vikalpan dee bhaal qarr riha see. 2014 takk, station 56.1 utte kozi teevi lae keey jaa riha see atey "throback teevi" (ikk sathanak taur utte program keeta outlet) 56.2 utte lijaiaa jaanda haii (baad witch 56.4 utte lijaiaa giaa). 1 dasambar, 2014 noon w. bee. aiks. zedd.-ail. pee. witch ikk navaan luken sabb-channel, jiss noon rev 'ainn vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, shamal keeta javega. takniki mushkilan toon baad 28 juun, 2016 noon bazar dey naal-naal luken dey network noon w. bee. aiks. zedd.-ail. pee. toon hataa liaa giaa see. ee. bee. aar. yuu. tii. vee. atey aii. aimm. jee. tii. vee. noon sankhep roop witch badal vajon jodiaa giaa see; dovan noon udon toon hataa ditta giaa haii. kozi atey returning tuff teevi (joe kii luken toon vakkh honn toon baad dubara jodiaa giaa see) noon chhadd keey. retro (parr koee horr luken network naheen) noon julai 2017 witch dubara jodiaa giaa see; uss saal dey akheer witch tuff teevi noon chhadd ditta giaa see. farvari 2018 witch, bazar noon sabb-chainlan dee suchi witch waps shamal keeta giaa see. iss toon turant baad, station noon newsnet naal sine curran dey naal, ikk upstart news network, jadon ih patjhad 2018 witch lanch keeta giaa see, sabb-chainlan dee ginti noon 11 takk lae keey aaiaa see. agast 2018 witch tuff teevi dey kamm karna bnd curran dey naal, rev 'ainn noon dubara jodiaa giaa see; rev' ainn noon agast 2020 witch waps aaunn vaale aii. aimm. jee. tii. vee. dey huck witch chhadd ditta giaa see. w. bee. aiks. zedd.-ail. pee. neey iss teevi noon satambar 2019 witch dikhauna shuru keeta, rimshot w. vee. tii. tii. toon maanta lae laee. 13 aprail, 2023 noon, brij media network, newsnet atey sports news highlites (snh) dee mool company atey 5 ghante dey energy sirjanhar manoj bhargav duaara samarthit, neey ailaan keeta kii uh richi toon 800,000 dallar witch wbxld prapat karegi. lainn-denh dey mukammal honn 'teey, wbxld newyork raaj witch bhargav dee pahili teevi station property bann javegi. station aapne sabb-channel lineup witch newsnet noon vee dubara shamal karega, iss vaar ikk malkiat atey sanchalit station vajon. takniki jankari. upp-channel. station daa digital signal multiplexed haiyav 56.4 atey 56.9 sathanak taur utte program keete gaye hunn. television noon waps crow. "throback television" 56.4 sabb-channel laee vartiaa jaanh vaala brand haii. ih channel dee pramukh seva vajon kamm kardi haii, jiss witch sutantar khetri pro kushti, sathanak taur 'teey tiaar keeti gaee vigiaan-glup luddy "kaptan isotope atey pulad daa dushman", atey jantak khetar witch host keete gaye film shoa, shoa atey filman dee ikk shreni, infomential atey ghatt laagat/barter syndicate kiraae samet richi duaara program keeta giaa haii.

doubleu. bee. eksa. z-old doubleu. bee. eksa. jaid-ell. (chaanal 56) samyuktarajyamerikadesha nyuyaark-nagarasya bhaisah-nagare sthitam nyoonashaktimuktam dooradarshan-kendram asti, yat digital-multicast-jaalasy kozie-teavy ityanena saha sambaddham asti. asya sthaanake steven richee ityasya svaamitvam asti. tasya sthaniya-kaaryakramah tasya sthaane chaturtha-digital-upa-vaahinyaam pravartyate, yat throback-dooradarshanam iti mudritah asti. itihaasah. kendram 56 unlog iti vaahinyaam prasaarayati yaavat tatt aavruttihi rikttam naa bhavet yaavat federal-communications-commission (ef. sii. sii.) ityanena prasaar-varnapataat apasaaritam. poorvam etat petikaayaah sambaddham aasit, yasmaat sthanakasya kaal-sanketah praapyate. asya sthanakasya svaamitvam sthaniyasya nivruttasya aarakshak-adhikaarinah steven richee ityanena krutam asti, yah 2013 december-maase kregg-faaks ityatah sthaanakam arjitavaan. digital-parivartanaanantaram, ef. see. see. ityanena anumodite vishesha-asthayee-praadhikaranasy madhyamena, kendram unlog-chaanal 56 taha chaanal 17 prati sthanantaritam (1953 taha 1958 paryantam vaahinyaah doubleu. bee. yoo. ef-tea. vee. dwara, 1959 taha 2009 paryantam pee. bee. ess. sadasya-vaahinyaah doubleu. doubleu. enn. dee.-tea. vee. dwara cha dhaaritam aasit). (varnapatasya punahvitarane, tatt bhautika-vaahinyaam 23 paryantam gatam, yat poorvam doubleu. enn. ell. o. tathaa doubleu. pee. eksa. jey. ityetaih vyaapitam aasit.) kendram digital-parivartanena varchuval-chaanal-56 prati pratyaagatam, tasmin samaye leuken-sampreshanat aneke digital-upa-chaanal-ityetaan yojayitum api yojanam akarot, teshu retro-dooradarshan-jaalah, pee. bee. jey., hartland cha aasan. doubleu. bee. eksa. jaid-ell. pee. 2014 april 17 dinaanke pareekshan-karyakramena saha prasaaranam prati nivartyata; mey 2 dinaanke, sthaanakam soochayat yat leuken ityanena saha vaahan-karaaram praaptum samasyaa asti iti (mukhyataya yatah richee, ekam senekaa-kendre, yatra sthanakasya transmitter asti, tatra aavashyakam bruhat upagraha-paatram yojayitum naa shaktavaan, parantu aamshikaroopena leuken ityasya aarthik-samasyaayaah karanat api), anyaan vikalpaan anvishyata. 2014 tamavarshaparyantam, etat sthanakam 56.1 ityatra kozie-dooradarshanam chaalayat, tathaa cha "throback-dooradarshanam" (sthaniyarupena prograam-krutam autlet) 56.2 ityatra chaalayati (pashchat 56.4 paryantam sthanantaritam). 2014 december 1 dinaanke doubleu. bee. eksa. jaid-ell. pee. ityatra retro tathaa rev 'enn iti namna prasidhah nootanah leuken upa-chaanal cha yojayishyte. tasya jaalasy aarambhasy kinchitkalanantaram buzzer iti yojayishyte. 2016 joon 28 dinaanke, takaniki-samasyaayaah anantaram, buzzer ityanena saha, leuken-ityasya jaalaputaani doubleu. bee. eksa. jaid-ell. pee. ityatah apasaaritaah. ibroo-tea. vee. tathaa e. emm. jee. tea. vee. ityetau pratisthaapanaroopen alpakalam yaavat yojitaah; tatah param ubhau apasaaritaah. kozie tathaa punaraawartit-tuff-tea. vee. ityetaani cha vihaay (ye leuken-taha vibhaktasya anantaram punah yojitaah). 2017 julai-maase retro (parantu anyeshu kasyaapi leuken-jaalaputaani naa) punah yojitaah; tasmin eva varshe anantaram tuff-tea. vee. ityasya prasaarah abhavat. 2018 februvari-maase, buzzer-ityasya upa-chaanal-suchyam punah yojitam. tadanantaram sheeghramev aabhooshan-dooradarshanam yojitam, yadaa 2018 tamasya varshasya sharatkaale nyoos-nett-iti upstart-varta-jaalasy saha kendram hastaaksharam krutavaan, tadaa upa-chaanal-sankhyaa 11 abhavat. 2018 tamasya varshasya august-maase tuff-teavy ityasya kaaryam samaaptam jaatam, rev-enn punah samyojitam, 2020 tamasya varshasya august-maase e. emm. jii. tii. vee. ityasya pratyaagamanasy krute rev-enn iti nishkaasitam. doubleu. bee. eksa. jaid-ell. pee. ityanena 2019 september-maase etat dooradarshanam darshayitum aarabdham, rimshot doubleu. vee. tea. tea. ityatah sambadhataam sweekrutam. 2023 april 13 dinaanke, nyoos-nett tathaa creedaa-varta-mukhyamshanam (ess. enn. ech.) mool-samsthaa, bridge-media-networks, 5-ghantaa-oorjaa-nirmaatrubhihi manojabhaaragaven samarthitaa cha, richee-samsthayaa doubleu. bee. eksa. jaid.-ell. dii. $800,000-krute praaptam bhavishyati iti ghoshayat. vyavahaarasya samaptya, doubleu. bee. eksa. jaid. ell. dii. nyuyaark-raajye bhaargavah prathamam tea. vee.-steshan-sampattih bhavishyati. idam sthanakam swasya upa-chaanal-lain-up madhye nyoos-nett iteedam punah yojayishyati, asmin samaye svaamitva-sanchaalit-sthaanakaroopen. takaniki suchana. upa-vaahinyah. sthanakasya digital sanketah bahugunitah asti. 56.4 tathaa 56.9 cha sthaniyaihi kramaadeshitaah santi. dooradarshane punah prasaarah. "throback-dooradarshanam" iti 56.4 upa-vaahinyaam prayuktah brand asti. etat vaahinyaah pramukhasevaayaah rupena karyam karoti, yat richee ityanena karyakramena, swatantra-kshetriya-pro-resling, sthaniyarupena nirmita-vijnaana-kaalpanik-shrunkhalaa "capton-isotope-end-da-enimee-aaf-space", saarvajanikakshetre aayojitaah chalacchitra-pradarshanani, pradarshanani, chalacchitraani cha, infomercial-samsthah, nyoon-vyayah/barter-syndicated-bhatakani cha antarbhavanti.

WBXZ-LD dablubxx-ell. dii (saenal 56) enbathu americavin newyoarkil ulla erumaip pandriyil ulla oru kuraindha sakthi konda tholaikaatchi nilaiyamaagum, idhu digital multicast network ghosi diviyudan inaikkappattullathu. inththa nilaiyam steven richikku sonthamaanathu. adhan ulloor niralaakkam adharku pathilaaka naankaavathu digital thunai saenalil nadaththappadukirathu, idhu throback tholaikaatchi endru mutthirai kuththappadugiradhu. varalaaru. koottaatchi thagaval thodarbu aanaiyam (eff. chii. chii) oliparappu spectramilirunthu agattrum poathu antha athirvennai kaalii seiya vaendiyirukkum varai saenal 56 analaakkil nilaiyam oliparappappattathu. idhu pettiyin oru inaippaaka irunththathu, athilirunthu nilaiyam adhan alaippu adaiyaalaththaip perukirathu. inththa nilaiyam ulloor oaivu pettra bolees athikaariyaana steven richikku sonthamaanathu, avar disambar 2013 ill kraik faaksidamirunthu stationai vaankinaar. digital maattraththirkup piragu, nilaiyam analock saenal 56 ilirunththu saenal 17 kku maariyathu (saenal 1953 muthal 1958 varai dablubf-diviol nadaththappattathu mattrum 1959 muthal 2009 varai pps uruppinar nilaiyam dablyoopiendivi moolam nadaththappattathu) eff. chii. chii. aall angkeekarikkappatta oru sirappu thartkaalika athikaaram moolam. (spectrum maruu odhukkeettil, idhu munbu dablubxj mattrum dablubksj aagiyavattraal aakiramikkappatta 23 endra iyarpiyal senalukku nagarnthathu.) digital maattraththin moolam 56 endra meinigar senalukkuth thirumbiya inththa nilaiyam, luken thagavalthodarpugalirunthu pala digital thunai senalgalaich saerkkavum thittamittathu, avattril redro tholaikaatchi network, bibije mattrum hardland aagiyavai adangkum. dablubxx-elbi aepral 17,2014 andru soathanai niralaakkaththudan oliparapukkuth thirumbiyathu; mae 2 andru, nilaiyam lukkanudan oru vandi oppanthaththaip peruvathil sikkal iruppathaagak kaattiyadhu (mukkiyamaaga richiyaal thevaiyaana periya seyarkaikkoal dishesai oru senaka maiyaththil poruththa mudiyavillai, angku nilaiyaththin transmitter amainthullathu, aanaal lucan nidhi pirachchanaikal kaaranamaagavum) mattrum pira viruppangkalaith thaedikkondirunthathu. 2014 aam aandu nilavarappadi, inththa nilaiyam 56.1 ill ghosi tholaikkaatchiyai eduththuch sendru kondirundhadhu mattrum "throback tholaikaatchi" (ullooril thittamidappatta kadaiyil) 56.2 ill kondu sellappattathu (pinnar 56.4 kku maattrappattathu). redro mattrum rev 'enn endru azhaikkappadum oru puthiya luken thunai saenal disambar 1,2014 andru dablubxx-elbiyil saerkkappadum. antha netvorkin veliyeettirkup piragu viraivil bajr saerkkappadum. thozhilnutpa sikkalkalukkup piragu juun 28,2016 andru luken netvorkkugal, pajarudan, dablubxx-elbiyilirunthu izhukkappattana. eepru divi mattrum amgdv aagiyavai surukkamaaga maattraaka serkkappattana; irandum pinnar agatrtrappattullana. ghosi mattrum thirumbum tuff divi (idhu luganil irunthu pirintha piragu meendum serkkappattathu) aagiyavattraith thavira. redro (aanaal mattra luken netvorkkugal ethuvum illai) juulai 2017 ill meendum serkkappattathu; antha aandin pirpaguthiyil tuff divi kaividappattathu. pipravari 2018 ill, bajr meendum thunai saenalgalin pattiyalil serkkappattathu. athanpiragu viraivil nagaith tholaikaatchi serkkappattathu, seithi network, oru upstard seithi netvorkkudan nilaiyam kaiyezhuththittathu, idhu 2018 ilaiyuthirkaalaththil thodangappattapoathu, thunai saenalgalin ennikkaiyai 11 aagak kondu vanthathu. august 2018 ill tuff divi seyalpaadugalai niruththiyathan moolam, rev 'enn meendum serkkappattathu; thirumbum amgdvku aatharavaaka august 2020 ill rev' enn kaividappattathu. WBXZ-LP inththa tholaikkaatchiyai septumber 2019 ill kaattath thodangiyathu, rimshot WVtt ilirunththu inaippai eduththuk kondadhu. aepral 13,2023 andru, seithi valai mattrum vilayaattu seithi sirappamsanggalin (snh) thaai niruvanamaana bridge media netvorkkugal mattrum 5 manii naera aattral padaippaalar manoj bhargawa aatharavudan, richchiyidamirunthu 800,000 dollarukku dablubxx-ell. dii. aii vaangkuvathaaka ariviththathu. parivarthanai mudinthathum, dablubxx-ell. dii newyorg maanilaththil paarkavaavin muthal tholaikaatchi nilaiya soththaaga maarum. inththa nilaiyam adhan thunai alaivarisaiyil seithi valaiyamaipu meendum saerkkum, inththa murai oru sonthamaana mattrum iyakkappadum nilaiyamaaga. tholilnutpath thagavalkal. thunai alaivarisaigal. nilaiyaththin digital signal multiblexes aagum 56.4 mattrum 56.9 aagiyavai ullooril thittamidappattullana. tholaikaatchi. "throback tholaikaatchi" enbathu 56.4 thunai senalukku payanpaduththappadum brand aagum. idhu saenalin muthanmai saevaiyaaga seyalpadugirathu, idhu richiyaal suyaatheenamaana piraanthiya saarbu malyuththam, ullnaattil thayaarikkappatta ariviyal punaikathai thodar "capton isotope mattrum vinveliyin ethiri" mattrum podhu kazhaththil thogukkappatta thiraippada nigazhchchigal, nigazhchchigal mattrum thiraippatankalin thoguppu, thagaval thozhilnutpam mattrum kuraindha vilai/barder cindicate kattanam ullitta niralaakkangkaludan thittamidappattullathu.

wbxg-eldie doublubxed-eldie (chaanal 56) anedi united states looni newyork looni gedelo unna takkuva-shakti gala television station, idhi digital multicast network koji tvki anubandhamgaa undhi. eee station steven ritchie yajamanyamlo undhi. daani sthaanika karyakramalu badulugaa naalugo digital sub chaanello prasaram cheyabadataayi, veetini throback televisionga brand chestaaru. charitra. federal communications commission (eff. sii. sii) prasaara spectrum nundi tolaginchinappudu aaa frequencini khaalii cheyalsina varaku chhaanel 56 analaaglo station prasaram chesindi. idhi petteku anubandhamgaa undedi, daani nundi stationku daani coll saine vastundi. eee station sthaanika retired pooliisu adhikari steven ritchie yajamanyamlo undhi, athanu december 2013loe craigg faaks nundi stationnu konugolu chesaadu. digital parivartana taruvaata, eff. sii. sii. aamodinchina pratyeka taatkaalika adhikaram dwara eee station analog chaanal 56 nundi chaanal 17kii maarindi (chhaanel 1953 nundi 1958 varaku wbuf-tv mariyu 1959 nundi 2009 varaku pbs member station doubluendy-tv dwara nirvahinchabadindi). (spectrum punarvyavastheekaranalo, idhi bhouthika chaanal 23 varaku maarindi, gatamlo dheenini wnlo mariyu wpxj akraminchayi.) digital marpidi tarvaata station virtual chaanal 56kii tirigi vachindi, aaa samayamlo idhi luken communications nundi aneka digital sub chaanellanu jodinchaalani kooda yochinchindi, vaatilo retro television network, pbj mariyu hartland unnaayi. 2014 april 17naa doublubxed-elpi pareeksha kaaryakramaalato tirigi prasaram cheyabadindi; mae 2naa, station lukentho carriage oppandaanni pondadamlo ibbandi undani suuchimchimdi (pradhanamgaa ritchie avasaramaina pedda upagraha vantakaanni station yokka transmitter unna seneca centerlo amarchalekapovadam valla conny kontavaraku luken yokka aardhika samasyala kaaranamgaa kooda) mariyu itara empikalanu koorutuu undhi. 2014 natiki, station 56.1 loe koji tvni teesukuvelutondi mariyu "throback tv" (sthaanikamgaa programme cheyabadina avtlet) 56.2 loe teesukuvelutundi (taruvaata 56.4 kii taralinchabadindi). retro mariyu rev 'enn anie piluvabade kotta luken sub chhaanel december 1,2014naa doublubxed-elpiki jodinchabadutundi. aaa network praarambhinchina ventane bajar jodinchabadutundi. saanketika ibbandula taruvaata juun 28,2016naa bajartho paatu luken netvarklu wbxg-elpi nundi tolaginchabaddaayi. ebru TV mariyu AMGTV lanu kluptamgaa pratyamnaayaalugaa jodinchaaru; rendoo tolaginchabaddaayi. koji mariyu tirigi vachhe tuff tv (idhi luken nundi vidipoyina tarvaata tirigi jodinchabadindi) minaha. retro (conny itara luken netvarklu aevee kaadu) juulai 2017loe tirigi jodinchabadindi; aaa samvatsaram taruvaata tuff tvni tolaginchaaru. fibravari 2018loe, bajar tirigi sub chaanella jaabitaaku jodinchabadindi. aaa taruvaata koddikaalaanike, newsnet anae upstart nyuus networktho santakam chesina station, 2018 saradrutuvulo praarambhinchinappudu, sub chaanella sankhyanu 11kii teesukuvacchi, nagala television jodinchabadindi. augustu 2018loe tuff tv karyakalapalu nilipiveyadamtho, rev 'enn tirigi jodinchabadindi; tirigi vachhe amgtv kii anukuulamgaa 2020 augustulo rev' enn tolaginchabadindi. WBXZ-LP eee tvni 2019 septembarulo choopinchadam praarambhinchindi, rimshot WVtt nundi anubandhaanni teesukundi. 2023 april 13naa, bridge media netvarklu, nyuus nett mariyu sports nyuus highlites (esnhetch) yokka maatru samstha mariyu 5 gantala energy srushtikarta manoj bhargava maddatutoe, ritchie nundi doublubxed-eldini 800,000 dollarlaku konugolu cheyanunnatlu prakatinchindi. lavadevi puurtayina tarvaata, doublubxed-eldi newyork raashtramlo bhargava yokka modati tv station aasti avutundi. eee station thana sub chaanal lineupku newsnetnu kooda tirigi jodistundi, esaari yaajamaanyamloni mariyu panichese stationga. saanketika samacharam. upa chaanallu. station yokka digital signal bahula shrenih 56.4 mariyu 56.9 sthaanikamgaa programme cheyabaddaayi. television throback. "throback television" anedi 56.4 sub chhaanel kosam upayoginche brand. idhi chhaanel yokka pradhana sevagaa panichestundi, swatantra praantiiya proo restling, sthaanikamgaa utpatti cheyabadina sains-fiction syries "kepten isotope und dhi ethiri off space" mariyu host chesina chalanachitra pradarsanalu, pradarsanalu mariyu chalanachitraala kalagalupu, infomertials mariyu takkuva kharchutho kuudina/barter syndicated chaarjeelatoo sahaa richeeche programme cheyabadindi.

dabliyo bee aiks zeed-old dabliyo bee aiks zeed (chinal 56) bafilo neoyork riyasathaye muthadah mein eek kumm taaqat waala teeli vision station hay juu degital milty cast neet wark kozy tye wee say waabistah hay. iss station kii malkiyat steven rachee kay paas hay. iss kay maqami programing kuu iss kay bajaye choothay degital zeeli chinal parr anjaam diyaa jaataa hay jasay tharaa beek teeli vision kay toor parr braand kiyaa jaataa hay. tareekh. station chinal 56 ainalog parr nashar hotaa hay jabb takk kahh asay iss freekwensi kuu khaali karnaa naha paray jabb federal communication commission (aif see see) nay asay broadcast spectrum say hataa diyaa. yaha baaks say waabistah hawaa kartaa thaa jehaan say station kuu iss kaa kaal saain milta hay. iss station kii malkiyat eek maqami retired police afsar steven rachee kay paas hay jiss nay dasambar 2013 mein kareeg faaks say station haasil kiyaa thaa. degital muntaqli kay baad station ainalog chinal 56 say chinal 17 mein muntaqil how gayaa (chinal 1953 say 1958 takk dabliyo bee yuu aif-tye wee kay paas thaa aur 1959 say 2009 takk pee bee aiss mumber station dabliyo aine ddee tye wee kay paas thaa) aif see see kay zariah manzoor shadah eek khususi aarizi atharti kay zariye. (spectrum kii dobarah taqsim mein yaha physical chinal 23 takk chalaa gayaa juu pehley dabliyo aine eel awo aur dabliyo pee aiks jay kay zeer qabzah thaa.) station degital tabdili parr virtual chinal 56 mein waps aagiya iss waqat iss nay locan mawasilat say kayee degital zeeli channels shaamil karnay kaa bhee mansubah banaya jinn mein retro teeli vision neet wark pee bee jay aur haart lend shaamil haine. dabliyo bee aiks zeed-eel pee 17 apreel 2014 kuu test programing kay saath nashar hawaa. 2 mayee cow station nay asharah kiyaa kahh asay locan kay saath gaadi kaa muahidah haasil karnay mein dushwari how rahee hay (bunyadi toor parr iss wajah say kahh rachee eek senika center parr zaruri bury satellite dish kuu fitt nahein kirr sakaa jehaan station kaa transmitter waaqa hay leakin jazwi toor parr locan kay maali masail kii wajah say bhee) aur dosray akhtiyarat talaash kirr rehaa thaa. 2014 takk station 56.1 parr kozy tye wee lay jaa rehaa thaa aur "tharaa beek tye wee" (eek maqami toor parr prograam kardah aaot lait) 56.2 parr lay jayaa jaataa hay (baad mein 56.4 parr muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa). retro aur eek neeya locan zeeli chinal jasay riyo aine kahaa jaataa hay yakam dasambar 2014 kuu dabliyo bee aiks zeed-eel pee mein shaamil kiyaa jaaye gaa. iss neet wark kay aaghaz kay foraa baad bazaar kuu shaamil kiyaa jaaye gaa. locan kay neet wark bajar kay saath takniki mashkalaat kay baad 28 joone 2016 kuu dabliyo bee aiks zeed-eel pee say nikaal liye gayey thay. aibro tye wee aur aey ayem jee tye wee kuu mukhtasir toor parr muthbadil kay toor parr shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa vovo iss kay baad say donon kuu hataa diyaa gayaa hay. kozy aur wapsi waalay tuff tye wee (jasay locan say alg honay kay baad dobarah shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa) kay elawah. retro (leakin deegar locan neet works mein say koyee nahein) jolayi 2017 mein dobarah shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa vovo tuff tye wee kuu asee saal kay aakhir mein chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. faroori 2018 mein bajar kuu zeeli channels kii fehrist mein dobarah shaamil kiyaa gayaa. iss kay foraa baad zewaraat teeli vision kuu shaamil kiyaa gayaa jabb station nay newz neet eek app start newz neet wark kay saath saain inn kiyaa jabb yaha 2018 kay mosam khazaan mein sharoo hawaa jiss say zeeli channels kii taadad 11 how gayee. agast 2018 mein tuff tye wee kay kaam bund honay kay saath riyo aine kuu dobarah shaamil kiyaa gayaa vovo riyo aine kuu agast 2020 mein wapsi waalay aey ayem jee tye wee kay haqh mein chhod diyaa gayaa. dabliyo bee aiks zeed-eel pee nay iss tye wee kuu satambar 2019 mein dikhana sharoo kiyaa rumm shaat dabliyo wee tye tye say waabistagi haasil kirr lee. 13 apreel 2023 cow barj mediya neet wark newz neet aur sports newz hayee lights (aiss aine aich) kii parent company aur 5 ghantay kay tawanayi takhliq kaar manuj bhargwa kii himayat yaaftah nay aalaan kiyaa kahh wah rachee say 800,000 ddaalar mein dabliyo bee aiks zeed haasil karay gaa. leane deen kii takmeel parr dabliyo bee aiks zeed riyasat neoyork mein bhargwa kii pehli tye wee station property bunn jaaye gee. yaha station apnay zeeli chinal line app mein newz neet kuu bhee dobarah shaamil karay gaa iss baar eek malkiyat aur chalnay waalay station kay toor parr. takniki malumat. zeeli channels. station kaa degital segnal milty plexed hay: 56.4 aur 56.9 maqami toor parr prograam kiye gayey haine. teeli vision kuu peeche hatana. "tharaa beek teeli vision" wah braand hay juu 56.4 zeeli chinal kay liye istemaal hotaa hay. yaha chinal kii fleeg ship saros kay toor parr kaam karti hay jasay rachee nay programing kay saath prograam kiyaa hay jiss mein aazaad elaqayi paishah warr kashti maqami toor parr tayaar kardah science fakshan seerez "captin isotope aind dee anaemy aaf spees"yee aur awami domain mein mezban movi shoz shoz aur filmon kii eek qasm infomercials aur kumm laagat/barter syndicated karayah shaamil haine.

fffa6238208828cc8c11da454ef6537dafcd52933f22b388bef641192e4d8c8e

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2604076

Adaminaby

Adaminaby Adaminaby is a small town near the Snowy Mountains north-west of Cooma, New South Wales, Australia, in the Snowy Monaro Regional Council. The historic town, of 301 people at the 2016 census, is a trout fishing centre and winter sports destination situated at above sea level. Economic life is built around tourism and agriculture–the town serves as a service point for Selwyn Snowfields and the Northern Skifields. It is also a popular destination for horse riders, bushwalkers, fly-fishermen and water sports enthusiasts as well as a base for viewing aspects of the Snowy Mountains Scheme. Adaminaby is one of the highest towns in Australia, with regular snowfalls that are occasionally heavy during winter. The historic Bolaro Station and scenic Yaouk Valley are located near the township and Charlie McKeahnie, said to be the inspiration for "The Man From Snowy River", a poem by Banjo Paterson, lived and died in the district. Later, Nobel winning author Patrick White wrote about the town. The construction of nearby Lake Eucumbene made it necessary to re-locate the original township of (Old) Adaminaby in 1957. In times of drought, the original township and relics of the old valley re-emerge from under the waters of the lake. The present township is located on the Snowy Mountains Highway and is known as the "Home of The Big Trout" and the location of the Snowy Scheme Museum. History. Aboriginal history. The Snowy Mountains region was an important gathering point for the First Nations peoples of the Adaminaby and surrounding districts for many thousands of years, with intertribal summer meetings being held in the High Country involving up to a thousand people for feasting on the Bogong Moth. This practice continued until around 1865. Stockmen, gold diggers, poets and skiers. Agriculture led to the early development of Adaminaby as a township and the Kiandra goldrush and subsequent history of skiing in the Northern Snowy Mountains opened up new opportunities for economic development. A number of noted Australian writers have found inspiration in the Adaminaby district. Man from Snowy River. Europeans penetrated the district from the late 1820s and Adaminaby first began to develop as an agricultural centre from the 1830s, with sheep and cattle becoming an economic mainstay. Some historians believe that Banjo Paterson's most famous poem, "The Man from Snowy River", may have been inspired by the exploits of an Adaminaby stockman, Charlie McKeahnie. McKeahnie died in a riding accident in 1895 and is now buried in the Old Adaminaby Cemetery on the shores of Lake Eucumbene. Paterson's character, the Man From Snowy River, is most likely a composite character, based on various people involved in brumby hunts such as were conducted in the Adaminaby district. Paterson was not the only Australian writer to find inspiration at Adaminaby – the poet Barcroft Boake also wrote about McKeahnie's ride in "On the Range", in which McKeahnie chases down a well-bred horse which had escaped with a brumby mob of wild horses; while Nobel Prize winning author Patrick White worked as a jackaroo at Adaminaby's Bolaro Station in the 1930s. His subsequent and critically acclaimed first novel, "Happy Valley" was inspired by his time working at Adaminaby and the people he knew in the town. It won White the 1941 Australian Society of Literature's gold medal. Goldrush and skiing in northern skifields. The fortunes of the town were affected by the discovery of gold at nearby Kiandra in 1859 and subsequent introduction of recreational skiing to the district around 1861, when Scandinavian gold prospectors are reputed to have strapped fence posts to their boots and slid down the snowbound hills of a landscape too frozen for mining. For around a century, Kiandra remained Australia's highest township and a base for skiers, before the last permanent residents left the township following completion of the Snowy Mountains Scheme. Kiandra's ski facilities were permanently shifted "up the hill" to Selwyn Snowfields in 1978 and Adaminaby remains the main service centre for the Northern skifields of New South Wales–one of the oldest areas for recreational skiing in the world. Early graziers used the high country wilderness above Adaminaby as summer pastureland. The area was set aside as a National Chase in 1906 and later became the Kosciuszko National Park. Today the area is renowned for its historic huts and access to unique wilderness areas, including the Mount Jagungal Wilderness Area. Snowy Mountains Scheme. Relocation of the original township. The most momentous episode in the town's history, came with the construction of the vast network of tunnels and dams of the Snowy Mountains Hydro-Electric Scheme, which began at Adaminaby in 1949. A lake nine times the volume of Sydney Harbour eventually flooded the valley in which the original townsite lay. A prolonged drought saw the ruins of the old township begin to resurface in April 2007, attracting the attention of global media – and even comparisons to the mythical city of Atlantis. The story of Adaminaby's relocation was the subject of film produced by the Snowy Mountains Authority Film Unit in 1958, entitled "Operation Adaminaby" (to see clips click here). It was also the subject of a 2001 documentary by historian Jeannine Baker, entitled "Our Drowned Town", which screened on SBS Television. Entire houses, and even the Commercial Bank Building were transported on the back of trucks and over 100 buildings were re-erected at the new townsite. Transportation of the first house from Old Adaminaby to New Adaminaby (a distance of just six miles) took six days. Today a tourist village has been built around the handful of buildings which were not relocated from the newly created lakeshore at Old Adaminaby. The current town served as a construction hub during the building of the Snowy Scheme. The distinctive 1950s architecture of the buildings in the main street, defined by cost and engineering requirements of the time, is similar to the main street of Tallangatta, Victoria, which was reconstructed around the same time and for similar purposes. A Snowy Mountains Scheme Museum is planned to be constructed in the town. Adaminaby is today a good base from which to view different aspects of the Snowy Scheme, including nearby Lake Eucumbene, Tantangara Dam, Tumut 2 Power Station and Cabramurra, Australia's highest town. In September 2007, Adaminaby recognised the 50th anniversary of its move to the new town site. The weekend of remembrance and celebration recognised the physical and emotional trauma exacted by the relocation. Development of tourism. The completion of the Snowy Mountains Scheme saw the economic life of the district settle around agriculture and tourism as major sources of income. A number of tourist villages and camping grounds have been established around Lake Eucumbene near Adaminaby, including Anglers Reach and Providence Portal. Old Adaminaby has developed as a tourist village above the site of the old township at Lake Eucumbene, and retains a handful of the original buildings of the township. The Snowgoose Hotel and Snowy Mountains Motel became longstanding providers of accommodation for skiers and fishermen visiting Adminaby, while farmstay resorts and lakeside cottages and caravan parks have been developed to take advantage of the natural environment surrounding Adaminaby. A bowling club and associated golf course and public swimming pool also service locals and tourists. The development of Kosciusko National Park limited agricultural activities and development in the high country above Adaminaby, but preserved large wilderness areas for the protection of wildlife and enjoyment of tourists. The decline of historic Kiandra and the development of Selwyn Snowfields ensured a place for Adaminaby as a ski-hire and accommodation centre. Relics of Australian pioneer history can be found throughout the Adaminaby high country district – including a number of mountain huts and the ghost township of Kiandra – initially neglected by the National Parks and Wildlife Service but more recently the subject of extensive restoration and heritage work. Home of the Big Trout. The town is a popular base from which to fish on Lake Eucumbene and surrounding rivers and the town centre features a large sculpture of a trout, standing high. Commonly known as the Big Trout, it was one of the earliest of Australia's Big Things and in May 2006, the lake Eucumbene Chamber of Commerce adopted the tourist attraction as a marketing and promotional 'brand'. The "Big Trout" was built by Andy Lomnici and was restored and repainted by Skins Alive in January 2007, with funding from the former Snowy River Shire Council. Snowy Scheme Museum. The Snowy Scheme Museum located at Adaminaby tells the story of the construction of the Snowy Mountains Hydro Electric Scheme and what life was like on the Scheme. The collection consists of significant examples of the machines and materials used to build the Scheme. Exhibits concentrate on the stories of the Snowy workers and their impact on Australia, especially on modern Australia's migration program. The Museum collection was gathered by enthusiasts over a ten-year period and the Museum was officially opened to the public by Governor General Quentin Bryce on 17 October 2011. Governor General Bryce told those in attendance: ""It is bringing this powerful component of Australia's history into a museum, for people to come and learn the history of the Snowy, for it to be passed down to generations". Climate. Rainfall. The Bureau of Meteorology does not host any representative temperature data for Adaminaby; but, fortunately, precipitation records are found. These records (since 1886, taken from the Adaminaby Alpine Tourist Park) show precipitation peaking in spring and dipping in autumn, with significantly greater winter moisture and a more uniform rainfall pattern than at nearby Cooma. Adaminaby's rainfall total and pattern are most similar to those of Yass. Another site 20km to the north (Yaouk, since 1969) records significantly greater moisture due to its higher elevation and proximity to the dividing range. This site is most representative of the areas situated on and around Lake Eucumbene. Rainfall total and pattern here approach those of Khancoban and very much unlike the typical Monaro rainfall. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

adaminabi edaminabi hoise australier niu sauth welsor kumar uttor-poschim dixot borofjukto porbotor usoror borofjukto monaru ancholik porixodor ekhon xoru sohor. 301 john lukor ei oitihaxik sohorkhon xagorpristhor uporot owosthito ekhon trout maach dhora kendro aaru xitkalin krirar gontobyosthan. orthonoitik jiwan porjoton aaru krixir aaxe-paxe gorhi tulaa hoy-sohorkhone selwin snofield aaru uttor schifieldor baabe ek xewa kendro hisape kaam kore. ee ghurasari, buswowakar, maseri aaru jolo krirar premixokolor babeu ek jonopriyo gontobyosthol huwar logote borof porbot aasonir dixbur saboloi ek bhitti. edaminabi australier xorbuscho sohorxomuhor bhitorot ekhon, zo 'too xitkalot xoghonai borof pore aaru maaje maaje tibro hoy. oitihaxik bularu steson aaru monurom youk upotyoka sohorkhonor usorot owosthito aaru charley machiani, jaak "borphor poraa ohaa manuh" ror baabe onuprerona buli kuwa hoy, benju patersonor etaa kobita, jilakhonote baax korisil aaru mrityu hoisil. pisoloi nubel bijoyi lekhok petrik huwaite sohorkhonor bixoye likhisil. usoror hrod eukumbin nirmanor folot 1957 sonot (puroni) adaminabir mool nogorkhon punor owosthan koratu proyujoniyo hoi porisil. khorangro xomoyot, puroni upotyokar mool nogor aaru owoxistoxomuh hrodtur panir tolor poraa punor udbhob hoisil. bortomanor sohorkhon borofjukto porbot ghaipothor uporot owosthito aaru iyak "big troutor ghor" aaru borofjukto aasoni xongrohaloyor owosthan buli jonaa yaay. itihax. aadim itihax. bohu haajar bosor dhori borphabrito porbot onchol edaminabi aaru iyar aaxe-paxe thoka jilaxomuhor prothom rastror lukoxokolor baabe ek guruttopurno xomawex kendro aasil, uscho dexot antohjonjatik grishmokalin boithok onusthito hoisil zo 'too bob' gong mothot bhuj korar baabe ek hajaroloike luk jorito aasil. ei protha pray 1865 sonoloike obyahot aasil. stockman, xun khononkari, kobi aaru skyer. krixiye adaminabir nogor hisape prarombhik bikaxor xusona korisil aaru kiandra goldras aaru uttor borofjukto porbotot skiingor poroborti itihaxe orthonoitik bikaxor baabe notun xujug mukoli korisil. australier keibajonu bixisto lekhoke edaminabi jilat onuprerona laabh korise. borphor nodir manuh. 1820-ror doxokor xexor poraa europor lukoxokole jilakhonor bhitorot prowex korisil aaru 1830-ror doxokor poraa edaminabi prothome krixi kendro hisape bikoxito hoh 'boloi aarombho korisil, zo' too bhera aaru goru-moo 'hoh ek orthonoitik mool aadhar hoi porisil. kisuman buronjibide biswax kore je benju patersonor ataitkoi bikhyat kobita, "dyo menn from snovi ribhar", ejon adaminaby stockman charley machianir karjyokolapor dwara onupranito hoh 'bob paare. 1895 sonot ek riding durghotonat machianir mrityu hoisil aaru etiya iyak ucumbin hrodor paarot thoka puroni edaminabi koborsthanot xomadhistho koraa hoise. patersonor soritro, borphabrito nodir manuh, xombhobotoh ek misrito soritro, ji edaminabi jilat onusthito huwar dore brambi sikarot jorito bibhinno lukor uporot aadharito. patterson adaminabit onuprerona puwa ekmatro australian lekhok nasil-kobi barcroft buke "ono dyo range" too machianyr jatrar bixoyeu likhisil, zo 'too mekiyaniye etaa xu-projatir ghurak khedi yaay ji bonoriya ghurar ek brambi bhire polayon korisil; aanhate 1930-ror doxokot nubel botaa bijoyi lekhok petorik huwaite adaminabir bularu stationot jekaru hisape kaam korisil. teur poroborti aaru xomalusokxokole proxongxito prothom uponyax "happy veli" adaminabit kaam koraa xomoy aaru sohorkhonot teur porisito lukoxokolor dwara onupranito hoisil. ee 1941 sonot australian cho "saiti owo litersaror swet podok laabh korisil. uttor schifieldot goldras aaru skiing. 1859 sonot usoror kiandrat xun abiskar huwar folot aaru 1861 sonor aaxe-paxe jilat monuronjonmulok skiingor probortonor folot sohorkhonor bhagyo probhabito hoisil, jetiya scandinavian xunor xondhankarixokole teulukor butot beror bandhiboloi aaru khononor baabe oti himayito ek bhu-drishyor borphor paharburot naami juwar baabe bikhyat. pray ek xotika dhori, borphabrito porbot aasoni xompurno huwar pisot xexor sthayi baxindaxokole sohorkhon eri juwar aagote, kiandara australier xorbuscho sohor aaru skiyaror baabe ek aadhar aasil. 1978 sonot kianderar ski xubidha sthayibhabe "paharor uporot" selwin snofieldoloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil aaru edaminabi niu sauth welsor uttor schifieldor baabe mukhyo xewa kendro hoi aase-ji hoise biswor binudonmulok skiingor baabe onyotomo puroni onchol. prarombhik sorai korutaxokole adaminabir uporor uscho dexor morubhumit grishmokalin soroniya bhumi hisape byobohar korisil. 1906 sonot ei oncholtu rastriyo onuxoron hisape prithok koraa hoisil aaru pisoloi ee koo 'siusku rastriyo udyanot porinot hoisil. aaji oncholtu iyar oitihaxik kuwoli aaru mount jagangal oronyo oncholoke dhori ononyo oronyo oncholxomuhor prowexadhikaror baabe bikhyat. borof porbot aasoni. mool nogoror sthanantor. sohorkhonor itihaxor ataitkoi guruttopurno ghotonatu 1949 sonot adaminabit aarombho huwa borof porbot jolobidyut aasonir xurongo aaru bandhor bixal network nirmanor xoite aahisil. sidney bondoror porimanor nogun hrod etawe owoxexot upotyokatu plabito korisil zo 'too mool sohorkhon aasil. dirghodiniya khorangro folot 2007 sonor aprilot puroni sohoror dhongxawoxex punor sristi hoh "boloi aarombho korisil, jiye biswo xongbad madhyomor dristi aakorxon korisil-aanoki pouranik sohor aatlantisor xoite tulona korisil. adaminabir sthanantoronor kahinitu 1958 sonot borphabrito porbot kortripokhyor solositro gutor dwara projujit solositror bixoy aasil, jaar xirxok aasil "opareson edaminabi" (clipxomuh iyat click koriboloi). ee 2001 sonot itihaxbid jenin bekaror "aamar dubo juwa nogor" xirxok ekhon tothyositror bixoy aasil, jitu ess. bi. ess. televisionot prodorxon koraa hoisil. xomogro ghor, aanoki banijyik benk bhowontuu trucker pisfale poribohon koraa hoisil aaru notun nogorsthanot 100ru odhik bhowon punor nirman koraa hoisil. puroni adaminabir poraa notun adaminabiloi (maatro choy maail durotwo) prothom ghortur poribohonot choy dinn xomoy lagisil. aaji puroni aruwaxigrihot notunkoi sristi koraa hrodor paaror poraa sthanantorito nuhuwa mustimeyo ottalikaburor sariufale etaa porjoton gaau nirman koraa hoise. bortomanor sohorkhone borofjukto aasoni nirmanor xomoyot nirman kendro hisape kaam korisil. xei xomoyor byoy aaru obhijantrik proyujoniyotar dwara xongyayito mool pothor ottalikaxomuhor 1950-ror doxokor bixisto sthapotyo victoriyar tollangottar mool pothor xoite eke, jitu pray eke xomoyote aaru ekedhoronor uddesyor baabe punor nirman koraa hoisil. sohorkhonot etaa borof porbot aasoni xongrohaloy nirmanor porikolpona koraa hoise. edaminabi aaji ek bhaal bhitti jaar poraa borofjukto aasonir bibhinno dix saab paari, jaar bhitorot aase usoror hrod eukumben, tantongara bandho, tumut 2 pawar steson aaru australier xorbuscho sohor kabramura. 2007 sonor septembor maahot edaminabiye notun sohorkhonoloi sthanantorito huwar 50 xongkhyok barxiki upoloxe swikriti prodan kore. smoron aaru udjaponor xoptahantot sthanantoronor folot huwa xaririk aaru abegik aaghatok swikriti diya hoisil. porjotonor bikax. borof porbot aasoni xompurno huwar loge loge jilakhonor orthonoitik jiwan krixi aaru porjotonok aayor prodhan utxo hisape loi sthayibhabe soli thoka dekha goisil. adaminabir usoror eukumbin hrodor sariufale keibatau porjoton gaau aaru xibiror khelpothar sthapon koraa hoise, jaar bhitorot aase maach dhorutar proxar aaru providence poo 'rtel. eukumben hrodor puroni nogorkhonor sthanor uporot puroni edaminabi ekhon porjoton gaau hisape bikoxito hoise, aaru nogorkhonor muth keitaman mool ottalika rakhise. snoguj hotel aaru borphabrito mountain motel proxaxonoloi ohaa skyer aaru masmoriyaxokolor baabe dirghodiniya baxosthan prodankari hoi porisil, aanhate formoste regeort aaru lakeside kotej aaru karavan parkxomuh adaminabir sariufalor prakritik poriwexor xubidha lo "boloi bikoxito koraa hoise. etaa bolling club aaru iyar logot jorito golf korcho aaru rajohuwa suiming pulu sthaniyo aaru porjotokxokolok xewa aagborhai. koo 'siusku rastriyo udyanor bikaxe adaminabir uporor uscho dexot krixi karzokolap aaru unnoyon ximito korisil, kintu bonyopranir xurokhya aaru porjotokor aanondor baabe brihot morubhumi onchol xongrokhyon korisil. oitihaxik kianderar owonoti aaru selwin snofieldor bikaxe ski-bhara aaru baxosthan kendro hisape adaminabir baabe ek sthan nischito korisil. australier pothoprodorxok itihaxor owoxistoxomuh edaminabi uscho dexor jilaar xokolu thaite puwa yaay-zo "too keibatau pahariya kuwoli aaru kianderar bhut sohoru ontorbhukto aase-prothomote rastriyo udyan aaru bonyoprani xewar dwara owohela koraa hoisil kintu oti xehotiyakoi byapok punoruddhar aaru oitijyor kaamor bixoy. big troutor ghor. sohorkhon eukumbin hrod aaru iyar sariufalor nodiburot maach dhoriboloi ek jonopriyo ghaati aaru sohoror kendrot etaa dangor trout bhaskorzo aase, ji ukh hoi aase. xadharonote big trout naamere jonajat, ee australier ataitkoi prasin bostuburor bhitorot etaa aasil aaru 2006 sonor mey "maahot lek ucumbin chamber owo commerche porjotokor aakorxonok biponon aaru prosarmulok 'brend' hisape grohon korisil. big trout" andie lo 'monisiye nirman korisil aaru 2007 sonor januaryt prakton borphabrito nodee swayar porixodor pujire jiwito saalor dwara punoruddhar aaru rong koraa hoisil. tuxar skim xongrohaloy. adaminabit owosthito borofjukto aasoni xongrohaloituwe borofjukto porbot jolobidyut aasoni nirmanor kahini aaru aasonikhonot jiwan kenekuwa aasil xei bixoye koy. ei xongrohtut aasonikhon nirman koriboloi byobohar koraa jontro aaru xamogrir guruttopurno udahoron aase. prodorxonibure borofjukto sromikxokolor kahini aaru australier uporot teulukor probhawor uporot gurutwo aarup kore, bixexkoi aadhunik australier probrojon karzoxusir uporot. xongrohaloyor xongrohotu doh bosor dhori utxahixokole xongroho korisil aaru xongrohaloitu anusthanikbhabe 17 octobor 2011-too gowornor general coventin braise jonoxadharonor baabe mukoli korisil. gowornor general braise uposthito lukoxokolok koichiloh "ee australier itihaxor ei xoktixali upadantuk xongrohaloyoloi loi aahise, jaate manuhe aahi borphor itihax janibo paare, jaate iyak projonmoloi loi juwa hoy. jolobayu. borxun. botor bigyan byur "ee adaminabir baabe kunu protinidhitwomulok taapmatrar tothyo prodan nokore; kintu xoubhagyokrome, borxunor tothyo puwa yaay. ei tothyoxomuh (1886 sonor poraa adaminabi alpine porjoton udyanor poraa luwa) botorot borxunor poriman briddhi huwa aaru xorotkalot dubo juwa dekha yaay, zo "too ullekhjugyobhabe odhik xitkalor ardrota aaru usoror kumatkoi odhik eke dhoronor borxunor aarhi thaake. adaminabir muth borxun aaru aarhi iyasor xoite ataitkoi mill aase.

adaminaby adaminaby holl tusharabrito monoro anchalik counciler australier neu south wellser kumar uttor-poschime tusharabrito porbotmalar kachhe ekti chhoto shohor. 301 john manusher oitihasik shaharti samudraprishther upore abosthito ekti trout machh dhorar kendra ebong shitkalin krida gontobbo. porjoton oo krishike kendra korey orthonoitik jeebon gadey utheche-shaharti seluin tusharkhetro ebong uttor skiffieldgulir jonno ekti porisheba kendra hisabe kaaj korey. etty ghodaay chadey, bushwakar, fly-fisherman ebong joll krida utsahider jonno ekti janapriya gontobbo ebong tusharabrito porboto prokolper dikguli dekhar jonno ekti vitti. adaminaby australier sorbochcho shahargulir modhye ekti, jekhane niyamita tusharpat hoy jaa shitkale majhe majhe bharee hoy. oitihasik bolaro steshana ebong monorom iaok upottokati shohorer kachhe abosthito ebong charley mackiani, jaake "tushar nadeer manush"-err anuprerana bolla hoy, banzo pattersoner ekti kobita, eyi jelaay baas koroto ebong maaraa jeto. porey, nobel vijayi lekhok patrick hoait shaharti somporke likhechilen. nikatbarti eukumbin hrod nirmaner foley 1957 saale (purano) adaminabir mool shaharti punra sonakto koraa prayojan hoyechilo. khorar somoye, purano upottokar mool shohor ebong dhongshaboshesh hroder joler niche theke punra abirbhuto hoyechilo. bortoman shaharti tusharabrito porboto mahasadke abosthito ebong etty "borh trouter abashsthol" ebong tusharabrito prokolper jadughar abosthan hisabe porichito. itihas. adibasider itihas. tusharabrito porboto anchalti hazar hazar bochor dhorey adaminabi ebong ashepasher jelagulir prothom jaatir manusher jonno ekti guruttopurno somabesher kendra chhilo, jekhane uchcho deshe antahjatiya grissokalin sova onusthito hoyechilo jaate eka hazar manush bogong mother upor bhojer jonno jorito chhilo. eyi protha 1865 saaler dike porjonto abyahoto chhilo. stockman, swarna khanankari, cobby ebong skier. krishir foley adaminabir ekti jonopod hisabe prathomik bikash ghote ebong kiandra goldrash ebong uttorer tusharamoy porbotmalai skiinger poroborti itihas orthonoitik unnoyoner jonno notun sujog unmukto korey deyo. besh koyekjon bikhyato australian lekhok adaminaby jelaay anuprerana peyechen. tushar nadeer manush. 1820-err doshoker shesher dick theke europera eyi jelaay probesh korey ebong 1830-err doshok theke ataminabi prothom ekti krishi kendra hisabe bikoshito hotey shuru korey, jekhane bheda oo gobadi poshu ekti orthonoitik mool vitti hoye othe. kichhu itihasbid biswas corren jey, banzo pattersoner sabcheye bikhyato kobita, "dya myana from snoi river", sombhoboto ekjon adaminaby stockman, charley mackianir shoshan dwara anupranito hoyechilo. 1895 saale ekti ashwarohan durghotonai mckinny maaraa zaan ebong ekhon eukumbin hroder teere purano adaminaby koborsthane taanke somahito koraa hoyeche. petersoner choritro, tusharabrito nadeer manush, sombhoboto ekti jougik choritro, jaa adaminaby jelaay porichalito brumby shikarer saathe jorito bivinno manusher upor vitti korey toiri. pattersonyi ekmatro australian lekhok chhilen naa jini adaminabite anuprerana peyechilen-cobby barcroft boek "ono dya renz"-ayee mackianir jatrar bishoyeo likhechilen, jekhane mackiani ekti vall jaater ghodake taadaa korey jaa bonno ghodar ekti brumby bhid niye paliye giechilo; onnodike nobel puraskar vijayi lekhok patrick hoait 1930-err doshke adaminabir bolaro statione jackerou hisabe kaaj korechilen. taanr poroborti ebong somalochokder dwara proshongshito prothom uponyas, "happy valley" adaminabite taanr kaaj korar somoy ebong shohore taanr porichito manushder dwara anupranito hoyechilo. etty 1941 saale australian society off literaturer swarnapadak jitechilo. uttor skiffielde goldrash ebong skiing. 1859 saale nikatbarti kiandra swarna abishkar ebong 1861 saaler dike jelaay binodonmulok skiing probortoner foley shohorer bhagyo probhabito hoyechilo, jokhon scandinavian swarna anusandhankarira taader butgulite bedaa poosta bendhe rekhechilen ebong tusharamoy pahadgulite pichle porechilen. tusharabrito porboto prokolpo shesh howar porr shesh sthayi basindara shohor chhede choley yawar agey pray eka shatabdi dhorey kiandra australier sorbochcho shohor ebong skierder jonno ekti ghanti chhilo. 1978 saale kiandra skii subidhaguli sthayibhabe "pahader upore" seluin tusharkhetre sthanantorito koraa hoy ebong adaminaby neu south wellser uttor skiffielder jonno prodhan porisheba kendra hisabe roye geche-jaa bishwer binodonmulok skiinger jonno prachintama anchalgulir modhye ekti. prathomik charonkarira adaminabir upore uchcho gramin morubhumitike grissokalin charonbhumi hisabe byabohar koroto. 1906 saale eyi anchaltike jatiya taadaa hisabe alada korey rakha hoy ebong porey etty kosiosko jatiya uddane porinoto hoy. bortomane eyi anchalti taar oitihasik kundeghar ebong porboto jagangal marubhumi anchal soho ananya morubhumite probeshadhikarer jonno bikhyato. tusharabrito porbotmala. mool shohorer sthanantar. shohorer itihaser sabcheye guruttopurno ghotona holl 1949 saale adaminabite tusharabrito porbotmalar jolobidyut prokolper sudanga oo bandher bishal network nirmaner madhyome. sidney bondorer noy guno aytoner ekti hrod abosheshe seii upottokai plabito hoy jekhane mool shaharti chhilo. dirghayita khorar karone 2007 saaler aprile purno shohorer dhongshaboshesh punorutthito hotey shuru korey, jaa bishwa ganomadhyomer drishti akarshan korey-emonki pouranik shohor atlantiser satheo tulna koraa hoy. adaminabir sthanantarer golpoti 1958 saale tushar porboto kortripokkho cholochchitro unit dwara projojito cholochchitrer vishay chhilo, jaar shironam chhilo "apareshana adaminaby" (clipguli dekhte ekhane click korun). etty 2001 saale itihasbid zenin bekarer ekti tothyochitrer vishay chhilo, jaar shironam chhilo "amader dube yawa shohor", jaa sbs televisione prodorshito hoyechilo. puro baadi ebong emonki banijyik bank bhabano trucker pichhone poribohon koraa hoyechilo ebong notun shohorsthole 100 tiro beshi bhobon punarnirman koraa hoyechilo. purno adaminaby theke notun adaminaby (matro chhoy myle durotto) porjonto prothom baditi poribohone chhoy deane somoy legechilo. aaz purno addaminbir soddo nirmito hroder teer theke sthanantorito naa haoya mushtimeya bhabangulir charpashe ekti porjoton grama nirmito hoyeche. tushar prokolpo nirmaner somoy bortoman shaharti ekti nirman kendra hisabe kaaj korechilo. 1950-err doshoker prodhan rastar bhabangulir swatantra sthapotto, seii somoyer kharach ebong prokousholer prayojaniyata dwara sangyayita, victoria tollangattar prodhan rastar anurup, jaa pray ekoi somoye ebong anurup uddeshye punarnirman koraa hoyechilo. shohore ekti tushar porboto prokolpo jadughar nirmaner parikalpana koraa hoyeche. adaminaby aaz ekti vall ghanti jaa theke tushar prokolper bivinno dick dekha yaay, jaar modhye royeche nikatbarti hrod eukumben, tantangara baandh, tumut 2 bidyut kendra ebong australier sorbochcho shohor kabramura. 2007 saaler septembore, adaminaby notun shohor saite sthanantorito howar 50 tomo barshikike swikriti deyo. smaran ebong udjaponer saptahante sthanantarer foley sharirik ebong mansik aghatke swikriti deoa hoy. porjotoner unnayan. tusharabrito porboto prokolper samaptir foley jelara orthonoitik jeebon ayer prodhan utso hisabe krishi oo porjotonke ghire bosoti sthapon korey. adminbir kachhe ucambin hroder charpashe besh koyekti porjoton grama ebong camping ground sthapon koraa hoyeche, jaar modhye royeche machh dhorar lokder pouchanor jaiga ebong providence portal. purno adaminaby eukumbin hroder purno shohorer sthaner upore ekti porjoton grama hisabe bikoshito hoyeche ebong shohorer mool bhabangulir ekti mushtimeya ongsho dhorey rekheche. snoguz hotel ebong tusharabrito porboto motel dirghadin dhorey skier ebong matsyajibider jonno basosthan sorborahokari hoye utheche, jekhane firmstay resort ebong lakeside kutir ebong kafela parkguli adaminabir ashepasher prakritik poribesher subidha neoar jonno toiri koraa hoyeche. ekti boaling club ebong sangshlishto golph course ebong public suiming pull sthaniya ebong porjotokder porisheba deyo. kosiosko jatiya uddaner unnayan adaminabir upore uchcho deshe krishi karjokrom ebong unnoyonke seemaboddho korey, tobey bonnoprani surakkha ebong porjotokder upobhoger jonno borh marubhumi anchalguli sanrakkhan korey. oitihasik kiandra poton ebong seluin tusharkhetrer bikash skii-bhada ebong basosthan kendra hisabe adaminabir jonno ekti sthan nischito korechilo. besh koyekti pahadi kundeghar ebong kiandra bhuter jonopod soho adaminaby uchcho desh zela judey australier aggragami itihaser dhongshaboshesh pawa yaay-prathomikbhabe jatiya uddan ebong bonnoprani porisheba dwara abohelito kintu arow samprati byapok punoruddhar ebong oitijhyo kaajer vishay. borh trouter baadi. shaharti ekti janapriya ghanti jekhan theke ucambin hrod ebong ashepasher nadigulite machh dhora yaay ebong shohorer kendre ekti unchu trouter ekti borh bhaskorjo royeche. sadharonoto bigg trout naame porichito, etty australier prachintama borh jinisgulir modhye ekti chhilo ebong 2006 saaler meey maase, lake ucambin chembar off commerce porjotokder akorshonke bipanan ebong procharmulok 'branned' hisabe grohon korey. bigg trout" andy lomnisi dwara nirmito hoyechilo ebong praktan tusharamoy river shayara counciler orthayone 2007 saaler januaryte jeebito chamda dwara punoruddhar oo punra rongo koraa hoyechilo. snoi skim museum. adaminabite abosthito tushar prokolpo jadugharti tushar porboto jolobidyut prokolpo nirmaner golpo ebong eyi prokolpe jeebon kemon chhilo taa boley. eyi sangrahe prokolpoti toirite byabohrito jontro ebong upokorongulir ullekhjoggo udaharan royeche. prodorshoniguli tusharpater shromikder golpo ebong australier upor taader prabhab, bishesh korey adhunik australier abhibasan karmasuchir upor drishti niboddho korey. jadughar sangrahati utsahider dwara dosho bochorer samaykale sangraha koraa hoyechilo ebong 17ee octobor 2011-ayee governor general quentin brice anusthanikbhabe jadugharti jonosadharoner jonno khule diyechilen. governor general brice uposthito byaktider bolechilenoh "etty australier itihaser eyi shaktishali upadantike ekti jadughare niye asche, jaate lokera eshe tusharpater itihas jaante paare, jaate etty projonmer porr projonmo dhorey choley yaay. jalbayu. brishti. abhawa bureau adaminabir jonno konao protinidhittomulok tapmatrar tothyo hosta korey naa; tobey, soubhagyaboshoto, brishtipater record pawa yaay. eyi nathiguli (1886 saal theke, adaminaby alpine porjoton uddan theke neoa) dekhay jey, bosontokale brishtipat shirshe thaake ebong sharatkale brishtipat komey yaay, ullekhjoggobhabe shitkale ardrota beshi ebong kachakachi kumar tulna brishtipater dhoron arow abhinno. adaminabir moat brishtipat ebong pattern iyaser saathe sabcheye beshi mill.

edaminebi edaminabi aee barfila monaro praadeshik parishadma ostreliyaanaa nyu south velsanaa koomathi uttar-pashchimma barfila parvato najiknu aek naanu shaher chhe. 301 lokonee vastee dharaavtu aaa aitihasik shaher trout machhimarinu kendra aneey dariyani sapatithi upar aavelu shiyaalu ramatgamatnu sthal chhe. aarthik jeevan pravaasan aneey krushine aaspaas bandhvama aavyu chhe-aaa shaher selvin snofields aneey uttareey skiffields maate sevaa bindu tareeke kaama karey chhe. teey ghodesvaaro, bushwoker, fly-fisherman aneey jala ramatona utsaaheeo maate pann aek lokpreey sthal chhe temaj barfila parvat yojnana paasao jovaa maateno aadhaar chhe. edaminebi australiana sauthee unchaa shaheromaanu aek chhe, jyaan niyameet himvarsha thaay chhe jeey sheeyala darmiyan kyarek bhaare hoya chhe. aitihasik bolaro station aneey manohar yaak kheen township aneey charley mcaney najik stheet chhe, jeey benjo pattersonni kaveeta 'dhaa meena phroma snovy rivara' maate prernaa hovaanu kahevaay chhe, jeey jeellama rahetee hatee aneey mrutyu paamee hatee. paachhalthi, nobel vijeta lekhak patrick white aaa shaher vishe lakhyu hatoo. najiknaa talaav yukumbinna nirmanne kaarane 1957maan (junaa) edaminabini mool townshipne fareethi stheet karvee jaroori bunny hatee. dushkaalnaa samayma, mool township aneey juunii kheennaa avshesho talaavnaa paanini neechethi fareethi ubharee aavyaa hataa. haalnee township barfila parvat dhorimaarg parr stheet chhe aneey teey "motaa troutnu ghar" aneey barfila yojnaa sangrahaalaynu sthaan tareeke odakhaay chhe. itihas. mool vataneeono itihas. barfila parvateey pradesh hajaaro varshothi edaminebi aneey aaspasna jeellaona pratham raashtrona loko maate aek mahatvapurn bhegee karvaanu sthal hatoo, jemaa uchch deshmaa aantar-adivasi unaalaani bethako yojvama aavtee hatee jemaa bogong shalabh parr bhojan karvaa maate aek hajaar loko saamel hataa. aaa prathaa 1865nee aaspaas sudhee chaalu rahee. stockman, sonaani khodkaam karnaaraao, kaveeo aneey skiers. krushine kaarane edaminabina praarambhik vikasne aek nagar tareeke vikasavvama aavyo aneey kiandra golderush aneey tyarbad uttareey barfila parvatomaa skiingnaa itihaasthi aarthik vikaas maate navee tako khulee. sankhyaabandh jaanita australian lekhakone edaminabi jeellama prernaa malee chhe. barfili nadeeno maanas. europeanoae 1820naa daykana antathi jeellama pravesh karyo hato aneey 1830naa daaykaathi edaminebi pratham krushee kendra tareeke vikasaavvaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo, jemaa ghetaa aneey pashuo aarthik mukhya aadhaar bunny gayaa hataa. ketlaak itihaaskaaro maane chhe keey benjo pattersonni sauthee prasiddh kaveeta, "dhaa meena phroma snovy rivara", kadaach edaminebi stockman, charley mcaeneena parakramothi prereet hoi shake chhe. mekehni 1895maan aek savaari akasmatma mrutyu pamya hataa aneey havey temne yukumbin talaavnaa keenare junaa edaminebi kabrastaanmaa dafnavvama aavyaa chhe. patterson paatra, barfili nadeeno maanas, mote bhaage aek sanyukt paatra chhe, jeey edaminabi jeellama haath dharvaamaa aavela jevaa barad shikaarmaa saamel viveedh loko parr aadharit chhe. patterson edaminebima prernaa melavnaar ekmatra australian lekhak naa hataa-kavee barcroft boke "ona dhaa rainz" maan mcaneyni savaari vishe pann lakhyu hatoo, jemaa mcaney aek saaree jaatinaa ghodaano pichho karey chhe jeey jungley ghodaona barad tolaa saathe bachee gayo hato; jyaare nobel puraskar vijeta lekhak patrick white 1930 naa daykama edaminebina bolaro station parr jekru tareeke kaama kartaa hataa. temnee pachhini aneey vivechako dwara vakhanayelee pratham navalkathaa, "happy velii" edaminebima kaama kartaa temnaa samay aneey shaherma teo jaantaa lokothee prereet hatee. tene 1941maan australian sosayati off literatureno suvarn chandrak jeetyo hato. uttareey skiffieldsma golderush aneey skiing. 1859maan najiknaa kiandra khaate sonaani shodh aneey tyarbad 1861nee aaspaas jeellama manoranjak skiingnii sharuaatthi aaa nagarnu naseeb prabhaavit thayu hatoo, jyaare scandinavian sonaana nirikshako temnaa boot parr vaadnee thambhalio bandhva maate jaanita chhe aneey barafthi gheraayeli tekreeo parthee neeche sarkee gayaa hataa. barfila parvat yojnani samapti pachhi chhella kaayamee rahevasioae nagar chhodyu teey pahelaa, lagbhag aek sadee sudhee, kiandra australiyani sauthee unchee nagar palika aneey skiers maateno aadhaar rahee hatee. kiandrani skii suvidhaaone 1978maan "tekri upar" selvin snofieldsma kaayamee dhorane sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey edaminebi aee nyu south velsanaa uttareey skiffields maatenu mukhya sevaa kendra chhe-jeey vishvamaa manoranjak skiing maatena sauthee junaa vistaaromaanu aek chhe. praarambhik charaai karnaaraao edaminabini uparnaa unchaa graamy jungleno unaalaani gochar bhoomi tareeke upyog kartaa hataa. aaa vistaarne 1906maan raashtriy pichho tareeke alag rakhvama aavyo hato aneey baadmaa teey kosyusko raashtriy udhyaan bunny gayoo hatoo. aaje aaa vistaar tenee aitihasik zupadio aneey parvateey jungle vistaar saheet ananya jungle vistaaroni pahonch maate prakhyaat chhe. barfila parvatoni yojnaa. mool nagarnu sthalaantar. shahernaa itihaasmaa sauthee mahatvapurn ghatnaa, barfila parvatoni jalvidhyut yojnana tunnel aneey bandhnaa vishaal networkna nirmaan saathe aavee hatee, jeey 1949maan edaminabi khaate sharoo thaee hatee. sidnee bandarnaa nava ganaa pramanma aek talaav aakhare kheenma bharai gayoo hatoo jemaa mool nagar sthal hatoo. laambaa samay sudhee dushkaalnaa kaarane april 2007maan juunii townshipna khandero pharii ubharee aavyaa hataa, jene vaishvik midiyaanu dhyaan khenchyu hatoo-aneey atlantisna pauranik shaher saathe pann sarkhaamani curry hatee. edaminabina sthalaantarni vaarta 1958maan barfila parvato sattaamandal film aekam dwara nirmeet filmno vishhay hato, jenu sheershak hatoo "operation edaminabi" (clips jovaa maate aheen click karoo). teey itihaaskaar jinin bekarnee 2001nee dastaveji filmno vishhay pann hato, jenu sheershak hatoo "amaaru dooby gayelu nagar", jeey aesa. bii. aesa. television parr darshavvama aavyu hatoo. samagr makaano, aneey vyaapaari banknee imaarat pann truckoni paachhalthi parivahan karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey navaa nagarmaa 100 thee vadhu imaaratone fareethi bandhvama aavee hatee. junaa edaminebithi navaa edaminebi (maatra chh milenun antar) sudhee pratham gharnu parivahan chh divas letu hatoo. aaje aek pravasi gaam aevee muththibhar imaaratoni aaspaas banavvama aavyu chhe jeey junaa edaminebi khaate navaa banaavela talaav keenarethi sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aavee naa hatee. vartmaan nagar barfili yojnana nirmaan darmiyan bandhkam kendra tareeke sevaa aaptu hatoo. mukhya shereemaa 1950naa daaykaani imaaratoni vishisht sthapatya, jeey teey samaynee keemat aneey ijneri jaruriyaato dwara vyakhyayit karvaamaa aavee chhe, teey viktoriyaanaa tallangattani mukhya sheree jevee jaj chhe, jenu punnirman lagbhag teey jaj samaye aneey samaan hetuo maate karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. shaherma barfila parvat yojnaanu sangrahalay banaavvaani yojnaa chhe. edaminebi aaje aek saaro aadhaar chhe jyanthi barfili yojnana viveedh paasao jovaa maley chhe, jemaa najiknaa leeka yukumben, tantangra dame, tumut 2 power station aneey australianu sauthee unchu shaher kebramura saamel chhe. september 2007maan, edaminebi navaa nagar sthal parr tenaa sthalaantarni 50mee varshgaanthne maanyata aapee. yadgiri aneey ujavaninaa saptaahnaa ante sthalaantar dwara thayela shaaririk aneey bhavnatmak aaghatne maanyata aapvama aavee hatee. pravasanno vikaas. barfila parvat yojnani purnataae jillaanu aarthik jeevan aavakna mukhya stroto tareeke krushee aneey pravasanne aaspaas sthaayi thatu joyu. edaminebi najik yukumbin talaavni aaspaas sankhyaabandh pravaasan gaamo aneey camping ground sthapvama aavyaa chhe, jemaa maachhala pakadnaraoni pahonch aneey providence portalno samaavesh thaay chhe. junaa edaminabi talaav yukumben khaate junaa nagarnee jagya upar aek pravasi gaam tareeke vikasyu chhe, aneey nagarnee muththibhar mool imaaratone jaalvi raakhe chhe. snogs hotel aneey barfila parvatni motel laambaa samaythi skiers aneey maachhimaaro maate rahethaan puurii paadati bunny gaee chhe, jyaare farmste resort aneey lakeside coatage aneey kaarvaan paark edaminebini aaspasna koodarti vatavaranno laabh levaa maate vikasavvama aavyaa chhe. aek bolling club aneey sankalaayel golph course aneey jaaher swimming pool pann sthaaneek loko aneey pravasione sevaa aape chhe. kosyusko raashtriy udhyanna vikasthi edaminabini uparnaa unchaa deshmaa krushee pravruttio aneey vikaas maryadit thayo, parantu vanyajeevanna rakshan aneey pravasiona aanand maate motaa jungley vistaarone sanrakshit karyaa. aitihasik kiandrana patan aneey selvin snofieldsnaa vikasthi skii-bhaade aneey aavaas kendra tareeke edaminebi maate sthaan sunishchit thayu. australiana agranee itihaasnaa avshesho edaminabi uchch graamy jeellama malee shake chhe-jemaa sankhyaabandh parvateey zupadio aneey kiandrani bhuteeya townshipno samaavesh thaay chhe-jeey sharuaatmaa raashtriy udhyaano aneey vanyajeev sevaa dwara avganvama aavee hatee parantu taajetarma vyaapak punsthaapan aneey varsana kaaryano vishhay banyo hato. motaa troutnu ghar. aaa shaher aek lokpreey aadhaar chhe jyanthi yukumbin talaav aneey tenee aaspasni nadeeo parr maachhali pakadvaa maate aneey shahernaa kendramaa unchaa ubhaa troutnu vishaal shilp chhe. saamanya reete motaa trout tareeke odakhaati, teey australiyani sauthee juunii motee vastuomaanee aek hatee aneey meey 2006maan, leeka yukumbin chamber off commerce pravaasan aakarshanne marqetina aneey promotional 'brand' tareeke apnaavyu hatoo. bigg trout" noon nirmaan endee lomnisi dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey january 2007maan bhutpurv barfili nadeena shhare councilnaa bhandol saathe jivant chaamadi dwara tene punsthapit aneey fareethi rangvaamaa aavyu hatoo. snoi skiima museum. edaminabi khaate aavelu barfila yojnaanu sangrahalay barfila parvatoni jalvidhyut yojnana nirmanni vaarta aneey yojnaa parr jeevan kevu hatoo teey kahe chhe. aaa sangrahma yojnana nirmaan maate upyogmaa levaata masheeno aneey saamgrinaa nondhpaatra udaaharanono samaavesh thaay chhe. pradarshno barfila kaamdaaroni vaartao aneey austreliya parr temnee assar, khaas kareene aadhunik australiana sthalaantar kaarykram parr dhyaan kendrit karey chhe. sangrahaalayno sangrah utsaaheeo dwara dass varshnaa samaygalama aektra karvaamaa aavyo hato aneey 17 october 2011naa roj governor general quintin brice dwara sangrahaalayne sattavaar reete jaaher janata maate kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo. governor general bricey haajari aapnaraone kahyoo hatoo keh "teey australiana itihaasnaa aaa shaktishaali ghatakne sangrahalayma laavee rahyu chhe, jethee loko aavee shake aneey barfila itihaasne sheekhi shake, jethee teey pedhheeo sudhee pasaar thaee shake". aabohva. varsaad. havaman vibhag edaminebi maate koee pratinidhi taapmaanni maahitee aaptu nathee; parantu, sadbhagye, varsaadnaa reqorda jovaa maley chhe. aaa reqorda (1886 thee, edaminebi alpine pravaasan udhyanmathi levaamaa aavyaa chhe) darshaave chhe keey vasantrutumaa varsaad toach parr pahonche chhe aneey pankharma ghataado thaay chhe, jemaa shiyaalaamaa nondhpaatra reete vadhu bhej aneey najiknaa cooma karataa vadhu samaan varsadni pattern hoya chhe. edaminebino coole varsaad aneey pattern yaasnee jaim jaj chhe.

edaminebi edaminabi, australia key nyu south wells mein, snoi monaro kshetriya parishad mein, komaa key uttar-paschim mein burfley pahaadon key paas ack chhota saa shahar haye. 301 logon kaa aitihaasik shahar, samudra tala seey oopar sthit ack trout machhali pakadane kaa kendra aur sheetkaleen khel gantavya haye. aarthik jeevan paryatan aur krishi key ird-gird banaaya gayaa haye-yeh shahar selvin himkshetron aur uttari skiefield key liye ack seva bindu key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. yeh ghudsavaaron, jhaadi parr chalane vaalon, fly-fisherman aur jall khel key prati utsaahi logon key liye ack lokpriya gantavya haye aur saath hii saath burfley pahaadon key pahaluon koo dekhane key liye ack aadhar haye. edaminabi australia key sabse oonche shaharon mein seey ack haye, jahan sardiyon key dauran kabhi-kabhi bhaari barfbari hoti haye. aitihaasik bolaro station aur sunder yaak ghaati basti key paas sthit hain aur charley mcney, jise "burfley nadee key aadami" key liye prerana kahaa jaataa haye, bainjo patterson kii ack kavita, jile mein rahati thee aur marr gaee. baad mein, nobel vijeta lekhak patrick white ney shahar key baare mein likhaa. paas kii jheel nilgiri key nirmaan ney 1957 mein (puraane) edaminabi key mool shahar kaa punah pataa lagaana aavashyak banaa diyaa. sookhe key samay mein, jheel key paani key neeche seey purani ghaati key mool shahar aur avashesh phir seey ubhar aae. vartamaan basti burfley pahaadon key rajmarg parr sthit haye aur ise "badey trout kaa ghar" aur burfley yojana sangrahalaya key sthaan key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. itihas. adiwasi itihas. burf seey bharaa parvat kshetra kaee hajaaron varshon taka edaminabi aur aspas key jilon key pahale rashtron key logon key liye ack mahatvapurna sabhaa sthal thaa, jisamen uchch desh mein ack hazaar logon koo bogong patang parr dawat dene key liye antar-janjaatiya grishmakaaleen baithaken aayojit kii jaa rahee theen. yeh pratha 1865 key aspas taka jaari rahee. stockman, soney kii khudai karane vaale, kavi aur skier. krishi ney ack basti key roop mein edaminabi key praarambhik vikas koo janm diyaa aur kindra golderush aur baad mein uttari barfile pahaadon mein skiing key itihas ney aarthik vikas key liye nae avsar khole. kaee prasiddh australiyai lekhakon koo edaminabi jile mein prerana millie haye. burfley nadee kaa aadami. europeeya loga 1820 key dashak key anta seey jile mein pravesh curr gaye aur edaminebi ney pahali baar 1830 key dashak seey ack krishi kendra key roop mein vikasit honah shuru kiya, jisamen bhed aur maveshi ack aarthik mukhya aadhar bunn gaye. kuchh itihaskaron kaa maanana haye kii bainjo patterson kii sabse prasiddh kavita, "dha maine from snovy river", ack edamini stockman, charley mcney key karnamon seey prerit hoe sakati haye. 1895 mein ack sawari durghatana mein mcaney kii mrityu hoe gaee aur abb usey nilgiri jheel key tata parr puraane edaminabi kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa haye. patterson kaa charitra, burfley nadee kaa aadami, sambhavatah ack mishrit charitra haye, joe edaminabi jile mein kiye gaye brumby shikaar mein shamil vibhinn logon parr adharit haye. patterson edaminabi mein prerana paane vaale ekmatra australiyai lekhak naheen they-kavi barcroft boek ney "onn dha renz" mein mckenny kii sawari key baare mein bhee likhaa, jisamen mckenny ack achchi nasl key ghode kaa peechha kartaa haye joe jangli ghodon kii ack brumby bheed key saath butch gayaa thaa; jabaki nobel puraskar vijeta lekhak patrick white ney 1930 key dashak mein edaminabi key bolaro station parr jackero key roop mein kaam kiya thaa. unake baad key aur sameekshakon dwara prashansit pahale upanyaas, "happy valley", edaminebi mein kaam karane key unake samay aur shahar mein unake jaanane vaale logon seey prerit thaa. isane 1941 mein australiyai saahitya samaaj kaa swarn padak jeetaa. uttari skiefield mein golderush aur skiing. 1859 mein paas key kindra mein soney kii khoj aur 1861 key aspas jile mein manoranjak skiing kii shuruat seey shahar kaa bhaagya prabhaavit huaa, jaba scandinavian soney key anveshakon koo apane boots parr baad lagaane aur khanan key liye bahut adhik jamey hue paridrishya kii burf seey dhaki pahaadiyon koo neeche utaarane key liye pratishthit kiya gayaa thaa. lagbhag ack shatabdi taka, kiandra australia kii sabse oonchi basti aur skieron key liye ack aadhar banaa rhaa, isase pahale kii antim sthaayi nivaasiyon ney burfley pahaadon kii yojana key puuraa honey key baad basti chhod dee. keendra kii skii suvidhaon koo 1978 mein sthaayi roop seey "pahaadi key oopar" selvin snofield mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur edaminebi nyu south wells key uttari skiefield key liye mukhya seva kendra banaa huaa haye-joe duniya mein manoranjak skiing key liye sabse puraane kshetron mein seey ack haye. praarambhik charvaahon ney grishmakaaleen charagah key roop mein edaminabi key oopar uchch desh key jangal kaa upayog kiya. iss kshetra koo 1906 mein ack rashtriya peechha key roop mein alag rakhaa gayaa thaa aur baad mein yeh kosiusko rashtriya udyaan bunn gayaa. aaj yeh kshetra apani aitihaasik jhopadiyon aur parvat jangal kshetra sahit advitiya jangli kshetron taka pahunch key liye prasiddh haye. burfley pahaadon kii yojana. mool basti kaa sthanantaran. shahar key itihas mein sabse mahatvapurna ghatana, burf seey dhake pahaadon kii panbijali yojana key surangon aur baandhon key vishal network key nirmaan key saath aaee, joe 1949 mein edaminabi mein shuru hui. ack jheel ney sidney bandargah kii matra seey nau gunaa adhik antatah ghaati mein baadh laa dee jisamen mool shahar thaa. lambe samay taka sookhe key kaaran aprail 2007 mein purani basti key khandahar phir seey ubharane lagey, jisane vaishvik media kaa dhyaan aakarshit kiya-aur yahaan taka kii pauranik shahar atlantis seey tulanaa bhee kii. edaminabi key sthanantaran kii kahani 1958 mein barfeele parvat pradhikaran film ikai dwara nirmit film kaa vishay thaa, jiska sheershak thaa "operation edaminabi" (clip dekhane key liye yahaan click karein). yeh itihaaskaar jeanin becker dwara 2001 mein banaai gaee ack vrittachitra kaa vishay bhee thaa, jiska sheershak thaa "hamara duba huaa shahar", jise aiss. bee. aiss. television parr dikhaaya gayaa thaa. poore gharon, aur yahaan taka kii vaanijyik baink bhawan koo bhee trucks key peechhe leey jaaya gayaa aur 100 seey adhik imaraton koo nae shahar mein phir seey banaaya gayaa. puraane edaminabi seey nae edaminabi (sirf chhah meal kii doori) taka pahale ghar key parivahan mein chhah dinn lagey. aaj una mutthi bhar imaraton key aspas ack paryatak gaanv banaaya gayaa haye jinhen puraane edaminabi mein nava nirmit lakeshore seey sthanantarit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. vartamaan shahar ney burfley yojana key nirmaan key dauran ack nirmaan kendra key roop mein kaary kiya. mukhya sadak mein imaraton kii vishisht 1950 key dashak kii vastukala, joe usa samay kii laagat aur engineering aavashyaktaon dwara paribhaashit haye, victoria key tallangatta kii mukhya sadak key samaan haye, jise usee samay aur isi tarah key uddeshyon key liye punarnirmit kiya gayaa thaa. shahar mein ack burfley pahaadon key sangrahalaya kaa nirmaan karane kii yojana haye. edaminabi aaj ack achchha aadhar haye jahan seey aas-paas kii jheel nilgiri, tantangra baandh, tumut 2 bijli kendra aur kaibramura, australia kaa sabse oonchaa shahar sahit burfley yojana key vibhinn pahaluon koo dekhaa jaa sakata haye. sitambar 2007 mein, edaminabi ney nae shahar sthal parr apane sthanantaran kii 50veen varshgaanth koo maanyata dee. smaran aur utsav key saptahant ney sthanantaran dwara utpann shaaririk aur bhaavnaatmak aghaat koo maanyata dee. paryatan kaa vikas. burfley pahaadon kii yojana key puuraa honey seey jile kaa aarthik jeevan aaya key pramukh sroton key roop mein krishi aur paryatan key aspas buss gayaa. edaminabi key paas nilgiri jheel key aspas kaee paryatak gaanv aur shivir sthal sthaapit kiye gaye hain, jinamen machhali pakadane vaalon kii pahunch aur providence portal shamil hain. purani edaminabi jheel yukumbin mein purani basti key sthal key oopar ack paryatak gaanv key roop mein vikasit hui haye, aur basti kii mutthi bhar mool imaraton koo barkarar rakhti haye. snogoz hotal aur burfley pahaadon vaalaa motal lambe samay seey skieron aur adminibi mein jaane vaale machuaaron key liye awas pradaata bunn gaye hain, jabaki formstay resorts aur lakeside cottage aur kaarvaan park adminibi key aspas key praakritik vatavaran kaa laabh uthaane key liye vikasit kiye gaye hain. ack gendbaji club aur sambandhit golf course aur saarvajanik swimming pool bhee sthaaniya logon aur paryatakon kii seva karate hain. kosiusko rashtriya udyaan kaa vikas edaminabi key oopar uchch desh mein seemit krishi gatividhiyon aur vikas, lekin vanyajeevon kii suraksha aur paryatakon key anand key liye badey jangli kshetron koo sanrakshit kiya. aitihaasik kiandra key patan aur selvin himkshetron key vikas ney skii-kiraya aur awas kendra key roop mein edaminebi key liye ack sthaan sunishchit kiya. australiyai agrani itihas key avashesh poore edaminabi uchch desh key jile mein paae jaa sakate hain-jisamen kaee pahaadi jhopadiyan aur kindra kii bhoot basti shamil hain-shuru mein rashtriya udyaanon aur vanyajeev seva dwara upekshit lekin haal hii mein vyaapak bahaali aur viraasat kaary kaa vishay haye. badey trout kaa ghar. yeh shahar ack lokpriya aadhar haye jahan seey nilgiri jheel aur aspas kii nadiyon parr machhali pakadane key liye aur shahar key kendra mein ack badee trout kii moorti haye, joe oonchi khadee haye. aamtaur parr bigg trout key roop mein jaanaa jaane vaalaa, yeh australia kii sabse purani badee cheejon mein seey ack thaa aur maee 2006 mein, lake yukumbin chamber off commers ney paryatak aakarshan koo ack vipanan aur prachaar 'brand' key roop mein apanaaya. bigg trout" kaa nirmaan andy lomnisi dwara kiya gayaa thaa aur ise janwari 2007 mein poorv barfeelee nadee key shayer parishad key vittaposhan key saath jeevit khaal dwara punarsthaapit aur phir seey chitrit kiya gayaa thaa. snow scheme sangrahalaya. edaminabi mein sthit burfley yojana sangrahalaya burfley pahaadon kii panbijali yojana key nirmaan kii kahani bataata haye aur yojana parr jeevan kaisa thaa. iss sangrah mein yojana key nirmaan key liye upayog kii jaane vaali machines aur samagriyon key mahatvapurna udaaharan shamil hain. pradarshani burf seey dhake shramikon kii kahaaniyon aur australia parr unake prabhaav parr dhyaan kendrit karati haye, vishesh roop seey aadhunik australia key pravaas karyakram parr. sangrahalaya sangrah koo duss saal kii avadhi mein utsaahi logon dwara ekatra kiya gayaa thaa aur sangrahalaya koo aadhikarik taur parr 17 octuber 2011 koo governor general quentin brice dwara janata key liye khol diyaa gayaa thaa. governor general brice ney upasthit logon seey kahaah "yeh australia key itihas key iss shaktishali ghatak koo ack sangrahalaya mein laa rhaa haye, taaki loga aaa sakein aur burf key itihas koo seekh sakein, taaki ise peedhiyon taka leey jaaya jaa sakey. jalavaayu. varsha. mausam vigyaan beuro edaminabi key liye kissy bhee pratinidhi tapman detta kii mejbani naheen kartaa haye; lekin, saubhagya seey, varsha key record paae jaate hain. yeye record (1886 seey, edaminabi alpine paryatak udyaan seey liye gaye) vasant mein varsha key charam parr aur sharad ritu mein doobate hue, sardiyon kii namee key saath aur paas key komaa kii tulanaa mein adhik samaan varsha key saath dikhaate hain. edaminabi kii kull varsha aur pattern yass key samaan haye.

adaminabi adaminabiu aastreliyaada nyoo south walesna kumaada vaayuvyadalliruva himabharita parvatagala baliyiruva ondu sanna pattanavagiddu, himabharita monaro praadeshika mandaliyallide. 301 janariruva ee aitihaasika pattanavu samudra mattadinda meliruva trout meenugaarike kendra mattu chaligaalada creeda taanavaagide. arthika jeevanavu pravasodyama mattu krushiya suttaloo nirmisalpattide-ee pattanavu selvin himakshetragalu mattu uttarada skeefieldgalige sewa kendravagi kaaryanirvahisuttade. idu kudure savaararu, bush vakargalu, fly-fishermengalu mattu jala kridegala utsaahigalige janapriya taanavaagide mattu himabharita parvatagala yojaneya amshagalannu vikshisalu ondu neleyagide. adaminabiu aastreliyaada athi ettarada pattanagalli ondaagide, chaligaaladalli aagaagge bhaaree himapaatavaaguttade. aitihaasika bolaro nildaana mattu sundaravaada yauk kaniveyu pattana mattu charley mccaney bully ide, idu "himada nadiya manushya" emba banjo patterson avara kavitege sphurti endu helalaaguttade, idu jilleyalli vaasisuttittu mattu maranahonditu. nantara, nobel vijeta lekhaka patrick white ee pattanada bagge baredaru. hattirada sarovaravaada yukumbeen nirmaanavu 1957ralli (haleya) adaminabia moola pattanavannu maru-pattehachchalu agatyavaayitu. baragaalada samayadalli, moola pattana mattu haleya kaniveya avasheshagalu sarovarada neerina kelagininda matte horahommuttave. prastuta pattanavu himabharita parvatagala heddaariyallide mattu idannu "dodda troutgala maney" mattu himabharita yojaneya vastusangrahaalayada sthalavendu kareyalaaguttade. itihaasa. moolanivaasigala itihaasa. himabharita parvata pradeshavu adaminabi mattu suttamuttalina jillegala modala rashtragala janarige saaviraaru varshagala kaala ondu pramukha ottugudisuva sthalavagittu, ettarada deshadalli budakattu janangadavara naduve besige sabhegalannu nadesalaaguttittu, idaralli bogang chittegala mele autanakkaagi savira janaru bhagavahisuttiddaru. ee abhyaasavu sumaru 1865ravaregoo munduvareyitu. stockman, chinnada ageyuvavaru, kavigalu mattu skiyargalu. krushiyu adaminabiyannu ondu pattanavagi arambhika belavanigege kaaranavaayitu mattu kiandra goldrush mattu uttarada himabharita parvatagalalli skiingna nantarada itihaasavu arthika abhivruddhige hosa avakaashagalannu tereyitu. halavaaru prasiddha australian barahagararu adaminabi jilleyalli sphurti padediddaare. himada nadiya manushya. europeannaru 1820rahra dashakada antyadinda ee jilleyannu praveshisidaru mattu 1830rahra dasakadinda adaminabi modala baarige krishi kendravagi abhivruddhi hondalu praarambhisitu, kuri mattu jaanuvaarugalu aarthikavaagi mukhyavaadavu. banjo patterson avara atyanta prasiddha kavite, "dhii myaan frum snoi river", adaminabi stockman charley mccaney saahasagalinda sphurti padedirabahudu endu kelavu itihaasakaararu nambuttaare. mckeani 1895ralli sawari apaghaatadalli nidhanaraadaru mattu eega avarannu yukumbeen sarovarada tiradalliruva haleya adaminabi smashaanadalli samadhi maadalaagide. himabharita nadiya manushya emba patterson avara patravu, aadaminabi jilleyalli nadesalaadantaha murida betegalalli todagiruva vividha janarannu aadharisida ondu samyojita patravagide. adaminabiyalli sphurti padeda ekaika australian barahagara patterson alla-kavi barcroft boke avaru "aun dhii ranges" nalli mccaney sawari bagge barediddaare, idaralli mccaineau kaadu kuduregala durbala gumpinondige tappisikonda uttama-tali kudureyannu bennattuttaane; nobel prashasti vijeta lekhaka patrick white 1930 rahra dasakadalli adaminabiya bolaro nildaanadalli jaakaroo aagi kelasa maadidaru. avara nantarada mattu vimarshaatmakavaagi mechchuge padeda modala kadambari, "happy valley", aadaminabiyalli kelasa maadida avara samaya mattu pattanadalli avarige tilidiruva janarinda sphurti padedide. idu 1941rahra australian society off literaturen chinnada padakavannu geddukonditu. uttarada scheefieldgalalli goldrush mattu skiing. 1859ralli hattirada kiandraadalli chinnada avishkara mattu 1861rahra sumaarige jilleyalli manaranjana skiing annu parichayisuvudarinda pattanada adrushtada mele parinama beeride, scandinavian chinnada anveshakaru tamma bootugalige bayley kambagalannu kattikondiddaru mattu ganigaarikege tumba heppugattida bhoodrushyada himavruta bettagala kelage jaaribiddaru. himabharita parvatagala yojane purnagonda nantara koneya shaashvata nivasigalu pattanavannu toreyuva modalu, sumaru ondu shatamaanada kaala, kiandravu aastreliyaada athi ettarada pattana mattu skeeyargalige neleyaagi uliyitu. kiandrada skee soulabhyagalannu 1978ralli "bettada mele" shaashvatavaagi selvin himakshetragalige sthalaantarisalaayitu mattu adaminabiyu nyoo south walesna uttarada skeefieldgalige mukhya sewa kendravagi ulidide-idu vishvada manaranjana skiingge atyanta haleya pradeshagalalli ondaagide. munchina meyisuvavaru adaminabia meliruva ettarada aranyavannu besigeya hullugavalu pradeshavaagi balasuttiddaru. ee pradeshavannu 1906ralli rashtriya bennattuvikeyagi badigidalaayitu mattu nantara idu kosiusko rashtriya udyaanavanavaayitu. indu ee pradeshavu tanna aitihaasika gudisalugalige mattu parvatada jangal aranya pradesha seridante vishishta aranya pradeshagalige praveshakke hesaruvaasiyaagide. himabharita parvatagala yojane. moola pattanada sthalaantara. 1949ralli adaminabiyalli praarambhavaada himabharita parvatagala jalavidyut yojaneya surangagalu mattu anekattugala vishala jaalada nirmaanadondige pattanada itihaasadalli atyanta mahatvada prasangavu banditu. sidani bandarina ombattu pattu doddadaada sarovaravu antimavagi moola pattanavu bidda kaniveyannu mulugisitu. deerghakaalada baragaalavu 2007rahra aprilnalli haleya pattanada avasheshagalu matte hutikollalu praarambhisitu, idu jagatika madhyamagala gamanavannu seleyitu-mattu pouraanika nagaravaada atlantisge holikegalannu saha maaditu. adaminabiya sthalaantarada katheyu 1958ralli hima parvatagala praadhikaarada chalanachitra ghatakavu "operation aadaminabi" (tunukugalannu nodalu illi click maadi) emba shirshikeya chalanachitrada vishayavaagittu. idu 2001ralli itihaasakaara jeanin baker avara "namma mulugida pattana" emba sakshyachitrada vishayavaagittu, idu ess. bii. ess. duradarshanadalli pradarshanagonditu. idee manegalannu mattu vanijya bank kattadavannu saha truckgala himbhagadalli saagisalaayitu mattu hosa pattanadalli 100 kkoo hecchu kattadagalannu marunirmisalaayitu. haleya adaminabiyinda hosa adaminabige (kevala aaru mailigala doora) modala maneyannu sagisalu aaru dinagalu bekayitu. haleya adaminabiyalli hosadaagi rachisalaada sarovarada dadadinda sthalaantaragollada beralenikeyashtu kattadagala sutta indu pravasi graamavannu nirmisalaagide. himabharita yojaneya nirmaanada samayadalli prastuta pattanavu nirmaana kendravagi kaaryanirvahisitu. 1950rahra dashakada mukhya beediyallina kattadagala vishishta vaastushilpavu, aaa kaalada vechcha mattu engineering avashyakategalinda vyaakhyaanisalpattide, idu viktoriyaada tallangattaada mukhya beediyannu holuttade, idannu adhe samayadalli mattu idhe reetiya uddeshagaligaagi punarnirmisalaayitu. pattanadalli himabharita parvatagala vastusangrahaalayavannu nirmisalu yojisalagide. adaminabiu indu hattirada sarovaravaada yukumbeen, tantangara anekattu, tumat 2 vidyut kendra mattu aastreliyaada athi ettarada pattanavaada cabramura seridante himada yojaneya vividha amshagalannu vikshisalu uttama neleyagide. september 2007ralli, adaminabi hosa pattana pradeshakke sthalaantaragonda 50neey vaarshikotsavavannu gurutisitu. smarane mattu acharaneya vaaraantyavu sthalaantaradinda untaada daihika mattu bhavanatmaka aaghaatavannu gurutisitu. pravasodyamada abhivruddhi. himabharita parvatagala yojane purnagondaga jilleya arthika jeevanavu krishi mattu pravasodyamada mele pramukha aadaayada moolagalaagi nelegonditu. adaminabi baliyiruva yukumbeen sarovarada suttaloo meenu hidiyuvavara talupuvike mattu ashraya dwara seridante halavaaru pravasi gramagalu mattu shibiragalannu sthaapisalaagide. haleya adaminabiu yukumbeen sarovaradalliruva haleya pattangala sthalada mele pravasi graamavaagi abhivraddhigondide mattu pattanada kelavu moola kattadagalannu ulisikondide. snow goose hotel mattu himabharita parvatagala motelgalu skiyargalu mattu meenugaararige aadalitakke bheti niiduvavarige deerghakaalada vasati odagisuvavaraagi marpattive, aadare adaminabiyannu suttuvarediruva naisargika parisarada laabhavannu padeyalu formstay resortgalu mattu sarovarada pakkada kuteeragalu mattu caravan parkgalannu abhivraddhipadisalaagide. bowling club mattu sambandhita galph course mattu saarvajanika eejukolagalu saha sthaliyaru mattu pravasigarige seve sallisuttave. kosiusko rashtriya udyaanavanada abhivruddhiyu adaminabiyinda meliruva unnata deshadalli krishi chatuvatikegalu mattu abhivraddhiyannu simitagolisitu, aadare vanyajeevigala raksane mattu pravasigara anandakkagi dodda aranya pradeshagalannu samrakshisitu. aitihaasika kiandrada avanati mattu selvin himakshetragala abhivruddhiyu skee-baadige mattu vasati kendravagi adaminabige sthalavannu khatripadisitu. halavaaru parvata gudisalugalu mattu kiandrada preta pattana seridante adaminabi ettarada halligaadina jilleyaadyanta aastreliyaada pravartaka itihaasada avasheshagalannu kaanabahudu-aarambhadalli rashtriya udyaanavanagalu mattu vanyajeevi seveyinda nirlakshisalpattavu aadare ittichege vyaapakavaada punahsthapane mattu parampareya kaaryada vishayavaagide. dodda trout naa maney. ee pattanavu janapriya neleyagiddu, allinda yukumbeen sarovara mattu suttamuttalina nadigalli meenu hidiyalu mattu pattanada kendravu ettaradalli nintiruva trout naa dodda shilpavannu hondide. samanyavagi bigg trout endu kareyalpaduva idu aastreliyaada atyanta munchina dodda vastugalalli ondaagittu mattu mayee 2006 ralli, lake yukumbeen chamber off commers pravasi akarshaneyannu marketing mattu prachaarada 'brand' aagi alavadisikonditu. bigg trout" annu aandi lomnisi nirmisidaru mattu hindina himabharita nadhi shire councilna nidhiyondige janavari 2007 ralli jeevanta charmagalinda punahsthaapisalaayitu mattu banna hachchalaayitu. snoi skeem museum. adaaminabiyalliruva himada yojaneya vastusangrahaalayavu himada parvatagala jalavidyut yojaneya nirmaanada katheyannu mattu yojaneyalli jeevana hegiruttittu embudannu heluttade. ee sangrahavu yojaneyannu nirmisalu balasuva yantragalu mattu vastugala gamanarha udaaharanegalannu olagondide. pradarshanagalu himavruta karmikara kathegalu mattu aastreliyaada mele, visheshavaagi aadhunika aastreliyaada valase kaaryakramada mele avara prabhaavavannu kendrikarisuttave. vastusangrahaalayada sangrahavannu hattu varshagala avadhiyalli utsaahigalu sangrahisidaru mattu vastusangrahaalayavannu adhikrutavaagi governor general quentin brais avaru 17 october 2011 randu saarvajanikarige tereyalaayitu. governor general brais avaru hajariddavarige heege helidaru "idu aastreliyaada itihaasada ee shaktishali ghatakavannu vastusangrahaalayakke taruttide, janaru bandu himada itihaasavannu tilidukollalu, adannu talemaarugalige vargaayisalu". havamana. maley. havamana ilaakheya ilakheyu adaminabige yaavude praatinidhika taapamaanada dattaamshavannu odagisuvudilla; aadare, adrishtavashat, maleya daakhalegalu kandubaruttave. ee daakhalegalu (1886 rinda, adaminabi alpine pravasi udyaanavanadinda tegedukollalagide) vasanta rtuvinalli maleya uttungavannu mattu sharatkaaladalli muluguvikeyannu torisuttave, gamanarhavagi hecchina chaligaalada tevaamsha mattu hattirada koomaakkinta hecchu ekaroopada maleya maadariyannu hondive. adaminabiyalli ottu maley mattu maadariyu yasge holuttade.

edaminebi edaminabi heey austreliyachya nyu south wells yetheel koomachya vayvyes barfal parvatanjavalache eka chhote shahar aahe, jeey barfal monaro pradeshik parishademadhye aahe. 301 lokanchi loksankhya asalele heey aitihasik shahar, samudraspatipasun varr asalele trout masemariche kendra aanee hiwali creeda gantvyasthan aahe. paryatan aanee shetichya bhovati aarthik jeevan nirman jhaale aahe-heey shahar selvin himkshetra aanee uttarekadil schifieldsathi eka seva kendra mhanoon kaam karate. ghodeswar, zaadi chalavanare, mashee-masemar aanee jalkrida utsahi lokansathi heey eka lokpriy thikan aahe tasech barfal parvataranganchya yojaneche pailu pahanyasathi eka aadhar aahe. edaminabi heey austreliyatil sarvat unch shaharanpaiki eka aahe, jethe hivalyat adhunmadhun musaldhar paus padato. aitihasik bolaro sthanak aanee nisargaramya yaok khore heey shaharajaval aahet aanee charley mcaney, jee 'barfal naditil manus' sathee prerana asalyache mhatale jaate, banjo pattersonchi kavita, jeelhyat rahili aanee maran pavali. nantar, nobel vijete lekhak patrick white yanni yaa shaharabaddal lihile. jawalchya yukumbin talavachya bandhkamamule 1957 madhye (june) edaminabiche mool shahar punha shodhane aavashyak jhaale. dushkalachya kalat, mool shahar aanee junya khonyache avashesh talavachya panyakhali punha udayas aale. sadhyachi vastee barfal parvataranganchya mahamargavar aahe aanee 'mothya troutche ghar' aanee barfal yojana sangrahalayache sthan mhanoon olakhali jaate. itihas. aadivasi itihas. barfal parvat pradesh haah anek hajaro varshe edaminabi aanee aaspaschya jilhyanmadhil pahilya rashtranchya lokansathi eka mahattvacha melava bindu hota, jyamadhye dongral patangavar mejavanisathi eka hazar lokanparyantchya aantar-aadivasi unhali baithka yaa unch deshat ghetalya jaat hotya. hii pratha 1865 salaparyant suru hotee. ghodeswar, sonyachi khodkam karnare, kavee aanee skiers. shetimule edaminabicha eka shahar mhanoon prarambhik vikas jhaala aanee kiandra golderush aanee tyanantarchya uttarekadil barfal parvatanmadhil skiingchya itihasamule aarthik vikasasathi naveen sandhee khulya jhalya. anek prasiddha austreliyan lekhakanna edaminabi jeelhyat prerana midali aahe. barfal nadicha manus. 1820 chya dashakachya uttaradhapasun europeey lokanni jeelhyat pravesh keela aanee 1830 chya dashakapasun edaminabi pratham krishi kendra mhanoon vikasit houu lagale, mendhya aanee guredhore haah aarthik aadhar banala. kahee itihaskaranche asey mutt aahe qee banjo pattersonchi sarvat prasiddha kavita, 'daad mann fraum snovy river', charley mcaney yaa edaminibi stockmanchya karnamyanpasun prerit asoo shakate. mcaney 1895 madhye eka sawari apghatat maran pavali aanee aata teela yukumbin talavachya kinanyavaril junya edaminabi smashanbhumit daphan karnyat aale aahe. pattersonche patra, barfal naditil manus, bahudha eka sammishra patra aahe, jeey edaminabi jeelhyat aayojit kelya gelelya asha bhakkam shikaranmadhye sameel asalelya vividh lokanvar aadharit aahe. patterson haah edaminabimadhye prerana midavanara ekmev austreliyan lekhak navhata-kavee barcroft boek yane mcaneychya 'aun daad rainz' madheel pravasabaddal dekhil lihile, jyamadhye mcaney jangali ghodyanchya khadkal jamavasah paloon gelelya eka changlya jaatichya ghodyacha pathlag karate; tarr nobel paritoshik vijete lekhak patrick white yanni 1930 chya dashakat edaminabichya bolaro sthankavar jackeroo mhanoon kaam kele. tyanantarchi aanee samikshakankadun prashansit jhaleli tyanchi pahili kadambari 'happy valley' hii tyanchya 'edaminabi' madheel kamkajachya velepasoon aanee shaharatil tyanchya olakhichya lokanpasoon prerit hotee. tyane 1941 saalee austreliyan society auph literatureche suvarnapadak jinkale. uttarekadil schiefieldmadhye golderush aanee skiing. 1859 madhye jawalchya kiandramadhye sonyacha shodh lagalyane aanee tyanantar 1861 chya sumaras jeelhyat manoranjak skiingchi suruvat jhalyane shaharachya nashibavar parinam jhaala, jevha scandinavian sonyachya shodhakanni tyanchya butanna kumpan bandhale hote aanee barfane aachchhadalelya tekdyanvarun khalee ghasarale hote. barfal parvat yojana purn jhalyanantar shevatchya kayamswarupi rahivashanni shahar sodanyapurvi, sumare eka shatak, kiandra hii austreliyachi sarvat unch vastee aanee skiarsasathi eka aadhar rahili. 1978 madhye kiandrachya skii suvidha kayamswarupi "tekadivar" selvin snofieldmadhye halavanyat aalya aanee edaminebi heey nyu south velsachya uttarekadil schiefieldsathi mukhya seva kendra aahe-jeey jagatil manoranjak skiingsathi sarvat junya kshetranpaiki eka aahe. suruvatichya charaikaranni edaminabichya varchya unch grameen valvantala unhali kuran mhanoon vaparale. 1906 madhye haah parisar rashtriy pathlag mhanoon bajula thevanyat aala aanee nantar teey kosiusko rashtriy udyan banale. aaj haah parisar tyachya aitihasik zopadya aanee dongaravaril jungle kshetrasah adviteey valvantatil bhagansathi prasiddha aahe. barfal parvatanchi yojana. mool shaharache punarvasan. shaharachya itihasatil sarvat mahattvapoorn prasang, 1949 madhye edaminabi yethe suru jhalelya barfal parvatanchya jalvidhyut yojanechya bogdyanche aanee dharananche vishal jaale bandhanyabarobar aala. sidney bandarachya nauu putt mothya talavane akheris khonyat puur aanala jyamadhye mool shahar hote. pradirgh dushkalamule april 2007 madhye junya shaharache avashesh punha disu lagale, jyamule jaagtik madhyamanche laksh vedhale gele-aanee agadi pauranik shahar atlantisashi tulana kelee gelee. edaminabichya sthanantaranachi katha haah 1958 madhye barfal parvat pradhikaran chitrapat unitne tayar kelelya chitrapatacha vishay hota, jyache shirshak 'operation edaminabi' (clip pahanyasathi yethe click qaraa). 2001 saalee itihaskar jinin bekar yanni lihilelya 'aamche budalele shahar' yaa mahitipatachahi haah vishay hota, jeey ess. bii. ess. durchitravanivar pradarshit jhaale. sampoorn ghare aanee agadi vyavsayik banq imaratidekhil truckanchya pathivar nenyat aalya aanee naveen shaharamadhye 100 hoon adhik imarati punha bandhanyat aalya. junya edaminabipasun naveen edaminabiparyant (fakt sahaa mailanche antar) pahilya gharachya vahatukeela sahaa divas lagale. junya aadamnabi yetheel navyane tayar kelelya sarovarachya kinanyatoon sthalantarit naan jhalelya mojkya imaratimbhovati aaj eka paryatan gaav bandhanyat aale aahe. barfal yojana tayar kartana sadhyachya shaharane bandhkam kendra mhanoon kaam kele. mukhya rastyavaril imaratinchi 1950 chya dashkatil vishisht vastukala, jee tyaa kalatil kharch aanee abhiyantrikichya aavashyaktannusar paribhashit kelee gelee aahe, tee victoriya yetheel tallangattachya mukhya rastyasarkhich aahe, jyachi tyach velee aanee tatsam hetunsathi punarbandhani karnyat aalee hotee. shaharat barfal parvat yojana sangrahalay bandhanyachi yojana aahe. edaminabi haah aaj eka changla tall aahe jithun jawalchya yukumben talav, tantangra dharan, tumut 2 veej kendra aanee austreliyache sarvat unch shahar cabramura yasah barfal yojaneche vividh pailu pahanyas midatat. september 2007 madhye, edaminabine naveen shahar sthali halavanyachya 50 vya vardhapan dinala manyata dilee. smaran aanee utsavachya saptahantat sthalantaramule jhalelya sharirik aanee bhavnik aaghatala manyata midali. paryatanacha vikas. barfal parvat yojana purn jhalyanantar jilhyache aarthik jeevan shetee aanee paryatanabhovati utpannache pramukh srot mhanoon sthayik jhaale. adaminabijaval yukumbin talavachya bhovati anek paryatan gave aanee camping grounds sthapan karnyat aalee aahet, jyat masemari karnanyancha pohoch aanee providence portal samavisht aahe. junya edaminabicha vikas yukumben talavatil junya vastyakhalil jagechya varr eka paryatan gaav mhanoon jhaala aahe aanee tyaa vastyajavalachya mool imarati kahee pramanat aahet. snogoj hottel aanee barfal parvat motel heey skiers aanee prashasanala bhet denanya machchimaransathi dirghkalapasun nivassthan puravathadar banale aahet, tarr farmstay resorts aanee lakeside cottage aanee karvan udyane edaminabichya sabhovatalachya naisargik vatavaranacha laabh ghenyasathi vikasit kelee gelee aahet. eka golandaji club aanee sambandhit golph course aanee sarvajanik jaltaran talav dekhil sthanikanna aanee paryatakanna seva detat. kosiusko rashtriy udyanachya vikasamule adaminabichya varchya unch deshatil krishi kriyakalap aanee vikas maryadit jhaala, parantu vanyajeevanchya sanrakshanasathi aanee paryatakanchya aanandasathi mothya valvantatil bhag sanrakshit kele. aitihasik kiandracha hasad aanee selvin himkshetranchya vikasamule skii-bhade aanee nivas kendra mhanoon edaminebisathi jaaga sunishchit jhaali. anek dongral zopadya aanee kiandrachya bhoot vastisah, austreliyatil agraganya itihasache avashesh sampoorn edaminabi uchch grameen jeelhyat aadhalu shakatat, jeey suruvatila rashtriy udyane aanee vanyajeev sevedware durlakshit kele gele hote, parantu alikadech vyapak jirnoddhar aanee varsa karyacha vishay banala aahe. mothya troutche ghar. heey shahar eka lokpriy tall aahe jithun yukumbin talav aanee aaspaschya nadyanvar masemari karata yete aanee shaharachya madhyabhagi unch ubhe asalelya troutche mothe shilp aahe. samanyatah bigg trout mhanoon olakhala jaanara haah austreliyachya sarvat mothya vastunpaiki eka hota aanee meey 2006 madhye, lake yukumbin chamber auph commersney paryatan aakarshanala vipanan aanee pracharatmak 'brand' mhanoon sweekarle. bigg trout' andy lomanisine bandhale hote aanee purvichya barfal nadee shayer parishadechya nidhitun janewari 2007 madhye jiwant tvachedvare tyache punarsanchayan aanee rung badalanyat aale. barfal yojana sangrahalay. edaminabi yethe asalele barfal yojana sangrahalay barfal parvatanchya jalvidhyut yojanechya bandhkamachi aanee yojnevaril jeevan kase hote yachee katha sangate. yaa sangrahat yojana tayar karnyasathi vaparlya jaanarya yantranchi aanee sahityachi mahattvapoorn udaharane aahet. pradarshanat barfal kamgaranchya katha aanee austreliyavar tyancha prabhav, visheshtah aadhunik austreliyachya sthalantar karyakramavar laksh kendrit kele aahe. utsahi lokanni daha varshanchya kalavadhit sangrahit kelele sangrahalay aanee 17 aktoobar 2011 roji governor general quentin brice yanni adhikrutpane janatesathi khule kele. upasthit asalelyanna governor general brice yanni sangitaleh "heey austreliyachya itihasacha haah shaktishali ghatak sangrahalayat aanat aahe, jenekarun lock yeuun barfacha itihas jaanun gheu shaktil, jenekarun too pidhyanpidhya hastantarit keela jaeel". hawaman. paus. havamanshastra vibhag edaminabisathi konatyahi pratinidhik tapmanachi mahitee dett nahee; parantu, sudaivane, parjanyamanachya nondi aadhaltat. hya nondi (1886 pasoon, edaminabi alpine paryatan udyanatoon ghetalelya) vasant rutumadhye parjanyamanachi sarvoch patali aanee sharad rutumadhye ghasaran darshavtat, jyat hivalyatil aadrata lakshaniyaritya jaast asate aanee pavasacha namuna jawalchya komapeksha adhik eksaman asato. edaminebicha ekoon paus aanee namuna yasachya pavsashi sarvat adhik samaan aahe.

adamineby edaminabi australiako nyu south welsko kumako uttar-paschimma hiundar parwatharu najikaiko euta sano sahar how. 301 janako aitihasik sahar, samudri satahako mathi awasthit trout machha marney kendra rar shitkalin khelkud gantawya how. arthik jiwan paryatan rar krishiko waripari nirman garieko chha-saharle selvin snofield rar uttari schifieldharuka lagi sewa binduko rupma kaam gardacha. yo ghodchadhi, buswalkar, fly-fisherman rar water sports utsahiharuka lagi lokpriya gantawya pani how sathai hiundar parwat yojanaka pakshaharu hernka lagi adhar pani how. edaminabi australiako sabaibhanda aglo saharharu madhye ek how, jahaan niyamit himpat hunchha june jadoma kahilekaahin bhari hunchha. aitihasik bolaro station rar ramaniya yook upatyaka tounship rar charley mackiani najikai awasthit chha, jaslai "hiun nadiko manis" ko prerana bhaninchha, banzo patersonko kawita, jillama basthe rar marey. pachhi, nobel vijeta lekhak patrick whitele saharko barema lekhe. najikaiko taal yukumbenko nirmanle sann 1957 maa (purano) edaminabiko muel bastilai punah patta lagauna awashyak banayo. khaderiko samayama, purano uptyakako muel basti rar awasheshharu talko panimunibata punah dekha parchhan. halko tounship hiundar pahad rajmargma awasthit chha rar yasalai "thulo troutko ghar" rar hiun yojana sangrahalayako sthan bhanera chininchha. itihas. adiwasi itihas. hiunle dhakieko pahadi khetra hajaraun warshasamma edaminabi rar warparka jillaharuka pratham rashtraka manisharuka lagi euta mahatwapurna bhela garne bindu thiyo, uccha deshma bogong patangama bhojka lagi ek hazarsamma manisharulai sanlagna gardai antar-adiwasi grishmakalin baithakharu ayojana garindai thie. yo abhyas lagbhag 1865 samma jaari rahyo. stockman, suna utkhanan garneharu, kawiharu rar skiyarharu. krishile edaminabilai euta bastiko rupma prarambhik vikasma netritwa गऱ्यो। rar kiandra golders rar uttari hiundar pahadharuma skiingko pachhillo itihasle arthik vikaska lagi nayan awasarharu kholyo. dherai prasidha astreliyali lekhakharule edaminabi jillama prerana paeka chhan. hiun nadiko manis. yuropeliharule sann 1820 ko dashakko uttaradhadekhi jillama prawesh gare rar edaminabi pahilo patak sann 1830 ko dashakdekhi krishi kendrako rupma vikas huna thalyo, bheda rar gaiwastuharu arthik mukhya adhar bane. kehi itihaskarharu vishwas garchhan kii banzo patersonko sabaibhanda prasidha kawita, "da myan frum snoi ribhar", edaminibi stockman, charley mcianyko karnama prerit bhaeko huna sakchha. mcianyko sann 1895 maa sawari durghatanama mrityu bhayo rar ahile unlai yukumben talko kinarma raheko purano edaminabi kabristanma gadiyo. patersonko charitra, hiun nadiko manis, sambhawatah ek mishrit charitra how, june edaminabi jillama ayojit jasta brumby sattama sanlagna vibhinna wyaktiharuma adharit chha. patterson adaminabima prerana khojne ek matra astreliyali lekhak thienan-kawi barcroft bokle "unn da renz" maa mcianyko sawariko barema pani lekheka thie, jasma mcianyle jungley ghodaharuko brumby bhidsanga bhageko ramro naslako ghodalai pachhyaunchin; jabki nobel puraskar vijeta lekhak patrick whitele 1930 ko dashakma edaminabiko bolaro stationma jackeruko rupma kaam gare. unko pachhillo rar samikshakharule prashansit pahilo upanyas, "happy bhyali" adaminabima kaam garne unko samaya rar saharma unlai chinne manisharubata prerit thiyo. yasale sann 1941 maa astrelian society aff literatureko swarna padak jityo. uttari schifieldharuma golders rar skiing. sann 1859 maa najikaiko kiandrama sunko khoj rar sann 1861 ko asapas jillama manoranjan skiingko thalanile saharko bhagya prabhawit bhaeko thiyo, jab scandinavialy suna anweshakharule afno butma parkhalko chaukiharu bandhera khananka lagi jameko paridrishyako hiunle gherieko pahadharuma tall jhareko thiyo. hiunle dhakieko pahad yojana pura bhaepachi antim sthayi basindaharule sahar chhodnuaghi, karib ek shatabdisamma, kiandra australiako sabaibhanda aglo basti rar skiyarharuka lagi adhar rahyo. kiandrako sky suwidhaharu sann 1978 maa sthayi rupma "pahadma" selvin snofieldharuma sarieko thiyo rar edaminabi nayan south welsko uttari schifieldharuka lagi mukhya sewa kendra baneko chha-june sansarma manoranjanatmak skiingka lagi sabaibhanda purano kshetraharu madhye ek how. prarambhik charauneharule edaminabi mathiko uccha deshko ujadsthanlai grishmakalin charaune bhumiko rupma prayog garthe. yass kshetralai sann 1906 maa rashtriya pachhyaune rupma alag rakhieko thiyo rar pachhi kosiusko rashtriya nikunj banyo. az yo khetra yasako aitihasik jhupadiharu rar mount jagangal ujad khetra sahit adwitiya ujadsthan kshetraharuma pahunchka lagi prasidha chha. hiundar parwat yojana. muel saharko sthanantaran. saharko itihasma sabaibhanda mahatwapurna ghatana, sann 1949 maa adaminabima suru bhaeko hiundar parwat jalavidyut yojanako surunga rar baandhaharuko vishal sanjalko nirmansangai ayo. sidney bandargahko nau guna matrama raheko talle antatah upatyakalai badhi diyo jasma muel tounsite thiyo. lamo khaderile april 2007 maa purano bastiko bhagnawasheshharu punarutthan garna thalyo, jasle vishwawyapi mediako dhyan akarshit garyo-rar pauranik sahar atlantissanga tulana pani garyo. edaminabiko sthanantaranko katha sann 1958 maa snoi mountain authority film yunitdwara nirmit chalchitrako vishaya thiyo, jasko shirshak "operation edaminabi" (clipharu hern yahan click garnuhos) thiyo. yo itihaskar jenine bekarko sann 2001 ko writtachitrako vishaya pani thiyo, jasko shirshak "hamro dubaeko sahar" thiyo, june sbs televisionma pradarshan garieko thiyo. sampurna gharharu, rar wyawasayik bank bhawan pani trucko pachhadi dhuwani garieko thiyo rar nayan tounsitema 100 bhanda badhi bhawanharu punah nirman garieko thiyo. purano edaminabibata nayan edaminabi (kewal chha mileko duri) samma pahilo ghar dhuwani garna chha dina lagyo. purano adaminabima nawanirmit talko kinarbata sthanantaran nagarieka mutthibhar bhawanharuko waripari az euta paryatak gaaun nirman garieko chha. hiun yojanako nirmanko samayama halko saharle nirman kendrako rupma kaam गऱ्यो।. mukhya sadakma bhawanharuko wishishta 1950 ko wastukla, samayako lagat rar engineering awashyakataharudwara paribhashit, tallangatta, wictoriako mukhya sadaksanga mildojuldo chha, june lagbhag uhi samayama rar saman uddeshyaka lagi punarnirman garieko thiyo. saharma hiundar parwat yojana sangrahalaya nirman garne yojana chha. edaminabi az ek ramro adhar how jahanbata najikaiko taal yukumben, tantangara bandha, tumut 2 pawar station rar australiako sabaibhanda aglo sahar cabramura sahit hiun yojanaka vibhinna pakshaharu hern sakinchha. september 2007 maa, edaminabile nayan saharko cytema yasako sarne 50 aun warshikotsawlai manyata diyo. smaran rar utsabko saptahantale sthanantaranle nimtyaeko sharirik rar bhawanatmak aghatlai manyata diyo. paryatanko vikas. hiundar pahad yojana sampanna bhaepachi jillako arthik jiwan ayako pramukh srotka rupma krishi rar paryatanlai sameteko dekhiyo. edaminabi najikaiko yukumben talko waripari machhapalan garneharuko pahunch rar providence portalsahit dherai paryatak gaaunharu rar camping maidanharu sthapana garieko chha. purano edaminabi lake yukumbenma purano tounshipko siteko mathi paryatak gaaunko rupma wiksit bhaeko chha, rar tounshipka mutthibhar muel bhawanharu rakhchha. snoguj hotel rar hiundar mountain motel lamo samayadekhi skier rar machha marneharuka lagi adminiby bhraman garne awas pradayak baneka chhan, jabki farmstay resortharu rar lakeside katejharu rar karbhan parkharu adamineby warparko prakritik watawaranko faida lyne vikas garieko chha. euta bulling club rar sambandhit galf course rar sarvajanik swimming pulle pani sthaniya rar paryatakharulai sewa dinchha. kosiusko rashtriya nikunjako vikasle edaminabibhanda mathiko uccha deshma krishi gatiwidhi rar vikas simit गऱ्यो।, tara wanyajantuharuko sanrakshan rar paryatakharuko anandaka lagi thula ujad kshetraharu sanrakshit गऱ्यो।. aitihasik kiandrako patan rar selvin snofieldharuko vikasle sky-bhada rar awas kendrako rupma adaminebyka lagi thaaun sunishchit garyo. astreliyali agragami itihaska awasheshharu edaminabi uccha contry jillama fela parne sakinchha-jasma dherai pahadi jhupadiharu rar kiandrako bhut tounship samawesh chha-suruma rashtriya nikunj rar vanyajantu sewale bewasta gareko thiyo tara halasalai wyapak punarsthapana rar sampadako kamko vishaya how. thulo troutko ghar. yo sahar euta lokpriya adhar how jahanbata yukumben taal rar warparka nadiharuma machha marne sakinchha rar saharko kendrama toutko thulo murti chha, june aglo khada chha. samanyataya bigg trout bhanera chinine yo australiako sabaibhanda purano chijharu madhye ek thiyo rar mey 2006 maa, lake yukumben chember aff commercele paryatak akarshanlai marketing rar prachar 'brand' ko rupma apanaeko thiyo. bigg trout" andie lomanisidwara nirman garieko thiyo rar purva hiun nadi shere councilko koshbata janawari 2007 maa jiwit chhalaharudwara punarsthapit rar punah chitrit garieko thiyo. snoi skim sangrahalaya. adaminabima awasthit snoi skim sangrahalayale snoi mountain hydro electric skimko nirman rar yojanama jiwan kasto thiyo bhanne katha bataunchha. sangrahama yojana nirman garna prayog garine messin rar samagrika mahatwapurna udaharanharu samawesh chhan. pradarshaniharule hiunle bharieka kamadarharuko kathaharu rar astreliama uniharuko prabhawa, vishesh gari adhunik astreliako aprawasana karyakramma kendrit chhan. sangrahalaya sangraha das warshako awadhima utsahiharule jamma gareka thie rar sangrahalayalai governer general quintin bricele 17 october 2011 maa adhikarik rupma janataka lagi kholeka thie. governer general bricele upasthitharulai bhaneh "yasale australiako itihasko yo shaktishali ghataklai sangrahalayama lyaundaichha, manisharulai auna rar hiunko itihas siknaka lagi, yasalai pustaunsamma hastantaran garna. mausam. warsha. mausam vigyan byurole adaminabika lagi kunai pani pratinidhi tapman deta host gardaina; tara, saubhagyawas, warshako recordharu fela parinchha. yee recordharu (sann 1886 dekhi, edaminabi alpine paryatak parkbata liieko) wasantama warsha charam rar sharad rituma dubdai gaeko dekhaunchha, jadoko ardrata rar najikaiko koma bhanda badhi saman warsha dhanchako sath. edaminabiko kull warsha rar dhancha yasasanga dherai mildojuldo chha.

adaminabi adaminabi heuchhi astreliaara nyu south welsra kumar uttara-paschimare baraphabruta parbata nikatare eka chhot sahara, jaahaa tusharabruta manoro anchalika parishadare achhi . 301 john lock bisista ehi aitihasika saharati samudra pattanatharu uparaku abasthita eka trout machadhara kendra ebong shitakalina krida gantabyastala. parjyatan ebong krushi upare arthika zeeban nirmita-ehi sahara selwin snofield ebong uttara skiffield paain eka seba point bhabare karjya kare . ehaa ashwarohi, buswakar, fly-matsyajibi ebong jala krida utsaheenka paain eka lokpriya gantabyastala tatha tushar parbata yojanara diga dekhiba paain eka aadhara . adaminabi astreliaara sarbocha sahara madhyaru gotie, jeunthare nijamita tusharpat hoithae, jaahaa sheetadine belebele prabala hoithae. aitihasika bolaro station ebong manoram jauk upatyaka tounship nikatare abasthita ebong charley mceney, jaahaa "baraf nadira manish" paain prerana bolly kuhajae, banzo patarsanka eka kabita, jillare baasa karithile ebong mrutyubarana karithile . parey nobel bijeta lekhaka patrick white ehi sahara bishajare lekhithile. nikatabartee yukumbin hrada nirmana karanaru 1957 masihare (puruna) adaminabira moola tounship punah abasthapita kariba aabasyaka hoithila. marudi samajare, puruna upatyakara moola tounship ebong abasistangsha hradara jala tale punarbara ubha hoithila . barttamanara tounship tushar parbata rajapathare abasthita ebong ehaa "bigg troutra ghara" ebong tushar skim sangrahalajara abasthana bhabare janashuna . itihas. adibasi itihas. baraphabruta parbata anchala hazar hazar barsha dhari adaminabi ebong akhpakh jillara pratham rastrara lokanka paain eka gurutwapurna samabesh bindu thila, uccha deshare aantahaa janajati grishma sabha anusthita heuthila jeunthire eka hazar lock bogonga mathare bhoji paain jadita thile . ehi pratha praiah 1865 masiha parjyanta jaari rahithila. stockman, suna khananakari, kabi ebong skiara . krushi adaminabira prarambhika bikashaku eka tounship bhabare aanithila ebong kiandra goldrush ebong parabarti samajare uttara baraphabruta parbatagudikare skiingra itihas arthanaitika bikash paain nutan sujoga kholithila . aneka prasidha astreliah lekhaka adaminabi jillare prerana paichanti. barafarahi nadeeru asithiba manish. 1820 dashkar sheshabhagaru juropeejamane ehi jillare prabesha karithile ebong 1830 dashakaru adaminabi prathame eka krushi kendra bhabare bikashita heba arambha karithila, jeunthire mendha ebong goru eka arthanaitika mukhya aadhara palatithila . keteka aitihasika biswasa karanti je banzo patarsanka sabutharu prasidha kabita, "baraf nadira manish", jane adaminabi stock myan, charley myakijaninka karjya dwara anupranita hoithaipare . 1895 masihare eka raiding durghatanare myakijaninka mrutyu hoithila ebong bartamana tanku yukumbin hrada koolare thiba puruna adaminabi kabarasthanare kabara diajaichhi. petarsananka charitra, baraphabruta nadira manish, sambhabatah eka mishrit charitra, jaahaa adaminabi jillare parichalita hoithiba bhali brumby shikarare jadita bibhinna lokanka upare aadharita . adaminabire prerana paibare patterson ekamatra astreliah lekhaka nathile-kabi barcroft boke madhya "renz" ray myakianinka jatra bishajare lekhithile, jeunthire maciani eka bhal-prajnan ghoda pichha karanti jaahaa eka brumby aswara bhida sahita palai jaithila; nobel puraskara bijeta lekhaka patrick white 1930 dashakare adaminabira bolaro stationre jyakaru bhabare kaama karithile . tankara parabarti ebong samalochakamananka dwara prashansita pratham upenyas, "haapi bhyali" adaminabire karjya karuthiba samai ebong saharare shay janithiba lokanka dwara anupranita hoithila. ehaa ehaa astrelian society off literaturer swarna padaka jitithila. uttara skifieldre goldrush ebong skiing . 1859 masihare nikatasta kiandra thaare suna abishkara ebong 1861 masiha belaku ehi jillare manoranjan skiingra prabartana dwara saharar bhagya prabhabita hoithila, jetebele skandineviaara suna anusandhanakareemane semananka butare baada post bandhithiba ebong khanan paain atyadhika baraphare jalithiba eka prakrutika drushyara barafbandh pahad talaku khasijaithiba paain janashuna . baraphabruta parbata yojana shesh heba parey shesh sthajee basinda tounship chhadiba purbaru, praiah eka shatabdi dhari, kiandra astreliaara sarbocha tounship ebong skijaramananka paain eka bases thila . 1978 masihare kijandranka ski subidha sthajee bhabe "pahad uparaku" selwin snofieldku sthanantarita hoithila ebong adaminabi nyu south welsra uttara skiffield paain mukhya seba kendra hoi rahichhi-jaahaa biswara manoranjan skiing paain sabutharu puruna anchala madhyaru anyatama . prarambhika charamane adaminabi upare thiba uccha gramanchalara marubhumiku grishma charanbhumi bhabare byabahara karuthile . 1906 masihare ehi anchalaku eka jatiah abhijana bhabe alga curry rakhajaithila ebong parey ehaa kosiusko jatiah udyanare parinata hoithila. aaji ehi anchala ehara aitihasika jhupadi ebong parbata jagangala jangala anchala sameth ananya marubhumi anchalaku prabesha paain prasidha . baraphabruta parbata yojana. moola saharar sthanantara. saharar itihasare sabutharu gurutwapurna ghatana, baraphabruta parbata jalabidyuta yojanara sudanga ebong dammer bishala netawarka nirmana sahita asithila, jaahaa 1949 ray adaminabire arambha hoithila. sidney bandar naaa guna ayatan eka hrada sheshare upatyakare plabita hoithila jeunthire moola tounsite padithila . deerghakaleena marudi jogun 2007 masiha april maasare puruna saharar bhagnabaseshagudika puni thare srusti heba arambha hoithila, jaahaa biswa ganamadhyamara drusti akarshana karithila-ebong epariki pouranika sahara atlantis sahita tulana madhya karithila. adaminabira sthanantarana kahani 1958 ray tushar parbata kartrupakhya chalachitra unit dwara nirmita chalachitrara bishai thila, jahara shirshaka thila "operation adaminabi" (clips dekhiba paain ethaare click karantu) . ehaa 2001 masihare aitihasika jenin bekaranka dwara likhita eka documentaryra bishajabastu thila, jahara shirshaka thila "ammer budijaithiba sahara", jaahaa ess. bii. ess. telivijanare pradarshita hoithila. samagra ghara, ebong epariki banijyika byanka buildingku trakra pachapate paribahana karajaithila ebong nutan tounsite ray 100 ru adhika attalika punah nirmana karajaithila . puruna adaminabiru nooa aadaminabiku (maatra chhaa mile durata) pratham gharaku paribahana karibaku chhaa deane lagila. aaji puruna adaminabire nabanirmita hrada koolaru sthanantarita hoinathiba mustimeya kotha charipakhare eka parjyatan gramm nirmana karajaichi . baraf yojana nirmana samajare barttamanara saharati eka nirmana kendra bhabare karjya karithila . mukhya rastatire thiba attalikara swatantra 1950 dashkar sthapatya, sehi samaira mulya ebong injinijaring abashyakata dwara paribhashita, victoriara tallangattara mukhya rasta sahita samaana, jaahaa praiah samaana samajare ebong samaana uddeshyare punahnirmana karajaithila . saharare eka baraf parbata yojana sangrahalaja nirmana karibara yojana rahichhi. adaminabi aaji eka bhal aadhara, jeuntharu nikatabartee hrada yukumben, tantangara dyam, tumut 2 pawara station ebong astreliaara sarbocha sahara kabramura sameth tushar yojanara bibhinna diga dekhibaku milithae. september 2007 ray, adaminabi nutan sahara saitaku sthanantara hebara 50 tama barshiki swekruti delah . smarana ebong utsabara saptahanta sthanantara dwara hoithiba sharirika ebong aabegika aghataku swekruti deithila . parjyatan bikash. tushar parbata yojana sampurna heba parey jillara arthika zeeban ayara pramukh utsa bhabare krushi ebong parjyatanaku nei sthira hoithila . adaminabi nikatare yukumbin hrada charipakhare aneka parjyatan gramm ebong camping ground pratistha karajaichi, jeunthire machadharalinka pahanchiba ebong probhidensa portal antarbhukta . puruna adaminabi yukumben hradara puruna tounship sthana upare eka parjyatan gramm bhabare bikashita hoichhi, ebong tounshipra mustimeya moola attalika bajaiah rakhichhi . snogus hotel ebong baraf parbata motel skier ebong matsyajeebeemananka paain dirgha deane dhari abas pradanakari hoiparithila, jetebele kii farmstay researt ebong hrada parswa kuteera ebong caraban park adaminabi akhpakhar prakrutika paribeshara laabh uthaiba paain bikashita karajaichi . eka boling club ebong samprukta galph course ebong sarbajaneena suiming pool madhya sthaniah ebong parjyatakamananku seba pradan kare . kosiusko jatiah udyanara bikash adaminabi upare uccha deshare krushi karjyakalapa ebong bikashaku seemita karithila, kintu banyajantunka surakhya ebong parjyatakanka ananda paain bruhata marubhumi anchalaku sanrakhita karithila . aitihasika kiandra abanati ebong selwin snofielder bikash eka ski-bhada ebong abas kendra bhabare adaminabi paain eka sthana nischita karithila . astrelia agragami itihasara abashesh adaminabi uccha contry jillare dekhibaku milithae-jeunthire aneka parbatyanchala jhupadi ebong kiandra bhuta tounship antarbhukta-prathame jatiah udyan ebong banyajantu seba dwara abahelita kintu ati nikatare byapaka punaruddhara ebong aitihya karjyara bishai . budd troutra ghara. ehi sahara eka lokpriya aadhara, jeuntharu yukumbin hrada ebong ehara akhpakh nadeegudikare maacha dhariba paain ebong saharar kendrare eka budd trout bhaskarjya rahichhi, jaahaa uchchare rahichhi. sadharanatah bigg trout bhabare janashuna, ehaa astreliaara sarbaprathama budd jinish madhyaru gotie thila ebong meey 2006 ray, yukumben chember off commerce hrada eka bipanan ebong promotional 'brand' bhabare parjyataka aakarshanaku grahan karithila . bigg trout" andi lomanisinka dwara nirmita hoithila ebong januari 2007 ray purbatana tushar nadee shair parisadara panthire jibanta charma dwara punaruddhara ebong punah ranga karajaithila . snoi skim sangrahalaja. adaminabire abasthita tushar yojana sangrahalaja baraf parbata jalabidyuta yojanara nirmana ebong ehi jojanare zeeban kipari thila tahar kahani barnana kare . ehi sangrahare yojana nirmana paain byabahruta messin ebong samagrira gurutwapurna udaharana rahichhi. pradarsaneegudika tushar shramikamananka kahani ebong astrelia upare semanankara prabhaba, bisesh curry adhunika astreliaara sthanantarana karjyakram upare dhyana deithae. sangrahalaja sangrahaku utsaheemananka dwara dasha barshar abadhi madhyare sangraha karajaithila ebong sangrahalajaku 17 october 2011 ray gabharnara general quentin brice dwara sarbasadharananka paain aanusthanika bhabare kholajaithila. gabharnara general brice upasthita thiba lokanku kahithileh "ehaa astreliaara itihasara ehi shaktishali upadanaku eka sangrahalajare aanuchi, jaahaa dwara lokamane aasi barfar itihas shikhiparibe, jaahaa pidhi pidhi parjyanta sthanantarita heba. jalabaju. barsha. panipaga bibhaga adaminabi paain kaunasi pratinidhitwakaree tapmatra tathya pradan kare naahin; kintu, soubhagyabashatah, brustipata record milithae . ehi recordgudika (1886 masiharu, adaminabi alpine parjyatan udyanaru niajaithiba) dekhanti je basanta ruture brustipata sarbadhika hoithae ebong sharat ruture hrass paithae, jeunthire nikatabartee coma tulanare sheeta ruture ardrata adhika ebong brustipata dhancha adhika samaana rahithae. adaminabira mote brustipata ebong dhancha yass sahita sarbadhika samaana .

adaminibi adaminabi barfile pahadan dey uttar-pachham witch kooma, nioo south wells, australia dey nede barfile monaro khetri consul witch ikk chhota jiha shehar haii. 301 lokan daa itihasak shehar, samunder tall toon uppar sathit ikk trout machhi fadan daa kendra atey sardiaan deeaan khedan daa sathaan haii. aarthik jeevan sair-spata atey khetibadi dey duaale banaiaa giaa haii-ih shehar selvin baraf dey khetran atey uttri skifieldan laee ikk seva bindu vajon kamm karda haii. ih ghode swaran, bushwakaran, fly-fisherman atey water sports dey shaukinan laee ikk prasidh manzil haii atey naal hii barfile pahadan dee yojna dey pahiluaan noon vekhan laee ikk adhaar haii. adaminabi australia dey sabh toon ucche shahiran vicchon ikk haii, jitthe sardiaan dauran niyamat taur utte barafbari hundi haii joe kadey-kadey bhaari hundi haii. itihasak bolaro station atey sunder yaak ghaati township atey charley mcenny dey nede sathit haii, jiss noon "barfili nadee dey aadmi" laee prerna kiha jaanda haii, benjo patterson dee ikk kavita, zilhe witch rahindi see atey marr gaee. baad witch, nobal jetu lekhak patrick white neey shehar baare likhiaa. nede dee jheel yukumben dey nirman neey 1957 witch (purani) adaminabi dee asal township noon mudd labbhna zaruri bnaa ditta. soke dey samein, purani ghaati dee asal township atey avshesh jheel dey panian dey hethan toon dubara ubbharde hunn. maujuda township barfile pahadan dey rajmarg utte sathit haii atey iss noon "vadde trout daa gharr" atey barfile yojna ajaib gharr dey sathaan vajon janhiaa jaanda haii. itihaas. mool itihaas. barfile pahadan vaala khetar kaee hazaran saalan toon adaminabi atey aale duaale dey zilhiaan dey pahile rashter dey lokan laee ikk mahattavpuran ikkath daa bindu see, jiss witch ucche desh witch intertrable garmiaan deeaan meetingan keetiaan jaa rahiaan sunn jiss witch ikk hazaar lock bogong keeda khaann laee shamal sunn. ih abhiaas lagbhag 1865 takk jaari riha. stockman, sone dee khudai curran vaale, kavee atey skier. khetibadi neey ikk township dey roop witch adaminabi dey shuruati vikas noon janam ditta atey kiendra goldersh atey uttri barfile pahadan witch skiing dey baad dey itihaas neey aarthik vikas dey navein mauke kholhe. kaee prasidh australiaai lekhakan noon adaminabi zilhe witch prerna millie haii. barfili nadee daa aadmi. european 1820 dey dahake dey akheer toon zilhe witch dakhal hoye atey edaminibi neey pahili vaar 1830 dey dahake toon ikk khetibadi kendra vajon vikast honaa shuru keeta, jiss witch bhedan atey pashu ikk aarthik mukkh adhaar bann gaye. kujh itihaskaran daa mannana haii kii benjo patterson dee sabh toon mashur kavita, "barfili nadee daa aadmi", ikk adminaby stockman, charley mcney dey karnamiaan toon prerit hoow sakadi haii. mackini dee 1895 witch ikk swari hadse witch maut hoow gaee see atey hunn uss noon yukumben jheel dey kinare purane adminaby kabarstan witch dafnaiaa giaa haii. patterson daa charittar, barfili nadee daa aadmi, sambhavat taur 'teey ikk sanyukat charittar haii, joe kii adminabi zilhe witch keete gaye barambi shikar witch shamal vakkh-vakkh lokan' teey adharat haii. patterson adminabi witch prerna prapat curran vaala iklauta australiaai lekhak naheen see-kavee barcroft boek neey mackini dee "aana dha rainz" witch swari baare vee likhiaa, jiss witch mackini ikk changi nasal dey ghode daa pichha kardi haii joe jangli ghodiaan dee ikk bhaddi bheed naal bach nikliaa see; jadon kii nobal puraskar jetu lekhak patrick white neey 1930 dey dahake witch adminaby dey bolaro station 'teey ikk jaccro vajon kamm keeta see. uss daa agla atey aalochnatmak taur utte parshansa prapat pahila nawal, "heppy valley", uss dey adaminibi witch kamm curran dey samein atey shehar witch unhan dey jaane-pachane lokan toon prerit see. iss neey 1941 witch australia dee saahit suciety daa sone daa tagma jittiaa. uttri skifieldan witch goldersh atey skiing. shehar dee kismat 1859 witch nedley kiendra vikhe sone dee khoj atey 1861 dey aas paas zilhe witch manoranjak skiing dee shuruat toon prabhavit hoee see, jadon scandinavian sone dey sanvedak aapne bootan utte vaad deeaan chaukiaan bnnh keey baraf naal laggiaan pahadiaan toon hethan khisak gaye sunn. barfile pahadan dee yojna dey mukammal honn toon baad aakhri sathayi vasnikan dey township chaddan toon pahilan, lagbhag ikk sadee takk, kiandra australia dee sabh toon ucchi township atey skiers laee ikk adhaar riha. kiendra deeaan skii sahulatan noon 1978 witch "pahadi utte" pakke taur utte selvin baraf dey maidanan witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa see atey adaminibi nioo south wells dey uttri skifieldan laee mukkh seva kendra baniaa hoiaa haii-joe dunia witch manoranjak skiing laee sabh toon purane khetran vicchon ikk haii. mudhle charaun vaale adaminabi dey uppar ucche desh dey ujaad noon garmiaan dee charagah vajon varatade sunn. iss khetar noon 1906 witch ikk rashtari pichha vajon alagg rakkhiaa giaa see atey baad witch cosciasco rashtari park bann giaa. ajj ih khetar aapniaan itihasak jhaunpdiaan atey mount jagangal jangli khetar samet vilakkhan jangli khetran takk pahunch laee prasidh haii. barfile pahadan dee yojna. mool township daa tabadala. shehar dey itihaas witch sabh toon mahattavpuran ghatna, barfile pahadan dee pann-bijli yojna dey surangan atey bnnh dey vishal network dey nirman dey naal aaee, joe 1949 witch adminabi vikhe shuru hoee see. sidney bandargah dee matra naalon naun gunna ikk jheel neey aakharkar uss ghaati noon bharr ditta jiss witch asal tounsite piaa see. ikk lambe soke neey aprail 2007 witch purani township dey khandran noon mudd ubhariaa, jiss neey vishav media daa dhiaan khichiaa-atey ithon takk kii atlantis dey mithihasak shehar naal tulna vee keeti. adminaby dey tabadale dee kahani 1958 witch barfile pahadan dee atharty film unit duaara nirmit film daa visha see, jisda sirlekh "appression adminaby" see (clippan noon vekhan laee itthe click crow). ih itihaskar jaineen bekar duaara 2001 witch banayi gaee ikk dastavezi film daa visha vee see, jiss daa sirlekh see "saada dubiaa hoiaa shehar", joe aiss. bee. aiss. television utte pradarshit keeta giaa see. poore gharan atey ithon takk kii vaparak baink dee imaarat noon truckan dey pichle hisse witch lijaiaa giaa see atey navein tounsite witch 100 toon vaddh imaratan noon dubara banaiaa giaa see. purane adminaby toon navein adminaby (siraf chhe meal dee doori) takk pahile gharr dee aavajai witch chhe dinn lagge. ajj mutthi bharr imaratan dey duaale ikk sair-spata pind banaiaa giaa haii joe purane adminabi witch navein banaae gaye jheel dey kinare toon tabdil naheen keete gaye sunn. maujuda shehar neey barfili yojna dey nirman dauran ikk nirman kendra vajon kamm keeta. mukkh glee witch imaratan dee vilakkhan 1950 dey dahake dee architecture, uss samein dee laagat atey engineering deeaan zaruratan duaara paribhashit keeti gaee, talangatta, victoria dee mukkh glee dey samaan haii, jiss noon use samein atey isey tarahan dey udeshan laee dubara banaiaa giaa see. shehar witch ikk barfile pahadan dee yojna daa ajaib gharr banaun dee yojna haii. adaminibi ajj ikk changa adhaar haii jithon barfili yojna dey vakkh-vakkh pahiluaan noon dekhiaa jaa sakda haii, jiss witch nedley jheel yukumben, tantangara daim, tumut 2 pawar station atey australia daa sabh toon uccha shehar kaibramura shamal hunn. satambar 2007 witch, adaminibi neey navein shehar dee site witch jaanh dee 50 veen varehgandh noon maanta ditti. yadgari atey jashan dey hafte dey ant witch, sathanantar duaara keete gaye sarirak atey bhavnatmak sadme noon maanta ditti gaee. sair-spaate daa vikas. barfile pahadan dee yojna dey mukammal honn naal zilhe daa aarthik jeevan khetibadi atey sair-spaate noon aamdan dey pramukh sarotan vajon vekhda haii. adaminabi dey nede yukumben jheel dey aale-duaale kaee sailani pind atey camping graoond sathapat keete gaye hunn, jinhan witch machhere pahunch atey providence portal shamal hunn. purani adaminabi jheel yukumben vikhe purani township dey sathaan dey uppar ikk sailani pind dey roop witch vikast hoee haii, atey township deeaan mutthi bharr mool imaratan noon barkarar rakkhdi haii. snogooz hotel atey barfile pahadan vaala motal lambe samein toon skiaran atey machheriaan laee rihaish pardan curran vaala bann giaa haii, jadon kii farmstay resort atey lexide cottage atey karvan park adminabi dey aale duaale dey kudrati vatavaran daa laabh lainn laee vikast keete gaye hunn. ikk gendbazi club atey sambandhit golf course atey jantak swimming pool vee sathanak lokan atey sailaniaan dee seva karde hunn. cosciosco national park dey vikas neey khetibadi gatividhiaan atey vikas noon seemat qarr ditta atey adaminabi toon uppar ucche desh witch vikas keeta, parr jangli jeevan dee surakhiaa atey sailaniaan dey anand laee vadde jangli khetran noon surakhiat rakkhiaa. itihasak kiendra dey patan atey selvin baraf dey khetran dey vikas neey ikk skii-kiraae atey rihaish kendra dey roop witch adminaby laee ikk jagha yakini banayi. australia dey pioneer itihaas dey avshesh poore adminabi ucche desh zilhe witch paae jaa sakde hunn-jiss witch kaee pahadi jhaunpdiaan atey kiandra dee bhoot township shamal haii-shuru witch rashtari parkan atey jangli jeevan seva duaara nazarandaz keeta giaa see parr haal hii witch viaapak bahali atey virasat dey kamm daa visha haii. vadde trout daa gharr. ih shehar ikk prasidh adhaar haii jithon yukumben jheel atey aale duaale deeaan nadiaan utte machhi fadan laee atey shehar dey kendra witch ikk trout dee ikk vaddi murti haii, joe ucchi khadhi haii. aam taur utte vadde trout vajon janhiaa jaanda haii, ih australia deeaan sabh toon vaddiaan cheezan vicchon ikk see atey maee 2006 witch, lake yukumben chamber aaf commerce neey sailaniaan dey aakarshan noon ikk marketing atey prachar 'brand' vajon apnaiaa. vadde trout" noon aindi lomnisi duaara banaiaa giaa see atey janwari 2007 witch sabka barfili nadee shire consul dey fandan naal jinda chamdi duaara bahaal atey dubara pent keeta giaa see. barfili yojna ajaib gharr. adaminabi vikhe sathit barfili yojna ajaib gharr barfile pahadan dee pann-bijli yojna dey nirman dee kahani dassda haii atey iss yojna utte jeevan kiho jiha see. iss sangrah witch yojna banaun laee vartiaan jaanh valiaan machines atey samaggariaan deeaan mahattavpuran udaharnan shamal hunn. pradarshaniaan barfile mazdooran deeaan kahaniaan atey australia utte unhan dey prabhav, khaas karke aadhunik australia dey parvas program utte kendrat hunn. ajaib gharr daa sangrah 10 saalan dey samein dauran shaukinan duaara ikkatha keeta giaa see atey ajaib gharr noon governor general kwantin bryce duaara 17 aktubar 2011 noon adhikarat taur 'teey janata laee kholhiaa giaa see. governor general bryce neey hazri vaale lokan noon dassiaao "ih australia dey itihaas dey iss shaktishali hisse noon ikk ajaib gharr witch liaa riha haii, taan joe lock aaa sakann atey barfile itihaas noon sikkh sakann, taan joe iss noon peedhiaan takk pahunchiaa jaa sake. jalvayu. meenh pae riha haii. mausam vigiaan daa beoro adaminabi laee kise vee pratinidh tapman dey ankadiaan dee mezbani naheen karda haii; parr, khushkismat taur 'teey, varkha dey ricard milde hunn. ih ricard (1886 toon, edaminibi alpine tourist park toon lae gaye) basant rutt witch varkha dey sikhar noon darsaunde hunn atey patjhad witch dubde hunn, sardiaan dee namee atey nedley kooma naalon vadhere iksaar varkha dey pattern dey naal. adaminabi dee kull varkha atey pattern yaas dey samaan haii.

adaminabi edaminabi, australia-deshasya nyoo-sauth-wells-nagarasya koomaa-nagarasya vaayavyadishi himaparvatanam sameepe, himayukta-monaaro-praadeshika-parishade, ekam laghunagaram asti. 301 jananam aitihaasikam nagaram, samudratalasya oordhvabhaage sthitam trout-matsyabandhanakendrm, sheetakaalasy creedaa-gantavyasthaanam cha asti. paryatanasy krusheh cha paritah aarthikajeevanam nirmitam asti-etat nagaram selvin-himakshetranam, uttar-schefield-kshetraanaam cha sevaa-kendraroopen karyam karoti. ashwaarohinah, bush-walkers, flai-fisherman, jalakrida-utsaahibhyah cha etat lokapriyam gantavyam asti, tathaiva himaparvata-yojanaa-pakshan drashtum adharaha asti. edaminabi australia-deshasya sarvocchanagareshu anyatam asti, yatra niyamitam himapaatah bhavati, yah shishirakaale kadaa kadaa prabalah bhavati. aitihaasikam bolaaro-sthanakam, ramaneeyam yaak-upatyakaa cha janapadasy sameepe asti, tathaa cha charley mccany, yaa "himanadyaah manujah" iti baanjo patersonsya kavitaayaah preraka iti kathyate, saa mandale nivasati, mrutaa cha. pashchat nobel-puraskaar-vijetaa lekhikaa petrick vait ityeshaa asya nagarasya vishaye alikhat. samipasthasya yookumben-sarovarasya nirmanena 1957 tame varshe (puraatanam) adaminabi-nagarasya mulanagarasya punah sthaanam daatum aavashyakam jaatam. anaavrushteh samaye, prachina-upatyakayaha mool-nagaram, avasheshaah cha sarovarasya jalasya adhah punah udabhave. vartamaanam nagaram himaparvata-rajamarge sthitam asti, "bigg-trout-ityasya gruham" iti namna, hima-yojanaa-sangrahaalayasy sthaanam cha iti namna prasidham asti. itihaasah. adima-itihaasah. himaparwatapradeshah sahasrashah varshaani yaavat prathamaraashtrasy aadaaminaabi-pradeshasya tathaa tasya paritah janapadam jananam krute mahattvapoornam samaagamanakendram aasit, ucchadeshe antarjanajatiyanam greeshmakaaleen-sabhaasu bogang-patangasya bhojartham sahasraparyantam janaah sammilitaah aasan. eshaa prathaa praayah 1865 tamavarshaparyantam anwawartat. stoke-myaan, swarna-khodakaah, kavayah, skier cha. krushyaa adaminabi-nagarasya nagar-rupena praarambhikavikaasah abhavat, kiandra goldrush-ityasya cha parinaamatah uttar-himaparvateshu skeeying-ityasya itihaasah aarthikavikaasasya nootanaani avasaraani udghaatayat. australia-deshasya aneke prasidhaah lekhakaah edaminabi-mandale preritaah santi. himanadeeh purushah. 1820 tamasya varshasya uttarardhat eva europeeyaah mandale pravesham krutavantah, tathaa cha 1830 tame dashake prathamavaaram edaminabi-kshetram krushi-kendraroopen vikasitum aarabdham, yatra mesha-pashavah aarthik-mukhya-adharaha abhavan. kechan itihaasadnyaah manyante yat benjo patersonsya "da myaan frum snovy river" iti prasidhatamam kaavyam, edaminabi stockman charley mccany ityasya kaaranaabhih preritam syaat iti. 1895 tame varshe mekkenyaah savaaree-durghatanaa abhavat, adhunaa yookumben-sarovarasya tate puraatane edaminabi-shmashaane samadhistha. patersonsya paatram, himanadyaah purushah, praayah samyuktapaatram asti, yat edaminabi-mandale aayojiteshu brumby-shikaareshu samlagnaah vividhaah janaah aadhrutya asti. paterson edaminabi-nagare preranam praapnuh ekamaatrah australian-lekhakah naseet-kavihi barcroft bok ityeshah "aan da renj" ityasmin mccany ityasya yatrayaha vishaye api alikhat, yasmin mccany, vanya-ashvanam brumby-janasamuhena saha palaayanam krutasya su-jaatim ashvasya anudhaavanam akarot; nobel-puraskaaravijetruh lekhakah petrick vait ityeshah 1930 tame dashake edaminabi-nagarasya bolaaro-sthaanake jakaru-rupena karyam krutavaan. tasya anantaram vimarshakaih prashamsitaa cha prathamaa upanyaasah "hyaapee vailee" iteedam, tasya samayaat, aadaaminaabi-nagare kaaryam akarot, tathaa cha nagare tasya parichitaih janaihi cha preritaa aasit. 1941 tame varshe australia-deshasya saahitya-sanghasya shvetavarneeyam swarnapadakam praaptam. uttar-schefields madhye goldrush tathaa skeeying cha. 1859 tame varshe samipasthasya kiandraaraajye suvarnasya aawishkaaren, tadanantaram 1861 tame varshe mandale manoranjana-skeeying ityasya praavartanen cha nagarasya bhaagyam prabhaavitam abhavat, yadaa scandinavian-swarna-anweshakah swa-padapanam krute veshtita-veshtanam krutvaa, khananartham ati-ghanibhutanam bhoodrushyasya hima-baddha-parvatanam adhah patan iti khyataha santi. praayah ekashatabdyabhyantare, kiandra australia-deshasya sarvochcham nagaram, skee-udyoktru-krute aadharam cha aasit, tasya poorvam tu, himaparvata-yojanaa samaapteh anantaram antimah sthayinivasinaha nagaram nishkaasayan. kiandrar skee-suvidhaah 1978 tame varshe "parvatasya upari" sthayirupena selvin-himakshetraani prati sthaanaantaritaah, tathaa cha edaminabi nyoo-sauth-wells-nagarasya uttar-schefield-krute mukhya-sevaa-kendram asti-yat vishvasya manoranjanaatmak-skeeying-krute prachinatameshu kshetreshu anyatam asti. praarambhik-charavastooni aadaaminaabi ityasya upari uccha-desha-aranyam greeshmakaaleen-chaaranabhoomih iti upayujyante sma. 1906 tame varshe ayam pradesha rashtriya-chess-rupena pruthak sthaapitah, anantaram kossiyusko-rashtriya-udyaanam abhavat. adyatve ayam pradesha aitihaasika-kutilaanaam krute, parvata-jaagangal-vanyakshetram ityadinam vishishta-vanyakshetraanaam cha krute prasidhah asti. himaparvata-yojanaa. mulanagarasya sthaanaantaranam. nagarasya itihaase sarvaadhikam mahattvapoornam prakaranam, 1949 tame varshe edaminabi-nagare aarabhy, himaparvatanam jala-vidyut-yojanaa ityasya vishaalasya suramganam, jalabandhanam cha jaalasy nirmaanam abhavat, sidney-naukaashayasya parimanasya navagunitam sarovaram antatah upatyakayam jalaplaavitam abhavat yasmin mulanagarasthanam aasit. dirghakalam yaavat anaavrushteh karanat 2007 april-maase puraatan-nagarasya bhagnaavasheshaah punah udbhootum aarabhant, yena vaishvika-madhyamanam avadhaanam praaptam-tathaa cha pauraanika-nagaren atlantis ityanena saha tulanam api. edaminabi ityasya sthanantaranasya kathaa 1958 tame varshe himaparvata-praadhikaran-chalacchitra-vibhagena nirmitasya chalacchitrasya vishayam aasit, yasya sheershakam "aapareshan edaminabi" (clips-iteedam drashtum) iti aasit. 2001 tame varshe itihaasajnasya jeenin becker ityasya "avar doubned town" iti shirshakena nirmitasya vruttachitrasya api ayam vishayah aasit, yat ess. bii. ess. dooradarshanasy prasaarane pradarshitam. sampoornaani gruhaani, vaanijya-byaank-bhavanam api trakku-yananam prushtabhaage parivahanam krutam, nootane nagare 100 taha adhikaah bhavanaani punah nirmitaani. prachinat edaminabi-taha nootanam edaminabi-paryantam (kevalam shut mail-dooram) prathamagruhasya parivahanam shanmasan avahat. adyatve, puraatan-aadaminabi-nagarasya navanirmitaat sarovar-tate naa sthityikrutanam mushti-bhavananam paritah paryatanagraamah nirmitah asti. vartamaanam nagaram hima-yojanaa-nirmanakale nirmaana-kendraroopen karyam krutavaan. 1950 tame dashake mukhya-margasya bhavananam vishishta-vastukala, tatkaaleen-vyaya-abhiyaantriki-aavashyakataayah cha aadhaaren paribhaashitam, victoria-nagarasya tallangattaa-nagarasya mukhya-margasya sadrushee asti, yasya punarnirmanam praayah tasmin eva samaye, samaan-prayojanartham cha krutam aasit. asmin nagare himaparvata-yojanaa-sangrahaalayasy nirmanam kartum yojanaa asti. adhunaa edaminabi ekaha uttamah adharaha asti yasmaat sameepe yookumben-sarovarah, tantangara-jalabandha, tumat-2 vidyut-kendram, australia-deshasya sarvochcham nagaram kabramura ityadini hima-yojanaa-vividha-pakshan drashtum shakyate. 2007 september-maase, edaminabi-samsthaa nootananagarasthale tasya sthanantarasya 50 tamam varsham ankayat. smaranasya utsavasya cha saptahantaha, sthanantaranena udbhootasy sharirikam bhaavanaatmakam cha aghatam pratyabhidnyaat. paryatanasy vikaasah. himaparvata-yojanaa samapya asya mandalasya aarthikajeevanam krushim paryatanam cha ayasya pramukhasrotaam rupena sthaatum drushtam. edaminabi-nagarasya sameepe yookumben-sarovarasya paritah anekaani paryatanagraamaani, shibirasthalaani cha sthaapitaah santi, yeshu matsyapaalakaah preshana-dwaaram cha santi. yookumben-sarovarasya puraatanak-nagarasya sthanasya upari puraatanak-adaminabi-nagaram paryatanagraamaroopen vikasitam asti, tathaa cha nagarasya mool-bhavanaani cha alpaani eva rakshitaani santi. snogus-hotel, himaparvata-motel cha prashasanam prati aagantum gacchantah skier-matsyapalakanam cha dirghakalam yaavat aawaas-pradaateh abhavan, tathaa cha adaminabi-parisarasya praakrutika-vaataavaranasya labhartham farmste-resorts, lexsad-cottage, caravan-paark ityetaani cha vikasitaani santi. ekaha bauling club, tatsambaddhah golf-kors, saarwajanik-swimming-pool cha sthaniyanam paryatakanam cha sevaam karoti. kossiyusko-rashtriyanikunjasya vikasena adaminabi-nagarasya upari ucchadeshe krushi-karyani vikaasah cha seemitah abhavat, parantu vanyajeevaanaam rakshanarthm, paryatakanam anandartham cha vishaalaani vanyakshetraani samrakshitaani. aitihaasikasya kiandraayaah patanam, selvin-himakshetranam vikaasah cha skee-bhaade, aawaasakendraroopen cha edaminabi-krute sthaanam sunishchitam krutavaan. australia-deshasya agragaami-itihasasya avasheshaah sampoorne edaminabi-uccha-graamyamandale drushyante-yatra anekaani parvata-kuteeraah, kiandra-nagarasya bhuta-janapadah cha santi-ye praarambhe rashtriya-udyaanaihi vanyajeeva-sevaya cha upekshitaani aasan, parantu sadyah eva vistruta-punarsthaapanasy, virasata-karyasya cha vishayah aasit. bruhad-trout ityasya gruham. idam nagaram lokapriyam aadharam asti, yasmaat yookumben-sarovarasya, paritah cha nadyah matsyam graheetum shakyate, nagarakendre ucchasthaayaah trout-matsyasya vishaalam shilpam asti. samanyataha bigg-trout iti namna prasidhah, australia-deshasya bruhattameshu vastoonaam madhye praarambhikeshu vastushu anyatamah aasit, mey 2006 tame varshe, yookumben-sarovarasya vaanijya-prakoshtah, paryatan-aakarshanam vipananaroopen, prachaar-'brand' rupena cha sveekrutavaan. bigg trout" iteedam andie lomnisi ityanena nirmitam aasit, tathaa cha 2007 janavaree-maase poorvasya himanadi-shair-parishadasya vittena jeevantaih charmaihi punah nirmitam punah varnitam cha krutam. snoyee scheme sangrahaalayah. edaminabi-nagare sthite hima-yojanaa-sangrahaalayah hima-parvatanam jala-vidyuta-yojanaa-nirmanasya kathaa kathayati, yojanayaha jeevanam katham aasit iti cha kathayati. sangrahasya yojanayaha nirmanartham prayuktaanaam yantranam samagrinam cha mahattvapoornaani udaaharanaani santi. pradarshaneshu hima-shramikanam kathaah, australia-deshe teshaam prabhaawah, visheshatah aadhunik-australia-deshasya pravaasa-kaaryakrame, kendreekrutah asti. sangrahaalayasy sangrahah dashavarshebhyah utsaahibhih sangruhitah aasit, tathaa cha sangrahaalayah aadhikaarikaroopen governor-general queentin-brais ityanena 17 october 2011 dinaanke janaanaam krute udghaatitah aasit. upasthitan governor-general-brais avadat yat "etat australia-deshasya itihasasya etat shaktishaalee ghatakm sangrahaalayam prati aanayati, yena janaah aagaty himasya itihaasam dnyaatum shaknuvanti, yena tatt peedeem yaavat prasarati. vaayugunah. varshati. havaamaanashaastr-vibhaagah edaminabi ityasya krute kimapi pratinidhi-taapamaanam dattaamsham naa sthaapayati; parantu, saubhaagyena, varshaayaah abhilekhaah praaptaah santi. etaani abhilekhaah (1886 tamaat varshaat, edaminabi-alpain-paryatan-udyaanam ityatah gruheetaani) vasantakaale varshaa uttamata, sharadrutau cha nikshepanam, samipasthasya koomaa ityasya apekshayaa shitakale ardrata, varshaa-kramah cha adhikah samaanah iti darshayanti. edaminabi ityasya varshaayaah kulam swaroopam cha yaas ityasya varshaa-prakarasya samaanam asti.

adaminabi adaminabi enbathu australiavin neu savuth wales, koomaavin vadamaerkil panii malaikalukku arugilulla oru siriya nagaramaagum, idhu panii moonaro piraanthiya councilil ullathu. 301 paer konda inththa varalaattruch sirappumikka nagaram, kadal mattaththilirunthu maelae amainthulla oru trowt meenpidi maiyam mattrum kulirkaala vilayaattu idamaagum. porulaathaara vaazhkkai suttrulaa mattrum vivasaayaththaich suttri kattappattullathu-inththa nagaram selvin panippozhivugal mattrum vadakku skyfieldgalukku oru saevai maiyamaaga seyalpadugirathu. kudhirai sawari seibavargal, bush vaagargal, fly-fisherman mattrum neer vilayaattu aarvalargalukku idhu oru pirabalamaana idamaagum, maelum panii malaith thittaththin amsangkalaip paarppatharkaana thalamaagavum ullathu. australiavin miga uyaramaana nagarangalil ontraana adaminabi, kulirkaalaththil avvappoathu kanamaana panippozhivugaludan ullathu. varalaattruch sirappumikka polaro nilaiyam mattrum azhagiya yaak pallatthaakku nagaraththirku arugil amainthullana, maelum panii aattrin manithar endra banjo patterson kavithaikku uthvaegam alippathaagak koorappadum chaarli mccainey, maavattaththil vaalnththu iranthaar. pinnar, noapal parisu pettra ezhuththaalar paetrik oyit inththa nagaraththaip pattri ezhuthinaar. arugilulla youkumbeen aeri kattumanam 1957 aam aandil (pazhaiya) adaminaabiyin asal nagarai meendum kandupidippadhu avasiyamaagiyathu. varatchi kaalangalil, pazhaiya pallaththaakkin asal nagaramum ninaivuchchinnangalum aeriyin neerin adiyilirunthu meendum velippattana. tharpoothaiya nagariyam panii malai nedunjaalaiyil amainthullathu mattrum idhu "periya travutin veedu" endrum panii thitta arungaatchiyagaththin iruppidam endrum azhaikkappadukirathu. varalaaru. pazhangudi varalaaru. panii malaip pakuthi pala aayirakkanakkaana aandugalaaka adiminabi mattrum suttriyulla maavattangkalin muthal thaesa makalukku oru mukkiyamaana kootta pulliyaaga irunththathu, palangkudiyinarukku idaiyilaana koadaik koottangal uyarnththa naattil nadaththappattana, idhil aayiram paer varai pangku konda poongaa andhuppoochchiyin meethu virunththu seithanar. inththa nadaimurai sumar 1865 varai thodarnthathu. pangkuchchanththaikal, thangath thoandubavargal, kavignargal mattrum panicharukku veerargal. vivasaayam adiminaabiyai oru nagaramaaga aarambagaala valarcchikku vazhivaguththathu mattrum giandra goldrush mattrum adhaith thodarnthu vadakku panii malaikalil panicharukku vilaiyaattin varalaaru porulaathaara valarcchikku puthiya vaaippugalaith thiranthathu. pala pugazhpettra australian ezhuththaalargal adaminabi maavattaththil uthvaegam pettrullanar. panii aattraich saerntha manithar. 1820kalin pirpaguthiyil irunthu iroappiyargal inththa maavattaththil ooduruvinar, 1830kazhil aadugal mattrum kaalnadaigal porulaathaaraththin mukiya aathaaramaaka maariyathaal, adiminabi muthanmuthalil oru vivasaaya maiyamaaga valarath thodangiyathu. banjo patterson migavum pirabalamaana kavithaiyaana "panii aattrin manithan", adaminabi stockman chaarli mccianyin seyalgalaal eerkkappattirukkalaam endru sila varalaattraasiriyarkal nambukiraargal. mcciani 1895 aam aandil oru sawari vibaththil iranthaar, ippoathu yougambean aeriyin karaiyil ulla pazhaiya adaminabi kallaraiyil adakkam seiyappattullaar. patterson kathaapaaththiram, panii aattraich saerntha manithar, perumpaalum oru kalappu kathaapaaththiramaagum, idhu adaminabi maavattaththil nadaththappattathaip poantra murattutthanamaana vaettaikalil eedupatta palvaeru nabarkalai adippadaiyaagak kondadhu. adaaminaabiyil uthvaegam pettra oray australian ezhuththaalar patterson alla-kavignar bargraft poak mccianyin "raenchil" sawari pattriyum ezhuthinaar, idhil mcciani oru nalla inak kuthiraiyaith thuraththukiraar, idhu oru murattutthanamaana kaattu kuthiraigalin kumbaludan thappiththathu; athae neraththil noapal parisu pettra ezhuththaalar paetrik oyit 1930 kazhil adaaminaabiyin polaro nilaiyaththil jaakkaroovaaga paniyaattrinaar. avarathu aduthaduththa mattrum vimarsana reethiyaaga paraattappatta muthal navalaana "happy vaeli", adaaminaabiyil avar paniyaattriya neraththaal mattrum nagaraththil avarukkuth therintha makkalaal eerkkappattathu. idhu 1941 aam aandu australian ilakkiya sangaththin thangap pathakkaththai ventrathu. vadakku skyfieldgalil goldrush mattrum panicharukku. 1859 aam aandil arugilulla giandraavil thangam kandupidikkappattathaalum, adhaith thodarnthu 1861 aam aandil maavattaththil pozhuthupoakku panicharukku arimugappaduththappattathal nagarin athirshtam paathikkappattathu, scandinavian thanga aaivaalargal thangal kaalanigalukku vaeli idugaigalai katti, panii moodiya malaikalil keezhae nazhuviyathaaga ariyappadugiraargal. panii malaikalin thittam mudinthathaith thodarnthu kadaisi niranthara kudiyiruppaalargal nagarai vittu veliyaeruvatharku munbu, sumar oru noottraandu kaalamaaga, giandra australiavin miga uyaramaana nagaramaagavum, skeeyargalukkaana thalamaagavum irunththathu. giandravin panicharukku vasathigal 1978 aam aandil "malai mael" nirantharamaaga selvin panicharukku kazhangalukku maattrappattana, maelum adaminabi puthiya savuth wales vadakku panicharukku kazhangalukkaana mukiya saevai maiyamaaga ullathu-idhu ulagin pozhuthupoakku panicharukku vilaiyaattukkaana palamaiyaana pakuthikalil ontraakum. aarambagaala maeippargal adaminaapikku maelae ulla uyarnththa naattu vanappaguthiyai koadai meichchal nilamaaga payanpaduththinar. inthap pakuthi 1906 aam aandil thaesiya thuraththalaaga odhukki vaikkappattathu, pinnar idhu koziusko thaesiyap poongkaavaaga maariyathu. intru ippaguthi adhan varalaattru kudisaigal mattrum malai jagungal vanappaguthi udpada thaniththuvamaana vanappaguthigalukkaana anugalukku peyar pettrathu. panii malaikal thittam. asal nagarai maattruthal. 1949 aam aandil adaaminaabiyil thodangiya panii malaikalin neermin thittaththin parantha surangangal mattrum anaikalin netvorkkaik kattiyathan moolam nagarin varalaattril miga mukkiyamaana aththiyayam vanthathu. sidney thuraimugaththin alavai vida onbathu madangku periya aeri iruthiyil pallaththaakkai vellaththil moozhkadiththathu. neendakaala varatchiyaal pazhaiya nagaraththin idipaadugal aepral 2007 ill meendum thoandrath thodangkina, idhu ulagalaaviya uudakangkalin kavanaththai eerththathu-maelum puraana nagaramaana adlandisudan oppidugirathu. adaminaabiyin idamaattraththin kadhai 1958 aam aandil panii malaikal athikaara thiraippadap privaal thayaarikkappatta thiraippataththin porulaaka irunththathu, idhu "aaparaeshan adaminabi" (kilipkalaip paarkka ingkae kilik seika) endra thalaippil irunththathu. idhu 2001 aam aandu varalaattraasiriyar jeanine backer ezhuthiya "engkal neeril moozhgiya nagaram" endra aavanappadaththin porulaagavum irunththathu, idhu ess. pii. ess tholaikaatchiyil thiraiyidappattathu. muzhu veedugalum, vaniga vangkik kattidamum kooda laarikalin pinpuraththil kondu sellappattana, maelum 100 kkum maerpatta kattidangal puthiya nagaraththil meendum kattappattana. pazhaiya adaaminaapiyilirunthu puthiya adaminabicu (verum aaru mile thooram) muthal veettai kondu sella aaru naatkal pidiththana. pazhaiya adimaanapiyil puthithaaga uruvaakkappatta aerik kadarkaraiyilirundhu maattrappadaatha oru sila kattidangalaich suttri intru oru suttrulaa gramam kattappattullathu. panii thittatthaik kattum poathu tharpoothaiya nagaram oru kattumaana maiyamaaga seyalpattathu. pirathaana theruvil ulla kattidangalin thaniththuvamaana 1950 kalin kattidakkalai, antha kaalaththin selavu mattrum poriiyal thevaikalaal varaiyarukkappadukirathu, idhu victoriavin thallangattaavin pirathaana theruvaip poantrathu, idhu athae neraththil athae poantra nokkangkalukkaaga marukattamaikkappattathu. inththa nagaraththil panii malai thitta arungaatchiyagam katta thittamidappattullathu. arugilulla aeri youkumbeen, tantankara anai, thum 2 minn nilaiyam mattrum australiavin miga uyaramaana nagaramaana kapramura ullitta panii thittaththin palvaeru amsangkalaik kaana intru adaminabi oru nalla thalamaagum. septumber 2007 ill, adaminabi puthiya nagara thalaththirku maattrappatta 50 vadhu aandu niraivai angkeekariththathu. ninaivukoorum mattrum kondaattathin vaara iruthi idamaattram kaaranamaaga aerpatta udal mattrum unarchchi reethiyaana athirchchiyai angkeekariththathu. suttrulaavai maempaduththuthal. panii malaikalin thittam niraivadainthathaal maavattaththin porulaathaara vaazhkkai vivasaayam mattrum suttrulaavai mukiya varumaana aathaarangkalaakak kandadhu. adaminaapikku arugae ulla youkumbeen aeriyaich suttri meenpidippavargal anugal mattrum providence portal udpada pala suttrulaa kiraamangal mattrum mugaamidangkal niruvapattullana. pazhaiya adaminabi, yougambean aeriyil ulla pazhaiya nagaraththin thalaththirku maelae oru suttrulaa kiraamamaaga valarnththullathu, maelum nagaraththin asal kattidangalil oru silavattrai thakkavaitthuk kondullathu. snokus hootal mattrum panii malai motal aagiyavai nirvaagaththirku varugai tharum skeeyargal mattrum meenavargalukku neendakaalamaaga thangkumida vazhangkunargalaaga maarina, athae neraththil pannai viduthi oaivu viduthigal mattrum aerikkaraiyil ulla kudisaigal mattrum kaaravan poongkaakkal adaminaabiyaich suttriyulla iyarkai soozhalaip payanpaduththik kolla uruvaakkappattullana. oru pandhuveechchu kilap mattrum athanudan thodarpudaiya goalf maithaanam mattrum podhu neechal kulam aagiyavai ulloor makkalukkum suttrulaap payanigalukkum saevai seigindrana. kosiusko thaesiyap poongaavin valarchi adaminaapikku maelae ulla uyarnththa naattil vivasaaya nadavadikkaikal mattrum valarchchiyai mattuppaduththiyathu, aanaal vanavilangkugalaip paathukaappatharkum suttrulaap payanigalin inbaththirkaagavum periya vanappaguthigalaip paathukaaththathu. varalaattruch sirappumikka giandravin veezhchchiyum, selvin panippaaraikalin valarchchiyum adaminabicu panicharukku vaadagai mattrum thangkumida maiyamaaga oru idaththai uruthi seithana. australian munnoadi varalaattrin ninaivuchchinnangal adaminabi uyar naattu maavattam muzhuvathum kaanappadugindrana-idhil pala malai kudisaigal mattrum kindraavin paei downship aagiyavai adangkum-aarambaththil thaesiya poongkaakkal mattrum vanavilangku sevaiyaal purakkanikkappattana, aanaal miga sameepaththil virivaana maruseeramaippu mattrum paarambariyap panikal. periya travutin veedu. inththa nagaram yougambean aeri mattrum athaich suttriyulla aarukalil meane pidippatharkaana oru pirabalamaana thalamaagum, maelum nagara maiyaththil uyaramaaga nirkum oru periya trawood sirpam ullathu. podhuvaaga bick trowt endru azhaikkappadum idhu australiavin migap periya porutkalil ontraakum, maelum mae 2006 ill, yougambean aeri varththaga sabai suttrulaap payanigalai eerkkum idamaaga santhaippaduththal mattrum vilambara 'brand' aaga aetrtrukkondathu. periya trowt" aandi lomnesial kattappattathu mattrum munnaal panii nadhi shair councilin nidhiyuthaviyudan janavari 2007 ill uyirudan ulla thoalkalaal meettedukkappattu meendum vannam theettappattathu. panii thitta arungaatchiyagam. adaaminaabiyil amainthulla panii thitta arungaatchiyagam panii malaikalin neermin thittaththin kattumanam mattrum thittaththin vaazhkkai eppadi irunththathu enbathaik koorukirathu. inthath thittatthai uruvaakkap payanpaduththappadum iyanththirangkal mattrum porutkalin kurippidatthakka eduththukkaattukal inththa sekarippil ullana. kankaatchigal panii thozhilaazhargalin kadhaigal mattrum australiavil avattrin thaakkam, kurippaaga naveena australiavin idampeyarvu thittaththil kavanam seluththugindrana. arungaatchiyaga sekarippu paththu aandu kaalappagudhiyil aarvalargalaal sekarikkappattathu, maelum arungaatchiyagam october 17,2011 andru covernor general gwentin price avarkalaal pothumakkalukkaaga athikaarappoorvamaaga thirakkappattathu. covernor general price kalandhu kondavargalidam koorinaar "idhu australiavin varalaattrin inththa sakthivaaintha koorugalai oru arungaatchiyagaththil kondu varukirathu, makkal vandhu panippozhivu varalaattraik katrukkolvatharkaaga, adhu thalaimuraigalukku anuppappada vaendum". kaalanilai. mazhai. vaanilai aaivu paniyagam adaminaapikku endha pirathinithiththuva veppanilai tharavugalaiyum vazhangkavillai; aanaal, athirshtavasamaaga, mazhaippozhivu pathivukal kaanappadugindrana. inththa pathivukal (1886 muthal, adaminabi albine suttrulaa poongaavilirunthu edukkappattathu) vasantha kaalaththil mazhaippozhivu uchaththai adaivathaiyum, ilaiyuthirkaalaththil moozhkuvathaiyum kaattugindrana, kurippidatthakka vagaiyil adhiga kulirkaala eerappatham mattrum arugilulla koomaavai vida oray maathiriyaana mazhaippozhivu murai ullathu. adaaminaabiyin moththa mazhaippozhivu mattrum vadivam yass mazhaippozhivaip poalavae migavum othirukkirathu.

adaminabi adaminabi anedi australialoni nyuu south vaelslooni komaku vaayuvya disalo manchu parvataalaku sameepamlo unna oka chinna pattanam, idhi manchu monaro praantiiya mandalilo undhi. 301 mandhi janabha kaligina eee chaaritraatmaka pattanam samudra mattaniki paina unna trout fishing center mariyu sheethaakaala creeda gamyasthanam. aardhika jeevitam paryatakam mariyu vyavasayam chuttoo nirminchabadindi-eee pattanam selvin manchu maidaanaalu mariyu uttara skyfieldsku seva kendramgaa panichestundi. idhi gurrapu swaareedaarulu, bush vaakarlu, fly fishermanlu mariyu water sports autsaahikulaku kooda oka prasiddha gamyasthanamgaa undhi, alaage manchu parvataala pathakam yokka amsaalanu chuudataaniki oka sthaavaramgaa undhi. australialoni ettaina pattanaallo adaminabi okati, sheethaakaalamlo appudappudu bhaarii himapaataalu sambhavistaayi. chaaritraatmaka bolaro station mariyu sundaramaina yauk loya township sameepamlo unnaayi mariyu charley mcconney, banzo peterson raasina "manchu nadhi nundi vacchina vyakti" anae kavitaku preranagaa cheppabadutundi, jillaalo nivasinchi maraninchindi. taruvaata, nobel vijaeta rachayita patrick white eee pattanam gurinchi raasaaru. sameepamloni sarassu yukumbeen nirmaanam 1957loe (paatha) adaminabi asalu pattanaanni tirigi gurtinchadam avasaramaindi. karuvu samayaallo, sarassu neeti kinda nundi paatha loya yokka asalu pattana praantam mariyu avasheshaalu tirigi udbhavinchaayi. prastuta pattana praantam manchu parvataala rahadaaripai undhi mariyu dheenini "pedda trout yokka nivaasam" mariyu manchu pathakam museum unna pradaesam anie pilustaaru. charitra. aadima charitra. manchu parvataala praantam aneka vaela samvatsaraalugaa adaminabi mariyu chuttupakkala jillaalaloni modati deshaala prajalaku oka mukhyamaina samavesa kendramgaa undedi, unnata desamlo girijanula madhya vesavi samavesalu jarugutuu, bogang chimmatapai vindu kosam veyyi mandhi varaku paalgonevaaru. eee aacharam 1865 varaku konasaagindi. stockman, bangaaru tavvakaalu chesevaaru, kavulu mariyu skeeyarlu. vyavasayam adaaminaabeeni oka pattanamgaa prarambha abhivruddhiki daariteesindi mariyu kiandra goldrush mariyu uttara manchu parvathaalalo skiing yokka tadupari charitra aardhika abhivruddhiki kotta avakaasaalanu terichindi. aneka mandhi pramukha australian rachayitalu adaminabi jillaalo prerana pondaaru. manchu nadhi nundi vacchina vyakti. europeanlu 1820la chivari nundi eee jillaanu chochukupoyaru mariyu aadaminabii modata 1830la nundi vyavasaya kendramgaa abhivruddhi chendadam praarambhinchindi, gorrelu mariyu pasuvulu aardhika pradhana aadharaalugaa marai. kontamandi charitrakaarulu banzo peterson yokka atyanta prasiddha padyam, "dhi myaan frum snovy river", adaminabi stockman charley mcconney yokka dopidila nundi prerana pondhi undavacchani nammutaaru. mcconney 1895loe oka riding pramaadamloo maraninchaadu mariyu ippudu yukumbeen sarassu odduna unna paatha adaminabi smasaanavaatikalo khananam cheyabaddaadu. peterson paatra, manchu nadiki chendina vyakti, adaminabi jillaalo nirvahinchina vanti muriki vaetaloe palgonna vividha vyaktula aadhaaramgaa bahusha oka mishrama paatra. adaminabilo prerana pondina ekaika australian rachayita patterson kaadu-kavi barcroft boke kooda "aann dhi range" loe mcconney yokka raid gurinchi raasaaru, dheenilo mcconney adavi gurraala muriki gumputho tappinchukunna baga perigina gurraanni vembadistundi; nobel bahumati graheeta rachayita patrick white 1930laloe adaminabi yokka bolaro stationlo jakaruga panicheesaaru. ayana tadupari mariyu vimarsakula prasamsalu pondina modati navala, "happy valley", ayana aadaminabeelo panichesina samayam mariyu pattanamlo aayanaku telisina vyaktula nundi prerana pondindi. idhi 1941loe australian society off literature yokka bangaaru patakaanni geluchukundi. uttara skyfields loe goldrush mariyu skiing. 1859loe sameepamloni kiandraalo bangaaram kanugonadam, 1861loe eee jillaalo vinoda skiingnu pravesapettadam valla pattanam yokka adrushtam prabhaavitamaindi, scandinavian bangaaru anveshakulu tama bootlaku kanche stambhaalanu kattukuni, ganula tavvakam kosam chaalaa gaddakattina prakruti drushyam yokka manchutho kappabadina kondala nundi kindiki jaarinatlu prasiddhi chendaaru. manchu parvataala pathakam puurtayina taruvaata chivari shaashwata nivaasitulu pattanaanni vidichipettadaaniki mundu, sumaru oka sataabdam paatu, kiandra australialoni ettaina pattanamgaa mariyu skeeyarlaku sthaavaramgaa undipoyindi. kiandra yokka skii soukaryaalu 1978loe "kondapaiki" saasvatamgaa selvin manchu maidaanaalaku marchabaddayi mariyu prapanchamlooni vinoda skiing kosam puraatana praantaalalo okataina nyuu south wales yokka uttara skyfieldsku adaminabi pradhana seva kendramgaa migilipoyindi. prarambha methalu adaminabi paina unna ettaina graameena aranyaanni vesavi pacchika bayallugaa upayoginchevaaru. eee praantaanni 1906loe jaateeya vetagaadigaa pakkanapetti, taruvaata kossiusko jaateeya udyaanavanamgaa marcharu. nedu eee praantam chaaritraatmaka gudiselaku mariyu parvata jagangal aranya praanthamtho sahaa pratyaekamaina aranya praantaalaku prasiddhi chendindi. manchu parvataala pathakam. asalu pattanaanni marchadam. pattana charitralo atyanta mukhyamaina sanghatana, 1949loe adaminabi vadda praarambhamaina manchu parvataala jalavidyut pathakam yokka soramgaalu mariyu aanakattala vistaaramaina network nirmaanamtho vachindi. sidney naukaasrayam kante tommidi retlu pedda sarassu chivariki asalu pattana praantam unna loyanu munchettindi. sudeergha karuvu kaaranamgaa paatha pattana shidhilaalu april 2007loe tirigi punjukovadam prarambhamayyayi, idhi prapancha media drushtini aakarshinchindi-mariyu pouraanika nagaramaina atlantisto polchadam kooda jarigindi. adaminabi yokka punaravasam katha 1958loe manchu parvataalu authority film unit nirminchina chitram, "operation adaminabi" (cliplanu chuudataaniki ikkada click cheyandi). idhi charitrakaarudu jeanin baker 2001loe roopondinchina "avar dumboned town" anae documentaryki kooda sambandhinchinadi, idhi sbs televisionlo pradarsinchabadindi. mottam illu, mariyu vaanijya byaanku bhavanam kooda truckula venuka bhaagamlo ravana cheyabaddaayi mariyu kotta pattana praantamloo 100 kii paiga bhavanalu tirigi nirminchabaddaayi. paatha adaminabee nundi kotta adaminabeeki (kevalam aaru mailla dhooram) modati intini ravana cheyadaaniki aaru rojulu pattindi. paatha adaminabee vadda kottagaa srushtinchina sarassu teeram nundi marchabadani konni bhavanala chuttoo nedu oka paryataka graamam nirminchabadindi. prastuta pattanam manchu pathakam nirmaana samayamlo nirmaana kendramgaa panichesindi. pradhana veedhilooni bhavanala vilakshanhamaina 1950la nirmaanam, aaa kaalamlooni kharchu mariyu injaneering avasaraala dwara nirvachinchabadindi, idhi victorialoni tallangatta pradhana veedhini pooli untundi, idhi adhe samayamlo mariyu ilanti prayojanaala kosam punarnirminchabadindi. eee pattanamlo manchu parvataala pathakam museum nirminchaalani pranaalika cheyabadindi. sameepamloni sarassu yukumben, tantangara anakatta, tumat 2 vidyut kendram mariyu australialoni ettaina pattanam kabramurra vanti manchu pathakam yokka vividha amsaalanu chuudataaniki adaminabee nedu oka manchi sthaavaram. 2007 septembarulo, kotta pattana pradaesaaniki taralinchina 50va vaarshikotsavaanni adaminabi gurtinchindi. punaravasam valla kalige saareeraka mariyu bhavodvega badhanu ghnaapakaartham mariyu vedukala vaaraantamlo gurtinchabadindi. paryataka abhivruddhi. manchu parvataala pathakam puurtavadamtoe jilla aardhika jeevitam vyavasayam mariyu paryatakam pradhana aadaaya vanarulugaa sthirapadindi. adaminabi sameepamlo yukumbeen sarassu chuttoo aneka paryataka gramalu mariyu camping maidaanaalu erpaatu cheyabaddaayi, veetilo jaalarlu cherukovadaniki mariyu providence portal unnaayi. yukumben sarassu vadda unna paatha pattana praantam paina paatha adaminabi oka paryataka graamamgaa abhivruddhi chendindi, mariyu pattanamlooni konni asalu bhavanalanu nilupukundi. snow goose hotel mariyu manchu parvataala motel deerghakaalamgaa skeeyarlu mariyu matsyakaarulaku adminibeeni sandarsinche vasati kalpinchevigaa marai, ayithe adaminibi chuttoo unna sahaja vaataavaranaanni sadviniyogam chesukovadaniki formstay resortlu mariyu sarassu pakkana kuteeraalu mariyu caravan paarkulu abhivruddhi cheyabaddaayi. bowling club mariyu anubandha golph course mariyu public swimming pool kooda sthaanikulaku mariyu paryaatakulaku sevalu andistaayi. kossiusko jaateeya udyaanavanam abhivruddhi vyavasaya karyakalapalu mariyu abhivruddhini adaminabi paina unna ettaina desamlo parimitam chesindi, conny vanyapraanula rakshana mariyu paryaatakula aanandam kosam pedda aranya praantaalanu samrakshinchindi. chaaritraka kiandra ksheenata mariyu selvin manchu mydaanaala abhivruddhi skii-adde mariyu vasati kendramgaa adaminabeeki oka sthalaanni nirdharinchaayi. aneka parvata gudiselu mariyu kiandraaloni deyyam pattanamtho sahaa adaminabi ettaina graameena jilla antataa australian maargadarsaka charitra avasheshaalu kanipistaayi-praarambhamlo jaateeya udyaanavanaalu mariyu vanyapraanula sevache nirlakshyam cheyabaddaayi, conny iteevala vistrutamaina punaruddharana mariyu vaarasatva panulaku sambandhinchinavi. pedda trout yokka illu. eee pattanam yukumbeen sarassu mariyu chuttupakkala nadulalo chepalu pattadaniki oka prasiddha sthaavaram mariyu pattana kendramlo ettaina trout yokka pedda shilpam undhi. saadhaaranamgaa bigg trout anie piluvabade idhi australia yokka mottamodati pedda vastuvulalo okati mariyu mae 2006loe, lake yukumbeen chhambar off commers paryataka aakarshananu marketing mariyu prachara 'brand' gaa sweekarinchindi. bigg trout" nuu aandii lomnisi nirminchaaru mariyu maajee manchu nadhi shair council nidhulatho janavari 2007loe sajeevamgaa unna tokkalu punaruddharinchi, tirigi paint chesaaru. snoie skeem museum. adaminabilo unna manchu pathakam museum manchu parvataala jalavidyut pathakam nirmaanam mariyu eee pathakamlo jeevitam elaa undho kathanu chebutundi. eee sekaranalo pathakaanni nirminchadaaniki upayoginche yantraalu mariyu samagri yokka mukhyamaina udaaharanalu unnaayi. pradarsanalu manchu kaarmikula kathalu mariyu australiapy vaari prabhavam, mukhyamgaa aadhunika australia valasa kaaryakramampai drushti saarinchaayi. eee museum sekarananu padhi samvatsaraala kaalamlo autsaahikulu sekarinchaaru mariyu museumnu governor general quentin brais 17 october 2011naa adhikarikamga prajalaku terichaaru. governor general brais haajaraina vaaritho ilaa annaru "idhi australia charitralo eee saktivantamaina bhaganni museumloki teesukuvastondi, prajalu vacchi manchu charitranu telusukovadaaniki, daanini tarataraalaku badilee cheyadaaniki". vaataavaranam. varshapaatam. beuro off mateorology adaaminaabeeki etuvanti pratinidhi ushnograta daetaanu andinchaledu; conny, adrushtavasaattuu, avapaatam recordulu kanugonabaddayi. eee recordulu (1886 nundi, adaminabi alpine paryataka udyaanavanam nundi teesukunnavi) vasantakaalamlo avapaatam garishta sthaayiki cherukuntundani mariyu saradrutuvulo munigipotundani chuuputaayi, sameepa kuumaa kante gananeeyamgaa ekkuva sheethaakaala thema mariyu marinta ekareeti varshapaata namuunaatoe. adaminabi yokka mottam varshapaatam mariyu namuunaa yass maadirigaane untaayi.

adameniby adameniby barfili monaro elaqayi konsal mein komaa neo saoth wells australia kay shamaal maghrab mein barfili pahaadon kay qareeb eek chhota saa qasbah hay. 301 afraad parr mushtamil yaha tarikhi qasbah trout maahi geeri kaa markaz aur sarmayi kheelon kaa maqaam hay juu satah samandar say oopar waaqa hay. iqtesadi zindagi seyahat aur zaraat kay ard gird tameer kii jaati hay-yaha qasbah seelon suno felds aur shamali iski felds kay liye eek khadmat kay maqaam kay toor parr kaam kartaa hay. yaha ghoday sawaaron jhaadiyon parr chalnay waalon flayee fasharmeen aur waater sports kay shoqeen afraad kay liye eek maqbool manzal kay saath saath barfili pahaadi schem kay pahluwon kuu dekhnay kay liye eek bunyaad bhee hay. adameniby australia kay buland tareen shehron mein say eek hay jehaan baqayedgi say barf baari hoti hay juu sardiyon kay doraan kabhi kabhaar bhaari hoti hay. tarikhi bolaro station aur qadarti waadi yaok town ship aur chaarli mekini kay qareeb waaqa haine jasay "barfili daryaa say taaluq rakhnay waalay aadmi" kii tehreek kahaa jaataa hay benjo patterson kii eek nazam zalaa mein rehti thee aur fout hoyee. baad mein nobal anaam yaaftah masnaf patrick waait nay iss shehar kay baaray mein likhaa. qareebi jheel ucumbin kii tameer nay 1957 mein (praani) adamenibi kii asl bastee kaa dobarah patah lagaana zaruri banaa diyaa. khashak saali kay waqat jheel kay paani kay neechey say praani waadi kii asl bastee aur aasaar dobarah ubharte haine. maujudah town ship barfili pahaadi shahrah parr waaqa hay aur asay "baday trout kaa gahar" aur barfili schem museum kay maqaam kay toor parr jaana jaataa hay. tareekh. qadeem tareekh. barfili pahaadi elaqah kayee hazaaron saalon say adamenibi aur aas paas kay azlaa kay ibtadayi qomon kay logon kay liye eek aham ijtemaa kaa maqaam thaa jiss mein oonche milk mein beenn qabaili mosam garma kay ajlaas munaqid kiye jaatay thay jiss mein bogong keeday parr ziyafat kay liye eek hazaar afraad shaamil hotay thay. yaha rawaj 1865 kay aas paas takk jaari rehaa. stock meen sonay kii khidayi karnay waalay shayer aur scare. zaraat eek town ship kay toor parr adameniby kii ibtadayi tarqi kaa baais bunny aur kyandra goldersh aur iss kay baad shamali barfili pahaadon mein skiing kii tareekh nay maashi tarqi kay nayey mawaqa khool diye. australia kay mutadid mashhur masnafeen kuu adameniby zalaa mein tehreek milly hay. barfili daryaa kaa aadmi. europiyon nay 1820 kii dahayi kay aakhir say zalaa mein ghasna sharoo kiyaa aur adameniby nay pehli baar 1830 kii dahayi say eek zarayi markaz kay toor parr tarqi karnaa sharoo kii jiss mein bhedein aur maveshi maashi bunyaad bunn gayey. kachh morkheen kaa khayaal hay kahh benjo patterson kii sabb say mashhur nazam "barfili nadee kaa aadmi"yee shayed adameniby stock meen chaarli mekini kay karnamon say mutasir hoyee hogi. mekini 1895 mein eek sawari kay haadise mein inteqal kirr gayee aur abb asay jheel ucumbin kay kinaray paraaney adameniby qabristan mein dafan kiyaa gayaa hay. patterson kaa kardaar barfili nadee say taaluq rakhnay waala aadmi ghaliba eek jaamaa kirdaar hay juu mukhtalif logon parr mubni hay juu broby shikaar mein malus haine jeesay kahh adameniby zalaa mein kiye gayey thay. patterson adameniby mein tehreek paaney waalay waahid austrailvi masnaf nahein thay-shayer barkraft book nay mekini kii "aann dee renj" mein sawari kay baaray mein bhee likhaa jiss mein mekini eek achhi nasal kay ghoday kaa peecha karti hay juu jangli ghodon kay barambi hujum kay saath faraar how gayaa thaa vovo jabkah nobal anaam yaaftah masnaf patrick waait 1930 kii dahayi mein adameniby kay bolaro station parr jikaro kay toor parr kaam kartay thay. inn kay baad kaa aur tanqidi toor parr sarahi jaanay waala pehla naawal "happy veeli"yee adamenibi mein kaam karnay kay inn kay waqat aur shehar mein inn kay jaannay waalay logon say mutasir thaa. iss nay 1941 mein austrailvi society aaf literature kaa gold medal jeeta. shamali iski felds mein goldersh aur skiing. 1859 mein qareebi kyandra mein sonay kii driyafat aur iss kay baad 1861 kay aas paas zalaa mein tafrihi skiing kay taaruf say shehar kii qasmat mutasir hoyee jabb scandiniviayi sonay kay mutlashiyon kuu apnay joton parr baad kii choki baandh kirr barf say dahki pahadiyon say neechey phisalnay kay liye jaana jaataa hay. barfili pahaadi schem kii takmeel kay baad aakhri mustaqil rehaishiyon kay town ship chhodnay say pehley taqriba eek sadee takk kyandra australia kii sabb say oonchi town ship aur scares kay liye eek addah rehaa. kyandra kii iski sahuliyaat kuu 1978 mein seelon suno felds mein mustaqil toor parr "pahaadi kay oopar" muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa thaa aur adameniby neo saoth wells kay shamali iski felds kay liye aham saros center hay-juu duniya mein tafrihi skiing kay liye qadeem tareen elaqon mein say eek hay. ibtadayi charwahay adaminabi kay oopar oonche milk kay bayaban kuu mosam garma kii charagah kay toor parr istemaal kartay thay. iss elaqay kuu 1906 mein qomi taaqib kay toor parr alg kirr diyaa gayaa thaa aur baad mein yaha kosiyosko national paark bunn gayaa. aaj yaha elaqah apnee tarikhi jhunpadiyon aur manfard bayaban kay elaqon takk rasayi kay liye mashhur hay bashmol mount jagangal bayaban kaa elaqah. barfili pahaadon kii schem. asl town ship kii muntaqli. shehar kii tareekh kii sabb say aham waaqiah barfili pahaadon kii hydro electrik schem kay sarangon aur demon kay wasee neet wark kii tameer kay saath aayaa juu 1949 mein adameniby mein sharoo hawaa. sudney bandargah kay hajm say noow ganaa ziyadah jheel nay balaakhir iss waadi kuu sailaab mein ddaal diyaa jiss mein asl qasbah padaa thaa. eek taweel khashak saali nay apreel 2007 mein praani bastee kay khandraat kuu dobarah zindah honaa sharoo kirr diyaa jiss nay aalimi mediya kii taujah apnee taraf mabzool karwayi-aur yahaan takk kahh afsanvi shehar atlants say mawaznah bhee kiyaa. adameniby kii nql makaani kii kahaani 1958 mein barfili pahaadi atharti film yount kay zariah tayaar kardah film kaa mozua thaa jiss kaa anwaan "operation adameniby" thaa (clips dekhnay kay liye yahaan cluck karein). yaha 2001 mein morakh gineen bekar kii eek dastawezi film kaa mozua bhee thaa jiss kaa anwaan "humara doba hawaa shehar" thaa juu aiss bee aiss teeli vision parr dikhaya gayaa thaa. puray makanaat aur yahaan takk kahh tajarti benak kii emarat kuu turkon kay peeche muntaqil kiyaa gayaa aur nayey qasbey mein 100 say ziyadah emaraton kuu dobarah tameer kiyaa gayaa. paraaney adamenibi say nayey adameniby (sarf chh meel kaa faaslah) takk pehley gahar kii nql woo hamal mein chh dunn lagay. aaj inn mithee bhar emaraton kay ard gird eek seyahati gaaon banaya gayaa hay jinhein paraaney adamenibi mein nayey banaye gayey jheel kay kinaray say muntaqil nahein kiyaa gayaa thaa. maujudah qasbey nay barfili schem kii tameer kay doraan tamirati markaz kay toor parr kaam kiyaa. markazi glee mein emaraton kaa 1950 kii dahayi kaa makhsus funn tameer jiss kii wazahat iss waqat kii laagat aur engineering kii zaruriyat say hoti hay victoriah kay tlangta kii markazi glee say milta jaltaa hay jasay asee waqat aur asee tarah kay maqasid kay liye dobarah tameer kiyaa gayaa thaa. shehar mein barfili pahaadon kii schem kaa eek ajayeb gahar tameer karnay kaa mansubah hay. adamenibi aaj eek achhaa addah hay jehaan say barfili schem kay mukhtalif pahluwon kuu dekha jaa saktaa hay jinn mein qareebi jheel ucumbin tantangara ddaim tamat 2 pawar station aur australia kaa sabb say ooncha shehar cabramora shaamil haine. satambar 2007 mein adameniby nay nayey qasbey kii jagah parr muntaqil honay kii 50 wein salgrah kuu tasleem kiyaa. yaadgaari aur jashan kay ikhtatam haftah nay nql makaani say honay waalay jasmani aur jazbati sadme kuu tasleem kiyaa. seyahat kii tarqi. barfili pahaadi schem kii takmeel nay zalaa kii maashi zindagi kuu zaraat aur seyahat kay ard gird aamadni kay baday zaraye kay toor parr aabaad dekha. adamenibi kay qareeb jheel ucumbin kay ard gird mutadid seyahati gaaon aur camping ground qayem kiye gayey haine jinn mein maahi geeron kii rasayi aur providence portal shaamil haine. old adameniby jheel ucumbin mein praani bastee kay maqaam kay oopar eek seyahati gaaon kay toor parr tayaar hawaa hay aur bastee kii mithee bhar asl emaraton kuu barqarar rakhta hay. suno goz hotal aur barfili pahaadi motal intezamiya kaa dorah karnay waalay scares aur maahi geeron kay liye rehaish kaa derinah farahim kanandah bunn gayaa jabkah faarm stay resorts aur leek side cottage aur kaarwaan parks adameniby kay aas paas kay qadarti maahul say fayedah uthanay kay liye tayaar kiye gayey haine. eek boling kalb aur iss say waabistah golf kors aur awami swiming poul bhee maqami logon aur seyahon kii khadmat kartay haine. kosiyosko national paark kii tarqi nay adameniby kay oopar oonche milk mein zarayi sargarmiyon aur tarqi kuu mahdud kirr diyaa leakin jangli hayaat kay tahfuz aur seyahon kay lataf andoz honay kay liye baday bayaban kay elaqon kuu mahfuz kiyaa. tarikhi kyandra kay zawal aur seelon suno felds kii tarqi nay iski karayah aur rehaish kay markaz kay toor parr adameniby kay liye eek jagah kuu yaqeeni banaya. australia kii alambardar tareekh kay aasaar puray adamenibi hayee kantri zalaa mein paaye jaa saktay haine-bashmol mutadid pahaadi jhunpadiyan aur kyandra kii bhoot town ship-ibtadayi toor parr qomi parkon aur jangli hayaat kii khadmat kay zariah nazar andaaz kiyaa gayaa thaa leakin haal hyee mein wasee bahaali aur warsay kay kaam kaa mozua hay. baday trout kaa gahar. yaha qasbah eek maqbool addah hay jehaan say jheel ucumbin aur aas paas kay driyaon parr machli pakadnay kay liye aur shehar kay markaz mein trout kaa eek badaa mujasmah hay juu ooncha khadaa hay. aam toor parr bugg trout kay naam say jaana jaataa hay yaha australia kii bury cheezon mein say eek thaa aur mayee 2006 mein jheel ucumbin chamber aaf commers nay seyahon kii taujah kuu marketing aur promotional 'braand' kay toor parr apnaya. bugg trout" kuu aindi lomanesi nay banaya thaa aur asay saabiq barfani rever shayer konsal kii maali aanat say januri 2007 mein zindah khaalon kay zariye bahaal aur dobarah paint kiyaa gayaa thaa. sunwai schem museum. adameniby mein waaqa sanoyi schem museum barfili pahaadon kii hydro electrik schem kii tameer aur iss schem parr zindagi keesi thee iss kii kahaani biyaan kartaa hay. majmuah schem kii tameer kay liye istemaal honay waali machinon aur mawaad kii aham misalon parr mushtamil hay. numaishon mein barfili mazdooron kii kahaniyon aur australia parr inn kay asraat khaas toor parr jadeed australia kay hijrat kay prograam parr taujah markoz kii gayee hay. museum kaa majmuah duss saal kay arsey mein shaiqeen kay zariye jamaa kiyaa gayaa thaa aur museum kuu governor general koventan brais nay 17 aktobar 2011 kuu bazabtah toor parr awaam kay liye khool diyaa thaa. governor general brais nay hazireen kuu bataya: "yaha australia kii tareekh kay iss taqatwar jazoo kuu eek museum mein laa rehaa hay taakah loag aayen aur barf kii tareekh seekhein taakah asay naslon takk muntaqil kiyaa jaa sakay. aab woo hawaa. baarish. mohkamah mausamiyat adameniby kay liye darjah hararat kay kasee bhee numaindah aidaad woo shamaar kii mezbani nahein kartaa hay vovo leekan khush qasmati say baarish kay record paaye jaatay haine. yaha record (1886 say adameniby alpayan seyahati paark say liye gayey) mosam bahaar mein baarish kay arooj aur mosam khazaan mein dobnay kuu zahir kartay haine jiss mein mosam sarma kii namee numayan toor parr ziyadah hoti hay aur baarish kaa namunah qareebi komaa kay muqabilay mein ziyadah yaksaan hotaa hay. adameniby kii kill baarish aur namunah yaas say ziyadah milta jaltaa hay.

fffa62d86d16531b884fbf2f7f5a52b7f828f786361530deaec6f552df1c1aa2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=50608341

Duwayne Ewart

Duwayne Ewart Canadian soccer player Duwayne Oswald Ewart (born March 22, 1998) is a Canadian soccer player who last played for ProStars FC in League1 Ontario. Career. Youth. Ewart played youth soccer in Scarborough, before moving on to the Vancouver Whitecaps FC Academy. He later moved on to Vaughan SC, spending some time with their senior team in League1 Ontario club in 2015, where he scored a goal against Sigma FC. Pittsburgh Riverhounds. Ewart signed a professional contract with United Soccer League side Pittsburgh Riverhounds on March 27, 2016. Ewart made his professional debut on May 21, 2016 in a 2–1 victory over Toronto FC II. International career. He was named to the U15 national team for the 2013 Copa de México de Naciones. Ewart played for the Canadian U-17 team at the 2015 CONCACAF U-17 Championship, where he was the team's top goalscorer. In August 2016, Ewart was called up to the U-20 team for a pair of friendlies against Costa Rica He also qualifies to play for Jamaica as his father was born in Clarendon and his mother in Kingston. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

duwein ewart duwein oh 'souald ewart (jonmo 22 march, 1998) ejon kanadian football kheluwoi ji leeg 1 oh'ntario 'too pro' stars efsir hoi xexbaror baabe khelisil. keriyar. juwok-juboti. venkuvar whitecaps efsi academyloi juwar aagote ewarte skarborut juwo football khelisil. pisot teu 2015 sonot leeg 1 ontorio "klabot teulukor jyestho dolor xoite kichu xomoy otibahito kori waghan ess. chi. loi yaay, zo 'too teu sigma ef. chi.-ror biruddhe etaa go' lo kore. pitsberg nodir hounds. ewarte 27 march, 2016-too united cho 'kaar leegor pitsborg reverhoundsor xoite ek pesadari sukti swakhyor korisil. ewarte 2016 sonor 21 mey' too torontu efsi II-ror biruddhe 2-1ror bijoyot teur pesadari aatmoprokax korisil. antohrastriyo keriyar. 2013 sonor kupa di maxico di nesio "nesor baabe teuk teuk rastriyo dolot namakoron koraa hoisil. ewarte 2015 sonor konkafe eu-17 championswipot kanadian eu-17 dolor hoi khelisil, zo 'too teu dolor xirxo go' lo scorer aasil. 2016 sonor aagosto maahot cousta rikaar biruddhe ekjura bondhutwopurno khelor baabe ewartok eu-20 dololoi aahban koraa hoisil. teu jamaikar babeu kheliboloi jugyo hoy kiyonu teur pitrir jonmo clarendonot aaru matrir jonmo kingxtonot hoisil.

duen ewart duen oswald ewart (jonmo 22shhey march, 1998) ekjon kanadian football kheload jini sheshbar leeg 1 ontariote prosters fc-rawr hoye khelechilen. karmajiban. torun. evert vancouver whitecaps fc academyte yawar agey scarbarote jubo football khelechilen. porey tini 2015 saale leeg 1 ontario clubey taader senior doler saathe kichhu somoy katanor jonno waghan skite choley zaan, jekhane tini sigma fc-rawr biruddhe ekti goal corren. pitsberg riverhounds. ewart 27shhey march, 2016-ayee united socker liger pitsberg riverhoundser saathe ekti peshadar chukti swakkhar corren. ewart 21shhey meey, 2016-ayee torronto fc 2-err biruddhe 2-1 byabodhane joylav korey taar peshadar atmoprokash corren. antorjatik karmajiban. 2013 saaler copa dii mexico dii nacionesser jonno taake taake jatiya doley rakha hoyechilo. ewart 2015 concafa anurdho-17 championshipe kanadian anurdho-17 doler hoye khelechilen, jekhane tini doler sheersho goldata chhilen. august 2016 saale, coasta ricker biruddhe ekjoda bondhuttopurno matcher jonno ewartke eu-20 doley daca hoyechilo. tini jamaikar hoye khelar jogyata orjon corren kaaron taanr baba clarendone ebong taanr maa kingstone jonmogrohon korechilen.

duven ewart duven oswald ewart (janm 22 march, 1998) aek kenediyan sokara khelaadi chhe jeey chhelle leag 1 ontariyoma prostars aef. see. maate ramyo hato. karkirdi. yuvan. ewart vancouver whitecaps aef. see. academyma jataa pahelaa scarberoma yuvaa sokara ramyo hato. baadmaa teo 2015maan leag 1 ontario klabmaa temnee varishth team saathe thodo samay pasaar kareene vaaghan aesasi taraf aagad vadhyaa, jyaan temane sigma aefsee saame goal karyo hato. pitsberg riverhounds. ewarte 27 march, 2016naa roj united sokara leag side pitsberg riverhounds saathe vyaavsaayik karaar parr hastakshar karyaa hataa. ewarte 21 meey, 2016naa roj torrento aefsee II parr 2-1thee jeet melveene vyaavsaayik padaarpan karyoo hatoo. aantarrashtriy karkirdi. 2013 kopaa dii meksiko dii nacions maate temne yuu15 raashtriy team naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. ewart 2015 concaff yuu-17 champiyanshipma kenediyan yuu-17 team maate ramyo hato, jyaan teey teamno tochnaa goal karnaar hato. august 2016maan, costa rica saame maitripurn ramatnee jodee maate uvertne yuu-20 team bolavvama aavyo hato. teey jamaika maate ramvaa maate pann laayak tharey chhe kaaran keey tenaa pitaano janm clarendonma thayo hato aneey tenee maataa kingstenma hatee.

duven ewart duven oswald ewart (janm 22 march, 1998) ack kanadai football khilaadi hain joe aakhiri baar leag 1 ontario mein prostars aff. see. key liye khele they. carrier. yuva. ewart ney vancouver whitecaps aff. see. akadami mein jaane seey pahale scarbero mein yuva football khela. baad mein vaha 2015 mein leag 1 ontario club mein apani varishth team key saath kuchh samay bitaate hue waghan sc mein chaley gaye, jahan unhone sigma aff. see. key khilaf ack goal kiya. pitsberg riverhounds. ewart ney 27 march, 2016 koo united socker leag side pitsburg riverhounds key saath ack peshevar anubandh parr hastakshar kiye. ewart ney 21 maee, 2016 koo torrento aff. see. II parr 2-1 seey jeet mein apani peshevar shuruat kii. antarrashtriya currier. unhein 2013 key kopa dee mexico dee nacioness key liye liye rashtriya team mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa. ewart 2015 kii concackf yuu-17 championship mein kanadai yuu-17 team key liye khele, jahan way team key sheersh goal karane vaale they. agast 2016 mein, costa rica key khilaf dostana maichon kii ack jodee key liye ewart koo yuu-20 team mein bulaaya gayaa thaa vaha jamaika key liye khelane key liye bhee yogya haye kyonki usake pitaa kaa janm clarendon mein huaa thaa aur usaki maan kaa janm kingsten mein huaa thaa.

duven ewart duven oswald ewart (janana march 22,1998) obba kenadaada saakar aatagararagiddu, avaru leigh 1 ontaariyodalli prostar effsigaagi koneya baarige aadidaru. vrattijeevana. yuvakara. vancouver whitecaps effsey akaademige teraluva modalu ewart scarbarodalli yuva football aadidaru. nantara avaru 2015 ralli leigh 1 ontario klabnalli tamma hiriya tandadondige swalpa samaya kaledaru, allie avaru sigma effsey viruddha golu galisidaru. pitsburg reverhounds. ewart avaru united saakar leigh tandada pitsburg riverhoundsnondige 2016rahra march march vruttipara oppandakke sahi haakidaru. ewart avaru 2016rahra mayee mayee toronto effsey effsey viruddha 2-1 antarada vijayadondige tamma vruttipara chocchala praveshavannu maadidaru. antaaraashtriya vrattijeevana. 2013rahra copa dii mexico dii nyashiyansgagi avarannu avarannu rashtriya tandakke hesarisalaayitu. 2015rahra concockoff yuu-17 champiyanshipnalli kenadaada yuu-17 tandakkagi aadida ewart, allie avaru tandada agra goal scorer aagiddaru. august august, costa rica viruddha snehapara pandyagala jodigaagi yuvartannu yuu-20 tandakke kareyalaayitu. avana tande clarendannalli janisiddarinda mattu avana taayi kingstennelli janisiddarinda avanu jamaikaada paravagi aadalu arhate padeyuttaane.

duven ewart duven oswald ewart (janm 22 march 1998) haah canadacha football kheladu aahe joou leag 1 ontariyomadhye prostars eff. see. sathee shevatcha khelala hota. karkird. tarun. vancuver whitecapes eff. see. akadamimadhye jaanyapurvi ewart skarbaromadhye yuva football khelala. nantar too waugan esasimadhye gela, 2015 madhye leag 1 auntario klabmadhye tyanchya varishtha sanghasobat kahee vel ghalavala, jithe tyane sigma eff. see. viruddha goal keela. pitsberg reverounds. 27 march 2016 roji ewartney united socker leegchya bajuchya pitsberg revounds vyavsayik karar keela. 21 meey 2016 roji toronto eff. see. II varr 2-1 assa vijay midvat ewartney vyavsayik padarpan kele. aantarrashtriy karkird. 2013 chya cope dii mexico dii nacionsasathi tyala yuu 15 rashtriy sanghat sthan denyat aale hote. ewart 2015chya concaff under-17 ajinkyapad spardhet canadachya under-17 sanghakadun khelala, jithe too sanghacha sarvoch goal karnara kheladu hota. august 2016 madhye costa rikaviruddhachya maitripurna samnyansathi ewartla 20 varshankhalil sanghat bolavanyat aale hote tyache vadil clarendonmadhye aanee aaee kingstenmadhye janmali asalyane too jamaikakadun khelanyasahi patra tharato.

duwen ewart duwen oswald ewart (janma march 22,1998) ek canadali football kheladi hun jasle antim patak ligg 1 ontarioma prostars fcka lagi kheleka thie. currier. yuwawastha. evertle bhyankubhar whitecaps fc ekedemyma januaghi scarberoma yuwa football khele. pachhi uni 2015 maa ligg 1 ontario clubma uniharuko warishtha tolisanga kehi samaya bitaundai waghan scma gae, jahaan unle sigma fc viruddha goal gare. pitsberg riverhoundharu. ewartle march 27,2016 maa united football ligg side pitsberg riverhoundharusanga wyawasayik samjhautama hastakshar gare. ewartle mey 21,2016 maa toranto fc II viruddha 2-1 ko vijayama afno wyawasayik debue gare. antarrashtriya currier. unlai 2013 kopa day meksiko day nasionska lagi yu15 rashtriya tolima naam diieko thiyo. ewartle sann 2015 ko kanakakaf yu-17 championshipma canadali yu-17 tolika lagi khele, jahaan uni toliko shirsha goal scorer thie. august 2016 maa, coasta rikawiruddha maitripurna khelharuko jodika lagi ewartlai yu-20 tolima bolaieko thiyo. uni jamaikaka lagi khelna yogya pani hunchhan kinbhane unka buba clarendonma rar unaki amah kingstonma janmieka thie.

duwen awart duwen oswald awart (janma march 22,1998) jane canadia football khelali jie shesh thara paain ligg 1 ontariore prostar aif. sii. paain khelithile. kyariyara. jubapidhi. ewart, bhanakyuvara whitecaps aif. sii. ekademiku jiba purbaru, skarabarore juba football khelithile. parey shay waghan ess. sii. ku jaithile, 2015 ray ligg 1 ontario klabare semananka baristha dala sahita kichhi samai bitaithile, jeunthare shay sigma aif. sii. biruddhare eka goal karithile. pitsburg riverhounds. ewart 27 march, 2016 ray united sakaara ligg parswa pitsburg riverhounds sahita eka pesadara chuktinama swakhyara karithile. ewart 21 meey, 2016 ray torranto effsy II upare 2-1 bijajare tankara pesadara debyu karithile. antarjatija kyariyara. 2013 copa dii mexico dii nassians paain tanku tanku jatiah dalare namit karajaithila. ewart 2015 concacaf under-17 champianasipare kanadara under-17 dala paain khelithile, jeunthare shay dalara shirsha goal scorer thile. august 2016 ray, kosta rica bipakhyare eka yoda bandhutwapurna match paain ewartnku under-20 dalaku dakajaithila. shay jamaika paain kheliba paain madhya jogyata arjan karanti kaaran taanka pita clarendonre ebong taanka maaa kingastanare janmagrahana karithile.

duan ewart duven oswald ewart (janam 22 march, 1998) ikk canadian football khidari haii joe aakhri vaar leeg 1 ontario witch prostars eff. see. laee khediaa see. carrier. jawani. ewart neey vancouver whitecaps eff. see. academy witch jaanh toon pahilan scarbro witch youth football khediaa. baad witch uh 2015 witch leeg 1 ontario club witch aapni senior team naal kujh samaan bitaunde hoye waghan aiss. see. chaley gaye, jitthe unhan neey sigma aif. see. virudh goal keeta. pitsburg reverhounds ewart neey 27 march, 2016 noon united football leeg dee team pitsburg reverhounds naal ikk peshevar ikrarname 'teey hastakhar keete. ewart neey 21 maee, 2016 noon torranto eff. see. II' teey 2-1 naal jitt naal aapni peshevar shuruat keeti. antarashtari carrier. uss noon 2013 dey cope dee mexico dee nacionus laee under 15 rashtari team witch namzad keeta giaa see. ewart neey 2015 dee concoff under-17 championship witch canadian under-17 team laee khediaa, jitthe uh team daa choti daa goal curran vaala see. agast 2016 witch, ewart noon coast reeka dey virudh dostana maichan dee ikk jodee laee under-20 team witch bulaiaa giaa see. uh jamaika laee khedan laee vee yog haii kiunki uss dey pitaa daa janam clarendon witch hoiaa see atey uss dee maan kingsten witch see.

duwain evert duwain oswald eevart (janma maarch 22,1998) kashchan kenada-deshasya saakar-kreedakah asti yah leag-1 ontario-nagare prostars ef. sii. krute antimavaaram kreeditavaan. vruttihi. yuvakaah. eevart ityeshah vaanakoovar-vaitkyaaps-ef. sii.-akademi-samsthaam prati gantum poorvam scarbero-nagare yuva-saakar-kreedaam abhyanayt. pashchat saha vaaghan ess. sii. ityatra gatavaan, 2015 tame varshe leag-1 ontario-club ityasmin teshaam varishtadalena saha kinchitkalam vyateetavaan, yatra saha sigmaa-ef. sii. viruddham goal krutavaan. pitsburg nadee-schwan. evaart ityayam 27 maarch 2016 dinaanke unated saakar leag pakshena pitsburg riverhand ityanena saha vyaavasaayik-anubandham krutavaan. evart ityayam 2016 mey 21 dinaanke torrento-ef. sii. II ityasya viruddham 2-1 ityanena vijayena vyaavasaayik-padaarpanam krutavaan. antarashtriya-vruttihi. 2013 tame varshe kopaa dii meksiko dii nations ityasya krute saha saha rashtriyadale namankitaha abhavat. eevart 2015 tame varshe kankakaf-17-taha adhika-championship-kridaayaam kenada-deshasya 17-taha adhika-dalasya krute kreeditavaan, yatra saha dalasya shirsha-goal-scorer aasit. 2016 august-maase costa rikaa-viruddham maitreepoorn-kreedaayaah yugmasya krute evaart-varyaha 20-taha-nyoon-varga-dalaya aahooyitah. saha jamaikaadeshasy krute api kreeditum arhati yatah tasya pitaa clarendon-nagare, maataa kingston-nagare cha ajayata.

dwayne eward dwayne ooswald eward (prappu maarch 22,1998) oru kanadiya kaalpandhu veerar aavaar, avar kadaisiyaaga leak 1 onraariyoavil prostaurs eff. chii. kkaaga vilaiyaadinaar. thozhil. ilamai. vancouver oyit caps eff. chii akaadamikku selvatharku munbu, eevaard scarbarovil ilaignar kaalpandhu vilaiyaadinaar. pinnar avar vaagaan skikkuch sentraar, 2015 aam aandil leak 1 onrariyoa kilappil avarkalin mooththa aniyudan sirithu neram selavittaar, angku avar sigma effsicu ethiraaga oru cole adiththaar. bitburg reverhounds. maarch 27,2016 andru united sacker leak pakka bittsburg reverhoundsuden oru thozhilmurai oppanthaththil eevaard kaiyeluththittaar. eevaard mae 21,2016 andru torrando eff. chii II kku ethiraaga 2-1 endra cole kanakkil thanathu thozhilmurai arimugamaanaar. sarvadesa thozhil. 2013 koopaa dii mexico dii naasiyoanasirkaaga naasiyoanasirkaaga thaesiya aniyil avar peyaridappattaar. 2015 concacoff yuu-17 saambiyanshippil kanadiya yuu-17 anikkaaga eevaard vilaiyaadinaar, angku avar aniyin sirantha cole adiththa veeraraaga irunthaar. august 2016 ill, gosta rigavukku ethiraana oru jody natpu poattikalukkaaga eevaard yuu-20 anikku alaikkappattaar. avarathu thanthai clarentonil piranthathaalum, avarathu taayaar kingstenil piranthathaalum avar jamaikkaavukkaaga vilaiyaadath thaguthi perukiraar.

duven ewart duven oswald ewart (jananam marchi 22,1998) oka kenadian sacker aatagadu, athanu chivarisariga leag 1 antariolo prostars effsy kosam aadadu. vrutti. yuvata. eevaart vanakoovar whitecaps effsy akaadameeki vellae mundu scarborolo yooth sacker aadadu. taruvaata athanu athanu leag 1 ontario clublo vaari senior jattutho kontha samayam gadipinappudu, sigma effseeki vyatiraekamgaa goal chesaadu. pitsburg river hounds. ewart marchi 27,2016naa united sacker leag side pitsburg riverhoundsto oka vruttiparamaina oppandampai santakam chesaadu. ewart 2016 mae 21naa torranto effsy effsy IIపై vijayam saadhinchi thana vruttiparamaina arangetram chesaadu. antarjaateeya vrutti. 2013 copa dii mexico dii nassions kosam U15 jaateeya jattuku ayana empikayyaadu. ewart 2015 concockoff yuu-17 chhampiyanshiplo kenadian yuu-17 jattu kosam aadadu, akkada athanu jattulo agra goal scorerga unnadu. augustu augustu, costa rikaku vyatiraekamgaa oka jatha snehapoorvaka matchla kosam evaartnu yuu-20 jattuku pilicharu. athani tandri clarendonlo mariyu athani talli kingstonlo janminchinanduna athanu jamaikaaku aadataaniki kooda arhata saadhistaadu.

daween aiwart daween oswald aiwart (paidaish 22 maarch 1998) eek canadian fitt baal khilaadi hay juu aakhri baar leeg 1 oontario mein prostar aif see kay liye kheela thaa. carrier. naujawan. venkovar waait caps aif see academy mein jaanay say pehley aiwart nay scarburo mein youth fitt baal kheela. baad mein wah waagaan aiss see mein chalay gayey 2015 mein leeg 1 oontario kalb mein apnee seniyar team kay saath kachh waqat guzaray jehaan inhon nay sagma aif see kay khalaaf goal kiyaa. patsburg rever hound. aiwart nay 27 maarch 2016 kuu united saakar leeg kii taraf patsburg rever hounds kay saath eek paishah waranah muahide parr dastakhat kiye. aiwart nay 21 mayee 2016 kuu torrento aif see II parr 2-1 say jeeth kay saath apnaa paishah waranah aaghaz kiyaa. beenn alaqwami carrier. inhein 2013 kay kopa ddee mexico ddee nesions kay liye yuu 15 qomi team mein namzad kiyaa gayaa thaa. aiwart 2015 kii konkakaf inder 17 champine ship mein canada kii inder 17 team kay liye khailay jehaan wah team kay topp goal scorer thay. agast 2016 mein aiwart kuu cousta reeka kay khalaaf dostana meechon kay liye inder 20 team mein blaya gayaa thaa. wah jamika kay liye khelnay kay liye bhee ahal hay keunkah iss kay waalid clarenden mein aur iss kii waldah kingsten mein paida hoay thay.

fffa655f4adf744606bfc6724abe5fcde40fd45e8efc7c2022105a8332a832fb

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki?curid=3382954

Chambers, George (DNB00)

Chambers, George (DNB00)

chembezhs, jorj (dii. enn. bii. 100)

chambers, george (dii. aine. bii. 100)

chambers, george (dii. enn. bii. 100)

chambers, jaaraj (dee. ainn. bee. 100)

chambers, jaarj (dii. enn. bii. 100)

fffa67b788ea520250eeba6006dd919d0213b5aa2ac55bd359bb80d6f7adc0d1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=73488958

Monument to Minin and Pozharsky, Nizhny Novgorod

Monument to Minin and Pozharsky, Nizhny Novgorod Sources added The Monument to Minin and Pozharsky () is a copy of the monument erected on Red Square in Moscow. The monument is located in the historic centre of Nizhny Novgorod on National Unity Square, under the walls of the Kremlin, near the Church of St. John the Baptist. History of creation. The history of the monument goes back to the Time of Troubles. Russia was under a Polish-Lithuanian siege, and Moscow was occupied by the Poles. Then, in 1611, in Nizhny Novgorod, the zemstvo elder Kuzma Minin began to call on the people to take up arms against the Polish occupiers. He was supported by the city council, governors and the clergy. At the ringing of the bell, the people gathered in the Kremlin, in the Transfiguration Cathedral. After the service, Minin appealed to the people of Nizhny Novgorod with a call to stand up for the liberation of the Russian Tsardom from foreign enemies. Then it was decided to raise funds for the people's militia. It was also necessary to find a commander for the future militia. Nizhny Novgorod decided to ask Prince Dmitry Pozharsky to head it. The noble prince did not immediately agree and set the condition that Minin was in charge of economic affairs in the militia. In 1803, it was decided to start raising funds for the erection of a monument in honor of Minin and Pozharsky. Ivan Martos immediately got down to business. Initially, it was supposed to erect a monument in Nizhny Novgorod, but due to the fact that it was of great value to the country, it was decided to install it on Red Square in Moscow. 4 March [O.S. 20 February] 1818 the unveiling ceremony took place. In Nizhny Novgorod, on the territory of the Kremlin, in 1828, an obelisk was erected in honor of Minin and Pozharsky instead of the monument. In the 1910s, it was planned to erect a new monument to Minin and Pozharsky in the city, but due to the beginning of the revolutionary events, they did not manage to complete it, and from the material prepared for the memorial, the Bolsheviks made a monument to the Victims of the Revolution of 1905, which was installed on Freedom Square (). In 2004, Moscow Mayor Yury Luzhkov decided to install a copy of the Moscow monument in Nizhny Novgorod. He offered to copy the monument to the famous Russian sculptor Zurab Tsereteli. On November 4, 2005, the grand opening of the monument took place on the new square of Nizhny Novgorod - the National Unity Square. The choice of the place was not accidental - after all, it was from here that the people's militia of 1611 began. On this day, a new holiday appeared in Russia - the day of unity. The date also turned out to be not accidental, because on October 22 (November 4), 1612, Moscow was liberated from the Poles, and in 1649 Tsar Alexis ordered to celebrate the day of the Our Lady of Kazan, which is now also celebrated on November 4. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

minin aaru poserskyr smritixoudho, nijhoni novgoroad minin aaru poserskyr smritixoudhotu () hoise moskur ronga borgor uporot nirman koraa smritixoudhotur etaa protilipi. ei smritixoudhotu rastriyo ekota borgor nijhoni novgorudor oitihaxik kendrot, kremlinor dewalor tolot, saint girjar usorot owosthito. john dyo buptist. sristir itihax. smritixoudhotur itihax xomosyar xomoyoloi ghuri yaay. rasiya ek poo 'liss-lithuanian oworudhor odhinot aasil, aaru mosko' ror uporot khutibure dokhol korisil. taar pisot, 1611 sonot, nijhoni novgorudot, jamestovur jyestho kujma minine jonoxadharonok poo 'liss dokholkarixokolor biruddhe ostro tuli lo' boloi aahban koriboloi aarombho korisil. teuk nogor porixod, rajyopal aaru poriyalor luke xomorthon korisil. ghontatu bojuwar xomoyot, manuhbur kremlinot, rupantor kethedrelot ekotrito hoisil. xewar pisot minine bidexi xotrur poraa rasiyar tsardomor muktir baabe thiyo diboloi aahban jonai nijhoni novgordor lukoxokolok aahban jonaisil. taar pisot jonoxadharonor millixier baabe puji xongroho korar xiddhanto luwa hoisil. bhobisyotor millixier baabe ejon commander bisari uliuwatuu proyujoniyo aasil. nijhoni novgorude rajkumar demetry pujarskik iyar netritwo diboloi kuwar xiddhanto loisil. xombhranto rajkumarjone totkhyonat xonmot noho 'lo aaru milisiyar orthonoitik bixoixomuhor dayitwot mininok thokar sortotu nirdharon korile. 1803 sonot minin aaru poserskyr xonmanot etaa smritixoudho nirmanor baabe puji xongroho aarombho korar xiddhanto luwa hoisil. ibhan martche loge loge byowoxayoloi naami aahil. prothomote, ee nijhoni novgorudot etaa smritixoudho nirman korar kotha aasil, kintu dexor baabe ee jothesto mulyowan huwar baabe iyak mosko 'ror ronga borgoto sthapon korar xiddhanto luwa hoisil. unmuson onusthan onusthito hoisil. kremlinor bhukhondot thoka nijhoni novgorudot 1828 sonot smritixoudhor poriworte minin aaru poserskyr xonmanot etaa oh 'belisk sthapon koraa hoisil. 1910-ror doxokot sohorkhonot minin aaru poserskyr baabe etaa notun smritixoudho nirmanor porikolpona koraa hoisil, kintu biplowi ghotonar aarombhonir baabe teuluke iyak xompurno koriboloi xokhyom noho 'lo, aaru smritixoudhor baabe prostut koraa xamogrir poraa, bolsebhikxokole 1905 sonor biplowor bhuktobhugixokolor baabe etaa smritixoudho nirman korisil, jitu swadhinota soturot sthapon koraa hoisil. 2004 sonot mosko 'ror meyor eury lujkov-e nijhoni nobogorudot mosko' smarokor etaa protilipi sthapon korar xiddhanto loy. teu bikhyat rasian bhaskorzo jurabo seretelik smritixoudhotur protilipi korar prostab disil. 2005 sonor 4 novemborot rastriyo ekota borgo-nijhoni novgordor notun borgoto smritixoudhotur bhobyo udwudhon koraa hoisil. sthantur basoni aakosmik nasil-obosye, iyar porai 1611 sonor jonoxadharonor milixia aarombho hoisil. ei dintut rasiyat ek notun bondhor dinn-ekotar dinn-aarombho hoisil. ei tarikhtuu aakosmik nasil, kiyonu 1612 sonor 22 octoborot (4 novembor) moskuk khutir poraa mukto koraa hoisil, aaru 1649 sonot chaar alexise auwar leady owo kajanor dintu udjapon korar nirdex disil, jitu etiya 4 novemborotu udjapon koraa hoy.

minin ebong pozarskir smritistambha, nijhoni novgord minin ebong pozarskir smritistambhati moscore laal chottore nirmito smritistambher ekti anulipi. smritistambhati jatiya oikyo chottore nijhoni novgorder oitihasik kendre, kremlin dewaler neeche, seenta girjar kachhe abosthito. john dya baptist. srishtir itihas. smritistambhatir itihas samasyar somoy porjonto firey yaay. rashiya polisha-lithuanian aborodher adhine chhilo ebong mosco meru dwara adhikrito chhilo. tarpor, 1611 khristabde, nijhoni novgorde, jamestovo probin kuzma minn jonogonke polisha dokholdarder biruddhe ostro tuley neoar ahoban janate shuru corren. tini nogor porishod, rajyapal ebong padrider dwara somorthito chhilen. ghanta bazar somoy, lokera kremlin, rupantar cathedrale joro hoyechilo. sebar porr, minin bideshi shotruder haat theke russian jardomer muktir jonno dandanor ahoban janiye nijhoni novgoroader jonogoner kachhe abedon zanan. tarpor jonogoner millisier jonno tehbil sangraher siddhanta neoa hoy. bhabishyater millisier jonno ekjon commander khunje berr korao prayojan chhilo. nijhoni novgord siddhanta nene jey tini juboraj dimitri pozarsky err prodhan hotey bolben. abhijato juboraj totkkhonat raji hononi ebong eyi shortoti nirdharan korechilen jey minin millisier orthonoitik vishaygulir dayitte thakben. 1803 saale, minin ebong pozarskir sommane ekti smritistambha nirmaner jonno tehbil sangraha shuru korar siddhanta neoa hoy. evan martos sange sange kaaje neme asen. prathomikbhabe, etty nijhoni novgroade ekti smritistambha nirmaner kotha chhilo, kintu desher jonno etty atyanta mulyaban howar karone, moscore laal chottore etty sthapon korar siddhanta neoa hoyechilo. unmochan anusthanti onusthito hoy. kremlin anchale nijhoni novgroade, 1828 saale, smritistambher poriborte minin ebong pozarskir sommane ekti stambha sthapon koraa hoyechilo. 1910-err doshke, shohore minin ebong pozarskir jonno ekti notun smritistambha nirmaner parikalpana koraa hoyechilo, kintu biplobi ghotonagulir suchonar karone, taaraa etty sampurna korte pareni, ebong smritisoudher jonno prostuto upadan theke, balshevikra 1905 saaler biplober shikarder jonno ekti smritistambha toiri korechilo, jaa swadhinota chottore () sthapon koraa hoyechilo. 2004 saale, moscore meyor eury luzkov nijhoni novgorde mosco smritistambher ekti anulipi sthaponer siddhanta nene. tini bikhyato russian bhaskar zurab seretelir kachhe smritistambhati anulipi korar prostab diyechilen. 2005 saaler 4thhaa navembar jatiya oikyo chottore nijhoni novgoroader notun chottore smritistambhatir bishal udwodhon hoy. sthanti nirbachan koraa durghotonaboshoto hoyney-sarbopari, ekhan thekei 1611 saaler jonogoner milicia shuru hoyechilo. eyi diney, russia ekti notun chhutir deane abirbhuto hoyechilo-oikyer deane. tarikhtio durghotonaboshoto chhilo naa, kaaron 1612 saaler 22shhey octobor (4thhaa navembar) mosco meru theke mukto hoyechilo ebong 1649 saale jaar alexes kajaner amader bhadramahilar deane udjapon korar adesh diyechilen, jaa ekhon 4thhaa navembaro udjapito hoy.

minin aneey pozarskinu smaarak, neeznee novgorod minin aneey pozarskinu smaarak () aee moskomaa laal choras parr bandhvama aavela smaaraknee nakal chhe. aaa smaarak raashtriy aektaa choqa parr neeznee novgorodnaa aitihasik kendramaa, kremlinni diwalo neeche, saint churchnee najik stheet chhe. john baptist. sarjanno itihas. smaarakno itihas mushkeleena samayno chhe. russia polisha-lithuanian gherabandhi hethal hatoo, aneey mosko parr dhruvono kabajo hato. pachhi, 1611maan, neeznee novgorodma, zemstavona vadil kuzma minine lokone polisha kabajadharako saame shastro upadva maate bolavva mandya. temne nagar parishad, rajyapalo aneey paadario dwara teko aapvama aavyo hato. ghantadi vaagee tyaare loko cramlinma, rupaantar cathedralma bhegaa thayaa hataa. sevaa pachhi, minine neeznee novgorodnaa lokone videshi dushmanothi russian tsardamni muktee maate ubhaa rahevani apil curry hatee. pachhi lokonaa lashkar maate bhandol aektra karvaano nirnay levaamaa aavyo hato. bhavishyanaa lashkar maate commander shodhvo pann jaroori hato. neeznee novgorode rajkumar dimitri pozarskine tenu netrutva karvaa maate kahevaanu nakki karyoo. umadaa rajkumar tarat jaj sammat naa thayaa aneey sharat nakki curry keey minin lashkarma aarthik babtonaa prabhaari hataa. 1803maan, minin aneey pozarskina sanmaanmaa smaaraknaa nirmaan maate bhandol aektra karvaanu sharoo karvaano nirnay levaamaa aavyo hato. ivaan martos tarat jaj vyavsayma utaryo. sharuaatmaa, teey neeznee novgorodma aek smaarak ubhoo karvaanu hatoo, parantu teey desh maate khoob mulyavaan hovaane kaarane, tene moskomaa laal choras parr sthaapit karvaano nirnay levaamaa aavyo hato. anaavaran samaroh yojaayo hato. kremlinnaa pradesh parr, neeznee novgorodma, 1828 maan, smaarakne badale minin aneey pozarskina maanmaa aek stambh stambh oobho karvaamaa aavyo hato. 1910 naa daykama, shaherma minin aneey pozarsky maate navoo smaarak ubhoo karvaanee yojnaa banavvama aavee hatee, parantu krantikari ghatanaaoni sharuaatne kaarane, teo tene purn karvaamaa safal rahyaa naa hataa, aneey smaarak maate taiyar karelee samagrimathi, bolshevikoae 1905 nee krantina pidito maate smaarak banaavyu hatoo, jeey friedam square () parr sthaapit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. 2004 maan, moskonaa mayer yuree luzkove neeznee novgorodma mosko smaaraknee nakal sthaapit karvaano nirnay leedho. temane aaa smaaraknee nakal prasiddh russian shilpkar zurab tsereteleene karvaanee rajuaat curry hatee. 4 november, 2005 naa roj, smaaraknu bhavya udghaatan neeznee novgorodnaa navaa choras parr thayu-raashtriy aektaa choras. sthalnee pasandagi aakasmik nahoti-chhevate, aheenthi jaj 1611nee lokonee lashkari tukadini sharuaat thaee hatee. aaa divase, russiama aek navee rajaa dekhai-aektaano divas. aaa taarikh pann aakasmik naa hovaanu bahaar aavyu, kaaran keey 22 october (4 november), 1612naa roj moskone dhruvomathi mukt karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, aneey 1649maan zaar alexise kazanni aapani maheelano divas ujavvaano aadesh aapyo hato, jeey havey 4 novembernaa roj pann ujavvama aave chhe.

minin aur pojhaarski, nizni novgorod kaa smaarak minin aur pojhaarski () kaa smaarak masco mein laal chauk parr banaae gaye smaarak kii ack prati haye. yeh smaarak rashtriya ekataa chauk parr nijhani novgorod key aitihaasik kendra mein sthit haye, craimlin kii divaaron key neeche, sent key church key paas. johnn dha baptist. srishti kaa itihas. smaarak kaa itihas pareshaniyon key samay taka jaataa haye. roose ack polish-lithuanian gherabandi key tahat thaa, aur masco parr khambhon kaa kabja thaa. phir, 1611 mein, nizni novgorod mein, zemstavo key badey kuzma minn ney logon koo polish kabja karane vaalon key khilaf hathiyar uthaane key liye bulana shuru curr diyaa. unhein nagar parishad, rajyapalon aur paadari varg kaa samarthan praapt thaa. ghanti bajane parr, loga craimlin mein, roopaantaran cathedral mein ikattha hue. seva key baad, minin ney nizni novgorod key logon seey videshi dushmanon seey russie tsardam kii mukti key liye khade honey kaa ahwan kiya. taba logon kii senaa key liye dhana jutaane kaa nirnay liya gayaa. bhavishya kii senaa key liye ack commander dhoondhana bhee aavashyak thaa. nizni novgorod ney rajkumar demetry pojhaarski koo iska netritva karane key liye kahane kaa faisala kiya. kuleen rajkumar turant sahmat naheen huaa aur shart nirdhaarit kii kii minin milicia mein aarthik mamalon key prabhaari they. 1803 mein, minin aur pojhaarski key sammaan mein ack smaarak key nirmaan key liye dhana jutaane kaa nirnay liya gayaa thaa. ivan martos turant vyaapaar mein utar gayaa. shuru mein, ise nijhani novgorod mein ack smaarak kaa nirmaan karna thaa, lekin iss tathya key kaaran kii yeh desh key liye bahut moolyavaan thaa, ise masco mein laal chauk parr sthaapit karane kaa nirnay liya gayaa thaa. anaavaran samaroh huaa. 1828 mein craimlin key kshetra mein nizni novgorod mein, smaarak key bajaay minin aur pojhaarski key sammaan mein ack stambh banaaya gayaa thaa. 1910 key dashak mein, shahar mein minin aur pojhaarski key liye ack nayaa smaarak banaane kii yojana banaai gaee thee, lekin krantikari ghatnaaon kii shuruat key kaaran, way ise puuraa karane mein kamyab naheen hue, aur smaarak key liye taiyar samagri seey, bolshevikon ney 1905 kii kranti key peediton key liye ack smaarak banaaya, jise swatantrata chauk () parr sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. 2004 mein, masco key mahapour yuri lujhkov ney nizni novgorod mein masco smaarak kii ack prati sthaapit karane kaa faisala kiya. unhone prasiddh russie moortikaar jurab tseretelli koo smaarak kii nakal karane kii peshkash kii. 4 navambar, 2005 koo, smaarak kaa bhavya udghaatan nijhani novgorod key nae varg-rashtriya ekataa varg parr huaa. jagah kaa chunaav aakasmik naheen thaa-aakhirkaar, yeh yahaan seey thaa kii 1611 kii logon kii senaa shuru hui. iss dinn, roose mein ack nayaa avkash dikhaai diyaa-ekataa kaa dinn. yeh tarikh bhee aakasmik naheen saabit hui, kyonki 22 octuber (4 navambar), 1612 koo masco koo khambhon seey mukt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur 1649 mein zaar alexes ney kazaan kii hamari mahila key dinn koo manaane kaa adesh diyaa, joe abb 4 navambar koo bhee manaaya jaataa haye.

minin mattu pojharsky smaaraka, nizni novgorod minin mattu pojharsky smaarakavu maskoda kempu chaukadalli nirmisalaada smaarakada nakalaagide. ee smaarakavu rashtriya ekate chaukada mele, cremlin godegala adiyalli, saint churchna bully, nizni novgorodna aitihaasika kendradallide. zaan baptist. srushtiya itihaasa. ee smaarakada itihaasavu sankashtada samayakke hindiruguttade. russia polish-lithuvenian muttigeyallittu, mattu maskovannu kambagalu aakramisikondiddavu. nantara, 1611ralli, nizni novgorodnalli, zemstovo hiriya kuzma minin polish akramanakarara viruddha shastrastragalannu ettuvante janarige karey needalu praarambhisidaru. avarige nagara mandali, raajyapaalaru mattu padrigalu bembala niididaru. ganteyu badiyuvaga, janaru kremlinnalli, roopaantarada cathedralnalli ottugudidaru. seveya nantara, minin videshi shatrugalinda rashyaada tsardomn vimochanegaagi nilluvante karey needi nizni novgorodna janarige manavi maadidaru. nantara janara senaapadegaagi hanavannu sangrahisalu nirdharisalaayitu. bhavishyada seenege obba senaapatiyannoo hudukuvudu saha agatyavagittu. idara mukhyastharagalu rajakumara demetry pojhaarskiyannu kelalu nizni novgorod nirdharisidanu. kuleena rajakumaranu takshanave oppalilla mattu milishiyaadalli arthika vevahaaragala ustuvaari minin avaraddemba sharattannu vidhisidanu. 1803ralli, minin mattu pojharsky gouravaarthavaagi smaarakavannu nirmisalu hanavannu sangrahisalu nirdharisalaayitu. ivan martos takshanave vevahaarakke ilidaru. aarambhadalli, idu nizni novgorodnalli ondu smaarakavannu nirmisabekagittu, aadare idu deshakke hecchina moulyavannu hondiruvudarinda, adannu maskoda kempu chaukadalli sthapisalu nirdharisalaayitu. anaavarana samarambha nadeyitu. 1828ralli, cremlin pradeshada nizni novgorodnalli, smaarakada badalige minin mattu pojharsky gouravaarthavaagi sthambhaphalakavannu sthaapisalaayitu. 1910 rahra dasakadalli, nagaradalli minin mattu pojhaarskige hosa smaarakavannu nirmisalu yojisalagittu, aadare kraantikaari ghatanegala prarambhadindagi, avaru adannu poornagolisalu sadhyavagalilla, mattu smarakakkagi siddhapadisida vastugalinda, bolshevikgalu 1905 rahra kraantiya balipashugalige smaarakavannu maadidaru, idannu friedam squarenalli sthaapisalaayitu. 2004ralli, masco mayer yoori luzkov avaru masco smaarakada pratiyannu nizni novgorodnalli sthapisalu nirdharisidaru. aata ee smaarakavannu prasiddha rashyaada shilpi zurab seretelige nakalu maadalu mundaadanu. 2005rahra november 4randu, rashtriya ekateya chaukavaada nizni navgorodna hosa chaukadalli smaarakada bhavyavaada udghaataneyu nadeyitu. sthalada aykeyu akasmikavagiralilla-ellah nantara, 1611 rahra janara seeneyu illinda praarambhavaayitu. ee dinadandu, rashyaadalli hosa rajaadinavu kaanisikonditu-ekateya dina. aaa dinankavu akasmikavagiralilla, ekendare 1612rahra october 22randu (november 4), maskovannu kambagalinda muktagolisalaayitu, mattu 1649ralli tsar alexes avaru awar lady off kazan dinavannu acharisalu aadeshisidaru, idannu eega november 4randu aacharisalaaguttade.

minin, posharsky, nisni novgorod ennivayude smaarakam moscoyile chuvanna chathuratthil sthaapicha smaarakathinte oru pakarppaan minin, posharsky (ποσαρσκί) ennivayude smaarakam. deseeya aikya squareil nisni novgorodinte charitraparamaaya madhyathil cremlin mathilukalkk keezhil sent pallikkaduthaanu eee smaarakam sthithi cheiyunnathu. joonn dhaa baptist. srishtiyude charithram. smaarakathinte charithram prashnangalude kaalathekku pookunnu. russia poolish-lithwanian uparodhathin keezhilaayirunnu, mosco dhruvangalaal kaivashappeduthiyirunnu. thudarnnu, 1611-ll, nisni novgorodil, semstvoyile muthirnna kusma minin poolish adhiniveshakkaarkethire aayudangal uyarthaan janangalodu ahvaanam cheyyaan thudangi. sitti kaunsil, govarnarmaar, purohitar ennivarude pinthuna addehathinundaayirunnu. munny muzhangumbol aalukal cremlinil, roopaanthareekarana cathedralil othukoodi. sevanathinu sesham, videsha shathrukkalil ninnu russian saardaminte vimochanathinaayi nilakollaan minin nisni novgorodile janangalodu abhyarthichu. thudarnnu janangalude pourasenaykkaayi fund swaroopikkaan theerumaanichu. bhaaviyile pourasenaykku oru kamaandare kandethunnathum aavashyamaayirunnu. prins demetry posharskyode athinu neethrthwam nalkaan nisni novgorod theerumaanichu. kuleena rajakumaran udan sammathikkukayum milishyayile saambathika kaaryangalude chumatala mininaan enna vyavastha nischayikkukayum cheythu. 1803ll minin, posharsky ennivarude bahumaanaartham oru smaarakam nirmmikkunnathinayi fund swaroopikkaan theerumaanichu. ivaan martos udan thanne bisinessilekku erangi. thudakkathil, nisni novgorodil oru smaarakam nirmmikkendathaayirumnum raajyathin valia moolyamullathinaal moscoyile chuvanna chathuratthil ithu sthaapikkaan theerumaanichu. anaachaadana chadangu nadannu. 1828-ll cremlin pradeshathe nisni novgorodil smaarakathin pakaram minin, posharsky ennivarude bahumaanaartham oru obelisk sthaapichu. 1910-kalil, nagaratthil mininum posharskikkum oru puthiya smaarakam nirmmikkaan padhathiyittirunnuvenkum viplava sambhavangalude thudakkam kaaranam avarkk athu poortthiyaakkaan kazhinjilla, smaarakathinaayi thayyarakkiya vasthukkalil ninnu, bolshevikkukal 1905 leeii viplavathinte irakalkkaayi oru smaarakam nirmmichu, athu freedam squareil sthaapichu. 2004-ll mosco mayer yoori lushkov mosco smaarakathinte oru pakarpp nisni novgorodil sthaapikkaan theerumaanichu. prashastha russian shilpi surab settelikku smaarakam pakarthaan addeham vaagdaanam cheythu. 2005 november 4 nuu, smaarakathinte mahathaaya udghaadanam nisni novgorodinte puthiya squareil-deseeya aikya squareil nadannu. sthalam thiranjedutthathu aakasmikamayirunnilla-ellaathinumupari, 1611 leeii janangalude milishya ivide ninnaan aarambhichath. eee divasam, russiayil oru puthiya avadhi prathyakshappettu-aikyathinte divasam. 1612 october 22 (november 4) nuu mosco dhruvangalil ninnu mochippikkappedukayum 1649 ll saar alexes kaasaante lady dinam aaghoshikkaan utharavidukayum cheythathinaal eee theeyathiyum aakasmikamayirunnilla, athu ippol november 4 nuu aaghoshikkappedunnu.

minin aanee pozarsky, nizni novgorodche smarak minin aanee pozarsky (ποριν ποσρσκί) chey smarak heey moscotil laal chaukavar ubharalelya smarakachi prat aahe. heey smarak nizni novgorodchya aitihasik madhyabhagi, rashtriy ekata chaukavar, kremlinchya bhintinkhali, seent charchjaval aahe. johnn baptist. nirmiticha itihas. smarakacha itihas adchanichya kalaparyant mage jaato. russia polish-lithuania vedhyakhali hota aanee moscover khambancha taba hota. tyanantar, 1611 madhye, nizni novgorodmadhye, zemstovochya jyeshth kuzma mininane lokanna polish kabjadharkanviruddha shastre uchalanyache aavahan karnyas suruvat kelee. tyala nagarparishad, rajyapal aanee padrincha pathimba hota. ghanta vajtana, lock kremlinmadhye, rupantar cathedralmadhye jamale. sevenantar, mininane nizni novgorodchya lokanna paradeshi shatrunpasun russian tsaradamchya muktatesathi ubhe rahanyache aavahan kele. tyanantar lokanchya sainyasathi nidhi ubharanyacha nirnay ghenyat aala. bhavishyatil sainyasathi eka senapati shodhane dekhil aavashyak hote. nizni novgorodne rajkumar dimitri pozarskila tyache netrutva karnyas sanganyacha nirnay ghetala. kuleen rajkumarane lagech sahmati darshavali nahee aanee minin haah lashkari dalatil aarthik vyavharancha prabhari asel ashee aut ghatali. 1803 madhye, minin aanee pozarsky yanchya sanmanarth smarak ubharanisathi nidhi ubharani suru karnyacha nirnay ghenyat aala. ivan martos lagech vyavasayat utarala. suruvatila, teey nizni novgorodmadhye eka smarak ubharanar hote, parantu deshasathi teey khoop mahattvache asalyamule, moscomadhye laal chaukavar teey sthapit karnyacha nirnay ghenyat aala. anavaran sohala paar padala. kremlinchya pradeshavaril nizni novgorodmadhye, 1828 madhye, smarak aivaji minin aanee pozarsky yanchya sanmanarth eka stambh ubharanyat aala. 1910 chya dashakat, shaharat minin aanee pozarskisathi eka naveen smarak ubharanyachi yojana aakhanyat aalee hotee, parantu krantikari ghatananchya suruvatimule teey teey purn karoo shakale naheet aanee smarkasathi tayar kelelya samagrivarun, bolshevikanni 1905 chya krantichya piditansathi eka smarak banavale, jeey friedam squarever () sthapit kele gele hote. 2004 madhye, moscoche mahapour yuri luzkov yanni nizni novgorodmadhye mosco smarakachi prat sthapit karnyacha nirnay ghetala. tyane yaa smarakachi nakkal prasiddha russian shilpkar zurab tseretelila karanyachi tayari darshavali. 4 november 2005 roji, rashtriy ekata chauk-nizni novgorodchya naveen chaukavar smarakache bhavya udghatan jhaale. jaagechi nivad hii apghati navhati-shevati yethunach 1611 chya lokanchya sainyachi suruvat jhaali. yaa divashi, russiamadhye eka naveen sutty disali-ektecha divas. tee tarikhahi apghati tharali nahee, kaaran 22 aktoobar (4 november), 1612 roji moscola khambanpasun mukt karnyat aale aanee 1649 madhye zaar alexisne kazanchya aamchya mahilecha divas sajra karnyache aadesh dile, joou aata 4 novemberla dekhil sajra keela jaato.

minin rar pozarsky, nijhani nobhagorodko smarak minin rar posarskyko smarak () maskoko rato wargama khada garieko smarakko pratilipi how. yo smarak rashtriya ekta wargama nijhani nobhagorodko aitihasik kendrama, kremlinko parkhalmuni, centko church najikai awasthit chha. john da baptista. srishtiko itihas. smarakko itihas samasyako samayama firta janchha. roos polyand-lithuanian gherabandima thiyo, rar masko dhruwaharule kabja gareko thiyo. tyasapachhi, sann 1611 maa, nijhani nobhagorodma, jamestovo alder kuzma mininle manisharulai polish kabja garneharu viruddha hatiyar uthauna awhan garna thale. unlai nagar parishad, governer rar padariharule samarthan gareka thie. ghanti bajda, manisharu kremlinma, rupantaran cathedralma bhela bhae. sewa pachhi, mininle videshi satruharubata rusi tsaradamko muktika lagi khada huna awhan gardai nijhani nobhagorodka janatalai apil gare. tyasapachhi janatako miliciaca lagi kosh jutauna nirnaya gariyo. bhawishyako miliciaca lagi commander khojna pani awashyak thiyo. nijhani nobhagorodle rajkumar demetry poserskylai yasako netritwa garna agraha garne nirnaya gare. kuleen rajkumar turuntai sahamat bhaenan rar minin miliciama arthik mamilaharuko prabhari hune sarta taya gare. sann 1803 maa, minin rar posarskyko sammanma smarak nirman garna kosh jutauna suru garne nirnaya garieko thiyo. ibhan martos turuntai wyaparma lage. suruma, yo nijhani nobhagorodma euta smarak nirman garne thiyo, tara yo deshko lagi thulo mulyako tathyaka karan, yasalai maskoko rato wargama sthapana garne nirnaya garieko thiyo. anawaran samaroha sampanna bhayo. kremlinko kshetrama, nijhani nobhagorodma, sann 1828 maa, smarakko satta minin rar posarskyko sammanma obelisk khada garieko thiyo. sann 1910 ko dashakma saharma minin rar posarskyko nayan smarak nirman garne yojana banaieko thiyo, tara krantikari ghatanaharuko suruwatka karan uniharule yasalai pura garna sakenan, rar smarakka lagi tayar garieko samagribata bolsebhikharule 1905 ko krantika piditharuka lagi smarak banae, june swatantrata chaukama () sthapit garieko thiyo. sann 2004 maa, maskoka meyer yuri lujkobhle nijhani nobhagorodma masko smarakko pratilipi sthapana garne nirnaya gare. unle prasidha rusi murtikar zurab seretelilai smarakko nakkal garne prastawa rakhe. november 4,2005 maa, smarakko bhawya udghatan nijhani nobhagorodko nayan wargama-rashtriya ekta wargama bhayo. thaaunko chhanauta akasmik thiena-jey bhae pani, yahanbata nai sann 1611 ko janatako milicia suru bhayo. yass dina, rusma nayan chhutti dekha paryo-ektako dina. yo miti pani akasmik thiena, kinki october 22 (november 4), 1612 maa, maskolai polbata mukta gariyo, rar 1649 maa zar alexisle kajanko hamro lediko dina manauna adesh die, june ahile november 4 maa pani manaincha.

minin ebong pozarsky, nijni novgorodra smaraki minin ebong pojarskinka smaraki (πογινιν πορεσκί) heuchhi muscore laal bargare nirmita smarakira eka nakal . ehi smarakeeti jatiah ekataa bargare nijni novgorodra aitihasika kendrare, kremalinra kanth tale, cent church nikatare abasthita. zohn baptist. srustira itihas. smarakeetira itihas samasya samajaku jaithae. rushia eka polish-lithuanian gherabandi adheenare thila, ebong musco pole dwara adhikruta hoithila . taa 'parey, 1611 masihare, nijni novagorodare, jemstovonka baristha kuzma minin lokanku polish adhikrutanka birodhare astrashastra uthaibaku aahwana kariba arambha karithile. tanku nagara parishad, rajyapala ebong padarimane samarthan karithile. ghanta bajiba samajare, lokamane cremlin thaare, rupantara cathedralare ekatrita hoithile. seba parey, minin bideshi shatrumanankatharu rushiah sardmer mukti paain thia hebaku aahwana dei nijni novgorodra lokanku nibedana karithile. ehapare lokanka sainyabahinee paain panthi sangraha karibaku nishpatti niajaithila. bhabisyatara sainyabahinee paain jane commander khojiba madhya aabasyaka thila. nijni novgorod rajkumar demetry pojarskinku ehara mukhya hebaku kahibaku nishpatti neithile. sambhranta rajkumar turanta raaji hoinathile ebong ehi sarta rakhithile je minin sainyabahineere arthika byaparara dajitware rahibe. 1803 masihare, minin ebong pojarskinka sammanare eka smaraki nirmana paain panthi sangraha arambha karibaku nishpatti niajaithila. ibhan martos turanta byabasai arambha kale. prathame, ehaa nijni novagorodare eka smaraki nirmana karibara thila, kintu desh paain ehaa atyanta mulyabana hoithibaru, ehaaku muscore redd skwerare sthapana karibaku nishpatti niajaithila. unmochan samaroha anusthita hoithila. cremlin anchalare thiba nijni novagorodre, 1828 masihare, smaraki paribarte minin ebong pojarskinka sammanare eka obelisk nirmana karajaithila. 1910 dashakare, saharare minin ebong pojarskinka paain eka nutan smaraki nirmana karibaku yojana karajaithila, kintu biplabee ghatnagudikara arambha hetu, semane ehaaku sampurna karibare sakhyama hoinathile, ebong smaraki paain prastuta samagriru, bolsevikmane 1905 rahr biplabara peeditanka paain eka smaraki tiari karithile, jaahaa friedom square () ray sthapita hoithila . 2004 ray, muscore meyer yuri lujkov nijni novagorodare musco smarakira eka nakal sthapana karibaku nishpatti neithile. shay ehi smarakeeku prasidha rushiah shilpi zurab seretelinka nikatare nakal karibaku prastaba deithile. navember 4,2005 ray, jatiah ekataa berg-nijhanee novgorodra nutan bargare smarakira bhabya udghatan hoithila . sthana chayan akasmika nathila-sarbopari, etharu hinn 1611 masihar lokamanankara sainyabahinee arambha hoithila. ehi deane, rushiaare eka nutan chutidina-ekataa dibasa dekhajaithila . ehi tarikhati madhya akasmika nathila, kaaran 1612 masiha october 22 (navember 4) ray, maskoku polru mukta karajaithila, ebong 1649 masihare zaara alexes awara ledi off kajananka dibasa palana karibaku nirdesh deithile, jaahaa bartamana navember 4 ray madhya palana karajae .

minn atey pozarsky, nizni novgoroad daa smark mineen atey pozarsky () daa smark masco witch laal varag utte banaae gaye smark dee ikk kaapi haii. ih smark rashtari ekta varag utte nizni novgoroad dey itihasak kendra witch, cramlin deeaan kandhan dey hethan, cent dey church dey nede sathit haii. john dha baptist. sirjan daa itihaas. smark daa itihaas musibat dey samein takk jaanda haii. roos polish-lithuanian gherabandi adheen see, atey masco utte khambhiaan daa kabza see. firr, 1611 witch, nizni novgoroad witch, zemstwo dey bazurg kuzma minn neey lokan noon polish kabza curran valiaan dey virudh hathiaar chukkan daa sadda denna shuru qarr ditta. uss noon city consul, governoran atey padrian daa samarthan prapat see. ghanti vajjan 'teey, lock cramlin witch, parivartan girjaghar witch ikkathe hoye. seva toon baad, minn neey nizni novgoroad dey lokan noon videshi dushmanan toon russie zardam dee aazadi laee khadeh honn dee apeel keeti. firr lokan dee milicia laee fund ikkathe curran daa faisla keeta giaa. bhavikh dee milicia laee ikk commander labbhna vee zaruri see. nizni novgoroad neey rajkumar demetery pozarsky noon iss daa mukhi bannan laee kahinn daa faisla keeta. kuleen rajkumar turant sehmat naheen hoiaa atey ih sharat nirdharat keeti kii mineen milicia witch aarthik mamlian daa incharge see. 1803 witch, mineen atey pozarsky dey sanman witch ikk smark dey nirman laee fund ikkathe curran daa faisla keeta giaa see. ivaan martos turant carobar witch aaa giaa. shuru witch, ih nizni novgoroad witch ikk smark daa nirman karna see, parr iss tatth dey caarn kii ih desh laee bahut mahattavpuran see, iss noon masco witch laal varag utte sathapat curran daa faisla keeta giaa see. udghatan samaroh hoiaa. nizni novgoroad witch, cremlin dey khetar witch, 1828 witch, smark dee bajaae mineen atey pozarsky dey sanman witch ikk obelisk banaiaa giaa see. 1910 dey dahake witch, shehar witch mineen atey pozarsky laee ikk navaan smark banaun dee yojna banayi gaee see, parr inqalabi ghatnavan dee shuruat dey caarn, uh iss noon poora curran witch kamyab naheen hoye, atey smark laee tiaar keeti gaee samaggari toon, bolshevikan neey 1905 dee inqalaab dey peedtan laee ikk smark banaiaa, joe kii sutantarta chauk () utte sathapat keeta giaa see. 2004 witch, masco dey mayer yuri luzkov neey nizni novgoroad witch masco smark dee ikk kaapi sathapat curran daa faisla keeta. uss neey prasidh russie murtikar zurab zeretelli noon smark dee nakal curran dee peshkash keeti. 4 navambar, 2005 noon, smark daa shandar udghatan nizni novgoroad dey navein varag-rashtari ekta varag utte hoiaa. sathaan dee chonh durghatna naheen see-aakharkar, ithon hii 1611 dee lokan dee milicia dee shuruat hoee see. iss dinn, roos witch ikk naveen chhutti dikhai ditti-ekta daa dinn. ih mitee vee durghatna naheen saabat hoee, kiunki 22 aktubar (4 navambar), 1612 noon masco noon khambhiaan toon mukat qarr ditta giaa see, atey 1649 witch zaar alexis neey kazan dee saadi lady daa dinn manaun daa adesh ditta see, joe hunn 4 navambar noon vee manaiaa jaanda haii.

minin tathaa pozarsky, niznee novgorod ityasya smarakam minin tathaa pozarsky (ποσριν ποσαρσκί) ityasya smarakam maasko-nagarasya rakta-chatushkone nirmitasya smarakam prati asti. etat smarakam niznee novgorod-nagarasya aitihaasikakendre rashtriya-ekataa-chaukayam cremlin-ityasya bhitteh adhah, sent-charch ityasya sameepe sthitam asti. jaan da baptist. srushtehe itihaasah. smarakam itihaasah kashtakalat arabhyate. rashyaa-deshah polish-lithuvenian-deshayoho pariveshe aasit, maasko-deshah cha dhruvaihi aakramitah aasit. tatah 1611 tame varshe niznee novgorod-nagare zemstovo-vruddhaa kujmaa minin ityayam polish-adhibhoginaam viruddham shastram svikuryat iti janaan aahvayitum aarabdhavaan. nagaraparishada, rajyapalaihi, paadriyaih cha saha samarthitah aasit. ghantihi dhwanyah janaah cremlin-nagare, roopaantar-kethedral-madhye samagataha. sewaayaah anantaram minin, niznee novgorod-nagarasya janaan, videshiyashatroonaam viruddham russian-tsaardam-ityasya vimochanaartham utthaatum aahvayata. tatah janaanaam sainyasya krute dhanam sangruheetum nirnayah krutah. bhavishye sainyasya krute senaapateh anveshanam api aavashyakam aasit. niznee novgorod ityeshah rajakumaram demetry pozarsky ityenam tasya netrutve praarthayitum nishchitavaan. kuleenah rajakumaraha tatkshanameva naa sammatam krutvaa, milicia-samsthaayaam aarthikakaaryasy prabhaari minin iti shartam nishchitavaan. 1803 tame varshe minin tathaa pozarsky ityetayoho sammanartham smarakasya nirmanartham nidhisankulanam kartum nishchitam. ivaan martos tatkshanameva vyaapaaram aarabdhavaan. praarambhe, niznee novgorod-nagare ekam smarakam sthaapayitum apekshitam aasit, parantu deshasya krute etat mahatee moolyam vartate iti karanat maasko-nagarasya rakta-chatushkone tatt sthaapayitum nishchitam. anaavaran-samarohah abhavat. cremlin-pradeshe niznee novgorod-nagare 1828 tame varshe smarakasya sthaane minin tathaa pozarsky ityetayoho sammanartham sthalakaksha nirmitah. 1910 tame dashake, nagare minin tathaa pozarsky ityetayoho krute nootanam smarakam sthaapayitum yojanaa krutaa, parantu krantikari-ghatana-prarambhasya karanat te tatt poornum naa samarthan, smarakebhyah sajja-samagrya, bolsheviks-janaah 1905 tame varshe krantyaha piditanam krute smarakam niramaat, yat freedam square () ityatra sthaapitam aasit. 2004 tame varshe maasko-nagarasya meyar yoori luzkov ityeshah niznee novgorod-nagare maasko-smarakasya pratilipim sthaapayitum nishchitavaan. saha prasiddhasy russian-shilpinah zuraab tsereteli ityasmai smarakam pratipreshtum prastooyat. 2005 tame varshe navambaramaasasy 4 dinaanke, niznee-novgorod-ityasya nootan-chatushkone-rashtriya-ekataa-chatushkone-smarakam bhavyarupena udghaatitam. asya sthanasya chayanam akasmikam naa aasit-antatah, 1611 tame varshe janasainikadalasy aarambhah atra eva abhavat. asmin dine, rashyaa-deshe ekam nootanam viraamadinam-ekataa-diwasah-prakatitam. dinaankah api aakasmikah naa abhavat, yatah 1612 tame varshe october-masasya 22 dinaanke (november-masasya 4 dinaanke) maasko-nagaram dhruvaat muktam abhavat, 1649 tame varshe zaar-alexis-varyaha asmaa-leady-aaf-kazaan ityasya dinam aacharitum adishtavan, yat adhunaa november-masasya 4 dinaanke api aacharyate.

minin mattrum bojarsky, nisni novkoaroadukku ninaivuchinnam minin mattrum bojarskyin ninaivuchinnam () enbathu mascovil sivappu sathukkaththil amaikappatta ninaivuchchinnaththin nagal aagum. inththa ninaivuchinnam thaesiya ottrumai sathukkaththil, gremlin suvarkalin keezh, saint thevaalayaththirku arugil, nishni novgorodil ulla varalaattru maiyaththil amainthullathu. john gnanasnanam. padaippin varalaaru. inththa ninaivuchchinnaththin varalaaru thontharavugal aerpatta kaalaththirkuch selkirathu. russia oru bolish-lithuveniya muttrukaiyin keezh irunththathu, masco thuruvangalaal aakkiramikkappattathu. pinnar, 1611 aam aandil, nisni novgorodil, jamestovo mooththa kusma minin bolish aakkiramippaalarkalukku ethiraaga aayuthangkalai edukka makkalai alaikkath thodangkinaar. avarukku nagara sabai, aalunargal mattrum madhagurumaargal aatharavu aliththanar. manii olikkum poathu, makkal cremlinil, urumaattra katheetralil koodinar. sevaikkup piragu, velinaattu ethirikalidamirunthu russia sardham viduthalai seiyappada vaendum endru alaippu viduththa minin, nisni novgorod makalukku vaendukoal viduththaar. pinnar makkal poaraaligalukkaaga nidhi thiratta mudivu seiyappattathu. ethirkaala poaraaligalukkaana thalapathiyaik kandupidippadhum avasiyamaaga irunththathu. nishni novgorod ilavarasar demetry bosarskyike thalaimai thaangkach solla mudivu seithaar. unnatha ilavarasar udanadiyaaga oppuk kollavillai, maelum minin poaraaligalil porulaathaara vivakaarangkalukku poruppaaka irukka vaendum endra nibanthanaiyai vidhiththaar. 1803 aam aandil, minin mattrum bosarskyin ninaivaaga oru ninaivuchchinnathai amaippatharkaaga nidhi tirattath thodanga mudivu seiyappattathu. ivan martos udanadiyaaga vanigaththirku irangkinaar. aarambaththil, idhu nisni novgorodil oru ninaivuchchinnathai amaikkavirunthathu, aanaal adhu naattirku miguntha mathippudaiyathaaka irunthathaal, mascovil ulla sivappu sathukkaththil adhai niruva mudivu seiyappattathu. veliyeettu vizhaa nadaipettrathu. gremlin piraanthiyaththil ulla nisni novgorodil, 1828 aam aandil, ninaivuchchinnatthirku pathilaaka minin mattrum bojarskyin ninaivaaga oru sathurangam amaikkappattathu. 1910 kazhil, nagaraththil minin mattrum phosorskikku oru puthiya ninaivuchchinnathai amaikka thittamidappattathu, aanaal puratchigara nigazhvugalin thodakkaththin kaaranamaaga, avarkalaal adhai mudikka mudiyavillai, maelum ninaividaththirkaaga thayaarikkappatta porutkalilirunthu, poalshivikkugal 1905 aam aandin puratchiyaal paathikkappattavarkalukku oru ninaivuchchinnathai uruvaakkinar, idhu sudhanthira sathukkaththil niruvappattathu. 2004 aam aandil, masco mayer yoori lushkov masco ninaivuchchinnaththin nagalai nisni novgorodil niruva mudivu seithaar. inththa ninaivuchchinnathai pugazhpettra russia sirpi jurab seretaliyidam nagaledukka avar munwandar. navambar 4,2005 andru, thaesiya ottrumai sathukkamaana nisni novgorodil puthiya sathukkaththil ninaivuchchinnaththin piramaandamaana tirappu nadanthathu. inththa idaththaith thaerntheduppathu thartseyalaanathu alla-ellaavattrirkum maelaaga, 1611 aam aandin makkal poaraalikal ingirunththuthaan thodangkinar. inththa naalil, russiavil oru puthiya vidumurai thoantriyathu-ottrumai naall. october 22 (navambar 4), 1612 andru, masco thuruvangalilirunthu viduvikkappattathu, maelum 1649 aam aandil jaar alexes kasaan engkal laedi thinatthaik kondaada uttaravittaar, idhu ippoathu navambar 4 aam thaethiyilum kondaadappadugiradhu.

minin mariyu pozarsky, nizni novgorod smaaraka chihnam minin mariyu pozarsky smaaraka chihnam mascoloni erra chaturasrampai nirminchina smaaraka chihnam yokka coppy. eee smaaraka chihnam jaateeya aikyata chaturasrampai nizni novgorod yokka chaaritraka kendramlo, cremlin godala krinda, seyint charchi sameepamlo undhi. zaan baptist. srushti yokka charitra. eee smaaraka chihnam yokka charitra kashtaala kaalam naatidi. russia polish-lithuvanian muttadilo undhi, mariyu masco stambhaalachae aakraminchabadindi. appudu, appudu, nizni novgorod loe, zemstovo pedda kuzma minin polish aakramanadaarulaku vyatiraekamgaa aayudhalu chepattamani prajalanu pilavadam praarambhinchaadu. aayanaku nagara mandali, governorlu, mataadhikaarulu maddatu icchaaru. ganta moginappudu, prajalu cremlinlo, roopaantara cathedrallo gumigudaru. seva taruvaata, minin videshee satruvula nundi russian sardom vimukti kosam nilabadaalani pilupunistuu nizni novgorod prajalaku vignapti chesaaru. appudu prajala sainyam kosam nidhulanu sekarinchaalani nirnayinchaaru. bhavishyat sainyam kosam oka kamaandarnu kanugonadam kooda avasaram. nizni novgorod dheeniki naayakatvam vahinchamani yuvaraju demetry pozarskini adagalani nirnayinchukunnadu. goppa yuvaraju ventane angeekarinchaka, milicialo aardhika vyavahaaraalaku minin baadhyata vahinchaalane sharatu vidhinchaadu. vidhinchaadu minin mariyu pozarsky gouravaartham smaaraka chihnanni nirminchadaaniki nidhulanu sekarinchadam praarambhinchaalani nirnayinchaaru. evon martos ventane vyaapaaramloki digaadu. praarambhamlo, idhi nizni novgorod loe oka smaaraka chihnanni nirminchaalsi undhi, conny idhi deshaaniki goppa viluvanu kaligi unnanduna, mascoloni erra chaturasrampai daanini erpaatu cheyaalani nirnayinchaaru. aavishkarana karyakramam jarigindi. jarigindi cremlin bhuubhaagamlooni nizni novgorod loe, smaaraka chihnaniki badulugaa minin mariyu pozarsky gouravaartham oka sthambham nirminchabadindi. nirminchabadindi, nagaramlo minin mariyu pozarsky kotta smaaraka chihnanni nirminchaalani pranaalika cheyabadindi, conny viplavaatmaka sanghatanala prarambham kaaranamgaa, vaaru daanini puurti cheyalekapoyaru, mariyu smaaraka chihnam kosam siddham chesina padaarthaala nundi, bolsheviklu 1905 naati viplavam baadhitulaku smaaraka chihnanni tayaaru chesaaru, idhi friedam square () loe sthaapinchabadindi. sthaapinchabadindi, masco mayer yoorii luzkov masco smaaraka chihnam yokka kaapeeni nizni novgorod loe erpaatu cheyaalani nirnayinchukunnadu. athanu eee smaaraka chihnanni prasiddha russian shilpi zurab sereteliki coppy cheyadaaniki munduku vacchaadu. november 4,2005naa, smaaraka chihnam yokka goppa praarambhotsavam nizni novgorod yokka kotta square-jaateeya aikyata square loe jarigindi. eee sthalaanni enchukovadam pramaadavasaattu jaragaledu-anni taruvaata, 1611 naati prajala sainyam ikkade praarambhamaindi. eee rojuna, russialo kotta selavudinam kanipinchindi-aikyata roeju. eee thedhee kooda pramaadavasaattu kaadani telindi, endukante 1612 aktobaru 22 (november 4) naa, masco stambhaala nundi vimukti pondindi, mariyu 1649 loe jaar alexes avar laedii off kazan rojunu jarupukovalani aadesinchaadu, idhi ippudu november 4 naa kooda jarupukuntaaru.

maneen aur pozarsky nazni novgoroad kii yaadgaar maneen aur pozarsky kii yaadgaar () maasko mein sarkh chook parr khadee yaadgaar kii eek nql hay. yaha yaadgaar qomi itehad chook parr creamlin kii dewaron kay neechay sent kay charch kay qareeb nazni novgoroad kay tarikhi markaz mein waaqa hay. jaan baptasmah deenay waala. takhliq kii tareekh. yaadgaar kii tareekh preshaniyon kay waqat takk jaati hay. roos poland-lathwaniyayi muhasire mein thaa aur maasko parr khambon kaa qabzah thaa. pahar 1611 mein nazni novgoroad mein zemstov kay buzurg kazma minn nay logon say poland kay qabizon kay khalaaf hathiyar uthanay kaa mutalibah karnaa sharoo kiyaa. asay stee konsal governaron aur paadriyon kii himayat haasil thee. ghanti bajtay hyee loag creamlin mein transfegration cathedral mein jamaa how gayey. khadmat kay baad maneen nay nazni novgoroad kay logon say apeel kii kahh wah ghair milki dushmanon say rosee sadme kii aazadi kay liye khaday hoan. phir awaam kii milishiya kay liye funds aktha karnay kaa faislah kiyaa gayaa. mustaqabil kii milishiya kay liye eek commander talaash karnaa bhee zaruri thaa. nazni novgoroad nay shahzadah damitari pozarsky say iss kaa sarbarah bannay kaa faislah kiyaa. ameer shahzadah nay fouri toor parr ittefaq nahein kiyaa aur yaha sharat muqarar kii kahh maneen milishiya mein maashi amoor kaa incharge how. 1803 mein maneen aur pozarsky kay aizaz mein eek yaadgaar kii tameer kay liye funds aktha karnay kaa faislah kiyaa gayaa. aiwan martos foraa karobar mein utar gayaa. ibtadayi toor parr asay nazni novgoroad mein eek yaadgaar tameer karnee thee leakin iss haqeeqat kii wajah say kahh yaha milk kay liye behat ahmiyat kaa haamil hay asay maasko mein reed squire parr nasb karnay kaa faislah kiyaa gayaa. nqab kashayi kii taqrib hoyee. creamlin kay elaqay mein waaqa nazni novgoroad mein 1828 mein yaadgaar kay bajaye maneen aur pozarsky kay aizaz mein eek oblisk khadaa kiyaa gayaa thaa. 1910 kii dahayi mein shehar mein maneen aur pozarsky kay liye eek nayee yaadgaar tameer karnay kaa mansubah banaya gayaa thaa leakin inqilabi waaqiaat kay aaghaz kii wajah say wah asay makmal karnay mein kamiyab nahein how sakay aur yaadgaar kay liye tayaar kardah mawaad say bolshwekon nay 1905 kay inqilaab kay mutasireen kay liye eek yaadgaar banayi juu fredam squire () parr nasb kii gayee thee. 2004 mein maasko kay mear youri lazokoof nay nazni novgoroad mein maasko yaadgaar kii eek kaapi nasb karnay kaa faislah kiyaa. iss nay iss yaadgaar kii nql mashhur rosee mujasmah saaz zaraab seerteli kuu paish kii. 4 nomber 2005 cow yaadgaar kaa shandar iftatah qomi itehad chook-nazni novgoroad kay nayey chook parr hawaa. iss jagah kaa intekhaab hadsati nahein thaa-aakhir kaar yaha yahein say thaa kahh 1611 kii awami milishiya kaa aaghaz hawaa. iss dunn roos mein eek nayee chhatti namodar hoyee-itehad kaa dunn. yaha tareekh bhee hadsati nahein saabat hoyee keunkah 22 aktobar (4 nomber)yee 1612 cow maasko kuu khambon say aazaad karaya gayaa aur 1649 mein zaar aleksis nay hakam diyaa kahh wah hamaari khaatun qazaan kaa dunn manaye juu abb 4 nomber kuu bhee manaya jaataa hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=13705097

Connemara Market

Connemara Market Connemara market is situated at Palayam junction in Thiruvananthapuram city, in the state of Kerala, India. The recently renovated Market has merged with the Saphalyam Complex adjacent to it. The Palayam Market was established during 1857, when Sri Uthradom Thirunal was the Maharja of Travancore mainly to supply day to day essential commodities to the Army. The Arched Gate of the Market was built subsequently and was inaugurated by Sir Robert Bourke, 1st Baron Connemara, Governor of Madras Presidency , when he visited Thiruvananthapuram during 1888. In his honour, the market was then named as "Connemara Market".

kunemara bojar kunnemara bojar bharotor kerala rajyor tiruvanantapuram sohoror palayam jongsonot owosthito. xehotiyakoi nobikoron koraa bojarkhon iyar kaxor safalium complexor xoite ekotrito hoise. 1857 sonot palayam bojar sthapon koraa hoisil, jetiya shree utharod 'moo tirunal mulotoh xoinyobahinik doinondin otyawosyokiyo xamogri jugan dhorar baabe travancorer mohorjat aasil. poroborti xomoyot bojaror khilanjukto duwarkhon nirman koraa hoisil aaru 1888 sonot madrasor rastropotir rajyopal 1moo barton koo 'nemara chaar robert bob' rkeye udwudhon korisil, jetiya teu tiruvanantapuram bhromon korisil. teur xonmanot, bojarkhonor naam tetiya "koo 'nemara bojar" rokha hoisil.

konemara bazar konemara bazar bharoter kerala rajyer tiruvanantapuram shohorer palayam jongshone abosthito. samprati sangoskar koraa bajarti err sanglagna safalium complexer saathe mishe geche. palayam bazar 1857 saale protisthito hoyechilo, jokhon shree uthardam tirunal prodhanoto senabahinike daeenandin prayojaniya ponno sorboraher jonno travancore maharaja chhilo. 1888 saale jokhon madras presidencyr governor syara robbert borke tiruvanantapuram sofor corren, tokhon taanr sommane eyi bajarer khilanjukto getti nirman koraa hoy ebong udwodhon corren.

konnemara bajaar konemara bajaar bhaaratnaa keral rajyamaa thiruvanthapuram shaherma palayam junction parr aavelu chhe. taajetarma jirnoddhaar karaayel bajaar tenee bajuma aavela cephalium sankulma bhalee gayoo chhe. palayam bajaarni sthaapnaa 1857 darmiyan karvaamaa aavee hatee, jyaare shree uthradom tirunal mukhyatve senaane rojindi aavashyak chijavastuono purvatho puuro paadvaa maate traavankornu maharaja hatoo. bajaarno kamanvala darvaajo tyarbad banavvama aavyo hato aneey tenu udghaatan madras presidencyna governor surr roobert borke, pratham beron konemara dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jyaare temane 1888 darmiyan tiruvanantapuramni mulakat leedhi hatee. temnaa sanmaanmaa, bajaarnu naam "konemara marqeta" rakhvama aavyu hatoo.

connemara bajar konemara bajar bhaarat key keral raajya mein thiruvanthapuram shahar key palayam junction parr sthit haye. haal hii mein punarnirmit bajar kaa isake buggle mein safflium parisar mein vilay hoe gayaa haye. palayam bajar kii sthaapana 1857 key dauran hui thee, jaba shree uthradom tirunal mukhya roop seey senaa koo dinn-pratidin aavashyak vastuon kii aapoorti key liye travancore kaa maharaja thaa. bajar key mehrab vaale dwaar kaa nirmaan baad mein kiya gayaa thaa aur iska udghaatan madras presidency key governor surr robbert borke, 1 baron konemara ney kiya thaa, jaba unhone 1888 key dauran thiruvanthapuram kaa daura kiya thaa. unake sammaan mein, bajar kaa naam taba "konemara bajar" rakhaa gayaa thaa.

konemara marukatte konnemara marukatteyu bhaaratada kerala rajyada thiruvananthapuram nagarada palayam junctionnallide. ittichege navikarisida marukatteyu adara pakkadalliruva sufflium sankirnadondige vileenagondide. palayam maarukatteyannu 1857rahra avadhiyalli sthaapisalaayitu, shree utradom tirunal mukhyavaagi sainyakke dainandina agatya vastugalannu puraisalu travancourina mahaarjeyaagittu. marukatteya kamanina dwaarawannu taruvaaya nirmisalaayitu mattu adannu madras presidency governor 1 neey baaran konemara avaru 1888 ralli tiruvanantapurakke bheti niididaaga udghaatisidaru. avara gouravaarthavaagi, maarukatteyannu "konemara marukatte" endu hesarisalaayitu.

konmeraa maarkkat indiayile kerala samsthaanathile tiruvanantapuram nagaratthile paalayam jangshanilaanu konemara maarkkat sthithi cheiyunnathu. aduthide naveekaricha vipani athinaduthulla safalyam samuchayavumayi layichu. 1857ll shree uthraadam tirunal pradhaanamaayum sainyathin dainamdina avasyavasthukkal vitharanam cheiyunnathinaayi thiruvithaamkoorinte maharjayaayirunna samayathaan paalayam maarkkat sthaapithamaayathu. 1888ll tiruvanantapuram sandarshichappol madras presidencyude gavarnaraayirunna sarr roobert bork udghaadanam cheytha maarkkattinte kamana kavaadam pinneedu nirmikkappettu. addehathinte bahumaanaartham maarkkattin "konmara maarkkat" ennu perittu.

konemara bajar konemara bajar haah bharatachya keral rajyatil thiruvanthapuram shaharatil palayam junctionver aahe. alikadech nutanikaran keleli bajarpeth tyachya shejari asalelya sufflium sankulat villin jhaali aahe. palayam bajarpethechi sthapana 1857 madhye jhaali, jevha shree utradom tirunal haah pramukhyane lashkarala dainandin jivanavashyak vastooncha puravatha karnyasathi travankorcha maharaja hota. tyanantar bajarpetheche kamanidar praveshdwar bandhanyat aale aanee yache udghatan surr robbert borke, madras presidencyche governor, pahile barren konemara yanni 1888 madhye thiruvananthapuramala bhet dilee tevha kele. tyanchya sanmanarth, bajarala nantar 'konemara market' asey naav denyat aale.

konemara bazar konemara bazar bharatko keral rajyako tiruvananthapuram saharko palayam junctionma awasthit chha. bharkharai jirnoddhar garieko bazar yasako chheuma raheko safalyam complexma misieko chha. palayam bazar sann 1857 maa sthapana bhaeko thiyo, jab shree utradom tirunal mukhyataya senalai dainik awashyak wastuharu apurti garna trawankorko maharaja thiyo. bajarko dhanushakar gett pachhi nirman garieko thiyo rar madras presidencyka governer pratham barren konemar sear robert borkele sann 1888 maa tiruwanantapuramko bhraman garda udghatan gareka thie. unko sammanma bajarlai "konemara bazar" naam diieko thiyo.

konnemara bajaara konnemara bajaara bharatara kerala rajyara tiruvanantapuram saharar palayam jankasanare abasthita. nikatare nabikarana karajaithiba bajarati ehara parswabarti saphalium complexes sahita mishichi. palajama bajaara 1857 masihare sthapita hoithila, jetebele shree utradom tirunal mukhyatah senaku dainandina atyabashyaka samagri jogaana paain travankorara maharaja thile. parabarti samajare, ehi bazarara khilan dwara nirmana karajaithila ebong ehara udghatan karithile madras presidencyra gabharnara, 1maha barron konnemara, saar robert borke, jetebele shay 1888 masihare tiruvanantapuram gasta karithile. taanka sammanare, setebele bazarara naama "konnemara bajaara" rakhajaithila.

konemara markeet konemara markeet bharat dey keral raaj dey thiruvananthapuram shehar witch playam junction utte sathit haii. haal hii witch navinikaran keeti gaee markeet iss dey naal laggde saifalyam complexes witch mill gaee haii. playam markeet dee sathapana 1857 dauran keeti gaee see, jadon shree uthradom thirunal mukkh taur utte fauj noon rozana deeaan zaruri vastan dee saplai curran laee travancore daa maharaja see. markeet daa kamandar gett baad witch banaiaa giaa see atey madras presidency dey governor sarr robbert borke, pahile bairan konemara duaara udghatan keeta giaa see, jadon uh 1888 dauran thiruvananthapuram gaye sunn. unhan dey sanman witch, markeet noon firr "konemara markeet" daa naam ditta giaa see.

konnemara-vipanihi konnemara-vipanihi bharatasya keral-rajyasya tiruvanantapuram-nagarasya paalayam-janshan ityatra asti. sadyah naveekrutam vipanim tasya sameepe sthitena safalyam-sankale saha vileenam krutam asti. paalayam-vipanyaah sthapana 1857 tame varshe abhavat, yadaa shreeutraadom-tirunal ityeshah mukhyataya sainyanam krute nitya-aawashyak-vastoonaam aapurtyartham traavanakorasya maharaja aasit. vipanyaah kamaanayuktah dwaarah tadanantaram nirmitah, tasya udghaatanam madras-presidency-ityasya prathama-baaran-konnemara-mahodaya, 1888 tame varshe yadaa saha tiruvanantapuram-nagaram gatavaan, tadaa tasya udghaatanam krutavaan, tasya sammanartham tasya vipanyaah naam "konnemara-vipanihi" iti aasit.

konnemara santhai inthiyaavin keralaa maanilaththil thiruvanandapuram nagaril ulla paalaiyam sandhippil konnemara santhai amainthullathu. sameepaththil pudhuppikkappatta santhai adhai otiyulla saafaaliyam valaakaththudan inaikkappattullathu. 1857 aam aandil sree udradom tirunaal mukkiyamaaga iraanuvaththirku andraada aththiyaavasiya porutkalai vazhangkuvatharkaaga thiruvithangoor maharjaavaaga irunththapoathu paalaiyam santhai niruvappattathu. 1888 aam aandil thiruvananthapuraththirku vijayam seithapoathu, madaras janathipathi pathaviyin muthal baron konnemara charr robbert poark avarkalaal santhaiyin valaivu vaail pinnar kattappattathu. avarathu ninaivaaga, santhai pinnar "konnemara santhai" endru peyaridappattathu.

konnemara market konnemara market bharatadesamloni kerala raashtramloni tiruvanantapuram nagaramloni palayam junction vadda undhi. iteevala punaruddharinchina market daani prakkane unna safalyam complexelo vileenam ayyindi. palayam market 1857loe sthaapinchabadindi, shree utradom tirunal pradhanamgaa sainyaniki rojuvaaree nityaavasara vastuvulanu sarafara cheyadaaniki travencore yokka maharja. market yokka vampu dwaaram taruvaata nirminchabadindi mariyu madrasu presidency governor surr robbert borke, 1 va baaran konemara, 1888 loe tiruvanantapuraanni sandarsinchinappudu praarambhinchaaru. athani gouravaartham, marketku "konnemara market" anie paeru pettaru.

konumara market konumara market hindustan kii riyasat kiralah kay tarwanant poram shehar mein plaim junction parr waaqa hay. haal hyee mein tajdid shadah bazaar iss say mutsil sfalim complex mein zam how gayaa hay. palayam bazaar 1857 kay doraan qayem kiyaa gayaa thaa jabb saree atradom taronal bunyadi toor parr foj kuu rozmarah kii zaruri ashyaa kii farahami kay liye travancore kaa maharjah thaa. bazaar kaa mehraab daar darwazah baad mein banaya gayaa aur iss kaa iftatah madraas kii sadarat kay governor frust biran konumara sarr raabart borke nay kiyaa jabb inhon nay 1888 kay doraan tarwanant poram kaa dorah kiyaa. inn kay aizaz mein bazaar kuu "konumara market" kaa naam diyaa gayaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55188828

Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Secondary School

Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Secondary School Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Secondary School () is a government secondary school in Birau, a village in Tutong District, Brunei. The school provides secondary education leading up to GCE 'O' Level qualification. Name. The school is named after Raja Isteri Saleha, the "Raja Isteri" or Queen of Brunei and the queen consort of the current Sultan of Brunei, Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah. History. Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Saleha Secondary School was inaugurated by Raja Isteri Saleha on 24 November 1988. Academics. The school provides secondary education which generally lasts five years. Students begin their studies in Year 7 and for two years they are assessed through Student Progress Assessment. This assessment will determine what streams they will proceed for the remaining years, in which they may differ in the range of subjects. Students in the 'Express' stream may also be able to complete secondary after Year 8 in only two years. At the end of Year 11 (Year 10 of the 'Express' stream), students will sit for GCE 'O' Level examination. Some may also have subjects which are assessed under IGCSE qualification. Regardless, the grades obtained from the examination will factor for entry to sixth form or technical and vocational education.

raaja isteri pengiran onok chela madhyomik bidyaloy raaja isteri pengiran onak chela madhyomik bidyaloy () hoise bruneir tutong jilaar ekhon gaaw biraur ekhon sorkari madhyomik bidyaloy. bidyaloikhone madhyomik xikhya prodan kore jaar folot ji. chi. ee 'oh' porzayor orhota laabh koribo paari. naam. bidyaloitur naam raaja isteri chela, "raaja isteri" baa bruneir rani aaru bruneir bortomanor sultan sultan hasanal bolokiyar ranir naamere rokha hoise. itihax. raaja isteri pengiran onok chela madhyomik bidyaloy 1988 sonor 24 novemborot raaja isteri chelar dwara udwudhon koraa hoisil. xikhyanobix. bidyaloikhone madhyomik xikhya prodan kore jitu xadharonote paas bosor dhori sole. xikhyarthixokole 7 bosorot teulukor odhyoyon aarombho kore aaru dubosoror baabe saatro-satrir progoti mulyayonor joriyote teulukor mulyayon koraa hoy. ei mulyayone nirdharon koribo je baaki bosorburot teuluke ki dharar xoite aagbarhibo, zo 'too teuluk bixoyor porixorot prithok hoh' bob paare. express "dharar saatro-satrixokole 8 bosoror pisot madhyomik xikhya maatro dubosorot xompurno koribo paare. 11 bosoror xexot ('express' dharar 10 bosor), xikhyarthixokole ji. chi. ee 'oh' porzayor porikhyat bohibo. kisumanor bixoy thakibo paare jibur aai. ji. chi. ess. ee. orhotar odhinot mulyayon koraa hoy. porikhyar poraa laabh koraa gradexomuhor uporot bhitti nokorakoi xostho prokar baa karikori aaru brittimulok xikhyat prowexor baabe gurutwo diya hoh "bob.

raja isteri pengiran anok selha madhyomik vidyalaya raja isteri pengiran anak selha madhyomik vidyalaya () brunaiyer tutong jelara ekti grama biraute abosthito ekti sarkari madhyomik vidyalaya. vidyalayati madhyomik shikkha pradan korey jaa zii. shee. ee 'oo' storer jogyata porjonto. naam. vidyalaytir namkaran koraa hoyeche raja isteri selha, "raja isteri" baa brunaiyer runny ebong brunaiyer bortoman sultan sultan hassanal bolkier ranir naame. itihas. raja isteri pengiran anok selha madhyomik bidyalayer udwodhon corren raja isteri selha 1988 saaler 24shhey navembar. shikkhanobish. vidyalayati madhyomik shikkha pradan korey jaa sadharonoto panch bochor sthayi hoy. shikkharthira 7maum bochore taader padashona shuru korey ebong dui bochorer jonno taader shikkharthider aggrogoti mulyayaner madhyome mulyayan koraa hoy. eyi mulyayan nirdharan korbe jey taaraa bucky bochorgulite coone dharati chaliye jaabe, jekhane taaraa bishoyer porisore vinno hotey paare. eksapresa' dharar shikkharthira matro dui bochore 8maum bochorer porey madhyomik shesh korte sokkhom hotey paare. 11 bochor sheshe ('eksapresa' dharar 10 bochor) shikkharthira zii. shee. ee 'oo' storer porikkhai bosobe. kichhu kichhu vishayo thakte paare jaa aaee. zii. shee. esha. ee jogyatar adhine mulyayan koraa hoy. porikkha theke prapto grade nirbisheshe shostho form baa projuktigoto oo brittimulak shikkhai probesher jonno factor hobey.

raajaa isteri pengiran anak selha maadhyameek shaala raajaa isteri pengiran anak selha maadhyameek shaala () bruneina tutong jeellana aek gaam biraaumaa aaveli aek sarkari maadhyameek shaala chhe. shaala maadhyameek shikshan purun paade chhe jeey jee. see. ee. oo. starnee laaykaat sudhee doree jaay chhe. naam. aaa shaalaanu naam raajaa isteri selha, "raajaa isteri" athavaa bruneini raanee aneey bruneina vartmaan sultanni raanee patnee, sultan hasnal bolkiana naam parthee rakhvama aavyu chhe. itihas. raajaa isteri pengiran anak selha maadhyameek shaalaanu udghaatan 24 november 1988naa roj raajaa isteri selha dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. vidhyano. shaala maadhyameek shikshan purun paade chhe jeey saamanya reete paanch varsh sudhee chaale chhe. vidhyarthio 7maan varshmaa temno abhyaas sharoo karey chhe aneey beey varsh maate vidhyarthioni pragatee mulyankan dwara temnu mulyankan karvaamaa aave chhe. aaa mulyankan nakki karashe keey teo baakinaa varsho maate kayaa pravaaho taraf aagad vadhashe, jemaa teo vishhayoni shreneema alag hoi shake chhe. express' streamna vidhyarthio pann maatra beey varshmaa varsh 8 pachhi maadhyameek purn curry shake chhe. varsh 11naa ante ('express' streamna varsh 10) vidhyarthio jee. see. ee. oo. starnee pariksha maate besashe. ketalakma aevaa vishhayo pann hoi shake chhe jenu mulyankan aaee. jee. see. aesa. ee. laaykaat hethal karvaamaa aave chhe. parikshamathi melvelaa grade chhaththa swaroop athavaa takneeki aneey vyaavsaayik shikshanma pravesh maate pareebal hashe.

raajaa isteri pengiran anak saleha maadhyamik vidyalaya raajaa isteri pengiran anak selha maadhyamik vidyalaya () brunei key tutong jile key ack gaanv beeraau mein ack sarkari maadhyamik vidyalaya haye. yeh vidyalaya maadhyamik shiksha pradaan kartaa haye joe jee. see. ee. oh. star kii yogyata taka jaati haye. naam. iss vidyalaya kaa naam raajaa isteri saleha, "raajaa isteri" yaa brunei kii raani aur brunei key vartamaan sultan, sultan hasnal bolkia kii raani key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye. itihas. raajaa isteri pengiran anak selha maadhyamik vidyalaya kaa udghaatan 24 navambar 1988 koo raajaa isteri selha dwara kiya gayaa thaa. shikshaavid. vidyalaya maadhyamik shiksha pradaan kartaa haye joe aam taur parr paanch saal taka chalati haye. chhaatr varsh 7 mein apani padhaai shuru karate hain aur dou varshon key liye unakaa mulyankan chhaatr pragati mulyankan key madhyam seey kiya jaataa haye. yeh mulyankan yeh nirdhaarit karega kii way shesh varshon key liye kinn dhaaraon mein aage badhenge, jisamen way vishayon kii seema mein bhinn hoe sakate hain. express' stream key chhaatr bhee kewal dou varshon mein varsh 8 key baad maadhyamik puuraa karane mein saksham hoe sakate hain. varsh 11 key anta mein ('express' stream key varsh 10), chhaatr jee. see. ee. oh. star kii pariksha mein baithenge. kuchh mein aise vishay bhee hoe sakate hain jinka mulyankan aaee. jee. see. aiss. ee. yogyata key tahat kiya jaataa haye. pariksha seey praapt grade kii parwah kiye binaa, chhathe roop yaa takniki aur vyaavsaayik shiksha mein pravesh key liye kaarak hoga.

raajaa isteri pengiran anak selha madhyamika shaale raajaa isteri pengiran anak selha madhyamika shaleyu () bruny tutang jilleya birau emba halliyalliruva sarkari madhyamika shaaleyaagide. ee shaleyu zii. sii. ii 'oo' mattada arhateyavarege madhyamika shikshanavannu odagisuttade. hesaru. ee shaalege raajaa isteri sella, "raajaa isteri" athawa bruny raani mattu prastuta bruny sultanana raani patni, sultan hasanal bolkia avara hesarannu idalaagide. itihaasa. raajaa isteri pengiran anak selha madhyamika shaaleyannu 1988rahra november 24randu raajaa isteri selha udghaatisidaru. shaikshanika. shaleyu madhyamika shikshanavannu odagisuttade, idu samanyavagi aidu varshagalavarege iruttade. vidyaarthigalu 7neey varshadalli tamma adhyayanavannu prarambhisuttare mattu eradu varshagala kaala vidyarthi pragatiya moulyamaapanada moolaka moulyamaapana maadalaaguttade. ee moulyamaapanavu ulida varsagalalli avaru yaava streamgalannu munduvarisuttaare embudannu nirdharisuttade, idaralli avaru vishayagala vyaaptiyalli bhinnavagirabahudu. express' streamnalliruva vidyaarthigalu 8neey varshada nantara madhyamika shikshanavannu kevala eradu varsagalalli poornagolisalu saadhyavaaguttade. varshada 11neey varshada koneyalli ('express' streamn 10neey varsha), vidyaarthigalu zii. sii. ii 'oo' mattada parikshege kulitukolluttaare. kelavaru aii. zii. sii. ess. ii. arhateya adiyalli moulyamaapana maadalaada vishayagalannu saha hondirabahudu. pariksheyinda padeda shrenigalannu lekkisade, aarane form athawa taantrika mattu vruttipara sikshanakke praveshakke kaaranavaaguttade.

raja isteri pengiran anak saleha madhyamik shaala raja isteri pengiran anak saleha madhyamik shaala () hii bruneichya tutong jilhyatil birav yaa gavatil eka sarkari madhyamik shaala aahe. hii shaala jee. see. eae. 'oo' patalichya patrateparyantche madhyamik shikshan dete. naav. yaa shaleche naav raja isteri saleha, 'raja isteri' kinwa bruneichi ranee aanee bruneicha sadhyacha sultan, sultan hasnal bolkiyachi ranee patni yanchya navavarun thevanyat aale aahe. itihas. raja isteri pengiran anak saleha madhyamik shaleche udghatan raja isteri saleha yanni 24 november 1988 roji kele. shaikshanik. hii shaala madhyamik shikshan dete jeey samanyatah paach varshe chalate. vidyarthi 7 vya varshat tyanche shikshan suru karatat aanee done varshansathi vidyarthyanchya pragati mulyankanadware tyanche moolyankan kele jaate. heey moolyankan urvarit varshansathi teey konatya pravahat pudhe jaatil heey tharvel, jyamadhye teey vishayanchya shreneet bhinn asoo shakatat. express' pravahache vidyarthi dekhil 8 vya varshanantar keval done varshant madhyamik shikshan purn karoo shaktil. 11 vya varshachya shevati ('express' pravahache 10 weey varsh) vidyarthi jee. see. eae. 'oo' patalichya parikshela basatil. kahee vishayanmadhye aay. jee. see. ess. eae. patratekhali moolyankan kelele vishay dekhil asoo shakatat. parikshetoon milanare guna heey sahavya formmadhye kinwa tantrik aanee vyavsayik shikshanat praveshasathi ghatak asateel.

raja isteri pengiran anak saleha madhyamik vidyalaya raja isteri pengiran anak saleha madhyamik vidyalaya () bruneiko tutong jillako biru gaunma raheko sarkari madhyamik vidyalaya how. yass vidyalayale zee. ess. eae 'o' starko yogyatasamma madhyamik shiksha pradan gardacha. naam. yass vidyalayako naam raja isteri selha, "raja isteri" wa bruneiki rani rar bruneika wartaman sultan sultan hasanal bolkiaki rani patniko namama rakhieko how. itihas. raja isteri pengiran anak saleha madhyamik vidyalaya 24 november 1988 maa raja isteri salehadwara udghatan garieko thiyo. shikshawidharu. yass vidyalayale madhyamik shiksha pradan gardacha june samanyataya paanch warshasamma rahanchha. vidyarthiharule warsha 7 maa afno adhyayan suru garchhan rar dui warshaka lagi uniharuko vidyarthi pragati mulyankan marfat mulyankan garinchha. yass mulyangkanle baanki warshaharuma tiniharu kuna dharaharu agadi badhnechhan bhanera nirdharan garnechha, jasma tiniharu wishayaharuko dayarama farak huna sakchhan. express' streamka vidyarthiharule pani warsha 8 pachhi madhyamik matra dui warshama pura garna saksham huna sakchhan. warsha 11 ko antyama ('express' streamko warsha 10) vidyarthiharu zee. ess. eae 'o' starko parikshama basnechhan. kasaisanga aigisi yogyata antargat mulyankan garieka vishayaharu pani huna sakchhan. jey bhae pani, parikshabata prapta gradeharule chhaitaun faram wa prawidhik rar wyawasayik shikshama praweshka lagi karak hunechha.

raja isteri pengiran anak selha madhyamika bidyalaja raja isteri pengiran anak selha madhyamika bidyalaja () heuchhi bruneira tutonga jillara eka gramm biraure thiba eka sarkari madhyamika bidyalaja. ehi bidyalajati madhyamika sikhya pradan karithae, jaahaa dwara jii. sii. ee. 'oh' starar jogyata hassel karajaipariba. naama. ehi bidyalajara namakarana raja isteri selha, "raja isteri" kimba bruneira raanee ebong bruneira barttamanara sultan sultan hasnal bolkianka raninka naamare karajaichi. itihas. raja isteri pengiran anak selha madhyamika bidyalajaku raja isteri selha 24 navember 1988 ray udghatan karithile. sikhyanabisa. ehi bidyalaja madhyamika sikhya pradan karithae jaahaa sadharanatah pancha barsha parjyanta chalithae. chhatrachhatrimane 7maha barshare semanankara adhyajana arambha karanti ebong dui barsha paain chatramananka pragati mulyankana madhyamare semanankara mulyankana karajae. ehi mulyankana nirdharana kariba je abasista barshagudika paain semane keun dharare aagaku badhibe, jeunthire semane bishajara parisara madhyare bhinna hoiparanti . express' dharara chhatrachhatrimane madhya maatra dui barshare astama barsha parey madhyamika sikhya samapta kariparibe. 11 barsha sheshare ('express' dharara 10 barsha) chhatrachhatrimane jii. sii. ee. 'oh' stariah parikhyare basibe. ketekankara epari bishai madhya thaipare jaahaa aai. jii. sii. ess. ee. jogyata adheenare mulyankana karajaithae. jaahaa heuna kahinki, parikhyaru prapta grade shastha form kimba baishajika ebong dhandamulaka sikhyare prabesha paain karaka heba .

raaja isteri pengiran anak saleha secondary school raaja isteri pengiran anak saleha secondary school () brunei dey tutong zilhe dey ikk pind birao witch ikk sarkari secondary school haii. ih school jee. see. ee. 'ou' paddhar dee yogta takk dee secondary sikkhiaa pardan karda haii. naam. iss school daa naam raaja isteri saleha, "raaja isteri" jaan brunei dee raanee atey brunei dey maujuda sultan, sultan hasnal bolkia dee raanee dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa haii. itihaas. raaja isteri pengiran anak saleha secondary school daa udghatan 24 navambar 1988 noon raaja isteri saleha duaara keeta giaa see. akadamik. ih school secondary sikkhiaa pardan karda haii joe aam taur utte panj saal takk challdi haii. vidiaarthi saal 7 witch aapni padahi shuru karde hunn atey doou saalan laee uhanan daa mullankan vidiaarthi pragati mullankan duaara keeta jaanda haii. ih mulankan ih nirdharat karega kii uh baaki saalan laee kihdiaan dharavan noon agge vadhaunge, jiss witch uh vishiaan dee seema witch vakkhre hoow sakde hunn. express' stream dey vidiaarthi vee saal 8 toon baad secondary siraf doou saalan witch poora qarr sakde hunn. saal 11 dey ant witch ('express' stream dey saal 10), vidiaarthi jee. see. ee. 'ou' paddhar dee prikhiaa witch baithange. kujh witch ajihe vishe vee hoow sakde hunn jinhan daa mulankan aaee. jee. see. aiss. ee. yogta dey tehat keeta jaanda haii. iss dee parwah keete binan, prikhiaa toon prapat keete grade chheven farm jaan takniki atey kittamukhi sikkhiaa witch dakhle laee kaarak honge.

raja isteree pengiran anak saleha maadhyamikavidyaalayah raja isteree pengiraan anaak selaha maadhyamikavidyaalayah () brunei-rajyasya tutong-mandalasya birau-graame sthitah sarvakaareey-maadhyamikavidyaalayah asti. vidyaalayah madhyamikashikshanam pradadaati yena jee. see. ee. 'o' starasya yogyata praaptam bhavati. naam. asya vidyaalayasya naam "raja isteree selaha" iti, "raja isteree" athavaa brunei-rajyasya raajnyaah, tathaa cha brunei-deshasya vartamaanasya sultan sultan hasanaal bolkia ityasya raajnyaah patnee ityasya namna asti. itihaasah. raja isteree pengiran anak saleha maadhyamikavidyaalayasya udghaatanam raja isteree saleha ityanena 1988 tame varshe november-masasya 24 dinaanke abhavat. shikshaawidah. vidyaalaye madhyamikashikshanam pradadaati yat samanyataya panchavarshaani yaavat bhavati. chhaatraah 7 tame varshe adhyayanm aarabhante, varshadvayebhyah chaatrasya pragatimoolyaankanen teshaam mulyamkanam bhavati. etat mulyamkanam nirneeyate yat sheshavarsheshu te kaani dharaha pravartayanti iti, yatra te vishayanam shreneem bhinnani bhavitum arhanti iti. express' ityasya pravaahe vidyamaanaah chhaatraah 8 varshasya anantaram maadhyamikam kevalam varshadvaye eva samaapayitum shaknuvanti. 11 varshasya ante ('express' ityasya 10 tame varshe) chhaatraah jee. see. ee. 'o' starasya pariksham graheeshyanti. keshuchit vishayeshu api aii. jii. sii. ess. ee.-yogyataayaah antargatam mulyamkanam krutam bhavet. pariksha-dwara praaptaani shrenyaah shashta-rupasya athavaa takaniki-vyaavasaayik-shikshayaha praveshasya kaaranaani bhavanti.

rajaa istheri bengran anak saleha melnilaipalli rajaa istheri bengran anak saleha maelnilaip palli () enbathu purunaeyin tudong maavattaththil ulla praavu endra kiraamaththil ulla oru arasu maelnilaip palliyaagum. inthap palli uyarnilaik kalviyai valangkukirathu, idhu jii. chii. ii 'ooo' nilai thaguthi varai vazhivagukkirathu. peyar. inthap pallikku, "rajaa istheri" allathu purunaeyin raani rajaa istheri mattrum tharpoothaiya burune sultan raani manaivi sultan husson poalkiyaavin peyaraal azhaikkappadukirathu. varalaaru. rajaa istheri bengran anak saleha maelnilaip palli 1988 navambar 24 andru rajaa istheri saleha avarkalaal thiranthu vaikkappattathu. kalviyaalargal. inththa palli podhuvaaga ainthu aandugal needikkum idainilaik kalviyai valangkukirathu. maanavargal 7aam aandil thangal padippaith thodangkukiraarkal, maelum irandu aandugalukku avarkal maanavar munnaettra mathippeettin moolam mathippidappadugiraargal. inththa mathippeedu, meethamulla aandugalil avai endhath thuraikalil thodarum enbathaith theermaanikkum, idhil avai paadangkalin varambil vaerupadalaam. express' stream maanavargal 8 aam aandukkup piragu irandaam nilai padippai irandu aandugalil mattumae mudikka mudiyum. 11aam aandin iruthiyil ('express' pirivin 10aam aandu), maanavargal jii. chii. ii 'ooo' nilai thaervukku amarvaargal. silarukku exse thaguthiyin keezh mathippidappadum paadangkalum irukkalaam. thaervil perappatta tharangalaip porutpaduththaamal, aaraavathu padivam allathu thozhilnutpa mattrum thozhirpayirchi kalvikku nuzhaivatharku kaaraniyaaga irukkum.

raajaa isteri pengiran anak selha madhyamika paatasaala raajaa isteri pengiran anak selha secondary school () anedi brunailoni tutang jillaalooni birao graamamlo unna prabhutva madhyamika paatasaala. eee paatasaala unnata vidyanu andinchi, gse 'oo' sthaayi arhata varaku andistundi. paeru. eee paatasaalaku raajaa isteri selha, "raajaa isteri" ledhaa brunai raani mariyu prastuta brunai sultan sultan hassanal bolkia raani bhaarya paeru pettaru. charitra. raajaa isteri pengiran anak selha madhyamika paatasaalanu 1988 november 24naa raajaa isteri selha praarambhinchaaru. vidyaavaettalu. eee paatasaala saadhaaranamgaa aidella paatu konasage madhyamika vidyanu andistundi. vidyaarthulu 7va samvatsaramlo tama chaduvunu praarambhistaaru mariyu rendu samvatsaraala paatu vidyaarthi purogati anchanaa dwara anchanaa vaeyabadataaru. eee anchanaa migilina samvatsaraallo vaaru yea pravahalanu konasagistaro nirnayistundi, indulo vaaru vishayaala paridhiloo bhinnamgaa undavacchu. express' streamloni vidyaarthulu kooda 8va samvatsaram tarvaata secondaryni kevalam rendu samvatsaraalalo puurti cheyagalaru. samvatsaram 11 chivarilo ('express' stream yokka samvatsaram 10), vidyaarthulu gse 'oo' sthaayi pareekshaku kuurchuntaaru. kontamandiki igce arhata kinda anchanaa veyabadina subjectlu kooda undavacchu. sambandham lekunda, pareeksha nundi pondina taragatulu aarava roopam ledhaa saanketika mariyu vrutti vidyaku pravaesaaniki karakamga untaayi.

rajah astari paingiran ink seelha secondry school rajah astari paingiran ink seelha secondry school () brunayi kay zalaa totong kay eek gaaon berao mein eek sarkaari secondry school hay. yaha school saanvi taleem farahim kartaa hay juu jee see ayee 'awo' satah kii ahlit takk pahunchti hay. naam. school kaa naam raaja astari seelha "rajah astari" yaa brunayi kii malkah aur brunayi kay maujudah sultan sultan hasnaal bolkia kii malkah kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa hay. tareekh. rajah astari paingiran ink seelha secondry school kaa iftatah rajah astari seelha nay 24 nomber 1988 kuu kiyaa thaa. mahireen taleem. school saanvi taleem farahim kartaa hay juu aam toor parr paanch saal takk jaari rehti hay. talbaa saal 7 mein apnee taleem sharoo kartay haine aur duu saal takk inn kaa jaizah talbaa kii tarqi kii tashkhis kay zariye liyaa jaataa hay. yaha tashkhis iss baath kaa tayeen karay gee kahh wah baqiyah saalon kay liye coone say silsilay jaari rakhein gay jinn mein wah mazamin kii hadd mein mukhtalif how saktay haine. express stream kay talbaa bhee sarf duu saalon mein saal 8 kay baad secondry makmal kirr saktay haine. saal 11 kay aakhir mein (express stream kaa saal 10)yee talbaa jee see ayee 'awo' satah kay imtehan mein bethein gay. kachh kay paas aisey mazamin bhee how saktay haine jinn kaa andazah aayee jee see aiss ayee ahlit kay tahat kiyaa jaataa hay. qataa nazar imtehan say haasil honay waalay grade chhatay faarm yaa takniki aur paishah waranah taleem mein daakhley kay liye awamil hoan gay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=14351648

58th Battalion, CEF

58th Battalion, CEF The 58th Battalion, CEF was an infantry battalion of the Canadian Expeditionary Force during World War I. History. The battalion was authorized on 20 April 1915. The battalion recruited in central Ontario and was mobilized at Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario. It embarked for Great Britain on 22 November 1915. It disembarked in France on 22 February 1916, where it fought as part of the 9th Infantry Brigade, 3rd Canadian Division in France and Flanders until the end of the war. Corporal Harry Miner of the 58th Battalion was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for his actions on 8 August 1918 at Demuin, France, during the Battle of Amiens, the start of the Hundred Days Offensive. The battalion was disbanded on 15 September 1920. Perpetuation. The 58th Battalion, CEF was first perpetuated by The Royal Grenadiers. In 1936, after the regiment was Amalgamated with The Toronto Regiment, the perpetuation is now continued by The Royal Regiment of Canada . Commanding Officers. The 58th Battalion had two Officers Commanding: Battle honours. The 58th Battalion was awarded the following battle honours: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

58tomo betalion, chi. ee. ef. 58tomo betalion, cf aasil prothom biswojudhor xomoyot kanadian obhijan bahinir etaa podatik betalion. itihax. 1915 sonor 20 aprilot ei betaliontu onumudit koraa hoisil. ei betalionok kendriyo ontario "too nijukti diya hoisil aaru ontario" ror niyagara-ono-dyo-lekot ekotrito koraa hoisil. 1915 sonor 22 novemborot ee great britainoloi jatra aarombho korisil. 1916 sonor 22 februaryt franceot owotoron korisil, zo 'too ee 9moo podatik bahinir ongxo hisape, franceot 3yoy kanadian bibhag aaru friendersor ongxo hisape juddhor xexoloike juj disil. 58tomo betalionor korpo "rail heri minerok 1918 sonor 8 aagostot francer demuinot ex dinor aakromonor aarombhonir xomoyot amienceor juddhor xomoyot koraa karjyor baabe moronuttorbhabe victoria croch prodan koraa hoisil. 1920 sonor 15 septemborot ei betaliontu bhongo koraa hoisil. sthayi. 58tomo betalion, seph prothome rajokiyo grenadierxokole sthayi korisil. 1936 sonot regimenttu torontu rejimentor xoite ekotrito huwar pisot, kanadar rajokiyo rejimente etiya ei sthayita obyahot rakhise. commanding bixoya. 58tomo betalionot dujon bixoya aasil jaar commanding aasiloh juddhor xonman. 58tomo betalionok nimnolikhito juddho xonman prodan koraa hoisiloh

সম্মান। batalion, shee. ee. eff সম্মান। batalion, sepha chhilo prothom bishwojuddher somoy kanadian abhijan bahinir ekti podatik batalion. itihas. 1915 saaler 20shhey april eyi batalionti onumodito hoy. central ontariote eyi batalionti niyog koraa hoy ebong ontarior niagra-ono-dya-lake-ayee sangathito hoy. 1915 saaler 22shhey navembar etty greta brittener uddeshye jatra shuru korey. 1916 saaler 22shhey february etty france abataran korey, jekhane etty 9maum podatik brigade, france france kanadian dibhishana ebong juddher shesh porjonto flanderser ongsho hisabe ladai korey. সম্মান। battellioner corporal harry minerke 1918 saaler 8ee august francer demuine amiencer juddher somoy taanr kormer jonno maranottar victoria cross pradan koraa hoy, jaa chhilo shoto diner akromoner suchona. 1920 saaler 15ee septembara batalionti venge deoa hoy. sthayi. সম্মান। batalion, sepha prothom rajakiya grenadierder dwara sthayi hoyechilo. 1936 saale, regimenti torronto regimenter saathe ekibhuto howar porey, kanadar rajakiya rejimenta dwara ekhon sthayibhabe abyahoto royeche. commanding officerra. সম্মান। battellioner duijon officer commanding kortenoh juddho somman. সম্মান। batalionke nimnolikhito juddho sommane bhushito koraa hoyechiloh

58mee batalian, see. ee. aef. 58mee batalian, sepha pratham vishvyuddh darmiyan kenediyan abhiyaan dalnee paaydal batalian hatee. itihas. bataliyanne 20 april 1915naa roj adheekrut karvaamaa aavee hatee. madhya ontariyoma bhartee karaayelee bataliyanne niyagra-ona-dhaa-leeka, ontario khaate gothavvama aavee hatee. teey 22 november 1915naa roj greta britton maate ravaana thayu. teey 22 februari 1916naa roj francemaa utaree aavyu, jyaan teey 9mee paaydal brigade, francemaa 3jee kenediyan division aneey yuddhnaa anta sudhee flandersnaa bhaag rupe ladyu. 58mee bataliyanna shaaririk herry khaaniyone mrutyu pachhi 8 august 1918naa roj francenaa demuin khaate soow divasnaa aakramakni sharuaat darmiyan eminsnee ladaai darmiyan temnee kreeyao maate viktoriya cross enayat karvaamaa aavyo hato. 15 september 1920naa roj bataliyanne vikheree nakhvama aavee hatee. sthaayi. 58mee batalian, sephane saupratham shaahee grenadiero dwara takaavi rakhvama aavee hatee. 1936maan, regimentne torrento regiment saathe jodyaa pachhi, kenedani shaahee regiment dwara havey kaayam raakhvaanu chaalu rakhvama aavyu chhe. commanding adheekario. 58mee bataliyanma beey adheekario commanding kartaa hataah yuddh sanmaan. 58mee bataliyanne neechena yuddh sanmaano enayat karvaamaa aavyaa hataah

58veen batalian, see. ee. aff. 58veen batalian, see. ee. aff. pratham vishva yuddh key dauran kanadai abhiyaan bull kii ack paidal senaa batalian thee. itihas. batalian koo 20 aprail 1915 koo adhikrit kiya gayaa thaa. batalian koo kendriya ontario mein bharti kiya gayaa thaa aur niyagra-onn-dha-lake, ontario mein jutaaya gayaa thaa. yeh 22 navambar 1915 koo grate britten key liye ravaana huaa. yeh 22 farwari 1916 koo france mein utaraa, jahan yeh 9veen paidal senaa brigade, france mein 3rd kanadai division aur yuddh key anta taka flanders key hisse key roop mein ladaa. 58veen batalian key corporal hairi minor koo maranoparant 8 agast 1918 koo france key demuin mein sou dinon key aakramak kii shuruat mein, amiens kii ladaai key dauran unake karyon key liye victoria cross seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. batalian koo 15 sitambar 1920 koo bhang curr diyaa gayaa thaa. nirantarta. 58veen batalian, see. ee. aff. koo pahale shaahi grenadiers dwara kayam kiya gayaa thaa. 1936 mein, resiment koo toronto resiment key saath vilay kiye jaane key baad, kanada kii shaahi resiment dwara abb nirantarta jaari haye. commanding adhikaari. 58veen batalian mein dou adhikaari commanding theh yuddh sammaan. 58veen batalian koo nimnalikhit yuddh sammaan seey sammaanit kiya gayaah

58neey betalian, sii. ii. eff. 58neey betalian, seph, modalane mahayuddhada samayadalli kenadaada dandayaatre padeya padaatidala betalian aagittu. itihaasa. betaliyange 20 april 1915 randu adhikara nidalaayitu. betalian annu central ontaariyodalli nemisalaayitu mattu ontaariyoda niagra-aun-dhii-leknalli sajjugolisalaayitu. idu 22 november 1915 randu grate brittenge horatitu. idu 1916 rahra phebravari 22 randu fransonalli iliyitu, allie adhu 9 neey padaatidala brigade, fransonalli 3 neey kenadian vibhaga mattu flandersna bhagavagi yuddhada antyadavarege horaaditu. 58neey betalian corporal harry mainarge 1918rahra august 8randu fransna demuinnalli nadeda amiens kadanadalli, nooru dinagala aakramanada aarambhada samayadalli, avara karyagaligagi maranottaravagi victoria shilubeyannu nidalaayitu. 1920rahra september 15randu betalian annu visarjisalaayitu. shaashvatate. 58neey betalian, seph annu modalu raayal grenadiyargalu shaashvatagolisidaru. 1936ralli, regiment annu torranto regimentnondige vileenagolisida nantara, kenadaada raayal regiment eega ee shaashvatateyannu munduvariside. commanding adhikaarigalu. 58neey betalian ibbaru adhikaarigalannu hondittuh yuddhada gouravagalu. 58neey betaliyange ee kelagina yuddha gouravagalannu niidalaayituh

58vee batalian, see. eae. eff. 58 vee batalian, sepha hii pahilya mahayuddhadarmyan canadian abhiyan dalachi payadal batalian hotee. itihas. 20 april 1915 roji yaa tukadila adhikrut karnyat aale. madhya ontariyomadhye bharati karnyat aalelya tukadila ontariyochya niyagra-aun-daad-lake yethe tainat karnyat aale. 22 november 1915 roji teey gret britainsathi ravana jhaale. 22 februwari 1916 roji teey francemadhye utarale, jithe teey 9 vya payadal brigedcha bhag mhanoon, francemadhil 3 raa canadian vibhag aanee yuddhachya shevataparyant flanders mhanoon ladhale. 58 vya bataliyanchya sharirik harry khaan kamgarala, shambhar divasanchya aakramakatechi suruvat asalelya, 8 august 1918 roji francechya demune yethe, emineschya ladhaidarmyan, tyachya krutisathi maranottar victoriya cross pradan karnyat aala. 15 september 1920 roji hii batalian visarjit karnyat aalee. shashvatata. 58 vya batalian, sephala pratham shahee grenadiersney kayam thewale. 1936 madhye, regimentche toronto regimentmadhye vilinikaran jhalyanantar, canadachya shahee regimentdware aata kayamswarupi chaloo thewale jaate. adhikari aadnyadharak. 58 vya bataliyanmadhye done adhikari hoteh yuddh sanman. 58 vya batalianla khaleel yuddh sanman pradan karnyat aaleh

sammana। batalion, sii. ee. aif. sammana। batalion, sayf pratham biswajudha samajare canadia abhijana bahineera eka padatika batalion thila . itihas. batalijanaku 20 april 1915 ray adhikruta karajaithila. kendriah ontariore nijukti paithiba batalijanaku ontariora niagara-aun-dee-lekare nijojita karajaithila. ehaa 22 navember 1915 ray great britten abhimukhe jatra karithila. ehaa 22 februari 1916 ray francere abataran karithila, jeunthare ehaa 9maha padatika brigedara ansha bhabare, francere francere canadia divijana ebong juddhara shesh parjyanta flandersre ladhithila . sammana। batalionara corporal harry mainarnku mrutyu parey, 1918 august 8 tarikhare francer demuinre, amience juddha samajare, shata dinara akramanara arambha samajare, taanka karjya paain victoria cross pradan karajaithila. 1920 masiha september 15 tarikhare ehi batalijanaku bhangi diajaithila. sthajee. sammana। batalion, sayf prathame rajkiah grenadier dwara sthajee hoithila . 1936 masihare, rejimentaku torranto regiment sahita mishran karajiba parey, kanadara rajkiah regiment dwara bartamana ehi sthajee karjya jaari rahichhi. kamanding officermane. sammana। batalionre dui john adhikari kamanding karuthileh juddha sammana. sammana। batalijanaku nimnalikhita juddha sammana pradan karajaithilaha

58veen batalian, see. ee. eff. 58veen batalian, see. ee. eff. pahile vishav yuddh dauran canadian muhim bull dee ikk paidal saina batalian see. itihaas. batalian noon 20 aprail 1915 noon adhikarat keeta giaa see. kendri ontario witch bharti keeti gaee batalian noon niagra-aana-dha-lake, ontario witch lamband keeta giaa see. ih 22 navambar 1915 noon gret britten laee ravana hoiaa. ih 22 farvari 1916 noon france witch utriaa, jitthe ih 9veen paidal saina brigade, france witch tiji canadian division atey yuddh dey ant takk flanders dey hisse vajon ladiaa. 58veen batalian dey corporal hairi minor noon meron uprant 8 agast 1918 noon france dey damuin vikhe amiens dee ladai dauran, saun dinan dey hamle dee shuruat dauran, uss deeaan karvaiaan laee victoria karaas naal sanmanit keeta giaa see. 15 satambar 1920 noon batalian noon bhang qarr ditta giaa see. nirantar. 58veen batalian, see. ee. eff. noon sabh toon pahilan shaahi grenadieran duaara kaaim rakkhiaa giaa see. 1936 witch, regiment noon torranto regiment naal milaun toon baad, canada dee shaahi regiment duaara hunn iss noon jaari rakkhiaa giaa haii. commanding adhikari. 58veen batalian witch doou adhikari sanauu ladai dey sanman. 58veen batalian noon heth likhe jangi sanmanan naal sanmanit keeta giaa seeuuu

58 tama-batalian, see. ee. ef. 58 tamah bataaliyanah, seph prathamavishvayuddhe kenada-deshasya abhiyaan-balasya padatisainya-batalian aasit. itihaasah. 1915 april 20 dinaanke asya batalianasya adhikaarah praaptah. madhya-ontario-nagare niyuktah bataaliyanah, ontario-nagarasya niyagra-aan-da-leck ityatra cha sangathitah. 1915 tame varshe november-masasya 22 dinaanke gret-britton-desham prati prasthanam krutavaan. 1916 februvari-masasya 22 dinaanke france-deshe avakramayat, yatra saha 9 tamasya padaatidala-brigade ityasya, fran-deshe 3-kenadian-division ityasya, tathaa flanders-ityasya cha bhagarupena yuddhasya antaparyantam yuddham krutavaan. 58 tamasya batalianasya carporal hyaari-mainar ityasmai 1918 august 8 dinaanke france-deshasya demuyin-nagare, shatadinasy aakramanasy aarambhe, amians-yuddhasya samaye, tasya karyanam krute maranottarm victoria-cross-puraskaarah dattah. 1920 september 15 dinaanke bataaliyanah vighatitah. shaashvatam. 58 tamam patalian, seph, prathamam raaj-grenadier-dwara stheeritam aasit. 1936 tame varshe, tornto-regiment ityanena regiment-ityasya vileeneekaranaantaram, adhunaa kenada-deshasya raaj-regiment-dwara sthayikaranam prachalati. aadnyaapak-adhikaarinah. 58 tamasya batalianasya commanding-adhikaarinah dwau aasan. yuddhasya sammaanah. 58 tama-bataaliyanah nimnalikhitaih yuddha-sammaanaih puraskrutah aasith.

mariyaathaikal padaippirivu, sef mariyaathaikal padaippirivu, sef enbathu muthalaam ulagap poarin poathu kanadiya padaiyin kaalaatpadai padaippirivaagum. varalaaru. inththa padaippirivu 20 aepral 1915 andru angkeekarikkappattathu. matthiya onraariyoavil paniyamarthappatta padaippirivu onraariyoavin niyagara-aann-thii-lakeil anithirattappattathu. idhu 22 navambar 1915 andru grade pirittanukku purappattathu. idhu 1916 pipravari 22 andru brancil irangkiyathu, angku adhu 9 vadhu kaalaatpadai padaippirivu, brancil 3 vadhu kanadiyan pirivu mattrum flanders aagiyavattrin oru paguthiyaaga poarin iruthi varai poaraadiyathu. 58 vadhu patalian carboral haari surangath thozhilaalikku august 8,1918 andru brancin demuinil, amiens poarin poathu, nooru naall thaakkuthalin thodakkaththin poathu avarathu seyalkalukkaaga maranaththirkup piragu victoria siluvaiyai vazhangkappattathu. 1920 septumber 15 andru inthap padaippirivu kalaikkappattathu. nilaiththanmai. mariyaathaikal padaippirivu, sef muthalil arasa kaiyeri kundugalaal nilainiruththappattathu. 1936 aam aandil, regiment torrento regimentudon inaikappatta piragu, kanadaavin raayal regimentol ippoathu nilaiththanmai thodarkirathu. thalaimai athikaarikal. mariyaathaikal padaippirivil irandu athikaarikal irunthanar poar mariyaathaikal. mariyaathaikal padaippirivukku pinvarum poar gowravangal valangkappattanah

58va betalian, cf 58va betalian, seph anedi modati prapancha yuddha samayamlo kenadian dandayaatra dalaaniki chendina padaatidala betalian. charitra. betalianku 1915 april 20naa adhikaram labhinchindi. central antariolo niyaminchabadina betalian, ontarioloni niagra-aann-dhi-lakelo sameekarinchabadindi. idhi 1915 november 22naa grate britanku bayaluderindi. idhi 1916 fibravari 22naa fraanslo digindi, akkada idhi 9va padaatidala brigade, fraanslo 3va kenadian division mariyu yuddham mugise varaku flanderslo bhaagamgaa poraadaaru. 58va betalianku chendina corporal harry mainarku maranaanantaram 1918 augustu 8naa fraanslooni demuinlo jarigina amiens yuddhamlo, vanda rojula daadi praarambhamlo, victoria cross labhinchindi. 1920 septembaru 15naa betalian raddu cheyabadindi. saasvatatvam. 58va betalian, sephnu modata raayal grenadierlu nilabettaru. 1936loe, regiment torranto regimentto vileenam ayina taruvaata, kenada yokka raayal regiment ippudu saasvatamgaa konasaagutundi. commanding adhikarulu. 58va betalianlo iddaru adhikarulu commanding chesaru yuddha gowravaalu. 58va betalianku eee krindi yuddha gowravaalanu pradaanam chesaru

58 wein batalin see ayee aif 58 wein batalin saif pehli jung azeem kay doraan canadian muham joyee force kii eek pyadah foj batalin thee. tareekh. batalin kuu 20 apreel 1915 kuu akhtiyar diyaa gayaa thaa. batalin kuu wastee oontario mein bharti kiyaa gayaa thaa aur asay oontario kay niyagara-aann-dee-leek mein mutharik kiyaa gayaa thaa. yaha 22 nomber 1915 kuu bartaniah kay liye rawanah hawaa. yaha 22 faroori 1916 kuu france mein utraa jehaan iss nay 9 wein infintry brigade france mein teesri canadian devision aur jung kay ikhtatam takk flanders kay hasay kay toor parr ladayi ladee. 58 wein batalin kay corporal hairi minor kuu sue dunn kay jarhana aaghaz kay doraan 8 agast 1918 kuu demoin france mein sue agast 1918 kuu inn kay aamaal kay liye baad az merg victoriah karaas say nawaza gayaa. batalin kuu 15 satambar 1920 kuu tehlil kirr diyaa gayaa. mustaqil. 58 wein batalin saif kuu sabb say pehley shaahi grenaderon nay barqarar rakhaa. 1936 mein regment kuu torrento regment kay saath zam karnay kay baad abb canada kii shaahi regment kay zariah mustaqil toor parr jaari rakhaa gayaa hay. commanding afsaran. 58 wein batalin mein duu afsaran commanding kirr rahay thay: jangi aizazat. 58 wein batalin kuu darj zeel jangi aizazat say nawaza gayaa:

fffa71de2e9272bdad500fb0d182c92830d922fe93d79de15a3ba8aa83d74ba1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33355192

City Mayors Foundation

City Mayors Foundation Think tank The City Mayors Foundation, also known as City Mayors, is an international think tank dedicated to urban affairs. It has been active since 2003 and runs the biennial World Mayor award, as well as providing pro bono consultancy services. Unlike Eurocities and United Cities and Local Governments it is wholly independent of any city. City Mayors has instituted a Code of Ethics for city leaders who wish to perform their duties beyond all reproach. Preamble from the Code: "Good and honest local government is the foundation of any nation that strives to provide its citizens with happiness, security and prosperity. Incompetence, corruption and misconduct in local government threaten fundamental decency in a society." The foundation also publishes books as an imprint on urban affairs. The City Mayors Foundation commissions the trophy presented as the World Mayor Award. The trophy was designed by artist Manuel Ferrari and is handmade out of steel by the metalworker Kaspar Swankey. History. The City Mayors Foundation was set up in 2003 by Tann vom Hove (UK/Germany), Ruth Maguire (UK), Guy Kervella (UK/France), Nick Swift (Canada) and Josh Fecht (US). In 2004 Andrew Stevens (UK), Mayraj Fahim (US), Tony Favro (US) and Adriana Maciel (Mexico) joined City Mayors. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

chiti meyors foundation chiti meyors foundation, jaak chiti meyor buliu jonaa yaay, hoise nogoriyo bixoixomuhor baabe utxorgikrito ek antohrastriyo think tenk. ee 2003 sonor poraa xokriyo hoi aase aaru dibarxik biswo meyor botaa porisalona korar logote pro 'bunu poramorxo xewa prodan kore. eurosity aaru xongzukto sohor aaru sthaniyo sorkaror biporite ee jikunu sohoror poraa xompurnorupe swadhin. sohoror meyorxokole sohoror netaxokolor baabe ek noitikotar bidhi protistha korise jixokole xokolu nindatkoi odhik teulukor kortobyo paalon koribo bisare. ei xonghitar bhumikah "bhaal aaru xot sthaniyo sorkar hoise jikunu rastror bheti ji iyar nagorikok xukh, nirapotta aaru xomridhi prodan koriboloi chesta kore. sthaniyo sorkaror okhyomota, durneeti aaru oxodasoroni xomaj ekhonor moulik xalinotak bhabuki diye."foundatione nogoriyo bixoixomuhor uporot ek protibimbo hisape kitapxomuhou prokax kore. chiti meyors foundatione biswo meyor botaa hisape prodan koraa trophytu commission kore. trophytu xilpi menual ferariye design korisil aaru dhaatur kaam koraa kaspar swanokiye steelor poraa haatere toiyar korisil. itihax. 2003 sonot tena bho 'moo hove (iuke/germany), ruth maguir (iuke), gaai carvella (iuke/france), nik suift (kanada) aaru jo' cho fest (aamerika)-ror dwara chiti meyors foundation sthapon koraa hoisil. 2004 sonot endru stevens (eu. key.), mayraj fahim (eu. ess. e.), tonny febhru (eu. ess. e.) aaru adriana machil (maxico) sohoror meyorxokolor xoite jugdan kore.

city meyors phaundeshana city meyors phaundeshana, jaa city meyor nameo porichito, holl shahure vishaygulir jonno nibedito ekti antorjatik think tank. etty 2003 saal theke sakriya ebong dwibarshik bishwa meyor puraskar porichalona korey, pashapashi proo bono poramorsho porisheba pradan korey. eurocity ebong sangjukto shohor ebong sthaniya sarkarer biporite etty jey konao shohor theke sampurna swadhin. shohorer meyorra shohorer netader jonno ekti nitimala chaalu korechen jaaraa samasta ninder baire taader dayitto palon korte chaan. coder prostabonah "vall ebong sott sthaniya sarkar holl jey konao jaatir vitti jaa taar nagrikder sukh, nirapatta ebong samriddhi prodaner chesta korey. sthaniya sarkarer okkhomota, durniti oo asadacharan samajer moulik shalinotar jonno humki."foundationty shahure vishaygulir upor chhaap hisabe boio prakash korey. city meyors phaundeshana bishwa meyor puraskar hisabe prodotto trophiti kamishana korey. trophiti shilpi manuel ferrari dwara design koraa hoyechilo ebong dhatu shromik kaspar soanki dwara ispat theke haate toiri koraa hoyechilo. itihas. 2003 saale tyana vome hove (juktorajyo/germany), rooth maguire (juktorajyo), gaai carvella (juktorajyo/france), nick suift (kanada) ebong josha fect (markin juktorashtro) dwara city mayers phaundeshana protisthito hoyechilo. 2004 saale andru stevens (juktorajyo), mairaj fahim (markin juktorashtro), tonny favro (markin juktorashtro) ebong adriana massiel (mexico) shohorer meyorder saathe jog deena.

ciity mayers foundation ciity mayers foundation, jene ciity mayers tareeke pann odakhvaamaa aave chhe, teey shaheri baabto maate samarpeet aantarrashtriy vichaarsheel sanstha chhe. teey 2003 thee sakreey chhe aneey dhvivarshik vishva mayer puraskar chalaave chhe, temaj proo bono consultancy sevaao puurii paade chhe. eurocityo aneey sanyukt shahero aneey sthaaneek sarkaarothi vipareet teey koipan shaherthi sampurnpane swatantra chhe. shahernaa meyaroae shahernaa netaao maate naitiktani aek sanheeta sthaapit curry chhe jeo tamaam nindaathi aagad temnee farajo nibhavva maange chhe. sanhitani prastavnah "saaree aneey pramanik sthaaneek sarkaar aee koipan raashtrano paayo chhe jeey tenaa nagrikone sukh, suraksha aneey samruddhi pradaan karvaano prayaas karey chhe. sthaaneek sarkarma akshamtaa, bhrashtachar aneey gervartanook samajma mulbhoot shaalintaa maate khataro chhe."foundation shaheri baabto parr chhaap tareeke pustako pann prakashit karey chhe. ciity mayers foundation vishva mayer puraskar tareeke rajoo karaayelee trophyne commission karey chhe. tropheny rachnaa kalakar manual ferrari dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey dhaatuna kaamdaar kaspar swankey dwara steelmathi haaththee banavvama aavee chhe. itihas. ciity mayers foundation sthaapnaa 2003maan teena woam hove (yuke/germany), rooth maguire (yuke), gaay kervela (yuke/france), niqa swift (keneda) aneey josh phekta (usa) dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee. 2004maan andrew stevens (yuke), myraj faheem (usa), tonny favro (usa) aneey adriana mcl (meksiko) shahernaa mayer saathe jodaya hataa.

city meyer foundation city meyer foundation, jise city meyer key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, shahari mamalon key liye samarpit ack antarrashtriya vichaar samooh haye. yeh 2003 seey sakriya haye aur dvivaarshik vishva mahapour puraskar chalaata haye, saath hii saath pro bono paramarsh sevaaen pradaan kartaa haye. eurocity aur sanyukt shaharon aur sthaaniya sarkaaron key vipareet yeh kissy bhee shahar seey poori tarah seey swatantra haye. shahar key mahapouron ney shahar key netaaon key liye naitikta kii ack sanhita sthaapit kii haye joe sabhi ninda seey parey apane kartavyon kaa paalan karna chaahte hain. sanhita kii prastaavnaah "achchi aur imandar sthaaniya sarkaar kissy bhee rashtra kii neenv haye joe apane nagrikon koo khushi, suraksha aur samriddhi pradaan karane kaa prayaas karati haye. sthaaniya sarkaar mein akshamta, bhrashtachar aur kadachar samaaj mein maulik shalinta key liye khatra hain."foundation shahari mamalon parr ack chhaap key roop mein pustaken bhee prakaashit kartaa haye. shahar key mahapour foundation ney vishva mahapour puraskar key roop mein prastut trophy koo commission kiya. trophy koo kalakar manual ferrari dwara design kiya gayaa thaa aur ise dhaatu key karigar kaspar swanki dwara steel seey haath seey banaaya gayaa haye. itihas. shahar key mahapouron kii neenv 2003 mein tain waum hove (yuu. key./germany), rooth magwire (yuu. key.), gaay karvela (yuu. key./france), nick swift (kanada) aur josh fact (yuu. aiss. aeye.) dwara sthaapit kii gaee thee. 2004 mein andreau stevens (yuu. key.), myraj fahim (yuu. aiss. aeye.), tonny fevro (yuu. aiss. aeye.) aur adriana massial (mexico) shahar key mahapouron mein shamil hoe gaye.

city mayers foundation city mayers foundation, idannu city mayers endoo kareyalaaguttade, idu nagara vyavahaaragalige misalaagiruva antararashtriya chintaka samstheyaagide. idu 2003rinda sakriyavagide mattu dwaivaarshika vishwa mayer prashastiyannu nadesuttide, jotege proo bono salaha sevegalannu odagisuttade. eurositigalu mattu samyukta nagaragalu mattu sthaliya sarkaaragaliginta bhinnavagi idu yaavude nagaradinda sampoornavaagi svatantravagide. ellah nindanegaligoo meeri tamma kartavyagalannu nirvahisalu bayasuva nagara naayakarige nagara meyargalu neeti samhiteyannu sthaapisiddaare. samhiteya munnudih "uttama mattu pramanika sthaliya sarkaaravu tanna nagarikarige santosha, bhadrate mattu samruddhiyannu odagisalu shramisuva yaavude raashtrada adipayavagide. sthaliya sarkaaradallina asamarthate, bhrashtachara mattu dushkrutyagalu samajada moolabhoota sabhyatege apaayavannuntumaaduttave."foundation nagara vevahaaragala mele mudreyagi pustakagalannu prakatisuttade. city mayers foundation vishwa mayer prashastiyagi nidalaaguva trophiyannu niyojisuttade. ee trophiyannu kalaavida manuel ferrari vinyaasagolisiddu, lohada kelasagara cosper swanky avaru ukkininda kaiyinda tayaarisiddaare. itihaasa. city mayers foundation annu 2003 ralli tonn waam hove (yuke/germany), ruth magair (yuke), gai kervella (yuke/france), nick swift (kenada) mattu josh fect (usa) sthaapisidaru. 2004ralli andrew stevens (yuke), mayraj fahim (usa), toney favro (usa) mattu adriana massiel (mexico) nagara meyargalannu seridaru.

sitti mayer foundeshan nagarakaaryangalkkayi samarppichirikkunna oru anthaaraashtra chinthaka samghamaanu sitti mayer foundeshan, sitti mayermar ennum ariyappedunnu. ithu 2003 muthal sajeevamaan, koodaathe dvivatsara loka mayer award proo boonoo kansalttansi sevanangalum nalkunnu. eurositykalil ninnum aikya nagarangalil ninnum praadeshika sarkkaarukalil ninnum vyathyasthamayi ithu eathu nagaratthil ninnum poornnamaayum swathanthramaanu. ellah nindakalkkum atheethamaayi thangalude chumathalakal nirvahikkaan aagrahikkunna nagara nethaakkalkkaayi nagara mayermar oru daarmikaniyamam earppeduthiyittundu. niyamaavaliyude aamukham "nallathum sathyasandhavumaya praadeshika gavanmentaanu pouranmaarkku santhoshavum surakshyum samriddhiyum nalkaan sramikkunna eathoru raajyathinteyum adisthaanam. thaddeshabharana sthaapanangalile kazhivillaayma, azhimathi, durupayogam enniva oru samoohathile adisthaana maanyathaye bheeshanippeduthunnu."nagarakaaryangalekkurichu oru mudrayaayi foundeshan pusthakangal prasidheekarikkunnu. loka mayer puraskaaramaayi nalkunna trophy sitti mayer foundeshan kammeeshan cheiyunnu. aartist maanuval ferrarianu trophy roopakalppana cheythath, lohathozhilaali casper swanky urukkil ninnu kaikondu nirmmichathaanu. charithram. taann voom hove (yuke/jarmmani), rooth magwire (yuke), gaii kerwella (yuke/france), nick swift (canada), josh fetch (usa) ennivaraanu 2003 ll sitti mayer foundeshan sthaapichathu. 2004ll andrew steevans (yuke), mayraj fahim (usa), tonny favro (usa), adriana maasiyel (meksikoo) ennivar sitti mayermaaril chernnu.

ciity mayers foundation ciity mayers foundation, jyala ciity mayers asehi mhanatat, hii shahari vyavharansathi samarpit eka aantarrashtriy vicharvant sanstha aahe. tee 2003 pasoon sakriy aahe aanee dvivarshik jaagtik mahapour puraskar chalavate, tasech pro bono sallagar seva pradan karate. eurocity aanee sanyukt shahare aanee sthanik sarkaranpramane heey konatyahi shaharapasun purnapane swatantra aahe. serve prakarchya badnamichya palikade aapali kartavye paar padu ichchinanya shahar netyansathi shahar mahapouranni eka aachar sanhita sthapan kelee aahe. sanhitechi prastavnah "changle aanee pramanik sthanik sarkar haah konatyahi rashtracha paya aahe joou aaplya nagarikanna anand, suraksha aanee samruddhi pradan karnyacha prayatna karato. sthanik sarkarmadhil asamarthata, bhrashtachar aanee gairvartan yamule samajatil moolbhut sabhyatela dhoka nirman hoto."hii sanstha shahari vyavharanvar chhap mhanoon pustake dekhil prakashit karate. jaagtik mahapour puraskar mhanoon pradan keleli chashak ciity mayers foundation dilee aahe. yaa chashkala kalakar manuel ferrari yanni rachana kelee hotee aanee dhatoo kamgar kaspar swanki yanni steelpasoon hatane tayar keela aahe. itihas. shahar mahapour sansthechi sthapana 2003 madhye tanne waum hove (yooke/germany), rooth maguer (yooke), gaay kervela (yooke/france), nick swift (canada) aanee josh phekt (usa) yanni kelee hotee. 2004 madhye andreau stevens (yooke), myraj fahim (usa), toney favro (usa) aanee adriana massial (mexico) heey shahar mahapouranmadhye sameel jhaale.

city meyer foundation city meyer foundation, jaslai city meyer pani bhaninchha, sahari mamilaharuma samarpit ek antarrashtriya think tank how. yo sann 2003 dekhi sakriya chha rar dwiwarshik vishwa meyer puraskar chalaunchha, sathai pro bono paramarsha sewaharu pradan gardacha. eurosityharu rar sanyukta saharharu rar sthaniya sarkarharuko viparit yo kunai pani saharbata purna rupma swatantra chha. saharka meyarharule sabai nindabhanda bahira afno kartawya palan garna chahane saharka netaharuka lagi naitiktako sanhita sthapana gareka chhan. sanhitako prastawanah "asal rar imandar sthaniya sarkar kunai pani rashtrako adhar how jasle afna nagarikharulai sukh, suraksha rar samridhi pradan garna prayas gardacha. sthaniya sarkarma akshamta, bhrashtachar rar duracharle samajko adharbhut sabhyatalai khatara nimtyaunchha."foundationle sahari mamilaharuma chhapka rupma pustakharu pani prakashit gardacha. city meyer foundationle vishwa meyer puraskarko rupma pradan garieko trafilai commission gardacha. yo trophy kalakar manuel feraridwara design garieko thiyo rar dhatu kamdar kasper swankidwara stilbata hatle banaieko how. itihas. city meyer foundation sann 2003 maa tyan wome hobh (belayat/germany), rooth magwayar (belayat), gai gai (belayat/france), nick swift (canada) rar jose fact (america) dwara sthapit garieko thiyo. sann 2004 maa andrew stevens (belayat), myraj fahim (america), tony fabhro (america) rar adriana massil (meksiko) saharka meyarharuma samel bhae.

city mayers foundation city mayers foundation, jaahaa city mayers bhabare madhya janashuna, heuchhi saharanchal byapara paain utsargeekruta eka antarjatija thinka tyanka . ehaa 2003 masiharu sakriya rahichhi ebong dwibarshika biswa meyer puraskara parichalana kariba sahita pro bono paramarsha seba pradan karuchhi. eurocity ebong sanjukta sahara ebong sthaniah sarakaranka tulanare ehaa jekaunasi saharatharu sampurna swadheena . saharar mejaramane saharar netamananka paain eka naitikata sanhita pratistha karichanti jeunmane samasta nindaru urdhware nijara karttabya sampadana karibaku chahanti. sanhitara prastabanaha "bhal ebong sachchot sthaniah sarkar heuchhi jekaunasi rastrara muladua jaahaa ehara nagarikamananku sukha, surakhya ebong samruddhi pradan karibaku prayasa kare . sthaniah sarakarare akhyamata, durneeti ebong asadacharana samajare moulika shalinata prati bipada srusti karithae."ehi foundation saharanchal byapara upare eka chhapa bhabe pustaka madhya prakash karithae. city mayers foundation biswa meyer puraskara bhabe pradan karajauthiba trophy commission karithae. ehi trophy kalakara manuel pherarinka dwara design karajaithila ebong dhaatu sramika kasper swanakeenka dwara ispataru haatare tiari hoichhi. itihas. city mayers foundation 2003 ray taan omm hobh (jayu. kee./germany), rooth maguir (jayu. kee.), gaiah gaiah (jayu. kee./frances), nick suift (kanada) ebong josh fetch (jayu. ess. aii.) nka dwara sthapita hoithila. 2004 masihare andryu stevens (jayu. kee.), kee.) fahim (jayu. ess. aii.), tony favro (jayu. ess. aii.) ebong adriana massial (mexico) saharar mejaramananka saha joga deithile.

city mayers foundation city mayers foundation, jiss noon city mayers vee kiha jaanda haii, shahiri mamlian noon samarpit ikk antarashtari think taink haii. ih 2003 toon sargaram haii atey doou saala vishav mayer puraskar chalaunda haii, naal hii pro bono salahkar sevavan pardan karda haii. eurocityan atey sanyukat shahiran atey sathanak sarkaran dey ulat ih kise vee shehar toon puurii tarahan sutantar haii. shehar dey meyaran neey shehar dey netavan laee naitikta daa ikk code sathapat keeta haii joe saare nind toon parey aapne kartavvan noon nibhauna chahunde hunn. code dee prastavna "changi atey imandar sathanak sarkaar kise vee rashter dee neenh haii joe aapne nagrikan noon khushi, surakhiaa atey khushhali pardan curran dee koshish kardi haii. sathanak sarkaran witch ayogta, bhrishtachar atey durvihar samaaj witch buniaadi shishtachar noon khatre witch paunda haii."foundation shahiri mamlian utte ikk chhaap vajon kitaban vee prakashit kardi haii. city mayers foundation neey vishav mayer puraskar vajon pesh keeti trophy noon commission keeta. trophy noon kalakar manual ferrari duaara design keeta giaa see atey iss noon dhatu dey kaame kaspar swanki duaara steel toon hatth naal banaiaa giaa haii. itihaas. city mayers foundation dee sathapana 2003 witch taen woom hove (yuke/germany), rooth magwire (yuke), gaaee kerwella (yuke/france), nick swift (canada) atey josh faechat (usa) duaara keeti gaee see. sann 2004 witch andreau stevens (yuu. keey.), keey.) faheem (yuu. aiss. aii.), tonny favro (yuu. aiss. aii.) atey adriana massial (mexico) shehar dey meyaran witch shamal hoow gaye.

nagar-mahaapaura-pratishtaanam city mayers foundation iti, city mayers iti namna api prasidhah, nagarakaryartham samarpitah antaaraashtriyah chintaka-samoohah asti. 2003 tamaat varshaat sakriyah asti, dvivaarshikam vishva-meyar-puraskaram cha nirvahati, tathaiva pro-bono-consultancy-sewaah cha pradadaati. eurocities, unated cities, sthaaneeyasarvakaarasy cha vipareetam etat kasyaapi nagaraat purnataya swatantram asti. sarwaih nindayaha ateetaah swakaaryaani kartum icchantah nagaranetrubhyah nagar-mahaapauraihi neeti-samhitaam sthaapitam. samhitaayaah prastaawanaah-"uttamm pramanikam cha sthaniyashasanam kasyaapi rashtrasya adharaha asti yat swanagarikan sukham, surakshaam, samruddhim cha pradadat. sthaaneeyasarvakaarasy akshamata, bhrashtacharaha, duracharaha cha samaaje mulabhutashalinatam baadhayanti."pratishtaanam nagarakaryavishaye mudraaroopen pustakaani api prakaashayati. city mayers foundation ityanena vishva-meyar-puraskaararoopen pradatta trophy niyojita bhavati. trophy-kreedaayaah vinyaasah kalakaraha myaanuyel ferrari ityanena krutah, dhaatu-karmakartaa kaaspar swanki ityanena hastanirmitah asti. itihaasah. 2003 tame varshe taan vom hove (yoo. key./germany), ruth maagvair (yoo. key.), gai kervelaa (yoo. key./france), nick swift (kenada), josh fect (yoo. ess. e.) ityeteshaam nagar-mayers-pratishtaanasya sthapana abhavat. 2004 tame varshe endroo stevens (yoo. key.), myraj faahima (yoo. ess. e.), toney faavro (yoo. ess. e.), adriana massial (meksiko) cha nagar-mayers-madhye sammilitaah.

nagara maeyargal arakkattalai nagara maeyargal arakkattalai, nagara maeyargal endrum azhaikkappadukirathu, idhu nagarppura vivakaarangkalukku arppanikappatta oru sarvadesa sinthanaik kuzhuvaagum. idhu 2003 muthal seyalil ullathu mattrum iru varuda ulaga mayer viruthai nadaththukirathu, aththudan puroa poanoa aaloasanai sevaigalaiyum valangkukirathu. iroappiya nagarangal mattrum aikkiya nagarangal mattrum ullaatchi amaippugalaip poalallaamal, idhu endha nagaraththilirunthum muttrilum suyaatheenamaaga ullathu. anaitthu ninthaikalukkum appaal thangal kadamaigalaich seiya virumbum nagarath thalaivarkalukkaaga nagara maeyargal oru nerimuraik kuriyeettai niruviyullanar. kuriyeettin munnurai "nalla mattrum nermaiyaana ullaatchi enbathu thanathu kudimakkalukku magizhchchi, paathukaappu mattrum sezhippai vazhangka muyarchikkum endhavoru dhesaththin adiththalamaagum. ullaatchi amaippil ulla thiramaiyinmai, oozhal mattrum muraikaedu aagiyavai samoogaththin adippadai kanniyatthai achchuruththukintrana."arakkattalai nagarppura vivagaarangkal kuriththa muththiraiyaaga puththagangkalaiyum veliyidugirathu. ulaga mayer viruthaaga valangkappatta kooppaiyai nagara maeyargal arakkattalai aanaiyidukirathu. inththa kooppaiyai kalaignar maenuval ferrari vadivamaithaar mattrum uloagath thozhilaali kaaspar swankiyal efku moolam kaiyal thayaarikkappattathu. varalaaru. nagara maeyargal arakkattalai 2003 aam aandil dawn voam hoav (englaanthu/jermani), rooth maaguvaer (englaanthu), kaii kervella (englaanthu/brance), nick swift (kanada) mattrum josh fect (america) aakiyoaraal amaikkappattathu. 2004 aam aandil andrew stevens (englaanthu), mayraj fahim (america), donny favouro (america) mattrum adriana maesiyal (mexico) aagiyoar nagara maeyargalil saernthanar.

city mayers foundation city mayers foundation, city mayers anie kooda pilustaaru, idhi pattana vyavahaaraalaku ankitamaina antarjaateeya aalochanaa tank. idhi 2003 nundi churukuga undhi mariyu dwaivaarshika prapancha mayer avaardunu nirvahistundi, alaage proo bono consultancy sevalanu andistundi. eurositylu mariyu samyukta nagaralu mariyu sthaanika prabhutvaala maadirigaa kakunda idhi yea nagaram nundi puurtigaa swatantramgaa untundi. nagara meyarlu anni nindalaku minchi tama vidhulanu nirvartinchaalanukune nagara nayakula kosam oka neethi niyamaavalini erpaatu chesaaru. code nundi upodghaatam "manchi mariyu nijaayiteegala sthaanika prabhutvam anedi thana pourulaku aanandam, bhadrata mariyu sreyassunu andinchadaaniki prayatninche yea deshaaniki punaadi. sthaanika prabhutvaalalo asamarthatha, avineeti mariyu dushpravartana samaajamlo praathamika maryaadaku muppuga marutayi."foundation pattana vyavaharalapai mudragaa pustakaalanu kooda prachuristundi. city mayers foundation prapancha mayer avarduga pradaanam chesina tropheny commission chestundi. eee tropheny kalakarudu manuel ferrari roopondinchaaru mariyu loha karmikudu cosper swankey chethitho ukkutho tayaaru chesaaru. charitra. city mayers foundationnu 2003loe tonn vome hove (yuke/germany), rooth magwire (yuke), gai kervella (yuke/france), nick swift (kenada) mariyu josh fecht (usa) sthaapinchaaru. 2004loe andrew stevens (yuke), mayraj fahim (usa), toney favro (usa) mariyu adriana massial (mexico) nagara meyarlalo cheraaru.

stee meirz foundation stee meirz foundation jasay stee meirz bhee kahaa jaataa hay eek beenn alaqwami thank tenk hay juu shehri amoor kay liye waqaf hay. yaha 2003 say faal hay aur duu saalah world mear aiward chalata hay saath hyee saath pru bono consultancy khidmaat farahim kartaa hay. euroceties aur muthadah shehron aur maqami hukumaton kay barakas yaha kasee bhee shehar say makmal toor parr aazaad hay. shehar kay meirz nay shehar kay inn qaideen kay liye akhlaqiyat kaa eek zabtah qayem kiyaa hay juu apnay faraiz kuu tamaam milamat say balatar anjaam deena chahtay haine. zabtah akhlaaq kii tamheed: "achhi aur diyanat daar maqami hukumat kasee bhee qoom kii bunyaad hay juu apnay shahriyon kuu khushi salamati aur khushhali farahim karnay kii koshish karti hay. maqami hukumat mein naahili badanwani aur badantazami muashiray mein bunyadi shayestagi kay liye khatrah haine."foundation shehri amoor parr eek chhaap kay toor parr kitabein bhee shaye karti hay. stee meirz foundation world mear aiward kay toor parr paish kii jaanay waali trophy kuu commission karti hay. trophy kuu fankaar minoal firari nay design kiyaa thaa aur asay dhaat kay kaarkan kaspar swanki nay steel say haath say banaya hay. tareekh. stee meirz foundation 2003 mein teen waam huwo (bartaniah/germani)yee roth megure (bartaniah)yee gaaye cula (bartaniah/france)yee nikk swifet (canada) aur josh faichat (america) nay qayem kii thee. 2004 mein andrev stevens (bartaniah)yee miraj faheem (america)yee tony fayoro (america) aur adriana messil (mexico) nay shehar kay meirz mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii.

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Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IX/The Epistles of Clement/The Second Epistle of Clement/Chapter 13

Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume IX/The Epistles of Clement/The Second Epistle of Clement/Chapter 13 <templatestyles src="Header/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Header/main block/styles.css" />← Chapter 12 Chapter 14 Chapter XIII.—God’s Name Not to Be Blasphemed. Brethren, then, let us now at length repent, let us soberly turn to that which is good; for we are full of abundant folly and wickedness.  Let us wipe out from us our former sins, and repenting from the heart be saved; and let us not be men-pleasers, nor be willing to please one another only, but also the men without, for righteousness sake, that the name may not be, because of us, blasphemed.  For the Lord saith, “Continually my name is blasphemed among all nations,” and “Wherefore my name is blasphemed; blasphemed in what?  In your not doing the things which I wish.”  For the nations, hearing from our mouth the oracles of God, marvel at their excellence and worth; thereafter learning that our deeds are not worthy of the words which we speak,—receiving this occasion they turn to blasphemy, saying that they are a fable and a delusion.  For, whenever they hear from us that God saith, “No thank have ye, if ye love them which love you, but ye have thank, if ye love your enemies and them which hate you”—whenever they hear these words, they marvel at the surpassing measure of their goodness; but when they see, that not only do we not love those who hate, but that we love not even those who love, they laugh us to scorn, and the name is blasphemed.

anty-naisin fador/volume ix/dyo epistols owo clement/dyo sekendo epistol owo clement/odhyay 13 odhyay 12 14 nong odhyay odhyay xiii.- isworor naamtu dhormoninda koribo nalage. bhaixokol, teneh "ley etiya aami digholiya onutap koru, xototare bhalor faale ghuri jauk; kiyonu aami prosur murkhotare bhori porisu. aaru dustota. aamar purbor paapbur aamar poraa mosi peluwa jauk, aaru hridoyor poraa onutopto huwa luk rokhya houk; aaru aami manuh-xontusto nokoru, baa kewol ijone xijonok xontusto koriboloi issuk houk, kintu xeixomuhor bahireu jixokolor manuh naai, kaaron dharmikotar baabe, jaate naamtu noho 'bob paare, aamar baabei, iswor nirdux. kiyonu probhuwe koy, "xoday mur naam hoh 'lo xokolu jaatir maajot iswor ninde koraa hoisil ", aaru" xeyehe mur naam hoise iswor nirdar; ki dhorone iswor nirdar koraa hoise? aapuni kambur nokorile jitu moi bisaru.ror baabe jatibure, aamar mukhor poraa isworor banibur xuni, teulukor aasorit kore utkorxota aaru mulyo; taar pisot janibo paari je aamar kormoxomuh jugyo nohoy aami ji xobdobur kou,-ei upolokhyotu grohon kori teuluke taar faale ghuri yaay isworoninda, eiya etaa kolpokahini aaru etaa bibhrom buli kuwa. kaaron, jetiyai teuluke aamar poraa xunibo je iswore koy, "dhonyobad naai, jodi jixokole aapunak bhaal paay teulukok aapuni bhaal paay, kintu jodi aapuni aapunar xotruk bhaal paay tente aapunar dhonyobad aase. aaru jixokole aapunak ghrina kore "-jetiyai teuluke ei xobdobur xuni, teuluke teulukor otirikto porimanot aasorit hoy mongol; kintu jetiya teuluke dekhe, kewol aami teulukok bhaal napay jixokole ghrina kore, kintu aami aanoki prem koraa lukoxokoloku prem nokoru, teuluke aamak tiroskar koriboloi hahibo, aaru naamtu iswor nirduxito.

ante-nissin fadar/volume ix/dya epistol off clement/dya second epistol off clement/adhyay 13 adhyay 12 14 adhyay adhyay xiii.- issorer namke abagya koraa uchito noy. bhaiyera, tahle asun amra ekhon deergho somoy dhorey onutopto hoi, asun jaa valo taar dike monojogi hoye firey zaan; kaaron amra prachur bokamite purno. ebong dushtami. asun amra amader purboborti papguli amader theke muche felly, ebong hridaya theke onutopto haoya poritran paay; ebong asun amra purush-santushta naa hoi, baa shudhumatra eke oporke khushi korte ichchuk hohn, kintu jaader nei tadero, kaaron dharmikotar jonno, jaate namti naa hoy, amader karone, dharmaninda. kaaron prabhu bollen, "amar naam sarbadai samasta jaatir modhye ninda koraa hoyeche ", ebong" ataeb amar naam holl dharmanindita; kiser jonno dharmanindita? upney jinisguli naa korar khettre jaa aami chaai.err jonno jatiguli, amader mukh theke issorer baanee shune, taader dekhe abak hoy shresthotto ebong mulya; tarpor amader kajguli jogyo noy taa sheikha amra jey shabdaguli bolly-eyi sujogti grohon korey taaraa dharmaninder madhyome bolla hoy jey, egulo ekti kalpakahini ebong ekti bibhram. err jonno, jokhoni taaraa amader kachh theke shunbe jey, isshor bolechen, "naa, dhonnobad, jodi jaaraa aponake bhalobase, taader upney bhalobasen, kintu shotruder bhalobasle aponake dhonnobad ditey hobey. ebong jaaraa aponake ghrina korey "-jokhoni taaraa eyi kothagulo shune taaraa taader asadharan porimape bismito hoy. mongol; kintu jokhon taaraa dekhe, jey amra cable taader bhalobasi naa jaaraa ghrina korun, kintu amra emonki jaaraa bhalobasi tadero bhalobasi naa, taaraa amader tiroskar korar jonno haase, ebong namti dharmanindita.

purv-nissin fadhers/volume ix/dhaa epistals off clement/dhaa second epistal off clement/prakaran 13 prakaran 12 prakaran 14 prakaran xiii.- bhagvanna naamnee ninda naa karvee. too pachhi bhaaio, chaalo havey aapane laambaa samay sudhee pastaavo kareeae, jeey saaru chhe tenee taraf shaantataathi vado; kaaran keey aapane pushkal murkhtaathi bharela chhiae. aneey dushtataa. chaalo aapane aapana purv paapone aapanathi bhunsi naakhiae, aneey hradaythi pastaavo karvaathi taaran maley; aneey aapane maanasone khush naa kareeae, naa too maatra aekbeejaane khush karvaa maate taiyar raho, pann vagarnaa maanso maate pann, nyayipanu khaatar, keey naam naa pann hoya, aapana kaarane, ninda. kaaran keey bhagvaan kahe chhe, "maarun naam satat chhe. tamaam rashtroma ninda karvaamaa aavee ", aneey" tethee maarun naam chhe ninda; kaee babatma ninda? tame vastuo naa karoo jeey huun ichchu chhu.maate raashtro, aapana monmathi bhagvanna daivgrantho sambhaline, temnaa parr aashcharyachakit thaay chhe shreshthata aneey moolya; pachhi aee jaanine keey aapana kaaryo yogya nathee aapane jeey shabdo boliae chhiae,-aaa prasangne praapt kareene teo tenaa taraf valyaa ishninda, aema kaheene keey teey aek dantkathaa aneey bhram chhe. maate, jyaare pann teo amaari pasethi saambhale chhe keey bhagvaan kahe chhe, "naa, aabhaar, jooe tame temne prem karoo chho jeo tamane prem karey chhe, parantu jooe tame tamara dushmanone prem karoo chho too tamaari paase aabhaar chhe. aneey jeo tamane dhikkare chhe "-jyaare pann teo aaa shabdo sambhaline teo temnaa asadharan maap parr aashcharyachakit thaay chhe bhalai; pann jyaare teo juae chhe, keey aapane maatra temne jaj prem kartaa nathee jeo nafrat karoo, pann aapane prem karnaaraaone pann prem kartaa nathee, teo aapanne dhikkarva maate hasey chhe, aneey naam nindaneey chhe.

poorv-niseen pitaa/khand ix/clement key patra/clement kaa doosara patra/adhyaay 13 adhyaay 12 adhyaay 14 adhyaay xiii.- ishwar key naam kii ninda naheen kii jaani chaahiye. tou bhaaiyon, aaie abb humm lambe samay taka paschaataap karein, joe achchha haye usaki or dhyaan seey mudein; kyonki humm prachur moorkhata seey bharey hue hain aur dushtata. aaie humm apane poorv paapon koo mitaa dein, aur dill seey paschaataap karane seey uddhaar mille; aur humm naa tou manushyon koo prasann karein, naa hii kewal ack dusare koo khush karane key liye taiyar rahein, lekin binaa purushon key bhee, kyonki dharm key kaaran, kii naam naa hoe, hamari vajah seey, ishninda kii. kyonki prabhu kahata haye, "meraa naam hamesha haye sabhi rashtron key beach ninda kii gaee ", aur" isaliye meraa naam haye ishninda; kiss mein ishninda? aap cheejon koo naheen curr rahey hain joe main chaahata huun.key liye rashtra, hamaare munh seey bhagwan key vachanon koo sunkar, unake parr aashcharyachakit hotey hain utkrishtata aur moolya; isake baad yeh seekhana kii hamaare kaary yogya naheen hain humm joe shabd bolate hain, way iss avsar koo praapt karane key liye badal jaate hain ishninda, yeh kahate hue kii way ack dantkatha aur ack bhram hain. key liye, jaba bhee way hamse yeh sunate hain kii bhagwan kahate hain, "naheen, dhanyavaad, aggar aap unase pyaar karate hain joe aapse pyaar karate hain, lekin aggar aap apane dushmanon seey pyaar karate hain tou aapako dhanyavaad denaa chaahiye. aur joe aapse nafrat karate hain "-jaba bhee way inn shabdon koo sunkar way apane kamaal key naap parr aashcharyachakit hoe jaate hain achchaae; lekin jaba way dekhate hain, kii humm naa kewal una logon seey pyaar karate hain joe nafrat karate hain, lekin humm una logon seey bhee pyaar naheen karate hain joe pyaar karate hain, way hamein tiraskar karane key liye hansate hain, aur naam kii ninda kii jaati haye.

purva-niseen fothers/samputa ix/clementna patragalu/clementna eradane patra/adhyaya 13 adhyaya 12 adhyaya 14 adhyaya xiii.- devara hesarannu dooshisabaaradu. sahodarare, eega naavu sudeerghavaagi pashchattapapadona, vivekadinda olleyadara kadege tirugi; naavu samruddha moorkhatanadinda tumbirutteveyeno mattu dushtatana. namma hindina papagalannu namminda alisihakona, mattu hrudayadinda pashchaattaapapaduvudu rakshisalpadali; mattu naavu manushyarannu santoshapadisabaaradu, athawa obbarannobbaru mechchisalu maatra siddaragiri, aadare illada purusharigoo saha, ekendare neetiya kaaranadindaagi, namma kaaranadindaagi hesaru illadirabahudu, dharmaninde. kartanu heege heluttaane, "nanna hesaru yavagalu nannade. ellah rashtragalalli dooshisalaayitu, mattu "aaddarinda nanna hesaru dharmaninde; dharmaninde yaavudaralli? neevu kelasagalannu maadade iruvaaga naanu bayasuva.endu janangagalu, namma baayinda devara daivoktigalannu keli, avara matannu nodi ashcharya paduttave. shreshthate mattu moulya; nantara namma kaaryagalu yogyavagilla endu tilidukolluvudu. naavu maatanaaduva padagala bagge-ee sandarbhavannu sweekarisuva moolaka avaru dharmaninde, avu ondu dantakathe mattu bhrame endu heluttade. kaarana, devaru heluttaane endu avaru namminda kelidagalella, "illa, nimage krutagnate illa, nimmannu pritisuvavarannu neevu pritisuttiri, aadare nimma shatrugalannu neevu pritisuttiddare nimage krutagnate ide. mattu nimmannu dveshisuvavaru "-avaru yavaga ee matugalannu kelidaaga, avaru tamma padagala atidodda alateyannu nodi ashcharya paduttare. olleyatana; aadare avaru nodidaga, naavu kevala pritisuvudilla dveshisuttaare, aadare naavu pritisuvavarannu saha pritisuvudilla, avaru nammannu apahasya maadalu naguttare, mattu hesaru dooshisalpattide.

aanti-niseen fathers/vaalyam ix/dhii epistils oof klement/dhii second eppistal oof klement/chaapttar 13 adthyaayam 12 adthyaayam 14 adhyayam xiii.daivathinte peru daivaninda cheyyappedaruthu. sahodaree sahodaranmaare, namukk ippol deerghakaalam anuthapikkam. vivekathode nallathilekku thiriyuka; kaaranam naam dhaaraalam viddithangalaal niranjirikkunnu. oppam dushtathayum. nammude muun papangal nammilninnu thudachuneekkaam. hridayathilninnu anuthapikkunnavar rakshikkappette; naam manushyare santhoshippikkukayo santhoshippikkukayo cheyyaruthu. parasparam preethippedutthaan maathram thayyarakuka, mathramalla illaatha purushanmareyum, kaaranam namam illaathirikkuvaan neethikkuvendi, naam kaaranamaayi, daivaninda cheythu. karthaav arulicheyyunnu "eppozhum ente namam ellah janathakaludeyum idayil daivaninda cheyyappettu, "athukondu thanne ente peru daivaninda; daivaninda enthilaanu? ningal karyangal cheyyaathathil athu njaan aagrahikkunnu.ennathinu daivathinte vachanagal nammude vaayilninnu kelkkunna jaathikal avarude vachanangale kandu athbhuthappedunnu. shreshtathayum moolyavum; athinusesham nammude pravrithikal yogyamallennu manassilakkuka. naam samsaarikkunna vaakkukalil-eee avasaram sweekarichu avar thirinjunokkunnu daivaninda, avaa oru kettukadhayum maayayum aanennu parayunnu. kaaranam, daivam parayunnuvennu avar nammil ninnu kelkkumbozhellaam, "illa, ningalkk nandi parayaruthu. ningale snehikkunnavare ningal snehikkunnu, ennaal ningalude shathrukkale snehikkunnuvenkil ningalkk nandiyundu. ningale verukkunnavarum "-avar eppol venamenkilum eee vaakkukal kelkkumbol, avarude alavukolukal athisayippikkunnu. nanma; ennaal avar kaanumbol, naam snehikkunnavare mathramalla, verukkunnu, pakshe snehikkunnavareppolum naam snehikkunnilla ennathinaal avar namme parihasikkaan chirikkunnu. peru daivaninda cheyyappettathaanu.

purv-nissin fadhers/khand ix/daad epistals auph clement/daad sekand epistal auph clement/adhyay 13 adhyay 12 adhyay 14 adhyay xiii.devachya navachi ninda houu naye. bandhunno, aata aapan dirghkal pashchattap karuya, jeey changle aahe tyakade savadhpane vala; kaaran aapan bharpur murkhatene bharalele aahot aanee dushtapana. chala, aapan aapali purvichi pape aaplyapasun pusun takuya, aanee antahkaranapasun pashchattap karnyache taaran vhave; aanee aapan purushanna prasann karoo naye, kinwa keval ekmekannach prasann karanyachi tayari thewa, pann jyanchyashivay purush aahet tyannahi, kaaran nyayyatesathi, naav kadachit naan rahnyasathi, aamchyamule, ninda kelee. kaaran parameshwar mhanato, "majhe naav nehmi aahe. serve rashtranmadhye ninda kelee gelee aanee "mhanunach majhe naav aahe. ninda; kashachi ninda? tumhi goshti naan karata jee mallah havee aahe.sathee rashtranni, aaplya tondatoon devache vachan aikoon, tyanchya vachananvar aashchary vyakt kele utkrushtata aanee moolya; tyanantar aapali krutee yogya nahee heey jaanun ghene aapan jyaa shabdanvar bolato, teey mhanje-haah prasang swikartana teey teey eka dantkatha aanee bhram aahet asey mhanat ishninda. yasathi, jevha jevha teey aamchyakadun aikatat qee dev mhanato, "jarr tumhi aabhar manale naheet tarr jeey tumchyavar prem karatat tyanchyavar tumhi prem karata, parantu jarr tumhi tumchya shatrunvar prem karata tarr tumche aabhar manato. aanee jeey tumcha dvesh karatat "-jevha teey heey shabd aikoon tyanna aashchary vatate qee tyanchya shabdanche kamal praman kitee aahe. changulpana; pann jevha teey pahatat, qee keval tyanchyavarach navhe tarr jyanchyavar aapan prem karato tyanchyavarhi aapan prem karat nahee. dvesh qaraa, pann jeey prem karatat tyanchyavarhi aapan prem karat nahee, teey aamchi ninda karnyasathi hasatat, aanee naav ninda aahe.

purva-nissin pita/khanda ix/clementko patra/clementko dosro patra/adhyaya 13 adhyaya 12 adhyaya 14 adhyaya xiii.- ishwarko namalai ninda nagarnu parchha. bhaiharu, ab hammy lamo samayasamma pashchattap garaun, wiwekpurwak asaltira farkanuhos; kinki hammy prachur murkhatapurna chhaun. anie dushtata. hamibata hamra purva papharu mahmिटाऔं, rar hridayabata pashchattap garneharu surakshit rahanuhos; rar hammy manisharulai khusi nabanaun, naha tata ekarkalai matra khusi parne icchuk hunuhos, tara purushharu pani bina, kinbhane dharmako khatira, kii naam nahun sakchha, hamro karanle, ninda. kinki paramprabhu bhannuhunchha, "sadhain mero naam chha. sabai rashtraharubich ninda gariyo, rar "tyasaile mero naam how. ninda; kuna kurama ninda? tapainle kuraharu nagarekoma june mahm chahanchhu.kaa lagi rashtraharu, hamro mukhbata parameshwarka wachanharu sunera, tiniharuko kura dekhera ashcharyachakit hunchhan. utkrishtata rar mulya; tyasapachhi hamra karyaharu yogya chhainan bhanera siknuhos hammy bolne shabdaharu-yo awasar prapta gardai tiniharu farkanchhan ishwarnindako, tiniharu euta katha rar bhram how bhanera bhandai. kaa lagi, jab uniharule hamibata parameshwarle bhannuhunchha bhanne sunchhan, "dhanyawad chhaina, yadi timilai maya garneharulai timile prem garchhau, tara afna shatruharulai prem garchhau bhane dhanyawad dinchhau. rar jasle tapainlai ghrina garchhan "-jab pani tiniharu yee shabdaharu sunera, tiniharu afno atiadhik mapanma ashcharyachakit hunchhan. bhalai; tara jab tiniharule dekhchan, kii hammy matra hoina jo prem gardainaun ghrina garnuhos, tara hammy prem garneharulai pani prem gardainaun bhanera, tiniharule hamilai tiraskar garna hanschhan, rar namalai ninda garieko chha.

purba-nichin pitru/khanda ix/clementer patra/clementer dwiteeja patra/adhyaja 13 adhyaja 12 adhyaja 14 adhyaja xiii.- bhagabananka naamaku ninda karajiba uchita nuhen. bhaimane, tebe aasantu, ebe dirgha samai dhari anutapa kariba, aasantu jaahaa bhal taaha prati sanjamatapurbaka pherijantu; kaaran aambhemane prachur murkhatare paripurna. ebong dustata. aambhemane aambhamananka purba papagudiku nischinha kariba, ebong hrudajaru anutapa kariba uddhara paiba; ebong aambhemane purush-santusta heba naahin, kimba kebala parasparaku khusi karibaku prastuta ruhantu, kintu bina purushamananku madhya, kaaran dharmikata paain, jepariki namati naah hoipare, aambhamananka karanaru, nindita. kaaran sadaprabhu kahanti, "sarbada more naama achhi. samasta jaati madhyare ninda karajaithila, ebong "sethipain more naama heuchhi dharmanindita; keun kathaare dharmanindita? apana jinisagudika nakaribare jaahaa mun chaahen.paain jatigudika, aambhamananka mukharu ishwaranka baanee shuni, semananka kathaa shuni ashcharjya huanti. utkarshata ebong mulya; taa 'parey ehaa janiba je ammer karjyagudika jogya nuhen. aame jeun shabdagudika kahu,-ehi absar grahan curry semane dharmanindana, ehaa kahi je segudika eka kahani ebong eka bhrama. paain, jetebele semane aamatharu sunanti je bhagaban kahanti, "naa, aapananku dhanyabada, jadi jeunmane aapananku bhal paanti, apana semananku bhal paanti, kintu jadi apana niz satrumananku bhal paanti, tebe aapananku dhanyabada debaku padiba. ebong jeunmane aapananku ghruna karanti "-jetebele bii semane ehi shabdagudika shuni semane semananka atimatrare parimapa curry ashcharjya huanti. mangala; kintu jetebele semane dekhanti, je aame kebala semananku bhalapau naahun jeunmane ghruna karantu, kintu jeunmane bhal paanti aame semananku madhya bhal paanti naahin, semane aamaku tiraskara karibaku hasithanti, ebong namati nindita.

ainti-neeseen pitaa/valiam ix/clement dey pattar/clement daa dooja pattar/adhiaai 13 adhiaai 12 adhiaai 14 adhiaai xiii.- rabb dey naam dee kufar naa keeti jaave. taan firr bharavo, aao hunn aseen lambe samein takk toba kariye, aao aseen joe changa haii uss vall dhiaan naal mudo; kiunki aseen bharpur murakhta naal bharey hoye haan. atey burai. aao aseen aapne purane paapan noon mitta dinde haan, atey dilon toba curran vaale bach jaanh; atey aao aseen manukkhan noon khush naa kariye, naa hii siraf ikk dooje noon khush curran laee tiaar raho, parr binan mardan dey vee, kiunki dharam laee, taan joe naam naa howay, saade caarn, kufar keeta. prabhu aakhda haii, "meraa naam sadaa haii. saariaan rashtaran witch kufar boliaa giaa ", atey" iss laee meraa naam haii kufar keeta giaa; kiss witch kufar keeta giaa? cheezan naa curran witch joe main chahunda haan.laee rashter, saade moonhon parmeshur dey baniaan noon sunn keey, unhan noon dekh keey hairan hunde hunn uttmata atey mull; iss toon baad ih sikkhna kii saade karam yog naheen hunn aseen joe shabad bolde haan, uh iss mauke noon prapat curran laee mudade hunn ishninda, ih kahinde hoye kii uh ikk kahani atey ikk bharam hunn. laee, jadon vee uh saade toon sunade hunn kii rabb kahinda haii, "tuhada dhanvad naheen, jey tusin unhan noon piaar karde hoow joe tuhanun piaar karde hunn, parr jey tusin aapne vairiaan noon piaar karde hoow taan tuhada dhanvad haii. atey uh joe tuhanun nafrat karde hunn "-jadon vee uh ih shabad sunn keey uh aapne shabdan dey kamaal dey maap 'teey hairan hoow jaande hunn. changiaai; parr jadon uh dekhde hunn, kii aseen naa siraf uhanan noon piaar karde haan joe nafrat karde haan, parr ih kii aseen uhanan noon vee piaar naheen karde joe piaar karde hunn, uh saanoon nindiaa curran laee hassde hunn, atey naam dee kufar keeti jaandi haii.

poorva-niseen-pitaah/khandah ix/clement ityasya patraani/clement ityasya dwiteeyah patrah/adhyayah 13 adhyayah 12 adhyayah 14 adhyayah xiii.eeshvarasya naam naa nindyate. bhraatrubhihi, idaaneem dirghakalam yaavat pashchattaapaayaam. satkarmam prati saavadhaanam gacchatu, yatohi vayam bahwyah moorkhah. tathaa dushtata. asmaabhih poorvvamanyah papaha amasam apasaaritavyaani. hrudayaat pashchaattaapeekruty rakshama; vayam naa purushaan prasannam maa bhavema. kevalam parasparm prasannam kartum chittam bhavet, kintu te cha purushaani api, ye cha vinaa santi. naam naa jaayate tadartham asmaabhih. ninditah. yato yah prabhuhu vadati sa eva mama naam nityam. sarveshu raashtreshu ninditah "tathaa" ataha mama naam asti. eeshwaranindah, kim dooshitam? bhavatah naa karmmani yat aham icchaami.iti krute. eeshvarena nirmmitam vachanaani asmakam mukhaat shrutavantah raashtraah teshaam vishaye aashcharyanti. utkrushtata, moolyam cha; tatah param jaanaatu yat asmakam karmmaani naa yogyaani santi iti. vayam ye shabdaan vadaamah, te eva tatt sandarbhe sveekrutya, eeshwaranindayaa kathaya kathaya bhramaya cha kathitam. hetuhu, eeshwarah vadati iti yadaa te vayam shrutavantah, "naa tu krutadnyataam, yadi ye yushmannimittam prema kurvanti teshaam preenishyanti kintu yadi yushmaakam shatrunam preenishyanti tarhi yushmabhyam krutadnyataam bhavati. ye cha yushmaham dweshti te "-yadaa cha te etaani shabdaani shrutvaa, teshaam atiparimaape aashcharyanti. satkarmah kintu yadaa te pashyanti tadaa naa kevalam teshaam prema vayam naa kurvanti ye cha dwesham karotu kintu yah premni sam naa preenaati te cha asman apahaasyanti. naam api ninditam.

munththaiya nicheen thanthaikal/thoguthi ix/pilavu pattriya nirubangal/pilavu pattriya irandaavathu nirubam/aththiyayam 13 aththiyayam 12 aththiyayam 14 aththiyayam xiii.kadavulin peyar thooshikkappadakkoodaathu. enavae, cakoothararkalae, naam ippoathu neenda mananthirumbuvoam, narkunaththudan nallathai noakki thirumbavum; aenentraal naam aeraalamaana muttaalthanangkalaal nirainthiruppoam. mattrum theeya. namathu munththaiya paavangkalai nammidamirunthu thudaiththuviduvoam, mananthirumputhal idhayaththilirunththu iratchikkappattum; naam manitharkalai magizhvikkavoa, magizhchchiyadaiyavoa koodaathu. oruvarukkoruvar mattum thirupthippaduththa thayaaraaga irungkal, aanaal illaatha aangalukkum, aenenil neethiyin poruttu, naamam illaamal poagalaam, aenenil naam, theiva ninthanai. karthar sollugiraar, "eppoathum enn peyar ullathu. anaitthu thaesangalukkidaiyae thooshikkappattaar, "mattrum" enavae enn peyar ullathu theiva ninthanai; etharku theiva ninthanai? neengkal vishayangkalaich seiyaamal iruppathil naan virumbuvathu.endru thaesangkal, kadavulin theiveega vasanangkalaik kettu, avarkalin vaarththaigalaik kandu aachchariyappadukiraarkal. sirappum mathippum; adhan piragu namathu seyalgal thaguthiyattravai enbathaik kattrukkolvathu. naam paesum vaarththaigalil, inththa santharppaththaip pera avarkal thirumbukiraarkal theiva ninthanai, avai oru kattukkathai mattrum oru maayai endru koorukirathu. idharkaaga, kadavul solvathaik kaetkum bothellaam, "nandri seluththa vaendaam, ungkalai nesippavargalai neengkal nesikkireerkal, aanaal ungkal ethirigalai neengkal nesiththaal ungkalukku nandri undu. maelum ungkalai veruppavargalum "-avarkal eppoathu vaendumaanaalum inththa vaarththaigalaik kettu, avarkal thangal alavin migaippaduththappatta alavaik kandu aachchariyappadukiraarkal narkunam; aanaal avarkal paarkkumpoathu, naam avarkalai nesikkavillai enbathu mattumalla verukkiraan, aanaal nesikkiravargalaik kooda naam nesikkavillai, avarkal engkalaith thittich sirikkiraarkal, maelum peyar thooshikkappadukirathu.

puurva-niseen fathers/valume ix/dhi epistals off clement/dhi second epistals off clement/chapter 13 chapter 12 adhyayam 14 adhyayam xiii.- devuni paeru daivaduushanhaku gurikakudadu. sodarulara, ippudu sudeerghamgaa paschaattaapapadaam, telivigaa manchi vaipu tiragandi; endukante manam samruddhiga moorkhatvamtho nindi unnaamu. mariyu dushtatvam. mana puurvapu paapaalanu mana nundi tudichiveddam, hrudayapuurvakamgaa paschaattaapapadatam rakshimpabadaali; manam manushulanu santoshapettakudadu, okarinokaru santoshapettadaaniki matrame siddhamgaa undandi, conny laeni purushulu kooda, endukante neethi kosam, paeru kakapovachhu, maa kaaranamgaa, daivaduushanha chesaaru. yehovah ilaa antunnadu, "nirantaram naa paeru anni deshaalalo daivaduushanha cheyabadindi, mariyu "anduvalla naa paeru daivaduushanha; dheni gurinchi daivaduushanha? meeru panulu cheyakapovadam neenu korukunedi.kosam mana noti nundi devuni daiva vachanalanu vintunna deshaalu, vaari vachanalanu chuusi aascharyapotaayi. shreshtata mariyu viluva; aaa taruvaata mana panulu arhulevani telusukovadam manam matlade padaala gurinchi-eee sandarbhaanni sweekarinchadam dwara vaaru daivaduushanha, avi oka kalpita katha mariyu bhrama anie chebutundi. kosam, devudu ilaa antunnaadani vaaru maa nundi vinnappudalla, "meeku krutagnatalu ledhu, ayithe mimmalni preminchevaarini meeru premistaaru, conny mea satruvulanu premiste meeku krutagnatalu untaayi. mariyu mimmalni dveshinche vaaru "-vaaru eppudu eee padaalanu vini, vaari athi pedda kolatanu chuusi aascharyapotaaru manchitanam; conny vaaru chusinappudu, manam vaarini preminchadame kaadu dvesham, conny manam preminchevaarini kooda preminchamu, vaaru mammalni tittadaaniki navvutaaru, mariyu paeru daivaduushanha cheyabadindi.

antiny faadarz/hajm ix/dee epicils aaf clement/dee second appacel aaf clement/baab 13 baab 12 baab 14 baab xiii.- khadaa kay naam kii toheen naha kii jaaye. bhaiyo tuu abb humm deer takk pachtao juu achhaa hay iss kii taraf dheray dheray rajooa karein keunkah humm bay waqufi say bharay hoay haine. aur badkari. aao humm apnay sabqah gunah humm say mitaa dain aur dall say pachtawa karnaa najaat paaye vovo aur humm naha tuu mardon kuu khush karein aur naha hyee sarf eek dosray kuu khush karnay kay liye tayaar rahein balkah inn mardon kuu bhee juu iss kay baghair haine keunkah raasti kii khaatir kahh naam naha how hamaari wajah say toheen aamiz. keunkah rabb farmata hay "miraa naam hamishah hay tamaam qomon mein toheen kii gayee aur "iss liye miraa naam hay toheen vovo kiss mein toheen? aap kay kaam naha karnay mein juu mein chahta hoan.kay liye qaumein hamaray manah say khadaa kay klaam kuu sunn kirr inn parr hairan hoti haine atkarjata aur qadr vovo iss kay baad yaha jaanna kahh hamaray aamaal qaabil nahein haine inn alfaz mein say juu humm boltay haine-iss moqaa kuu haasil karnay kay liye wah rakh kartay haine toheen mazhab yaha kehtay hoay kahh wah eek afsanay aur fareeb haine. kay liyay jabb bhee wah humm say yaha sunain kahh khadaa farmata hay "nahein shakriyah agar aap inn say mohabat kartay haine juu aap say mohabat kartay haine leakin aap kaa shakriyah hay agar aap apnay dushmanon say mohabat kartay haine aur juu tamm say nafrat kartay haine "-jabb bhee wah inn alfaz kuu sunn kirr wah inn kay iss hadd say ziyadah paimaish parr hairan rahh jaatay haine neeki vovo leakin jabb wah dekhtay haine kahh naha sarf humm inn logon say mohabat nahein kartay juu nafrat hay leakin yaha kahh humm inn logon say bhee mohabat nahein kartay juu mohabat kartay haine wah hamein hqarat karnay kay liye hanstay haine aur naam toheen aamiz hay.

fffa750c004c9e2c5a8f6c182bca13f8ea7f5a7a8c4a2e80eb68e4c1aaa4c409

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=71807819

Rahmat Hidayat

Rahmat Hidayat Indonesian badminton player Badminton player Rahmat Hidayat (born 17 June 2003) is an Indonesian badminton player who is affiliated with the Djarum club. Career. 2020–2021. Together with Rayhan Fadillah, they won their first junior tournament at the Dutch Junior International Grand Prix in 2020 after beating junior rivals Junaidi Arif and Muhammad Haikal. In that same year, Hidayat and Fadillah were also runners-up at the German Junior International, losing in the finals to their opponents whom they previously beaten in the Dutch Junior. In 2021, they were runners-up at the Denmark Junior International Series. 2022. In June, Hidayat and Fadillah won their first senior title at the Lithuanian International. They also competed in the Indonesia International Challenge but were halted in the quarterfinals. In October, Hidayat made a temporary partnership with Asian men's doubles champion Pramudya Kusumawardana following the injury of Yeremia Rambitan at the Malang Indonesia International. They managed to win the title at the first tournament together by defeating Japanese pair Hiroki Okamura and Masayuki Onodera. In the following week. they won the Indonesia Masters Super 100 by defeating 1st seed Chinese pair He Jiting and Zhou Haodong. In late November, Hidayat back to his original partner, Fadillah, participated in Bahrain tournament and reach semi-finals of Bahrain International Series and won the Bahrain International Challenge. 2023. In January, Hidayat and Fadillah played at the home tournament, Indonesia Masters, but had to lose in the qualifying round. In the next tournament, they lost in the quarter-finals of the Thailand Masters from 3rd seed fellow Indonesian pair Muhammad Shohibul Fikri and Bagas Maulana in rubber games. Achievements. BWF World Tour (1 title). The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018, is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the Badminton World Federation (BWF). The BWF World Tours are divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300 (part of the HSBC World Tour), and the BWF Tour Super 100. "Men's doubles" BWF International Challenge/Series (3 titles). "Men's doubles" <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  BWF International Challenge tournament <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  BWF International Series tournament <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  BWF Future Series tournament BWF Junior International (2 titles, 2 runners-up). "Boys' doubles" "Mixed doubles" <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  BWF Junior International Grand Prix tournament <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  BWF Junior International Challenge tournament <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  BWF Junior International Series tournament <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />  BWF Junior Future Series tournament Performance timeline. <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />(W) won; (F) finalist; (SF) semi-finalist; (QF) quarter-finalist; (#R) rounds 4, 3, 2, 1; (RR) round-robin stage; (Q#) qualification round; (A) absent; (G) gold, (S) silver or (B) bronze medal; (NH) not held; (N/A) not applicable; (DNQ) did not qualify. <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> To avoid confusion and double counting, these charts are updated at the conclusion of a tournament or when the player's participation has ended. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

rohmot hidayat rohmot hidayat (jonmo 17 june 2003) ejon indonesian bedminton kheluwoi ji jarum clubber xoite xongzukto. keriyar. 2020-2021. raihan fadillahor xoite ekeloge, teuluke 2020 sonot dusch juniyor international grand prikxot konistho protidondi junoidi aarif aaru mohommod haikalok porasto kori teulukor prothomkhon juniyor protijugitakhonot joylabh korisil. xei bosorote, hidayat aaru fadillah german juniyor internationalot runners-aap hoisil, finalot teulukor protidondir haatot porasto hoisil jaak teuluke purbe dusch juniyorot porasto korisil. 2021 sonot, teuluk denmark juniyor antohrastriyo sringkholar runners-aap hoisil. 2022. june maahot hidayat aaru fadillahe lithuanian antohrastriyo khelot teulukor prothomtu jyestho khitap joy korisil. teuluke indonesia antohrastriyo proityahbanotu ongxogrohon korisil kintu cowarter finalot baadha diya hoisil. octobor maahot malang indonesia antohrastriyo khelot iremiya rambitane aaghat puwar pisot hidayat-e asean purux doubles champion promudyo kuxumawordonar xoite osthayi ongxidaritwo korisil. teuluke japanor zura hiruki ukamura aaru masayuki unuderak porasto kori ekeloge prothom protijugitakhonot khitap joy koriboloi xokhyom hoisil. ohaa xoptahot. teuluke prothom basai china juti hih jitting aaru jhou hadongko porasto kori indonesia masters supar 100too joylabh korisil. novemboror xexor faale hidayat teur mool ongxidar fadillahor usoroloi ubhoti aahi bahrein protijugitat ongxogrohon korisil aaru bahrein antohrastriyo sringkholar semi finalot uponeet hoisil aaru bahrein antohrastriyo proityahbanot joylabh korisil. 2023. january maahot hidayat aaru fadillahe ghoruwa protijugita indonesia mastersot khelisil, kintu jugyota orjonor roundot porasto hoh "bob logaa hoisil. poroborti protijugitat, teuluke thailand masteror cowarter finalot robor khelot tritiyo basai xotirtho indonesiyar juti mohommod swuhibul fikori aaru bagas moulanar poraa porasto hoisil. xafolyo. bwf biswo bhromon (1taa khitap). 2017 sonor 19 marchot ghuxona koraa aaru 2018 sonot rupayan koraa bwf biswo bhromon hoise bedminton biswo federationor (bwf) dwara onumudit obhijat bedminton protijugitar ek sringkhola. bwf biswo bhromonxomuhok biswo bhromon final, supar 1000, supar 750, supar 500, supar 300 (aissbxi biswo bhromonor ongxo), aaru bwf tyur supar 100 too bibhokto koraa hoise. "puruxor doubles" bwf antohrastriyo proityahban/sringkhola (3taa khitap). "puruxor doubles" bwf juniyor antohrastriyo (2taa khitap, 2taa runners-aap). "lo 'raar doubles" "misrito doubles"

rahmat hidayat rahmat hidayat (jonmo 17 june 2003) ekjon indoneshiyana badminton kheload jini dajaram cluber saathe jukto. pesha. 2020-2021. raihan fadillahr saathe taaraa junior protidwondi junayedi arif ebong mahammad haikalke porajito korey 2020 saale dutch junior antorjatik granned prixe taader prothom junior turnament jitechilo. ekoi bochore, hidayat ebong fadillah german junior antorjatik protijogitai runners-up hohn, finale taader protipokkher kachhe herey zaan, jaader taaraa agey dutch junior protijogitai porajito korechilen. 2021 saale, taaraa denmark junior antorjatik sirije runners-up hoyechilo. 2022. june maase hidayat oo fadillah lithuanian antorjatik protijogitai taader prothom senior khetab jitechilo. indoneshiya antorjatik chyalenjeo taaraa protidwondita korleo quarter finale taader khela bondho korey deoa hoy. octobore, malang indoneshiya antorjatik protijogitai ieremia rambitaner aghater porr hidayat eshiya purushder doubles champion promudyo kusumabardhaner saathe ekti asthayi angshidaritto korey. taaraa japani jutee hiroki okamura ebong masayuki onoderake porajito korey prothom turnamente eksange shiropa jitote sokkhom hoy. porer saptahe. taaraa indoneshiya masters super 100 jiteche prothom bachhai cheena jutee hii gitting ebong jhou hadongke porajito korey. novemborer shesher dike hidayat taanr asol sangi fadillahr kachhe firey asen, bahrain turnamente ongsho nene ebong bahrain antorjatik sirijer semifinale pouchan ebong bahrain antorjatik challenge jitey nene. 2023. januaryte, hidayat ebong fadillah indoneshiya masterser home turnamente khelechilo, kintu jogyata rounde herey jete hoyechilo. poroborti turnamente, taaraa thyland masterser quarter finale tritiya bachhai indoneshiyana jutee mahammad shohibul fikri ebong bagas moulanar kachhe rabar geme herey yaay. orjon. bii. dobleeu. eff bishwa sofor (1tii shiropa). bii. dobleeu. eff bishwa sofor, jaa 19 march 2017-ayee ghoshana koraa hoyechilo ebong 2018 saale bastobayito hoyechilo, badminton bishwa phedareshana (bii. dobleeu. eff) dwara onumodito abhijato badminton turnamenter ekti sirij. bii. dobleeu. eff bishwa safarguli bishwa sofor final, super 1000, super 750, super 500, super 300 (eich. esha. bii. shee bishwa soforer ongsho) ebong bii. dobleeu. eff tour super 100-ayee bivokto. "purushder dwaito" "" bii. dobleeu. eff antorjatik challenge/sirij (3tii shiropa). "purushder dwaito" "" bii. dobleeu. eff junior antorjatik (2tii shiropa, 2tii runners-up). "chheleder dwaito" "mixed doubles"

rahmat hidayat rahmat hidayat (janm 17 juuna 2003) aek indonesian bedminton khelaadi chhe jeey dajaram club saathe sankalaayelee chhe. karkirdi. 2020-2021. rehaan fadillah saathe maleene, teoae juniyar harif junaidi arif aneey mohammed hacklene haraaveene haraaveene dutch juniyar international grand preeksma temnee pratham juniyar tournament jeetee hatee. teey jaj varshe, hidayat aneey fadillah german juniyar aantarrashtriyma pann upvijeta rahyaa hataa, finalmaan temnaa virodheeo saame haaree gayaa hataa, jaimne teo agau dutch juniyarmaa haraavya hataa. hataa teo denmark juniyar aantarrashtriy shreneema upvijeta rahyaa hataa. 2022. junamaa, hidayat aneey fadillah lithuanian aantarrashtriyma temno pratham varishth khitaab jeetyo hato. teoae indoneshiya aantarrashtriy padkarma pann bhaag leedho hato parantu quarter finalmaan temne atkavi devaamaa aavyaa hataa. octoberma, hidaayatae malyang indoneshiya aantarrashtriyma yaremiya rambitanni ijaa baad aeshiyan purush doubles champiyan pramudhya kusumavardhna saathe kaamchalaau bhagidari curry hatee. teo jaapaani jodee hiroki okamura aneey masayuki onoderane haraaveene pratham tournamentma saathe maleene khitaab jitvama safal rahyaa hataa. aavtaa athvaadiye. teoae pratham kramaankit cheeni jodee hii gitting aneey zhou haodongne haraaveene indoneshiya masters super 100 jeetyu hatoo. novembernaa antamaa, hidayat tenaa mool bhagidar, fadillah paase paachho faryo, tene bahreen tournamentma bhaag leedho aneey bahreen aantarrashtriy shreneeni semifinalmaa pahonchyo aneey bahreen aantarrashtriy padkaar jeetyo. 2023. januaryma, hidayat aneey fadillah indoneshiya masters khaateni gharelu tournamentma ramyaa hataa, parantu qualifying roundma haarvu padyu hatoo. aagaami tournamentma, teo thailenda mastersnee quarter finalmaan trija kramaankit saathee indonesian jodee mohammed shohibul fikri aneey bagas maulana saame rubber ramatomaa haaree gayaa hataa. seeddhio. bii. doubleu. aef. vishva pravaas (1 khitaab). bii. doubleu. aef. vishva pravaas, jenee jaaherat 19 march march roj karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey aneey amalmaa mukvaamaa aavyo hato, teey bedminton vishva mahasangh (bii. doubleu. aef.) dwara manjur karaayelee bhadra bedminton spardhaaoni shrenee chhe. bii. doubleu. aef. vishva pravaasone vishva pravaasnee anteem shrenee, super 1000, super 750, super 500, super 300 (aech. aesa. bii. see. vishva pravaasno bhaag) aneey bii. doubleu. aef. pravaas super super vahenchvaamaa aavyaa chhe. "" "purush doubles" "" bii. doubleu. aef. aantarrashtriy padkaar/shrenee (3 khitaab). "" "purush doubles" "" bii. doubleu. aef. juniyar aantarrashtriy (2 khitaab, 2 upvijeta). "chhokaraoni doubles" "mishra doubles"

rahmat hidayat rahmat hidayat (janm 17 juuna 2003) ack indoneshiyai badminton khilaadi hain joe dajaram club seey sambaddh hain. carrier. 2020-2021. rehan fadillah key saath milkar, unhone junier pratidvandiyon junaidi arif aur muhammad hackle koo harakar 2020 mein dutch junier international grand prix mein apana pahala junier tournament jeetaa. usee varsh, hidayat aur fadillah german junier antarrashtriya mein bhee upvijeta rahey, final mein apane virodhiyon seey haar gaye jinhen unhone pahale dutch junier mein haraaya thaa. 2021 mein, way denmark junier antarrashtriya shrinkhala mein upvijeta rahey. 2022. juuna mein, hidayat aur fadillah ney lithuanian antarrashtriya mein apana pahala varishth khitaab jeetaa. unhone indoneshiya antarrashtriya chunauti mein bhee bhaag liya lekin quarter final mein roque diyaa gayaa. octuber mein, hidayat ney malang indoneshiya antarrashtriya mein yeremiya rambitan kii chot key baad asiai purush yugal champion pramudya kusumavardana key saath ack asthaayi saajhedaari kii. way japani jodee hiroki okamura aur masayuki onodera koo harakar pahale tournament mein ack saath khitaab jeetane mein kamyab rahey. agale saptah. unhone pahali vareeyata praapt cheeni jodee koo harakar indoneshiya masters super 100 jeetaa. navambar key anta mein, hidayat ney apane mool saathi, fadillah key paas vaapas aakar, bahreen tournament mein bhaag liya aur bahreen antarrashtriya shrinkhala key semifinal mein pahunche aur bahreen antarrashtriya chunauti jeeti. 2023. janwari mein, hidayat aur fadillah ney gharelu tournament, indoneshiya masters mein khela, lekin unhein qualifying round mein haarnaa padaa. agale tournament mein, way rubber khelon mein thyland masters key quarter final mein teesare vareeya saathi indoneshiyai jodee muhammad shohibul fikri aur bagus maulana seey haar gaye. uplabdhiyaan. bee. doubleu. aff. vishva daura (1 khitaab). bee. doubleu. aff. vishva daura, jisaki ghoshana 19 march 2017 koo kii gaee thee aur jise 2018 mein lagu kiya gayaa thaa, badminton vishva mahasangh (bee. doubleu. aff.) dwara sweekrit abhijaat badminton tournaments kii ack shrinkhala haye. bee. doubleu. aff. vishva paryatanon koo vishva tour final, super 1000, super 750, super 500, super 300 (aich. aiss. bee. see. vishva daure kaa hissa) aur bee. doubleu. aff. tour super 100 key staron mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye. "purush yugal" bee. doubleu. aff. antarrashtriya chunauti/shrinkhala (3 khitaab). "purush yugal" bee. doubleu. aff. junier antarrashtriya (2 khitaab, 2 upvijeta). "ladakon kaa yugal" "mishrit yugal"

rahmat hidayat rahmat hidayat (janana 17 zoon 2003) indoneshyaada badminton aatagararagiddu, avaru dajaram klabnondige samyojitaraagiddaare. vrattijeevana. 2020-2021. rehaan fadillah avarondige, avaru 2020 ralli dutch junier international grand prixonalli kiriya pratispardhigalaada junaidi arif mattu mohammed haikal avarannu solisida nantara tamma modala junier pandyaavaliyannu geddaru. adhe varshadalli, germany junier internationalnalli hidayat mattu fadillah saha runner-up aagiddaru, finalnalli tamma eduraaligala viruddha sotaru, avarannu avaru ee hinde dutch juniyarnalli solisidaru. solisidaru, avaru denmark junier antararashtriya saranialli runner-up aagiddaru. 2022. joonnalli, hidaayata mattu fadillah lithuvenian antararashtriya pandyaavaliyalli tamma modala hiriya prashastiyannu geddaru. avaru indonesia antaaraashtriya chalenjnalliyu spardhisidaru aadare quarter finalnalli avarannu tadehidiyalaayitu. octobernalli, malang indonesia internationalnalli yeremia rambitan gaigonda nantara, hidayat eshyaada purushara doubles champiyan pradya kusumavardhan avarondige taatkaalika paaludaarikeyannu maadikonditu. avaru japanina jodie hiroki okamura mattu masayuki onoderavannu solisuva moolaka modala pandyaavaliyalli ottige prashastiyannu gelluvalli yashasviyaadaru. mundina vaara. avaru 1neey shreyankada cheenee jodie hea gitting mattu jhou hadang avarannu solisuva moolaka indonesia masters suuper 100 annu geddaru. november antyadalli, hidayat tanna moola paludaranada fadillaage maralidaru, bahren pandyaavaliyalli bhagavahisidaru mattu bahren antararashtriya saraniya semiphinal talupidaru mattu bahren antararashtriya savaalannu geddaru. 2023. janavariyalli, hidaayata mattu fadillah indonesia masters emba tavaru pandyaavaliyalli aadidaru, aadare arhata suttinalli solanubhavisabekayitu. mundina pandyaavaliyalli, avaru thyland mastersna quarter finalnalli 3neey shreyankada sahavarti indoneshyaada jodie mohammed shohibul fikri mattu bagus maulana avarinda rabbar atagalalli sotaru. sadhanegalu. bii. doubleu. eff. vishwa pravaasa (1 prashasti). 19 march 2017 randu ghooshisalaada mattu 2018 ralli jaarige banda bdabluef vishwa pravaasavu badminton vishwa okkoota (bdabluef) anumodisida ganya badminton pandyaavaligala saraniyagide. bii. doubleu. eff. vishwa pravaasagalannu suuper 1000, suuper 750, suuper 500, suuper 300 (etch. ess. bii. sii. vishwa pravaasada bhaaga) mattu bii. doubleu. eff. pravaasa suuper 100 endu vingadisalaagide. "purushara doubles" bii. doubleu. eff. antaaraashtriya savaalu/sarani (3 prashastigalu). "purushara doubles" bii. doubleu. eff junier international (2 prashastigalu, 2 runner-up). "" "hudugara doubles" "" "mishra doubles"

rahmat hidayat dajaaram klabbumaayi affiliate cheythittulla oru indoneshyan baadmintan kalikkaranaanu rahmat hidayat (jananam juun 17,2003). currier. 2020-2021. 2020ll dutch juuniyar internaashanal grand prixil juuniyar athiraalikalaaya junaidi arifin mohammed hikelineyum paraajayappeduthi avar rayan fadillaykkoppam avarude aadya juuniyar toornament nedi. athe varsham thanne jarmman juuniyar internaashanalil randaam sthaanathethiya hidayat fadillah finalil dutch juuniyaril parajayappetta athiraalikalodu parajayappettu. 2021ll denmark juuniyar anthaaraashtra parambarayil avar rannarappaayirunnu. 2022. juunil, hidayyath fadillah lithwanian internaashanalil avarude aadya seeniyar kireedam nedi. indoneshyan anthaaraashtra velluviliyilum avar malsarichenkilum quarter finalil avar nirtthivachu. octoberil, malang indoneshya internaashanalil yeremia rambidanu parikkettathinetthudarnna eshyan purusha doubles chaambyan pramoodya kusumavardhanayumaayi hidayat thaalkkaalika pankaalittham sthaapichu. aadya toornamentil japanese jodikalaaya hiroki okamurayeyum masaayuki onodera paraajayappeduthi avarkk orumichu kireedam nedaan kazhinju. adutha aazhchayil. onnaam seed chainees jodikalaaya hii jittingineyum shau havodongineyum paraajayappeduthi avar indoneshya maastezhs suuppar 100 nedi. november avasaanathode, hidayat thante yadhaartha pankaliyaaya fadillah bahrain toornamentil pankedukkukayum bahrain anthaaraashtra parambarayude semi finalilethukayum bahrain anthaaraashtra chalanchu vijayikkukayum cheythu. 2023. januvariyil, indoneshya maastezhs enna hoome toornamentil hidayat fadillah kalichenkilum yogyathaa roundil paraajayappedendivannu. adutha toornamentil, thayland maastezhsinte quarter finalil moonnaam seed saha indoneshyan jodikalaaya mohammed shohibul fikri, bagas moulaana ennivaril ninnu rubber geyimukalil avar parajayappettu. nettangal. bii. dablyu. eph waled touur (1 kireedam). 2017 march 19nuu prakhyapikkukayum 2018ll nadappaakkukayum cheytha bii. dablyu. eph waled touur, baadmintan waled federation (bii. dablyu. eph) anuvadicha elaitt baadmintan toornamentukalude oru parambarayaanu. bii. dablyu. eph waled toorukale suuppar 1000, suuppar 750, suuppar 500, suuppar 300 (echu. ezz. bii. sii waled toorinte bhagam), bii. dablyu. eph touur suuppar 100 enningane tharamthirickunnu. "purushanmaarude doubles" bii. dablyu. eph. anthaaraashtra chalanchu/seerees (3 kireedangal). "purushanmaarude doubles" bii. dablyu. eph juuniyar internaashanal (2 kireedangal, 2 rannezhs upp). "aankuttikalude doubles" "mixed doubles"

rahmat hidayat rahmat hidayat (janm 17 juuna 2003) haah indoneshiyacha badminton kheladu aahe joou dajaram clubshey sanlagn aahe. karkird. 2020-2021. rehan fadillahs, tyanni kanishth pratispardhi junaidi arif aanee muhammad haikal yanna parabhoot karoon 2020 madhye dutch kanishth aantarrashtriy grandprixmadhye tyanchi pahili kanishth spardha jinkley. tyach varshi, hidayat aanee fadillah heey german kanishth aantarrashtriy spardhet upavijetehi hote, antim fereet tyanchya pratispardhyankadun parabhoot jhaale, jyanna tyanni purvi dutch kanishth spardhet parabhoot kele hote. 2021 madhye, teey denmark kanishth aantarrashtriy maliket upavijete tharale. 2022. junmadhye, hidayat aanee fadillah yanni lithuania aantarrashtriy spardhet tyanche pahile varishtha vijetepad jinkale. tyanni indoneshiya aantarrashtriy aavhanatahi bhag ghetala parantu upantyapoorv fereet tyanna rokhanyat aale. octobermadhye, hidayatne malang indoneshiya aantarrashtriy spardhet yaremiya rambitanchya dukhapatinantar ashiyai purush duheri vijete pradya kusumavardhan yanchyasobat tatpurati bhagidari kelee. tyanni japani jodee hiroki okamura aanee masayuki onodera yanna parabhoot karoon pahilya spardhet ekatra vijetepad jinkanyat yash midavale. pudhchya aathvadyat. tyanni pahilya manankit chiinii jodee hii gitting aanee zouu haodong yanna parabhoot karoon indoneshiya masters super 100 jinkale. novemberchya uttaradhat, hidayatne tyacha mool jodidar fadillah yachyakade parat jaaun, bahreen spardhet bhag ghetala aanee bahreen aantarrashtriy malikechya upantya fereet pravesh keela aanee bahreen aantarrashtriy aavhan jinkale. 2023. janevarimadhye, hidayat aanee fadillah indoneshiya masters yaa gharchya spardhet khelale, parantu patrata fereet tyanna parabhav patkarava lagla. pudhil spardhet, thayaland masterschya upantyapoorv fereet teey tisya manankit sahkari indonesian jodee mohammed shohibul fikri aanee bagas maulana yanchyakadun rubber khelanmadhye parabhoot jhaale. kamgiri. bii. doubleu. eff. jaagtik daura (1 shirshak). 19 march 2017 roji ghoshit karnyat aalela aanee 2018 madhye amalat aananyat aalela bii. doubleu. eff. jaagtik daura hii badminton jaagtik mahasanghane (bii. doubleu. eff.) manjur kelelya abhijat badminton spardhanchi malika aahe. bii. doubleu. eff. jaagtik sahali super 1000, super 750, super 500, super 300 (etch. ess. bii. see. jaagtik sahalicha bhag) aanee bii. doubleu. eff. tour super 100 asha jaagtik sahalichya antim staranmadhye vibhagalya aahet. "purush duheri" bii. doubleu. eff. aantarrashtriy aavhan/malika (3 shirshake). "purush duheri" bii. doubleu. eff. kanishth aantarrashtriy (2 vijetepade, 2 upavijete). "mulanche duheri" "mishra duheri"

rahmat hidayat rahmat hidayat (janma 17 june 2003) ek indonesiali badminton kheladi hun jo dajaram clubsanga sambadha chhan. currier. 2020-2021. rehan fadillahasanga milera, tiniharule junier pratidwandi junaidi arif rar muhammad haikallai haraera 2020 maa douch junier antarrashtriya grand prixma afno pahilo junier pratiyogita jite. sohi warsha, hidayat rar fadillah german junier antarrashtriyama pani upawijeta thie, finalma afna pratidwandwiharusanga haare jaslai uniharule pahile douch juniyarma haraeka thie. sann 2021 maa, tiniharu denmark junier antarrashtriya shringkhalama upawijeta thie. 2022. junema, hidayat rar fadillahle lithuanian antarrashtriyama afno pahilo warishtha upadhi jite. uniharule indonesia antarrashtriya challengema pani pratispardha gare tara quarterfinalma rokie. octoberma, malyang indonesia antarrashtriyama yeremia rambitanko chotpachhi hidayatle asealy purush doubles champion pramudya kusumawardhanasanga asthayi sajhedari gare. uniharule japani jody hiroki okamura rar masayuki onoderalai haraera pahilo pratiyogitama sangai upadhi jitna safal bhae. arko hapta. uniharule pahilo wariyata prapta chiniyan jody hihi gitting rar jhou hadonglai haraera indonesia masters super 100 jite. novemberko antyama, hidayatle afno muel sajhedar, fadillahasanga, bahrain pratiyogitama bhag lie rar bahrain antarrashtriya shringkhalako semifinalma puge rar bahrain antarrashtriya chunauti jite. 2023. janawarima, hidayat rar fadillahle gharelu pratiyogita, indonesia mastersma khele, tara chhanot charanma haraunu pareko thiyo. arko pratiyogitama, tiniharule thyland mastersko quarter finalma tesro wariyata prapta sathi indonesian jody muhammad sohibul fikri rar bagas maulanabata robber khelharuma haare. upalabdhiharu. bidbluef vishwa bhraman (1 upadhi). 19 march 2017 maa ghoshana garieko rar 2018 maa lagu garieko bidbluef vishwa bhraman badminton vishwa mahasangha (bidbluef) dwara swikrit elite badminton pratiyogitaharuko ek shringkhala how. bidbluef vishwa bhramanharulai vishwa bhraman final, super 1000, super 750, super 500, super 300 (hsbc vishwa bhramanko bhag), rar bidbluef tour super 100 kaa starharuma vibhajan garieko chha. "purush doubles" bidbluef antarrashtriya chunauti/shringkhala (3 shirshak). "purush doubles" bidbluef junier antarrashtriya (2 upadhi, 2 upawijeta). "ketaharuko doubles" "mishrit doubles"

rahmat hidajata rahmat hidajata (janma 17 june 2003) jane indonesia badminton khelali jie dajaram club sahita anubandhita . kyariyara. 2020-2021. raihan fadillahanka saha mishi semane 2020 ray douch juniara antarjatija grand priksare juniara pratidwandee junaidi arif ebong mahammad haikalanku parasta curry semanankara pratham juniara turnament jitithile. sehi barsha, hidajata ebong fadillah madhya german juniara aantarjateejare runners-up hoithile, phainalare semananka pratidwandinkatharu harithile, jaahaaku semane purbaru douch junijarare parasta karithile. 2021ray semane denmark juniara antarjatija sirijare runners-up hoithile. 2022. juna maasare, hidajata ebong fadillah lithuania antarjatija pratijogitare semanankara pratham baristha title jitithile. semane indonesia antarjatija chyalenjare madhya pratidwandita karithile kintu quarter phainalare ataki jaithile. octoberre, malanga indonesia internationalare yeremia rambitan ahata heba parey hidajata asiah purush doubles champion pramudia kusumabardhananka saha eka asthajee bhagidari karithile. semane japanara hiroki okamura ebong masajuki onoderanku parasta curry pratham turnamentare ekathi title jitibare saphala hoithile. asanta saptahare. semane pratham manyata prapta chean jodi hea jiting ebong jhou haodonganku parasta curry indonesia masters super 100 jitithile. navember shesh aadaku hidajata taanka moola saathee fadillahanka pakhaku ferry bahren turnamentare bhaga neithile ebong bahren antarjatija sirijara semiphinalare pahanchi bahren antarjatija challenge jitithile. 2023. januarire, hidajata ebong fadillah gharoi turnament, indonesia mastersray khelithile, kintu jogyata parjyajare haribaku padithila. parabarti turnamentare, semane thyland mastaranka quarter phainalare truteeja manyata prapta saathee indonesia jodi mahammad sohibul fikri ebong bagas moulanankatharu rabar gamesray harithile. saphalata. bii. dablyu. aif. biswa gasta (1 title). bii. dablyu. aif. biswa gasta, jaahaa 19 march 2017 ray ghoshana karajaithila ebong 2018 ray karjyakaree hoithila, badminton biswa federation (bii. dablyu. aif) dwara anumodita elite badminton turnamenter eka sirij . bii. dablyu. aif. biswa gastaku biswa gasta final, super 1000, super 750, super 500, super 300 (echa. ess. bii. sii. biswa bhramanara anshabisesha), ebong bii. dablyu. aif. gasta super 100 starare bibhakta karajaichi. "purush doubles" bii. dablyu. aif. antarjatija challenge/sirij (3tii title). "purush doubles" bii. dablyu. aif. juniara antarjatija (2tii title, 2tii runners up). "balaka doubles" "mixed doubles"

rahmat hidait rahmat hidait (janam 17 juun 2003) ikk indoneshiaai badminton khidari haii joe dajaram club naal sambandhit haii. carrier. 2020-2021. rehan fadillah naal mill keey, unhan neey junier virodhi junaidi arif atey mohammad hackle noon haraa keey 2020 witch dutch junier antarashtari grand prix witch aapna pahila junier tournament jittiaa. use saal, hidait atey fadilah german junier international witch vee upp jetu rahey, final witch aapne virodhiaan toon haar gaye jinhan noon unhan neey pahilan dutch junier witch haraiaa see. saal 2021 witch uh danmark junier antarashtari luddy witch upp jetu rahey sunn. 2022. juun witch, hidait atey fadilah neey lithuanian antarashtari witch aapna pahila senior khitaab jittiaa. unhan neey indonesia antarashtari chunhauti witch vee hissa liaa parr quarter final witch roque ditta giaa. aktubar witch, hidait neey malang indonesia international witch yerimia rambitan dee satt toon baad aci purash doubles champion pramudaya kusumvardna naal asthai bhaiwali keeti. uh japani jodee hiroki okamura atey masayuki onodera noon haraa keey pahile tournament witch ikkathe khitaab jittan witch kamyab rahey. agle hafte. unhan neey pahila darja prapat cheeni jodee hii jitting atey jhou haodong noon haraa keey indonesia masters super 100 jittiaa. navambar dey akheer witch, hidait neey aapne mool saathi, fadillah naal, bahreen tournament witch hissa liaa atey bahreen antarashtari luddy dey semifinal witch pahunch giaa atey bahreen antarashtari chunhauti jitti. 2023. janwari witch, hidait atey fadillah neey gharelu tournament, indonesia masters witch khediaa, parr qualifying daur witch harna piaa. agle tournament witch, uh thyland masters dey quarter final witch teeje darja prapat saathi indonesia dee jodee mohammad shohibul fikri atey bags maulana toon rubbed khedan witch haar gaye. prapatiaan. bee. w. eff. vishav daura (1 khitaab). bee. w. eff. vishav daura, jiss daa ailaan 19 march 2017 noon keeta giaa see atey 2018 witch lagu keeta giaa see, badminton vishav federation (bee. w. eff.) duaara manzurshuda kuleen badminton tournamentan dee ikk luddy haii. bee. w. eff. vishav tour noon vishav tour final, super 1000, super 750, super 500, super 300 (aich. aiss. bee. see. vishav tour daa hissa), atey bee. w. eff. tour super 100 dey padhran witch vandiaa giaa haii. "purash doubles" bee. w. eff. antarashtari chunhauti/luddy (3 khitaab). "purash doubles" bee. w. eff. junier antarashtari (2 khitab, 2 upp jetu). "ladkiaan daa doubles" "mixed doubles"

rahamat hidaayat rahamat hidaayat (janma 17 joon 2003) ekaha indoneshiyan-badminton-kreedakah asti yah dajaaram-club ityanena saha sambadhah asti. vruttihi. 2020-2021. rehan fadillaah ityanena saha, te 2020 tame varshe dutch-junier-antarashtriya-grand-pricks-kridaayaam kanishta-pratidwandwee-junaidee aarif-muhammad-hackle-ityetaan parajayya prathamavaaram kanishta-pratiyogitaam jitavantah. tasmin eva varshe, hidaayatah, faadillaah cha german-junier-antarashtriya-kridaayaam upavijetaaroopena sthaanam praaptavantah, antima-spardhayam swapratidyaah viruddham parajitaha, yaan poorvam dutch-junier-kridaayaam paraajityant. 2021 tame varshe te denmark-deshasya kanishta-antarashtriya-shrunkhalaayaam upavijetaaroopena aasan. 2022. joon-maase, hidaayatah, fadillaah cha lithuvenian-antarashtriya-kridaayaam prathamam varishtam upaadhim praaptavantah. te indonesia-antarashtriya-chaalanje api spardhaam akurvan, parantu quarter-fannel-kridaayaam sthagitaah abhavan. october-maase, malaang-indonesia-antarashtriya-kridaayaam yaremia-rambitan ityasya aaghaatasy anantaram hidaayatah, asiadeshasya purusha-doubles-chaampiyan pramoody-kusumaawardhanen saha asthayim sahabhaagitvam krutavaan. te prathamaspardhayam japaan-deshasya hiroki okamura-masayuki onodera-dampatyaam parajayya militvaa upaadhim praaptum samarthah abhavat. agrime saptaahe. te prathama-shrenyaah chinadeshasya hey jitting tathaa zau haadong ityetayoho yugalam parajayya indonesia-masters soopar 100 iteedam praaptavantah. navambaramaasasy ante, hidaayatah swasya moolasahabhaaginah faadillaah-varyasya sameepam punah, bahrain-spardhayam bhaagam krutvaa bahrain-antarashtriya-shrunkhalaayaah upaantya-spardhaam praapya bahrain-antarashtriya-chyaalenj-spardhaam jitavaan. 2023. janavareemaase, hidaayatah, fadillaah cha indonesia masters iti gruha-spardhayam kreeditavantah, parantu yogyata-charane paraajayam praapnot. agrima-spardhayam te thaay-lyand-masters-ityasya quarter-fainal-kridaayaam truteeya-shreniyam saathi-indoneshiyan-jodihi muhammad shohibul fikri tathaa bagus-maulana ityetayoho rubber-kreedaasu parajitaha abhavan. upalabdhaah. bee. doubleu. ef. vishvaparyatanam (1 upadhi). bee. doubleu. ef. vishvaparyatanam, yat 19 maarch 2017 dinaanke ghoshitam, 2018 tame varshe cha kaaryaanvitam, badminton-vishva-sanghena (bee. doubleu. ef.) anumoditaa abhijata-badminton-pratiyogitanam shrunkhalaa asti. bee. doubleu. ef. vishvaparyatanaani vishvaparyatanasya antima-stareshu, super 1000, super 750, super 500, super 300 (echa. ess. bee. see. vishvaparyatanasya bhaagah), bee. doubleu. ef. paryatanasy super 100 iti cha iti vibhaktaah santi. "purushaanaam doubles" bee. doubleu. ef. antaaraashtriyapratisandh/shrunkhalaah (3 sheershakaah). "purushaanaam doubles" bee. doubleu. ef. kanishta-antarashtriya-spardhaa (2 upadhayah, 2 upavijetaa). "balakanam dwigunah" "mishra-dwigunitaani"

rahmat hidaayat rahmat hidaayat (prappu juun 17,2003) oru inthoanaesiya paedmintan veerar aavaar, avar jaaram kilappudan inaikkappattullaar. thozhil. 2020-2021. rehaan fabathillaavudan inainthu, avarkal 2020 aam aandil duchu juuniyar sarvadesa grand brixil thangal muthal juuniyar poattiyai junaidi arif mattrum mugamathu haikkalai thoarkadiththu ventranar. athae aandil, jerman juuniyar sarvadesa poattiyil hidaayat mattrum fadilla irandaam idaththaip pidiththanar, iruthip poattiyil duchu juuniyaril avarkal munbu thoarkadiththa thangal ethirigalidam thoalviyadainthanar. 2021 aam aandil, avarkal denmark juuniyar sarvadesa thodaril irandaam idaththaip pidiththanar. 2022. juun maatham, dityad mattrum fadillah aagiyoar lithuvenian sarvadesa poattiyil thangal muthal mooththa pattatthai ventranar. avarkal indonesia sarvadesa savaalilum poattiyittanar, aanaal kaalirudhikku thallappattanar. october maatham, malang indonesia sarvadesa poattiyil yeremia raambidan kaayamadainthathaith thodarnthu aasiya aangal irattaiyar saambiyanaana pramudhya kusumavardhanaavudan hidaayat oru thartkaalika koottaniyai uruvaakkiyathu. japanian jody hirogi ogamura mattrum masayugi onoderavai thoarkadiththu muthal poattiyil avarkal ontraaka pattatthai vella mudinthathu. aduththa vaaram. indonesia masters suuppar 100 poattiyil muthal nilai seena jody hii jitting mattrum juu haadoangai thoarkadiththu vettri pettranar. navambar maatha iruthiyil, thanathu asal koottaaliyaana fathillaavidam thirumbiya hidaayat, bahrain poattiyil pankettru, bahrain sarvadesa thodarin araiyiruthikku munnaeri, bahrain sarvadesa savaalai ventraar. 2023. janavariyil, dityad mattrum fadillah aagiyoar indonesia masters endra sontha poattiyil vilaiyaadinar, aanaal thaguthich suttril thoalviyadaiya vaendiyirunththathu. aduththa poattiyil, avarkal rubber vilaiyaattukalil 3 vadhu seed saga inthoanaesiya jody mugamathu shohibul figri mattrum bagus moulaanaavidamirunthu thaailaanthu masters kaalirudhip poattiyil thoalviyadainthanar. saathanaigal. pii. doublue. eff ulaga suttruppayanam (1 pattam). pii. doublue. eff ulaga suttruppayanam, 19 maarch 2017 andru arivikkapattu 2018 ill seyalpaduththappattathu, idhu paedmintan ulaga koottamaippaal (pii. doublue. eff) anumathikkappatta uyaradukku paedmintan poattikalin thodar aagum. pii. doublue. eff ulaga suttruppayanangkal ulaga suttruppayana iruthip poattikal, suuppar 1000, suuppar 750, suuppar 500, suuppar 300 (ech. ess. pii. chii ulaga suttruppayanaththin oru pakuthi) mattrum pii. doublue. eff door suuppar 100 yena pirikkappattullana. "aangal irattaiyar" pii. doublue. eff sarvadesa sawal/thodar (3 pattangkal). "aangal irattaiyar" pii. doublue. eff juuniyar sarvadesa (2 pattangkal, 2 runner-app). "siruvarkal irattaiyar" "kalappu irattaiyar"

rehmat hidayat rahmat hidayata (jananam 17 juun 2003) oka indonesia badminton kreedaakaarini, athanu dajaram clubto anubandhamgaa unnadu. vrutti. 2020-2021. rehaan fadillaatho kalisi, vaaru 2020loe dutch juuniyar international grand prixlo juuniyar pratyarthulu junaidi arif mariyu mohammed haikallanu oodinchi vaari modati juuniyar tornamentnu geluchukunnaru. adhe samvatsaramlo, german juuniyar international loe kooda hidayat mariyu fadillah rannarap gaa nilichaaru, finalslo vaaru gatamlo dutch juuniyar loe oodinchina vaari pratyarthula chetilo odipoyaaru. 2021loe, vaaru denmark juuniyar antarjaateeya siriisloo rannarapga nilichaaru. 2022. juunloo, hidayat mariyu fadillah lithuvanian internationallo tama modati senior titlenu geluchukunnaru. vaaru indonesia antarjaateeya savalulo kooda potipaddaru, conny quarter finalslo aagipoyaaru. octoberlo, malang indonesia international loe yeremia rambitan gaayam taruvaata, asea purushula doubles chhampian pradya kusumavardhanto hidayat taatkaalika bhagaswamyam chesindi. japanese janta hiroki okamura mariyu masayuki onoderalanu oodinchadam dwara vaaru kalisi modati tornamentlo taitil geluchukunnaru. vachhe vaaram. vaaru 1va seed chainees janta hii gitting mariyu jhou haadaanglanu oodinchadam dwara indonesia masters suupar 100nuu geluchukunnaru. november chivaralo, hidayat thana asalu bhagaswamy faadillaaku tirigi velli, bahrain tornamentlo paalgoni, bahrain antarjaateeya siriisloo semifinalku cherukuni bahrain antarjaateeya savaalunu geluchukunnadu. 2023. janavarilo, hidayat mariyu fadillah swadeshi tornament, indonesia masterslo aadaru, conny qualifying roundloo odipovalsi vachindi. tadupari tornamentlo, vaaru thaay land masters quarter finalslo 3va seed thoti indonesia janta mohammed shohibul fikri mariyu bagus moulana nundi rabbaru aatalalo odipoyaaru. vijayalu. bii. doubleu. eff prapancha paryatana (1 taitil). 19 marchi 2017naa prakatinchi, 2018loe amalu chesina bii. doubleu. eff prapancha paryatana, badminton varald federation (bii. doubleu. eff) manjuru chesina elite badminton tornamentla shreni. bwf prapancha paryatanalu prapancha paryatana finals, suupar 1000, suupar 750, suupar 500, suupar 300 (hcsbc prapancha paryatanalo bhaagam), mariyu bwf tour suupar 100 sthaayilugaa vibhajinchabaddaayi. "purushula doubles" bii. doubleu. eff. antarjaateeya savaalu/syries (3 titles). "purushula doubles" bii. doubleu. eff juuniyar international (2 titles, 2 rannarap). "baalura doubles" "mixed doubles"

rahmat hidayat rahman hidayat (paidaish 17 joone 2003) indoneshia kaa eek bedmenton khilaadi hay juu jarm kalb say waabistah hay. carrier. 2020-2021. rehaan fidallah kay saath mill kirr inhon nay juniyar hareef juneedi aasif aur mohammad highcle kuu shakast deenay kay baad 2020 mein dich juniyar international grend perks mein apnaa pehla juniyar tornament jeeta. asee saal hidayat aur fidallah german juniyar international mein bhee runner app rahay final mein apnay mukhalifen say haar gayey jinhein inhon nay pehley dich juniyar mein shakast dee thee. 2021 mein wah dunmark juniyar international seerez mein runner app rahay. 2022. joone mein hidayat aur fidallah nay lathwaniyayi international mein apnaa pehla seniyar tytle jeeta. inhon nay indoneshia international challenge mein bhee hasah liyaa leakin kwarter final mein rook diyaa gayaa. aktobar mein hidayat nay milang indoneshia international mein eremia rambetan kii choot kay baad aishiyayi menz doubles champine parmodiya kasmordana kay saath aarizi sharakat daari kii. wah japani jodee heroki okmora aur masaiki onodera kuu shakast day kirr pehley tornament mein eek saath tytle jeetnay mein kamiyab rahay. aglay haftay. inhon nay pehli seed cheeni jodee hyee jeting aur zoo houdong kuu shakast day kirr indoneshia masters spir 100 jeeta. nomber kay aakhir mein hidayat nay apnay asl saathi fatah kay paas waps aakar bahreen tornament mein hasah liyaa aur bahreen beenn alaqwami seerez kay seemi final mein pahunch kirr bahreen beenn alaqwami challenge jeeth liyaa. 2023. januri mein hidayat aur fatah nay hoam tornament indoneshia masters mein khaila leakin qualifying round mein haarna padaa. aglay tornament mein wah thayee lend masters kay kwarter final mein rabad kay kheelon mein teesre darjay kii saathi indoneshia kii jodee mohammad shohibal fikri aur bagaas maulana say haar gayey. kamyabiyan. bee dabliyo aif world torr (1 tytle). bee dabliyo aif world toar jiss kaa aalaan 19 maarch 2017 kuu kiyaa gayaa thaa aur 2018 mein naafiz kiyaa gayaa thaa bedmenton world federation (bee dabliyo aif) kay zariah manzoor shadah elite bedmenton tornaments kaa eek silsilah hay. bee dabliyo aif world torz kuu world torr finals spir 1000yee spir 750yee spir 500yee spir 300 (aich aiss bee see world torr kaa hasah)yee aur bee dabliyo aif torr spir 100 kii sathon mein taqsim kiyaa gayaa hay. "mardon kaa doubles" bee dabliyo aif international challenge/seerez (3 enwanat). "mardon kaa doubles" bee dabliyo aif juniyar international (2 tytle 2 runner app). "ladkon kaa doubles" "makhlut doubles"

fffa7754649bbaaf624f963cecadbe0a6004a9cd7656a6a764a1ee6b261a3c6f

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72878441

Kemaluddin Al-Haj

Kemaluddin Al-Haj Brunei politician Pengiran Anak Kemaluddin Al-Haj (12 December 1932 – 9 January 2012) was a nobleman, politician and teacher from Brunei who previously served as the Speaker of the Legislative Council, Member of the Privy Council, and the head of the Department of Religious Affairs. He is the founder of several Arabic schools. The institutions included the Seri Begawan Religious Teachers College, the Raja Isteri Pengiran Anak Damit Girls' Secondary Arabic Religious School, and the Hassanal Bolkiah Boys' Arabic Secondary School. Biography. Education. Kemlauddin first obtained his education at the Brunei Arab-Education School, Brunei Town Malay School, Stamford School in Penang, and St. Joseph's School in Kuching. Career. Kemaluddin first began his career serving in succession as a Demarcator, Draughtsman, Malay, and English Clerk. Later he would become a secretary of the State Custom, Religion, and Welfare Department upon its formation on 1 July 1954, the Secretary to the Religious Council on 1 July 1959, Head of the Religious Affairs Department from 1 September 1962 to 30 October 1970, and Director of Resettlement in November 1970. On 1 September 1962, Kemaluddin was appointed as the head of the Department of Religious Affairs. He would be replaced by Zain Serudin in 1970. A Religious Affairs Department sponsored movie, Gema Dari Menara, was directed by and filmed at the residence of then Paduka Anak Kemaluddin. He was chosen as the Speaker of the Legislative Council twice from 12 December 1981 until the council's abolishment on 13 February 1984, and the reestablishment on 25 September 2004, he was selected as the Speaker of the Legislative Council, before being replaced by Isa Ibrahim on 1 March 2011. Death. Kemaluddin died on 9 January 2012. The State Mufti, Abdul Aziz Juned conducted the funeral prayer, which was performed by Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah and others. In a designated vehicle, the body was transported to the Kubah Makam Di Raja for burial. Personal life. Kemaluddin was born on 12 December 1932, however, according to his obituaries, he was born in Brunei Town on 8 March 1929, at Kampong Sumbiling Lama, Jalan Stoney. Married to Pengiran Anak Datin Paduka Hajah Siti Rafiah, daughter of Pengiran Muda Hashim. Notably, he is the father-in-law of Princess Rashidah. They had six kids; three sons and three daughters. Awards and honours. Pengiran Anak Kemaluddin Al-Haj has earned the Sultan Haji Omar 'Ali Saifuddien Education Award (APSHOAS) in commemoration to 2011 Teachers' Day. He was bestowed the title of Yang Amat Mulia (The Most Noble) Pengiran Indera Mahkota Pengiran Anak on 16 May 1968. He obtained an honorary PhD from the Universiti Brunei Darussalam in 1996. He earned the following awards and honours; References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

kemaluddin aal-haaj pengiran onak kemaluddin aal-haaj (mrityu 9 january 2012) bruneir ejon xombhranto byokti, rajneetibid aaru xikhyok aasil ji purbe bidhan porixodor odhyokhyo aaru dhormiyo porikroma bibhagor murobbi hisape karzonirbah korisil. teu keibakhonu aarbi bidyaloyor protisthapok. protisthanxomuhor bhitorot aasil cheri begawan dhormiyo xikhyok mohabidyaloy, raaja isteri pengiran onak daamit suwalir madhyomik aarbi dhormiyo bidyaloy, aaru hasanal bulokia lo "raar aarbi madhyomik bidyaloy. keriyar. 1962 sonor 1 septemborot teuk dhormiyo porikroma bibhagor murobbi hisape nijukti diya hoisil. 1970 sonot teur thait joino serudinok nijukti diya hoh 'bob. dhormiyo porikroma bibhagor pristhopuxokotat nirmito sobi' gemaa daari menara "ror porisalona korisil tetiyar paduka onok kemaluddinor baxobhowonot. 1981 sonor 12 disemboror poraa 1984 sonor 13 februaryt porixodor bilupti aaru 2004 sonor 25 septemborot punor protistha huwaloike teuk dubarkoi bidhan porixodor odhyokhyo hisape nirbasito koraa hoisil, 2011 sonor 1 marchot eexa ibrahimor dwara protisthapito huwar aagote teuk bidhan porixodor odhyokhyo hisape nirbasito koraa hoisil. mrityu. 2012 sonor 9 januaryt kemaluddinor mrityu hoy. rajyik mufoti aabdul aajij junede ontyestikriyar prarthona porisalona korisil, jitu sultan hasanal bolokia aaru onyanyoxokole porisalona korisil. etaa nirdisto bahonot mritodeh khon xomadhistho korar baabe kuba mokam di rajaloi loi juwa hoisil. byoktigoto jiwan. pengiran onak daatin paduka hajah chiti rofiyar xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoisil, aaru teulukor soita xontan aasil; tinijon putro aaru tinijon konya. xonman. pengiran onak kemaluddin aal-haaje 2011 sonor xikhyok diboxor smoronot sultan haajee umor 'aali saifuddin xikhya botaa (aapxuwas) laabh korise. teu yang aamat muliya (mohamanyo) pengiran indera mahkuta pengiran onok upadhi laabh korisil aaru nimnolikhito xonman laabh korisil;

kamaluddin all-haaz pengiran anak kemaluddin all-haaz (mrityu 9 januari 2012) chhilen brunaiyer ekjon abhijato, rajnitibid ebong shikkhok jini purbe aain porishder speaker ebong dharmiya vishayak bibhager prodhan hisabe dayitto palon korechilen. tini besh koyekti arbi bidyalayer protisthata. protisthangulir modhye chhilo cerrie begawan dharmiya shikkhok college, raja isteri pengiran anak damit meyeder madhyomik arbi dharmiya vidyalaya ebong hassanal balkia chheleder arbi madhyomik vidyalaya. pesha. 1962 saaler 1laa septembara tini dharmiya vishayak bibhager prodhan hisabe nijukto hohn. 1970 saale taanr stholabhishikto hohn joino seruddin. dharmiya vishayak bibhager pristhoposhokotay toiri 'gema daari menara "chhobiti tatkalin paduka anok kemaluddiner basbhobone porichalito oo chitrayit hoy. 1981 saaler 12ee december theke 1984 saaler 13ee february counciler bilupti ebong 2004 saaler 25shhey septembara punorsthapon naa haoya porjonto tini duibar bidhan porishder speaker nirbachito hohn, ebong 2011 saaler 1laa march issa ibrahim taanr stholabhishikto hohn. mrityu. 2012 saaler 9 januari kamaluddin maaraa zaan. rashtriya mufti abdul aziz junad antyeshtikriyar namaz porichalona corren, jaa sultan hassanal balkia ebong annannora palon corren. ekti nirdishto gadite korey mritodehti dafoner jonno kuba makam dee rajar kachhe niye yawa hoy. byaktigato jeebon. pengiran anak dateen paduka hajah siti rafiahke biye corren ebong taader chhoyti santan chhilo; tinn chhele oo tinn meye. sommanona. 2011 saaler shikkhok diboser smarane pengiran anak kemaluddin all-haaz sultan hazee omor 'allie saifuddin shikkha puraskar (upshoas) orjon korechen. tini iang amat mulia (mahamanya) pengiran indera mahkota pengiran onok upadhi dharon corren ebong nimnolikhito somman orjon corren.

kemaluddin all-haja pengiran anak kemaluddin all-haaj (mrutyu 9 january 2012) bruneina aek umraav, rajkarani aneey shikshak hataa, jemane agau vidhaan parishadna adhyaksh aneey dhaarmik babtonaa vibhagna vadaa tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. teo ketalik arabi shaalaona sthaapak chhe. aaa sansthaoma seree begaavan dhaarmik shikshak college, raajaa isteri pengiran anak dameet gearls secondary arabic dhaarmik shaala aneey hasnal bolkia chhokaraoni arabic maadhyameek shaala saamel hatee. karkirdi. 1 september 1962naa roj, temne dhaarmik babtonaa vibhagna vadaa tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 1970maan temnu sthaan zain seruddin leshe. dhaarmik babtonaa vibhag dwara prayojit film, 'gemaa daaree menara' noon nirdeshan aneey filmankan teey samaynaa paduka anak kemaluddinna nivaasthaane karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. 12 december 1981thee 13 februari 1984naa roj parishadni nabudi sudhee aneey 25 september 2004naa roj punsthaapan sudhee beey vaar vidhaan parishadna adhyaksh tareeke temnee pasandagi karvaamaa aavee hatee, 1 march 2011naa roj isaa ibrahim dwara temnaa sthaane levaamaa aavyaa teey pahelaa, temne vidhaan parishadna adhyaksh tareeke pasand karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. mrutyu. 9 january 2012naa roj kemaluddin avsaan thayu. rajyanaa mufti, abdul aziz junede anteem sanskaarni praathnaa curry hatee, jeey sultan hasnal bolkia aneey anya loko dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee. aek niyukt vaahanmaa, mrutdehne dafanvidhi maate kubah makam dee raajaa khaate laee javama aavyo hato. angat jeevan. pengiran anaak dateen paduka hajaa sitee rafiya saathe lagna karyaa aneey temne chh baadako hataa; trana putro aneey trana putreeo. sanmaan. pengiran anak kemaluddin all-haajne 2011 naa shikshak divasni yaadmaa sultan haajee oomar allie saifuddin shikshan puraskar (upshoas) malyo chhe. teo yang amat mulia (temnaa mahamahim) pengiran indera mahkota pengiran anakno khitaab dharaave chhe aneey neeche mujabnaa sanmaano melvyaa chhe.

kemluddin all-huzz pengiran anak kemluddin all-huzz (mrityu 9 janwari 2012) brunei key ack kuleen, rajneta aur shikshak they, jinhone pahale vidhaan parishad key adhyaksh aur dhaarmik mamalon key vibhaag key pramukh key roop mein kaary kiya thaa. vaha kaee arabi vidyaalayon key sansthaapak hain. inn sansthanon mein seree begavan dhaarmik shikshak mahavidyalaya, raajaa isteri pengiran anak daamit ladkiyon kaa maadhyamik arabi dhaarmik vidyalaya aur hasnal bolkia ladakon kaa arabi maadhyamik vidyalaya shamil they. carrier. 1 sitambar 1962 koo unhein dhaarmik mamalon key vibhaag kaa pramukh niyukt kiya gayaa. 1970 mein unaki jagah zain seruddin ney lii thee. ack dhaarmik mamalon key vibhaag dwara praayojit film, gema daree menara, kaa nirdeshan aur filmancan tatkalin paduka anak kemluddin key awas parr kiya gayaa thaa. unhein 12 disambar 1981 seey 13 farwari 1984 koo parishad key unmoolan taka dou baar vidhaan parishad key adhyaksh key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa, aur 25 sitambar 2004 koo punarsthapana key baad, unhein vidhaan parishad key adhyaksh key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa, isase pahale kii 1 march 2011 koo eesaa ibrahim dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. mrityu. 9 janwari 2012 koo kemluddin kii mrityu hoe gaee. raajya key mufti, abdul aziz junad ney antim sanskar kii prarthana kii, joe sultan hasnal bolkia aur anya logon dwara kii gaee thee. ack nirdisht vaahan mein, shav koo dafanaane key liye kuba makam dee raajaa leey jaaya gayaa. vyaktigat jeevan. pengiran anaak datin paduka hajaa sitiya rafiya seey shaadi kii aur unake chhah bachche they; teen bete aur teen betiyaan. sammaan. pengiran anak kemluddin all-huzz ney 2011 key shikshak divas key uplakshya mein sultan haaji umar allie saifuddin shiksha puraskar (apshoa) arjit kiya haye. unhone yang amat mulia (unaki utkrishtata) pengiran indera mahkota pengiran anak kii upaadhi praapt kii aur nimnalikhit sammaan arjit kiye.

kemaluddin all-huzz pengiran anak kemaluddin all-huzz (marana 9 janavari 2012) obba kuleena, rajakarani mattu bruny moolada shikshakaraagiddaru, avaru ee hinde vidhana parishattina speaker mattu dharmika vevahaaragala vibhagada mukhyastharaagi seve sallisiddaru. aata halavaaru arabic shalegala sthapakaragiddare. ee samsthegalalli seri begawan dharmika sikshakara kaaleju, raajaa isteri pengiran anak damit balakiyara madhyamika arabic dharmika shaale mattu hasanal bolkia hudugara arabic madhyamika shaale serive. vrattijeevana. 1962rahra september 1randu avarannu dharmika vevahaaragala ilaakheya mukhyastharaagi nemisalaayitu. 1970ralli avara sthaanavannu jaine seruddin avaru vahisikondaru. dharmika vevahaaragala ilakhe prayojisida chalanachitravaada gema dari menara annu aagina paduka anak kemaluddin avara nivaasadalli nirdeshisi chitrikarisalaayitu. 1981rahra december 12rinda 1984rahra phebravari 13randu parishattina raddatiyavarege mattu 2004rahra september 25randu marusthaapaneyavarege eradu baari vidhana parishattina sabhapatiyagi aaykeyaada avaru, 2011rahra march 1randu isa ibrahim avara sthaanavannu tegedukolluva modalu vidhana parishattina sabhapatiyagi aaykeyaadaru. saavu. 2012rahra janavari 9randu kemaluddin nidhanaraadaru. raajya mufti abdul aziz juned avaru antyakriyeya prarthaneyannu nadesidaru, idannu sultan hasanal bolkia mattu itararu neraverisidaru. gottupadisida vaahanadalli, shavavannu samadhigagi kuba makam dhii rajage saagisalaayitu. vaiyaktika jeevana. pengiran anak datin paduka hajaa city rafiya avarannu vivaahavaadaru mattu avarige aaru makkaliddaru; moovaru putraru mattu moovaru putriyaru. gouravagalu. pengiran anak kemaluddin all-huzz avaru 2011 rahra sikshakara dinada smaranaarthavaagi sultan haaji omer allie saifuddin sikshana prashastiyannu (apshos) galisiddaare. aata yang amath mulia (ghanatevetta) pengiran indera mahakota pengiran anak emba birudannu hondiddaare mattu ee kelagina gouravagalannu galisiddaare.

kemaluddin alle-hajj pengiran anak kemaluddin alle-hajj (maranam 9 januvari 2012) munbu legislative kaunsilinte speaker mathakaarya vakuppinte thalavanayum sevanamanushticha brunai swadeshiyaaya oru prabhuvum raashtreeyakkaaranum adthyaapakanum aayirunnu. niravadhi arabi skoolukalude sthaapakanaanu addeham. seree begawan matha adhyapaka koleju, rajaa istheri pengiran anak damitt penkuttikalude secondary arabic mathavidyaalayam, hasanal bolkia aankuttikalude arabic secondary vidyaalayam enniva eee sthaapanangalil ulppedunnu. currier. 1962 septambar 1nuu addeham mathakaarya vakuppinte thalavanayi niyamithanaayi. 1970ll addehathinu pakaram saine seruddin athukayum mathakaarya vakupp sponsor cheytha gema daari menara enna chithram annathe paaduka anak kemaluddinte vasathiyil samvidaanam cheyyukayum chithreekarikkukayum cheythu. 1981 desember 12 muthal 1984 februvari 13 nuu kaunsil nirthalaakkunnathuvare rund thavana legislative kaunsil speakeraayi thiranjedukkappetta addeham 2004 septambar 25 nuu punasthaapikkappedukayum 2011 march 1 nuu isaa ibrahim pakaram varunnathinu munbu legislative kaunsilinte speakeraayi thiranjedukkappedukayum cheythu. maranam. 2012 januvari 9nuu kemaluddin antharichu. samsthaana mufti abdul assies juned shavasamskara praarthana nadatthi, athu sultan hasanal bolkiah mattullavarum nadatthi. oru nischitha vaahanathil mrithadeham kuba makam dhii rajayilekku samskarikkunnathinaayi kondupoyi. vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam. pengiran anak datin paduka hajaa sithi rafiya vivaham kazhicha avarkk moonnu aanmakkalum moonnu penmakkalum ulppede aarr kuttikalundaayirunnu. bahumathikal. 2011 leeii adhyapaka dinathodanubandhichu pengiran anak kemaluddin alle-hajinu sultan haji omar alii saifuddin vidyaabhyaasa award (apshovas) labhichu. addeham yang amath mulia (addehathinte shreshtatha) pengiran inthera mahkoda pengiran anak enna padavi vahikkukayum inipparayunna bahumathikal nedukayum cheythu.

kemaluddin all-huzz pengiran anak kemaluddin all-huzz (mrutyu 9 janewari 2012) haah bruneicha eka kuleen, rajkarani aanee shikshak hota, jyane purvi vidhan parishadeche adhyaksh aanee dharmik vyavhar vibhagache pramukh mhanoon kaam kele hote. teey anek arabi shalanche sansthapak aahet. yaa sansthanmadhye seree begavan dharmik shikshak mahavidhyalay, raja isteri pengiran anak damit mulinchi madhyamik arabi dharmik shaala aanee hasnal bolkia mulanchi arabi madhyamik shaala yancha samavesh hota. karkird. 1 september 1962 roji tyanchi dharmik vyavhar vibhagache pramukh mhanoon niyukti karnyat aalee. 1970 madhye tyanchi jaaga zain seruddin ghetil. dharmik vyavhar vibhag prayojit 'gema daree menara' haah chitrapat tatkalin paduka anak kemaluddin yanchya nivassthani digdarshit aanee chitrit karnyat aala hota. 12 december 1981 pasoon 13 februwari 1984 roji parishad radd hoiparyant aanee 25 september 2004 roji punarsthapana hoiparyant teey vidhan parishadeche adhyaksh mhanoon donada nivadle gele, 1 march 2011 roji isa ibrahimne tyanchi jaaga ghenyapurvi tyanchi vidhan parishadeche adhyaksh mhanoon nivad karnyat aalee. mrutyu. 9 janewari 2012 roji kemaluddincha mrutyu jhaala. rajya mufti, abdul aziz junad yanni antyavidhichi prathna kelee, jee sultan hasnal bolakia aanee itaranni kelee. eka niyukt vahanat, mrutdeh daphan karnyasathi kuba makam dee rajakade nenyat aala. vaiyaktik jeevan. pengiran anak datin paduka haja siitii rafiyashi vivah keela aanee tyanna sahaa mule jhaali; teen mule aanee teen mulee. sanman. pengiran anak kemaluddin all-hajala 2011 chya shikshak dinachya smaranarth sultan haji umar 'allie saifuddin shikshan puraskar (apshoas) midala aahe. tyane yang amat mulia (mahamahim) pengiran indera mahkota pengiran anak hii padvi dharan kelee aahe aanee khaleel sanman midavale aahet.

kemaluddin all-haz pengiran anak kemaluddin all-haz (mrityu 9 janawari 2012) bruneika ek kuleen, rajnitigya rar shikshak thie jasle pahile vidhan parishadko adhyaksha rar dharmik mamila vibhagko pramukhko rupma sewa gareka thie. uni dherai arabi vidyalayaharuka sansthapak hun. sansthanharuma seri begawan dharmik shikshak college, raja isteri pengiran anak damit ketiharuko madhyamik arabi dharmik vidyalaya, rar hasanal bolkia ketaharuko arabi madhyamik vidyalaya samawesh thie. currier. 1 september 1962 maa, uni dharmik mamila vibhagko pramukhka rupma niyukta bhae. unko sthanma sann 1970 maa jaina serudinle pratisthapan garne thie. dharmik mamila vibhagdwara prayojit chalchitra, gema dari menara, tatkalin paduka anak kemaluddinko niwasma nirdeshit rar chhayangkan garieko thiyo. uni 12 december 1981 dekhi 13 february 1984 maa parishadko unmulan nabhaesamma dui patak vidhan parishadko adhyakshaka rupma chunie, rar 25 september 2004 maa punah sthapana, uni vidhan parishadko adhyakshako rupma chunie, 1 march 2011 maa isa ibrahimdwara pratisthapit hunu aghi. mrityu. 9 janawari 2012 maa kemaluddinko mrityu bhayo. rajya mufti, abdul aziz junadle antyeshti prarthana gare, june sultan hasanal bolkia rar anyale gareka thie. euta tokieko gadima shawalai dafanaunaka lagi kubah makam dee rajama lagieko thiyo. wyaktigat jiwan. pengiran anak datina paduka haz siti rafiyasanga vivaha gare, rar uniharuka chha santan thie; tinn chhora rar tinn chhori. samman. pengiran anak kemaluddin all-hajle sann 2011 ko shikshak diwasko samjhanama sultan hazi umer 'alie saifuddin shiksha puraskar (epsoas) prapta gareka chhan. unle yang amat mulia (mahamahim) pengiran indera mahakota pengiran anakko upadhi ogateka chhan rar nimna sammanharu prapta gareka chhan.

kemaluddin all-haz pengiran anak kemaluddin all-haz (mrutyu 9 januari 2012) bruneira jane sambhranta byakti, rajneta ebong sikhyaka thile jie purbaru bidhan parisadara bachaspati ebong dharmika byapara bibhagara mukhya bhabare karjya karithile. shay aneka arabiah bidyalajara pratisthata. ehi anusthanagudika madhyare seri begawana dharmika sikhyaka mahabidyalaja, raja isteri pengiran anak damit balikamananka madhyamika arabiah dharmika bidyalaja ebong hassanal bolkia balakamankara arabiah madhyamika bidyalaja antarbhukta thila. kyariyara. 1962 masiha september 1 tarikhare shay dharmika byapara bibhagara mukhya bhabe nijukta hoithile. 1970 masihare taanka sthanare jaina seruddinanku niajaithila. eka dharmika byapara bibhaga prajojita chalachitra, 'gema dari menara', setebele paduka anaka kemaluddinanka basabhabanare nirdeshita ebong suting karajaithila. 1981 masiha december 12 tarikh thaaru 1984 masiha februari 13 tarikhare parisadara uchheda heba parjyanta shay duithara bidhan parisadara bachaspati bhabe nirbachita hoithile ebong 2004 masiha september 25 tarikhare punarbara pratistha heba parey, shay bidhan parisadara bachaspati bhabe nirbachita hoithile, ebong 2011 masiha march 1 tarikhare isha ebrahim taanka sthanare dajitwa grahan karithile. mrutyu. 2012 masiha januari 9 tarikhare kemalauddinanka dehant hoithila. rajya mufati, abdul ajija junada antim sanskara prarthana karithile, jaahaa sultan hasnal bolkia ebong anyamananka dwara karajaithila. eka nirdista gaadire mrutadehaku kabara deba paain kuba makam dee rajanku niajaithila. byaktigata zeeban. pengiran anak datin paduka haza siti rafianku bibaha karithile ebong semanankara chhaa john pila thile; tini pua ebong tini jhia. sammana. pengiran anak kemaluddin all-haz 2011 sikhyaka dibasa smaranare sultan hazie omer 'allie saifuddien sikhya puraskara (apsoas) arjan karichanti. shay janga amata mulia (mahamahim) pengiran indera mahakota pengiran anak upadhi dhaaran karichanti ebong nimnalikhita sammana arjan karichanti;

kamluddin all-hajj paingiran anak kemluddin all-hajj (maut 9 janwari 2012) brunei daa ikk kuleen, siasatdan atey adhiaapak see joe pahilan vidhan parishad dey speaker atey dharmik mamlian dey vibhag dey mukhi vajon seva nibhaunda see. uh kaee arabi schoolan daa sansthapak haii. inhan sansthavan witch seree begawan dharmik adhiaapak kaalaj, raaja isteri pengiran anak damit gerals secondary arabi dharmik school atey hasnal bolkia ladkiaan daa arabi secondary school shamal sunn. carrier. 1 satambar 1962 noon unhan noon dharmik mamlian dey vibhag daa mukhi niyukat keeta giaa see. uss dee thaan 1970 witch zain seruddin neey lae laee see. ikk dharmik mamlian dey vibhag duaara spancer keeti gaee film, gema daree menara, daa nirdeshan atey shooting uss vele dey paduka anak kamluddin dey nivas sathaan utte keeti gaee see. uh 12 dasambar 1981 toon 13 farvari 1984 noon consul dey khatam honn takk doou vaar vidhan parishad dey speaker vajon chunhe gaye sunn, atey 25 satambar 2004 noon mudd sathapit keete jaanh toon baad, unhan noon vidhan parishad dey speaker vajon chunhiaa giaa see, iss toon pahilan kii 1 march 2011 noon eesa ibrahim duaara badliaa giaa see. maut. 9 janwari 2012 noon kamluddin dee maut hoow gaee. raaj dey mufti, abdul aziz junaid neey antim sanskar dee prarthna keeti, joe sultan hasnal bolkia atey horaan duaara keeti gaee see. ikk nirdharat vaahan witch, laash noon dafnaun laee kubah makam dee raaja lijaiaa giaa see. nijji jeevan. unhan daa viaah pengiran anak datin paduka hahahi seet rafiaa naal hoiaa atey unhan dey chhe bacche sunn; tinn puttar atey tinn dhiaan. sanman. pengiran anak kemluddin all-hajj neey 2011 dey adhiaapak divas dee yaad witch sultan haaji umar allie saifuddin sikkhiaa puraskar (apshoas) prapat keeta haii. uss neey yang amat mulia (uss dee manyog) pengiran indra mahkota pengiran anak daa khitaab haasal keeta atey heth likhe sanman prapat keete.

kemaluddin all-haja pengiraan anaak kamaluddin all-haj (mrutyuhu 9 janavaree 2012) bruney-deshasya kuleenah, raajaneetidnyah, shikshaka cha aasit yah poorvam vidhaanaparishadah adhyakshah, dhaarmikakaaryavibhaagasy pramukhah cha aasit. saha anekeshaam arabik-vidyaalayaanaam samsthaapakah asti. samsthaasu seree-begaavan-dhaarmik-shikshak-mahaavidyaalayaha, raja isteree-pengiraan-anaak-damit-balika-maadhyamik-arabik-dhaarmik-vidyaalayah, hasanaal-bolkia-balakanam arabik-maadhyamik-vidyaalayah cha aasan. vruttihi. 1962 september 1 dinaanke saha dhaarmikakaaryavibhaagasy pramukhatvena niyuktah. 1970 tame varshe tasya sthaane zain seruddin ityeshah bhavishyati. dhaarmikakaaryavibhaagen prayojitam chalacchitram, gemaa dari menara, tatkaaleenasy paduka anak kamaluddin ityasya nivaase nirdeshitam, chitranam cha krutam. 1981 december 12 dinaankaat 1984 februvari 13 dinaanke parishad-samaapanam yaavat, 2004 september 25 dinaanke punarsthaapanam yaavat, saha dvivaaram vidhaanaparishadah adhyakshatvena chitah, tatah poorvam 2011 maarch 1 dinaanke eesa ibraahim ityanena pratisthaapitah. mrutyuhu. 2012 janavaree 9 dinaanke kemalooddeenasy mrutyuhu abhavat. rajyasya mufti abdul aziz juned ityeshah antimasamskaarasya prarthanam krutavaan, yat sultan hasanaal bolkia ityanena anyaih cha krutam. nirdishtawaahen shareeram samaapanaay kubaa makam dee raja-nagaram prati preshitam. vyaktigatajeevanam. pengiran anaak daatin paduka hajaa sitee rafiyaa ityanena saha vivaahitah, teshaam shut putraah aasan; trayah putraah, trayah putraah cha. sammaanah. pengiraan anaak kemaluddin all-haj ityayam 2011 shikshakadivasasya smaranartham sultan haaji omer 'allie saifuddin shiksha-puraskaram (apshos) praptavan. saha yaang amat mulia (mahaamahimah) pengiran-inderaa mahakota pengiran-anak iti upaadhim praapya nimnalikhitaan sammanan praptavan.

kemaluddin all-hajj bengran anak kemaluddin all-hajj (irappu 9 janavari 2012) oru pirabuththuvamaanavar, arasiyalvaathi mattrum prunaevaich saerntha aasiriyar aavaar, avar munbu sattamandrak kuzhuvin sabaanaayagaraagavum madha vivagaarath thuraiyin thalaivaraagavum paniyaattrinaar. avar pala arabu pallikalin niruvanar aavaar. inththa niruvanangalil chery begawan madha aasiriyar kalluri, rajaa istheri bengran anak damit penkal maelnilai arabu madhap palli mattrum husson bolgia siruvarkalin arabu maelnilaip palli aagiyavai adangkum. thozhil. septumber 1,1962 andru, avar madha vivagaarath thuraiyin thalaivaraaga niyamikkappattaar. 1970ill avarukku pathilaaka jaine seruddin niyamikkappattaar. madha vivagaarath thuraiyin nidhiyuthaviyudan veliyaana kema thaari menara endra thiraippataththai appoathaiya paduga anak kemaluddin iyakkiyum avarathu illaththil padamaakkappattum irunthaar. 1981 disambar 12 muthal 1984 pipravari 13 andru sabai rathu seiyappadum varai irandu murai sattamandra sabaanaayagaraaga thernthedukkappattaar, 2004 septumber 25 andru meendum niruvapatta avar, sattamandrak kuzhuvin sabaanaayagaraaga thernthedukkappattaar, adharku munbu 2011 maarch 1 andru eesaa ibrahim niyamikkappattaar. maranam. kemaluddin janavari 9,2012 andru iranthaar. arasu mupthi abdul ajees junet iruthich sadangu praarththanaiyai nadaththinaar, idhu sultan husson balkia mattrum piraraal seiyappattathu. oru niyamikkapatta vaaganaththil, udal adakkam seivatharkaaga kuba magam thii rajaavukku kondu sellappattathu. thanipatta vaazhkkai. bengran anak thathin baduga hajaa chitty rafiyavai mananthaar, avarkalukku aaru kuzhandhaigal irunththanar; moontru magangal mattrum moontru magalgal. gowravangal. bengran anak kemaluddin all-hajj 2011 aasiriyar thinatthai ninaivukoorum vagaiyil sultan haaji oomar alii saifuddin kalvi viruthaip (abshovas) pettrullaar. avar yang amath mulia (maenmaimiku) bengran indera mahkota bengran anak endra pattatthai vaiththirukiraar, maelum pinvarum gowravangalaip pettraar;

kemaluddin all-huzz pengiran anak kemaluddin all-huzz (maranam 9 janavari 2012) brunaiki chendina oka kuleena vyakti, raajakeeyavetta mariyu upadhyayudu, gatamlo saasana mandali speakerga mariyu matha vyavahaaraala vibhaagaaniki adhipatigaa panicheesaaru. athanu aneka arabic paatasaalalaku sthaapakudu. eee samsthalalo seri begawan matha upaadhyaayula kalaasaala, raajaa isteri pengiran anak damit baalikala madhyamika arabic matha paatasaala, mariyu hassanal bolkia baalura arabic madhyamika paatasaala unnaayi. vrutti. 1962 septembaru 1naa ayana mataparamaina vyavahaaraala vibhaagaaniki adhipatigaa niyamitulayyaaru. 1970loe ayana sthaanamlo jaine seruddin vacchaadu. matha vyavahaaraala vibhagam praayojita chitram, gema dari menara, appati paduka anak kemaluddin nivaasamlo darsakatvam vahinchi chithreekarinchabadindi. 1981 december 12 nundi 1984 fibravari 13naa mandali raddu ayye varaku rendusaarlu saasanamandali speakerga ennikayyaaru, 2004 september 25naa punarsthaapana taruvaata ayana saasanamandali speakerga empikayyaaru, 2011 marchi 1naa eesaa ibraheem ayana sthaanamlo niyamitulayyaaru. maranam. kemaluddin 9 janavari 2012naa maraninchaadu. rashtra mufti abdul aziz juned antyakriyala praarthananu nirvahinchaaru, dheenini sultan hasanal bolkia mariyu itarulu nirvahinchaaru. nirneeta vahanamlo, mrutadehaanni khananam kosam kuba makam dhi raajaaku ravana chesaaru. vyaktigata jeevitam. pengiran anak datin paduka hajaa sithi rafianu vivaham chesukunnaru, vaariki aruguru pillalu unnaaru; mugguru kumaarulu mariyu mugguru kumartelu. gowravaalu. pengiran anak kemaluddin all-huzz 2011 upadhyaya dinotsavam sandarbhamgaa sultan haajii omer 'allie saifuddin education avaardu (apshos) nuu sampaadinchaadu. athanu yang amath mulia (athani goppatanamu) pengiran indera mahakota pengiran anak anae birudunu kaligi unnadu mariyu eee krindi gowravaalanu pondaadu;

kamaal aldeen alhaj paingiran ink kamaal aldeen alhaj (wafaat 9 januri 2012) brunayi say taaluq rakhnay waalay eek raees seyasat daan aur astaad thay juu iss say qabal qanoon saaz konsal kay specker aur mohkamah mazhabi amoor kay sarbarah kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam day chakay thay. wah kayee arbee schoolon kay baanee haine. inn idaaron mein seeri begwan mazhabi asatazah college rajah astari paingiran ink damat garlaz secondry arbee mazhabi school aur hasnaal bolkia ladkon kaa arbee saanvi school shaamil thay. carrier. yakam satambar 1962 kuu inhein mohkamah mazhabi amoor kaa sarbarah muqarar kiyaa gayaa. 1970 mein inn kii jagah zeen seruddin nay lay lee. mohkamah mazhabi amoor kii sarparasti mein bannay waali film gaama daree minara iss waqat kay padoka ink kamaal aldeen kii rehaish gaah parr hidayat kaaree aur filmayi gayee thee. inhein 12 dasambar 1981 say 13 faroori 1984 kuu konsal kay khaatime takk aur 25 satambar 2004 kuu dobarah qayaam takk duu baar qanoon saaz konsal kay specker kay toor parr muntakhib kiyaa gayaa inhein qanoon saaz konsal kay specker kay toor parr muntakhib kiyaa gayaa iss say pehley kahh 1 maarch 2011 kuu eisi ibraheem nay inn kii jagah lee. moth. kamaal aldeen kaa inteqal 9 januri 2012 kuu hawaa. riyasati mufti abad alaziz juneed nay janazay kii namaz adaa kii juu sultan hasnaal bolkia aur deegar nay adaa kii. eek namzad gaadi mein laash kuu tadfin kay liye kabaah makam dee rajah muntaqil kiyaa gayaa. zaati zindagi. paingiran ink datan padoka hajjah seeti rafee say shaadi kii aur inn kay chh bachay thay vovo teen betay aur teen betiyan. aizazat. paingiran ink kamaal aldeen alhaj nay 2011 kay youm asatazah kii yaad mein sultan haaji amar alee saif aldeen taleemi aiward (apshawas) haasil kiyaa hay. wah yaang amaat maliyah (inn kii azmat) paingiran andra mahkota paingiran ink kaa khataab rakhtay haine aur mandarjah zeel aizazat haasil kartay haine.

fffa7b872efdc7f918ea45e6a8b7187b8b4a315e69e8b3915adf589c8bf87eb6

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=12525958

Tashmoo Park

Tashmoo Park Tashmoo Park was an amusement park in Algonac, Michigan. Opened in 1897, it closed in 1951. Most of it was later demolished, though the dance pavilion remains today, used by a marina to store recreational boats over the winter. The park's name was given to the steamer "Tashmoo" and probably comes from Lake Tashmoo on Martha's Vineyard. The park was located on Harsens Island in the St. Clair Flats at the northern end of Lake St. Clair. The St Clair Flats is the largest freshwater river delta in the world. Tashmoo Park offered visitors an escape from the oppressive heat and humidity of packed, sweltering Detroit in the summertime. Tashmoo Park had picnic tables, a baseball diamond, swings and rides, as well as a casino and a dancing pavilion. Some visitors swam in the St Clair River. Indians from nearby Walpole Island sold moccasins and beadwork. The park was served by many steamships that travelled several times a day between Detroit and Port Huron, Michigan, delivering passengers and freight. This was during a time when automobiles were rare and roads few. However, the connecting waters of the Great Lakes made steamships travel almost like riding a bus, and up to 250,000 people visited Tashmoo Park in the summers during the 1890s and early 20th century. The most famous steamer was the "Tashmoo", which stopped twice daily on trips between Detroit and Port Huron. The park was revived to memory in June 2013 when Dave Leander took a dive in the St. Clair River and found a buried bottle with a message containing a reference to the park. The letter was dated June 30, 1915. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

tasomu park tasomu park aasil mixiganor elgunakot thoka etaa monuronjon park. 1897 sonot mukoli koraa hoisil, 1951 sonot bondho koraa hoisil. iyar besibhag ongxo pisot dhongxo koraa hoisil, jodiu nrityo paviliontu aajiu aase, ji xitkalot monuronjonmulok naau xongrokhyon koriboloi mariner dwara byobohar koraa hoy. udyankhonor naamtu stamer "tasomu" koo diya hoisil aaru xombhobotoh marthar aanguror bagisat thoka tasomu hrodor poraa aahise. ei udyankhon saintor hersense dipot owosthito aasil. saint hrodor uttor prantot clair flat. kleir. saint clair flate hoise biswor xorbobrihot mitha panir nodee bob-dip. tasomu parke dorxonarthixokolok grishmokalot bhori thoka, fuli uthaa detroitor domonmulok gorom aaru aardrotar poraa rokhya puwar xubidha disil. tasomu parkot bonbhujor tebul, etaa besbol hiraa, dulona aaru raidor logote etaa kesinu aaru etaa nrityo mondop aasil. kisuman dorxoke saint clair nodit xaturi goisil. usoror walpul dipor bharotixokole mukaxin aaru putir kaam bikri korisil. udyankhonot bohutu baspiyo jahajor dwara xewa aagborhuwa hoisil jiye detroit aaru port huron, mixiganor maajot dintut keibabaru jatri aaru malbahi xamogri prodan korisil. eitu xei xomoyot aasil jetiya automobile birol aasil aaru poth komm aasil. obosye, brihot hrodburor xongzugkari paniye baspiyo jahajburok pray baach soluwar dore jatra kori tulisil, aaru 1890 sonor grishmokalot aaru bingxo xotikar aarombhonite 250,000 lukor poraa odhik luke tasomu park bhromon korisil. ataitkoi bikhyat stamer aasil "tasomu", ji doinik dubarkoi detroit aaru poo 'rt huronor maajot bhromon kori roisil. 2013 sonor june maahot debh lendere saintot dubo diyar xomoyot udyankhonor smriti punorujjibito koraa hoisil. nodikhonor uporot aakuwali maari udyankhonor proxongo thoka etaa bartare bhora etaa xomadhistho bottle paisil. sithikhon 1915 sonor 30 junor aasil.

tashmu park tashmu park chhilo mishiganer algonake abosthito ekti binodan park. 1897 saale khola hoy, 1951 saale etty bondho hoye yaay. porey err beshirbhag ongsho venge fela hoy, jodio nrityo pavillionti aajo roye geche, jaa shitkale binodonmulok nauka sanrakkhaner jonno ekti merina dwara byabohrito hoy. parker namti steamer "tashmu" keey deoa hoyechilo ebong sombhoboto marther drakkhakkhetrer tashmu hrod theke eseche. parkti seenta hersense dweepe abosthito chhilo. seenta hroder uttor prante clair flatt. clear. seenta clair flatt holl bishwer brihottomo mitha joler nodee bow-dweep. tashmu park porjotokder grisser somoy bharat, sphito detroiter nipidanmulak taap ebong ardrota theke mukti deyo. tashmu parke picnic tabil, ekti baseball heera, dolna ebong raida, pashapashi ekti casino ebong ekti nacher pavillion chhilo. kichhu dorsonarthi seenta clair nodiite saantaar ketechen. nikatbarti walpole dweeper bharatiyara mokasin ebong puntir kaaj bikri koroto. parke onek bashpiya jahaz chhilo jaa diney besh koyekbar detroit ebong porta hurron, mishiganer modhye bhromon korey, jatri ebong malbahi sarbaraha koroto. etty emon eka somoy chhilo jokhon janbahon biral chhilo ebong rasta qama chhilo. tobey, borh hrodogulir sangjukto joll bashpiya jahajgulike pray baase chadey yatayat korte badhyo korechilo ebong 1890-err doshke ebong 20 shotoker godar dike grisse 250,000 manush tashmu parke giechilen. sabcheye bikhyato steamer chhilo "tashmu", jaa detroit ebong porta huroner modhye bhromone diney dubar thame. 2013 saaler june maase debha leander seenta parke dube deoar somoy uddanti smritite punorujjibito hoy. clair nodee ebong parker ekti reference soho ekti barta soho ekti somahito bottle khunje paan. chitthiti 1915 saaler 30shhey june tarikher.

tashmu paark tashmu paark mishiganna algonakma aek manoranjan paark hato. hato kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo, teey teey bundh karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. teno motaabhaagno bhaag paachhalthi todee padvama aavyo hato, joke nrutya mandap aaje pann chhe, jeno upyog mareena dwara shiyaalaamaa manoranjak booat sangraheet karvaa maate thaay chhe. udhyannun naam steamer "tashmu" neey aapvama aavyu hatoo aneey kadaach teey marthana drakshawadi parnaa talaav tashmu parthee aavyu chhe. aaa udhyaan sentamaa harsense taapu parr stheet hatoo. saint leknaa uttareey chhede clayer flat chhe. spasht. saint clayer flat aee vishvano sauthee moto taajaa paanino nadeeno delta chhe. tashmu paark mulakatione unalama bharela, phooli gayelaa detroitsnee damankari garamee aneey bhejmathi chhutkaro aape chhe. tashmu parkma picnic table, baseball hiiraa, zulaan aneey savaari, temaj kesino aneey nrutya mandap hataa. ketlaak mulaakaatio saint clayer nadimaa tareene aavyaa hataa. najiknaa wallpole taapuna bhartiyo mokasina aneey mankaanu kaama vechata hataa. aaa udhyanma ghanaa varaal jahajo dwara sevaa aapvama aavtee hatee, jeey divasma ghanee vakhat detroit aneey porta heuron, mishigan vachche musafari kartaa hataa, musafaro aneey malsaman pahonchaadtaa hataa. aaa teey samay hato jyaare automobile durlabh hataa aneey rastaao ochha hataa. jooe keey, mahaan talaavona jodata paaniae varaal jahajone lagbhag basnee savaari karvaa jevaa pravaas karvaa maate majboor karyaa hataa, aneey aneey daaykaa darmiyan aneey aneey sadeeni sharuaatmaa unalama 250,000 loko sudhee tashmu parknee mulakat letaa hataa. sauthee prasiddh steamer "tashmu" hatoo, jeey detroit aneey porta heuron vachcheni suffer parr divasma beey vaar rokaatu hatoo. juuna juuna jyaare dave leandere sentamaa dive leedho tyaare aaa udhyanne yaadmaa punarjivit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. clayer nadee aneey udhyanna sandarbh saathe sandesh dharaavati dafnavvama aaveli bottle malee. aaa patra 30 juuna, juuna hato.

tashmu park tashmu park mishigan key algonac mein ack manoranjan park thaa. 1897 mein khola gayaa, yeh 1951 mein bund hoe gayaa. isake adhikansh hisse koo baad mein dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa, halanki aaj bhee nritya mandap banaa huaa haye, jiska upayog sardiyon mein manoranjak naukaaon koo sangraheet karane key liye ack marina dwara kiya jaataa haye. park kaa naam steamer "tashmu" koo diyaa gayaa thaa aur shayed martha key daakh kii baari parr jheel tashmu seey aataa haye. park sent mein harsense dweep parr sthit thaa. jheel key uttari chhor parr clair flat. clair. sent clair flat duniya kaa sabse badaa meethe paani kii nadee kaa delta haye. tashmu park ney agantukon koo garmiyon mein bharey hue, tej tapman vaale tapman kii damankari garmi aur aardrata seey bachane kii peshkash kii. tashmu park mein picnic table, ack baseball heera, jhoole aur sawari key saath-saath ack casino aur ack nritya mandap thaa. kuchh agantuk sent clair nadee mein tairate they. paas key walpole dweep key bhaartiyon ney mokasin aur beedwork beche. park mein kaee bhaap jahaaj they joe dinn mein kaee baar detroit aur port heuron, mishigan, yaatriyon aur maal dhulai key beach yatra karate they. yeh ack aise samay mein thaa jaba automobile durlabh they aur sadaken cumm theen. haalaanki, mahaan jheelon key jodane vaale paani ney bhaap key jahaajon koo lagbhag buss kii sawari karane kii tarah yatra karane key liye majboor curr diyaa, aur 1890 key dashak aur 20 veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein garmiyon mein 250,000 logon ney tashmu park kaa daura kiya. sabse prasiddh steamer "tashmu" thaa, joe detroit aur port huron key beach kii yaatraon parr dinn mein dou baar rukta thaa. juuna 2013 mein jaba dave leander ney sent mein gotaa lagaaya tou park koo yaad mein punarjeevit kiya gayaa thaa. clair nadee aur park key sandarbh mein ack sandesh key saath ack dafan bottle millie. yeh patra 30 juuna, 1915 kaa thaa.

tashmoo park tashmoo udyaanavanavu michigan algonaknalliruva ondu manaranjana udyaanavanavaagittu. 1897ralli tereyalaada ee nrutya mantapavu 1951ralli muchchalpattitu. adara hecchina bhagavannu nantara kedavalaayitu, aadaroo indigoo ulidiruva ee nrutya mantapavannu chaligaaladalli manaranjana doonigalannu sangrahisalu naavikaru balasuttaare. udyaanavanada hesarannu steamer "tashmoo" ge nidalaagiddu, bahushah martha avara drakshitotadalliruva tashmoo sarovaradinda bandide. ee udyaanavanavu sentnalli harsense dweepadallide. saint sarovarada uttara tudiyalli clair flaatgalu. clear. saint clair flaatgalu vishvada atidodda sihineerina nadhi mukhaja bhoomiyaagide. besigeyalli tumbida, ubbida detroitne dabbaalikeya shakha mattu tevaamshadinda tappisikollalu tashmoo udyaanavanavu pravasigarige avakasha maadikottitu. tashmoo udyaanavanadalli picnic tablegalu, baseball diamond, swinggalu mattu savaarigalu, jotege casino mattu nrutya mantapavittu. kelavu sandarshakaru saint clair nadiyalli eejuttiddaru. hattirada walpole dveepada bhaaratiyaru mokasingalu mattu manigala kelasagalannu marata maaduttiddaru. ee udyaanavanakke aneka aavi hadagugalu seve sallisuttiddavu, avu dinakke halavaaru baari detroit mattu port heuran, mitchigan naduve prayanisi, prayanikaru mattu sarakugalannu talupisuttiddavu. idu automobilegalu aparoopavaagiddavu mattu rastegalu kadime idda samayavagittu. aadaagyoo, dodda sarovaragala samparkisuva neeru aavi hadagugalannu bahuteka bassinalli sawari maaduvante maaditu mattu 1890rahra dasakadalli mattu 20neey shatamaanada aarambhadalli besigeyalli 250,000 janaru tashmoo udyaanavanakke bheti niididaru. atyanta prasiddhavaada steamer "tashmoo" aagiddu, idu detroit mattu port heuran naduvina prayanadalli dinakke eradu baari nilluttade. 2013rahra joonnalli dave leander sentnalli dhumukidaaga ee udyaanavanavannu nenapinallittukollayita. clyer nadiyu udyaanavanada ullekhavannu hondiruva sandeshavannu hondiruva ondu hoolalaada bataliyannu kandukonditu. ee patravu 1915rahra zoon 30randu bareyalpattittu.

tashmoo paarkk mishigaanile algonakkile oru amusement paarkkayirunnu tashmoo paarkk. 1897-ll thuranna ithu 1951-ll adachu. athinte bhooribhaagavum pinneedu polichuneekki, ennirunnaalum shaithyakaalath vinoda bottukal sookshikkaan oru mareena upayogikkunna nritha pavaliyan innum nilanilkkunnu. maarthayude munthirithottathile tashmoo thadaakathil ninnaan paarkkin eee peru labhichathu. sent harsense dveepilaanu eee paarkk sthithicheythirunnathu. thadaakatthinte vadakke attathulla clair flaattukal. clair. lokathile ettavum valia shudhajala nadee deltayaanu sent clair flaattukal. venalkkaalath niranjathum vardhichathumaaya detroitinte adichamarthal choodil ninnum eerppathil ninnum rakshappedaan tashmoo paarkk sandarshakarkku avasaram nalki. tashmoo parkkil picnic tableukal, oru baseball diamond, oonjaalukalum raidukalum, oru casino nritha pavaliyan undaayirunnu. chila sandarshakar sent clair nadiyil neenthi. aduthulla walpaul dveepil ninnulla indiakkaar mokkaasinukalum manitharangalum vittu. detroitinum portt huron idayil oru divasam niravadhi thavana sanjarichathum yaathrakkaareyum charakkukaleyum athikkunnathumaaya niravadhi neeravi kappalukal paarkkin sevanam nalki. vahanangal apoorvavum roadukal kuravumaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, valia thadaakangalude bandhippikkunna jalam neeravi kappalukale buzz oodikkunnathupoole yaatra cheyyaan prerippichu, 1890 kalilum irupathaam noottaandinte thudakkathilum venalkkaalath 250,000 aalukal vare tashmoo paarkk sandarshichu. ettavum prashasthamaaya steamer "tashmoo" aayirunnu, ithu divasathil randuthavana detroitinum portt huron edayilulla yaathrakalil nirtthi. 2013 juunil dave leander sent lenil mungimarichappol paarkk oormmayilekku punarujjeevippichu. nadiyil kuzhichidunna oru kuppi kandethi, athil paarkkinekkurichulla oru sandesham adangiyirikkunnu. 1915 juun 30-nuu ezhuthiyathaanu kathu.

tashmu udyan tashmu udyan heey mishiganchya algonakmadhil eka karamanook udyan hote. 1897 madhye ughadale gele, teey 1951 madhye bund jhaale. nantar tyateel bahutansh bhag padnyat aala, jaree nrutya mandap aajahi aahe, joou hivalyat manoranjanatmak boaty sathavanyasathi marinadware vaparla jaato. udyanache naav 'tashmu' yaa steamerkade denyat aale hote aanee bahudha marthachya drakshamalyatil tashmu talavavarun aale asave. heey udyan centmadhil harsense betavar hote. seent talavachya uttar tokala clair sapat jaaga aahet. spasht. seent clair flats haah jagatil sarvat motha godya panyachya nadicha tribhuj pradesh aahe. tashmu udyanane paryatakanna unhalyachya velee bharalelya, fugananya ushnatechya aanee aadratechya dadapshahipasun sutka karoon dilee. tashmu udyanat sahalichi tabley, basebalcha hira, zoke aanee sawari, tasech casino aanee nrutya mandap hote. kahee abhyagatanni seent clair nadeet pohoon pravas keela. jawalchya walpole betavaril bharatiyanni mocassin aanee manyanche kaam vikale. detroit aanee poort heuron, mishigan darmyan divasatoon anek vela pravas karananya, pravasi aanee malvahatuk karananya anek vafechya jahajanni udyanala seva dilee hotee. haah eka assa kaal hota jevha motargadya durmil hotya aanee raste qamee hote. tathapi, mothya talavanche jodanare paanee jawaljawal basane pravas karnyasarkhe hote aanee 1890 chya dashakat aanee 20 vya shatkachya suruvatila unhalyat 250,000 lock tashmu udyanala bhet dett asat. sarvat prasiddha steamers mhanje 'tashmu', jeey detroit aanee poort heuron darmyanchya dauyanvar divasatoon donada thambate. juuna 2013 madhye jevha dave leanderne sentmadhye dubki marley tevha yaa udyanache smaran punarujjivit karnyat aale. nadila chikatavun taktana udyanavishayicha sandarbh asaleli eka sandesh asaleli eka daphan keleli batali sapadali. heey patra 30 juuna 1915 roji lihile hote.

tasmu park tasmu park algonac, mishiganma raheko euta manoranjan park thiyo. sann 1897 maa kholieko, yo sann 1951 maa banda bhayo. yasako adhikansh bhag pachhi dhwasta bhayo, yadyapi az pani nritya mandap chha, jaslai jadoma manoranjanatmak dungaharu bhandaran garna marinale prayog gardacha. parkko naam stimmer "tasmu" lai diieko thiyo rar sambhawatah marthako dakhabarima raheko taal tasmubata aeko how. park centma harsense tapuma awasthit thiyo. cent talko uttari chheuma clair flatharu. clair. cent clair flatharu wishwako sabaibhanda thulo taja paniko nadi delta how. tasmu parkley agantukharulai garmiko samayama khachakhach bharieko, fulne detroiteka damankari garmi rar ardratabata bachna prastawa गऱ्यो।. tasmu parkma picnick table, baseball hira, jhula rar sawarika sathai casino rar nritya mandap thiyo. kehi agantukharule cent clair nadima tairera aeka thie. najikaiko walpole tapuka bharatiyaharule mokasina rar beedwork bechchan. parklai dherai stimashipharudwara sewa diinthyo jasle detroit rar port heuron, mishigan, yatruharu rar malwahak dhuwaniko bichma dinma dherai patak yatra garthyo. yo tyo samaya thiyo jab automobileharu durlabh thie rar sadakharu thorai thie. yadyapi, thula talharuko jodne panile stimsipharu lagbhag basma chadhne jastai yatra garayo, rar sann 1890 ko dashak rar 20 aun shatabdiko suruma garmima 2,50,000 manisharule tasmu park bhraman gare. sabaibhanda prasidha stimmer "tasmu" thiyo, june detroit rar port heuron bichko yatrama dainik dui patak rokinthyo. june 2013 maa debh leanderle centma dubaunda parklai samjhanama punarjiwit garieko thiyo. clair nadi rar parkko sandarbha bhaeko sandesh bhaeko euta gadeko bottle fela parey. tyo patra june 30,1915 ko thiyo.

tasmu park mishiganra algonac thaare thiba tasmu park eka manoranjan park thila. 1897 masihare ehaa kholajaithila, 1951 masihare ehaa banda hoijaithila. parey ehara adhikansha anshaku bhangi diajaithila, jadio aaji madhya ehi nrutya mandapa rahichhi, jaahaaku sheetadine manoranjanakari danga rakhiba paain jane nauchalaka byabahara karithanti. parker naama steamer "tasmu" ku diajaithila ebong sambhabatah marthanka drakhyakhetrara tasmu hradaru aasichhi . ehi udyanati centriancer harsense dwepare abasthita thila. cent hradara uttara prantare clair flat. clear. cent clair flat heuchhi biswara sarbabruhata madhur jala nadee trikonabhumi. tasmu park parjyatakamananku grishma ruture paripurna, phula detroitra damanakaree uttapa ebong aardrataaru mukti pradan karithila . tasmu parkre picnic tebul, eka baseball heera, jhuliba ebong ryde, tatha eka casino ebong eka nrutya pyabhilijan thila . kichhi parjyataka cent clair nadeere santarana karithile. nikatasta walpole dwepara bharateejamane mocassin ebong mudi karjya bikri karuthile. ehi udyanare aneka bashpiah jahaz seba pradan karuthila, jaahaa dinaku aneka thara detroit ebong port huran, mishigan madhyare jatra karuthila, jatri ebong mall paribahana karuthila. ehaa sehi samajare thila jetebele automobile birala thila ebong rasta comm thila . tebe, ehi bruhat hradara sanjogakaree jala bashpiah jahajagudiku praiah bus chalana kariba bhali jatra karai deithila, ebong 1890 dashaka ebong binsha shatabdir prarambhare grishma ruture 250,000 lock tasmu park paridarshan karithile. sabutharu prasidha steamer thila "tasmu", jaahaa detroit ebong port huran madhyare jatra samajare dinaku duithara atakithila . 2013 masiha juna maasare debh leander cent parkre debh kariba samajare ehi udyanaku smaraniah curry rakhajaithila. nadeeku clear karantu ebong parker eka sandarbha thiba eka barta sahita eka poti bottle paile . ehi chithiti 1915 masiha juna maasa 30 tarikhaku lekhajaithila.

tashmu park tashmu park algonac, mishigan witch ikk manoranjan park see. sann 1897 witch kholhiaa giaa, ih sann 1951 witch bnd hoow giaa see. iss daa ziaadaatar hissa baad witch dhaah ditta giaa see, halanki dance pavelian ajj vee haii, joe kii ikk marina duaara sardiaan witch manoranjak kishtiaan noon store curran laee vartiaa jaanda haii. park daa naam steamer "tashmu" noon ditta giaa see atey shayed martha dey anguran dey baag witch jheel tashmu toon aaiaa haii. park cent witch harsons tapu utte sathit see. jheel dey uttri sire 'teey clair flat. clair. cent clair flat dunia daa sabh toon vadda taaze paanee daa nadee delta haii. tashmu park neey sailaniaan noon garmiaan dey samein witch bharey hoye, tez detroit dee damankari garmi atey namee toon bachann dee peshkash keeti. tashmu park witch picnic table, ikk baseball heera, jhoolan atey swariaan dey naal-naal ikk casino atey ikk dance pavelian see. kujh sailani cent clair nadee witch tairde sunn. nedley valpol tapu dey bhartiaan neey mokasin atey mankiaan daa kamm vechiaa. park noon bahut saare bhaaf jahazan duaara seva ditti gaee see joe dinn witch kaee vaar detroit atey port heuron, mishigan dey vichkaar yaatra karde sunn, yatrian atey maal dee sapurdagi karde sunn. ih uss samein see jadon motor gaddiaan bahut ghatt sunn atey sadkan ghatt sunn. halanki, mahaan jheelan dey juden vaale paanee neey bhaaf jahazan noon lagbhag buss dee swari curran wang yaatra curran laee majbur qarr ditta, atey 1890 dey dahake atey 20 veen sadee dey arambh witch garmiaan witch 250,000 lokan neey tashmu park daa daura keeta. sabh toon mashur steamer "tashmu" see, joe dinn witch doou vaar detroit atey port heuran dey vichkaar deeaan yatravan utte rukda see. park noon juun 2013 witch yaad witch mudd surjit keeta giaa see jadon dave leander neey cent witch gota lagaiaa see. nadee noon saaf crow atey park dey havale naal ikk sandesh vaali ikk dabbi hoee bottle labbhi. ih pattar 30 juun 1915 daa see.

tashmu-udyaanam tashmu-udyaanam mishigan-nagarasya algonac-nagare manoranjana-udyaanam aasit. 1897 tame varshe udghaatitam, 1951 tame varshe bandhitam. tasya adhikaamshah bhaagah pashchat dhwamsah abhavat, yadyapi adyatve nrutya-mandapah asti, yah shitakale manoranjak-naukanam sanchayartham marina ityanena upayujyate. udyaanasya naam "tashmoo" iti steamer ityasmai dattam aasit, sambhawatah martha ityasya draakshaakshetrasy tashmoo-sarovaraat asti. etat udyaanam sent-nagarasya harsense-dweepe sthitam aasit. sent-sarovarasya uttar-praante clair-flats asti. spashtah. sent clair-flats iti vishvasya bruhattamah taja-jala-nadee-delta asti. tashmu-udyaanam paryatakaan grishmakaale puritasya, utkirnasya detroit ityasya damanakaari-ushnatah ardratayaha cha nivaaranam pradadat. tashmu-udyaane picnic-tables, besball-vajram, swing-rads, api cha casino, nrutya-mandapah cha aasan. kechan aagantukaah sent clair-nadau neentantau. samipasthasya valpol-dweepebhyah bharatiyaha moccassins, beed-work cha vikreeyant. udyaanasya sevaa aneke vashpavahinya jataha ye detroit-port-heuran-mishigan-madhye dine bahooni praavashyam pravaasam kurvanti sma, yatrikan, maalavaahanam cha cha pradadaati sma. ayam kaalah aasit yadaa vaahanaani viralaani aasan, maargaah cha viralaani aasan. parantu, bruhatsarehe samyogitajalasya karanat vaashpayaanaani praayah bus-yaanam eva yatram kurvanti sma, 1890 tame dashake 20 shataabdyaah aarambhe cha grishmakaale 250,000 yaavat janaah tashmu-udyaanam gacchanti sma. tashmu" iti "sarvaadhikam prasidham steamer" aasit, yat pratidinam dvivaaram detroit-port-heuran-ityetayoho madhye yaatraasu sthaatum shaknoti sma. 2013 joon-maase yadaa dave-lender-varyaha sent-nagare dubanam krutavaan tadaa etat udyaanam smaranartham punarutthitam abhavat. clair-nadee, udyaanasya sandarbhayuktam sandeshayuktam samadhistham shishim avaapnot. patrasya dinaankah 1915 joon 30 iti aasit.

dashmoo poongaa dashmoo poongaa enbathu michikanil ulla alkonakkil ulla oru pozhuthupoakku poongaavaagum. 1897 aam aandil thirakkappattathu, idhu 1951 aam aandil moodappattathu. adhan perumbaguthi pinnar idikkappattathu, iruppinum nadana bevillion intrum ullathu, idhu kulirkaalaththil pozhuthupoakku padagugalai saemikka oru marainawal payanpaduththappadukirathu. poongaavin peyar "dashmoo" endra neeraavikku vazhangkappattathu, idhu maarthaavin thiraatchaith thoattaththil ulla dashmoo aeriyilirunththu vandhirukkalaam. inthap poongaa haarsans theevil amainthullathu. aeri St inn vadakku munaiyil clair plats. thelivaana. saint clair plats ulagin migapperiya nanneer nadhi delta aagum. koadaiyil nirambiya, veengkiya tetroitin adakkumurai veppam mattrum eerappathaththilirunthu thappikka dashmoo poongaa paarvaiyaalarkalukku uthaviyathu. dashmoo poongaavil suttrulaa maesaigal, oru baseball vairam, uunchalkal mattrum savaarigal, athae poal oru casino mattrum oru nadana arangkam irunththana. sila paarvaiyaalarkal saint clair aattril neenththinar. arugilulla walbole theevaich saerntha inththiyargal mokkaasingal mattrum manith thundugalai vitrtranar. inthap poongaavil pala neeraavik kappalkal iyangkina, avai oru naalaikku pala murai tetroid mattrum poart huron, michikan idaiyae payaniththu, payanigalaiyum sarakkugalaiyum vazhangkina. idhu vaaganangkal arithaaga irunththa kaalaththilum, saalaigal kuraivaaga irunththa kaalaththilum irunththathu. iruppinum, periya aerikalin inaikkum neer neeraavik kappalkalai kittatthatta oru paerunththil sawari seivathu poal payanikka vaiththathu, maelum 1890 kazhilum 20 aam noottraandin murpaguthiyilum koadaikaalaththil 250,000 paer varai dashmoo poongaavukku varugai thanthanar. migavum pirabalamaana neeravi "dashmoo" aagum, idhu tetroid mattrum poart huron idaiyaeyaana payanangkalil oru naalaikku irandu murai niruththappattathu. juun 2013 ill dave leander saint theevil dive seithapoathu inthap poongaa ninaivaaga pudhuppikkappattathu. clyer nadhi mattrum poongaavaip pattriya kurippaik konda oru seithiyudan pudhaikkappatta paattilaik kandupiditthaar. inthak kadidham juun 30,1915 thaethiyittathu.

taashmuu park tashmoo park michigaanlooni algonaclo oka vinoda paarku. paarku praarambhamaina idhi idhi moosiveyabadindi. daanilo ekkuva bhaagam taruvaata koolchiveyabadindi, ayinappatikee nrutya pevillion netikee undhi, sheethaakaalamlo vinoda padavalanu nilva cheyadaaniki merina upayogistundi. eee udyaanavanam paeru steamer "taashmuu" kuu ivvabadindi mariyu bahusha martha drakshatotaloni tashmoo sarassu nundi vachindi. eee udyaanavanam seyint looni harsense dveepamlo undhi. sarassu yokka uttara chivaralo clair flats. spashtata. seyint clair flaatlu prapanchamlone atipedda manchineeti nadhi delta. taashmuu park sandarsakulaku vesavilo nindina, ubbina detroit yokka anachiveta vaedi mariyu thema nundi tappinchukovadaaniki veelu kalpinchindi. taashmuu paarkulo picnic tables, baseball diamond, ooyala mariyu rides, alaage casino mariyu dance pevillion unnaayi. kontamandi sandarsakulu seyint clair nadiloe eetha kottaru. sameepamloni valpole dveepaaniki chendina bhaaratheeyulu mokasinlu mariyu puusalanu vikrayinchaaru. eee paarkulo aneka aaviri noukalu unnaayi, ivi detroit mariyu port hurran, michigaon madhya rojuku chalasarlu prayaaninchi, prayaanikulanu mariyu saruku ravaanaanu andinchaayi. idhi automobiles arudugaa unde samayamlo mariyu roadlu takkuvagaa unde samayamlo. ayithe, goppa sarassula anusandhaana jalaalu aaviri noukalu daadaapu bassulo prayaninchinatle prayaninchela chesaayi, 1890luu mariyu 20va sataabdam praarambhamlo vesavilo 250,000 mandhi varaku prajalu taashmuu paarkunu sandarsinchaaru. atyanta prasiddha steamer "tashmoo", idhi detroit mariyu port hurran madhya prayaanaalalo rojuku rendusaarlu aagutundi. juun juun dave leander seyint loe dive chesinappudu eee park ghnaapakaartham punaruddharinchabadindi. nadini clair chesi, udyaanavanaaniki sambandhinchina suuchanatoe kuudina sandesamto khananam cheyabadina seesani kanugonnaru. aaa lekha 1915 juun 30 naatidi.

tashmio paark tashmio paark algonk mashee gunn mein eek tafrihi paark thaa. 1897 mein khola gayaa yaha 1951 mein bund how gayaa. iss kaa ziyadah tarr hasah baad mein manhadam kirr diyaa gayaa halankah ddaans povilin aaj bhee baaqi hay jasay eek marina sardiyon mein tafrihi kashtiyon kuu zakhirah karnay kay liye istemaal kartaa hay. paark kaa naam steamer "tashmio" kuu diyaa gayaa thaa aur shayed maartha kay daah kii baari parr waaqa jheel tashmio say aayaa hay. yaha paark sent mein harson jazeeray parr waaqa thaa. jheel sent kay shamali saray parr clair flats. clair. sent clair flats duniya kaa sabb say badaa meethay paani kaa daryaa delta hay. tashmio paark nay zaireen kuu garmiyon mein packed teez tarr detervite kii jabranah garmi aur namee say bachnay kii paishkash kii. tashmio paark mein paknak table bees baal kaa diamond jhulay aur sawari kay saath saath eek casino aur eek dancing povilin thaa. kachh zaireen sent clair nadee mein teertay thay. qareebi walpol jazeeray kay hindustani mokasana aur maalaa kaa kaam farokhat kartay thay. paark kuu behat say bhaap waalay jehazon kay zariye khadmat farahim kii jaati thee juu dunn mein kayee baar detervite aur port horoon mashee gunn kay darmiyan safar kartay thay musafiron aur maal kii farahami kartay thay. yaha eek aisey waqat mein thaa jabb gaadiyan nayaab thein aur sadkein kumm thein. tahim bury jhelon kay jadnay waalay paani nay bhaap kay jehazon kuu taqriba buss kii sawari kii tarah safar karnay parr majbur kirr diyaa aur 1890 kii dahayi aur 20 wein sadee kay awail mein garmiyon mein 250,000 takk logon nay tashmio paark kaa dorah kiyaa. sabb say mashhur steamer "tashmo" thaa juu detervite aur port horon kay darmiyan safar parr rozanah duu baar raktaa thaa. paark kuu joone 2013 mein yaad mein bahaal kiyaa gayaa thaa jabb ddio lender nay sent mein ghotah lagaya thaa. daryaae clair kuu eek dafan shadah botal milly jiss mein paark kaa hawalah diyaa gayaa thaa. yaha khath 30 joone 1915 kaa thaa.

fffa8c56169423efbd475242f9d60040ed7c202ebaefdd388284e0cb080c43c2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17971545

Sangonera Atlético CF

Sangonera Atlético CF Spanish football club Football club Sangonera Atlético Club de Fútbol was a Spanish football team based in Sangonera la Verde (a neighborhood of Murcia), in the Region of Murcia. Founded in 1996, it was dissolved in 2010, and held home matches at "Estadio El Mayayo", with a capacity of 2,500 seats. History. Founded in 1996, Sangonera reached the national categories in the following year, going on to spend one full decade in the fourth division, achieving promotion in the 2007–08 season. After finishing 12th in 2009–10, the club was forced to fold, due to an accumulated debt of €340.000 from previous seasons. Subsequently, it was transferred to Lorca and renamed Lorca Atlético CF; Benigno Sánchez was appointed the new club's coach. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

sangunera atletiku cf sangunera atletiku club di football aasil murchiya oncholor sangunera laa bharde (mursiyar etaa suburiya) too owosthito etaa spanis football doll. 1996 sonot protistha huwa ei khelkhon 2010 sonot bhongo koraa hoisil aaru 2,500 aaxonor xamorthyor xoite "estadiu el mayay" too ghoruwa khel onusthito koraa hoisil. itihax. 1996 sonot protistha huwa sangunerai poroborti bosorot rastriyo shrenit uponeet hoisil, soturtho xakhat etaa xompurno doxok otibahito kori, 2007-08 sijonot podunnoti laabh korisil. 2009-10 too 12 nombor sthan laabh korar pisot, aagor sijonor poraa jomaa huwa € 340.000 rinor baabe clubtu bhaaj koriboloi badhyo hoisil. poroborti xomoyot, iyak lorkaloi sthanantor koraa hoisil aaru lorka atletiku cf naamor punor naamkoron koraa hoisil; benigonu sansejok notun clubber proxikhyok hisape nijukto koraa hoisil.

sangonera atletico cf sangonera atletico club dii football chhilo mursia anchaler sangonera laa verde (mursiar ekti elaka) vittik ekti spanish football doll. 1996 saale protisthito, etty 2010 saale venge deoa hoy ebong 2,500 asoner khomota soho "estadio ell mayao"-teey home match onusthito hoy. itihas. 1996 saale protisthito, sangonera porer bochor jatiya bibhage pouchechilo, choturtho bibhage puro eka doshok byoy korey, 2007-08 morsume prochar orjon korey. 2009-10-ayee 2009-10-ayee sthan orjon korar porr, purboborti morshum theke € 340.000-err sanchito riner karone clubti bhanj korte badhyo hoyechilo. porobortikale, etty lorka sthanantorito hoy ebong lorka atletico cf naame namkaran koraa hoy; benigno sunchageke notun cluber coach nijukto koraa hoy.

sangonera atletico see. aef. sangonera atletico club dha football aee spanish football team hatee jeey murtiana pradeshmaa sangonera laa verde (murtiana padosh) maan stheet hatee. itihas sthapaayel, teey teey visarjan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, aneey 2,500 bethakoni kshamata saathe "estadio all mayayo" khaate gharelu mecho yojai hatee. itihas. itihas sthapaayel, sangonera pachhinaa varshe raashtriy shreneeoma pahonchi, chothaa vibhagma aek sampoorn daayako pasaar karyo, 2007-08 seasonma badhatee haansal curry. 2009-10 maan maan sthaane rahyaa pachhi, agaauni seasonna € 340.000 naa sancheet devaane kaarane klabne folled karvaanee faraj puddy hatee. tyarbad, tene lorkaamaa sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aavyu aneey tenu naam badaline lorka atletico see. aef. rakhvama aavyu; benigno sanchezne navee klabnaa coach tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa.

sangonera atletico see. aff. sangonera atletico club dee football ack spanish football team thee joe muercia key kshetra mein sangonera laa verde (muercia kaa ack pados) mein sthit thee. 1996 mein sthaapit, ise 2010 mein bhang curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur 2,500 seeton kii kshamata key saath "estadio ell mayayo" mein gharelu match aayojit kiye gaye they. itihas. 1996 mein sthaapit, sangonera agale varsh rashtriya shreniyon mein pahunch gayaa, chauthe division mein ack puuraa dashak bitaane key liye, 2007-08 season mein padonnati praapt karane key liye. 2009-10 mein 12vein sthaan parr rahane key baad, pichhale satron seey € 340.000 key sanchit rinn key kaaran club koo modane key liye majboor honah padaa. baad mein, ise lorka mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa aur iska naam badalkar lorka atletico see. aff. curr diyaa gayaa; benigno sanchez koo nae club kaa coach niyukt kiya gayaa.

sangonera atletico cf sangonera atletico club dii footbole embudu mursia pradeshada sangonera laa verde (mursiyaada nerehore) moolada spanish football tandavagide. itihaasa sthaapaneyaada idannu idannu visarjisalaayitu mattu 2,500 asanagala saamarthyadondige "estadio ell mayayo" dalli tavaru pandyagalannu aayojisalaayitu. itihaasa. itihaasa sthaapaneyaada sangonera mundina varshadalli rashtriya vibhagagalannu talupitu, nalkane vibhagadalli ondu purna dasakavannu kaledu, 2007-08 rtuvinalli prachaaravannu saadhisitu. 2009-10 nalli 12 neey sthana padeda nantara, hindina rtugalinda sangrahavaada € 340.000 saaladindaagi club annu madachabekaayitu. taruvaaya, idannu larkage vargaayisalaayitu mattu larca atletico cf endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu; benigno sanchez avarannu hosa clubna tarabetudaararaagi nemisalaayitu.

sangonera atlettikko sii. eph murshya mekhalayile sangonera laa verde (murshyayude oru ayalpakka) aasthaanamaayulla oru spanish football teamaayirunnu sangonera atlettikko club dii football. 1996ll sthaapithamaaya ithu 2010ll pirichuvidukayum 2,500 seettukalude sheshiyulla "estadio ell maayoyo" yill hoome malsarangal nadathukayum cheythu. charithram. 1996 ll sthaapithamaaya sangonera adutha varsham deseeya vibhagangalil ethi, naalam divisionil oru pathittaand muzhuvan chelavazhichu, 2007-08 seasonil sthaanakkayattam nedi. 2009-10 ll 12-aamm sthaanathethiya sesham, muun seasonukalil ninnu shekharicha kadam € 340.000 kaaranam club madangaan nirbandhithamaayi. pinneedu, athu lorkayilekku maattukayum lorka atlettikko cf ennu punarnaamakaranam cheyyukayum cheythu; benigno saanchasine puthiya klabbinte parisheelakanaayi niyamichu.

sanagonera atletiko cf sangonera atletiko club day football ek spainy football tolly thiyo june sangonera lah bharde (murciako chhimek) maa adharit thiyo, murciako kshetrama. sann 1996 maa sthapit, yo sann 2010 maa wighatan bhaeko thiyo, rar 2,500 sitko kshamatako sath "istadio ell mayayo" maa gharelu khelharu ayojana gariyo. itihas. sann 1996 maa sthapit, sangonera arko warsha rashtriya kotiharuma pugyo, chautho divisionma ek pura dashak bitaundai, 2007-08 sijanma padonnati prapta prapta. 2009-10 maa 12 aun sthanma rahepachhi, aghillo sijanbata € 340.000 ko jamma rinaka karan clublai fold garna badhya parieko thiyo. pachhi, yasalai lorkama sthanantaran gariyo rar lorka atletiko cf naam pariwartan gariyo; benigno sanchejlai nayan clubko prashikshak niyukta gariyo.

sangonera atletico sii. aif. sangonera atletico club dii football eka spanian football dala thila jaahaa mursia anchalare sangonera laa bharde (mursiara eka padoshi) ray abasthita . 1996 ray sthapita, ehaa 2010 ray bhanga karajaithila, ebong 2,500 siit khyamata sahita "estadio ell maiao" ray gharoi match ayojan karithila . itihas. 1996 ray sthapita, sangonera parabarti barsha jatiah bargare pahanchithila, chaturtha bibhagare eka sampurna dashandhi bitai, 2007-08 ruture padonnati hassel karithila . 2009-10 ray 12 tama sthana hassel kariba parey, purba ruturu € 340.000 rahr jamaa hoithiba runa hetu club bhangibaku badhya hoithila . parabarti samajare, ehaaku larkaku sthanantara karajaithila ebong lerca atletico sii. aif. naamare punahnamakarana karajaithila; benigno sanachejnku nutan clubber prashikhyaka nijukta karajaithila.

sangonera atletico see. eff. sangonera atletico club dee football ikk spanish football team see joe sangonera laa verde (mursia daa ikk guaandh) witch sathit see, joe mursia dey khetar witch see. 1996 witch sathapit, iss noon 2010 witch bhang qarr ditta giaa see, atey 2,500 seetan dee samratha dey naal "estadio all maiyo" vikhe gharelu match aayojit keete gaye sunn. itihaas. 1996 witch sathapit, sangonera agle saal rashtari shreniaan witch pahunch giaa, chauthe division witch ikk poora dahaka bitaun laee, 2007-08 season witch tarakki prapat keeti. 2009-10 witch witch sathaan 'teey rahinn toon baad, pichle seezanan toon € 340.000 dey ikkathe hoye karze caarn club noon fold curran laee majbur honaa piaa see. baad witch, iss noon lorca witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa atey isda naam badal keey lorca atletico see. eff. rakkhiaa giaa; benigno sanchez noon navein club daa coach niyukat keeta giaa.

sangoneraa etaletiko see. ef. sangonera-ataletiko-club-day-football iti spen-deshasya ekaha football-dalah aasit yah sangonera-laa-wordey (murcia-pradeshasya sameepasthah) ityatra murcia-pradeshasya sthitah aasit. 1996 tame varshe sthaapitam, 2010 tame varshe vighatitam, tathaa cha "estadio ell mayayo" ityatra 2,500 asanakshamatayuktani gruhakreedaah aayojitaani. itihaasah. 1996 tame varshe sthaapitam, sangoneraa, agrime varshe raashtriyavargeshu aagatam, chaturthavibhaage ekam poornam dashakam vyateetam krutvaa, 2007-08 rutau padonnatim avaapnot. 2009-10 madhye 12 tamam sthaanam praptva, poorvavarshebhyah € 340.000 ityasya sanchita-runasya karanat club-samsthaa mitaa bhavitum baadhyah abhavat. tadanantaram, idam lorca-nagaram prati sthanantaram krutvaa, lorca-ataletiko-see. ef. iti punah namakaranam krutam; benigno-sanchez ityeshah nutanasya club-ityasya prashikshakah niyuktah.

sangonera atletico cf sangonera atletico kilap dii foot poal enbathu marsia piraanthiyaththil ulla sangonera laa verde (marsiyaavin oru suttruppuram) adippadaiyilaana oru spanish kaalpandhu aniyaagum. 1996 ill niruvapatta idhu 2010 ill kalaikkappattathu, maelum 2,500 irukkaikal konda "estadio ell maayoa" ill veettu poattikalai nadaththiyathu. varalaaru. 1996 aam aandil niruvapatta sangonera, aduththa aandil thaesiya pirivugalai adainthathu, naankaavathu pirivil oru muzhu thasaapthaththai selavittu, 2007-08 paruvaththil padhavi uyarvai adainthathu. 2009-10 ill 12 vadhu idaththaip pidiththa piragu, munththaiya paruvangkalil irunthu thirattapatta cuddon € 340.000 kaaranamaaga kilap madikka vaendiya kattaayam aerpattathu. pinnar, adhu lorkavukku maattrappattu, lorga atletico cf endru marupeyaridappattathu; benigno sances puthiya kilappin payirchiyaalaraaka niyamikkappattaar.

sangonera atletico cf sangonera atletico club dii football anedi mursia praantamloo sangonera laa verde (mursia yokka porugu praantam) loe unna oka spanish football jattu. 1996loe sthaapinchabadina idhi 2010loe raddu cheyabadindi, mariyu 2,500 seetla saamardhyamtho "estadio ell mayyo" loe home myaachlanu nirvahinchindi. charitra. 1996loe sthaapinchabadina sangonera, taruvaati samvatsaramlo jaateeya vibhaagaalaku cherukundi, naalugo vibhaagamlo oka puurti dasaabdam gadipi, 2007-08 seasonlo pramooshannu saadhinchindi. 2009-10 loe 12va sthaanamlo nilichina taruvaata, munupati seasonla nundi € 340.000 perukupoyina runam kaaranamgaa club madata pettavalasi vachindi. taruvaata, dheenini lorkaku badilee chesi, lorka atletico cf gaa paeru marcharu; benigno sanchez kotta club kochga niyaminchabaddaadu.

sangonera atleto see aif sangonera atleto kalb ddee fitt baal eek hispanvi fitt baal team thee juu sangonera laa warday (marsia kay eek pados) mein waaqa thee juu marsia kay elaqay mein hay. 1996 mein qayem kiyaa gayaa asay 2010 mein tehlil kirr diyaa gayaa aur 2,500 nashaston kii gunjaish kay saath "estdio ill mayayo" mein hoam meech munaqid kiye gayey. tareekh. 1996 mein qayem honay waali sangonera aglay saal qomi zamron mein pahunch gayee jiss nay choothay devision mein eek poori dahayi guzari aur 2007-08 seezan mein tarqi haasil kii. 2009-10 mein 12 wein number parr rehney kay baad pachlay seezan say € 340.000 kay jamaa shadah qarz kii wajah say kalb kuu jodnay parr majbur kiyaa gayaa. baad mein asay lorka muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa aur iss kaa naam badal kirr lorka atleto see aif rakh diyaa gayaa. bangno sanchez kuu nayey kalb kaa coach muqarar kiyaa gayaa.

fffa8da8b87031080bf0e07a35663bf419d1f0243ebe2b152df952ef28710f5d

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=62995759

Columbian Magazine

Columbian Magazine The Columbian Magazine, also known as the Columbian Magazine or Monthly Miscellany, was a monthly American literary magazine established by Mathew Carey, Charles Cist, William Spotswood, Thomas Seddon, and James Trenchard. It was published in Philadelphia from 1786 to 1792. Carey left the magazine in 1787 to start "The American Museum". Subsequent publishers were Spotswood (1787–1788), Trenchard (1789–1790), and William Young (1790–1792). References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

columbian alusoni columbian alusoni baa mahekiya mishron namereu jonajat columbian alusoni aasil methiu keree, charls sisto, uilium spotsoud, thomas sedon aaru james trensarde protistha koraa ek mahekiya aamerikan xahityo alusoni. 1786 sonor poraa 1792 sonoloike philadelphiat prokaxito hoisil. 1787 sonot keriye "aamerikan museum" aarombho koriboloi alusonikhon eri disil. poroborti prokaxokxokol aasil spotsoud (1787-1788), trensard (1789-1790), aaru uilium iyong (1790-1792).

columbian magazine columbian magazine, jaa columbian magazine baa masik bibidhota nameo porichito, mathu carrie, charles sista, uilium spotsoud, thomas seddon ebong james trenchard dwara protisthito ekti masik american sahitya patrika chhilo. etty 1786 theke 1792 saal porjonto philadelphia prokashito hoy. 1787 saale carrie "american museum" shuru korar jonno magazinti chhede deena. poroborti prokashokder modhye chhilen spotwood (1787-1788), trenchard (1789-1790) ebong uilium eong (1790-1792).

columbian magazine columbian magazine, jene columbian magazine athavaa maaseek meeselnee tareeke pann odakhvaamaa aave chhe, teey methyu keree, charles cyst, veeliyam spotswood, thomas saydon aneey james trenchard dwara sthaapit maaseek american saahityik saamyeek hatoo. teey 1786 thee 1792 sudhee filadelfiyama prakashit thayu hatoo. kereeae 1787 maan "american museum" sharoo karvaa maate saamyeek chhodi didhu hatoo. pachhinaa prakashako spotswood (1787-1788), trenchard (1789-1790) aneey veeliyam young (1790-1792) hataa.

kolambiyai patrika dha columbian patrika, jise dha columbian patrika yaa masik vividhata key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, ack masik americi saahityik patrika thee jisaki sthaapana maithyu carrie, charles sist, villium spotwod, thomas seddon aur james trenchard dwara kii gaee thee. yeh 1786 seey 1792 taka philadelphia mein prakaashit huaa thaa. carrie ney 1787 mein "americi sangrahalaya" shuru karane key liye patrika chhod dee. baad key prakaashak spotwod (1787-1788), trenchard (1789-1790), aur villium young (1790-1792) they.

columbian niyatakaalike columbian niyatakaalike athawa maasika misellani endoo kareyalpaduva columbian niyatakaalikavu mathue carey, charles sist, vilium spotwod, thamus sedon mattu james trenchard sthaapisida maasika american sahitya niyatakaalikavaagide. idu 1786rinda 1792ravarege philadelfiyaadalli prakatavaayitu. 1787ralli "dhii american museum" annu prarambhisalu carey patrikeyannu toredaru. nantarada prakashakarendare spot wood (1787-1788), trenchard (1789-1790), mattu vilium young (1790-1792).

columbian magazin maathyoo kerii, chaals sistt, vilyam spots wood, thomas seddon, jaims trenchard ennivar sthaapicha oru prathimasa american saahitya maasikayaan columbian magazin allengil prathimasa missellani ennum ariyappedunna columbian magazin. 1786 muthal 1792 vare ithu philadelphiyayil prasidheekarikkappettu. 1787 ll "american museum" aarambhikkunnathinayi kaari maasika upekshichu. spott wood (<aii. dii. 2>), trenchard (<aii. dii. 1>), vilyam yang (<aii. dii. 3>) ennivaraayirunnu thudarnnulla prasadhakar.

columbian masika daad columbian magazin, jyala daad columbian magazin kinwa masik miselani asehi mhanatat, heey mathyu carrie, charles cyst, william spotwood, thomas seddon aanee james trenchard yanni sthapan kelele eka masik american sahityik masik hote. 1786 teey 1792 yaa kalat filadelfiyamadhye teey prakashit jhaale. carrine 1787 madhye 'american museum' suru karnyasathi heey masik sodale. tyanantarche prakashak spotswod (1787-1788), trenchard (1789-1790) aanee william young (1790-1792) hote.

columbian patrika columbian patrika, jaahaa columbian patrika kimba masika bibidhata bhabare madhya janashuna, eka masika americae sahitya patrika thila jaahaa mathyu kyare, charles sista, william spotsoud, thamas seddon ebong james trenchardanka dwara sthapita . 1786 ru 1792 parjyanta ehaa philadelaphiare prakashita hoithila. carrie 1787 ray "americae sangrahalaja" arambha kariba paain patrika chadithile. parabarti prakashakamane thile spotsud (1787-1788), trenchard (1789-1790), ebong william jang (1790-1792).

columbian magazine columbian magazine, jiss noon columbian magazine jaan masik miscalini vee kiha jaanda haii, ikk mahinavar amriki sahitak magazine see joe maithyu carrie, charles sist, viliam spotswod, thamas seddon atey james trenchard duaara sathapat keeta giaa see. ih 1786 toon 1792 takk fildelfia witch prakashit hoiaa see. carrie neey 1787 witch "amriki ajaib gharr" shuru curran laee magazine chhadd ditta. iss toon baad dey parkashak sunn spotwod (1787-1788), trenchard (1789-1790), atey viliam young (1790-1792).

columbia-patrikaa da columbian-patrikaa, yaa da columbian-patrikaa athavaa maasik-miselanee iti namna api prasiddha, ekaa maasik-american-saahitya-patrikaa aasit, yaa maathyu-kairee, charles-seast, vilium-spotswod, thaamas-seddon, james-trenchard ityetaabhih sthaapitah. 1786 taha 1792 paryantam philadelphia-nagare etat prakaashitam aasit. 1787 tame varshe "american-myusiyam" ityasya arambhartham keree patrikaa nishkaasayat. tadanantaram prakaashakaah spaat-wood (1787-1788), trenchard (1789-1790), vilium-yang (1790-1792) cha aasan.

kolambiya idhazh kolambiya idhazh allathu maathaanthira michellini endrum azhaikkappadum kolambiya idhazh, madyu carrie, charles chist, villiyam spotswod, thamas seddon mattrum james trenchard aakiyoaraal niruvapatta oru maathaanthira america ilakkiya idhazh aagum. idhu 1786 muthal 1792 varai piladelpiyaavil veliyidappattathu. 1787 aam aandil "america arungaatchiyagam" thodanga carrie paththirigaiyai vittu veliyaerinaar. aduthaduththa veliyeettaalargal spott wood (1787-1788), trenchard (1789-1790), mattrum villiyam young (1790-1792) aavar.

columbian patrika columbian magazine ledhaa nelawari misellanee anie kooda piluvabade columbian magazine, mathue carey, charless sist, vilium spotwood, thamus sedon mariyu james trenchard sthaapinchina nelawari american saahitya patrika. idhi 1786 nundi 1792 varaku philadelphialo prachurinchabadindi. prachurinchabadindi "american museum" praarambhinchadaaniki carey patrikanu vidichipettindi. tadupari prachuranakartalu spotwood (1787-1788), trenchard (1789-1790), mariyu vilium young (1790-1792).

columbia kaa megzin columbia kaa megzin jasay columbia kaa megzin yaa mahanah mutafariq bhee kahaa jaataa hay eek mahanah americi adbi megzin thaa jasay methio carrie charlis sist waleem spot woad thamas seeden aur jaims trenchard nay qayem kiyaa thaa. yaha 1786 say 1792 takk fladelfia mein shaye hawaa. carrie nay 1787 mein "american museum" sharoo karnay kay liye megzin chhod diyaa. iss kay baad kay publishers spot wode (1787-1788)yee trenchard (1789-1790)yee aur waleem yang (1790-1792) thay.

fffa94a8954c3a32f912e8894fd091e628f39f0709b0ad90432943d45e6a67d7

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=41992

yhdeksän

yhdeksän Finnish. Etymology. From , from (cognate with , ). The initial component is , but the nature of the latter component (shared with ) remains disputed (see the Proto-Finno-Permic entry for more). The original nominative was replaced by the genitive form due to and ending in "-n" (which is also the genitive ending), but is attested in older texts, particularly in compounds. Alternatively the final *"-n" may in fact be regular and originally a part of the suffix. Numeral. Declension. Declension is the same as type (number 10), except for the nominative singular form which is identical to the genitive singular form.

iyahdekchan finis. byutpotti. poraa, poraa (koo 'negnet uith,). prarombhik upadantu hoh 'lo, kintu pisor upadantur prokriti (iyar xoite bhag koraa) bitorkito hoi aase (odhikor baabe pro' tot '-finnu-parmik prowex sauk). mool monunitok "-n" ror baabe aaru xex huwar baabe aanubongxik rupe xoloni koraa hoisil (ji aanubongxik xomaptiu), kintu puroni gronthot, bixexkoi jougoxomuhot promanito koraa hoy. bikolpobhabe suranto * "-n" prokritote niyomiya hoh "bob paare aaru mulotoh proityor etaa ongxo hoh" bob paare. xongkhya. owonmon. declension prokaror (10 nombor) dore eke, naamxusok ekboson rupor baahire ji genetive ekboson rupor xoite eke.

iahdeksan finish. byutpatti. theke, theke (sange porichito,). prathomik upadanti holl, kintu porer upadantir (bhag koraa) prokriti bitorkito roye geche (arow jaante proto-finno-permick entry dekhun). mool manonitti "-enn"-err karone ebong shesh howar karone genetic form dwara protisthapito hoyechilo (jaa genetic samaptio), tobey purano gronthe, biseshoto jougogulite etty pratyayita hoy. bikolpobhabe chudanta * "-enn" asle niyamita hotey paare ebong mulat prottoyer ekti ongsho hotey paare. sankhya. abagya. jingato ekbochon rooper anurup manoneet ekbochon roop byatito, abakshaya prokarer (10 nambar) motoi.

finlandma. vyutpatti. thee, thee (saathe cognet karoo,). praarambhik ghatak chhe, parantu pachhinaa ghatak (saathe vahenchaayel) nee prakrutee vivaadit rahe chhe (vadhu maate proto-phino-permick entry juo). mool nominativene "-n" (jeey aanuvanshik anta pann chhe) neey kaarane aneey samaapt thataa aanuvanshik swaroop dwara badalvama aavyu hatoo, parantu junaa granthomaa, khaas kareene sanyojanomaa pramanit karvaamaa aave chhe. vaikalpik reete anteem * "-n" hakeekatma niyameet hoi shake chhe aneey mulroope pratyayno aek bhaag hoi shake chhe. aankadaakiy. asveekar. vyutpann ekvachan swaroopne samaan hoya tevaa naamsuchak ekvachan swaroop sivaay, avmoolyan aee prakaar (sankhyaa 10) jevu jaj chhe.

yeh finland mein haye. vyutpatti. seey, seey (key saath sangyanatmak,). praarambhik ghatak haye, lekin baad vaale ghatak (key saath saajha) kii prakriti vivaadit bunny hui haye (adhik key liye proto-fino-parmik pravishti dekhein). mool namsoochak koo "-n" (joe aanuvanshik anta bhee haye) key kaaran aur samaapt honey vaale aanuvanshik roop seey pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin puraane granthon mein, vishesh roop seey yaugikon mein pramaanit kiya gayaa haye. vaikalpik roop seey antim * "-n" vaastav mein niyamit hoe sakata haye aur mool roop seey pratyay kaa ack hissa hoe sakata haye. ank. avamoolyan. avakraman prakaar (sankhya 10) key samaan haye, sivaay nammatra ekvachan roop key joe aanuvanshik ekvachan roop key samaan haye.

finnish bhasheyalli. vyutpatti. ninda, ninda (cognate vith,). arambhika amshavendare, aadare nantarada amshada svaroopavu (hanchikonda) vivadaspadavagi ulidide (hecchina maahitigaagi moola-finno-permick namoodannu nodi). moola naamasoochakavannu genetive roopadinda badalaayisalaayitu mattu "-n" nalli konegolluttade (idu genetive antyavoo aagide), aadare haleya patyagalalli, visheshavaagi samyuktagalalli drudhikarisalaagide. paryayavagi antima * "-n" vaastavaagi niyamitavaagirabahudu mattu moolatah pratyayada ondu bhagavagirabahudu. anki. nirakarane. aanuvamshika ekavachana roopakke holuva namasuchaka ekavachana roopavannu horatupadisi, avanatiyu prakarakke (sankhye 10) samaanavaagiruttade.

finnish bhashayil. padavyuthpathishaasthram. ninnu, ninnu (kognettu vithu,). prarambha ghadakam, ennaal randaamathethinte (pankitta) swabhaavam tharkkathilaanu (kooduthal vivarangalkk proto-finno-permic entry kaanuka). yadhaartha nominative "-n" (janithaka avasaanam koodiyaanithu) kaaranam avasaanikkunna janithaka roopathaal maattisthaapichuvenkilum pazhaya grandhangalil, prathyekichu samyukthangalil ithu saakshyappeduthunnu. pakaram avasaanathe * "-n" yadhaarthathil pathivum yadhaarthathil prathyayatthinte bhagavumaayirikkaam. samkhya. nirasikkal. janithaka ekavachana roopathinu samanamaaya nominative ekavachana roopamallaathe, tharatthinu (nambar 10) thulyamaanu apachayam.

yahudi finland. vyutpatti. pasoon, pasoon (saha sandnyanatmak,). prarambhik ghatak aahe, parantu nantarchya ghatakache swaroop (saha samayik kelele) vadgrast rahate (adhik mahitisathi proto-finno-permick pravishti pahaa). mool namnirdeshit heey '-n' mule aanee '-n' madhye sampalyamule 'aanuvanshik roop' neey badalale hote (jeey aanuvanshik shevat dekhil aahe), parantu junya granthanmadhye, visheshtah sanyuganmadhye pramanit kele jaate. vaikalpikaritya antim * "-n" pratyakshat niyamit asoo shakate aanee moolatah pratyay eka bhag asoo shakato. sankhya. nakar. anuvanshik ekvachan swarupasarkhech asalele namvachak ekvachan swaroop vagalata, ghat prakarapramanech (kramank 10) aahe.

yhdeksän finnish. etymology. from , from (cognate with , ). the initial component is , but the nature of the latter component (shared with ) remains disputed (see the proto-finno-permic entry for more). the original nominative was replaced by the genitive form due to and ending in "-n" (which is also the genitive ending), but is attested in older texts, particularly in compounds. alternatively the final *"-n" may in fact be regular and originally a part of the suffix. numeral. declension. declension is the same as type (number 10), except for the nominative singular form which is identical to the genitive singular form.

yehdekson finish. byutpatti. ru, ru (sahita sangyajita,). prarambhika upadanati heuchhi, kintu parabarti upadanara prakruti (saha bantajaithiba) bibadiah rahichhi (adhika paain proto-fino-parmika entry dekhantu). moola namankanaku "-n" (jaahaa madhya aanubanshika samapti) karanaru ebong shesh heba karanaru aanubanshika roop dwara pratisthapita karajaithila, kintu puruna pathyare, bisesh curry jougikare pramanita hoichhi . bikalpa bhabe antim * "-n" bastabare nijamita hoipare ebong moolatah pratyajatira eka ansha hoipare. sankhya. abmanana. hrass prakara (sankhya 10) sahita samaana, kebala namamatra ekabingsha roopaku chhadidele, jaahaa aanubanshika ekabingsha roop sahita samaana.

ih finnish witch haii. shabdawali. toon, toon (naal sanket crow,). shuruati hissa haii, parr baad vaale hisse (naal sanjha) dee prakirti vivadgrast rahindi haii (horr laee proto-finno-permick entary dekho). mool namzad noon genetic roop duaara badliaa giaa see atey "-n" (joe genetic ant vee haii) witch khatam hunda haii, parr purane textan witch, khaas karke mishritan witch pramanit keeta jaanda haii. vikalpik taur utte antim * "-n" asal witch niyamat hoow sakda haii atey asal witch pichhetar daa ikk hissa hoow sakda haii. ank. nikkalna. namvachak ikkvachan roop noon chhadd keey, joe genetic ikkvachan roop dey samaan haii, girawat kisam (number 10) dey samaan haii.

yahdekshaan finnish. vyutpattih. taha, taha (saha sandnyeyam,). praarambhikah ghatakah asti, parantu uttaravartee ghatakm (saha saha saha saha) swaroopam vivaadaaspadam asti (adhikartham proto-finno-parmika-pravishtim pashyatu). mool-naamanirdeshah "-n" iti samaapteh cha karanat aanuvamshika-rupena pratisthaapitah (yah aanuvamshika-samaaptih api asti), parantu puraataneshu grantheshu, visheshatah yaugika-kshetreshu, pratyakshyte. vaikalpikaroopen antimam * "-n" vastutah niyamitam mularupena pratyayasy bhaagah cha bhavet. sankhyaa. vimukhah. naamawaachak-ekavachanam vihaay, vamshaavasheshaha prakaarah (sankhyaa 10) iva eva bhavati, yat aanuvamshika-ekavachan-roopam iva bhavati.

finnish. sorpirappiyal. irunthu, irunthu (udan ariyavum,). aaramba kooru, aanaal pinththaiya kooru (pagirnthu) thanmai sarchchaikkuriyathaaga ullathu (maelum muun-finno-permic ulleettaip paarkkavum). asal parinthuraipporul "-n" (idhu marabanu mudivaagum) kaaranamaaga marabanu vadivaththaal maattrappattathu, aanaal pazhaiya noolgalil, kurippaaga sermangalil saantralikkappadukirathu. maattraaka iruthi * "-n" unmaiyil vazhakkamaanathaakavum, muthalil pinnottu oru paguthiyaagavum irukkalaam. enn. maruppu. marabanu orumai vadivaththirku oththa peyaralavu orumaipaattu vadivaththaith thavira, sarivu vagaikku (enn 10) samam.

finnish bhaashalo. vyutpatti. nundi, nundi (cognate vith,). prarambha bhaagam, conny taruvaati bhaagam yokka swabhaavam (panchukobadindi) vivadaspadamga undhi (marinta kosam proto-finno-permic entry chudandi). asalu namavachakam "-n" kaaranamgaa mariyu "-n" thoo mugustundi (idhi kooda janyu mugimpu), conny paatha grandhaalalo, mukhyamgaa sammelanaalalo dhruvikarinchabadindi. pratyamnaayamgaa chivari * "-n" vaastavaaniki kramabaddhamainadi mariyu vaastavaaniki pratyayamlo oka bhaagam kaavacchu. sankhya. tiraskarana. janyuparamaina ekavachana roopaaniki samaanamaina namavachaka ekavachana roopam minaha, ksheenata anedi rakam (sankhya 10) kii samanamga untundi.

yaha funden mein hay. siftiyat. say say (kay saath). ibtadayi jazoo hay leakin moakhar alzikar jazoo (kay saath mushtarkah) kii noiyat mutnazah hay (mazeed kay liye proto-funny-parmak andraj dekhein). asl namzad kuu "-n" kii wajah say aur iss mein khatam honay waali jinyati shakal say tabdil kirr diyaa gayaa thaa (juu jinyati ikhtatam bhee hay)yee leakin paraaney mutan mein khaas toor parr markabaat mein iss kii tasdiq kii gayee hay. muthbadil toor parr hatmi * "-n" darhaqiqat baqayedah aur asl mein lahqah kaa hasah how saktaa hay. adad. ankaar. zawal type (number 10) kay baraabar hay sawaye namzad waahid shakal kay juu jinyati waahid shakal say milta jaltaa hay.

fffa94fb4f195f5fa1b61b30facbdb4da106abb402ee33c644222ec22d69b995

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7195204

André Cailloux

André Cailloux American soldier (1825–1863) André Cailloux (August 25, 1825 – May 27, 1863) was an African American army captain, one of the first black officers of any North American military unit. He was also one of the first black soldiers to die in combat during the American Civil War. He was killed during the unsuccessful first attack on the Confederate fortifications during the Siege of Port Hudson. Accounts of his heroism were widely reported in the press, and became a rallying cry for the recruitment of African Americans into the Union Army. His reputation as a patriot and martyr long outlived him. In an 1890 collection of interviews, Civil War veteran Colonel Douglass Wilson said, "If ever patriotic heroism deserved to be honored in stately marble or in brass that of Captain Caillioux deserves to be, and the American people will have never redeemed their gratitude to genuine patriotism until that debt is paid." Biography. Early life. Born enslaved in Louisiana in 1825, Cailloux lived his entire life in and around New Orleans. As a young man, Cailloux had been apprenticed in the cigar-making trade. He was owned by members of the Duvernay family until 1846. His petition at age 21 for manumission was supported by his master and was granted by an all-white police jury in the city of New Orleans. There was an established community of free people of color in New Orleans, who were descended from both European and African Creoles (born in North America). This group became established during the French colonial years and enjoyed some rights as a third class between the white colonists and the majority of enslaved Africans. In New Orleans culture under the plaçage system, white men took women of color as common-law wives. Sometimes they acknowledged their mixed-race children and paid for their education, especially of sons, or arranged apprenticeships for adult skills. Sometimes they settled property on them. In 1847, Cailloux married Félicie Coulon, a free Creole of color. Although born into slavery, she had been freed by her mother paying her purchase price to her master. Cailloux and Coulon had four children born free, three of whom survived to adulthood. Félicie's mother Feliciana had been an enslaved mulatto woman. for several years, after she had already borne Félicie, she was held by and served as the common-law wife of her master Valentin Encalada, a white planter. Félicie was Encalada's "property" as the child of her mother. (This was according to the principle of "partus sequitur ventrem" in slave law.) Feliciana bought her daughter's freedom from Encalada in 1842. Freedman. Upon gaining his freedom, Cailloux earned his living as a cigar maker. Prior to the beginning of the Civil War, he established his own cigar-making business. Though his financial circumstances were modest, Cailloux became recognized as a leader within the community of free people of color in New Orleans. An avid sportsman, Cailloux was admired as one of the best boxers in the city. He was also an active supporter of the Institute Catholique, a school for orphaned black children. It also taught the children of free people of color. After his manumission, Cailloux learned to read, probably with the assistance of the teachers at the Institute Catholique. He became fluent in both English and French. By 1860, Cailloux was a well-respected member of the 10,000 "free men of color" community in New Orleans. At the time, New Orleans was the largest city in the South, and the sixth-largest city in the United States, with a population of about 100,000. American Civil War service. Confederate States Army. At the outbreak of the Civil War in 1861, Cailloux was commissioned as a lieutenant in the Native Guard, a state militia organized to defend the city of New Orleans. Free men of color had participated in the local militia since the time of French colonial rule. He was one of the first black officers of any North American unit. The Native Guard was made up entirely of free men of color who resided in and around New Orleans. Through articles in local New Orleans' newspapers, approximately 1,500 free men of color volunteered for the regiment and petitioned the governor for inclusion in Louisiana's regular militia, which was approved. Under the command of a white officer, all the companies of the Confederate Native Guard were led by free men of color and all officers were elected by the all-volunteer force. The Confederate government of the state of Louisiana provided no allowance for uniforms or equipment. Cailloux took his responsibilities seriously. His unit was observed to be well drilled and well trained. The Confederate Native Guard were never called to active duty. When Union Admiral David Farragut captured the city of New Orleans in April 1862, the Confederate forces in and around New Orleans abandoned the city and moved north to Camp Moore. The 1st Native Guard disbanded at this time, formally, on the grounds of the U.S. Mint at the edge of the French Quarter. Union Army. Union General Benjamin F. Butler, military commander of the Department of the Gulf, made his headquarters in New Orleans. In September 1862 he ordered the organizing of an all-black Union Army 1st Louisiana Native Guard regiment. Unlike the Confederate unit, this regiment had a mixture of free-men and former slaves and was formed as the direct result of General Butler's requests for reinforcements for The Army of the Gulf falling on deaf ears. In Butler's memoirs, and in the Record of the War of the Rebellion, he wrote to Secretary of War Stanton, "If you will not send me reinforcements, then I will call upon Africa to do so." Cailloux joined the 1st regiment, which was necessary as many of those serving only spoke French, and was commissioned as captain of Company E. His company was considered one of the best drilled in the Native Guard. Cailloux gradually earned the respect of Colonel Spencer Stafford, the white officer who commanded the regiment. When General Nathaniel P. Banks replaced Butler as Commander of the Department of the Gulf in December 1862, he brought with him an additional 30,000 troops, bringing the total troop strength under his command to 42,000. By this time, the all-black Native Guard had grown to three regiments, a mixture of free-men and former slaves. Although the line officers (lieutenants and captains) were black, including future Governor P. B. S. Pinchback, a Company Commander of the 2nd Regiment, the commanding officers (colonels, lieutenant colonels, and majors) were white. General Banks despised the black officers and considered them an insult to the U.S. Army. He set out to replace all black officers with white ones, and generally accomplished this with the 2nd and 3rd Regiments, but not with the 1st Regiment, in which Cailloux served and had become an officer himself. Many members of the 1st Regiment had also been members of the Confederate 1st Native Guard, and Cailloux and the other officers were not willing to resign and leave them in the hands of the New England officers who were widely mistreating black soldiers under their command in the other two regiments. The 1st Regiment of the Native Guard was assigned primarily to fatigue duty (chopping wood, digging trenches) until May 1863, when General Banks moved most of his army (35,000 men) into a position to surround the Confederate fortifications at Port Hudson, Louisiana. Port Hudson was a strategically located fort on a bend in the Mississippi River just north of Baton Rouge. At the time, the Confederacy still controlled the 200-mile stretch of the Mississippi River between Vicksburg, Mississippi, in the north and Port Hudson in the south. The Union wanted to gain control of Vicksburg, which had a strategic position on a bluff, in order to control the Mississippi. While General Ulysses Grant laid siege to Vicksburg, General Banks conducted the siege of Port Hudson. Siege of Port Hudson. On May 27, 1863, Banks launched a poorly coordinated attack on the well-defended, well-fortified Confederate positions at Port Hudson. As part of the attack the first day, Cailloux was ordered to lead his company of 100 men in an almost suicidal assault against a high redoubt manned by two regiments of Confederate troops with heavy artillery support. Despite his company suffering heavy casualties, Cailloux, shouting encouragement to his men in French and English, led the charge of his entire regiment, a Minié ball tore through his arm, leaving it hanging useless at his side. Severely wounded, Cailloux continued to lead the charge until a Confederate artillery shell struck him, nearly tearing him in two and killing him. Despite stories to the contrary, there was only one charge made by the Native Guard on this most Northern set of works at Port Hudson. His actions were described in a rather fanciful fashion by Rodolphe Desdunes, whose brother, Aristide, served under Cailloux: The eyes of the world were indeed on this American Spartacus [Cailloux]. The hero of ancient Rome displayed no braver heroism than did this officer who ran forward to his death with a smile on his lips and crying, "Let us go forward, O comrades!" Six times he threw himself against the murderous batteries of Port Hudson, and in each assault he repeated his urgent call, "Let us go forward, for one more time!" Finally, falling under the mortal blow, he gave his last order to his attending officer, "Bacchus, take charge!" If anyone should say the knightly Bayard did better or more, according to history, he lies. Confederate General Gardner later asked for a truce along the northern front of the Port Hudson works so that the bodies of the slain members of the Native Guard could be recovered. General Banks responded that "I have no casualties in that area" and denied the request for a truce. As a result of this, Cailloux's decomposing body lay on the ground for 47 days until Port Hudson finally surrendered to Banks on July 9, 1863. Few of the dead were identified, but Cailloux's body was identified by a ring he wore which was recognized by surviving members of his regiment. Most of the Union dead were buried in the area. This was later established as Port Hudson National Cemetery. In 1974 the cemetery was designated as a National Historic Landmark. Funeral. Cailloux's remains were recovered and returned to New Orleans. The story of the captain's heroism had preceded this. When his funeral was held in the city on July 29, 1863, Cailloux was honored by a long procession and thousands of attendees. His widow Felicie had asked Fr. Claude Paschal Maistre to officiate, despite an interdict against the priest from Bishop Jean-Marie Odin, who supported the Confederate cause. Born in France, Maistre was the only Catholic priest in the area to support the abolition of slavery. He conducted the funeral despite his ban, and Cailloux was buried in Saint Louis Cemetery #2. After Cailloux's death, his widow, Félicie, struggled to receive the financial benefits promised to veterans by the United States government. After several years of effort, she received a small pension, but she died in poverty in 1874. She was working at the time as a domestic servant for Fr. Maistre. Legacy. Cailloux's story was made into an eponymous short film in 2020, directed by Dane Moreton. In 2022, Cailloux was a featured character in the 2022 drama "Emancipation", starring Will Smith and with Mustafa Shakir as Cailloux. The same year, the former Catholic church in New Orleans where Cailloux was famously funeralized became the André Cailloux Center for Performing Arts and Cultural Justice. A small park near the center has also been renamed after Cailloux. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

endre kailox endre celox (25 aagosto, 1825-27 mey, 1863) egoraki african aamerikan xenar odhinayok aasil, ji uttor aamerikar jikunu xamorik gutor prothom krishnango bixoyaxokolor bhitorot ejon aasil. aamerikar grihojudhor xomoyot juddhot mrityu huwa prothomgoraki krishnango xoinikxokolor bhitorot teu onyotomo aasil. bondor hudson oworudhor xomoyot confederate durgor uporot huwa prothom bifol aakromonor xomoyot teu nihot hoisil. teur birotwor biboronxomuh xongbad madhyomot byapokbhabe prokax paisil, aaru union xenabahinit african aamerikanxokolok nijukti diyar baabe ek xomaruhor kulahol hoi porisil. dexprem aaru swohid hisape teur xunam dirghodin dhori jiyai aasil. 1890 sonor ek xakyatkaror xongrohot grihojudhor probin cornell doglas uilsone koichil, "jodi ketiyaba dexpremor birotwok rajokiyo marble baa pitolot xonmanito korar jugyo hoy jitu captain chelioxor hoh 'bob laage, aaru xei rino porixudh nokoraloike aamerikar jonoxadharone ketiyau prokrito dexpremor proti teulukor kritogyota puron koribo nuwaribo." jiwani. prarombhik jiwan. 1825 sonot luisianat daax hisape jonmogrohon koraa kailoxe teur gutei jiwan niu orlins aaru iyar aaxe-paxe otibahito korisil. juwok hisape, celox sigar prostut korar byowoxayot xikhyanobix aasil. 1846 sonoloike teu duverne poriyalor xodosyoxokolor malikanadhin aasil. 21 bosor boyoxot teur aabedonok teur probhuwe xomorthon korisil aaru niu orlins sohoror ek xompurno swetango aarokhyi jureeye teuk onumudon jonaisil. niu orolinxot mukto rongor lukoxokolor ek protisthito xomproday aasil, jixokol europiyo aaru african kriyul (uttor aamerikat jonmogrohon koraa) duyutare bongxodhor aasil. ei guttu forasi ouponibexik bosorburot protistha hoisil aaru swetango uponibexbadi aaru besibhag daxotwoprapto africanor maajot tritiyo shreni hisape kichu odhikar upobhug korisil. niu orlins xongoskritit plachez pronalir odhinot, bogaa puruxxokole rongin mohilak xadharon-aain potni hisape loisil. ketiyaba teuluke teulukor misrito-jaatir xontanxokolok swikriti disil aaru teulukor xikhyar baabe, bixexkoi putror, baa praptoboyosko dokhyotar baabe xikhyanobixor byowostha korisil. ketiyaba teuluke teulukor uporot xompoti nirdharon korisil. 1847 sonot, kailoxe rongor mukto kriyul, felisi kulonor xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoy. jodiu daxotwot jonmo hoisil, tothapiu taair maake taair malikok kroy mulyo di taik mukto korisil. kailox aaru kulonor sarita xontan swadhinbhabe jonmo hoisil, jaar bhitorot tinijon praptoboyoskoloike jiyai aasil. felisir maatri feliciana egoraki daxotwo koraa mulattu mohila aasil. keiba bosor dhori, itimodhye fe 'lisi jonmo diyar pisot, teuk teur probhu valentin encalada, ejon bogaa udbhidor malikor xadharon aain potni hisape rokha hoisil aaru xewa aagborhaisil. fe 'lisi teur matrir xontan hisape encalader "xompoti" aasil. (eitu daax aainor "partus sequiter ventrem" ror niti onuxori aasil.) felicianai 1842 sonot encalader poraa nijor konyar swadhinota kroy korisil. mukto manuh. swadhinota laabh korar pisot, kailoxe ejon sigar nirmata hisape jiwika aarjon korisil. grihojudho aarombho huwar purbe teu nijakoi sigar toiyar korar byoboxai sthapon korisil. jodiu teur bittiyo poristhiti xamanyo aasil, kailox niu orlinsor mukto rongor lukoxokolor xomprodayor bhitorot egoraki netaa hisape swikriti laabh korisil. ejon aagrohi krirabid, celox sohoror onyotomo shrestho bokxar hisape proxongxa koraa hoisil. teu onath koo 'laa xixur baabe ekhon bidyaloy, institut ketholikoru xokriyo xomorthok aasil. ee xixuxokolok mukto rongor manuhor bixoyeu xikaisil. teur menyumisyonor pisot, kailoxe porhiboloi xikichil, xombhobotoh protisthan ketholikor xikhyokxokolor xohayot. teu ingraji aaru forasi duyuta bhaxat xabolil hoi porisil. 1860 sonor bhitorot, kailox niu orlinsor 10,000 john "mukto rongor manuh" xomprodayor ejon xonmaniyo xodosyo aasil. xei xomoyot niu orlins dokhyinor xorbobrihot sohor aasil, aaru aamerika juktorastror xostho xorbobrihot sohor aasil, jaar jonoxongkhya aasil pray 100,000. aamerikar grihojudho xewa. confederate states aarmi. 1861 sonot grihojudho aarombho huwar xomoyot, niu orlins sohorok rokhya koriboloi xongothito rajyik milixia native gardot leftenent hisape kailoxok nijukti diya hoisil. forasi ouponibexik xaxonor xomoyor porai rongin mukto lukoxokole sthaniyo milixiyat ongxogrohon korisil. teu uttor aamerikar jikunu gutor prothomgoraki krishnango bixoya aasil. sthaniyo rokhyok xompurnorupe niu orlins aaru iyar aaxe-paxe baax koraa mukto rongor puruxor dwara gothito aasil. sthaniyo niu orlinsor baatori kakotot prokaxito probondhoxomuhor joriyote pray 1,500 mukto rongor luke rejimentor baabe swessai kaam korisil aaru luisianar niyomiya milixiyat ontorbhukto korar baabe rajyopalok aabedon jonaisil, jitu onumudit hoisil. ejon swetango bixoyar netritwot, confederate native gardor xokolu companyr netritwo disil mukto rongor manuhe aaru xokolu bixoyaxokolok xokolu sessaxewok bahinir dwara nirbasito koraa hoisil. louisiana rajyor confederate sorkare uniform baa xojulir baabe kunu bhaata prodan koraa nasil. kailuxe nijor dayitwobur gurutwore loisil. teur guttu bhaldore khonon koraa aaru bhaldore proxikhito buli porzobekhyon koraa hoisil. confederate sthaniyo rokhyokok ketiyau xokriyo kortobyor baabe aamontron jonuwa huwa nasil. 1862 sonor aprilot jetiya union admiral david faragate niu orlins sohor dokhol korisil, tetiya niu orlins aaru iyar aaxe-paxe thoka confederate bahiniye sohorkhon tyag kori uttor dixot kemp muroloi guchi goisil. ei xomoyot, anusthanikbhabe, eu-ror bhittit prothom sthaniyo rokhyok bhongo koraa hoisil.ess. forasi cowarteror kaxot pudina. union xena. union general benjamin ef. upoxagoriyo bibhagor xamorik xenapoti batolore niu orolinxot teur mukhyo karzaloy sthapon korisil. 1862 sonor septembor maahot teu ek ol-black union aarmi 1moo louisiana native gaard rejiment gothonor nirdex disil. confederate unitor biporite, ei rejimentot mukto-manuh aaru prakton daxor mishron aasil aaru upoxagoror xenar baabe xoktixalikoronor baabe general batoloror onurudhor proityokhyo folafol hisape gothon koraa hoisil. batoloror smoronot, aaru bidruhor juddhor recordot, teu juddho xosibo stentonok likhisil, "jodi aapuni muk xoktixali bahini pothiyabo nuware, tente moi africak xeitu koriboloi aahban jonam." kailoxe 1moo rejimentot jugdan korisil, jitu proyujoniyo aasil kiyonu xewa aagborhuwa lukoxokolor bohute kewol forasi bhaxa koy, aaru company ee-ror captain hisape nijukti laabh korisil. teur companyk sthaniyo rokhyokor bhitorot onyotomo shrestho drill koraa hisape gonyo koraa hoisil. kailoxe kromanwoye rejimentor netritwo diya swetango bixoya cornell spenchar stefordor xonman laabh korisil. jetiya xadharon nathaniel pi. 1862 sonor disembor maahot upoxagoriyo bibhagor xenapoti hisape batoloror thait bankxomuhe teur logot otirikto 30,000 xoinyo korhiyai aane, jaar folot teur odhinot muth xoinyor xongkhya 42,000 loi aahe. ei xomoyoloike, xompurno koo 'laa sthaniyo rokhyok tinita rejimentoloi briddhi paisil, mukto-manuh aaru prakton daxor mishron. jodiu line officerxokol (leftenent aaru captain) koo 'laa aasil, bhobisyotor gowornor pi. bi. ess. dwitiyo rejimentor companyr commander pinchbekor commanding officerxokol (cornell, leftenent cornell aaru mejor) swetango aasil. xadharon bankxomuhe koo 'laa bixoyaxokolok ghrina korisil aaru teulukok europiyoxokolor proti opoman buli gonyo korisil.ess. xenabahini. teu xokolu koo 'laa bixoyar thait bogaa bixoyar sthan lo' boloi ulaisil, aaru xadharonote 2yoy aaru 3yoy rejimentor xoite iyak xomponno korisil, kintu 1moo rejimentor xoite nohoy, zo 'too kailoxe xewa aagborhaisil aaru nijei ejon bixoya hoisil. 1moo rejimentor bohutu xodosyo confederate 1moo sthaniyo rokhyir xodosyo aasil, aaru kailox aaru onyanyo bixoyaxokole podotyag koriboloi issuk nasil aaru teulukok notun englandor bixoyaxokolor haatot eri disil jixokole aan dutaa rejimentot teulukor odhinot thoka koo 'laa xoinikxokolor xoite byapokbhabe beyaa byobohar korisil. sthaniyo rokhyokor prothom rejimentok prodhankoi klantir dayitwo (kaath kotaa, khuwa) 1863 sonor mey "maholoike diya hoisil, jetiya xadharon bengke teur besibhag xoinyok (35,000 john luk) luisianar port hadsonot thoka confederate durgotu aaguri thokar owosthat sthanantor korisil. port hudson aasil beton rujor thik uttore misisippi nodir etaa bokrotat thoka kouxolgotovabe owosthito ek durgo. xei xomoyot, confedressiye uttorot vixberg, misisippi aaru dokhyine port hudsonor maajot misisippi nodir 200 mailor bistar etiyau niyontron korisil. xonghoi misisipi niyontron koriboloi bhikxbergor niyontron laabh koribo bisarisil, jaar etaa protaronar uporot kouxologot sthiti aasil. jetiya xadharon ulyses grante vixberg oworudh korisil, tetiya xadharon bengke port hudson oworudh korisil. port hudsonor oworudh. 1863 sonor 27 mey "too bankxomuhe port hadsonot xurokhito, xu-xurokhito confederate owosthanor uporot ek durbol xomonwito aakromon aarombho korisil. prothom dinaa aakromonor ongxo hisape, kailoxok teur 100 john lukor companyk pray atmoghati aakromonot netritwo diboloi nirdex diya hoisil, ji godhur kamanor xomorthonore confederate xoinyor dutaa rejimentor dwara porisalito ek uscho xondehor biruddhe aasil. teur companye prosondo hotahot huwar pisotu, forasi aaru ingrajit teur lukoxokolok utxah di koilukxe teur xomogro rejimentor proti aakromonor netritwo disil, etaa mini boll teur baahur maajere singi goisil, aaru iyak teur kaxot ulomi rakhisil. gurutorbhabe aahot hoi, kailoxe obhijugor netritwo di thakil jetiyaloike teuk etaa confederate kamanor gular dwara aaghat koraa huwa nasil, ji teuk pray dutaa bhagot bibhokto kori hotya korisil. iyar biporite kahini thoka swotweu, port hadsonot ei ataitkoi uttor dixor kaamor xonghotir uporot sthaniyo rokhyokor dwara kewol etaa obhijug utthapon koraa hoisil. teur karjyobur rodolph desdune ek kalponik dhorone bornona korisil, jaar bhatri, obhijatjone kailoxor odhinot xewa aagborhaisiloh biswor soku xosakoiye ei aamerikan spartacusor [kailox] uporot aasil. prasin rumor nayokjone teur mukhot haahi aaru kandi mrityur faale aagbarhi juwa ei bixoyar tulnat kunu xahoxi birotwo prodorxon koraa nasil, "hey comradexokol, aami aagbarhi jaau!"soibar teu poo 'rt hudsonor hotyakari betarir biruddhe nijoke nikhyep korisil, aaru protitu aakromonot teu teur joruri aahban punorabritti korisil," aami aaru ebaror baabe aagbarhi jaau!"owoxexot, ei moronxil aaghator xonmukhin hoi teu teur uposthito bixoyaxokolok teur xex nirdex disil," bakkas, dayitwo louk!"jodi kunubai koy je nightly beyarde bhaal baa odhik korisil, itihax onuxori, teu misa koy. confederate general gardnere pisot bondor hudsonor kaamor uttor dixot juddhobirotir baabe koichil jaate sthaniyo rokhyokor nihot xodosyoxokolor mritodeh uddhar koribo poraa yaay. xadharon bankxomuhe uttor disil je "xei oncholot mur kunu hotahot huwa naai" aaru juddhobirotir onurudh oswikar korisil. iyar pholsworupe, poo 'rt hudsone owoxexot 1863 sonor 9 julyte bankor usorot aatmoxomorpon nokoraloike celoxor posondo hoi thoka mritodeh 47 dinn dhori maatit pori aasil. mritoxokolor maajor keijonokhe sinakto koraa hoisil, kintu celoxor mritodeh teu pindhi thoka etaa aanguthir dwara sinakto koraa hoisil jitu teur rejimentor jiyai thoka xodosyoxokole sinakto korisil. unionor mritoxokolor odhikangxokei oncholtut xomadhistho koraa hoisil. iyak pisoloi port hudson rastriyo xomadhikhyetro hisape sthapon koraa hoisil. 1974 sonot ei xomadhikhyetrotuk rastriyo oitihaxik sinho hisape monunit koraa hoisil. ontyestikriya. kailoxor owoxistoxomuh uddhar koraa hoisil aaru niu orolinxoloi ghurai onaa hoisil. iyar purbe captainjonor birotwor kahini aasil. 1863 sonor 29 julyte jetiya sohorkhonot teur ontyestikriya onusthito hoisil, tetiya cheloxok ek digholiya xubhajatra aaru haajar haajar ongxogrohonkariye xonmanito korisil. teur bidhowa felisiye farok xudhisil. confederate karjok xomorthon koraa bixop jinn-meree udinor poraa puruhitor biruddhe ek baadha diyar swotweu cloud pascol meistre anusthanikota koriboloi. franceot jonmogrohon koraa meistre aasil daxotwor bilupor xomorthon koraa oncholtur ekmatro ketholik puruhito. nixedhagya xotweu teu ontyestikriya xomponno korisil, aaru cheloxok saint luir koborsthanot xomadhistho koraa hoisil. celoxor mrityur pisot, teur bidhowa, felixiye aamerika juktorastror sorkare prakton xoinikxokolok protisruti diya bittiyo xubidha laabh koriboloi xonggram korisil. keiba bosoror prochestar pisot, teu etaa xoru pension laabh korisil, kintu 1874 sonot doridrotat teur mrityu hoisil. xei xomoyot teu ef. aar.-ror ghoruwa sakoriri hisape kaam kori aasil. obosye. uttoradhikari. kailoxor kahinitu 2020 sonot dane moretonor dwara porisalito ek naamxusok suti solositro hisape nirman koraa hoisil. 2022 sonot, uil smith obhineet 2022 sonor naatok "mukti" too chellux etaa bixex soritro aasil, aaru chellux hisape mustafa sakir aasil. xei bosorote, niu orlinsor prakton ketholik girja zo 'too celoxor bikhyat ontyestikriya koraa hoisil, poriwexon kolaa aaru xangoskritik nyayor baabe endre celox kendrot porinot hoisil. kendror usoror etaa xoru udyanor naamou kailoxor naamere rokha hoise.

andre kylox andre kylox (25shhey august, 1825-27shhey meey, 1863) chhilen ekjon african american senabahinir captain, jini uttor americar jey konao samrik uniter prothom krishnanga kormokortader modhye ekjon chhilen. tini markin grihojuddher somoy juddhe maaraa yawa prothom krishnanga sainyader modhye ekjon chhilen. porta hudson aborodher somoy confederate durgogulite byartho prothom akromoner somoy tini nihoto hohn. taanr birotter biboronguli sangbadpatre byapokbhabe prokashito hoyechilo ebong union senabahinite african americander niyoger jonno ekti somabesher chitkar hoye othe. deshpremik oo shaheed hisebe taanr sunam taanke chhadiye geche. 1890 saaler sakkhatkarer sangrahe, grihojuddher probin cornell doglass willson bolechilen, "jodi kokhono deshattobodhok birotto morjadapurno marble baa pitale sommanito howar jogyo hoy jaa captain kyluxer prapyo, ebong seii rino porishodh naa haoya porjonto american jonogon kokhonyi prokrito deshpremer proti taader kritoggota mukto korte parbe naa." jeeboni. prathomik jeebon. 1825 saale louigiana daas hisabe jonmogrohonkari kylox taanr puro jeebon neu orleans ebong taar ashepashe katiechilen. ekjon jubok hisabe, kylox sieger toirir byabosai shikkhanobish chhilen. 1846 saal porjonto tini duverney poribarer sadasyader malikanadhin chhilen. 21 bochor boyse manumissioner jonno taanr abedonti taanr muster dwara somorthito hoyechilo ebong neu orleans shohorer ekti sorbo-saadaa pulish jurie dwara manjur koraa hoyechilo. neu orleans-ayee borner swadhin manusher ekti protisthito sampradai chhilo, jaaraa europea ebong african ubhoy kreola (uttor america jonmogrohonkari) theke eseche. eyi gosthiti farasi ouponibeshik bochorgulite protisthito hoyechilo ebong saadaa uponibeshbadi ebong beshirbhag kritodas africander modhye tritiya shreni hisabe kichhu adhikar upobhog korechilo. neu orlinser sangaskritite plachez byabosthar adhine, saadaa purushra borner mohilader sadharan-aain stree hisabe grohon koroto. kokhono kokhono taaraa taader mishra-borner santander swikriti dito ebong taader shikkhar jonno ortho pradan koroto, bishesh korey chheleder jonno, athoba praptoboyosko dokkhotar jonno shikkhanobishder byabostha koroto. kokhono kokhono taaraa taader sampatti sthir korey. 1847 saale, kylox ronger ekti mukto kreola, felici kulonke biye corren. jodio dasotte jonmogrohon korechilen, tobuo taanr maa taanr malikke croy mulya diye taanke mukti diyechilen. kylox ebong kuloner charti santan swadhinbhabe jonmogrohon korechilo, jaader modhye tinjan praptoboyosko haoya porjonto benche chhilo. felisir maa feliciana ekjon kritodas mulatto mohila chhilen. besh koyek bochor dhorey, itimadhye taar folicy howar porey, tini taar muster valentin encalader sadharan aain-stree hisabe dayitto palon korechilen, jini ekjon saadaa chashi chhilen. taar mayer santan hisabe felici chhilo encallader "sampatti". (etty daas aaine "partus secuter ventrem" neeti onusare chhilo.) 1842 saale feliciana encalada theke taar meyer swadhinota kiney nene. muktiprapto byakti. swadhinota laver porr, kylox ekjon sieger prostutkarok hisabe jeebika nirbaho corren. grihojuddho shuru howar agey tini nijer cigaret toirir byabosa protistha korechilen. jodio taanr arthik poristhiti chhilo porimito, kintu neu orlinser bornohin mukto sampradayer modhye ekjon neta hisebe swikriti paan. ekjon agrahi kridavid, kylox shohorer onnotomo sera boxer hisabe proshongshito hoyechilen. tini anath krishnanga shishuder jonno ekti vidyalaya catholic instituter sakriya somorthoko chhilen. etty shishuder borner swadhin manushdero shekhat. manumissioner porr, kylox padte shikhechilen, sombhoboto institute catholiker shikkhokder sahayatai. tini ingrezi ebong farasi ubhoy bhasayi sablil hoye othen. 1860 saaler modhye, kylox neu orlinser 10,000 "mukto borner purush" sampradayer ekjon sommanito sadasya chhilen. seii somoye, neu orleans chhilo dakkhiner brihottomo shohor ebong markin juktorashtrer shostho brihottomo shohor, jaar jonosongkha chhilo pray 100,000. american civille oyara service. confederate states armi. 1861 saale grihojuddho shuru howar somoy, neu orleans shaharke rakkha korar jonno sangathito ekti rashtriya milicia, native guarde leftenant hisabe nijukto hohn. farasi ouponibeshik shasoner somoy thekei borner swadhin purushra sthaniya millisia ongsho niyechilo. tini uttor americar jey konao uniter prothom krishnanga kormokortader modhye ekjon chhilen. native guard sampurnarupe borner swadhin purushder niye gothito chhilo jaaraa neu orleans ebong taar ashepashe bosobas koroto. sthaniya neu orlinser sangbadpatre nibondher madhyome, pray 1,500 mukto borner purush regimenter jonno swechchasebok chhilen ebong louigianar niyamita millisia antarbhuktir jonno governor kachhe abedon korechilen, jaa onumodito hoyechilo. ekjon shwetango officer netritte, confederate native guarder samasta sangosthar netritto deoa hoto borner swadhin purushder dwara ebong samasta officer sorbo-swechchasebok bahini dwara nirbachito hoto. louigiana rajyer confederate sarkar uniform baa saranjamer jonno konao bhata pradan koreni. kylox taar dayittoke gurutter sange niyechilen. taanr unitti bhalbhabe khonon koraa ebong bhalbhabe proshikkhito boley lakkhya koraa geche. confederate native gardke kokhonyi sakriya dayitto paloner jonno daca hoyney. 1862 saaler aprile union admiral david faragut jokhon neu orleans shohor dokhol corren, tokhon neu orleans ebong taar ashepasher confederate bahini shaharti porityag korey ebong uttore camp murer dike sorey yaay. 1maum sthaniya rakkhi eyi somoye anusthanikbhabe, eu-err vittite venge deoa hoy.esha. farasi quarter prante pudina. union senabahini. union general benjamin eff. uposagoriyo bibhager samrik commander buttler neu orlinse taanr sodor doptor sthapon corren. 1862 saaler septembore tini ekti oll-black union armi 1maum louigiana native guard rejimenta sangathito korar nirdesh deena. confederate uniter biporite, eyi regimenttite mukto-purush ebong praktan kritodasder mishran chhilo ebong uposagoriyo senabahinir jonno atirikto shaktir jonno general buttler anurodher prottokkho folafol hisabe etty gothito hoyechilo. buttler smritikathai ebong bidroher juddher nothite tini juddho sachib stantonke likhechilen, "upney jodi amake atirikto sainya pathate naa chaan, tobey aami africake taa korar ahoban janab." kylox 1maum regimente jog deena, jaa prayojaniya chhilo kaaron jaaraa poribeshon korechilen taader modhye onekei shudhumatra farasi bhasay kotha bolte paroto ebong company ee-err captain hisabe nijukto hoyechilo. taanr kompanike sthaniya rakkhider modhye onnotomo sera khonon hisabe bibechona koraa hoto. kylox dheere dheere cornell spencer stafforder somman orjon corren, jini chhilen regimenter netrittodankari shwetango kormokorta. jokhon general nathaniel pii. 1862 saaler decembere uposagoriyo bibhager commander hisabe buttler stholabhishikto hoye bankguli atirikto 30,000 sainya niye aase, jaar foley taanr netritte moat sainyer sankhya 42,000 hoy. eyi somoyer modhye, sorbo-krishnanga sthaniya rakkhira tinti regimente porinoto hoyechilo, jaa chhilo swadhin-purush ebong praktan kritodasder mishran. jodio line officerra (leftenant ebong captain) kaalo chhilen, jaar modhye bhabishyater governor pii. bii. esha. pinchback, 2yoy regimenter ekjon company commander, commanding officerra (cornell, leftenant cornell ebong mejor) chhilen saadaa. sadharan bankguli krishnanga adhikarikder ghrina koroto ebong taader eu-err apoman boley money koroto.esha. senabahini. tini samasta krishnanga officerder saadaa officerder saathe protisthaponer jonno jatra shuru korechilen ebong sadharonoto 2yoy ebong 3yoy regimenter saathe etty somponno korechilen, tobey 1maum regimenter saathe noy, jekhane kylox kaaj korechilen ebong nijei ekjon officer hoyechilen. 1maum regimenter onek sadasya confederate 1maum native guarder sadasyao chhilen ebong kylox ebong anyanno adhikarikra podotyag korte raji chhilen naa ebong taader notun englander kormokortader haate chhede ditey raji chhilen naa, jaaraa anyanno duti regimente taader adhine krishnanga sainyader saathe byapokbhabe durbyobohar korchilen. sthaniya rakkhider 1maum regimentke prathomikbhabe clanty (kaatth kaata, parikha khonon) dayitto deoa hoyechilo 1863 saaler meey maas porjonto, jokhon sadharan bankguli taanr beshirbhag senabahinike (35,000 john looka) porta hudson, louigiana confederate durgoke ghire rakhar abosthane niye yaay. porta hudson chhilo batton ruz-err thhik uttore misissippi nadeer ekti bankano kousholgotobhabe abosthito ekti durgo. seii somoye, confederation ekhono uttore misissippi-rawr vicksberg ebong dakkhine porta hudsoner modhye misissippi nadeer 200 myle prosarito ongsho niyantran koroto. unionti misissippi niyantraner jonno vicksberger niyantran orjon korte cheyechilo, jaar ekti protaronar upor kaushalgata abosthan chhilo. general ulysses granta jokhon vicksberg aborodh corren, tokhon general bankguli porta hudson aborodh korey. porta hudson aborodh. 1863 saaler 27shhey meey, porta hudsoner shoo-surokkhito, shoo-surokkhito confederate abosthaner upor bankguli ekti durbal samanwito akraman shuru korey. prothom diney akromoner ongsho hisabe, bharee kaman sahayatai confederate sainyader duti rejimenta dwara porichalito ekti uchcho sandeher biruddhe pray attoghati akromone 100 joner taar kompanike netritto deoar jonno kyloxke adesh deoa hoyechilo. taar companyte prachur hotahoto haoya sotteo, kylox, farasi ebong ingrezite taar lokder proti utsaher chitkar korey, taar puro regimenter akromoner netritto deena, ekti minnie boll taar bahute chhinde yaay, jaa taar paashe okejo hoye porey. gurutorvabe ahoto hoye, ekti confederate artillery shale taake aghat naa koraa porjonto kylox akromoner netritto ditey thaken, taake pray dui bhage bivokto korey ebong taake hotya corren. biporito golpo thaka sotteo, porta hudsoner eyi uttorer kaajer upor sthaniya rakkhider dwara shudhumatra ekti abhijog koraa hoyechilo. taanr kajguli rodloff desudoons dwara borong kalponik poddhotite bornona koraa hoyechilo, jaar bhai abhijato, kyloxer adhine kaaj korechilenoh bishwer chokh sottii eyi american spartacuser [kylox] dike chhilo. prachin romer nayak taar cheye sahoshi birotto prodorshon korenni, jey officer taar thonte hassie niye mrityur dike daude giye kandte thaake, "asun amra egiye jaai, heey comrade!"chhoybar tini porta hudsoner hottakari battery biruddhe nijeke nikkhep korechilen ebong protiti akromone tini taanr joruri ahobaner punorabritti korechilen," asun amra arow ekbar egiye jaai!"abosheshe, pranghati aghater kobole porey, tini taanr uposthito officerke taanr shesh adesh deena," bachchus, dayitto grohon korun!"jodi keu boley jey nightly buyered arow vall baa arow beshi koreche, itihas onusare, seey mithya boley. confederate general gardner porey porta hudson workser uttor sommukhbhage ekti juddhobirotir jonno bolechilen jaate sthaniya rakkhider nihoto sadasyader mritodeho uddhar koraa yaay. sadharan bankguli uttor deyo jey "seii anchale amar konao hotahoter ghotona ghateni" ebong juddhobirotir anurodh prottakhyan korey. err foley, porta hudson abosheshe 1863 saaler 9ee julai byanker kachhe atmosomorpon naa koraa porjonto 47 deane dhorey kyloxer pochonto deho matite porey chhilo. mritoder modhye koyekjonke chinnito koraa hoyechilo, tobey kyloxer dehoti taar poraa ekti angti dwara chinnito koraa hoyechilo jaa taar regimenter benche thaka sadasyara sonakto korechilen. unioner mritoder odhikangshokei eyi elaka somahito koraa hoyechilo. etty porey porta hudson jatiya kabarasthan hisabe protisthito hoyechilo. 1974 saale koborsthantike jatiya oitihasik landmark hisabe manoneet koraa hoy. antyeshtikriya. kyloxer dehaboshesh uddhar koraa hoy ebong neu orlinse firiye deoa hoy. captainer birotter golpo err agey chhilo. 1863 saaler 29shhey julai jokhon taanr antyeshtikriya shohore onusthito hoy, tokhon kyloxke ekti deergho shobhajatra ebong hazar hazar ongshogrohonkari dwara sommanito koraa hoy. taar bidhoba stree jigyasa korechilo. bishop zina-marry odin, jini confederate kaajke samarthan korechilen, taanr kachh theke purohiter biruddhe ekti badha sotteo cloude pascal meistroke dayitto palon korte hobey. france jonmogrohonkari mastrey chhilen eyi anchaler ekmatro catholic purohito jini dasotto biluptike samarthan korechilen. nishedhagga sotteo tini sheshkritya porichalona corren ebong kyloxke seenta luis koborsthane #2 somahito koraa hoy. kyloxer mrityur porr, taar bidhoba stree, felici, markin juktorashtro sarkar kortrik probinder protishruto arthik subidha pawar jonno sangram korechilen. besh koyek bochor prochestar porr, tini ekti chhoto penashana peyechilen, kintu 1874 saale tini daridrer modhye maaraa zaan. tini seii somoy eff. arr-err grihokormi hisabe kaaj korchilen. borh kotha. uttoradhikar. 2020 saale deena morton porichalito kyloxer golpoti ekti swalpodoirgho cholochchitre porinoto hoy. 2022 saale, kylox 2022 saaler natok "mukti"-teey ekti baisistyajukta choritro chhilo, jekhane uil smith ebong kyloxer bhumikai mustafa shakir abhinoy korechilen. ekoi bochor, neu orlinser praktan catholic girja jekhane kyloxer bikhyato antyeshtikriya koraa hoyechilo, taa performing artasa ebong sangoskritik nyaybicharer jonno andre kylox kendre porinoto hoyechilo. kendrer kachhe ekti chhoto parker naamo kyloxer naame rakha hoyeche.

andrey caylox andrey caylox (25 august, 1825-27 meey, 1863) african american senaana kaptan hataa, jeey koipan uttar american lashkari ekamnaa pratham ashwet adhikariomana aek hataa. teo american gruh yuddh darmiyan ladaima mrutyu pamnara pratham ashwet sainikomaanaa aek hataa. porta hudsonni gherabandhi darmiyan sanghnaa keellaao parr asafal pratham humla darmiyan teey maaryo gayo hato. temnee virtaanaa ahevaalo presamaa vyaapakpane nondhvaamaa aavyaa hataa, aneey union aarmimaa african americanoni bhartee maate aek railing pokaar bunny gayo hato. aek deshbhakt aneey shaheed tarikeni temnee pratishtha laambaa samay sudhee temne paachhal chhodi gaee hatee. hatee interviewnaa sangrahma, gruh yuddhnaa anoobhavi curnell daglas veelsane kahyoo hatoo keey, "jooe kyaarey deshbhaktini veertaa bhavya aaras athavaa pittalma sanmanit thavaane paatra hoya, jeey capton calioxne laayak chhe, aneey jyaan sudhee teey devu chukavvama naa aave tyaan sudhee american lokoae kyaarey vaastavik deshbhakti pratyeni temnee krutagnataane mukt curry naa hota." jivancharitra. praarambhik jeevan. jeevan louisianama gulam tareeke janmela, keilaukse potaanu aakhu jeevan nyu orleansma aneey tenee aaspaas vitaavyu hatoo. aek yuvan tareeke, caylox sigar banavvana vepaarmaa taaleem paamyo hato. 1846 sudhee teo duverne parivaarnaa sabhyoni malikina hataa. 21 varshnee ummare temnee vinanteene temnaa maaleek dwara teko aapvama aavyo hato aneey nyu orleans shaherma sampoorn shvet police jurie dwara manjur karvaamaa aavyo hato. nyu orlinsmaa rangnaa mukt lokono aek sthaapit samudaay hato, jeo european aneey african creol (uttar americama janmela) bannemathi utaree aavyaa hataa. aaa jooth french vasaahati varsho darmiyan sthaapit thayu hatoo aneey shvet vasaahateeo aneey motabhagna gulam africno vachche trija varg tareeke ketlaak adheekaro melvyaa hataa. nyu orlinsani sanskrutima places pranali hethal, shvet purusho rangnee streeone saamanya kaayadaani patneeo tareeke letaa hataa. ketalikvaar teo temnaa mishra jaatinaa baadakone sweekarta aneey temnaa shikshan maate chukavani kartaa, khaas kareene putro maate, athavaa pukht kushalataa maate apprenticeshipni vyavastha kartaa. kyarek teo temnaa parr meelkat pataavat karey chhe. chhe, keilaukse rangnaa mukt creol, felisi kulon saathe lagna karyaa. gulaamimaa janmya hovaa chhataa, teneene tenaa malikne tenee khareedi keemat chukvine tenee maataa dwara mukt karvaamaa aavee hatee. caylox aneey koolonne chaar baadako hataa, jeo mukt janmya hataa, jemathi trana pukhtaavastha sudhee tucky rahyaa hataa. felicini maataa feliciana aek gulam mulatto maheela hatee. ghanaa varsho sudhee, tenee pahelethee jaj felisi janmya pachhi, teneene tenaa master valentin enklada, aek safed khedutni saamanya-kaayadaakiy patnee tareeke rakhvama aavee hatee aneey sevaa aapee hatee. femili tenee maataana santaan tareeke enkeladani "meelkat" hatee. (aaa gulam kayadama "partus sekvitur ventrem" naa siddhaant anusaar hatoo.) feliciana feliciana enkeladathi potaani dikarini aazadi khareedi hatee. mukt maanas. potaani svatantrataa praapt karyaa pachhi, cayloxae sigar banaavnaar tareeke potaanu gujran chalaavyu. gruh yuddhni sharuaat pahelaa, temane potaano sigar banaavvaano vyavsaay sthaapyo hato. temnee nanakiy paristhitio saamanya hovaa chhataa, keiloxne nyu orlinsmaa rangnaa mukt lokonaa samudayma netaa tareeke maanyata malee. aek utsaahi khelaadi, keiloxnee shahernaa shreshth boxer tareeke prashansa karvaamaa aavee hatee. teo anath kaalaa baadako maateni shaala ketholik sansthaana sakreey samarthak pann hataa. teey baadakone rangnaa mukt loko vishe pann shikhvati hatee. temnaa manumission pachhi, caylox kadaach institute ketholiknaa shikshakoni madadthi vaanchvaanu sheekhya. teo angreji aneey french aema bannemaa askhaleet bunny gayaa. 1860 sudhimaa, caylox nyu orleansma 10,000 "mukt rangnaa purusho" samudaaynaa aadarneey sabhy hataa. teey samaye, nyu orleans dakshinnu sauthee motoo shaher hatoo aneey united statesma chhaththu sauthee motoo shaher hatoo, jenee vastee aashre 100,000 hatee. american sivil voora service. sangheey raajy senaa. senaa gruh yuddh faatee nikalyaa pachhi, keiloxne nyu orleans shahernee raksha maate aayojit raajy lashkari dada, native guardma leftnent tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. french vasaahati shaasannaa samaythi jaj rangnaa mukt maansoae sthaaneek lashkarma bhaag leedho hato. teo koipan uttar american ekamnaa pratham ashwet adhikariomana aek hataa. mool rakshak sampurnpane rangnaa mukt purushothi banelo hato jeo nyu orleansma aneey tenee aaspaas raheta hataa. sthaaneek nyu orlinsna akhbaaromaa lekho dwara, aashre 1,500 mukt rangnaa maansoae regiment maate swaichchhik reete kaama karyoo aneey governorne louisiana niyameet lashkarma saamel karvaa maate arji curry, jene manjuri aapvama aavee hatee. aek shvet adheekarina aadesh hethal, sanghnaa mool rakshakni tamaam companyonu netrutva rangnaa mukt purusho dwara karvaamaa aavtu hatoo aneey tamaam adheekarione serve-svayamsevak dada dwara chuntavama aavtaa hataa. louisiana raajyani sangheey sarkaare ganvesh athavaa saadhno maate koee bhaththu purun paadyu naa hatoo. caloxe potaani javabdarione gambhirtathi leedhi. temnu aekam saaree reete khodkaam karelu aneey saaree reete prashikshit hovaanu jovaa malyun hatoo. sanghnaa mool rakshakne kyaarey sakreey faraj parr bolavvama aavtaa naa hataa. jyaare union admiral david faragate april december nyu orleans shaher parr kabajo karyo, tyaare nyu orleans aneey tenee aaspasna sangh daloae shaherne tyajee didhu aneey uttarmaa camp moor taraf aagad vadhyaa. pratham sthaaneek rakshak aaa samaye aupcharik reete yuu naa aadhare vikheree nakhvama aavyo hato.aesa. french quarterni dhaar parr tankshaal. union armie. union general benjamin aef. akhaat vibhagna lashkari commander butlere nyu orleansma potaanu mukhya mathak banaavyu hatoo. september december temane ola-black union armie armie louisiana native gaard regimentnaa aayojanno aadesh aapyo. sanghnaa aekmothee vipareet, aaa regimentmaa mukt purusho aneey bhutpurv gulaamonu mishran hatoo aneey khaadini senaa maate sainyabal maate general butlerni vinantionaa seedha parinam rupe tenee rachnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. butlernaa sansmaranomaa, aneey badvaanaa yuddhnaa rekordmaan, temane secretory off voora stantonne lakhyu hatoo keey, "jooe tame maney sainyabal nahee mokalo, too huun africane aama karvaa maate kaheesh." caylox pratham regimentmaa jodaayo, jeey jaroori hatoo kaaran keey sevaa aaptaa ghanaa loko maatra french bolata hataa, aneey temne kampani ee. naa kaptan tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. temnee companyne sthaaneek rakshakma shreshth khodkaammaani aek manvama aavtee hatee. keilaukse dheeme dheeme curnell spensor steffordnu sanmaan melavyu, jeey regimentnee kamaan sambhalnara shvet adheekari hataa. jyaare general nathaniel pii. december december banko butlerne akhaat vibhagna commander tareeke badalya, teo temnee saathe vadharana 30,000 sainiko laavya, jenaathi temnee kamaan hethal coole sainyani sankhyaa 42,000 thaee gaee. aaa samay sudhimaa, sampoorn kaalaa mool rakshak trana regimentmaa vikasi gayaa hataa, jemaa mukt purusho aneey bhutpurv gulaamonu mishran hatoo. joke line adheekario (leftnent aneey capton) kaalaa hataa, jemaa bhaavi governor pii. bii. aesa. beejee regimentnaa kampani commander, pinchback, commanding adheekario (curnell, leftnent curnell aneey mejar) safed hataa. saamanya benko kaalaa adheekarione dhikkarti hatee aneey temne yuu. aesa. noon apmaan ganatee hatee.aesa. senaa. temane tamaam kaalaa adheekarione safed adheekario saathe badalvaa maate nikalyaa, aneey saamanya reete aaa beejee aneey triji regiment saathe purn karyoo, parantu pratham regiment saathe nahee, jemaa caloxe sevaa aapee hatee aneey pote aek adheekari banyaa hataa. pratham regimentnaa ghanaa sabhyo pann confederate pratham mool gaardnaa sabhyo hataa, aneey callox aneey anya adheekario raajinaamu aapvaa aneey temne navaa englandnaa adheekariona haathmaa chhodva taiyar nahota, jeo anya beey regimentmaa temnaa aadesh hethal kaalaa sainiko saathe vyaapak durvyavhaar curry rahyaa hataa. sthaaneek rakshakni pratham regimentne meey 1863 sudhee mukhyatve thaaknee faraj (laakadu kaapvu, khaaio khodvi) sonpavama aavee hatee, jyaare saamanya benko temnee motabhagni senaa (35,000 maanso) neey porta hudson, louisiana khaatena sanghnaa killebandhine gheree levani sthitima khasedi hatee. porta hudson vyuhaatmak reete bayton ragnee uttare mississippi nadimaa valaank parr stheet killo hato. teey samaye, sanghe haju pann uttarmaa wixberg, mississippi aneey dakshinma porta hudson vachche mississippi nadeena 200 milenaa vistaarne niyantrit karyo hato. mississipne niyantrit karvaa maate sangh wixberg parr niyantran melavaa maangato hato, jeey aek chhetarpindi parr vyuhaatmak sthitee dharaavto hato. jyaare general ulysis grante wixbergne gheree leedhu hatoo, tyaare general benkoae porta hudsonni gherabandhi curry hatee. porta hudsonni gherabandhi. 27 meey, julai roj, benkoae porta hudson khaate saaree reete sanrakshit, saaree reete killebandhi karaayel sanghnee sthitee parr nabalaa sankaleet humla sharoo karyaa. humalana pratham divase, keiloxne bhaare topkhaanaa sahaay saathe sanghnaa saineekoni beey regiments dwara sanchaalit uchch shankaa saame lagbhag aatmaghaati humalaama 100 maanasoni temnee pedhhinu netrutva karvaano aadesh aapvama aavyo hato. tenee pedhhine bhaare janhani thaee hovaa chhataa, french aneey angrejeemaa tenaa maanasone protsaahan aaptaa, caloxe tenee samagr regiment parr humalo karyo, aek naano dado tenaa hathmathi faatee gayo, aneey tene tenee bajuma latkavi deedho. gambhir reete ghaayal thayela, keilaukse jyaan sudhee aek sanghnaa topkhanana shelthee tene fatako naa padyo tyaan sudhee humalaanu netrutva karvaanu chaalu raakhyu, lagbhag tene beey bhagma faadi nakhyo aneey tene maaree nakhyo. tenaathi vipareet vaartao hovaa chhataa, porta hudson khaatena aaa sauthee uttareey kaaryona samooh parr sthaaneek rakshak dwara maatra aek jaj aarop mukvaamaa aavyo hato. temnee kriyaaonu varnan rodolph desdoons dwara kaalpaneek reete karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jemnaa bhaai, kuleen, caylox hethal sevaa aaptaa hataah vishwani najar kharekhar aaa american spartacus [caylox] parr hatee. praachin romnaa nayake tenaa karataa vadhu bahadur veertaa darshaavi naa hatee, jeey aaa adheekari potaana hoth parr smit laeene aneey radataa potaana mrutyu sudhee dodine aagad vadhyo hato, "chaalo, heey sathidaro, aapane aagad vadheeae!"chh vakhat tene porta hudsonni khooni batteryo saame potaane fenki deedho, aneey darek humalaama tene tenaa taatkaalik kolane punraavartit karyo," chaalo aagad vadheeae, vadhu aek vakhat!"aakhare, nashwar fatako padataa, tene tenaa haajari aapnaar adheekarine potaano chhello aadesh aapyo," batches, kaarybhaar sambhaal!"jooe koee kahe keey ghodo bayerde vadhu saaru athavaa vadhu karyoo, too itihas anusaar, teey juthu bolle chhe. confederate general gardnere paachhalthi porta hudson varknaa uttareey morchaamaa yuddhviramni maang curry hatee jethee sthaaneek rakshakna maarya gayelaa sabhyona mrutdeho malee shake. saamanya benkoae javaab aapyo keey "maney teey vistaarmaa koee janhani thaee nathee" aneey yuddhviramni vinanteene nakaari kaadhee hatee. aanaa parinaame, porta hadasne aakhare 9 julai, julai roj benko samaksh aatmasamarpan karyoo tyaan sudhee keiloxno suddy rahelo mrutdeh 47 divas sudhee jameen parr padyo hato. mrutakomana ketalaakni odakh thaee hatee, parantu keiloxna mrutdehne tene paherelee vintee dwara odakhvaamaa aavyo hato, jeey tenee regimentnaa hayaat sabhyo dwara odakhvaamaa aavyo hato. unionnaa motabhagna mrutakone aaa vistaarmaa dafnavvama aavyaa hataa. paachhalthi aanee sthaapnaa porta hudson raashtriy kabrastan tareeke karvaamaa aavee hatee. hatee kabrastanne raashtriy aitihasik simachinh tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. anteem sanskaar. keiloxna avshesho malee aavyaa hataa aneey nyu orleans parat faryaa hataa. keptannee veertani vaarta aanee pahelaa jaj hatee. jyaare 29 julai, julai roj shaherma temnaa anteem sanskaar karvaamaa aavyaa tyaare, keiloxne laambi shobhayatra aneey hajaaro upasthito dwara sanmanit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. tenee vidhavaa feliciae fr puchhyu hatoo. bishop jiina-meerii odin, jemane sanghnaa hetune teko aapyo hato, temnaa paadari saame pratibandh hovaa chhataa, claude pascal mestre faraj bajaavi hatee. francemaa janmela, meister aaa vistaarmaa gulami nabudine teko aapnara ekmatra ketholik paadari hataa. pratibandh hovaa chhataa temane anteem sanskaar karyaa hataa aneey keiloxne saint luis kabrastaanmaa dafnavvama aavyaa hataa. keiloxna mrutyu pachhi, temnee vidhavaa, felisi, united states sarkaar dwara nivrutt saineekone vachan aapvama aavela nanakiy laabho melavaa maate sangharsh karatee hatee. ghanaa varshonaa prayatno pachhi, temne aek naanu pension malyun, parantu parantu teo gareebeema mrutyu pamya. teey samaye teo aef. aar. maate gharelu noqara tareeke kaama curry rahyaa hataa. khaas. vaarso. keiloxnee vaarta vaarta dayne morton dwara nirdeshit aek namankit tunkee filmmaan banavvama aavee hatee. hatee, caylox caylox naatak "muktee" maan aek vishesh paatra hatoo, jemaa will smith aneey mustafa shakeer caylox tareeke hataa. teey jaj varshe, nyu orleansma bhutpurv ketholik church jyaan calloxna anteem sanskaar prakhyaat reete karvaamaa aavyaa hataa teey pradarshan qalaa aneey saanskrutik nyaay maatenu andrey callox kendra bunny gayoo. kendrani najiknaa aek naana udhyannun naam pann caloxna naam parthee rakhvama aavyu chhe.

andrey calox andrey calox (25 agast, 1825-27 maee, 1863) ack african americi senaa key kaptan they, joe kissy bhee uttari americi sainya ikai key pahale ashwet adhikaariyon mein seey ack they. vaha americi grihyuddh key dauran yuddh mein marane vaale pahale ashwet sainikon mein seey ack they. bandargah hudson kii gherabandi key dauran sangh key kille parr asafal pahale hamale key dauran vaha maaraa gayaa thaa. unake veerata key vivaranon koo press mein vyaapak roop seey report kiya gayaa thaa, aur sangh senaa mein african amerikiyon kii bharti key liye ack raili kaa naaraa bunn gayaa. ack deshbhakt aur shaheed key roop mein unaki pratishtha lambe samay taka jeevit rahee. 1890 key sakshatkaron key ack sangrah mein, grih yuddh key anubhavi curnell dugglus willson ney kahaa, "aggar kabhi deshbhakti kii veerata koo rajsi sangamarmar yaa peetal mein sammaanit kiya jaanaa chaahiye joe kaptan caliox key liye yogya haye, aur americi loga kabhi bhee vaastavik deshbhakti key prati apane aabhar koo taba taka naheen chhudaa paayenge jaba taka kii usa rinn kaa bhugtan naheen kiya jaataa." jeevani. praarambhik jeevan. 1825 mein louisiana mein gulam key roop mein janme, calox ney apana puuraa jeevan nyu orleans mein aur usake aspas bitaaya. ack yuva vyakti key roop mein, calox sigar banaane key vyaapaar mein prashikshu thaa. 1846 taka way duverney parivaar key sadasyon key swaamitva mein they. 21 saal kii umr mein maanav mukti key liye unaki yachika koo unake master dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa aur nyu orleans shahar mein ack poorna-shwet pulis juurii dwara pradaan kiya gayaa thaa. nyu orleans mein rung key swatantra logon kaa ack sthaapit samudaay thaa, joe europeeya aur african donon croll (uttari america mein paida hue) seey they. yeh samooh francisi aupaniveshik varshon key dauran sthaapit huaa aur shwet upaniveshvadiyon aur adhikansh african daason key beach ack teesare varg key roop mein kuchh adhikaaron kaa anand liya. nyu orleans sanskriti mein places pranali key tahat, safed purushon ney rung kii mahilaaon koo aam-kaanoon patniyon key roop mein liya. kabhi-kabhi way apane mishrit-nasl key bachchon koo sweekaar karate they aur unaki shiksha key liye bhugtan karate they, vishesh roop seey beton key liye, yaa vayask kaushal key liye prashikshuta kii vyavastha karate they. kabhi-kabhi way una parr sampatti basaate they. 1847 mein, calox ney rung key ack mukt creol, felici kulon seey shaadi kii. haalaanki vaha gulami mein paida hui thee, lekin usey usaki maan ney apane malik koo apani khareed moolya dekar mukt curr diyaa thaa. calox aur kulon key chaar bachche swatantra roop seey paida hue they, jinamen seey teen vayaskata taka jeevit rahey. felici kii maan feliciana ack gulam mulatto mahila thee. kaee varshon taka, jaba vaha pahale seey hii falsi kaa janm leey chuki thee, tou usey usake master valentin encalada, ack safed bagan malik kii aam-kaanoon patni key roop mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. apani maan key bachche key roop mein felici enkelada kii "sampatti" thee. (yeh daas kaanoon mein "partus sequitor ventraim" key siddhant key anusaar thaa.) feliciana ney 1842 mein apani betty kii swatantrata enkalada seey khareed lii. mukt vyakti. apani swatantrata praapt karane parr, calox ney ack sigar nirmaata key roop mein apana jeevan yapan kiya. grihyuddh kii shuruat seey pahale, unhone apana khud kaa sigar banaane kaa vyavasaay sthaapit kiya. haalaanki unaki vittiya paristhitiyaan mamuli theen, lekin calox koo nyu orleans mein rung key swatantra logon key samudaay key bheetar ack netaa key roop mein maanyata millie. ack shaukeen khilaadi, calox koo shahar key sarvshreshth mukkebaajon mein seey ack key roop mein saraha gayaa thaa. way anath ashwet bachchon key liye ack school catholic sansthaan key sakriya samarthak bhee they. isane bachchon koo rung key swatantra logon key baare mein bhee sikhaaya. calox ney apane maanav-visarjan key baad, shayed sansthaan catholic key shikshakon kii sahaayata seey padhana seekha. vaha angreji aur french donon mein dharapravah hoe gaye. 1860 taka, calox nyu orleans mein 10,000 "rung key mukt purush" samudaay kaa ack sammaanit sadasya thaa. usa samay, nyu orleans dakshin kaa sabse badaa shahar thaa, aur sanyukt raajya america kaa chhathaa sabse badaa shahar thaa, jisaki aabaadi lagbhag 100,000 thee. americi nagrik yuddh seva. sangh raajya senaa. 1861 mein grih yuddh key prakop parr, calox koo nyu orleans shahar kii raksha key liye aayojit ack raajya milicia, deshi gaard mein ack leftinent key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. francisi aupaniveshik shasson key samay seey hii rung key swatantra purushon ney sthaaniya milicia mein bhaag liya thaa. way kissy bhee uttar americi ikai key pahale ashwet adhikaariyon mein seey ack they. deshi rakshak poori tarah seey rung key swatantra purushon seey banaa thaa joe nyu orleans mein aur usake aspas rahate they. sthaaniya nyu orleans key samachar patron mein lekhon key madhyam seey, lagbhag 1,500 rung key swatantra purushon ney resiment key liye swechha seey kaam kiya aur governor koo louisiana key niyamit milicia mein shamil karane key liye yachika daayar kii, jise manjuri dee gaee. ack shwet adhikaari kii kamaan key tahat, sangh key deshi rakshak kii sabhi companiyon kaa netritva rung key swatantra purushon dwara kiya jaataa thaa aur sabhi adhikaariyon koo sarv-swayamsevak bull dwara chunaa jaataa thaa. louisiana raajya kii sanghiya sarkaar ney vardi yaa upkaran key liye koee bhatta pradaan naheen kiya. calox ney apani jimmedariyon koo gambhirta seey liya. unaki ikai koo achchi tarah seey drill aur achchi tarah seey prashikshit paaya gayaa thaa. parisangh key deshi rakshak koo kabhi bhee sakriya kartavya key liye naheen bulaaya gayaa thaa. jaba union admiral david farragut ney aprail 1862 mein nyu orleans shahar parr kabja curr liya, tou nyu orleans mein aur usake aspas sangh balon ney shahar koo chhod diyaa aur uttar mein camp moor mein chaley gaye. 1st deshi gaard iss samay aupchaarik roop seey, yuu key aadhar parr bhang curr diyaa gayaa.aiss. french quarter key kinare parr taksal. sangh senaa. union general benjamin aff. khaadi vibhaag key sainya commander butler ney nyu orleans mein apana mukhyalaya banaaya. sitambar 1862 mein unhone ack aul-black union armi 1st louisiana native gaard resiment key ayojan kaa adesh diyaa. parisanghiya ikai key vipareet, iss resiment mein swatantra purushon aur poorv daason kaa mishran thaa aur khaadi kii senaa key liye sudridhikaran key liye general butler key anurodhon key pratyaksh parinam key roop mein iska gathan kiya gayaa thaa. butler key sansmaranon mein, aur vidroh key yuddh key record mein, unhone yuddh sachiv stanton koo likhaa, "yadi aap mujhe atirikt bull naheen bhejenge, tou main aisaa karane key liye africa koo bulaayenga." calox pahali resiment mein shamil hoe gayaa, joe aavashyak thaa kyonki seva karane vaalon mein seey kaee kewal french bolate they, aur unhein company key kaptan key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. unaki company koo deshi gaard mein sabse achchi drill mein seey ack maanaa jaataa thaa. calox ney dheere-dheere curnell spensor stofford kaa sammaan arjit kiya, joe kii resiment kii kamaan sambhaalane vaale shwet adhikaari they. jaba general nathaniel pee. disambar 1862 mein khaadi vibhaag key commander key roop mein banks ney butler kii jagah lii, vaha apane saath 30,000 atirikt sainikon koo laaya, jisase unaki kamaan key tahat kull sainya bull 42,000 hoe gayaa. iss samay taka, sabhi ashwet mool rakshak teen resiments mein badh gaye they, joe swatantra purushon aur poorv daason kaa mishran thaa. halanki line adhikaari (leftinent aur kaptan) kaale they, jisamen bhavishya key governor pee. bee. aiss. pinchback, doosari resiment key ack company commander, commanding adhikaari (curnell, leftinent curnell aur mejar) safed they. samanya baink kaale adhikaariyon koo tuchchh maanate they aur unhein yuu. kaa upman maanate they.aiss. senaa. unhone sabhi ashwet adhikaariyon koo safed adhikaariyon key saath badalane key liye prasthaan kiya, aur aam taur parr ise doosari aur teesari resiment key saath puuraa kiya, lekin pahali resiment key saath naheen, jisamen calox ney seva kii aur khud ack adhikaari bunn gaye they. pahali resiment key kaee sadasya bhee sangh key pahale mool rakshak key sadasya they, aur calox aur anya adhikaari istifa dene aur unhein nae ingland key adhikaariyon key haathon mein chhodane key liye taiyar naheen they, joe anya dou resiments mein apani kamaan key tahat kaale sainikon key saath vyaapak roop seey durvyavahar curr rahey they. deshi gaard kii pahali resiment koo mukhya roop seey maee 1863 taka thakan duty (lakadi kaatna, khaai khodna) key liye saunpa gayaa thaa, jaba samanya bainkon ney unaki adhikansh senaa (35,000 purushon) koo port hudson, louisiana mein parisangh key kille koo gherne kii sthiti mein sthanantarit curr diyaa. port hudson batton rooj key thheek uttar mein mississippi nadee mein ack modd parr ranneetik roop seey sthit ack kilaa thaa. usa samay, sangh ney abhee bhee uttar mein wixberg, mississippi aur dakshin mein port hudson key beach mississippi nadee key 200 meal key hisse koo niyantrit kiya thaa. sangh wixberg parr niyantran hassil karna chaahata thaa, joe mississippi koo niyantrit karane key liye ack bluff parr ack ranneetik sthiti thee. jabaki general eulysis ney wixberg kii gherabandi kii, samanya bainkon ney port hudson kii gherabandi kii. port hudson kii gherabandi. 27 maee, 1863 koo, bainkon ney port hudson mein achchi tarah seey sanrakshit, achchi tarah seey kileband parisangh kii sthiti parr ack kharaab samanvit hamla kiya. pahale dinn hamale key hisse key roop mein, calox koo bhaari topkhaane key samarthan key saath sangh key sainikon kii dou resiments dwara sanchaalit ack uchch sandeh key khilaf lagbhag aatmghaati hamale mein 100 purushon kii apani company kaa netritva karane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa. apani company key bhaari hataahat honey key bavjood, calox ney french aur angreji mein apane aadmiyon koo protsaahan dete hue apani poori resiment key netritva mein ack chhoti gend koo apane haath seey faad diyaa, jisase vaha usake buggle mein latak gaee. gambhir roop seey ghayal, calox ney taba taka aarop kaa netritva karna jaari rakhaa jaba taka kii ack sangh topkhaane kaa golaa usey naheen maaraa, lagbhag usey dou mein faad diyaa aur usey maar daala. isake vipareet kahaaniyon key bavjood, port hudson mein iss sabse uttari sett parr deshi gaard dwara kewal ack hii aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa. unake karyon kaa varnan rodolph desdoons dwara ack kaalpanik tareeke seey kiya gayaa thaa, jinake bhaai, kuleen, calox key tahat seva karate theh duniya kii nazaren vaastav mein iss americi spartacus [calox] parr theen. pracheen rome key naayak ney iss adhikaari kii tulanaa mein koee bahadur veerata pradarshit naheen kii joe apane honthon parr muskan key saath apani mrityu taka daude aur rote hue kahaa, "chalo aage badhate hain, haye comrade!"chhah baar usane port hudson kii ghaatak baitariyon key khilaf khud koo fenk diyaa, aur pratyek hamale mein usane apana tatkaal ahwan dohraya," aaie humm aage badhein, ack baar aur!"anta mein, ghaatak prahaar key tahat girate hue, unhone apane upasthit adhikaari koo apana antim adesh diyaa," bachus, karyabhar sambhal!"aggar kissy koo kahana chaahiye kii ghodon key bared ney behtar yaa adhik kiya, tou itihas key anusaar, vaha jhooth bolata haye. parisangh key general gardner ney baad mein bandargah hudson key uttari morche parr ack yuddhaviram key liye kahaa taaki deshi gaard key maare gaye sadasyon key shav baramad kiye jaa sakein. samanya bainkon ney jawab diyaa kii "usa kshetra mein koee hataahat naheen huaa haye" aur yuddhaviram key anurodh koo aswikar curr diyaa. isake parinamswarup, calox kaa sadata huaa shareer 47 dinon taka jameen parr padaa rhaa jaba taka kii port hudson ney aakhirkaar 9 julaai, 1863 koo bainkon key saamane aatmasamarpan naheen curr diyaa. kuchh mritakon kii pehchaan kii gaee, lekin calox key shareer kii pehchaan ack angoothi seey kii gaee jise unhone pahana thaa jise unaki resiment key jeevit sadasyon dwara pahachaana gayaa thaa. sangh key adhikansh mrit logon koo kshetra mein dafnaya gayaa thaa. ise baad mein port hudson rashtriya kabristan key roop mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. 1974 mein kabristan koo ack rashtriya aitihaasik sthal key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa. antim sanskar. calox key avashesh baramad kiye gaye aur nyu orleans koo vaapas curr diye gaye. kaptan kii veerata kii kahani isase pahale kii thee. jaba 29 julaai, 1863 koo shahar mein unakaa antim sanskar kiya gayaa, tou calox koo ack lambi julus aur hajaaron upasthit logon dwara sammaanit kiya gayaa. usaki vidhwa ney aff. aar. seey poochha thaa. bishap jeane-mairi odin, jinhone sangh key uddeshya kaa samarthan kiya, key pujari key khilaf ack adesh key bavjood, clod pascal maistre ney kaary karane key liye. france mein janme, maistre iss kshetra mein gulami key unmoolan kaa samarthan karane vaale ekmatra catholic pujari they. unhone apane pratibandh key bavjood antim sanskar kiya, aur calox koo sent luis kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa. calox kii mrityu key baad, unaki vidhwa, felici, sanyukt raajya sarkaar dwara diggajon koo diye gaye vittiya laabhon koo praapt karane key liye sangharsh curr rahee thee. kaee varshon key prayaas key baad, unhein ack chhoti see pension millie, lekin 1874 mein unaki mrityu garibi mein hoe gaee. way usa samay ack gharelu naukar key roop mein kaam curr rahee theen. badey badey. viraasat. calox kii kahani koo 2020 mein ack naamit laghu film mein banaaya gayaa thaa, jiska nirdeshan daine morton ney kiya thaa. 2022 mein, calox 2022 key naatak "mukti" mein ack vishesh charitra thaa, jisamen smith aur calox key roop mein mustafa shakir ney abhinay kiya thaa. usee varsh, nyu orleans mein poorv catholic church, jahan calox kaa prasiddh roop seey antim sanskar kiya gayaa thaa, pradarshan kalaa aur saanskritik nyaay key liye andrey calox kendra bunn gayaa. kendra key paas ack chhote seey park kaa naam bhee calox key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye.

andrey kylox andrey kylox (august 25,1825-mayee 27,1863) african american sainyada capton aagiddaru, yaavude uttara american military ghatakada modala kappu adhikarigalalli obbaraagiddaru. americada antaryuddhada samayadalli yuddhadalli saavannappida modala kappu sainikaralli aata obbaraagiddaru. port hudson muttigeya samayadalli okkootada kotegala mele viphalavaada modala daaliya samayadalli avanu kollalpattanu. avara shouryada bagegina vrattaantagalu patrikegalalli vyaapakavaagi varadiyaadavu mattu okkootada sainyakke african americannarannu nemisikolluvudara bagge kooguttiddavu. deshabhakta mattu hutatma emba avara khyaatiyu avarannu bahala kaala meerisitu. 1890rahra sandarshanagala sangrahadalli, antaryuddhada anubhavi curnell daglas willson, "endaadaroo deshabhaktiya shouryavannu bhavyavaada amrutashile athawa hittaaleya moolaka gouravisalu arharaagiddare, capton kylox arharagiruttare, mattu aaa saalavannu paavatisuvavarege americada janaru nijavaada deshabhaktiya bagge tamma krutagnateyannu endigoo marupadeyuvudilla." jivanacharitre. arambhika jeevana. 1825ralli louisiyaanaadalli gulaamaraagi janisida kylox, tanna idee jivanavannu nyoo orleans mattu suttamuttalina pradeshagalalli kaledaru. yuvakanagiddaga, kylox sigar tayaarikeya vyaapaaradalli tarabeti padediddanu. aata 1846ravarege duvernay kutumbada sadasyara odetanadalliddaru. 21neey vayassinalli aatana purushatva nishedhada arjiyannu aatana guruvu bembalisidaru mattu nyoo orleans nagarada sampoorna bili police tirpugaararu anumodisidaru. european mattu african kriyolgala (uttara americadalli janisida) vamshastharaagidda nyoo orleensnalli swatantra bannada janara ondu sthaapita samudaayavittu. ee gumpu french vasaahatushaahi varsagalalli sthaapaneyaayitu mattu bili vasaahatugaararu mattu bahupalu gulaamaraada africannara naduve moorane vargada kelavu hakkugalannu hondittu. nyoo orleans samskrutiyalli, playsage vyavastheyadiyalli, bili purusharu bannada mahileyarannu saamaanya-kaanoonu patniyaraagi tegedukondaru. kelavomme avaru tamma mishra-janangada makkalannu oppikolluttaare mattu avara shikshanakkagi, visheshavaagi putrara shikshanakkagi hana paavatisuttaare athawa vayaskara kaushalyagaligaagi apprentisshipgalannu vyavasthegolisuttaare. kelavomme avaru tamma aastiyannu tamma mele nelegolisuttaare. 1847ralli, kylox, bannada mukta creol aada felisi koolanlannu vivaahavaadanu. gulamagiriyalli janisidaroo, tanna taayi tanna yajamaananige kharidiya beleyannu pavatisi avalannu bidugade maadiddalu. kylox mattu kooloonge svatantravagi janisida naalku makkaliddaru, avaralli moovaru proudhaavastheyavarege badukulidaru. felicia taayi feliciana gulamaragidda mulatto mahileyagiddaru. halavaaru varshagala kaala, avalu eegaagale felisiyannu padeda nantara, avalannu bili totagaartiyaada avala master valentin enkalaadada saamaanya-kaanoonu patniyagi irisalaayitu mattu seve sallisidaru. feliciu tanna taayiya maguvaagi enkalaadada "aasti" yagittu. (idu gulamara kaanooninalli "partus siqvitar ventrem" tatvada prakaaravaagittu.) feliciana 1842ralli tanna magala svatantryavannu enkalaadaadinda khareedisidalu. friedman. svatantryavannu padeda nantara, kylox sigar tayaarakaraagi tanna jivanavannu galisidanu. antaryuddha praarambhavaaguva modalu, aata tammade aada sigar tayarika vevahaaravannu sthaapisidaru. aatana arthika paristhitigalu sadharanavagiddaroo, nyoo arlionsnallina bannada swatantra janara samudaayadolage kylox obba naayakanaagi gurutisalpattanu. atyaasaktiya kridapatuvagidda kylox nagarada atyuttama baksargalalli obbarendu mechchuge padedaru. avaru anatha kappu makkala shaaleyaada institute catholicna sakriya bembaligaraagiddaru. idu makkalige bannada swatantra janara baggeyoo kalisitu. kylox tanna menumission nantara, bahushah institute catholicna sikshakara sahayadinda odalu kalitanu. aata inglish mattu french eradaralloo nirargalavagi maatanaadaballavanaagiddanu. 1860rahra hottige, nyoo arleansna 10,000 "bannada mukta purusharu" samudaayada gouravaanvita sadasyaraagiddaru. aaa samayadalli, nyoo orleans dakshinada atidodda nagaravagittu mattu sumaru 100,000 janasankhyeyannu hondiruva united statesna aarane atidodda nagaravagittu. american sivil waar sarvees. okkootada rajyagala sene. 1861ralli antaryuddha prarambhavadaga, nyoo orleans nagaravannu rakshisalu sanghatisalaada raajya seeneyaada sthaliya kaavalugaararalli leftinent aagi kylox avarannu niyojisalaayitu. french vasaahatushaahi aalvikeya kaaladindalu bannada swatantra purusharu sthaliya seeneyalli bhagavahisiddaru. aata yaavude uttara americada ghatakada modala kappu adhikarigalalli obbaraagiddaru. sthaliya kaavalugaaranu sampoornavaagi nyoo orleans mattu suttamutta vasisuttidda bannada swatantra purusharinda koodidavanaagiddanu. sthaliya nyoo orleansna patrikegalallina lekhanagala moolaka, sumaru 1,500 swatantra bannada purusharu regimentge svayampreritaraagi louisianada saamaanya seeneyalli serisikolluvante raajyapaalarige manavi maadidaru, adannu anumodisalaayitu. biliya adhikariya netrutvadalli, okkootada sthaliya kaavalu padeya ellah kampanigalannu bannada swatantra purusharu munnadesuttiddaru mattu ellah adhikaarigalannu sarva-svayamsevaka padegalu ayke maaduttiddavu. louisiana rajyada okkoota sarkaaravu samavastra athawa salakaranegalige yaavude bhatyeyannu odagisalilla. kylox tanna javaabdaarigalannu gambhiravagi tegedukondanu. avara ghatakavu chennagi koreyalpatta mattu uttama tarabeti padediruvante kandubandide. okkootada sthaliya kaavalugaararannu endigoo sakriya kartavyakke kareyalaaguttiralilla. union admiral david farragut 1862rahra aprilnalli nyoo orleans nagaravannu vashapadisikondaga, nyoo orleans mattu suttamuttalina okkootada padegalu nagaravannu tyajisi uttarakke camp moorge sthalaantaragondavu. 1 neey sthaliya kaavalugaaranu ee samayadalli, oupachaarikavaagi, yuu aadhaarada mele visarjisalpattanu.ess. french quartern tudiyalli pudina. union armi. union general benzin eff. kolliya ilaakheya military commander buttler, nyoo arleansonalli tanna pradhana kacheriyannu nirmisidanu. 1862rahra septembernalli aata aall-black union armi 1neey louisiana sthaliya gaard regiment annu sanghatisalu aadeshisidanu. okkootada ghatakakkinta bhinnavagi, ee regiment swatantra purusharu mattu maaji gulamara mishranavannu hondittu mattu kolliya sainyakke balawardenegaagi general buttler avara vinantigala nera parinaamavaagi idannu rachisalaayitu. butlern aatmacharitregalalli, mattu dangeya yuddhada daakhaleyalli, avaru yuddha karyadarshi stantange baredaru, "neevu nanage balavardhanegalannu kaluhisadiddare, naanu africavannu haage maaduvante kareyuttene." kylox 1neey regimentge seridaru, idu agatyavagittu ekendare seve sallisuttidda anekaru french maatra maatanaaduttiddaru mattu kampaniya naayakanaagi niyojisalpattaru. avara kampaniyannu sthaliya kaavalugaararalli atyuttamavagi koreyalaada kampanigalalli ondendu pariganisalaagittu. kylox kramena regimentge netrutva vahisidda curnell spensor stafford emba bili adhikariya gouravavannu galisidanu. general nathaniel pii. 1862rahra decembernalli buttler badalige banks annu kolliya vibhagada commander aagi nemisalaayitu, aata tannondige hechchuvari 30,000 sainikarannu karetandanu, idarindaagi aatana netrutvadalli ottu sainyada balavu 42,000kke airitu. ee hottige, sampoorna kappu sthaliya kaavalugaararu mooru regimentgalaagi belediddaru, idu swatantra purusharu mattu maaji gulamara mishranavagittu. aadaagyoo, line adhikaarigalu (leftinentgalu mattu captaingalu) kappu varneeyaraagiddaru, idaralli bhavishyada governor pii. bii. ess. 2neey regimentna kampani commander aagidda pinch byaak, commanding adhikaarigalu (karnalgalu, leftinent karnalgalu mattu mejargalu) biliyaraagiddaru. saamaanya byankugalu kappu adhikaarigalannu tiraskarisidavu mattu avarannu yuu. ess. ge maadida avamaanavendu pariganisidavu.ess. sene. avanu ellah kappu adhikaarigalannu biliya adhikaarigalondige badalaayisalu horatanu, mattu samanyavagi idannu 2 neey mattu 3 neey regimentgalondige saadhisidanu, aadare 1 neey regimentnondige alla, idaralli kylox seve sallisidaru mattu swatah adhikaariyaagiddaru. 1neey regimentna aneka sadasyaru okkootada 1neey sthaliya kaavalu padeya sadasyaroo aagiddaru, mattu kylox mattu itara adhikaarigalu rajiname needalu mattu itara eradu regimentgalalli tamma netrutvadalli kappu sainikarannu vyaapakavaagi durbalake maadikolluttidda hosa inglend adhikaarigala kaige bidalu siddariralilla. sthaliya kaavalu padeya 1neey regiment annu prathamikavagi aayaasada kartavyakke (maravannu kattarisuvudu, kandakagalannu ageyuvudu) mayee 1863ravarege niyojisalagittu, aaga saamaanya byankugalu aatana hecchina sainyavannu (35,000 purusharu) louisianada hudson bandarinalliruva okkootada kotegalannu suttuvarediruva sthitige sthalaantarisidavu. port hudson batton rooj naa uttarakke mississippy nadiya baguvikeya mele vyoohatmakavaagi nelegondiruva kooteyaagittu. aaa samayadalli, okkootavu uttaradalli wixburg, mississippy mattu dakshinadalli port hudson naduvina mississippy nadiya 200 maili uddavannu innoo niyantrisuttittu. okkootavu mississippy niyantranakke sambandhisidante, ondu mosadalli kaaryatantrada sthaanavannu hondidda wixburgn niyantranavannu padeyalu bayasitu. general ulysses grant wixburgge muttige hakidare, general byankugalu port hudsonge muttige haakidavu. hudson bandaruge muttige. mayee 27,1863 randu, port hadsannallina uttamavaagi rakshisalpatta, uttamavaagi bhadrapadisalaada okkootada sthaanagala mele byankugalu kalape sanghatita daaliyannu praarambhisidavu. modala dinada daaliya bhagavagi, bhaaree firangi bembaladondige okkootada padegala eradu regimentgalinda nirvahisalpaduva hecchina anumaanada viruddha bahuteka atmahatya daaliyalli 100 janara tanna kampaniyannu munnadesalu kailoksge aadeshisalaayitu. tanna kampaniyu bhaaree savunovugalannu anubhavisidaroo, french mattu inglishnalli tanna janarige proothsaahavannu koogi, tanna idee regimentna mele daali nadesida kylox, ondu mini chendu avana tolannu haridu, adannu avana badiyalli netuhakalu vyarthavaayitu. tivravagi gayagondidda kylox, okkootada firangi shell avana mele daali maaduvavaregoo, avanannu sumaru eradu bhagagalagi haridu kolluvavarege akramanavannu munnadesuvudannu munduvaresidanu. idakke viruddhavaada kathegala horataagiyoo, port hadsannallina ee atyanta uttarada krutigala mele sthaliya kaavalugaararinda kevala ondu aaropavannu maadalaagittu. avana kaaryagalannu rodolph desdunes avaru kaalpanika shailiyalli vivarisiddaare, avara sahodara, kuleena, kyloxna adiyalli seve sallisidaruh prapanchada kannugalu nijavagiyoo ee american spartacus [kylox] mele iddavu. praachina romna nayakanu tanna tutigala mele naguvinondige mattu aluttaa tanna savinavarege odida ee adhikaariginta dhairyashali shouryavannu pradarsisalilla, "oo odanaadigale, naavu munde hogona!"aaru baari port hudson maaranaantika byatarigala viruddha tannannu taanu esedukondanu, mattu prati daaliyalli avanu tanna turtu kareyannu punaraavartisidanu," naavu innoo ondu baari munde hogona!"antimavagi, maaranaantika hodetakke olagaada aata tanna koneya aadeshavannu tanna hajaridda adhikaarige," batchus, adhikara vahisikolli!"itihaasada prakara, kudure bared uttamavaagi athawa hecchu maadide endu yaaraadaru helidare, avanu sullu heluttaane. confederate general gardner nantara bandaru hudson kelasada uttara mumbhagadalli kadana viraamavannu kelidaru, idarindaagi sthaliya kaavalugaarana mruta sadasyara shavagalannu vashapadisikollabahudu. aaa pradeshadalli nanage yaavude savunovugalilla" endu pratikriyisida saamaanya byankugalu, kadana viramakke vinantiyannu nirakarisidavu. idara parinaamavaagi, port hudson antimavagi 1863rahra julai 9randu byankugalige sharanaguvavarege 47 dinagala kaala kyloxna koleyuttiruva dehavu nelada mele biddittu. sattavaralli kelavarannu gurutisalaayitu, aadare kyloxna dehavannu avanu dharisidda unguradinda gurutisalaayitu, adannu avana regimentna ulida sadasyaru gurutisidaru. okkootada mrutaralli heccinavarannu ee pradeshadalli samadhi maadalaayitu. idannu nantara port hudson rashtriya smashaanavaagi sthaapisalaayitu. 1974ralli ee smashaanavannu rashtriya aitihaasika heggurutaagi ghooshisalaayitu. antyakriye. kyloxna avasheshagalannu marali padeyalaayitu mattu nyoo orleansge hintirugisalaayitu. capton shouryada katheyu idakkinta muncheye ittu. 1863rahra julai 29randu nagaradalli aatana antyakriyeyu nadedaaga, sudirgha meravanige mattu saaviraaru mandi hajaridda kylox avarannu gouravisalaayitu. aatana vidhave feliciu eff. aarr. avarannu keliddalu. okkootada uddeshavannu bembalisida bishop zeane-merrie odin avarinda padriya viruddha madhyantarada horataagiyoo, claud paschal mystrey adhikara vahisikondaru. fransonalli janisida mystrey, gulamagiriya nirmoolaneyannu bembalisida ekaika catholic paadriyaagiddaru. nishedhada horataagiyoo aata antyakriyeyannu nadesidaru, mattu kylox avarannu saint louis smashaanadalli samadhi maadalaayitu. kyloxna maranada nantara, avana vidhave felisi, united states sarkaaravu anubhavigalige bharavase needida arthika prayojanagalannu padeyalu henagaadidaru. halavaaru varshagala prayatnada nantara, avaru sanna pinchaniyannu padedaru, aadare avaru 1874 ralli badatanadalli nidhanaraadaru. avaru aaa samayadalli eff. aarr. ge maney sevakiyagi kelasa maaduttiddaru. shreshtha. parampare. kylox avara katheyannu 2020 ralli dayne marton nirdeshisida adhe hesarina kiruchitravannagi maadalaayitu. 2022ralli, will smith natisida 2022rahra nataka "emmencipation" nalli kylox ondu pramukha patravagiddu, mustafa shakeer kylox patradalli natisiddaare. adhe varsha, nyoo orleensnallina hindina catholic church, allie kyloxna antyakriyeyannu prasiddhavagi maadalaayitu, adhu pradarshana kalegalu mattu saamskrutika nyayakkagi andrey kylox kendravaayitu. kendrada baliyiruva ondu sanna udyaanavanavannu saha kyloxna hesarininda marunamakarana maadalaagide.

andrey kaylox andrey kaylox (august 25,1825-meyy 27,1863) oru aafrikkan american armi captanum, eathenkilum vadakke american sainika yoonittile aadyathe karutha udyogastharil oralumaayirunnu. american aabhyantharayudhathil yudhathil maricha aadyathe karuthavargakkaaranaaya sainikaril oraalaayirunnu addeham. portt hudson uparodhathinide konfedarettu kottakalkku nereyundaaya aadya paraajayatthil addeham kollappettu. addehathinte dheerathayude vivaranagal pathrangalil vyaapakamaayi report cheyyappedukayum union aarmiyilekk aafrikkan amerikkakkaare recruit cheiyunnathinulla oru raliviliyaayi maarukayum cheythu. oru desasnehi rakthasaakshiyenna nilayilulla addehathinte prashasthi addehathe erekkaalam marikadannu. 1890 leeii oru abhimukha samahaarathil, aabhyantharayudhathil pankeduttha kenal dougless vilson paranju, "kyapttan keyliyoksinte desasnehaparamaaya veeryam orikkalum gambheeramaaya marbililo pichalayilo aadarikkappedendathaanenkil, aaa kadam adaykkunnathuvare american janatha orikkalum yadhaartha deshasnehathodulla avarude nandi veendedukkukayilla." jeevacharitram. aadyakaala jeevitam. 1825ll louisianayil adimakalaakki janicha kaylox thante jeevithakalam muzhuvan nyoo orliyansilum parisaratthum chelavazhichu. cheruppatthil thanne kylox sigaratt nirmmaana vyavasaayathil pariseelanam nediyirunnu. 1846 vare duverne kudumbatthile amgangalude udamasthathayilaayirunnu addeham. 21-aamm vayassil manushyavargga nirodhanathinaayulla addehathinte harji addehathinte yajamanan pinthunaykkukayum nyoo oorliyans nagaratthile oru velutha police juurii anuvadikkukayum cheythu. europian, aafrikkan kriyolukalil (vadakke amerikkayil janichavar) ninnulla swatantra varggakkaarude oru sthaapitha samooham nyoo oorliyansil undaayirunnu. franch colonial varshangalil sthaapithamaaya eee samgham vella kolanikkaarum adimakalaakkappetta bhooribhaagam aafrikkakkaarum thammilulla oru moonnaam klaas enna nilayil chila avakashangal aasvadichu. nyoo oorliyans samskaarathil plackage sanbradaayathinu keezhil, vellakkaraaya purushanmaar varnnakkaraaya sthreekale pothu niyama bharyamaaraayi sweekarichu. chilappol avar thangalude misravargakkaaraaya kuttikale amgeekarikkukayum avarude vidyaabhyaasathinu, prathyekichu aanmakkalude vidyaabhyaasathinu panam nalkukayum allengil muthirnnavarude kazhivukalkkayi aprenteeshippukal krameekarikkukayum cheythu. chilappol avar avarude mail swath sthaapichu. 1847-ll, kaylox nirangalude swatantra kriyolaaya felichi koolonine vivaham kazhichu. adimathathil janichenkilum amma thante yajamananu vila koduthukondu avale mochippichu. keyloxinum cooloninum swathanthramaayi janicha naalu kuttikalundaayirunnu, avaril moonnu perr praayapoorthiyaakunnathuvar athijeevichu. felisiyude amma feliciana oru mulaatto sthreeyaayirunnu. niravadhi varshangalolam, aval ithinakam felishi prasavichathinushesham, aval oru velutha thottakkaranaaya avalude yajamananaaya vaalantain encalaadayude pothu niyama bharyayaayi sevanamanushtichu. ammayude makalenna nilayil felisi encalaadayude "swath" aayirunnu. (adima niyamathile "partus seekvittar ventrem" enna thathwaprakaaramaayirunnu ithu.) 1842ll feliciana thante makalude swaathanthryam encalaadayil ninnu vaangi. swathanthranaaya manushyan. swaathanthryam labhichappol, oru sigaratt nirmmathaavaayi kaylox upajeevanamaargam nedi. aabhyantharayudham aarambhikkunnathin munbu addeham svanthamaayi sigaratt nirmmaana bisinesses sthaapichu. addehathinte saambathika saahacharyangal mithamaayirunnuvenkilum, nyoo oorliyansile swatantra varggakkaarude samoohathinullil oru nethaavaayi kaylox amgeekarikkappettu. kaayikathaaramaaya kaylox nagaratthile ettavum mikacha boxermaaril oralaayi prashamsikkapettu. anaatharaaya karuthavarggakkaarkkulla skoolaaya instittyoott kaatholikkinte sajeeva pinthunakkaaranum koodiyaayirunnu addeham. nirangalude swathanthraraaya alukalekkurichum athu kuttikale padippichu. thante manushyathvamochanathinusham, orupakshe instittyoott kaatholikkile adhyaapakarude sahaayathode kaylox vaayikkaan padichu. engleeshilum franchilum addehathinu praaveenyam labhichu. 1860 aayappozhekkum nyoo oorliyansile 10,000 "swatantra varnna" samoohathile oru bahumanyanaaya amgamaayirunnu kaylox. akkaalat, ekadesham 100,000 janasamkhyayulla nyoo oorliyans thekk ettavum valia nagravum amerikkayile aaraamathe valia nagaravumaayirunnu. american sivil vaar sarvees. konfedarettu stetts armi. 1861ll aabhyantharayudham pottippurappettappol, nyoo oorliyans nagaratthe samrakshikkunnathinaayi samghadippicha samsthaana milishyaya native gardle leftanantaayi keyloxine niyamichu. franch colonial bharanakalam muthal varnnaswaathanthryamulla purushanmaar praadeshika sainyathil pankedutthirunnu. eathoru vadakke american yoonittileyum aadyathe karutha udyogastharil oraalaayirunnu addeham. nyoo orliyansilum parisaratthum thaamasichirunna swatantra vargakkaraaya purushanmaaraan native gaard. praadeshika nyoo oorliyans pathrangalile lekhanangaliloode, ekadesham 1,500 swatantra vargakkaar rejimentinaayi sannadharaayi louisianayude saadhaarana millisiayil ulppeduthanamennu gavarnarkk apeksha nalkukayum athu amgeekarikkappedukayum cheythu. oru vellakkaarante commandle, konfedarettu native gaardinte ellah kambanikalum swatantra vargakkaaraan nayichathu, ellah udyogasthareyum sannadhapravarthaka senayaanu thiranjedutthathu. louisiana samsthaanathinte konfedarettu sarkkar unifomukalkko upakaranangalkko oru alavans nalkiyilla. kaylox thante utharavaadithangal gauravamaayi eduthu. addehathinte yoonit nannayi kuzhikkukayum nannayi pariseelanam nedukayum cheythathayi nireekshikkappettu. konfedarettu native gaardine orikkalum sajeeva dutyilekku vilichittilla. 1862 eprilil union admiral david faragut nyoo oorliyans nagaram pidichedutthappol, nyoo orliyansilum parisarathumulla konfedarettu sainyam nagaram upekshichu vadakkott camp moorilekku neengi. aadyathe native gaard eee samayat yuu. yude adisthaanathil aupachaarikamaayi pirichuvittu.ezz. franch kwaarttarinte attathu mint. union armi. union general benchamin eph. gulf departmentinte sainika kamaandaraaya buttler nyoo orliyansilaanu thante aasthaanam nirmmichathu. 1862 septambaril addeham oru ool-black union armi 1st louisiana native gaard rejiment samghadippikkaan utharavittu. konfedarettu yoonittil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, eee rejimentil swathanthrarum muun adimakalum undaayirunnu, gulfile sainyathinaayi shakthippeduthaanulla general butlerude abhyarthanakalude nerittulla falamaayaanu ithu roopeekarichathu. butlerude oormmakkurippukalilum kalaapathinte yudhathinte rekhakalilum addeham yuddha sekrattari staantaninu ezhuthi, "ningal enikku sainyathe ayachillengil, njaan africayode angane cheyyaan aavasyappedum." kaylox onnaam rejimentil chernnu, ithu aavashyamaayirunnu, kaaranam sevanamanushtikkunnavaril palarum franch maathram samsaarikkunnu, koodaathe kambaniyude captanaayi kammeeshan cheyyappettu. addehathinte kambani native gardle ettavum mikacha thurankamaayi kanakkaakkappettirunnu. rejimentinu neethrthwam nalkia vellakkaranaaya udyogasthanaaya kenal spensor staafordinte bahumanam kylox kramena nedi. general nathaniel pii. 1862 desemberil butlerinu pakaram baankukal gulf departmentinte kamaandaraayi, addeham 30,000 sainikare koodi konduvannu, ithu addehathinte commandinu keezhilulla motham sainika shakti 42,000 aayi. eee samayamaayappozhekkum, muzhuvan karutha thaddesheeya kaavalkkaarum swathanthrarum muun adimakalum chernna moonnu rejimentukalaayi valarnnu. bhaavi govarnor pii. ulppede line officermaar (leftanantumaarum captanmaarum) karuthavaraayirunnu. bii. ezz. randaam rejimentinte kambani kamaandaraaya pinchback, commanding officermaar (kenalukal, lephttanant kenalukal, mejarmar) vellakkaaraayirunnu. pothumekhalaa baankukal karuthavargakkaaraaya udyogasthare verukkukayum avare yuu. esinode apamaanikkunnavaraayi kanakkaakkukayum cheythu.ezz. sainyam. ellah karutha udyogastharkkum pakaram vellakkaare niyamikkaan addeham purappettu, saadhaaranayaayi 2,3 rejimentukaliloode ithu poortthiyaakki, pakshe kaylox sevanamanushtikkukayum svayam oru udyogasthanaakukayum cheytha onnaam rejimentilalla. onnaam rejimentile niravadhi amgangal konfedarettu onnaam native gaardile amgangalaayirunnu, mattu rund rejimentukalilum thangalude commandle karuthavarggakkaaraaya sainikarodu vyaapakamaayi moshamaayi perumariya puthiya englandu offeesarmaarude kaikalil vittukodukkaan kaylox mattu udyogastharum thayyarayilla. 1863 meyy vare thaddesheeya gaardinte aadya rejimentine praadhamikamaayi ksheenam (maram murikkal, kuzhikal kuzhikkal) chumathalappeduthiyirunnu, general baankukal addehathinte sainyathinte bhooribhaagatheyum (35,000 perr) louisianayile portt hudsonile konfedarettu kottakalkku chuttumulla sthaanathekku maatti. baattan roojinu vadakku mississippi nadiyile valavil thanthraparamaayi sthithi cheiyunna oru kottayaayirunnu portt hudson. akkaalat, vadakku mississippiyile wixburghin thekk portt hudson edayilulla mississippi nadiyude 200 mile neelam konfedarasi ippozhum niyanthrichirunnu. mississippi niyantrikkunnathinaayi thanthraparamaaya oru nilapaadulla wixburghinte niyanthranam nedaan union aagrahichu. general ulysus graant wixburg uparodhichappol, general baankukal portt hudson uparodhichu. portt hudson uparodham. 1863 meyy 27 nuu, portt hudsonile nannayi prathirodhikkappettathum nannayi shakthippeduthiyathumaaya konfedarettu sthaanangalkku nere baankukal mosham ekopitha akramanam nadatthi. aadya divasam aakramanathinte bhaagamaayi, kanatha peeranki pinthunayulla rund rejimentukalude konfedarettu sainikar nayikkunna uyarnna samshayaaspadamaaya aakramanathinu nere 100 peradangunna thante samghathe nayikkaan caloxinode utharavittu. thante kambanikku kanatha naashanashtangal undaayittum, franch, engleesh bhashakalil thante aalukalodu prothsaahanam vilichukondu kaylox thante muzhuvan rejimentinteyum melnottam vahichu, oru miinii booal addehathinte kaiyiloode keeri, athu addehathinte vashath upayogashoonyamaayi thoongi. gurutharamaayi parikketta kaylox, oru konfedarettu peeranki shell addehathe aakramikkunnathuvare, addehathe randaayi keerukayum kollukayum cheiyunnathuvare aakramanathinu neethrthwam nalkunnathu thudarnnu. neremarichu kathakal undaayirunnittum, portt hudsonile eee ettavum vadakkan koottam jolikalil thaddesheeya gaard oru charge maathrame nadathiyulloo. addehathinte pravrithikal valare saangalppikamaaya reethiyil vivarichirikkunnath addehathinte sahodaranaaya prabhuvaya rodolph desdunes aanu. lokathinte annukal yadhaarthathil eee american spaartaakkasilaayirunnu [kaylox]. chundil punchirikkukayum karayukayum cheytha eee udyogasthan, "sakhaakkale, namukk munnott pookaam!" enna karachilumaayi maranathilekku oodiyappool, purathana romile naayakan prakadippichathinekkaal dheeramaaya oru veeravum prakadippichilla."portt hudsente marakamaaya baattarikalkkethire aarr thavana addeham svayam erinju, oro aakramanathilum addeham thante adiyanthira vilii aavarthichu," namukk oru thavana koodi munnott pookaam!"oduvil, marakamaaya praharatthil veenu, addeham thante avasana utharavu thante hajarakunna udyogasthanodu nalki," baches, chumathalayelkkoo!"kuthirayottakkaranaaya bared mikachatho athiladhikamo cheythuvennu aarenkilum paranjaal, charithramanusarichu, avan kallam parayunnu. kollapetta thaddesheeya gaardile amgangalude mrithadehangal kandethunnathinu vendi konfedarettu general gardner pinneedu portt hudson varkkinte vadakkan munvashath vedinirthal aavasyappettu. enikku aaa pradeshathu aalapayamonnumilla" ennu general baankukal prathikarikkukayum vedinirthalinulla abhyarthana nirasikkukayum cheythu. ithinte falamaayi, portt hudson oduvil 1863 juulai 9 nuu baankukalkku keezhadangunnathuvare 47 divasathekku kailoksinte azhukiya mrithadeham nilathu kidannu. marichavaril kurachupere maathrame thiricharinjittulloo, ennaal kailoksinte mrithadeham addeham dharichirunna mothiram upayogichu thiricharinju, athu athijeevicha rejimentile amgangal thiricharinju. union marichavaril bhooribhaagavum eee pradeshathaanu samskarichathu. ithu pinneedu portt hudson deseeya semitheriyaayi sthaapikkappettu. 1974ll eee semiteri oru deseeya charitraparamaaya naazhikakkallayi prakhyapikkappettu. shavasamskaram. keyloksinte avashishtangal veendedukkukayum nyoo orliyansilekku thirike nalkukayum cheythu. kyapttante dheerathayude katha ithinu munbaayirunnu. 1863 juulai 29nuu nagaratthil addehathinte shavasamskaram nadannappol, oru neenda ghoshayaathrayum aayirakkanakkin aalukalum kailoxine aadarichu. addehathinte vidhava felisi efr chodichirunnu. konfedarettu lakshyathe pinthunacha bishop jeane-maari oodinil ninnu purohithanethire oru thadassam undaayirunnittum claude paschel mystrey adhikaaramettu. fraansil janicha mystrey adimatham nirthalaakkunnathine pinthunacha eee pradeshathe eaka catholica purohithanaayirunnu. nirodhanam undaayirunnittum addeham shavasamskaram nadathukayum keyloxine sent luis semitheriyil samskarikkukayum cheythu. keyloksinte maranashesham, addehathinte vidhavayaya felisi, yunaittad stetts sarkkar muun sainikarkk vaagdaanam cheytha saambathika aanukoolyangal labhikkaan paadupettu. niravadhi varshathe parishramathinu sesham, avarkk oru cheria pension labhichu, pakshe 1874-ll avar daaridryathil marichu. avar akkaalat oru veettujolikkaariyaayi jolie cheiyukayaayirunnu. maasttar. paarambaryamaayi. daine morattan samvidaanam cheytha keyloksinte katha 2020 ll oru hraswachithramaayi nirmikkappettu. 2022-ll, 2022-leeii naadakamaaya "emensipation"-ll oru pradhana kathaapaathramaayirunnu kylox, will smith abhinayichu, mustafa shakeer kylox aayi. athe varsham, nyoo oorliyansile muun catholica palliyaya keyloksinte shavasamskaram prasiddhamaayi nadanna andrey kaylox kalaparipadikaludeyum saamskaarika neethiyudeyum kendramaayi maari. madhyabhaagathinaduthulla oru cheria parkinum keyloksinte peru nalkiyittundu.

andre callox andrey callox (25 august 1825-27 meey 1863) haah african american sainyacha capton hota, joou konatyahi uttar american lashkari tukadichya pahilya krishnavarniy adhikadhyanpaiki eka hota. american yadavi yuddhadarmyan ladhait maran pavana pahilya krishnavarniy sainikanpaiki too eka hota. poort hudsonchya vedhyadarmyan, mahasanghachya killyanvar jhalelya pahilya ayashasvi hallyat too marla gela. tyachya shauryachi vruttapatre prasarmadhyamandhye mothya pramanavar nondavali gelee aanee union aarmimadhye african american lokanchya bharatisathi eka jallosh jhaala. deshbhakt aanee shaheed mhanoon tyanchi pratishtha tyanchyapeksha jaast kaal tikali. 1890 chya mulakhatinchya sangrahat, yadavi yuddhatil anubhavi curnell dugglus willson mhanale, "jarr kadhihi deshbhaktipar shaurya haah bhavya sangamaravarat kinwa pitalane sanmanit honyas patra asel, jeey capton calioxla patra aahe aanee teey karj fedlyashivay american lokanni khyan deshbhaktibaddalache tyanche aabhar kadhihi modoon kadhale nastil." charitra. prarambhik jeevan. 1825 madhye louisiana yethe gulam mhanoon janmalelya caloxney aapale sampoorn ayushya nyu orlinsmadhye aanee tyachya aaspas ghalavale. eka tarun manus mhanoon, callox sigar banavanyachya vyavasayat shikau hota. 1846 paryant too duverney kutumbatil sadasyanchya malkicha hota. vayachya 21 vya varshi tyachya purushmuktisathichya yachikes tyachya gurunche samarthan hote aanee nyu orleans shaharatil sampoorn pandhya polis jurine tyala manjuri dilee hotee. nyu orlinsmadhye rangeet mukt lokancha eka sthapit samuday hota, jeey european aanee african creol (uttar americet janmalele) yaa donhi deshantil vanshaj hote. haah gut french vasahatvadi kalat sthapan jhaala aanee pandhya vasahativadi aanee bahusankhya gulam african yanchyat truteey varg mhanoon kahee adhikar midavale. nyu orlinschya sanskratit, places pranali antargat, pandhare purush rangeet striyanna samanya-kayadyachya bayka mhanoon ghet asat. kadhikadhi teey tyanchya mishra vanshatil mulanna manyata detat aanee tyanchya shikshanasathi, visheshtah mulanchya shikshanasathi paise detat kinwa praudh kaushalyansathi shikau vidyarthyanchi vyavastha karatat. kadhikadhi teey tyanchyavar malmatta thevatat. 1847 madhye, caloxney rangeet mukt creol asalelya felici kulonshi vivah keela. jaree gulamgirit janmala asala taree tichya aaeene tichya malkala tichi kharedi kimmat deuun tichi sutka kelee hotee. callox aanee kulon yanna chaar mule hotee, jyapaiki teen mule praudhatvaparyant jiwant rahili. felicichi aaee feliciana hii eka gulam mulatto stree hotee. anek varshe, teela aadhich fulzad jhalyanantar, teela tichya pandhya ropanchya malak valentin enkalada yaa samanya kayadyachya patnichya tabyat thevanyat aale aanee tine seva kelee. tichya aaiche mool mhanoon felici hii encaladachi "malmatta" hotee. (heey gulam kayadyatil 'parts sikvitur ventraim' chya tattvanusar hote.) feliciana 1842 madhye tichya muliche swatantrya encaladapasun vikat ghetale. mukt manus. swatantrya midalyanantar, caloxney sigar utpadak mhanoon aapala udarnirvah kamavala. yadavi yuddh suru honyapurvi tyanni swatacha sigar banavanyacha vyavasay suru keela. jaree tyachi aarthik paristhiti saumya asali taree, caloxla nyu orlinsmadhil rangeet mukt lokanchya samudayatil eka neta mhanoon manyata midali. eka utsahi kheladu, caloxche shaharatil sarvottam mushtiyoddhyanpaiki eka mhanoon kautuk kele gele. anath krishnavarniy mulansathichya catholic yaa sanstheche teey sakriy samarthakahi hote. tyane mulanna rangeet mukt lokambaddalhi shikavale. tyachya manumissionanter, callox kadachit catholic sansthetil shikshakanchya madatine vachanyas shikala. too ingraji aanee french yaa donhi bhashanmadhye askhalitpane bolu lagla. 1860 paryant, callox nyu orlinsmadhil 10,000 'mukt rangeet purush' samudayacha eka aadaraniy sadasya hota. tyaveli, nyu orleans heey dakshinetil sarvat mothe shahar aanee sumare 100,000 loksankhya asalele americetil sahave sarvat mothe shahar hote. american nagri yuddh seva. rajyanche sainya. 1861 madhye yadavi yuddh suru jhalyavar, nyu orleans shaharachya sanrakshanasathi aayojit kelelya rajya sainyadal, native gardmadhye leftnunt mhanoon caloxla niyukt karnyat aale. french vasahatvadi rajvatichya kalapasoon rangeet mukt purushanni sthanik sainyat bhag ghetala hota. teey konatyahi uttar american unitchya pahilya krishnavarniy adhikadhyanpaiki eka hote. nyu orlinsmadhye aanee tyachya aaspas rahana purnapane rangeet mukt purushanni native guard tayar keela hota. sthanik nyu orlinschya vruttapatranmadhil lekhandware, sumare 1,500 rangeet mukt purushanni regimentsathi swechhene kaam kele aanee louisianachya niyamit sainyat samavesh karnyasathi rajyapalanna yachika kelee, jyala manjuri denyat aalee. eka pandhya adhikadhyachya netrutvakhali, sangharajya sthanik rakshakanchya serve companyanche netrutva rangeet mukt purush karat asat aanee serve adhikari serve-svayamsevak daladware nivadle jaat asat. louisiana rajyachya sanyukt sarkarne ganvesh kinwa upkaranansathi konatahi bhatta deela nahee. caloxney tyachya jababdanya gambhiryane ghetalya. tyache unit changle khodkam kelele aanee prashikshit asalyache aadhalun aale. sangharajyatil sthanik rakshakanna kadhihi sakriy kartvyavar bolavanyat aale nahee. april 1862 madhye union edmiral david farragutne nyu orleans shahar tabyat ghetale tevha nyu orleans aanee tyachya aaspaschya sangharajya sainyane shahar sodoon uttarela camp moorla gele. 1laa sthanik rakshak haah yuchya aadharavar, aupcharikpane, yaa velee visarjit jhaala.ess. french quarterchya kathavar pudina. union armi. union general benjamin eff. aakhati vibhagache lashkari commander butlerne nyu orleans yethe tyache mukhyalay banavale. september 1862 madhye tyane aul-black union armi 1lii louisiana native guard regiment aayojit karnyache aadesh dile. confederate unitchya ulat, yaa regimentmadhye mukt-purush aanee majee gulamanche mishran hote aanee galfchya sainyasathi atirikt sainyachya general butlerchya vinantyancha thet parinam mhanoon tyachi sthapana jhaali. butlerchya aatmacharitranmadhye aanee bandkhorichya yuddhachya nondinmadhye tyane secretory auph warr stantonla lihile, "jarr tumhi mallah sainyabal pathavale nahee, tarr mea africela tase karnyache aavahan karen." callox pahilya regimentmadhye sameel jhaala, jeey aavashyak hote kaaran seva denanyanpaiki barech jann fakt french bolatat aanee tyanna company eae. chey capton mhanoon niyukt karnyat aale. tyachi company sthanik rakshak dalatil sarvottam khodkamanpaiki eka manali jaat asey. caloxla haloohaloo curnell spensor stafford, regimentche netrutva karananya pandhya adhikadhyacha aadar midala. jevha general nathaniel pii. banka butlerchya jaagi december 1862 madhye aakhati vibhagache commander mhanoon niyukt jhaale, tyane aaplyabarobar atirikt 30,000 sainik aanale, jyamule tyachya netrutvakhalil ekoon sainya 42,000 jhaale. toparyant, sampoorn kaala deshi rakshak teen tukadyanmadhye vadhala hota, jyat mukt purush aanee majee gulamanche mishran hote. jaree bhavee rajyapal pii. saha, resheche adhikari (leftnunt aanee capton) kaale hote. buub. ess. pinchback, dusya regimentcha company commander, commanding adhikari (curnell, leftnunt curnell aanee mejar) pandhare hote. samanya banka krishnavarniy adhikadhyancha tiraskar karat asat aanee tyanna yuu. ess. chaa upman manat asat.ess. lashkar. tyane serve krishnavarniy adhikadhyanchya jaagi pandhare adhikari aanayache tharavale aanee sadharanpane heey dusya aanee tisya regimentne purn kele, parantu pahilya regimentne nahee, jyamadhye caloxney seva kelee aanee too swatah eka adhikari banala hota. pahilya regimentche anek sadasya dekhil confederate first native gardche sadasya hote aanee callox aanee itar adhikari rajinama denyas tayar navhate aanee tyanna nyu englandchya adhikadhyanchya haatee sodanyas tayar navhate, jeey itar done regimentmadhye tyanchya netrutvakhalil krishnavarniy sainikanshi mothya pramanat gairvartan karat hote. meey 1863 paryant, jevha samanya banka tyachya bahutansh sainyala (35,000 sainik) poort hudson, louisiana yetheel sangharajya killyanna vedhanyachya sthiteet halwat asat, toparyant sthanik rakshakanchya pahilya regimentla pramukhyane thakwa (lakud kapane, khandak khodane) denyache kaam denyat aale hote. poort hudson haah batton ragchya agadi uttares mississippy nadichya vakyavar rannitikdrushtya sthit asalela killa hota. tyaa velee, uttarela wixberg, mississippy aanee dakshinela poort hudson darmyan mississippy nadichya 200 mailanchya pattyavar ajunahi mahasanghache niyantran hote. mississipivar niyantran thevanyasathi, unionla wixbergwar niyantran midvayache hote, jyachi eka davpechavar dhoranatmak sthitee hotee. general eulysis grantne wixbergla vedha ghatala, tarr general bankney poort hudsonla vedha ghatala. hudson bandarala vedha. 27 meey 1863 roji, banka poort hudson yetheel susanrakshit, susanrakshit sangharajya sthananvar kharab samanvit hallah karoo lagalya. pahilya divashi jhalelya hallyacha eka bhag mhanoon, caloxla tyachya 100 sainikanchya companyche netrutva karnyache aadesh denyat aale hote, jyat too mothya tofkhana pathbalasah sangharajya sainyachya done tukadyanni chalavalelya mothya sanshayaspad hallyat jawaljawal aatmaghati hallah keela. tyachya companyla mothya pramanat jivitahani hounahi, french aanee ingraji bhashet tyachya manasanna protsahan dett caloxney tyachya sampoorn regimentvar hallah keela, eka miinii baul tyachya hatatoon fadoon gela, jyamule too tyachya bajula latakoon rahila. gambhir jakhami jhalelya caloxney, tyala sangharajya tofkhanyachya tofkhanyane marle jaiparyant, jawaljawal done tukade karoon tyala thaar marnyaparyant, hallyache netrutva karane suru thewale. yaulat katha asoonahi, poort hudson yetheel sarvat uttarekadil kamanchya sanchavar sthanik rakshakanni keval ekach aarop keela hota. tyachya krutinche varnan rodolph desdoons yanni kalpanik paddhatine kele hote, jyacha bhau, abhijat, caloxchya adhipatyakhali seva karat hotah jagachya najra kharokharach yaa american spartaksavar [callox] hotya. pracheen romchya nayakane tyachya othanvar hasya gheuun aanee oradat tyachya mrutyuparyant dhavana yaa adhikadhyapeksha adhik dhadsi shaurya dakhavale nahee, "chala, heey sathidarho, aapan pudhe jaauya!"poort hudsonchya ghatak battyanvar tyane sahaa vela swatahla fekale aanee pratyek hallyat tyane tyachya tatadichya aavajachi punaravrutti kelee," chala, aanakhi eka velesathi pudhe jaauya!"shevati, pranghatak dhakkyachya vilakhyat padoon, tyane tyachya sahayyak adhikaonyala shevatcha aadesh deela," bachchus, karyabhar sweekar!"jarr konee asey mhatale qee shoorvir bairedne adhik changle kinwa adhik kele, tarr itihasanusar too khote bolato. nantar confederate general gardnerne bandar hudsonchya uttarekadil aaghadivar yuddhaviram karanyachi magani kelee jenekarun sthanik rakshakachya thaar jhalelya sadasyanche mrutdeh miloo shaktil. samanya bankanni uttar dile qee "tyaa bhagat majhi konatihi jivitahani jhaleli nahee" aanee tyanni yuddhaviram karanyachi vinanti nakarli. yacha parinam mhanoon, poort hudsonne 9 julai 1863 roji bankancemore aatmasamarpan kareparyant caloxcha kujalela mrutdeh 47 divas jaminivar padala. mrutanpaiki kahinchi olakh patali, parantu caloxchya mrutdehachi olakh tyane ghatalelya angathine jhaali jee tyachya regimentchya jiwant sadasyanni olakhali. unionmadhil mrutanpaiki bahutansh lokanna yaa bhagat puranyat aale. heey nantar poort hudson rashtriy smashanbhoomi mhanoon sthapit karnyat aale. 1974 madhye yaa smashanbhumila rashtriy aitihasik chinh mhanoon ghoshit karnyat aale. antyasanskar. caloxche avashesh parat midavale gele aanee nyu orlinsla parat karnyat aale. captonchya parakramachi katha yachya aadhi hotee. 29 julai 1863 roji jevha shaharat tyache antyasanskar jhaale, tevha caloxcha eka lamb miravanuk aanee hajaro upasthitanni sanman keela. tyachya vidhva shishyane eff. aar. laa vicharale hote. bishop jeane-merrie odinane, jyane sangharajyachya karyala pathimba deela, tyachyakadun padariviruddha madhyasti asoonahi, claude pascal maistrene karyanirat honyasathi. francemadhye janmalele mystray heey gulamgirichya nirmulanala pathimba denare yaa bhagatil ekmev catholic pujari hote. bandee asoonahi tyane antyasanskar kele aanee caloxla seent louis smashanbhumit daphan karnyat aale. caloxchya mrutyunantar, tyachi vidhva, felici, united states sarkarne majee sainikanna vachan dilele aarthik laabh midvinyasathi sangharsh karat hotee. anek varshanchya prayatnannantar, teela eka lahan nivruttivetan midale, parantu 1874 madhye tiche garibeet nidhan jhaale. tyaa velee tee eff. aar. sathee gharguti nokar mhanoon kaam karat hotee. mukhya. varsa. caloxchee katha 2020 madhye denny moreton digdarshit kelelya eka namankit laghupatat banavanyat aalee. 2022 madhye, will smith abhineet 2022 chya 'mukti' yaa natkatil callox heey eka vaishishtyapurn patra hote aanee caloxchya bhoomiket mustafa shakir hote. tyach varshi, nyu orlinsmadhil purviche catholic church, jethe caloxver prasiddhapane antyasanskar karnyat aale hote, teey qalaa aanee sanskrutik nyayasathiche andre callox kendra banale. madhyabhagi asalelya eka chhotya udyanache naav dekhil callox asey thevanyat aale aahe.

andrey calox andrey calox (august 25,1825-mey 27,1863) ek africi americi senaka kaptan thie, jo kunai pani uttar americi sainya ekaika pahilo callo adhikariharu madhye ek thie. uni americi grihayudhako samayama ladainma marne pahilo callo sainikharu madhye ek thie. port hadasanko gherabandiko kramama confederate killaharuma bhaeko asafal pahilo akramanko kramama uni marie. unko virta bareka wiwaranharu presma wyapak rupma report gariyo, rar union senama africi amerikiharuko bhartika lagi ek rallyko nara banyo. deshbhakta rar shahidko rupma unko pratishtha lamo samayasamma baancheko thiyo. sann 1890 ko antarwartako sangrahama, grihayuddhaka diggaj kernel douglus wilsonle bhane, "yadi kahilyai deshbhaktipurna virta bhawya sangamarmar wa pitalma sammanit huna yogya thiyo bhane kaptan kailioksko huna yogya thiyo, rar americi janatale tyo rina natiryaesamma wastawik deshabhaktipratiko afno kritagyata kahilyai mukta garne thienan." jiwani. prarambhik jiwan. sann 1825 maa louisianama dass banaiera janmeka, kailoksle afno sampurna jiwan nyu orlins rar warpar bitae. yuwako rupma, calox sigar banaune wyaparma prashikshu thie. uni sann 1846 samma dubharne pariwarka sadasyaharuko swamitwama thie. 21 warshako umerma manumissionka lagi unko yachikalai unko malikle samarthan gare rar nyu earleans saharko sabai-seto police jurile pradan garyo. tyahan nyu orlinsma rangin swatantra manisharuko ek sthapit samudaya thiyo, jo europeli rar africi creol (uttari americama janmeka) duwaibata aeka thie. yo samuha francelli aupaniweshik warshaharuma sthapit bhayo rar seto upaniweshawadiharu rar adhikansh dass africiharu bitch tesro wargako rupma kehi adhikarharu prapta niyantran. nyu orleans sanskritima places pranaliantargat, seto purushharule rangin mahilaharulai samanya-kanuna patnika rupma linthe. kahilekaahin uniharule afna mishrit-jatika bachchaharulai swikar gare rar uniharuko shikshaka lagi paisa die, vishesh gari chhoraharuko, wa wayaska kaushalka lagi shikshuwatiharuko wyawastha gare. kahilekaahin uniharule tiniharuma sampatti basaunchhan. sann 1847 maa, kailoksle rangko swatantra creol, felicy kulonsanga vivaha gare. dasatwama janmieki bhae pani, uni afnie amale afno maliklai afno kharid mulya diera mukta gareki thiin. calox rar kulonka chaar santanharu swatantra rupma janmeka thie, jasmadhye tinjana wayaskata samma baanche. felicyki amah feliciana ek gulam mulatto mahila thiin. dherai warshasamma, unle pahile nai falisi janmaepachhi, unlai unko master bhyalentin enkalada, ek seto planterko samanya-kanuna patniko rupma rakhieko thiyo rar sewa garieko thiyo. felicy afnie amako santanko rupma enkaladako "sampatti" thiyo. (yo dass kanunma "parts sequitur ventrem" ko siddhanta anusar thiyo.) felicianale sann 1842 maa enkaladabata afnie chhoriko swatantrata kineki thiin. mukta purush. afno swatantrata prapta garepachhi, kailoksle sigar nirmatako rupma afno jiwanyapan kamae. grihayudha suru hunuaghi unle afnai sigar banaune wyawasaya sthapana gare. yadyapi unko arthik paristhiti samanya thiyo, kylox nyu orlinsma swatantra rangin manisharuko samudayabhitra ek netako rupma manyata prapta bhayo. ek utsahi kheladi, kailokslai saharka utkrishta baksarharu madhye ekko rupma prashansa garieko thiyo. uni anath callo balbalikaka lagi raheko vidyalaya catholic sansthanka sakriya samarthak pani thie. yasale bachchaharulai rangin swatantra manisharuko pani sikayo. afno manumission pachhi, kailoksle padhna sike, sambhawatah sansthan catholicka shikshakharuko sahayogma. uni angreji rar french duwai bhashama dharaprawaha bhae. sann 1860 sammama, kylox nyu orlinsko 10,000 "rangka swatantra purush" samudayako sammanit sadasya thie. tyas samayama, nyu orleans dakshinko sabaibhanda thulo sahar thiyo, rar sanyukta rajya americako chhaitaun thulo sahar thiyo, jasko janasankhya lagbhag 100,000 thiyo. americi grihayudha sewa. confederate state armi. sann 1861 maa grihayudhako prarambhama, nyu earleans saharko raksha garna sangathit rajya milicia, native gardma leftinentko rupma kyloxlai niyukta garieko thiyo. francelli aupaniweshik shasanko samayadekhi nai rangka swatantra purushharule sthaniya miliciama bhag lieka thie. uni kunai pani uttar americi ekaika pahilo callo adhikariharu madhye ek thie. native gard purna rupma rangka swatantra manisharu milera baneko thiyo jo nyu orlins rar warpar basobas garthe. sthaniya nyu earlinska samacharpatraharuma lekhharu marfat, lagbhag 1,500 swatantra rangin purushharule regimentka lagi swechchhale kaam gare rar luisianako niyamit miliciama samawesh garna gabharnarlai nivedan die, jaslai anumodan gariyo. ek seto officerko commandma, confederate native gardka sabai companyharuko netritwa swatantra rangka manisharule gareka thie rar sabai adhikariharu sabai swayamsewak baldwara nirvachit thie. louisiana rajyako confederate sarkarle wardi wa upkaranka lagi kunai bhatta pradan garena. kyloxle afno jimmewarilai gambhirtaka sath lie. unko ekai ramrosanga drill garieko rar ramrosanga prashikshit bhaeko dekhieko thiyo. confederate native gardlai kahilyai sakriya kartawyama bolaien. jab union admiral devid farragutle april 1862 maa nyu earleans sahar kabja gare, nyu earleans rar warparko confederate faujaharule sahar tyage rar uttarma camp murma sare. pahilo native gard yass samayama wighatan bhayo, aupacharik rupma, yu ko adharma.ess. francelli quarterko kinarma pudina. union armi. union general benjamin ef. khadi vibhagka sainya commander buttlerle nyu earlinsma afno mukhyalaya banae. september 1862 maa unle all-black union armi 1st louisiana native gard regimentko ayojana garne adesh die. confederate ekaiko viparit, yo regimentma swatantra-purush rar purva dasharuko mishran thiyo rar khadiko senaka lagi sudridhikaranka lagi general buttlerko anurodhko pratyaksha parinamko rupma banieko thiyo. buttlerko sansmaranharuma, rar vidrohako yuddhako abhilekhma, unle yuddha sachiva stantonlai lekhe, "yadi tapainle malai sudridhikaran pathaunubhaena bhane, mahm africalai tyaso garna awhan garnechhu." kylox pahilo regimentma samel bhae, june awashyak thiyo kinki sewa garneharu madhye dheraile francelli matra bolchhan, rar companyko kaptanko rupma niyukta gariyo. unko companylai native gardma sabaibhanda ramro drill garieko manincha. kyloxle bistarai regimentko command garne seto adhikari kernel spencer staffordko samman prapta gare. jab general nathaniel pee. bankharule buttlerlai december 1862 maa khadi vibhagko commanderko rupma pratisthapan gare, unle afno commandma kull senako sankhya 42,000 lyaundai thap 30,000 senaharu lyae. yass samayasamma, sabai-callo native gard tean regimentharuma badheko thiyo, swatantra-purush rar purva dasharuko mishran. yadyapi line afisarharu (leftinentharu rar kaptanharu) callo thie, bhawishyaka governer pee sahit. bee. ess. dosro regimentka company commander, pinchback, commanding afisarharu (carnell, leftinent carnell, rar mejarharu) seto thie. samanya bankharule callo adhikariharulai tuchcha thane rar uniharulai amerikiharuko apaman mane.ess. sena. unle sabai callo adhikariharulai seto adhikariharusanga pratisthapan garna thale, rar samanyataya yo dosro rar tesro regimentharusanga pura gare, tara pahilo regimentsanga hoina, jasma kailoksle sewa gare rar afai ek adhikari baneka thie. pahilo regimentka dherai sadasyaharu confederate first native gardka sadasyaharu pani thie, rar calox rar anya adhikariharu rajinama dina rar uniharulai nayan englandka adhikariharuko hatma chhodna icchuk thienan jasle anya dui regimentharuma afno commandma callo sainikharusanga wyapak durwyawahar gariraheka thie. native gardko pahilo regimentlai mey 1863 samma mukhyataya thakan kartawya (kath katne, khaiyan utkhanan garne) tokieko thiyo, jab samanya bankharule unko adhikansh sena (35,000 zana manisharu) lai port hudson, louisianama confederate killaharu waripari sarne sthitima saryo. port hudson batton rujko uttarma mississippi nadiko baankdai rannitik rupma awasthit killa thiyo. tyas samayama, confederecyle ajhai pani uttarma bhiksberg, mississippi rar dakshinma port hudson bichko mississippi nadiko 200 mile wistarlai niyantran niyantran. unionle misisipilai niyantran garna bhiksbergko niyantran prapta garna chahanthyo, jasko blufma rannitik sthiti thiyo. general ulysis grantle bhiksberglai gherabandi gare, samanya bankharule port hadasanko gherabandi gare. port hadasanko gherabandi. 27 mey, 1863 maa, bankharule port hadsanma ramrosanga sanrakshit, ramrosanga sudridha confederate sthanharuma kharab samanwit akraman suru gare. akramanko pahilo dinko bhagko rupma, bhari topkhanako samarthanka sath confederate sainikharuko dui regimentharudwara sanchalit uccha redout viruddha lagbhag atmaghati akramanma 100 zana manisharuko afno companyko netritwa garna kailokslai adesh diieko thiyo. unko companyle bhari hatahatko samana gare tapani, french rar angrejima afna manisharulai protsahan dindai, kailoksle afno sampurna regimentko netritwa gare, ek minny balle unko haat fadidie, yasalai unko chheuma jhundyaera bekar chhodyo. gambhir rupma ghaite, kyloxle euta confederate artillery selle unlai prahar nagaresamma akramanko netritwa garna jaari rakhe, unlai lagbhag dui bhagma fade rar maridie. yasako viparit kathaharu bhae tapani, port hadsanma yass sabaibhanda uttari setma native gardle euta matra arop lagae. unka karyaharu rodolf desdunsdwara kalpanik fessionma warnan garieko thiyo, jasko bhai, kuleen, kailoksko adhinma sewa gareh sansarko aankha wastawma yass americi spartacus [calox] maa thiyo. prachin romka nayakle afno othma muskan liera rar roundai afno mrityuko lagi agadi bhageka yass adhikarile bhanda kunai bahadur virta pradarshan garenan, "hey comredharu, hammy agadi badhaun!"chha patak unle port hadsanko ghatak batryharu viruddha afulai fyaanke, rar pratyek akramanma unle afno tatkal cull cull aunuhos, ajha ek patakaka lagi agadi badhaun!"antatah, nashwar praharma parepachhi, unle afno antim adesh afna upasthit adhikarilai die," bachchas, karyabhar linuhos!"yadi kasaile nightly baredle ramro wa badhi gareko bhannu parchha bhane, itihasanusar, usale jhuta bolchha. confederate general gardnerle pachhi port hudson karyako uttari morchama yuddhawiramko mag gare taaki native gardka marieka sadasyaharuko shawaharu baramad garna sakiyos. samanya bankharule "masanga tyas kshetrama kunai hatahat bhaeko chhaina" bhani jawaf die rar yuddhawiramko anurodh aswikar gare. yasako parinamswarup, port hadsanle antatah july 9,1863 maa bankma atmasamarpan nagaresamma 47 dinasamma kailoksko sadeko shav jaminma pareko thiyo. kehi mritakharuko pahichan garieko thiyo, tara kailoksko sharirle unle lagaeko aunthidwara pahichan garieko thiyo june unko regimentka jiwit sadasyaharule pahichan gareka thie. unionka adhikansh mritakharulai yass kshetrama gadiyo. yasalai pachhi port hudson rashtriya kabristanko rupma sthapit garieko thiyo. sann 1974 maa yass chihanlai rashtriya aitihasik sthalchinhako rupma namit garieko thiyo. antyeshti sanskar. kailoksko awasheshharu uddhar gariyo rar nyu orlinsma farkaiyo. kaptanko virta yo bhanda pahileko katha thiyo. july 29,1863 maa saharma unko antyeshti sampanna hunda, kailokslai lamo julus rar hajaraun upasthitharule samman gare. unko vidhava felicyle farlai sodheka thie. confederateko uddeshyalai samarthan garne bishop zin-merry odinko pujari viruddhama roke lagaie tapani claude pascal maistrele karya sanchalan garne. francema janmeka, mastre dasatwako unmulanlai samarthan garne yass kshetraka ek matra catholic pujari thie. unle afno pratibandhako bawajud antyeshti sampanna gare, rar kailokslai cent luis kabristan #2 maa gadiyo. kailoksko mrityupachhi, unaki vidhava, felicyle sanyukta rajya sarkarle diggajharulai wacha gareko wittiya labhharu prapta garna sangharsh garin. dherai warshako prayaspachhi, unle sano penson prapta garin, tara sann 1874 maa garibima unko mrityu bhayo. uni tyas samayama frka lagi gharelu nokarko rupma kaam gariraheki thiin. mahan. virasata. dayle moratandwara nirdeshit, sann 2020 maa kyloxko katha ek saman namko chhoto chalchitrama banaieko thiyo. sann 2022 maa, syloux 2022 ko drama "mukti" maa ek vishesh charitra thiyo, jasma will smith rar mustafa shakirle silauksko rupma abhinaya gareka thie. sohi warsha, nyu orlinsko purva catholic church jahaan kailoksko prasidha antyeshti garieko thiyo pradarshan kala rar sanskritik nyayako lagi andrey calox kendra banyo. kendra najikaiko euta sano parkko naam pani kyloxko namama rakhieko chha.

andrey kylox andrey kylox (august 25,1825-meey 27,1863) jane african americae sena captain thile, jieki kaunasi uttara americae samarika unitor pratham kalaa adhikarimananka madhyaru jane thile. shay madhya americara gruhajudha samajare juddhare mrutyubarana karithiba pratham kalaa sainikamananka madhyaru jane thile. bandara hudson abarodh samajare confederate durga upare biphal pratham aakraman samajare shay nihata hoithile. taanka biratwara bibaranee presare byapaka bhabare report karajaithila, ebong sangha senare african aamerikeejamananku nijukti deba paain eka samaabeshare parinata hoithila . jane deshapremi ebong saheed bhabe tankara sunam dirgha deane parjyanta taanka thaaru adhika thila. 1890 masihar eka sakhyatakara sangrahare, gruhajudhara bheteran cornell doglass wilson kahithile, "jadi kebe deshatmabodhaka beeratwaku sammanajanaka marble kimba pitalare sammanita karajiba jogya, jaahaa captain kailiuksnka paain jogya, ebong sehi runa parisodha naheba parjyanta americae lokamane prakruta deshprem prati semanankara krutagyataku kebe bii mukta curry naah thante." jeebani. prarambhika zeeban. 1825 masihare luisianare dasatware janmita, kylox taanka samagra zeeban nyu orleans ebong ehara aakhapaakhare bitaithile. jane jubaka bhabare, kylox sigar tiari byabasajare talim neithile. 1846 masiha parjyanta shay dubharne paribarara sadasyamananka malikanare thile. 21 barsha bajasare purushatwa durikarana paain taanka abedanaku taanka guru samarthan karithile ebong nyu orleans saharare eka sampurna-sweta police jurie dwara manjur karajaithila. nyu arlinsare eka pratisthita sampradai thila, jeunthire ubhaja europeah ebong african creol (uttara aamerikare janmita) ru asithiba swadheena rangara lock thile. ehi gosthi farasi upanibeshabadee barshamanankare pratisthita hoithila ebong sweta upanibeshabadee ebong adhikansha african kreetadasanka madhyare eka truteeja shreni bhabare kichhi adhikara upavoga karithila . plachages byabastha adheenare nyu orleans sanskrutire, sweta purushamane rangina mahilamananku sadharana-ine patni bhabare grahan karithile . belebele semane semanankara mishrit-jaatira pilamananku sweekara karuthile ebong semananka sikhya paain artha pradan karuthile, bisesh curry puamananka paain, kimba bayaska dakhyata paain sikhyanabisa byabastha karuthile. belebele semane semananka upare sampatti sthira karuthile. 1847 masihare, kylox eka mukta rangina creol, felisi kulonanku bibaha karithile. jadio shay dasatware janma hoithile, taanka maaa taanka malikanku kraiah mulya dei tanku mukta karithile. kylox ebong kulonankara chaari john santan thile, jeunmane swadheena bhabe janma neithile, semananka madhyaru tini john bayaska heba parjyanta banchi rahithile. phelisinka maaa feliciana jane kritadasa mulato mahila thile. aneka barsha dhari, shay purbaru felisi janma neba parey, tanku taanka guru valentin enakaladanka sadharana-ine patni bhabare rakhajaithila ebong shay jane dhalaa chashi bhabare karjya karithile . taanka maa 'nka santan bhabe felisi encaladara "sampatti" thila. (ehaa daasa aainare "parts sequiter ventrem" neeti anujai thila .) feliciana 1842 masihare enakaladaru taanka jhiara swadheenata kinithile. mukta byakti. swadheenata paiba parey, kylox jane sigar prastutakaree bhabe jeebika nirbaha karithile. gruhajudha arambha heba purbaru shay nijara sigar tiari byabasai pratistha karithile. jadio tankara arthika paristhiti samanya thila, calox nyu arlinsare swadheena rangara lokanka sampradai madhyare jane neta bhabare swekruti laabh karithile. jane utsahi kridabit, kylox saharar anyatama shrestha baksar bhabare prashansita hoithile . shay anath kalaa pilamananka paain eka bidyalaja catholic anusthanara jane sakriya samarthaka madhya thile. ehaa pilamananku rangaheena mukta lokanka bishajare madhya sikhya deithila. cailox tankara manab-nirgamana parey padhiba shikhithile, sambhabatah institute catholicker shikhyakamananka sahajatare. shay ubhaja ingraji ebong frenchare parangama hoithile. 1860 masiha suddha, calox nyu arlinsare 10,000 "mukta ranga purush" sampradayara jane sammanita sadasya thile. sehi samajare, nyu orleans dakhinara sarbabruhata sahara thila, ebong praiah 100,000 janasankhya sahita juktarastra americara shastha bruhattama sahara thila . americae gruhajudha seba. confederate states armi. 1861 masihare gruhajudha arambha heba parey, kyeloksanku nyuta gardare leftnant bhabe nijukta karajaithila, jaahaa nyu orleans saharaku rakhya kariba paain ajojita eka rajya sainyabahinee thila. farasi oupanibeshika shasson samajaru rangaheena swadheena purushamane sthaniah sainyabahineere anshagrahana karithile. shay kaunasi uttara americae unitor pratham kalaa adhikarimananka madhyaru jane thile. sthaniah gard sampurna roope swadheena rangara purushamananku nei gathita thile jeunmane nyu orleans ebong ehara aakhapaakhare rahuthile . sthaniah nyu orleans khabarakagajare lekha madhyamare, praiah 1,500 mukta ranga purush regiment paain swechakruta bhabare ebong louisianara nijamita sainyabahineere antarbhukta heba paain rajyapalanku abedan karithile, jaahaa anumodita hoithila . jane sweta adhikarinka nirdeshare, confederate netibh garder samasta company rangina swadheena purushanka dwara parichalita heuthila ebong samasta adhikari sarba-swechasebee bahini dwara nirbachita hoithile. louisiana rajyara sangheeah sarkar uniform kimba upakarana paain kaunasi bhatta pradan karinathile. kylox niz dajitwaku gambhiratara saha neithile. taanka unit bhal drill ebong bhal talimprapta bolly parilakhita hoithila . confederate netibh gardanku kebe bii sakriya karttabya paain dakajai nathila. jetebele union admiral devida forragute 1862 masiha april maasare nyu orleans saharaku adhikara karithile, setebele nyu orleans ebong ehara aakhapaakhare thiba sangheeah bahini saharaku parityaga curry uttara digaku shibir moor abhimukhe agrasara hoithile. pratham sthaniah gard ehi samajare, aanusthanika bhabare, jayu aadhaarare bhangi diajaithila .ess. french quarterara dhaarare pudina. union armi. union general benjamin aif. upasagariya bibhagara samarika commander buttler nyu arlinsare nijara mukhyalaja nirmana karithile. september 1862 ray shay eka all-black union armi 1maha louisiana netibh gard regimenter ayojan karibaku nirdesh deithile. confederate unit thaaru bhinna, ehi rejimentare swadheena-purush ebong purbatana kreetadasanka mishran thila ebong upasagar sena paain sudrudheekarana paain general batalaranka anurodhara pratyakhya parinam bhabare ehaa gathita hoithila. batalaranka smrutikathare, ebong bidroha juddhara recordre, shay juddha sachiba stantananku lekhithile, "jadi apana mote atirikta sainya pathaibe naahin, tebe mun africaku epari karibaku dakibi." kylox pratham rejimentare joga deithile, jaahaa aabasyaka thila kaaran seba karuthiba aneka lock kebala farasi bhasha kahuthile, ebong company ee rahr captain bhabare nijukta hoithile. taanka companyku sthaniah gardare sarbottama drill bhabare bibechana karajauthila . kylox dheere dheere regimenter netrutwa neuthiba sweta adhikari cornell spencer staffordnka sammana arjan karithile. jetebele general nathaniel pii. december 1862 ray, byankagudika batalaranku upasagariya bibhagara commander bhabare badalai deithile, shay taanka sahita atirikta 30,000 sainya aanithile, jaahaa taanka adheenare mote sainya shakti 42,000 ku aanithila. ehi samai suddha, sampurna kalaa deshi rakhyak tinoti rejimentaku brudhi paithila, jaahaa swadheena-purush ebong purbatana kreetadasanka mishran thila . jadio line officermane (leftnant ebong captain) kalaa thile, jeunthire bhabisyata gabharnara pii. bii. ess. pinchback, 2jaiah regimenter jane company commander, kamanding officer (cornell, leftnant cornell ebong mejara) sweta thile. sadharana byankagudika kalaa adhikarimananku ghruna karuthile ebong semananku jayu. aii. rahr upman bolly bibechana karuthile.ess. sena. shay samasta kalaa adhikarimananku dhalaa adhikarimananka sahita badalaibaku baharithile, ebong sadharanatah 2jaiah ebong 3jaiah regiment sahita ehaa samapta karithile, kintu 1maha regiment sahita nuhen, jeunthire cailox seba karithile ebong nije jane adhikari hoithile . pratham regimenter aneka sadasya madhya confederate 1maha netibh garder sadasya thile, ebong kylox ebong anya adhikarimane istafa debaku ebong semananku nutan englanda adhikarinka haatare chhadibaku raaji nathile jeunmane anya duiti rejimentare semananka nirdeshare kalaa sainikanka saha byapaka durbyabahara karuthile. sthaniah gardanka pratham rejimentaku mukhyatah meey 1863 parjyanta klanti karttabya (kaath katiba, parikha khanan) paain nijukta karajaithila, jetebele sadharana byankagudika taanka adhikansha sena (35,000 purush) nku port hudson, luisianare sangheeah durgaku gheriba paain eka abasthaku sthanantara karithile. port hudson eka rananaitika drustiru abasthita durga thila, jaahaa misissippi nadira eka modare, batton rujara thick uttarare abasthita thila. sehi samajare, uttarare misissippi, viksabarga ebong dakhinare port hudson madhyare misissippi nadira 200 mile prasarita anshaku sangha nijantrana karuthila. misissippi upare nijantrana rakhiba paain, sangha viksabarga upare nijantrana hassel karibaku chahunthila, jahara eka kalanka upare eka rananaitika sthiti thila. general ulyses grant viksabargaku abarodh karithibabele, general byankagudika port hadsanaku abarodh karithile. hudson bandaraku abarodh. meey 27,1863 ray, byankagudika port hodsonre bhal-surakhita, bhal-fortified confederate abasthana upare eka kharap samanwita aakraman arambha karithile . pratham deane akramanara anshabisesha bhabe, bhaari topakhana sahajatare dui regimenter confederate sainyanka dwara parichalita eka uccha sandeha biruddhare praiah atmaghati aakramanare 100 john purushanka taanka companyra netrutwa nebaku kailoksanku nirdesh diajaithila. taanka companyre byapaka khyajakhyati satwe, celox, farasi ebong ingrajire taanka lokanku prostahana dei, taanka samagra regimenter netrutwa neithile, eka mini bull taanka baahure chhindi jaithila, jaahaa taanka parsware byarta bhabare jhulai deithila . gurutara ahata hoi, eka confederate artilary shale tanku aaghata kariba parjyanta kylox akramanara netrutwa neba jaari rakhithile, tanku praiah dui bhagare bibhakta curry hatya karithile. ehara bipareet kahani satwe, port hodsonre ehi uttara sett karjya upare sthaniah gardanka dwara kebala gotie abhijoga karajaithila . taanka karjyakalapaku rodolf desdoons eka kalpanika saileere barnana karithile, jahanka bhai, abhijata, kailoksnka adheenare karjya karithileh biswara aakhi bastabare ehi americae spartacks [kylox] upare thila . pracheen romer najaka taanka othare huss nei ebong kanduthiba ehi adhikarinka thaaru adhika sahasi beeratwa pradarshan karinathile, "hey kamaredamane, aasantu aagaku jiba!"port hadsanra ghataka byatereegudika biruddhare shay chhaa thara nijaku phingi deithile, ebong pratyeka aakramanare shay tankara jaruri aahwanaku doharaithile," chaal, aau thare aagaku jiba!"sheshare, pranaghataka aaghaatare padi, shay taanka upasthita adhikarinku tankara shesh adesh deithile," baches, dajitwa niantu!"jadi kehi kahiba uchita je nightly bayard bhal kimba adhika karithile, itihas anujai, shay micha kuhanti . parey confederate general gardner port hudson karjyara uttara parsware eka judhabirati paain kahithile jaahaa dwara sthaniah gardanka nihata sadasyanka mrutadeha uddhara karajaipariba . sadharana byankagudika uttara dele je "sehi anchalare more kaunasi khyajakhyati hoinahin" ebong judhabirati paain anurodhaku pratyakhyana karithile. ehara phalaswaroopa, port hudson sheshare july 9,1863 ray byanka nikatare atmasamarpana kariba parjyanta 47 deane parjyanta kailoksnka sankuchita mrutadeha bhumire padithila. mrutamananka madhyaru kichhi chinhat karajaithila, kintu kailoksnka mrutadehaku shay pindhithiba eka ringa dwara chinhat karajaithila jaahaa taanka regimenter jeebita sadasyamane chinhat karithile. sangha mrutamananka madhyaru adhikanshanku ehi anchalare kabara diajaithila. parey ehaaku port hudson jatiah kabarasthana bhabe pratistha karajaithila. 1974 masihare ehi kabarasthanaku eka jatiah aitihasika sthala bhabe namit karajaithila. antim sanskara. kailoksnka abashesh uddhara karajaithila ebong nyu arlinsku ferai diajaithila. ehaa purbaru captainka biratwara kahani thila. july 29,1863 ray saharare tankara antim sanskara anusthita heba parey, eka dirgha shobhajatra ebong hazar hazar anshagrahanakareenka dwara kailoksanku sammanita karajaithila. taanka bidhaba felisi pacharile. confederate karanaku samarthan karithiba bishop zin-merry odinanka thaaru purohitanka birodhare eka pratibandhaka satwe, claude paschal mestre karjyanusthana grahan karibaku. francere janmagrahana karithiba meistre ehi anchalara ekamatra catholic purohita thile jieki dasatwa uchhedaku samarthan karithile. taanka nishedha satwe shay antim sanskara karithile, ebong kailoksanku cent lui kabarasthana #2 ray kabara diajaithila. kailoksnka mrutyu parey, taanka bidhaba patni, felisi, america sarakaranka dwara veterancemananku pratishruti diajaithiba arthika laabh paiba paain sangharsha karithile. aneka barshar prayasa parey, shay eka chhot penson paithile, kintu 1874 ray shay daridryare mrutyubarana karithile. shay sehi samajare jane gharoi karmachari bhabare kaama karuthile. budd kathaa. uttaradhikara. kailoksnka kahaniku 2020 ray eka namit khudra chalachitrare parinata karajaithila, jaahaa dayne moretanka dwara nirdeshita . 2022 ray, kylox 2022 nataka "mukti" ray eka bisesh charitra thila, jeunthire wil smith abhinai karithile ebong mustafa shakir kylox bhabare abhinai karithile. sehi barsha, nyu arlinsra purbatana catholic church jeunthare prasidha bhabare caloxnka antim sanskara karajaithila, pradarshan kalaa ebong sanskrutika nyaaja paain andrey calox kendrare parinata hoithila . kendra nikatare thiba eka chhot udyanara naama madhya kailoksnka naamare rakhajaichhi.

andrey calox andrey calox (25 agast, 1825-27 maee, 1863) ikk african amriki fauj daa kaptan see, joe kise vee uttri amriki fauji ikai dey pahile kaale adhikariaan vicchon ikk see. uh amriki gharelu yuddh dauran ladai witch meron vaale pahile kaale sainikan vicchon ikk see. uh port hudson dee gherabandi dauran sangh dey kilhe utte asfal pahile hamle dauran maariaa giaa see. uss dee bahadari dey birtantan noon presses witch viaapak taur 'teey report keeta giaa see, atey union aarmi witch african amrikiaan dee bharti laee ikk raili bann giaa see. ikk desh bhagat atey shaheed vajon unhan dee pratishtha unhan toon lambe samein takk bachi rahee. 1890 dey ikk interview sangrah witch, sival vaar dey anubhavi karnal dougles wilson neey kiha, "jey kadey desh bhagti dee bahadari noon shandar sangamarmar jaan pittal witch sanmanit keeta jaanha chahida haii joe kii kaptan caliox daa hakkdaar haii, atey amriki lock kadey vee sacchi desh bhagti pratee aapna shukrana naheen bhull sakde sunn jadon takk kii uss karze daa bhugtan naheen keeta jaanda." jeevani. mudhla jeevan. 1825 witch luciana witch gulam vajon paida hoye, calox neey aapna poora jeevan nioo orleans witch atey iss dey aale duaale bitaiaa. ikk naujwan aadmi dey roop witch, calox sigaar banaun dey carobar witch sikkhiat see. uh 1846 takk dwarne parivaar dey memberan dee malkiat witch see. 21 saal dee umar witch manukkhi shakti laee uss dee patishan noon uss dey maastar duaara samarthan ditta giaa see atey nioo orleans shehar witch ikk puurii tarahan chitte pulis jioori duaara manzoor keeta giaa see. nioo orleans witch rung dey aazaad lokan daa ikk sathapit bhaichara see, joe european atey african creol (uttri amrica witch paida hoye) dovan dey vanshaj sunn. ih samooh francisi bastiwadi saalan dauran sathapit hoiaa atey chitte bastivadiaan atey bahuginti gulam african lokan dey vichkaar ikk tiji shreni dey roop witch kujh adhikaran daa anand maaniaa. nioo orleans sabheyachar witch places pranali dey tehat, chitte aadmi rung deeaan aurtan noon aam kanoon deeaan patniaan vajon lainde sunn. kaee vaar uh aapne mishrat nasal dey bacchiaan noon savikar karde sunn atey unhan dee sikkhiaa laee bhugtan karde sunn, khaskar puttran dee, jaan baalag hunran laee apprenticeship daa parbandh karde sunn. kaee vaar uh unhan utte jaidad daa niptara karde sunn. sann 1847 witch, calox neey rung dey ikk mufat creol, felici colone naal viaah karwa liaa. bhaven kii uh gulami witch paida hoee see, parr uss noon uss dee maan neey aapne maalak noon aapni khareed keemat daa bhugtan karke rihaa qarr ditta see. calox atey kulon dey chaar bacche aazaad paida hoye sunn, jinhan vicchon tinn baalag honn takk bache rahey. felici dee maan feliciana ikk gulam muletto aurat see. kaee saalan takk, jadon uss neey pahilan hii falsi paida qarr laee see, taan uss noon uss dey maastar valentin enclada, ikk chitte paude lagaun vaale dee aam-kanoon patni vajon rakkhiaa giaa see atey seva keeti see. aapni maan dee bacchi dey roop witch encalada dee "jaidad" felici see. (ih gulam kanoon witch "parts sekiootar ventrum" dey sidhant anusar see.) feliciana neey 1842 witch aapni dhee dee aazadi enclada toon khareed laee. aazaad aadmi. aapni aazadi prapat curran toon baad, calox neey ikk sigaar nirmata vajon aapni rozzy-rotty qamaa laee. gharelu yuddh dee shuruat toon pahilan, usne aapna sigaar banaun daa carobar sathapat keeta. halanki uss dey vitti halat mamuli sunn, parr calox noon nioo orleans witch rung dey aazaad lokan dey bhaichare dey ander ikk neta vajon maanta ditti gaee. ikk shaukin khidari, calox noon shehar dey sarbottam mukkebazan vicchon ikk vajon parshansa keeti gaee see. uh anath kaale bacchiaan laee ikk school, institute catholic daa ikk sargaram samarthak vee see. iss neey bacchiaan noon rung dey aazaad lokan baare vee sikhaiaa. aapne manukhikaran toon baad, calox neey padhna sikkhiaa, shayed sanstha catholic dey adhiaapkan dee sahaita naal. uh angrezi atey franch dovan witch mahr hoow giaa. 1860 takk, calox nioo orleans witch 10,000 "rung dey aazaad aadmiaan" bhaichare daa ikk satikarat member see. uss samein, nioo orleans dakkhan daa sabh toon vadda shehar see, atey sanyukat raaj daa chhevan sabh toon vadda shehar see, jiss dee aabadi lagbhag 100,000 see. amriki sival yuddh seva. sangh raaj fauj. 1861 witch gharelu yuddh dey shuru honn 'teey, calox noon native gaard witch ikk leftinent vajon niyukat keeta giaa see, joe kii nioo orleans shehar dee rakkhiaa laee aayojit ikk raaj milicia see. francisi bastiwadi shasan dey samein toon hii rung dey aazaad aadmiaan neey sathanak milicia witch hissa liaa see. uh kise vee uttri amriki ikai dey pahile kaale adhikariaan vicchon ikk see. mool gaard puurii tarahan rung dey aazaad aadmiaan daa baniaa hoiaa see joe nioo orleans atey iss dey aale duaale rahinde sunn. sathanak nioo orleans dey akhbaran witch lekhan raahin, lagbhag 1,500 rung dey aazaad aadmiaan neey regiment laee swaiichha naal kamm keeta atey governor noon luciana dee niyamat milicia witch shamal curran laee patishan keeti, jiss noon manzuri ditti gaee. ikk chitte adhikari dee command heth, sangh dey native gaard deeaan saariaan companyan dee agvai rung dey sutantar aadmiaan duaara keeti jaandi see atey saare adhikariaan noon sarab-swaisevi bull duaara chunhiaa jaanda see. luciana raaj dee sangh sarkaar neey vardiaan jaan upkarnan laee koee bhatta pardan naheen keeta. calox neey aapniaan zimmevariaan noon gambhirta naal liaa. uss dee ikai noon changi tarahan drill keeta giaa atey changi tarahan sikhlai prapat dekhiaa giaa. sangh dey mool gaard noon kadey vee sargaram diooti laee naheen bulaiaa giaa see. jadon union admiral david fragut neey aprail 1862 witch nioo orleans shehar utte kabza qarr liaa, taan nioo orleans atey iss dey aale-duaale sangh deeaan faujan neey shehar noon chhadd ditta atey uttar vall camp moor vall chaley gaye. pahile native gaard noon iss samein, rasmi taur 'teey, yuu dey adhaar' teey bhang qarr ditta giaa see.aiss. franch quarter dey kinare 'teey pudina. union aarmi. union general benjamin eff. khaadi vibhag dey fauji commander buttler neey aapna mukkh daftar nioo orleans witch banaiaa. satambar 1862 witch uss neey ikk aal-black union aarmi 1st luciana native gaard regiment dey ayojan daa adesh ditta. confederate unit dey ulat, iss regiment witch aazaad aadmiaan atey sabka gulaman daa mishran see atey ih general buttler deeaan khaadi dee fauj laee vadhu shaktiaan laee benatiaan dey siddhe natije vajon banayi gaee see. buttler deeaan yaadan witch, atey vidroh dey yuddh dey ricard witch, usne jangi sakattar stanton noon likhiaa, "jey tusin mainoon vadhu fauj naheen bhejoge, taan main africa noon ajiha curran laee sadda devanga." calox pahili regiment witch shamal hoow giaa, joe kii zaruri see kiunki seva curran vaale bahut saare lock siraf franch bolde sunn, atey company ee dey kaptan vajon niyukat keeta giaa see. uss dee company noon sathanak gaard witch sabh toon vadhiaa drill keeta giaa manniaa jaanda see. calox neey hauli-hauli karnal spencer stafford daa sanman prapat keeta, joe kii regiment dee command curran vaale chitte adhikari sunn. jadon general nathaniel pee. dasambar 1862 witch khaadi vibhag dey commander vajon bainkan neey buttler dee thaan lae laee, uh aapne naal 30,000 vadhu sainik lae keey aae, jiss naal unhan dee command heth kull sainikan dee ginti 42,000 hoow gaee. iss samein takk, saare kaale mool gaard tinn regimentan witch vadh gaye sunn, joe aazaad aadmiaan atey sabka gulaman daa ikk mishran see. halanki line adhikari (leftinent atey kaptan) kaale sunn, jinhan witch bhavikh dey governor pee. bee. aiss. pinchback, duji regiment daa ikk company commander, commanding adhikari (karnal, leftinent karnal atey mejar) chitte sunn. general baink kaale adhikariaan noon nafrat karde sunn atey unhan noon yuu daa apman mannade sunn.aiss. fauj. uh saare kaale adhikariaan noon chitte adhikariaan naal badlan laee ravana hoiaa, atey aam taur utte iss noon duji atey tiji regiment naal poora keeta, parr pahili regiment naal naheen, jiss witch calox neey seva keeti atey uh khud ikk adhikari bann giaa see. pahili regiment dey bahut saare member confederate 1 native gaard dey member vee sunn, atey calox atey horr adhikari astifa denh atey unhan noon navein england dey adhikariaan dey hatthan witch chaddan laee tiaar naheen sunn joe horr doou regimentan witch aapni command heth kaale sainikan naal viaapak taur 'teey badsaluki qarr rahey sunn. mool gaard dee pahili regiment noon maee 1863 takk mukkh taur 'teey thakawat dee zimmevari (lakkad kattna, khaaiaan puttna) saunpi gaee see, jadon general baink neey aapni ziaadaatar fauj (35,000 aadmiaan) noon port hudson, louisiana vikhe sangh dey kilhe noon gheran dee sathiti witch tabdil qarr ditta. port hudson ikk rannitak taur utte sathit kilha see joe batton rugg dey bilkul uttar witch mississippi nadee witch ikk modd utte sathit see. uss samein, sangh neey ajey vee uttar witch wicksburg, mississippi atey dakkhan witch port hudson dey vichkaar mississippi nadee dey 200 meal dey hisse noon niyantrit keeta. union mississippi noon niyantrit curran laee wicksburg daa niyantaran prapat karna chahundi see, jiss dee ikk dhokhadhadi utte rannitak sathiti see. jadon kii general eulysis grant neey wicksburg dee gherabandi keeti, general baink neey port hudson dee gherabandi keeti. port hudson dee gherabandi. 27 maee, 1863 noon, baink neey port hudson vikhe changi tarahan surakhiat, changi tarahan mazboot sangh deeaan sathitiaan utte ikk maadi talmel vaala hamla keeta. pahile dinn hamle dey hisse vajon, calox noon bhaari topkhane dee sahaita naal sangh dey sainikan deeaan doou regimentan duaara chalaae gaye ikk ucch shakk dey virudh lagbhag aatamghati hamle witch 100 aadmiaan dee aapni company dee agvai curran daa adesh ditta giaa see. aapni company noon bhaari jaani nuksan jhallan dey bavjood, calox neey franch atey angrezi witch aapne aadmiaan noon utshahit curran daa raula paa keey aapni puurii regiment dee agvai keeti, ikk minni gend neey uss dee baanh noon paadd ditta, jiss naal uh uss dey paase latak gaee. gambhir roop naal zakhmi hoye, calox neey udon takk hamle dee agvai karna jaari rakkhiaa jadon takk kii ikk sangh dey topkhane dey gole neey uss noon naheen maariaa, uss noon lagbhag doou hissiaan witch paadd ditta atey uss noon maar ditta. iss dey ulat kahaniaan dey bavjood, port hudson vikhe iss sabh toon uttri samooh dey kamman utte sathanak gaard duaara siraf ikk chaaraj keeta giaa see. uss dey kamman daa varnan rodolf desdoons duaara ikk kalpanatmak dhang naal keeta giaa see, jiss dey bharaa, kuleen, neey calox dey adheen seva keeti seeuuu dunia deeaan nazaran asal witch iss amriki spartex [calox] utte sunn. prachin rome dey naaik neey iss adhikari naalon koee vee bahadari daa pardarshan naheen keeta joe aapne bullhan 'teey muskarahat lae keey aapni maut takk bhajjiaa atey roiaa, "aao agge vadhiye, heey sathio!"chhe vaar usne aapne aap noon port hudson deeaan khooni baitariaan dey virudh sutt ditta, atey harr hamle witch usne aapni turant qaal duhrai," aao agge vadhiye, ikk vaar horr!"ant witch, ghatak jhatke dey hethan digg keey, usne aapne hazri adhikari noon aapna aakhri adesh ditta," bucks, chaaraj laou!"jey kise noon ih kahina chahida haii kii ghodswar bared neey bihtar jaan vadhere keeta, itihaas anusar, uh jhooth bolda haii. sangh dey general garden neey baad witch bandargah hudson dey kamm dey uttri morche dey naal ikk jangbandi dee mung keeti taan joe mool gaard dey maare gaye memberan deeaan laashan baramad keetiaan jaa sakann. general baink neey jawab ditta kii "uss khetar witch meraa koee jaani nuksan naheen hoiaa" atey jangbandi dee benati noon nakaar ditta. iss dey natije vajon, calox dee sadadi hoee laash 47 dinan takk zameen utte paee rahee jadon takk kii port hudson neey 9 julai, 1863 noon aakharkar bainkan dey sahmane aatam samarpan naheen keeta. kujh mritakan dee pachanh keeti gaee see, parr calox dee laash dee pachanh uss dee paaee hoee ring duaara keeti gaee see jiss noon uss dee regiment dey bache hoye memberan duaara pachaniaa giaa see. union dey ziaadaatar meron valiaan noon iss khetar witch dafnaiaa giaa see. iss noon baad witch port hudson rashtari kabarstan vajon sathapat keeta giaa see. 1974 witch kabarstan noon ikk rashtari itihasak meal patthar vajon namzad keeta giaa see. antim sanskar keeta. calox dey avshesh baramad keete gaye atey nioo orleans noon waps qarr ditte gaye. iss toon pahilan hii kaptan dee bahadari dee kahani see. jadon 29 julai, 1863 noon shehar witch uss daa antim sanskar keeta giaa, taan calox noon ikk lambe jalus atey hazaran hazreen duaara sanmanit keeta giaa. uss dee vidhwa neey farr. bishop jeane-mairi odin, jiss neey sangh dey udesh daa samarthan keeta, dey padri dey virudh ikk rukawat dey bavjood, klaud paschal mester neey kaaraj curran laee kamm keeta. france witch paida hoye, mester gulami dey khatme daa samarthan curran vaale khetar dey iklaute catholic padri sunn. uss neey aapni pabandi dey bavjood antim sanskar keeta, atey calox noon cent luis kabarstan #2 witch dafnaiaa giaa. calox dee maut toon baad, uss dee vidhwa, felici, neey sanyukat raaj sarkaar duaara bazurgan noon ditte gaye vitti laabh prapat curran laee sanghrash keeta. kaee saalan dee koshish toon baad, uss noon ikk chhoti jihi pension millie, parr 1874 witch uss dee maut hoow gaee. uh uss samein ikk gharelu naukar vajon kamm qarr rahee see. mukkh. virasat. calox dee kahani noon 2020 witch ikk namvar laghu film witch banaiaa giaa see, jiss daa nirdeshan dayne morton neey keeta see. 2022 witch, calox 2022 dey drama "mukti" witch ikk vishesh paatar see, jiss witch will smith neey abhinai keeta see atey mustafa shakir neey calox dey roop witch kamm keeta see. use saal, nioo orleans witch sabka catholic church jitthe calox daa prasidh antim sanskar keeta giaa see, pardarshan qalaa atey sabheyacharak niaan laee andrey calox kendra bann giaa. kendra dey nede ikk chhote jihe park daa naam vee calox dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa haii.

andrey calox aandre calox (august 25,1825-mey 27,1863) ekaha aafrikan-american-sainyasya capton aasit, yah kasyaapi uttar-american-sainya-ghatakasy prathamaasu krushnavarneeyaasu adhikaarishu anyatamah aasit. saha amerikaadeshasy gruhayuddhasya samaye yuddhe mriyamaanaasu prathameshu krushnavarneeyaasu sainikeshu anyatamah aasit. hudson-naukaashrayasya pariveshtane samakhyayaha durganam upari asafalasya prathamasya aakramane saha maaritah. tasya veerataayaah vruttaantaah press-madhye vyaapakaroopen abhilikhitaani, tathaa cha sanghasenayam aafrikan-american-jananam bhartee-krute ekam aarabham abhavat. deshabhaktah, shaheedah cha iti tasya pratishtaa tasya apekshayaa dirghakalam yaavat praavartat. 1890 tame varshe sakshatkarasangrahe, gruhayuddhasya vayovruddhah carnell dougles willson ityeshah avadat, "yadi kadaapi deshabhakteh veeratvam veer-marble-nirmitam athavaa pittalam nirmitam sammanam praapyate yat capton calox ityasya yogyam aasit, american-janaah yaavat tatt runam naa shodhayanti taavat yathaashaktihi deshabhaktih prati krutajnataa kadaapi naa muktavantah." jeevanacharitram. praarambhikajeevanam. 1825 tame varshe louisiana-nagare dasatvena janma praapnot calox ityeshah nyoo orleans-nagare tathaa tasya paritah cha sampoornam jeevanam vyateetavaan. yuvake calox ityeshah sigaar-nirmaana-vyaapaarasy shikshitah aasit. 1846 tamavarshaparyantam saha duverney-parivaarasya sadasyanam swaaminyah aasit. 21 varshe tasya purushatva-nishedhasya aavedanam tasya guruhu samarthayat, nyoo orleans-nagare shvetavarneeya-aarakshak-nirnaayakamandalen cha sweekrutam. nyoo orleans-nagare muktavarnaanaam jananam sthaapitah samudayah aasit, ye european-aafrikan-kriyol-vamshayoho (uttar-amerikaadeshe janmitaah) aasan. ayam samoohah french-aupaniveshikavarsheshu sthaapitah, shveta-upaniveshavaadinaam, bahusankhyakaanaam aafrikan-dasanam cha madhye truteeyawargaroopen kechan adhikaraha cha praaptavantah. nyoo orleans-samskrute places-vyavasthaayaah antargatam shwetawarneeyaah purushaah varna-streen samanya-vidhyaa-patneeroopen sweekaroti sma. kadaachit te mishra-jaati-balan angeekrutavantah, teshaam shikshayaha krute, visheshatah putraanaam krute, dhanam dattavantah, athavaa vayaska-kaushalanam krute shikshanavishanam vyavasthaa krutavantah. kadaachit te teshaam sampattih sthaapayanti sma. 1847 tame varshe calox ityayam muktavarnasya kriyol-felisi-kulan ityenam parineetavaan. yadyapi dasya-rupena janma praapnot tathaapi swamaateh swamaurasya krayanamoolyam dattvaa saa mukttaa abhavat. calox tathaa coolon ityetayoho cha chatwaarah apatyaah swatantraroopena janmitaah, yeshu trayah praudaavasthaparyantam jeevitau aasan. felicy ityasyaah maataa feliciana ekaa gulama mulatto-mahilaa aasit. anekavarshaani yaavat, tasyaah poorvamev falasee-janmaat param, saa shveta-sasyapaalaken swaguruh valentin enkalada ityasyaah samanya-vidhi-patneeroopen paricharitaa cha aasit. felicy tasyaah matayaha putratvena enkalada ityasya "sampattih" aasit. (etat daasa-vidhi-siddhaantasy "partus sequitor ventrem" ityasya siddhaantasy anusaaram aasit.) feliciana 1842 tame varshe enkalada-nagaraat swaputryaah swaatantryam kreenaati sma. muktah. swaatantryam praapya calox ityeshah sigaar-nirmaatruroopen jeevanam yaapayat. gruhayuddhasya arambhat poorvam saha swakeeyam sigaar-nirmaana-vyavasaayam asthaapayat. yadyapi tasya aarthik-paristhitihi samanyaha aasit tathaapi calox ityeshah nyoo orleans-nagare muktavarnajanasamoohasya netruroopena manyatam praapnot. utsukah kreedaaluh calox ityeshah nagarasya shreshteshu mushtiyoddhasu anyatamah iti prashamsitah aasit. saha anathanam krushnavarniyanam balakanam vidyaalayasya catholic-samsthaayaah sakriyasamarthakah api aasit. saha muktavarnajanaanaam balan api upadishat. tasya purushatva-ksharananantaram calox bahushah catholic-samsthaayaah shikshakanam saahaayyen pathitum shikhe. saha anglabhashayam, frenchbhaashaayaam cha dhaaraapravaah abhavat. 1860 tame varshe, calox nyoo orleans-nagarasya 10,000 "muktavarna-purushaanaam" samudaayasy sammaanitah sadasyah aasit. tasmin samaye nyoo orleans dakshinadishi bruhattamam nagaram, samyuktarajyamerikadesha shashtam bruhattamam nagaram cha aasit, yasya janasankhyaa praayah 1,00,000 aasit. amerikaadeshasy nagarikayuddhaseva. sanghatitam rajya-senaa. 1861 tame varshe gruhayuddhasya aarambhe, calox nyoo orleans-nagarasya rakshanarthm aayojite rajya-sainya-samsthaayaam native-gaard ityasmin leftinent-rupena niyuktah. french-aupaniveshika-shasanakalat aarabhy, varna-mukta-purushaah sthaniya-sainya-dale bhaagam gruheetavantah aasan. saha kasyaapi uttar-amerikiya-ghatakasy prathamaasu krushnavarneeyaasu adhikaarishu anyatamah aasit. desheeyah rakshaka sampurnataya varna-mukttaih purushaihi nirmitah aasit ye nyoo orleans-madhye tathaa tasya paritah nivasanti sma. sthaniyanam nyoo orleans-patrikanam lekhanam madhyamena praayah 1500 muktavarna-purushaah regiment-krute swamedhayaa aarabhy, louisiana-nagarasya niyamita-sainya-dale samaaveshtum rajyapalam yaachayan, yat anumoditam. shveta-adhikaarinah aajnayaa, sanghasya desheeyarakshak-samsthaayaah sarwaah samsthah swatantra-varna-purushaihi netrutve aasan, sarve adhikaarinah sarva-svayamsevaka-baladwara nirwaachitaah aasan. louisiana-rajyasya sangha-sarwakaarah ganaveshasya upakaranasy vaa krute kimapi bhatte naa pradadat. calox ityeshah swakaaryaani gambhirataya sveekrutavaan. tasya ghatakah su-shodhitah, su-prashikshita cha iti drushtah. samakhyayaha desheeyah rakshaka kadaapi sakriya-kartavye naa aahooyant. yadaa union-admiral david farragat ityeshah 1862 april-maase nyoo orleans-nagaram gruheetavaan, tadaa nyoo orleans-nagarasya paritah parisare cha samakhyasainikaha nagaram parityaajya uttardishi shibir-moor-nagaram prati gatavantah. asmin samaye prathama-desheeyah rakshaka aupachaarikaroopena yoo ityasya aadhaaren vighatitah.ess. french-quarter ityasya praante pudina asti. sanghasenaa. union general benjamin ef. gulf-vibhaagasya sainyasenaapateh buttler ityeshah nyoo orleans-nagare mukhyalayam niramaat. 1862 september-maase saha aal-blaak-union-aarmi-1st louisiana native-gaard regiment ityasya ayojanam kartum adishtavan. sanghasya ekake vipareetam, asmin regiment-madhye swatantra-purushaanaam poorva-dasanam cha mishranm aasit, tathaa cha general-buttler ityasya, gulf-sainyasya krute sudrudeekaranasya anurodhasya pratyaksharoopen, tasya nirmanam krutam. buttler ityasya samsmaraneshu, vidrohasya yuddhasya abhilekhe cha saha yuddhasachivam stanton ityasmai likhitavaan, "yadi tvam mahyam sainyabalaan naa preshayishyasi tarhi aham africa-desham prarthayishyami." calox prathama-regiment-madhye sammilitah, yat aavashyakam aasit yatah sewakaah bahavah kevalam french-bhasham bhaashante sma, tathaa cha kampanee-ee-ityasya capton-rupena niyuktah aasit. tasya kampanee sthaniya-rakshakesh atyuttameshu drill-madhye anyatamah iti manyate sma. calox kramena carnell spencer stafford ityasya sammanam praptavan, yah shveta-adhikaarinah regiment ityasya aajnaapayat. yadaa general nathaniel pee. 1862 december-maase buttler ityasya sthaane upasaagareeyavibhaagasy senaapatih iti sthaanam byaank-ityete nyavedayan, saha swena saha 30,000 atiriktaan sainikaan aanayat, yena tasya aadnyaayaah adhinasya kulasainyam 42,000 yaavat abhavat. etaavat kaale, sarva-krushnavarneeya-desheeyah rakshaka trishu regiment-ityetebhyah vardhamaanah aasit, yatra swatantra-purushaanaam poorva-dasanam cha mishranam aasit. yadyapi lans-adhikaarinah (leftinent-captains cha) krushnavarnaah aasan, bhavishye governor pee. kha. ess. dwiteeya-regiment ityasya kampanee-commander pinchbyaak iti, commanding-adhikaarinah (carnels, leftinent-carnels, measure cha) shwetawarneeyaah aasan. samanya-vittakoshaah krushna-adhikaarinah nindayan, taan yoo-ityasya apamaanam iti manyante sma.ess. senaa. saha sarve krushna-adhikarinam sthaane shveta-adhikaarinah sthaapayitum prasthitavaan, tathaa cha samanyataya dwiteeya-truteeya-regiment-dwara etat sadhitavan, parantu prathama-regiment-dwara naa, yasmin calox-varyaha sevaam akarot, swayam adhikaari cha abhavat. prathama-regiment ityasya bahavah sadasyaah api confederate-prathama-desheeyarakshakasy sadasyaah aasan, calox tathaa anye adhikaarinah cha tyaagapatram krutvaa nootan-england-adhikarinam haste sthaapayitum naa icchanti sma, ye anye dwau regiment-madhye swaniyuktau krushnasainikaan vyaapakaroopen durbyabaharam akurvan. deshiyarakshakanam prathama-regiment mukhyataya mey-maasaparyantam (kaashtam kaapanam, parikhaah khodanam) kshinatayaha kartavye niyuktah aasit, yadaa samanya-vitta-pekaah tasya adhikaamsham senaam (35,000 purushaah) louisiana-nagarasya port-hudson-ityatra samakhya-durgaan paritah sthaapayitum sthitau asthaapayan. port hudson iti vyoohaatmakaroopen byaatan-rooj ityasya uttardishi mississippy-nadyaah vange sthitah durgah aasit. tasmin samaye, uttardishi wixburg, mississippy, dakshinadishi port hudson ityetayoho madhye mississippy-nadyaah 200 mail-parimitehe vistaaram api sanghah niyantreetavaan. mississippy-pradesham niyantrayitum, wixburg-nagarasya niyantranam praaptum sanghah icchati sma, yasya tantraatmakah sthitihi chhalasy vishaye aasit. yadaa general ulysis grant ityeshah wixburg-nagaram pariveshtitavaan, tadaa general-byaank ityete hudson-naukaashrayam pariveshtitavantah. port hudson ityasya pariveshtanam. mey 27,1863 dinaanke, penk-ityete port-hudson-nagarasya susamrakshitanam, susamrakshitanam cha sangha-sthananam upari dursamyojitam akramanam krutavantah. prathamadine aakramanasy bhagarupena, calox ityeshah, bhaaree-topakhananam samarthanena saha sanghasya sainik-vibhaagadvayena nyastasya uccha-pratyaaghaatasy viruddham praayah aatmaghaati-aakramane 100 jananam swasya sanghatanasy netrutvam kartum aadishtah. yadyapi tasya kampenee mahatim janahaanim anubhavat tathaapi, calox, french-anglabhashasu swajanaan protsaahayan, swasya sampornasya regiment ityasya aakramanasy netrutvam krutavaan, ekaha laghu-kandukah tasya baahuh paalayat, tasya paarshve tam nirupayogee cha krutvaa. gambhirataya vranitah, calox ityeshah aakramanasy netrutvam yaavat naa krutavaan, yaavat sanghasya topakhanayaha shell tam naa aakramayat, yena saha praayah dvivaaram vibhajya, saha maaritah cha abhavat. tadwiruddhakathaah satsu api port-hudson ityatra asya uttar-kshetrasya kaaryeshu deshiyena rakshakaih kevalam ekaha eva aaropah krutah. tasya karmanam varnanam radolf desdoons ityanena kalpitaroopen krutam, yasya bhrata kuleenah calox ityasya adheene sewitah aasit. vishvasya drushtihi vastutah asmin american spartacus [calox] ityatra aasit. prachina-rome-nagarasya naayakah, tasya apekshayaa adhikam veeratvam naa pradarshayat yat saha adhikaari, yah swapute smrutya, rodanam cha krutvaa, mrutyum dhaavan, "hey comrades, vayam agre gacchaamah!"saha port hudson ityasya ghatakaha byaatari-ityetayoho viruddham shut praavashyam svameva visarjayat, pratyekasmin aakramane saha swasya tatkalikam aahvanam punaraavartayat," vayam agre gacchaama, punah ekavaaram!"ante, pranaghatakapraharena patitah, saha swasya parichaarak-adhikaarinam antimam aadesham dattavaan", baacchas, karyabharam sweekarotu!"yadi kashchit kathayati yat shooraveerah beyard uttamm vaa adhikam vaa krutavaan iti, itihasanusaram saha mithyapaddhati. pashchat confederate-general-gardner-varyaha hudson-naukaashrayasya uttarabhage yuddhaviraamasya krute prahrayat yena deshiyarakshakanam mrutaanaam sadasyanam shavaani punah praaptum shaknuvanti. samanya-vittakoshaah "tasmin kshetre mama kimapi janahanih naasti" iti pratyuttarm dattavantah, tathaa cha yuddhaviraamasya anurodham niraakrutavantah. asya parinaamen, calox ityasya vighatitah dehah 47 dinaani yaavat bhoomau patitah aasit yaavat port hudson ityeshah antatah 1863 julai 9 dinaanke tate samarpitah naa abhavat. mrutaanaam madhye kechan eva parichitaah abhavan, parantu calox ityasya shareeram tasya paridhaanena vartamaanen vartulena parichitaa, yat tasya regiment ityasya jeevitaih sadasyaih parichitaa aasit. sanghasya mrutaanaam adhikamshanam samaadhih asmin kshetre eva abhavat. pashchat etat port-hudson-rashtriya-shmashanam iti pratishtaapitam. 1974 tame varshe idam shmashanam rashtriya-aitihaasika-sthalachinharoopen nirdishtam. antyeshtihi. calox ityasya avasheshaah punah praapya nyoo orleans-nagaram prati pratyarpitaah abhavan. kaptanasya veerataa iti kathaa asya poorvamev aasit. yadaa tasya antyeshtihi 1863 julai 29 dinaanke nagare abhavat, tadaa calox dirghena shobhayatraya, sahasrashah upasthitaih cha sammaanitah abhavat. tasya vidhavaa phelisi-varyaa farr iti prushtaa aasit. confederate-karyasya samarthanam kurwatah bishap jeane-maaree odin ityasya purohitasya viruddham pratibandhah satsu api, claud paaschal maistre adhikrutah iti. france-deshe janma praapnot, maistre iti daasatvasya nirmulanasya samarthanam kurvatee asmin pradeshasya ekamaatrah catholic-purohitah aasit. pratibandham satsu api saha antyeshti-samskaaram krutavaan, calox ityeshah sent-louis-shmashaane #2 samaadhisthah. calox ityasya mrutyoho anantaram, tasya vidhavaa, felicy, samyuktarajyamerika-sarvakaarena purvasainikan prati pratijnaam vittiyalaabhaan praaptum sangharsham krutavatee. anekavarshanam prayatnanantaram saa alpam nivruttivetanam avaapnot, parantu 1874 tame varshe daaridryen mrutaa. saa tasmin samaye ef. aar. krute gruhasevikaa rupena karyam kurvatee aasit. mahattaram. uttaradhikaraha. calox ityasya kathaa 2020 tame varshe denn morton ityanena nirdeshitaa namakam laghupataroopen nirmitam. 2022 tame varshe, calox iti 2022 tame varshe "ammissipation" iti naatake vishishtapaatram aasit, yasmin will smit ityayam abhinayam akarot, mustafaa shakeer ityeshah calox iti paatram abhyanayt. tasmin eva varshe nyoo orleans-nagarasya poorvakaalasy catholic-charch, yatra calox ityasya prasidham antyeshti-samskaarah krutah aasit, tatt pradarshana-kalanam saamskrutika-nyayasya cha aand-calox-kendram abhavat. kendrasya sameepe sthitam laghu-udyaanam api calox ityasya namna punarnaamakaranam krutam asti.

andrey caylux andrey caylux (august 25,1825-mae 27,1863) oru aaprikka america iraanuvath thalapathi aavaar, avar endha vada america iraanuvap pirivin muthal karuppina athikaarigalil oruvaraavaar. america ullnaattup poarin poathu poaril iranththa muthal karuppina veerargalil ivarum oruvar. thuraimuka hutson muttrukaiyin poathu koottamaippu koattaikal meethaana thoalviyuttra muthal thaakkuthalin poathu avar kollapattaar. avarathu veeram pattriya pathivukal paththirigaigalil paravalaaka arivikappattana, maelum aaprikka amerikkarkalai union iraanuvaththil aatchaerppu seivatharkaana oru paerani kookkuralaaga maariyathu. oru deshabaktar mattrum thiyaagiyaaga avarathu narpeyar avarai vida neenda kaalam neediththathu. 1890 aam aandu nerkaanalkalin thoguppil, ullnaattup poarin mooththa curnell tucklasses willson, "eppoathaavathu desabakti veeram kambeeramaana palingku allathu piththalai moolam qalla ored ravikkappaduvatharku thaguthiyaanathu endraal, capton caleox thaguthiyaanavar, antha cuddon seluththappadum varai america makkal unmaiyana dhesapakthikku thangal nandriyaith thirumbap pera maattaargal." vaazhkkai varalaaru. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. 1825 aam aandil louisianavil adimaiyaagap pirantha caylux, thanathu vaazhnaal muzhuvathum neu arleancilum athaich suttriyulla pakuthikalilum vaalnththaar. oru ilaignanaaka, kylox sigaret thayaarikkum tholilil payirchi pettraar. 1846 varai avar dwerney kudumba uruppinarkalukkuch sonthamaanavaraaga irunthaar. 21 vayathil manithavala maempaattukkaana avarathu manuvai avarathu ejamaanar aathariththaar, maelum neu arleans nagaril ulla anaitthu vellai bolees naduvar mandraththaal vazhangkappattathu. neu arleancil iroappiya mattrum aaprikka creols (vada americavil piranththavarkal) aagiya iruvarin vazhiththoantralgalaaga irunththa suthanthiramaana karuppina makkal samoogam niruvappattathu. inththa kuzhu pirenchu kaalanitthuva aandugalil niruvappattathu mattrum vellai kaalaniththuvavaadhigalukkum perumbaanmaiyaana adimaippaduthappatta aaprikkarkalukkum idaiyil moontraam vaguppaaga sila urimaigalai anubaviththathu. neu arleans kalaachaaraththil plaasaej amaippin keezh, vellai aangal vannap penkalai podhu-satta manaivigalaaka eduththuk kondanar. sila nerangalil avarkal thangal kalappu ina kuzhandhaigalai angkeekariththu, avarkalin kalvikku, kurippaaga magangalin kalvikku panam seluththinar allathu vayathu vanthoarukkaana thirankalukkaana payirchiyaalarkalai aerpaadu seithanar. sila nerangalil avarkal avarkalidam sothukkalai nilainiruththinar. 1847 aam aandil, caylux niratthin sudhanthira greol felicy koolanai mananthaar. adimaiththanaththil piranththaalum, thanathu ejamaanarukku vaangkum vilaiyai seluththi thanathu taayaal viduvikkappattaar. caylux mattrum koolanukku naanku kuzhandhaigal suthanthiramaaga piranthanar, avarkalil moontru paer vayathu vanththavargal varai uyir pizhaiththanar. feliciyin taayaar feliciana oru mulato pennaaga adimaippaduththappattirundharu. pala aandugalaaka, avar aerkanavae feliciaip pettra piragu, avar thanathu maastar valentin encalada, oru vellai thoattakkaararin podhu-satta manaiviyaaga paniyaattrinaar. felicy thanathu thaayin kuzhandhaiyaaga enkalaadaavin "soththaaga" irunththathu. (idhu adimaich sattaththil "partus seekvidur ventrem" endra kolgaiyinpadi irunththathu.) feliciana 1842 aam aandil thanathu magalin suthanthiraththai engalaadaavilirunthu vaankinaar. suthanthiramaana manithar. suthanthiram pettra piragu, kylox oru sigaret thayaarippaalaraaga thanathu vaalvaathaaraththaip pettraar. ullnaattup poar thodanguvatharku munbu, avar thanathu sontha sigaret thayaarikkum vanigaththai niruvinaar. avarathu nidhi nilaimaigal mithamaanathaaga irunththapoathilum, neu arleancil ulla suthanthiramaana karuppina makkalin samoogaththirkul oru thalaivaraaga kaelox angkeekarikkappattaar. aarvamulla vilayaattu veeraraana caylux, nagaraththin sirantha kuththuchandai veerargalil oruvaraaga paaraattappattaar. anaathai karuppina kuzhandhaigalukkaana palliyaana catholica niruvanaththin theevira aatharavaalaraakavum irunthaar. idhu kuzhandhaigalukku suthanthiramaana vanna makkalaip pattriyum karpiththathu. avarathu manithavalap poakkaith thodarnthu, kylox padikkak karrukkondaar, anegamaaga institute catholic aasiriyarkalin uthaviyudan. avar aangkilam mattrum pirenchu aagiya irandilum saralamaaga paesath thodangkinaar. 1860 vaakkil, neu arleancil ulla 10,000 "nira sudhanthira aangal" samoogaththil caylux nanku mathikkappadum uruppinaraaga irunthaar. antha neraththil, neu arleans therkil migapperiya nagaramaagavum, sumar 100,000 makkalthogaiyudan americavin aaraavathu periya nagaramaagavum irunththathu. america ullnaattup poar saevai. maanilangkalin koottamaippu iraanuvam. iraanuvam ullnaattup poar thodangiyapoathu, neu arleans nagaraththaip paathukaakka aerpaadu seiyappatta oru maanila poraaliyaana ulloor kavalil leptinentaaka caylux niyamikkappattaar. pirenchu kaalanitthuva aatchiyin kaalaththilirunthae karuppina sudhanthira aangal ulloor poaraaligalil pankettranar. endhavoru vada america pirivin muthal karuppina athikaarigalil ivarum oruvar. ulloor kaavalar muttrilum neu arleancilum athaich suttriyulla pakuthikalilum vaalnththa suthanthiramaana nira manitharkalaal uruvaakkappattathu. ulloor neu arleans seithiththaalgalil veliyaana katturaigal moolam, sumar 1,500 suthanthiramaana karuppina aangal padaippirivukku thannarvath thondu seithanar, maelum louisianavin valakkamaana poaraaligalil saerkka aalunaridam manuu seithanar, idhu angkeekarikkappattathu. oru vellai athikaariyin kattalaiyin keezh, koottamaippin ulloor kaavalargalin anaitthu niruvanangalum karuppina suthanthiramaana manitharkalaal vazhinadaththappattana, maelum anaitthu athikaarigalum anaitthu thannaarvap padaiyinaraal thernthedukkappattanar. louisiana maanilaththin koottamaippu arasaangkam seerudaigal allathu ubakaranangkalukku endha koduppanavaiyum vazhangkavillai. caylux thanathu poruppugalai theeviramaaga eduththuk kondaar. avarathu alagu nanku thoandappattathaagavum nanku payirchi petrtrathaakavum kaanappattathu. koottamaippin ulloor kaavalar orupoathum seyalil kadamaikku azhaikkappadavillai. 1862 aepralil union admiral davit farragud neu arleans nagaraththaik kaippattriyapoathu, neu arleancilum athaich suttriyulla koottamaippup padaikalum nagaraththaik kaivittu, vadakkae moorin mugaamukku nagarnthana. 1 vadhu ulloor kaavalar inththa neraththil kalaikkappattaar, muraiyaaga, yuu adippadaiyil.ess. pirenchu calandin vilimbil pudhinaa. union iraanuvam. union general benjamin eff. valaikudaath thuraiyin iraanuvath thalapathiyaana butler, neu arleancil thanathu thalaimaiyagaththai uruvaakkinaar. septumber 1862 ill avar anaitthu karuppu union iraanuvam 1 vadhu louisiana poorveega kaavalpadai ozhungamaikka uttaravittaar. koottamaippup pirivaip poalallaamal, inththa padaippirivu sudhanthira aangal mattrum munnaal adimaigalin kalavaiyaik kondirundhadhu, maelum valaikudaavin iraanuvaththirkaana valuppaduththalkalukkaana general patlarin koorikkaikalin neradi vilaivaaga idhu uruvaakkappattathu. patlarin ninaivuk kurippilum, kilarchi poarin pathivilum, avar poarch seyalaalaraana standanukku ezhuthinaar, "neengkal enakku valuvoottalgalai anuppavittaal, naan aaprikkaavai avvaaru seiyumaaru azhaippaen." caylux 1 vadhu padaippirivil saernthaar, idhu saevai seithavarkalil palar pirenchu mattumae paesiyathaal avasiyamaaga irunththathu, maelum niruvanaththin kaeptanaaga niyamikkappattaar. avarathu niruvanam ulloor kavalil sirantha thulaiyidappatta ontraaka karudhappattathu. caylux padippadiyaaga padaippirivukku thalaimai thaangkiya vellai athikaariyaana curnell spensor staffordin mariyaathaiyaip pettraar. general nathaniyal pii. disambar 1862 ill valaikudaavin thuraiyin thalapathiyaaga pattlarukkup pathilaaka vangkigal maattrappattana, avar koodudhalaaga 30,000 thurupukkalaik kondu vanthaar, ithanaal avarathu kattalaiyin keezh moththa thuruppukkalin ennikkai 42,000 aaga irunththathu. inththa neraththil, anaitthu karuppina poorveega kaavalpadai moontru padaippirivugalaaga valarnthathu, sudhanthira aangal mattrum munnaal adimaigalin kalavai. varungkaala aalunar puughal udpada varii athikaarikal (leptinent mattrum captaingal) karuppinaththavargalaaga irunththapoathilum. pii. ess. ess padaippirivin kambeni thalapathiyaaga irunththa binchback, commanding athikaarikal (karnalgal, leptinent karnalgal mattrum maejargal) vellaiyargalaaka irunththanar. podhu vangkigal karuppina athikaarigalai veruththana, maelum avarkalai amerikkarkalai avamathippathaaga karuthina.ess. raanuvam. avar anaitthu karuppina athikaarigalukkum pathilaaka vellai athikaarigalai niyamikka purapattaar, podhuvaaga idhai 2 vadhu mattrum 3 vadhu padaippirivugaludan muditthaar, aanaal 1 vadhu padaippirivudan alla, athil kaelox paniyaattrinaar mattrum oru athikaariyaaga maarinaar. koottamaippin padaippirivil pala uruppinarkal koottamaippin koottamaippin ulloor kaavalpadaiyil uruppinargalaaga irunththanar, maelum caylux mattrum pira athikaarikal rajinama seiya virumbavillai, maelum mattra irandu padaippirivugalil thangal thalaimaiyin keezh karuppina veerargalai paravalaaka thavaraaga nadaththi vantha puthiya englaanthu athikaarigalin kaikalil avarkalai vittuvida virumbavillai. ulloor kaavalarin 1 vadhu padaippirivu muthanmaiyaaga soarvu kadamaiyil (maratthai vettuthal, agazhigalai thoanduthal) mae 1863 varai odhukkappattathu, appoathu podhu vangkigal avarathu iraanuvaththin perumbaguthiyai (35,000 aangal) louisianavin poart hutsonil ulla koottamaippu koattaikalaich suttriyulla nilaikku nagarththiyathu. poart hutson enbathu mississippi aattrin valaivil paattan roojin vadakkae oru mooloabaaya reethiyaaga amainthulla koattaiyaagum. antha neraththil, vadakkil mississippi, wixburg mattrum therkil poart hutson idaiyae mississippi aattrin 200 mile neelaththai koottamaippu innum kattuppaduththiyathu. misisippiyaik kattuppaduththuvadharkaaga, oru moasadi meethu mooloabaaya nilaipaattaik kondirundha wixburkin kattuppaattaip pera thozhirchangam virumbiyathu. general ulysses grand wixburkai muttrukaiyittapoathu, podhu vangkigal poart hatsanai muttrukaiyittana. poart hutson muttrukai. mae 27,1863 andru, poart hutsonil nanku paathukaakkappatta, nanku valuvoottappatta koottamaippu nilaigal meethu vangkigal moasamaaga orunginaintha thaakkuthalaith thodangkina. muthal naall thaakkuthalin oru paguthiyaaga, kanaraga peerangkith thaakkuthalkalin aatharavudan irandu padaippirivugal konda koottamaippu thurupukkalaal nadatthappatta oru uyar santhegaththirku ethiraaga kittatthatta tharkolaith thaakkuthalil 100 paer konda thanathu niruvanatthai vazhinadaththa caylux uttaravidappattaar. avarathu niruvanam palaththa uyirizhappugalai santhiththa poathilum, kylox, pirenchu mattrum aangkilaththil thanathu aatkalai ookkuvikkak koochalittaar, avarathu muzhu padaippirivaiyum vazhinadaththinaar, oru siriya pandhu avarathu kaiyai kiliththu, adhai avarathu pakkaththil payanpaduththaamal thongavittathu. palaththa kaayamadaindha caylux, oru koottamaippu beerangi shell avaraith thaakkum varai thodarnthu thaakkuthalai vazhinadaththinaar, avarai kittatthatta irandaagap plavupaduththi kondraar. idharku nermaaraaga kadhaigal irunththapoathilum, poart hutsonil inththa vadakkup padaith thoguppil ulloor kaavalargalaal oray oru kuttrachchaattu mattumae seiyappattathu. avarathu seyalgal rodolph destoons enbavaraal karpanaiyaana paaniyil vivarikkappattana, avarathu cakootharar, pirabuththuvam, caylux keezh paniyaattrinaar ulagin kankal unmaiyil inththa america spartagus [kylox] meethu irunththana. uthadugalil punnagaiyudan, "thoazharkalae, naam munnaeruvoam!" endru azhuthu, thanathu maranaththirku munnaeriya inththa athikaariyai vida pandaiya roamin naayagan endha thunichalaana veeraththaiyum velippaduththavillai."poart hutson kolaikaara peerangkigalukku ethiraaga aaru murai avar thannaith thaanae veechinaar, ovvoru thaakkuthalilum avar thanathu avasara azhaippai meendum koorinaar," maelum oru murai munnaeruvoam!"iruthiyaaka, marana adiyin keezh vilunththu, avar thanathu kadaisi uththaravai thanathu varugai athikaariyidam kodutthaar," baches, poruppaerkavum!"varalaattrin puddy, kudhirai veeran bayert sirappaagavoa allathu athigamaagavoa seyalpattaar endru yaravathu sonnaal, avar poy solkiraar. pinnar, thuraimuka hutson panikalin vadakku munaiyil oru poar nirutthaththai aerpaduththik kollumaaru koottamaippu podhu thottakkaarar kettukkondaar, ithanaal kollapatta ulloor kaavalar uruppinargalin udalgalai meetka mudiyum. podhu vangkigal "anthap paguthiyil enakku endha uyirizhappum aerpadavillai" endru pathilaliththana, maelum poarniruththaththirkaana koorikkaiyai marutthana. idhan vilaivaaga, juulai 9,1863 andru poart hutson iruthiyaaka vangkigalidam saranadaiyum varai kaelooksin sithaintha udal 47 naatkal tharaiyil kidanthathu. iranththavargalil silar adaiyaalam kaanappattanar, aanaal kaelooksin udal avar aninthiruntha moathiraththaal adaiyaalam kaanappattathu, idhu avarathu padaippirivil uyir pizhaiththa uruppinargalaal adaiyaalam kaanappattathu. thozhirchangkaththil iranththavargalil perumbaalaanoar ippaguthiyil adakkam seiyappattanar. idhu pinnar poart hutson thaesiya kallaraiyaaga niruvappattathu. 1974 aam aandil inththa kallarai thaesiya varalaattruch sirappumikka adaiyaalamaaga arivikkappattathu. iruthich sadangu. kyloxine echchangkal meetkappattu neu arliansukkuth tiruppith tharapattana. capton veeram pattriya kadhai idharku munbae irunththathu. juulai 29,1863 andru avarathu iruthich sadangu nagaril nadaipettrapoathu, kaelox oru neenda uurvalaththaal mattrum aayirakkanakkaana pankerpaalarkalaal gowravikkappattaar. avarathu vidhavai felicy fravaridam kaettirunthaar. koottamaippin noakkaththai aathariththa bishab jeane-maeri oodinin paathiriyaarukku ethiraaga oru thadai uttaravu irunththapoathilum, clowt bassel myster athikaarappoorvamaaga seyalpadugiraar. brancil pirantha myster, adimaitthanaththai ozhippathai aathariththa oray catholica paathiriyaar aavaar. thadai vithikkappatta poathilum avar iruthich sadangai nadaththinaar, maelum caylux saint luis kallaraiyil adakkam seiyappattaar. keyloxin maranaththirkup piragu, avarathu vidhavai felicy, america arasaangkaththaal munnaal veerargalukku vaakkuruthiyalikkappatta nidhi salugaigalaip pera siramappattaar. pala varuda muyarchigalukkup piragu, avar oru siriya oaivoothiyaththaip pettraar, aanaal avar 1874 ill varumaiyil iranthaar. avar antha neraththil oru veettu uuzhiyaraaka panipurinthaar. periyavar. marabu. keilouksin kadhai 2020 aam aandil dane moreton iyakkiya athae peyarilaana kurumpadamaaga uruvaakkappattathu. 2022 aam aandil, will smith nadiththa 2022 naadagamaana "viduthalai" ill kylox oru sirappu kathaapaaththiramaaga irunthaar, maelum mustaba shakir kailoaksaaga naditthaar. athae aandu, neu arleancil ulla munnaal catholica devalayam, angku kylox pugazhpettra iruthich sadangugal seiyappattana, kalai mattrum kalaachaara neethikkaana andrey kylox maiyamaaga maariyathu. maiyaththirku arugilulla oru siriya poongkaavum kyloxine peyaraal marupeyaridappattullathu.

andrey kylox andrey kylox (aagashtu 25,1825-mae 27,1863) oka african american armi kepten, yea uttara america sainika vibhaganikaina modati nallajati adhikaarulalo okaru. american antaryuddhamlo yuddhamlo maraninchina modati nallajati sainikulalo ayana okaru. port hudson muttadi samayamlo confederate kotalapai viphalamaina modati daadi samayamlo athanu champabaddadu. ayana veeratvam gurinchi patrikalalo vistrutamgaa nivedinchabaddaayi, mariyu union armylo african americanla niyaamakaaniki idhi oka rallyga maarindi. deshabhaktudigaa, amaraveerudigaa ayana khyati ayana kante ekkuva kaalam konasaagindi. 1890 naati interviewla sekaranalo, poura yuddha anubhavagnudaina kalnal douglus willson ilaa annadu, "eppudaina deshabhakti veerochitatanu gambheeramaina palarayi ledhaa ittadilo gowravinchadaaniki arhata unte, kepten kylox arhulu, mariyu aaa runaanni chellinche varaku american prajalu nijamaina deshabhakti patla tama krutagnatanu eppatikee tirigi pondaleru." jeevita charitra. prarambha jeevitam. 1825loe louisianalo banisaluga janminchina kylox thana jeevitamantaa nyuu orleans mariyu chuttupakkala nivasinchaadu. yuvakudigaa, kylox sigar tayari vyaparamlo sikshana pondaadu. 1846 varaku athanu duverne kutumba sabhyula yajamanyamlo unnadu. 21 samvatsaraala vayassulo athani petitionnu athani yajamani samardhinchaaru mariyu nyuu orleans nagaramloni tellajati pooliisu jurie manjuru chesindi. european mariyu african creols (uttara americalo janminchina) nundi vacchina nyuu orleenslo swechhaa rangu prajala sthirapadina sangham undhi. eee samuuham french valasavaada samvatsaraalalo sthaapinchabadindi mariyu tella valasavaadulu mariyu baanisalalo ekkuva mandhi aafrikanla madhya moodava taragatigaa konni hakkulanu pondindi. nyuu orleans samskrutilo places vyavastha kinda, tellajati purushulu rangu mahilalanu saadhaarana nyaya bharyaluga teesukunnaru. konnisaarlu vaaru tama mishrama jaathi pillalanu gurtinchi, vaari vidyaku, mukhyamgaa kumaarula vidyaku, ledhaa vayojana naipunhyaala kosam apprentisshiplanu erpaatu chesaaru. konnisaarlu vaaru vaaripai aastulanu sthiraparichaevaaru. 1847loe, kylox, rangula swechchagala creol ayina felisi koulannu vivaham chesukunnadu. baanisatvamlo janminchinappatikii, aame konugolu dharanu thana yajamaniki chellinchi aame talli aamenu vidudala chesindi. kylox mariyu koulanlaku naluguru pillalu swechchagaa janminchaaru, vaarilo mugguru yuktavayassu varaku jeevinchaaru. felisi talli feliciana oka banisaga unna mulatto mahila. aneka samvatsaraalu, aame appatike feliseeni pondina taruvaata, aame tellani mokkalanu pandinche aame yajamani valentin enkalada yokka saadhaarana nyaya bharyaga panicheesaaru. felisi thana talli biddaga enkalada yokka "aasti". (idhi baanisa chattamlo "partus sequitor ventrem" suutram prakaram undhi.) feliciana 1842loe thana kumarte swechhanu enkalada nundi konugolu chesindi. friedam myaan. thana swechhanu pondina taruvaata, kylox sigar tayaareedaarugaa thana jeevanasailini sampaadinchaadu. antaryuddham praarambhaaniki mundu, athanu thana sonta sigar tayari vyapaaraanni sthaapinchaadu. athani aardhika paristhitulu niraadambaramgaa unnappatikee, nyuu orleensloni swechhaa prajala samaajamlo kylox nayakudiga gurtimpu pondaadu. aasaktigala kreedaakaarudu, kylox nagaramloni uttama baxerlalo okarigaa prasamsimchabaddaadu. athanu anatha nallajati pillala kosam oka paatasaala ayina institute kaathalikku churukaina maddatudaarudu kooda. idhi pillalaku rangu yokka uchita vyaktula gurinchi kooda neerpindi. thana manumission taruvaata, kylox chadavadam neerchukunnaadu, bahusha institute kaathaliklooni upaadhyaayula sahayamtho. athanu inglish mariyu french rendintiloonuu praaveenyam pondaadu. 1860 natiki, nyuu orleensloni 10,000 mandhi "swechhaa purushulu" samaajamlo kylox gouravaneeyamaina sabhyudiga unnadu. aaa samayamlo, nyuu orleans dakshinaana atipedda nagaram, mariyu sumaru 100,000 janaabhaato united stateslo aarava atipedda nagaram. american sivil waar servies. confederate state armi. 1861loe antaryuddham prarambhamainappudu, nyuu orleans nagaranni rakshinchadaaniki erpaatu chesina rashtra sainyam ayina sthaanika guardlo leftinentga kylox niyaminchabaddaadu. french valasa paalana kaalam nundi rangurangula swechchaayuta purushulu sthaanika sainika dalaalalo palgonnaru. athanu yea uttara america vibhaganikaina chendina modati nallajati adhikaarulalo okadu. sthaanika gaardu puurtigaa nyuu orleans mariyu chuttupakkala nivasinche swechhaa rangu purushulatho roopondinchabadindi. sthaanika nyuu orleans vaartaapatrikalalo vyasala dwara, sumaru 1,500 mandhi swechhaa purushulu regiment kosam swachchandamgaa munduku vacchaaru mariyu louisiana yokka saadhaarana sainyamloki chaerchaalani governorku petition vaesaaru, idhi aamodinchabadindi. oka tella adhikari aadhvaryamlo, samakhya sthaanika gaardu yokka anni companylaku rangu yokka uchita purushulu naayakatvam vahinchaaru mariyu adhikaarulandarinii swachchanda sevakula dwara ennukunnaaru. louisiana rashtra samakhya prabhutvam unifamlu ledhaa parikaraalaku etuvanti bhatyam andinchaledu. kylox thana baadhyatalanu teevramgaa teesukunnadu. athani unit baga travvabadi, baga sikshana pondinadigaa gamaninchabadindi. confederate sthaanika gaardunu eppuduu kriyaaseela vidhulaku pilavaledu. union admiral david farragut 1862 eprillo nyuu orleans nagaranni swaadheenam chesukunnappudu, nyuu orleans mariyu chuttupakkala unna samakhya dalaalu nagaranni vidichipetti uttaraana camp moorku vellaayi. 1va sthaanika gaardu eee samayamlo, adhikarikamga, yuu aadhaaramgaa raddu cheyabadindi.ess. french quarter anchuna pudiinaa. union armi. union general benzin eff. gulph department yokka sainika commander ayina butler nyuu orleenslo thana pradhana karyalayanni nirminchaadu. 1862 septembarulo athanu aall-block union armi 1 va louisiana sthaanika gaardu regimentnu nirvahinchaalani aadesinchaadu. confederate unit maadirigaa kakunda, eee regiment swechhaa-purushulu mariyu maajee baanisala misramaanni kaligi undhi mariyu gulph sainyam kosam balagalu kosam general butler abhyardhanala pratyaksha phalitamgaa erpadindi. butler yokka ghnaapakaalalo, mariyu tirugubaatu yuddham yokka recordulo, athanu yuddha karyadarshi stantonku ilaa vraasaadu, "meeru naaku balagalanu pampakapothe, neenu aafrikaanu alaa cheyamani pilustaanu." kylox 1va regimentlo cheraadu, idhi chaalaa mandhi french matrame matladevaru kabatti avasaram, mariyu company ii. kuu keptenga niyaminchabaddaadu. athani samstha sthaanika guardlo uttama drillinglo okatigaa pariganinchabadindi. kylox kramamga regimentku naayakatvam vahinchina tella adhikari kalnal spensor stafford gowravaanni sampaadinchaadu. general nathaniel p. 1862 decemberulo butler sthaanamlo gulph department commanderga byaankulu niyaminchabaddaayi, athanu thanatho paatu adanamgaa 30,000 mandhi sainikulanu teesukuvacchaadu, tadwara athani aadhvaryamlo mottam dalaala balaanni 42,000 kuu teesukuvacchaadu. eee samayaniki, mottam nallajati sthaanika gaardulu moodu regimentlaku edigaaru, ivi swechhaa purushulu mariyu maajee baanisala misramam. ayithe line adhikarulu (leftinentlu mariyu keptenlu) nallajaateeyulu, bhavishyat governor p. bii. ess. 2va regimentku chendina company commander ayina pinch byaak, commanding adhikarulu (culnels, leftinent culnels mariyu majers) tellagaa undevaaru. saadhaarana byaankulu nallajati adhikaarulanu truneekarinchaayi mariyu vaarini yuu. yea. kuu avamanamga bhaavinchaayi.ess. sainyam. athanu nallajati adhikaarulandarinii tellajati adhikaarulatho bharti cheyadaaniki bayaludaeraadu, mariyu saadhaaranamgaa dheenini 2va mariyu 3va regimentlatho saadhinchaadu, conny 1va regimentto kaadu, dheenilo kylox panichesi swayamgaa adhikari ayyadu. 1va regimentloni chaalaa mandhi sabhyulu kooda confederate 1va sthaanika guardlo sabhyuluga unnaaru, mariyu kylox mariyu itara adhikarulu rajinama cheyadaaniki mariyu itara rendu regimentlalo tama aadhvaryamlo nallajati sainikulanu vistrutamgaa durviniyogam chestunna kotta ingland adhikaarula chetullo vadiliveyadaaniki ishtapadaledu. sthaanika gaardu yokka 1va regiment pradhanamgaa alasata vidhulaku (kalapanu kattirinchadam, kandakaalu travvadam) mae 1863 varaku ketayinchabadindi, appudu general byaankulu athani sainyamlo ekkuva bhaganni (35,000 mandhi purushulu) louisianaloni port hudson vadda samakhya kotalanu chuttumutte sthithiki taralinchaayi. port hudson anedi batton roose kuu uttaraana mississippi nadhi vampulo vyuuhaatmakamgaa unna koota. aaa samayamlo, uttaraana wixburg, mississippi mariyu dakshinaana port hudson madhya mississippi nadhi yokka 200 mailla podavunu samakhya ippatikee niyantrinchindi. misisipeeni niyantrinchadaaniki, oka mosampai vyuuhaatmaka sthaanaanni kaligi unna wixburg meeda niyantrananu pondaalani union korukundi. general ulysses grant wixburgnu muttadinchagaa, general byaankulu port hudson muttadini nirvahinchaayi. port hudson muttadi. mae 27,1863naa, port hudson vadda baga rakshinchabadina, baga balapadina samakhya sthaanaalapai byaankulu paelavamaina samanvayamtho daadi chesaayi. modati roeju daadiloo bhaagamgaa, bhaarii phirangula maddatutoe samakhya dalaala rendu regimentlu nirvahinche adhika anumaanaaspada daadiki vyatiraekamgaa daadaapu aatmahatya daadiloo 100 mandhi vyaktulatoe kuudina thana samsthanu nadipinchaalani kailoksnu aadesinchaaru. thana company bhaarii praananastaanni chavichusinappatiki, french mariyu aanglamlo thana manushulaku prothsaaham istuu kekalu vaestuu, kylox thana mottam regimentnu nadipinchaadu, oka chinna banthi athani chetini cheelchivesi, daanini athani pakkana panikiraanidigaa velaadadeesindi. teevramgaa gayapadina kylox, oka samakhya phirangi shell atanni kotte varaku daadiki naayakatvam vahinchadam konasaginchadu, atanni daadaapu rendu mukkaluga cheelchi champadu. dheeniki viruddhamgaa kathalu unnappatikee, port hudson vadda eee uttara bhaagamlo pani chese panulapai sthaanika gaardu oke oka chaarj chesindi. athani charyalanu rodolph desdunes oohaatmaka paddhatiloo vivarinchaadu, athani sodarudu, kuleena, kylox aadhvaryamlo panichesaaduh prapanchamlooni kallu nijamgaa eee american spartacus [kylox] paie unnaayi. praacheena rome yokka heero thana pedavulapai chirunavvutho, "sahacharulara, munduku veldaam!" anie edustu thana maranaaniki munduku parugettina eee adhikari kante dhairyamaina veerochitatanu pradarsinchaledu."athanu port hudson yokka hantaka byaatareelaku vyatiraekamgaa aarusaarlu tananu taanu visiraadu, mariyu prati daadiloo athanu thana atyavasara pilupunu punaraavrutam chesaadu," maroe saari munduku veldaam!"chivaraku, praanaantakamaina debbaku gurai, athanu thana chivari aadesaanni thana hajarayye adhikaariki icchaadu," batches, baadhyatalu sweekarinchandi!"charitra prakaram, gurram bared merugga ledhaa anthakante ekkuva chesadani evarainaa chebithe, athanu abaddham chebutaadu. confederate general gardner taruvaata odarevu hudson panula uttara mundu bhaagamlo sandhi cheyamani koraadu, tadwara sthaanika gaardu yokka champabadina sabhyula mrutadehaalanu velikiteeyavacchu. aaa praantamloo naaku etuvanti praananashtam jaragaledu" anie general byaankulu pratispandinchaayi mariyu sandhi kosam chesina abhyardhananu tiraskarinchaayi. dheeni phalitamgaa, port hudson chivaraku juulai 9,1863naa byaankulaku longipoye varaku 47 rojula paatu kylox kullina sareeram neelapai padi undhi. chanipoyina vaarilo kondarini gurtinchaaru, conny kylox mrutadehaanni athanu dharinchina ungaramtho gurtinchaaru, dheenini athani regimentloni manugadalo unna sabhyulu gurtinchaaru. unionlo maraninchina vaarilo ekkuva mandhi eee praantamloo khananam cheyabaddaaru. idhi taruvaata port hudson jaateeya smasanavatikaga sthaapinchabadindi. 1974loe eee smasaanavaatikanu jaateeya chaaritraka mylurayiga prakatinchaaru. antyakriyalu. kylox avasheshaalu tirigi pondabaddaayi mariyu nyuu orleensku tirigi pampabaddayi. kepten yokka veerochita katha dheeniki mundu undhi. juulai 29,1863naa nagaramlo ayana antyakriyalu jariginappudu, sudeergha ooregimpu mariyu vaelaadi mandhi hajarainavaru kailoksnu satkarinchaaru. athani vitantuvu felisi adigindi. confederate kaaranaaniki maddatu icchina bishop zeane-maerii oodin nundi poojaariki vyatiraekamgaa madhyantaram unnappatikee, claud paschal mystrey adhikaranni prakatinchaadu. fraanslo janminchina mystray, banisatva nirmuulanaku maddatu icchina ekaika catholic poojaari. nishedham unnappatikee ayana antyakriyalanu nirvahinchaaru, mariyu kylox seyint luis smasaanavaatikalo khananam cheyabaddaadu. kylox maranam taruvaata, athani vitantuvu felisi, united states prabhutvam anubhavagnulaku vaagdaanam chesina aardhika prayojanaalanu pondadaaniki chaalaa kashtapadindi. aneka samvatsaraala krushi taruvaata, aameku oka chinna pinchanu labhinchindi, conny aame 1874loe pedarikamlo maraninchindi. aaa samayamlo aame fr kosam gruha udyogigaa panichestondi. goppavadu. vaarasatvam. kylox kathanu dayne moreton darsakatvam vahinchina 2020loe adhe paerutoe laghu chitramgaa roopondinchaaru. 2022loe, will smith natinchina 2022 drama "emmensipation" loe kylox oka pradhana paatra, mariyu mustafa shakir kailoksga natinchaaru. adhe samvatsaram, nyuu orleensloni maajee catholic charchi, ikkada kylox antyakriyalu pramukhamgaa jarigaayi, idhi pradarsana kalalu mariyu saamskrutika nyayam kosam andrey kylox kendramgaa maarindi. madhyalo unna oka chinna parkuku kooda kylox paeru pettaru.

andry calocus andry calocus (25 agast 1825-27 mayee 1863) eek afriqi americi foj kaa kaptaan thaa juu kasee bhee shamali americi foji yount kay pehley seeyah faam afsaran mein say eek thaa. wah americi khaanah jangi kay doraan ladayi mein marnay waalay pehley seeyah faam fojiyon mein say eek thay. wah port hudson kay muhasire kay doraan confeedrate qalaon parr nakaam pehley hamlay kay doraan maaraa gayaa thaa. inn kii bahadari kay bayanaat prais mein baday paimanay parr report kiye gayey aur union aarmi mein afriqi americiyon kii bharti kay liye eek relaing cheekh bunn gayaa. eek mahab watan aur shaheed kay toor parr inn kii saakh inn say taweel arsey takk aagay chalee gayee. 1890 kay interviews kay majmuay mein khaanah jangi kay tajarbah kaar karnal diggles walasan nay kahaa "agar kabhi habb alwatni kii bahadari kuu bawaqar sing marmar yaa paital mein azat dee jaanee chahiye juu kaptaan calocus kaa honaa chahiye aur americi awaam nay iss qarz kii adayegi takk haqeeqi habb alwatni kay liye apnay shakar kuu kabhi nahein chhadaya hoga." sawanah umri. ibtadayi zindagi. 1825 mein loisiana mein ghalaam bunn kirr paida honay waalay calocus nay apnee poori zindagi neo orleans mein aur iss kay aas paas guzaari. eek naujawan kay toor parr calocus segrate bananay kii tajarat mein tarbiyat yaaftah thaa. wah 1846 takk dovernay khaandaan kay afraad kii malkiyat thaa. 21 saal kii amar mein iss kii darkhwast kii himayat iss kay maaster nay kii thee aur asay neo orleans shehar mein eek makmal safed faam police jewari nay manzoor kiyaa thaa. neo orleans mein rangeen aazaad logon kii eek qayem shadah baradari thee juu europi aur afriqi crevals (shamali america mein paida hoay) donon say taaluq rakhtay thay. yaha garwah francisi nawabadiyati saalon kay doraan qayem hawaa aur safed faam nawabadiyat aur ghalamon kii aksariyat kay darmiyan teesre tabqe kay toor parr kachh haqoq haasil kiye. plockage nazaam kay tahat neo orleans kii saqafat mein safed faam mard rangeen khwatin kuu aam qanoon kii bewiyon kay toor parr leetay thay. baaz auqaat wah apnay makhlut nasal kay bachon kuu tasleem kartay thay aur inn kii taleem khaas toor parr beton kii yaa baaligh maharaton kay liye apprents ship kaa intezam kartay thay. kabhi kabhi wah inn parr jayedad aabaad kartay thay. 1847 mein calocus nay rung kay eek aazaad karyol felisi coloon say shaadi kii. agarcha wah ghalami mein paida hoyee thee leakin asay iss kii maan nay apnay maalik kuu apnee kharidari kii qeemat adaa kartay hoay rehaa kirr diyaa thaa. calocus aur coloon kay chaar bachay aazaad paida huay jinn mein say teen baaligh honay takk zindah rahay. felisi kii maan feliciana eek ghalaam milito aurat thee. kayee saalon takk jabb iss kay pehley hyee felisi paida how chaki thee tuu asay iss kay maaster valenton anclauda juu eek safed poday laganay waala thaa kii mushtarkah qanoon kii bewi kay toor parr rakhaa gayaa aur iss nay khidmaat anjaam dain. felisi apnee maan kii aulaad kay toor parr inklada kii "malkiyat" thee. (yaha ghalaam qanoon mein "parts sequiter ventrium" kay asul kay mutabiq thaa.) feliciana nay 1842 mein apnee betty kii aazadi inkalada say khareed lee. fried meen. aazadi haasil karnay kay baad calocus nay segrate bananay waalay kay toor parr apnee rozee roty kamayi. khaanah jangi kay aaghaz say pehley iss nay segrate bananay kaa apnaa karobar qayem kiyaa. agarcha iss kay maali halaat mamuli thay leakin calocus kuu neo orleans mein rung kay aazaad logon kii community kay andar eek rehnuma kay toor parr tasleem kiyaa gayaa. eek shoqeen khilaadi calocus kuu shehar kay behtareen baksarz mein say eek kay toor parr saraha gayaa. wah insity teut catholic kay srgarm haami bhee thay juu yateem seeyah faam bachon kay liye eek school hay. iss nay bachon kuu rung kay aazaad logon kii taleem bhee dee. apnay menumation kay baad calocus nay padhna seekha shayed insity teut catholic kay asatazah kii madad say. wah angrezi aur francisi donon mein rawani akhtiyar kirr gayey. 1860 takk calocus neo orleans mein 10,000 "rung kay aazaad mardon" kii community kaa eek muaziz rakan thaa. iss waqat neo orleans janub kaa sabb say badaa shehar thaa aur taqriba 100,000 kii aabadi kay saath riyasathaye muthadah kaa chhataa sabb say badaa shehar thaa. americi khaanah jangi saros. confeedrate steat aarmi. 1861 mein khaanah jangi kay aaghaz parr calocus kuu maqami muhafiz mein leftinent kay toor parr commission kiyaa gayaa juu neo orleans shehar kay dafaa kay liye manzam eek riyasati milishiya thee. francisi nawabadiyati hukmarani kay zamanay say hyee rangeen aazaad afraad maqami milishiya mein hasah lay chakay thay. wah kasee bhee shamali americi yount kay pehley seeyah faam afsaran mein say eek thay. maqami muhafiz makmal toor parr seeyah faam aazaad mardon parr mushtamil thaa juu neo orleans aur iss kay aas paas rehtay thay. maqami neo orleans kay akhbaraat mein mazamin kay zariye taqriba 1,500 aazaad seeyah faam mardon nay regment kay liye razakarana toor parr kaam kiyaa aur governor say loisiana kii baqayedah milishiya mein shaamil karnay kii darkhwast kii jasay manzori day dee gayee. eek safed faam afsar kii kamaan mein confeedrate neeto gaard kii tamaam companiyon kii qayadat rung kay aazaad afraad kartay thay aur tamaam afsaran kaa intekhaab razakarana qoot kay zariye kiyaa jaataa thaa. riyasat loisiana kii confeedrate hukumat nay wardi yaa saamaan kay liye koyee alauns farahim nahein kiyaa. calocus nay apnee zamah daariyon kuu sanjeedgi say liyaa. inn kii yount kuu achhi tarah say khoodnay aur achhi tarah say tarbiyat yaaftah dekha gayaa. confeedrate maqami muhafiz kuu kabhi bhee faal deuty parr nahein blaya gayaa. jabb union admiral dude fragat nay apreel 1862 mein neo orleans shehar parr qabzah kiyaa tuu neo orleans aur iss kay aas paas kii confeedrate afwaj nay shehar kuu turk kirr diyaa aur shamaal kii taraf camp morr kii taraf badh gayein. pehla maqami muhafiz iss waqat bazabtah toor parr yuu kii bunyaad parr tehlil how gayaa.aiss. francisi kwarter kay kinaray parr podinah. union aarmi. union general benjaman aif. khaleej kay mohkamah kay foji commander butler nay apnaa sadr daftar neo orleans mein banaya. satambar 1862 mein iss nay aal bleek union aarmi 1st loisiana neeto gaard regment kay anaqad kaa hakam diyaa. confeedrate yount kay barakas iss regment mein aazaad mardon aur saabiq ghalamon kaa markab thaa aur yaha khaleej kii foj kay liye kamak kii general butler kii darkhwaston kay braah raast natijay mein tashkil dee gayee thee. butler kii yaadon mein aur baghawat kii jung kay record mein iss nay secertry aaf waar stenton kuu likhaa "agar aap majhay kamak nahein bhejein gay tuu mein afriqah say aisa karnay kaa mutalibah karoon gaa." calocus nay pehli regment mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii juu zaruri thaa keunkah khadmat karnay waalon mein say behat say loag sarf francisi boltay thay aur inhein company ayee kay kaptaan kay toor parr commission diyaa gayaa thaa. iss kii company kuu maqami muhafiz mein behtareen drill mein say eek samjha jaataa thaa. calocus nay aahista aahista karnal spincer staffard kaa ehteram haasil kiyaa wah safed faam afsar jiss nay regment kii kamaan sanbhali thee. jabb general nathneel pee. benkon nay butler kii jagah dasambar 1862 mein khaleej kay mahkame kay commander kay toor parr lay lie wah apnay saath 30,000 izaafi foji lay kirr aayaa jiss say iss kii kamaan mein fojiyon kii kill taadad 42,000 how gayee. iss waqat takk makmal seeyah faam maqami muhafiz teen rajmanton mein badh chakay thay juu aazaad mardon aur saabiq ghalamon kaa markab thaa. agarcha line officer (leftinent aur kaptaan) seeyah faam thay bashmol mustaqabil kay governor pee. bub. aiss. pinch beek dosri regment kaa eek company commander commanding officer (karnal leftinent karnal aur meejar) safed thay. aam benkon nay seeyah faam afsaran kii toheen kii aur inhein americi awaam kii toheen samjha.aiss. foj. wah tamaam seeyah faam afsaran kii jagah safed faam afsaran kuu lay kirr rawanah hawaa aur aam toor parr asay dosri aur teesri regment kay saath anjaam diyaa leakin pehli regment kay saath nahein jiss mein calocus nay khadmat kii aur khood eek afsar bunn gayaa thaa. frust regment kay behat say arkaan confeedrate frust neeto gaard kay bhee rakan thay aur calocus aur deegar afsaran istefi deenay aur inhein nayey england kay afsaran kay haath mein chhodnay kuu tayaar nahein thay juu deegar duu rajmanton mein apnee kamaan kay tahat seeyah faam fojiyon kay saath baday paimanay parr badsaloki kirr rahay thay. maqami muhafiz kii pehli regment kuu bunyadi toor parr thakawat kii deuty (lakdi kaatnay khandaqon kuu khidayi karnay) mayee 1863 takk tafviz kiyaa gayaa thaa jabb general benkon nay iss kii ziyadah tarr foj (35,000 aadmiyon) kuu port hudson loisiana mein confeedrate qalaon kuu gahiray rakhnay kii position mein muntaqil kirr diyaa. port hudson eek strategic toor parr waaqa qalah thaa juu beaton rooj kay balkal shamaal mein daryaae masisipi mein eek moad parr waaqa thaa. iss waqat confeedresi nay abb bhee shamaal mein waksburg masisipi aur janub mein port hudson kay darmiyan daryaae masisipi kay 200 meel kay hasay kuu control kiyaa thaa. union wasaseepi kuu control karnay kay liye waksburg kaa control haasil karnaa chahti thee jiss kii dhokah dahee parr strategic position thee. jabb kahh general yolisis grant nay waksburg kaa muhasirah kiyaa general benkon nay port hudson kaa muhasirah kiyaa. port hudson kaa muhasirah. 27 mayee 1863 kuu benkon nay port hudson mein achhi tarah say mahfuz achhi tarah say mazboot confeedrate positionon parr naqis marbut hamlah kiyaa. pehley dunn hamlay kay eek hasay kay toor parr calocus kuu hakam diyaa gayaa kahh wah 100 aadmiyon parr mushtamil apnee company kii qayadat karay juu bhaari toop khaaney kii madad say confeedrate fojiyon kii duu rajmanton kay zeer intezam eek aalee shakk kay khalaaf taqriba khudkash hamlah karay. apnee company kuu bhaari jaanee nqsan kaa saamna karnay kay bawajood calocus nay francisi aur angrezi mein apnay aadmiyon kii huslah afzayi kartay hoay apnee poori regment parr hamlah kiyaa eek manee baal iss kay baazo say phatt gayee jiss say wah iss kii taraf say bekaar latki hoyee thee. shadeed zakhmi honay kay baad calocus nay iss waqat takk hamlay kii qayadat jaari rakhee jabb takk kahh eek confeedrate toop khaaney kaa sheel iss parr hamlah naha kirr dayy jiss say wah taqriba duu hasoon mein phatt gayaa aur asay halaak kirr diyaa. iss kay barakas kahaniyon kay bawajood port hudson mein iss sabb say shamali kaam kay seet parr maqami muhafiz kii taraf say sarf eek alzaam lagaya gayaa thaa. iss kay aamaal kuu rudolf desdons nay eek khayali andaaz mein biyaan kiyaa thaa jiss kay bhayee ashrafiya nay calocus kay maatehat khidmaat anjaam dain: duniya kii nigahein darhaqiqat iss americi spartox [calocus] parr thein. qadeem room kay herow nay iss afsar say ziyadah bahadar bahadari kaa mazahirah nahein kiyaa juu apnay honton parr maskarahat lay kirr aur rotay hoay apnee moth kii taraf bhaagaa "aey comrades aagay badhein!"chh baar iss nay khood kuu port hudson kii qatilana batterion kay khalaaf phaink diyaa aur harr hamlay mein iss nay apnee fouri kaal dohrayi" aaiye aagay badhein eek baar aur!"aakhir kaar iss mahlak dhachke mein parh kirr iss nay apnay haazir afsar kuu apnaa aakhri hakam diyaa" bachas chaarij lay low!"agar kasee kuu yaha kehna chahiye kahh nightly beard nay behatar yaa ziyadah kiyaa tuu tareekh kay mutabiq wah jhoot bolta hay. confeedrate general gardner nay baad mein port hudson kay kaam kay shamali muhaz parr jung bundi kaa mutalibah kiyaa taakah maqami muhafiz kay halaak honay waalay arkaan kii laashein baraamad kii jaa sakein. general benkon nay jawaab diyaa kahh "iss elaqay mein koyee jaanee nqsan nahein hawaa hay" aur jung bundi kii darkhwast kuu mustarid kirr diyaa. iss kay natijay mein calocus kii sadti hoyee laash 47 dunn takk zameen parr padee rahee jabb takk kahh port hudson nay balaakhir 9 jolayi 1863 kuu benkon kay saamney hathiyar nahein daalay. marnay waalon mein say kachh kii shanakhat kii gayee leakin calocus kii laash kii shanakhat iss kii pehni hoyee angothi say hoyee jasay iss kii regment kay zindah bach jaanay waalay arkaan nay pehchana. union kay ziyadah tarr marnay waalon kuu iss elaqay mein dafan kiyaa gayaa thaa. asay baad mein port hudson qomi qabristan kay toor parr qayem kiyaa gayaa. 1974 mein qabristan kuu qomi tarikhi nashaan kay toor parr namzad kiyaa gayaa. janazay. calocus kii baqiyat baraamad kirr kay neo orleans waps kirr dee gayein. kaptaan kii bahadari kii kahaani iss say pehley kii thee. jabb 29 jolayi 1863 kuu shehar mein inn kii aakhri rasumaat adaa kii gayein tuu calocus kuu eek taweel jalos aur hazaaron hazireen nay aizaz say nawaza. iss kii bewah kii flees nay farr say poocha thaa. bashp jaine meeri audeen jinhon nay confeedrate kaaz kii himayat kii thee kay paadri kay khalaaf eek madakhilat kay bawajood clowed paschal mester nay bazabtah toor parr kaam kiyaa. france mein paida honay waalay mestray iss elaqay kay waahid catholic paadri thay jinhon nay ghalami kay khaatime kii himayat kii. iss nay apnee pabandi kay bawajood janazay kaa anaqad kiyaa aur calocus kuu sent lois qabristan #2 mein dafan kiyaa gayaa. calocus kii moth kay baad iss kii bewah felisi nay americi hukumat kii taraf say saabiq fojiyon kuu waaday kay mutabiq maali fawaid haasil karnay kay liye jadujahad kii. kayee saalon kii koshish kay baad inhein eek chhoti see pension millie leakin 1874 mein inn kaa gharbat mein inteqal how gayaa. wah iss waqat aif aar kay liye gharilo mulazim kay toor parr kaam kirr rahee thein. baday baday. miraas. calocus kii kahaani kuu 2020 mein eek asee naam kii mukhtasir film mein banaya gayaa thaa jiss kii hidayat kaaree deane morienton nay kii thee. 2022 mein calocus 2022 kay dramay "emmenciption" mein eek numayan kirdaar thaa jiss mein will samath nay adakari kii thee aur mustafi shakar nay calocus kay toor parr kaam kiyaa thaa. asee saal neo orleans mein saabiq catholic charch jehaan calocus kii mashhur toor parr aakhri rasumaat adaa kii gayein performing arts aur saqafati insaaf kaa andry calocus markaz bunn gayaa. markaz kay qareeb eek chhotay say paark kaa naam bhee calocus kay naam parr rakh diyaa gayaa hay.

fffa97b2301db09ec433c3d1d73984fe8613189a77ca4c7ae92f00eaf20d8ec0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3203629

Radiodrum

Radiodrum The Radiodrum or radio-baton is a musical instrument played in three-dimensional space using two mallets (snare drum sticks with wires). It was developed at Bell Labs in the 1980s (and patented), originally to be a three-dimensional computer mouse. Currently it is used as a musical instrument similar to a MIDI controller in the sense that it has no inherent sound or effect, but rather produces control signals that can be used to control sound-production (or other effect.) As such, it can be thought of as a general telepresence input device. The radiodrum works in a similar way to the theremin, which uses magnetic capacitance to locate the position of the drumsticks. The two mallets act as antennas transmitting on slightly different frequencies and the drum surface acts as a set of antennas. The combination of the antenna signals is used to derive X, Y and Z. The radiodrum was designed by Bob Boie. Max Mathews recognized its musical potential, mainly focusing on a conducting paradigm, and developed several other versions of it. Andrew Schloss pioneered its use as a percussion device and further developed its software and hardware. The radiodrum has been used to control visual effects, and even robotic acoustic instruments like the Yamaha Disklavier and Trimpin instruments. The latest version (as of 2013) of the radiodrum was developed by Bob Boie and Andrew Schloss. In addition to X, Y and Z, there is an output for the derivative of Z, which is used to detect changes of direction of the mallets, enabling fine control over snare-drum rolls and other nuanced percussive techniques. In addition to works by Andrew Schloss, the instrument has been used extensively by composer David A. Jaffe, with Schloss as soloist, in works including: Other works include Richard Boulanger's "Solemn Song for Evening", using the Bohlen-Pierce scale. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

readyo "drum readyo "drum baa readyo"-beton hoise dutaa melet (taaror xoite fadere drum stick) byobohar kori trimatrik sthanot bojuwa ek badyojontro. iyak 1980-ror doxokot bail lebot bikoxito koraa hoisil (aaru patent koraa hoisil), mulotoh etaa trimatrik computer maus hoh 'boloi. bortoman iyak midi niyontrokor dore etaa badyojontro hisape byobohar koraa hoy ei orthot je iyar kunu ontornihito xobdo baa probhab naai, boroncho niyontron xongket utponno kore jibur xobdo-utpadon (baa onyanyo probhab niyontron koriboloi byobohar koribo paari.) xeyehe, iyak etaa xadharon telepressance input device hisape bibesona koribo paari. readyo "drame thereminor dore eke dhorone kaam kore, jiye drumstickor owosthan sinakto koriboloi sumbokiyo khyomota byobohar kore. dutaa malete olop beleg compancot prosar koraa antena hisape kaam kore aaru drum pristhoi antener etaa xonghoti hisape kaam kore. antena xongketor xongmisrontu x, y aaru z aahoron koriboloi byobohar koraa hoy. readyo "drumtu bobo buiye design korisil. max methiuse iyar xongitor xamorthyok sinakto korisil, mulotoh ek porisalonar dristantor uporot gurutwo disil, aaru iyar aan keibatau xongskoron bikoxito korisil. endru sloche parkachon device hisape iyar byoboharor poth prodorxok hisape porigonito hoisil aaru iyar softwer aaru hardwer odhik bikoxito korisil. readyo "drumtu sakhyux probhab niyontron koriboloi byobohar koraa hoise, aanoki jamaha discolavier aaru trimpin badyojontror dore robo" tick dhwonigoto xojuliu byobohar koraa hoise. readyo "dramor xehotiya xongoskorontu (2013 sonoloike) bobo bui aaru endru slo" sor dwara bikoxito koraa hoisil. x, y aaru z-ror uporiu, z-ror byowoharikor baabe etaa output aase, jitu meletor dixor poriworton sinakto koriboloi byobohar koraa hoy, jaar folot fadere-drum rul aaru onyanyo xukhmo percusive kouxolor uporot xukhmo niyontron xokhyom hoy. endru slosor kaamor uporiu, xurkar david e-ye ei badyojontrotu byapokbhabe byobohar korise. jeff, slosor xoite ekok xilpi hisape, kamburot ontorbhuktoh onyanyo kamburor bhitorot aase rechard baulanjaror "xondhiyar baabe guruttopurno geet", bob 'helen-piyers scale byobohar kori.

radiodrum radiodrum baa redio-batton holl ekti badyojontro jaa duti mallet (taarer saathe faand drum stick) byabohar korey trimatrik sthane bajano hoy. etty 1980-err doshke bell lyabe toiri koraa hoyechilo (ebong patent koraa hoyechilo), mulat ekti trimatrik computer maus howar jonno. bortomane etty ekti middy controller moto ekti badyojontro hisabe eyi orthe byabohrito hoy jey err konao antarnihito shobdo baa prabhab nei, borong niyantran sangket toiri korey jaa shobdo-utpadon (baa anyanno prabhab niyantran korte byabohar koraa jete paare.) jemon, etty ekti sadharan telepressions input device hisabe chinta koraa jete paare. radiodrumty theraminer moto ekibhabe kaaj korey, jaa drumsteaker abosthan sonakto korte chaumbakiya capacitance byabohar korey. duti mallet samanno vinno frequencite preronkari antena hisabe kaaj korey ebong drum pristho antener ekti seeta hisabe kaaj korey. antena sangketer sangmishran x, y ebong z petey byabohrito hoy. radiodrumty bobb boi dwara design koraa hoyechilo. max matheus err sangiter sombhabonake swikriti diyechilen, prodhanoto ekti porichalona dristanter upor drishti niboddho korechilen ebong err arow besh koyekti sanskaran toiri korechilen. andru shloss ekti parakashana jontro hisabe err byaboharer pothprodorshok ebong err software ebong hardware arow unnoto koreche. radiodrumty visual effect niyantran korte byabohrito hoyeche, ebong emonki robotic acoustic jontro jemon iamaha disclavier ebong trimpin jontroo. radiodrumer sorboshesh sangaskaranti (2013 saaler hisabe) bobb boi ebong andru shloss dwara toiri koraa hoyechilo. x, y ebong z chharao, z-err byutpatti jonno ekti output royeche, jaa malleter diker poriborton sonakto korte byabohrito hoy, jaa faand-drum roll ebong anyanno sukkho percusive kaushalgulir upor sukkho niyantran sokkhom korey. andru shloser kaaj chharao, surkar david ayee eyi jontroti byapokbhabe byabohar korechen. jaff, ekok shilpi hisabe shloss soho, soho kajgulite anyanno kaajer modhye royeche bolen-pears scale byabohar korey richarda baulanger "sondhyar jonno gambhir gaan".

radiodrum radiodrum athavaa rediyo-bayton aee aek sangeetnu saadhan chhe jeey tree-parimaniy jagyama beey mellet (wire saathe fensaamaa drum stick) noow upyog kareene vagadvama aave chhe. teey 1980naa daykama bail lebmaa vikasavvama aavyu hatoo (aneey pattent karaayel), jeey mulroope tree-parimaniy computer mouse hatoo. haalmaa teno upyog middy niyantrak jevaa sangeetna saadhan tareeke thaay chhe, aaa arthamaa keey temaa koee antargat avaaj athavaa assar nathee, parantu teey niyantran sanketo utpann karey chhe jeno upyog dhvani-utpaadan (athavaa anya asarne niyantrit karvaa maate thaee shake chhe.) jaim keey, tene saamanya telepressions input upkaran tareeke vichaaree shakaay chhe. radiodrum thereminni jaim jaj kaama karey chhe, jeey drumstickni sthiteene shodhvaa maate chumbakeey capacitanceno upyog karey chhe. beey mellet thodee alag aavruttio parr prasaarit kartaa antena tareeke kaary karey chhe aneey drumney sapaati antenana samooh tareeke kaary karey chhe. antena sanketona sanyojanno upyog x, y aneey z melavaa maate thaay chhe. radiodrumni rachnaa boob boee dwara karvaamaa aavee hatee. makes methuse tenee sangeetni kshamataane odakhee, mukhyatve sanchalanna namunaa parr dhyaan kendrit karyoo aneey tenee anya ghanee aavruttio vikasavi. andrew sclosse percusion upkaran tareeke tenaa upyogni pahel curry aneey tenaa software aneey hardwareno vadhu vikaas karyo. radiodrumno upyog drashya asarone niyantrit karvaa maate karvaamaa aave chhe, aneey yamaha disclaver aneey trimpin saadhno jevaa roobootik acoustic sadhanono pann upyog karvaamaa aave chhe. radiodrumnu naveentam sanskaran (2013 sudhimaa) boob boee aneey andrew scloss dwara vikasavvama aavyu hatoo. x, y aneey z upraant, z naa vyutpann maate aek output chhe, jeno upyog melletnee dishaamaa thataa ferfaarone shodhvaa maate thaay chhe, jeey phensa-drum rolls aneey anya sookshm percusive takneeko parr saaru niyantran saksham karey chhe. andrew sclossnee kruteeo upraant, sangeetkaar david aee dwara aaa sadhanno vyaapak upyog karvaamaa aavyo chhe. jeff, solosta tareeke scloss saathe, aaa saheet kaaryoma anya kruteeoma bohlan-pears scaleno upyog kareene richard bollangernu "saanj maatenu gambhir geet" saamel chhe.

radiodrum radiodrum yaa radio-batton ack sangeet vaadya haye jise dou guchhe (taaron key saath fandaa drum stick) kaa upayog karke tri-ayami sthaan mein bajaaya jaataa haye. ise 1980 key dashak mein bell labs mein vikasit kiya gayaa thaa (aur patent kiya gayaa thaa), mool roop seey ack tri-ayami computer mouse honey key liye. vartamaan mein iska upayog ack sangeet vaadya key roop mein kiya jaataa haye joe ack middy niyantrak key samaan haye iss arth mein kii isamen koee antarnihit dhwani yaa prabhaav naheen haye, balki niyantran sanket paida kartaa haye jiska upayog dhwani-utpaadan (yaa anya prabhaav) koo niyantrit karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye.) jaise, ise ack samanya telepresence input upkaran key roop mein socha jaa sakata haye. radiodrum theremin key samaan kaam kartaa haye, joe drumstick kii sthiti kaa pataa lagaane key liye chumbakiya dhaarita kaa upayog kartaa haye. dou mallet thode alag aavrittiyon parr sanchaarit karane vaale antena key roop mein kaary karate hain aur drum kii satah antena key ack samooh key roop mein kaary karati haye. antina sanketon key sanyojan kaa upayog x, y aur z praapt karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. radiodrum koo bobb boee dwara design kiya gayaa thaa. max mathuse ney isaki sangeet kshamata koo pahachaana, mukhya roop seey ack sanchaalan pratimaan parr dhyaan kendrit kiya, aur isake kaee anya sanskaran vikasit kiye. andru scloss ney ack taalvaadya upkaran key roop mein isake upayog kaa beedaa uthaaya aur isake software aur hardware koo aur vikasit kiya. radiodrum kaa upayog drishya prabhaavon koo niyantrit karane key liye kiya gayaa haye, aur yahaan taka kii yamaha disclaver aur trimpin vaadyayantra jaise robotic dhwanik upkaran bhee. radiodrum kaa navintam sanskaran (2013 taka) bobb boee aur andreau scloss dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. x, y aur z key alawa, z key vyutpann key liye ack output haye, jiska upayog mallet kii disha mein parivartan kaa pataa lagaane key liye kiya jaataa haye, jisase snare-drum roll aur anya sookshm percusive takneekon parr thheek niyantran kiya jaa sakata haye. andru scloss dwara kiye gaye karyon key alawa, iss vaadya kaa upayog sangeetkaar david aeye dwara badey paimaane parr kiya gayaa haye. ekal kalakar key roop mein scloss key saath, jeff, sahit karyon menh anya karyon mein bohlen-piers scale kaa upayog karate hue, richard baulengar kaa "shaam key liye gambhir geet" shamil haye.

radiodrum radio drum athawa radeo-batton embudu eradu myaletgalannu (tantigalondige bale drum stikgalu) balasikondu mooru aayaamada jagadalli nudisuva sangeeta vaadyavaagide. idannu 1980rahra dasakadalli bell labgalalli abhivraddhipadisalaayitu (mattu paytent padeyalaayitu), moolatah idu mooru aayaamada computer mouse aagittu. prastuta idannu midi niyantrakadanteye sangeeta vaadyavaagi balasalaaguttade, idu yaavude antargata dhwani athawa parinaamavannu hondilla, aadare dhwani-utpaadaneyannu (athawa itara parinaamavannu) niyantrisalu balasabahudaada niyantrana sanketagalannu utpaadisuttade.) aaddarinda, idannu saamaanya telepressance input saadhanavendu bhavisabahudu. radiodrum theremine nanteye kaaryanirvahisuttade, idu drumstickgala sthaanavannu pattehachchalu magnetic capacitance annu balasuttade. eradu myaaletgalu swalpa vibhinn aavartanagalalli ravanisuva aantenagalaagi kaaryanirvahisuttave mattu drum melmai aantenaagala gumpagi kaaryanirvahisuttade. antena sanketagala samyojaneyannu x, y mattu z annu padeyalu balasalaaguttade. radiodrum annu baab boyi vinyaasagolisidaru. max mathuse adara sangeeta saamarthyavannu gurutisidaru, mukhyavaagi ondu nirvahanaa maadariya mele kendrikarisidaru mattu adara halavaaru itara aavruttigalannu abhivraddhipadisidaru. andrew scloss adara balakeyannu talavadya sadhanavagi pravartisidaru mattu adara tantraamsha mattu yantraamshavannu mattashtu abhivraddhipadisidaru. radiodrum annu drashya parinaamagalannu niyantrisalu balasalaaguttade, mattu yamaha disclavier mattu trimpin vaadyagalantaha robotic accoustic upakaranagalannu saha balasalaaguttade. radiodrumn ittichina aavruttiyannu (2013rante) baab boyi mattu andrew scloss abhivraddhipadisiddare. x, y mattu z jotege, z naa vyutpannakke ondu output ide, idannu malletgala dikkina badalaavanegalannu pattehachchalu balasalaaguttade, idu bale-drum rolgalu mattu itara sookshmavaada percusive tantragala mele uttama niyantranavannu sakriyagolisuttade. andrew sclossna krutigala jotege, ee vaadyavannu samyojaka david aa vyaapakavaagi balasiddaare. slaas obbare gayakanagi, ee kelagina krutigalalli joff itara krutigalalli bohlen-piers maapakavannu balasikondu richard baulangar avara "sanjegaagi gambhira haadu" seride.

radiodrum radiodrum kinwa redio-batton heey eka sangeet vadya aahe jeey done mullet (taransah sapala drum stick) vaparoon trimiteey jaaget vajavale jaate. too 1980 chya dashakat bail labmadhye vikasit karnyat aala hota (aanee paytant ghenyat aala), joou moolatah trimiteey sanganak maus hota. sadhya teey middy niyantrakasarkhech eka sangeet vadya mhanoon vaparale jaate, yaa arthane qee tyat konatahi antarnihit aavaj kinwa parinam nasato, parantu tyaeivaji niyantran sanket tayar karatat jeey dhwani-nirmiti (kinwa itar parinam niyantrit karnyasathi vaparale jaau shakatat.) mhanoon, teey eka samanya telepresions input upkaran mhanoon manale jaau shakate. radiodrum thereminpramanech karya karato, joou drumstickchi sthitee shodhanyasathi chumbakeey capacitance vaparato. done mallets thodya vegalya frequenciver prasarit karnare antena mhanoon karya karatat aanee drumcha prushthbhag antenacha sanch mhanoon karya karato. antena sanketanche sanyojan x, y aanee z midvinyasathi vaparale jaate. radiodrumchi rachana bobb boee yanni kelee hotee. max mathuse yanni pramukhyane eka aacharan pratimanavar laksh kendrit karoon tyachi sangeet kshamata olakhali aanee tyachya itar anek aavrutya vikasit kelya. andreau sclossney talvadya sadhan mhanoon tyacha vapar karnyas pudhakar ghetala aanee tyache software aanee hardware pudhe vikasit kele. radiodrumcha vapar drushya prabhav niyantrit karnyasathi keela gela aahe aanee agadi yamaha disclavier aanee trimpin vadyansarkhi robotic dhwanik vadye dekhil vaparali gelee aahet. radiodrumchi navintam aavrutti (2013 paryant) bobb boee aanee andreau scloss yanni vikasit kelee hotee. x, y aanee z vyatirikt, z chya vyutpattisathi eka utpadan aahe, jeey malletchya dishene honare badal shodhanyasathi vaparale jaate, jyamule sapala-dram rolls aanee itar sookshm percusive tantranvar bareek niyantran saksham hote. andreau scloss yanchya kamavyatirikt, sangitkar david aaa yanni heey vadya mothya pramanat vaparale aahe. ekal kalakar mhanoon sclosses, jeff, yasah kamanmadhyeh itar kamanmadhye bohlen-piers scalecha vapar karoon richard bollengerche 'sandhyakalsathi gambhir gaane' samavisht aahe.

radiodrum radiodrum wa radio-batton euta sangitik wadyayantra how june dui maletharu (tarharu bhaeko fand drum stickharu) prayog garera tri-ayamik sthanma bajainchha. yo 1980 ko dashakma bayle prayogashalaharuma wiksit garieko thiyo (rar patent garieko), muel rupma tri-ayamik computer maus huna. hall yo middy controller jastai sangitik upkaranko rupma prayog garinchha yass arthama kii yasama kunai antarnihit dhwani wa prabhawa chhaina, tara niyantran sanketharu utpadan gardacha june dhwani-utpadan (wa anya prabhawa niyantran garna prayog garna sakinchha.) jastai, yasalai samanya telepressions input upkaranko rupma sochna sakinchha. radiodrumle theremin jastai kaam gardacha, jasle drumstickharuko sthiti patta lagauna chumbakiya kshamata prayog gardacha. dui maletharule alik farak frequencyharuma prasaran garne antenako rupma karya gardacha rar drum satahale antenako setko rupma karya gardacha. antena sanketharuko sanyojan x, y rar z prapta garna prayog garinchha. radiodrum bub boidwara design garieko thiyo. max mathusele yasako sangitik kshamatalai manyata die, mukhyataya ek sanchalan pratimanma dhyan kendrit gardai, rar yasaka dherai anya sanskaranharu vikas gare. andrew sclosle yasako prayoglai percusion upkaranko rupma agragami banayo rar yasako suftware rar hardwarelai thap vikas garyo. radiodrum drishya prabhawharu niyantran garna prayog garieko chha, rar yamah disclavier rar trimpin upkaranharu jasta robotic dhwanik upkaranharu pani. radiodrumko navinatam sanskaran (2013 samma) bub boi rar andrew sclosle vikas gareka thie. x, y rar z kaa atirikta, tyahan z ko wyutpannaka lagi output chha, june maletharuko dishako pariwartan patta lagauna prayog garinchha, jasle fanda-drum rolharu rar anya sukshma parkyusibh prawidhiharuma ramro niyantran saksham gardacha. andrew sclosko kamka atirikta, yo wadyayantralai sangitkar devid ae dwara wyapak rupma prayog garieko chha. jaff, ekal kalakarko rupma slasasanga, karyaharuma samawesh chhah anya kritiharuma bohlen-pears scale prayog garera richard baulangarko "sanjhaka lagi gambhir geet" samawesh chha.

radiodrum radiodrum kimba redio-batton heuchhi eka badyajantra jaahaa tri-matrika sthanare duiti mallet (taara sahita fand drum stick) byabahara curry paribeshana karajae . ehaaku 1980 dashakare bail lyabre bikashita karajaithila (ebong patent karajaithila), jaahaa moolatah eka trimatrika computer maus thila . bartamana ehaa midi controller bhali eka badyajantra bhabare byabahruta hue ehi arthare je ehara kaunasi antarnihita dhwani kimba prabhaba naahin, barang nijantrana sanketa utpadana kare jaahaa dhwani utpadana (kimba anyanya prabhabaku nijantrana karibaku byabahruta hoipariba .) tenu, ehaaku eka sadharana teleprescence input upakarana bhabare chinta karajaipare . radiodrum therimine bhali kaama kare, jaahaa dramstikgudikara abasthana chinhat kariba paain chumbakiah khyamata byabahara kare . duiti mallet tike bhinna frequency upare sancharita heuthiba antena bhabare karjya kare ebong drum prustha antenara eka sett bhabare karjya kare . x, y ebong z paiba paain antena sanketagudikara mishran byabahruta hue . ehi radiodrum bub boinka dwara design karajaithila. max mathyus ehara sangeeta sambhabanaku sweekara karithile, mukhyatah eka parichalana drustanta upare dhyana kendrit karithile, ebong ehara anyanya aneka sanskarana bikashita karithile . andryu scloss ehara byabaharaku eka talabadya upakarana bhabare agrani karithile ebong ehara saphtawer ebong hardware ahuri bikashita karithile . radiodrumku drushya prabhabaku nijantrana kariba paain byabahara karajaichi, ebong epariki robotic acoustic upakarana jepariki yamaha diskalevijara ebong trimpin upakarana . radiodromer sadyatama sanskarana (2013 suddha) bub boi ebong andryu slus dwara bikashita hoithila. x, y ebong z byatita, z rahr derivetive paain eka output achhi, jaahaa maletra diga paribartana chinhat karibaku byabahruta hue, phanaa-drum roll ebong anyanya sukshma parkusibh kaushala upare sukshma nijantranaku sakhyama kare . andryu slasnka karjya byatita, ehi badyajantraku sangeetakara devida aii. dwara byapaka bhabare byabahara karajaichi. jaff, ekaki kalakara bhabare shlus sahita, karjyagudikare antarbhuktah anya krutigudika madhyare bohlen-pierce scale byabahara curry richard baulangaranka "sandhya paain gambhira geeta" antarbhukta .

radiodrum radiodim jaan radio-batton ikk sangeetak yantar haii joe tinn-ayami jagha witch doou mallets (taaran dey naal fande deeaan drum sticks) dee varton karke vajaiaa jaanda haii. iss noon 1980 dey dahake witch ghanti prayogshalavan witch vikast keeta giaa see (atey patent keeta giaa see), mool roop witch ikk tinn-ayami computer maaoos honn laee. varatman witch iss noon ikk middy controller dey samaan ikk sangeet yantar dey roop witch iss arth witch vartiaa jaanda haii kii iss witch koee andruni aavaaz jaan prabhav naheen hunda, balki niyantaran sanket paida karda haii joe aavaaz-utpadan (jaan horr prabhav noon niyantrit curran laee vartiaa jaa sakda haii.) iss tarahan, iss noon ikk aam telepressance imputt upkaran dey roop witch sochiaa jaa sakda haii. radiodrum thermin dey samaan kamm karda haii, joe drumsticks dee sathiti daa pataa lagaun laee chumbki samratha dee varton karda haii. doven mallets thode vakkhre frequencies 'teey sancharit curran vaale antina dey roop witch kamm karde hunn atey drum dee satah antina dey ikk samooh dey roop witch kamm kardi haii. antina sanketan daa sumel x, y atey z prapat curran laee vartiaa jaanda haii. radiodrum noon baub boee duaara design keeta giaa see. maikas mathuse neey iss dee sangeet samratha noon pachaniaa, mukkh taur 'teey ikk sanchalan namune' teey dhiaan kendrat keeta, atey iss dey kaee horr sanskaran vikast keete. aindrioo shlos neey ikk percussion upkaran dey roop witch iss dee varton dee shuruat keeti atey iss dey software atey hardware noon horr vikast keeta. radiodrum dee varton visual prabhavan noon niyantrit curran laee keeti gaee haii, atey ithon takk kii robotic dhuni yantar jiven kii yamaha disclavier atey trimpin yantar vee. radiodrum daa navintam sanskaran (2013 takk) baub boee atey aindrioo shlos duaara vikast keeta giaa see. x, y atey z toon ilava, z dey derivative laee ikk output hunda haii, joe kii mallets dee disha witch tabdiliaan daa pataa lagaun laee vartiaa jaanda haii, jiss naal fande-drum rolls atey horr sookham percusive taknikan utte vadhiaa niyantaran noon samrath banaiaa jaanda haii. aindrioo shlos duaara kamm curran toon ilava, sangeetkar david aii duaara iss saaz dee viaapak taur teey varton keeti gaee haii. jaik, slaus dey naal ikalle kalakar vajon, kamman witch shamal hann horr rachnavan witch bohlan-peers scale dee varton karde hoye, richard bolanger daa "shaam laee gambhir geet" shamal haii.

radiodrum radiodrum athavaa radio-betanam iti tri-aayaami-sthaane dvivaaram (tantibhihi yuktaani jaalaani drum-stick) upayujya vaaditam sangeeta-vaadyam asti. 1980 tame dashake bell-prayogashaalaasu etat vikasitam (patent-praaptam), moolatah tri-aayaami-ganakayantr-maus iti. samprati etat middy-niyantrakasya sadrusham sangeeta-vaadyaroopen upayujyate, arthaat tasya naa antarnihitah dhwanih athavaa prabhaawah asti, apitu niyantrana-sanketaan utpaadyate, yaani dhwani-utpaadanam (athavaa anya-prabhaavam) niyantrayitum upayujyante.) evam, etat samanya-telepressance-input-upakaranam iti chintayitum shakyate. radiodrum thermain ityanena iva karyam karoti, yat drum-stick-ityasya sthaanam dnyaatum chumbakiya-dharakatayaha upayogah karoti. malletau dwau api alpabhinn-aavruttishu prasaarayantah antenna-rupena karyam kurvanti, drum-prushtabhaagah api antenna-samoharoopen karyam karoti. antenna-sanketaanaam samyojanam x, y, z ityetaan praaptum upayujyate. radiodrum iteedam baab boyee ityanena parikalpitam aasit. max-myaathyus ityayam asya sangeeta-kshamatam ankitavaan, mukhyataya aacharan-pratimaanam uddishya, tasya anyaani anekaani samskaranaani cha vikasitavaan. endroo scloss ityayam taalavaadya-yantraroopen tasya upayogasya pravartakah abhavat, tasya tantraamshasya yantraamshasya cha vikaasah cha akarot. drushya-prabhavan niyantrayitum radiodrum ityasya upayogah krutah asti, tathaa cha yamaha disclavier tathaa trimpin ityadini robotic-dhvanika-yantraani api. radiodrum ityasya naveenatamam samskaranam (2013 tamavarshaparyantam) baab boyee tathaa endroo scloss ityetabhyam vikasitam. x, y, z ityetaan atirichya, z ityasya vyutpannasya krute nirgamah asti, yasya upayogah malletaanaam dishaayaah parivartanaan dnyaatum bhavati, yena jaala-drum-rolls tathaa anyeshu sukshma-percusive-tantranam upari sukshma-niyantranam saadhyate. endroo scloss ityasya rachananam atiriktam, sangeetakaaren david e ityanena asya vaadyasya vyaapakaroopen upayogah krutah asti. jeff, solo-vaadakatvena scloss ityanena saha, kaaryeshu yathaah anyeshu krutishu bohlen-piers-scale ityasya upayogena richard baulaangar ityasya "sayankalasya pavitram geetam" antarbhavati.

radiotrum radio trum allathu radio-paettan enbathu irandu maalettukalaip (kambigaludan koodiya kanniyai konda trum kuchchigal) payanpaduththi mupparimaana idaththil isaikkappadum oru isaikkaruviyaagum. idhu 1980 kazhil bell aaivagangkalil uruvaakkappattathu (maelum kaappurimai pettrathu), muthalil mupparimaana kanini suttiyaaga irunththathu. tharpoothu idhu midi controllerype poantra oru isaik karuviyaagap payanpaduththappadukirathu, idhu ullaarntha olii allathu vilaivu illai, maaraaga olii urpathtiyaik (allathu pira vilaivugalaik kattuppaduttha payanpaduththakkoodiya kattupaattu samiknaigalai uruvaakkukirathu.) enavae, idhu oru podhuvaana telepressions ulleettu saathanamaaga karudhappadalaam. radiotrum thermainaip poalavae seyalpadugirathu, idhu trumsticugalin nilaiyai kandariya kaantha kollalavaip payanpaduththukirathu. irandu mallettukalum sattru vevvaeru athirvengalil kadaththappadum aandenaakkalaaka seyalpadugindrana, maelum trum maerparappu aandenaakkalin thoguppaaga seyalpadugirathu. andena samiknaigalin kalavaiyaanathu x, y mattrum z aip pera payanpaduththappadukirathu. radiotrum paap poayaal vadivamaikkappattathu. makes mathyus adhan isai thiranai angeekariththaar, mukkiyamaaga oru nadaththai munnuthaaranaththil kavanam seluththinaar, maelum adhan pala pathippukalai uruvaakkinaar. andrew shlos oru thaala saathanamaaga adhan payanpaattai munneduththuch sendru adhan menporul mattrum vanporulai maelum uruvaakkiyathu. radiotrum kaatchi vilaivugalaik kattuppaduttha payanpaduththappadukirathu, maelum yamaha disclavier mattrum trimpin karuvigal poantra robo olii karuvigal kooda payanpaduththappadugindrana. radiotramine sameepathiya pathippu (2013 nilavarappadi) paap poayi mattrum andrew shlos aakiyoaraal uruvaakkappattathu. x, y mattrum z aagiyavattrudan koodudhalaaga, z inn vazhiththoantralukkaana veliyeedu ullathu, idhu mallettukalin thisaiyil aerpadum maattrangkalaik kandariyap payanpaduththappadukirathu, idhu kanni-trum rolls mattrum pira nunukkamaana percusive nutpangkal meethu sirantha kattupaattai seyalpaduththukirathu. andrew shlozin padaippugaludan koodudhalaaga, inththa karuvi isaiyamaippaalar davit aee. aall virivaagap payanpaduththappattullathu. joff, sloss thanippaadalaaga, pinvarum padaippukalil mattra padaippugalil poalan-bears alavukoalaip payanpaduththi richard bowlaangkarin "malaikku punithamaana paadal" adangkum.

radeo drum radeo drum ledhaa radeo-batton anedi rendu myaletlanu (teegalatho kuudina ucchu drum karralu) upayoginchi trimiteeya pradaesamloe vaayinche sangeeta vaayidyam. idhi 1980laloe bell lablalo abhivruddhi cheyabadindi (mariyu patent cheyabadindi), modata trimiteeya computer mousga undataaniki. prastutam idhi midi controller maadirigaane sangeeta vaayidyam vale upayoginchabadutundi, dheeniki swaabhaavika dhwani ledhaa prabhavam ledhu, conny dhwani-utpattini (ledhaa itara prabhavanni) niyantrinchadaaniki upayoginchagala niyantrana sankethaalanu utpatti chestundi.) kabatti, dheenini saadhaarana telepressance input parikaramgaa bhaavinchavachchu. radiodrum theremine maadirigaane panichestundi, idhi drum sticks sthaanaanni gurtinchadaaniki ayaskanta capasitancenu upayogistundi. rendu maaletlu koddigaa bhinnamaina pounahpunyaalapai prasaram chese antennaluga panicheestaayi mariyu drum uparitalam antennala samitigaa panichestundi. antenna sankethaala kalayika x, y mariyu z lanu pondadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi. radeo drumnu baab boy roopondinchaaru. maaks mathuse daani sangeeta saamarthyaanni gurtinchi, pradhanamgaa oka nirvahana namuunaapai drushti saarinchi, daani yokka aneka itara samskaranalanu abhivruddhi chesaaru. andrew scloss percussion parikaramgaa daani viniyogaaniki maargadarsakatvam vahinchindi mariyu daani software mariyu hardwarenu marinta abhivruddhi chesindi. drushya prabhavalanu niyantrinchadaaniki radiodrum upayoginchabadindi, mariyu yamaha disclavier mariyu trimpin vaayidyaalu vanti robotic dhwani parikaraalu kooda upayoginchabaddaayi. radiodrum yokka taja version (2013 natiki) baab boy mariyu andrew scloss chae abhivruddhi cheyabadindi. x, y mariyu z thoo paatu, z yokka utpannam kosam oka avtput undhi, idhi mallets yokka disalo maarpulanu gurtinchadaaniki upayoginchabadutundi, idhi ucchu-drum rolls mariyu itara suukshma percusive paddhatulapai chakkati niyantrananu anumatistundi. andrew scloss rachanalatho paatu, eee vaayidyam swarakarta david eah vistrutamgaa upayoginchaaru. joff, solo vaadyakarudigaa shlosto, panulalo itara rachanalalo bohlen-piers scalenu upayoginchi richard baulangar yokka "saayantram kosam gambheeramaina paata" unnaayi.

redio drum redio drum yaa redio beaton eek mausiqi kaa aalah hay juu teen jehti jagah mein duu maalt (taaron kay saath phanday waali dahol kii laathiyan) kaa istemaal kartay hoay chalaya jaataa hay. asay 1980 kii dahayi mein bail leebz mein tayaar kiyaa gayaa thaa (aur pattent kiyaa gayaa thaa)yee asl mein teen jehti computer maaos honay kay liye. phee alhaal asay eek musical instroment kay toor parr istemaal kiyaa jaataa hay juu kahh muddy controller kii tarah iss maanee mein hay kahh iss mein koyee maurusi aawaz yaa asar nahein hay balkah control segnals paida kartaa hay juu aawaz kii paidawar (yaa deegar asar kuu control karnay kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaa saktaa hay.) iss tarah asay eek aam teeli presence inn putt device kay toor parr socha jaa saktaa hay. redio drum threamine kii tarah kaam kartaa hay juu drum stick kii position kaa patah laganay kay liye maqnatisi salahiyat kaa istemaal kartaa hay. donon maalt thodi mukhtalif taadad parr muntaqil karnay waalay antina kay toor parr kaam kartay haine aur dahol kii satah antina kay eek seet kay toor parr kaam karti hay. antina segnals kaa imtazaaj xyee y aur z haasil karnay kay liye istemaal hotaa hay. redio drum kuu baab boyee nay design kiyaa thaa. meks methioz nay iss kii mausiqi kii salahiyat kuu tasleem kiyaa bunyadi toor parr eek tarz amal parr taujah markoz kii aur iss kay kayee dosray warzan tayaar kiye. andrev shalos nay eek takranay waalay aalay kay toor parr iss kay istemaal kaa aaghaz kiyaa aur iss kay saaft wayer aur haard wayer kuu mazeed tayaar kiyaa. redio drum kuu basri asraat kuu control karnay kay liye istemaal kiyaa gayaa hay aur yahaan takk kahh robotik suutee aalat jeesay yamaha discalvier aur trumpen aalat bhee. redio drum kaa taazah tareen warzan (2013 takk) baab boyee aur andrev shalos nay tayaar kiyaa thaa. xyee y aur z kay alawah z kay mushtaq kay liye eek aaot putt hay juu malts kii samat mein honay waali tabdiliyon kaa patah laganay kay liye istemaal hotaa hay jiss say phanday kay drum roles aur deegar barek percosio taknikon parr theek control mumkin hotaa hay. andrev shalos kay kaamon kay alawah iss aalah kuu mausiqar dude aey nay baday paimanay parr istemaal kiyaa hay. jaif jiss mein shalos solost kay toor parr hay inn kaamon mein shaamil haine: deegar kaamon mein richard bolanger kaa "shaam kay liye muqadas gaana" shaamil hay jiss mein bohleen pairs paimanay kaa istemaal kiyaa gayaa hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=58563600

Dorothy Kell Finnis

Dorothy Kell Finnis Dorothy Mary Kell "Mollie" Finnis , née Simpson, (10 March 1903 – 19 May 1970), earlier known as Mary Kell Simpson was one of South Australia's first physiotherapists, and known for her treatment of children afflicted with poliomyelitis. History. Dorothy was born in Unley Park, South Australia, a daughter of architect Alfred Edward Simpson and his wife Frances Isabella Simpson, née Kell. She was educated at Walford House School where she was head prefect and editor of the school magazine. In 1924 she qualified for a diploma from the South Australian branch of the Australasian Massage Association and opened a private physiotherapy practice which she maintained until a few weeks before her death. She was in 1958 a foundation member of the Physiotherapy Society of South Australia. For twenty years she worked part-time at the Adelaide Children's Hospital, where she encountered many cases of infantile anterior poliomyelitis, an acute infectious viral disease affecting the brain and spinal cord, causing weakness, paralysis, and wasting of muscle, for which the classic treatment was bed rest and immobilization of affected limbs. Finnis however was convinced of the efficacy of treatments espoused by Sister Kenny, of actively re-educating individual muscles. She made a major contribution during the polio epidemic of 1937–1938 and later. She served on several committees of the Crippled Children's Association of South Australia and was president from 1945 to 1957 of the Spastic Children's Parents' Group, later known as the Crippled Children's Auxiliary (Spastic Group). Between 1944 and 1964 Finnis gave lectures on physiotherapy at the University of Adelaide and supervised practical classes in paediatrics at the Children's Hospital. She was from 1952 to 1965 the university's representative on the Physiotherapists' Board of South Australia. Other interests. Finnis was a knowledgeable music lover, having studied piano at an advanced level, and was from 1932 a member of Adelaide's Tatlers Club, a literary society. She was a regular church-goer, an adherent of the Church of England and, with her husband, a foundation member of the Friends of St Peter's Cathedral (founded 1932), and active in that group until 1954. Personal. Dorothy Simpson married the widowed Rev., later Canon, Horace Percy Finnis (died 1960) on 6 January 1945. The reverend gentleman, apart from his other religious duties, served as organist of St. Peter's Cathedral, having succeeded J. M. Dunn in 1936. They lived at the cathedral vicarage, moving to Rose Park in 1955. They had no children. She died in hospital of myocardial infarction and her remains were buried in the North Road cemetery. She was not related to South Australia's Simpson family of industrialists, although Audrey Abbie, née Simpson, (1917–2014) of that family, was a physiotherapist by profession. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

doruthi kell finnis doruthi meree kell "moo 'li" finnis, nee simpchon, (10 march 1903-19 mey' 1970), ji aagote meree kell simpchon naamere jonajat aasil, dokhyin australier prothom physio 'therapistoxokolor bhitorot egoraki aasil, aaru polio' melaitisot akranto xixur sikitsar baabe jonajat aasil. itihax. doruthir jonmo hoisil dokhyin australier unley parkot, sthopotibid alfred edward simpchon aaru teur potni frances isabela simpchonor egoraki konya, nee kell. teu walford house schoolot xikhya laabh korisil zo 'too teu skool alusonikhonor prodhan prefect aaru xompadok aasil. 1924 sonot teu australian malis ess "siyesyonor dokhyin australian xakhar poraa diplumer baabe jugyota orjon kore aaru ek byoktigoto physio" therapy onuxilon aarombho kore jitu teu mrityur keixoptahman aagoloike bojai rakhisil. 1958 sonot teu dokhyin australier physio "therapy cho" saitir ejon foundation xodosyo aasil. bix bosor dhori teu adelide xixu sikitsaloyot ongxokalin kaam korisil, zo 'too teu xixur anteriar polio' mailaitisor bohutu ghotonar xonmukhin hoisil, jitu mogoju aaru merudondok probhabito koraa ek tibro xongkramok bhairasor rug, jaar folot durbolota, pokhyaghat aaru pexir oposoy hoy, jaar baabe shrestho sikitsa aasil bisonar bisram aaru probhabito ongoxomuh sthir koraa. obosye finnise bhogni kennir dwara xomorthon koraa sikitsar karjyokoritar bixoye nischito aasil, xokriyobhabe byoktigoto pexibur punor xikhyito korar baabe. 1937-1938 ror polio "mohamarir xomoyot aaru taar pisot teu ek guruttopurno obodan aagborhaisil. teu dokhyin australier biklango xixu xongsthar keibatau xomitit karzonirbah korisil aaru 1945 sonor poraa 1957 sonoloike spastic xixur pitri-maatri gutor xobhapoti aasil, jaak pisoloi biklango xixur xohayok (spastic gutt) buli jonaa goisil. 1944 sonor poraa 1964 sonor bhitorot finnise adelide biswobidyaloyot physio "therapyr uporot boktrita disil aaru xixu sikitsaloyot xixu sikitsar byowoharik shrenixomuhor totwawodhan korisil. 1952 sonor poraa 1965 sonoloike teu dokhyin australier physio "therapisto bob" rdot biswobidyaloyor protinidhi aasil. onyanyo aagroh. finis egoraki gyani xongit premi aasil, jiye unnot porzayot piyanu odhyoyon korisil, aaru 1932 sonor poraa adelider tatlers club, ek xahityik xomajor xodosyo aasil. teu egoraki niyomiya girja-goraki, englandor girjar onugami aaru teur swamir xoite saint pieters kethedrelor bondhuxokolor (1932 sonot protistha) foundation xodosyo aasil, aaru 1954 sonoloike xei guttut xokriyo aasil. byoktigoto. doruthi simpchone bidhowa rubhok biyaa koraisil.1945 sonor 6 januaryt, pisoloi kenon hures parchi finnis (mrityu 1960). sroddhaxil bhodrolukjone teur onyanyo dhormiyo kortobyor uporiu saintor organisto hisape xewa aagborhaisil. pitaror cathedral, je-ror uttoradhikari hoisil. em. 1936 sonot teuluk cathedral bhikarejot baax korisil, 1955 sonot gulap udyanoloi sthanantorito hoisil. teulukor kunu xontan nasil. myocardial infarctionor sikitsaloyot tekhetor mrityu hoy aaru teur owoxistoxomuh uttor pothor koborsthanot xomadhistho koraa hoy. dokhyin australier simpchon poriyalor udyugpotixokolor xoite teur xomporko nasil, jodiu xei poriyalor oh 'dree ebi, nee simpchon, (1917-2014) brittito egoraki physio' therapisto aasil.

dorothy keela finnis dorothy merry keela "molly" finnis, nee simpson, (10 march 1903-19 meey 1970), jini agey merry keela simpson naame porichito chhilen, dakkhin australier prothom physiotherapistder modhye ekjon chhilen ebong polyomyelitise akranto shishuder chikitsar jonno porichito chhilen. itihas. dorothy dakkhin australier unley parke jonmogrohon corren, sthopoti alfried edward simpson ebong taanr stree frances isabella simpsoner konna, nee keela. tini walford house schoole padashona korechilen jekhane tini school magaziner prodhan prefect ebong sompadok chhilen. 1924 saale tini australian massage associationer dakkhin australian shakha theke diploma korar jogyata orjon corren ebong ekti byaktigato physiotherapy anushilan shuru corren jaa tini mrityur koyek saptaha agey porjonto bojay rekhechilen. 1958 saale tini dakkhin australier physiotherapy societyr ekjon protisthata sadasya chhilen. bish bochor dhorey tini adelide shishu hospitale khandakalin kaaj korechilen, jekhane tini shishu anterior polyomyelitiser onek ghotonar mukhomukhi hoyechilen, jaa mostishko ebong merudondoke probhabito korey emon ekti teebro sangkramak viral roga, jaar foley durbolota, pokkhaghato ebong peshi noshto hoy, jaar jonno classic chikitsa chhilo bichhanai vishram neoa ebong akranto angagulir sthobirota. tobey, finnis boone kenir dwara somorthito chikitsar karjokarita somporke nischito chhilen, sokriyobhabe prithak peshigulike punra shikkhito korar jonno. 1937-1938 ebong taar porey polio mahamarir somoy tini ekti borh abodan rekhechilen. tini dakkhin australier pangu shishuder samitir besh koyekti komitite dayitto palon korechilen ebong 1945 theke 1957 saal porjonto spastic shishuder pitamatar gosthir sabhapati chhilen, jaa porey pangu shishuder sahayak (spastic group) naame porichito hoyechilo. 1944 theke 1964 saaler modhye finnis adelide bishwobidyaloye physiotherapy niye boktrita deena ebong shishuder hospitale pediatricser byaboharik classer tottabodhan corren. tini 1952 theke 1965 saal porjonto dakkhin australier physiotherapist boarde bishwobidyaloyer protinidhi chhilen. anyanno swartho. finnis ekjon gyani sangeet premi chhilen, jini ekti unnoto store piano shikhechilen ebong 1932 saal theke adelider tatlers cluber sadasya chhilen, jaa ekti sahitya samiti. tini ekjon niyamita girja-jatri, church off englander anusari ebong taanr swamir saathe seenta peaters cathedraler bondhuder (1932 saale protisthito) ekjon protisthata sadasya chhilen ebong 1954 saal porjonto seii doley sakriya chhilen. byaktigato. dorothy simpson bidhoba revke biye korechilen.porey 1945 saaler 6ee januari horres percy finnis (mrityu 1960), taanr anyanno dharmiya dayitto chharao, seenta first liger organist hisabe dayitto palon corren. pieter cathedral, jeey-err uttoradhikari. emm. 1936 saale taaraa cathedral vikaraje thakat, 1955 saale golap uddane choley yaay. taader konao santan chhilo naa. tini myocardial inapharkashana hospitale maaraa zaan ebong taanr dehaboshesh uttor rastar koborsthane somahito koraa hoy. tini dakkhin australier shilpopotider simpson poribarer saathe somporkito chhilen naa, jodio seii poribarer audrey abby, nee simpson, (1917-2014) pesha ekjon physiotherapist chhilen.

dorothi qela phoenis dorothi meerii qela "mollie" phoenis, nee simpson, (10 march 1903-19 meey 1970), jeey agau meerii qela simpson tareeke odakhaata hataa, teey dakshin australiana pratham physiotherapistsmana aek hataa, aneey polyomyelitisthi pidaataa baadakoni saarvaar maate jaanita hataa. itihas. dorothyno janm dakshin australiana unley parkma thayo hato, jeey architect alfred edward simpson aneey temnee patnee frances isabella simpson, nee kelanee putri hatee. teneenu shikshan walford house schoolma thayu hatoo jyaan tenee shaala saamyikna mukhya pramukh aneey sampaadak hataa. hataa temane australian masaj associationni dakshin australian shakhamathi diploma maate kwolifay karyoo aneey khangi physiotherapy practices sharoo curry jeey temane temnaa mrutyunaa thodaa athvadiya pahelaa sudhee jaalvi raakhi hatee. teo teo dakshin australiana physiotherapy societyna foundation sabhy hataa. vees varsh sudhee temane adelide childrance hospitalma anshkaalik kaama karyoo, jyaan temne shishu agravarti polyomyelitisna ghanaa kesono saamno karvo padyo, jeey magaj aneey karodrajjune assar karatee teevra chepee viral beemari chhe, jeey nabalai, lakvo aneey snaayuono bagaad karey chhe, jenaa maate uttam saarvaar pathaarimaa aaraam aneey asargrast angonu stheer thavu hatoo. joke, finisne bahen kennie dwara samartheet saarvaarni asarkarakta, sakreey reete vyaktigat snaayuone fareethi shikshit karvaanee khaatari thaee hatee. temane 1937-1938 aneey pachhinaa poliyo rogchaalaa darmiyan motoo yogdaan aapyu hatoo. temane dakshin australiana apang baadakona sangathanni ghanee sameetioma sevaa aapee hatee aneey 1945 thee 1957 sudhee spastic baadakona matapitana juthanaa pramukh hataa, jeey paachhalthi apang baadakona sahayak (spastic jooth) tareeke odakhaata hataa. 1944 aneey 1964 nee vachche finnise adelaid universityma physiotherapy parr pravachno aapyaa hataa aneey baadakoni hospitalma baadrogma vyavhaaru vargonee dekhrekh raakhi hatee. teo 1952 thee 1965 sudhee dakshin australiana physiotherapist boardma universityna pratinidhi hataa. anya heeto. phoenis aek jaankaar sangeet premi hataa, jemane adhyatan stare piyaanono abhyaas karyo hato, aneey 1932 thee adeleidna tatlers club, aek saahityik samajna sabhy hataa. teo niyameet churchma jataa, englandnaa churchna anuyaayi aneey temnaa patee saathe saint pieter cathedral cathedral sthapaayel) naa meetrona foundation sabhy hataa aneey 1954 sudhee teey juthamaa sakreey hataa. vyaktigat. dorothi simpasane vidhavaa reeva saathe lagna karyaa., pachhithi 6 january january roj horres persey phoenis (mrutyu 1960). aadarneey sajjan, temnee anya dhaarmik farajo upraant, sentnaa organist tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. pieternu cathedral, jeey. aema. aema teo cathedral vikaarejmaa raheta hataa, hataa teo rose parkma rahevaa gayaa. temne koee santaan nahotu. teneenu mrutyu myokardiyala infarction hospitalma thayu hatoo aneey teneena avsheshone uttar maarg kabrastaanmaa dafnavvama aavyaa hataa. teo dakshin australiana udhyogpationa simpson parivaar saathe sambandhit naa hataa, joke teey parivaarnaa odree abby, nee simpson, (1917-2014) vyavsaaye physiotherapist hataa.

dorothy kell finis dorothy mairi kell "mollie" finis, nee simpson, (10 march 1903-19 maee 1970), jinhen pahale mairi kell simpson key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, dakshin australia key pahale physiotherapists mein seey ack theen, aur polyomyelitis seey peedit bachchon key upchaar key liye jaani jaati theen. itihas. dorothy kaa janm dakshin australia key unley park mein huaa thaa, joe vastukar alfred edward simpson aur unaki patni fraans isabella simpson, nee kell kii betty thee. unhone walford house school mein shiksha praapt kii thee jahan way school patrika kii pramukh aur sampaadak theen. 1924 mein unhone australiyai massage association kii dakshin australiyai shakha seey diploma key liye arhata praapt kii aur ack niji physiotherapy abhyaas khola jise unhone apani mrityu seey kuchh saptah pahale taka banaae rakhaa thaa. vaha 1958 mein dakshin australia key physiotherapy society kii ack sansthaapak sadasya theen. bees varshon taka unhone adelide bachchon key aspatal mein anshakaalik roop seey kaam kiya, jahan unhein shishu purvakaal polyomyelitis key kaee mamalon kaa saamana karna padaa, joe mastishk aur reedh kii huddy koo prabhaavit karane vaali ack teevra sankraamak viral bimari haye, jisase kamjori, pakshaghat aur maanspeshiyon kaa nuksan hotaa haye, jisake liye classic upchaar bistar parr aaraam karna aur prabhaavit angon kaa sthirikaran thaa. haalaanki, finis koo bahan kenni dwara samarthit upchaaron kii prabhavkarita key baare mein vishvaas thaa, joe sakriya roop seey vyaktigat maanspeshiyon koo phir seey shikshit kartaa haye. unhone 1937-1938 aur baad mein poliyo mahamari key dauran ack badaa yogdan diyaa. unhone dakshin australia key viklang bachchon key sangh kii kaee samitiyon mein kaary kiya aur 1945 seey 1957 taka spastic bachchon key maataa-pitaa key samooh kii adhyaksh raheen, jinhen baad mein viklang bachchon key sahayak (spastic samooh) key roop mein jaanaa gayaa. 1944 aur 1964 key beach finis ney adelide vishvavidyalaya mein physiotherapy parr vyakhyan diye aur bachchon key aspatal mein baal roga mein vyaavhaarik kakshaon kaa nireekshan kiya. vaha 1952 seey 1965 taka dakshin australia key physiotherapist board mein vishvavidyalaya kii pratinidhi theen. anya ruchiyaan. finis ack jaankaar sangeet premi they, jinhone ack unnat star parr piano kaa adhyayan kiya thaa, aur 1932 seey adelaid key tatlers club, ack saahityik samaaj key sadasya they. vaha ack niyamit church-goar, ingland key church kii ack anuyaayi thee aur apane pati key saath, sent peater cathedral (1932 mein sthaapit) key doston kii ack foundation sadasya thee, aur 1954 taka usa samooh mein sakriya thee. vyaktigat. dorothy simpson ney vidhwa rev seey shaadi kii.baad mein 6 janwari 1945 koo horres persey finis (mrityu 1960) ney apane anya dhaarmik kartavyon key alawa sent key angarakshak key roop mein kaary kiya. peater kaa cathedral, jey. aim. 1936 mein way cathedral vikaarej mein rahate they, 1955 mein gulab park mein chaley gaye. unake koee bachche naheen they. myocardial inforction key aspatal mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee aur unake avasheshon koo uttari sadak kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa. vaha dakshin australia key udyogpatiyon key simpson parivaar seey sambandhit naheen thee, halanki usa parivaar key audrey abby, nee simpson, (1917-2014) peshe seey ack physiotherapist they.

dorothy kell finnis ee hinde merrie kell simpson endu kareyalaaguttidda dorothy merrie kell "mollie" finnis, nee simpson, (10 march 1903-19 mayee 1970) daksina aastreliyaada modala physiotherapistgalalli obbaraagiddaru mattu polyomyelitisninda balaluttiruva makkala chikitsegaagi hesaruvaasiyaagiddaru. itihaasa. dorothy daksina aastreliyaada unley parknalli vaastushilpi alfred edward simpson mattu avara patni francis isabella simpson, nee kell avara magalaagi janisidaru. aake walford house shaleyalli sikshana padedaru, allie avaru shaala niyatakaalikeya mukhyastharaagi mattu sampaadakaraagiddaru. 1924ralli avaru australian masaz association daksina australian shakheyinda diplomakke arhate padedaru mattu khasagi physiotherapy abhyasavannu praarambhisidaru, adannu avaru tamma maranada kelavu vaaragala modalu nirvahisidaru. avaru 1958ralli daksina aastreliyaada physiotherapy society adipaya sadasyaraagiddaru. ippattu varshagala kaala avaru adelide makkala aaspatreyalli arekalikavagi kelasa maadidaru, allie avaru shishu poorvakaalada polyomyelitisna aneka prakaranagalannu edurisidaru, idu medulu mattu bennuhuri mele parinama beeruva tivravaada saankraamika viral rogavagiddu, daurbalya, paarshvavaayu mattu snaayugalannu haalumaaduttade, idakkaagi shreshtha chikitseyu haasige vishraanti mattu pidita angagala sthirikaranavagittu. aadaagyoo, sahodari kenni bembalisida chikitsegala parinaamakaaritvada bagge, sakriyavagi pratyeka snaayugalannu maru-sikshana needuva bagge finnisge manavarikeyagittu. avaru <aii. dii. 1> mattu nantarada polio saankraamikada samayadalli pramukha koduge niididaru. avaru daksina aastreliyaada angavikala makkala sanghada halavaaru samitigalalli seve sallisidaru mattu 1945 rinda 1957 ravarege spaastik makkala poshakara gumpina adhyaksharaagiddaru, nantara idannu angavikala makkala sahayaka (spaastik gumpu) endu kareyalaayitu. 1944 mattu 1964rahra naduve finnis adelide vishvavidyaalayadalli bhautachikitseya bagge upanyaasagalannu niididaru mattu makkala aaspatreyalli pediatricksnalli prayogika taragatigala melvichaaraneyannu nadesidaru. avaru 1952rinda 1965ravarege daksina aastreliyaada bhautachikitsakara mandaliyalli vishvavidyaalayada pratinidhiyaagiddaru. itara aasaktigalu. funnis obba jnaanavulla sangeeta premi, unnata mattadalli pianovannu adhyayana maadidavaru mattu 1932rinda adelidena tatlers clubna sadasyaraagiddaru, idu ondu saahityika samaajavaagittu. aake niyamitavagi churchge hoguttiddalu, church off inglendna anuyayi mattu aakeya patiyondige, saint peters cathedraln sneehitara (1932 ralli sthapanegonda) foundation sadasyaraagiddaru mattu 1954 ravarege aaa gumpinalli sakriyaraagiddaru. vaiyaktika. dorothy simpson vidhaveyaada revlannu vivaahavaadaru.nantara, 1945rahra janavari 6randu horace pursey finnis (1960ralli nidhanaraadaru). poojya vyakti, tamma itara dharmika kartavyagala horataagi, saint. peters cathedral, zhe. emm. 1936ralli avaru cathedral vikaarejnalli vaasisuttiddaru, 1955ralli gulabi udyaanakke sthalaantaragondaru. avarige makkaliralilla. aake myocardial inforction aaspatreyalli nidhanaraadaru mattu aakeya avasheshagalannu uttara raste smashaanadalli samadhi maadalaayitu. aake daksina aastreliyaada simpson kutumbada kaigarikodyamigalondige sambandha hondiralilla, aadaroo aaa kutumbada adrey abbi, nee simpson, (1917-2014) vrattiyalli bhautachikitsakaraagiddaru.

dorothy keela finis dorothy merrie keela "mollie" finis, nee simpson, (10 march 1903-19 meey 1970), jyanna purvi merrie keela simpson mhanoon olakhale jayache, teey dakshin austreliyachya pahilya physiotherapistpaiki eka hote aanee polyomyelitisne grast asalelya mulanvar upchar karnyasathi prasiddha hote. itihas. dorothycha janm dakshin austreliyatil unley park yethe jhaala, tee vastuvisharad alfried edward simpson aanee tyachi patni frances isabela simpson, nee keela yanchi mulgi hotee. tiche shikshan walford haus shalet jhaale, jithe tee shalechya niyatkalikachi pramukh aanee sampadak hotee. 1924 madhye tine austreliyan masaj associationchya dakshin austreliyan shakhetoon padavika midavali aanee eka khajgi physiotherapycha sarav suru keela joou tine tichya mrutyuchya kahee aathvadyanpurviparyant kayam thewala. 1958 madhye tyaa dakshin austreliyachya physiotherapy societychya sansthapak sadasya hotya. vees varshe tine edelide mulanchya rugnalayat ardhvel kaam kele, jithe teela shishu purvakalin polyomyelitischya anek prakaranancha samna karava lagla, joou mendu aanee pathichya kanyala prabhavit karnara eka tivra sansargjanya vishanujanya rog aahe, jyamule ashaktapana, ardhangvayu aanee snayu nasht hotat, jyasathi uttam upchar mhanje vishranti ghene aanee prabhavit avayavanche sthairya. tathapi, vaiyaktik snayunna sakriyapane punha shikshit karnyachya, baheen kenine samarthan dilelya upcharanchya parinamkaraktebaddal finisla khatri patali. 1937-1938 chya polio mahamarichya kalat aanee nantar tine mothe yogdan dile. tine dakshin austreliyachya apang mulanchya sanghatanechya anek samityanvar kaam kele aanee 1945 teey 1957 paryant spastic mulanchya palakanchya gatache adhyaksh hote, jyala nantar apang mulancha sahayyak (spastic gut) mhanoon olakhale gele. 1944 teey 1964 darmyan finis yanni edelide vidyapithat physiotherapivar vyakhyane dilee aanee mulanchya rugnalayat balrogatadnyanchya vyavharik varganche nirikshan kele. 1952 teey 1965 yaa kalat tyaa dakshin austreliyachya physiotherapist mandalavar vidyapithachya pratinidhi hotya. itar hitsambandh. finis haah eka jaankar sangeet premi hota, jyane pragat staravar pianocha abhyas keela hota aanee 1932 pasoon too edeleidchya tatlers club yaa sahityik samajacha sadasya hota. tee niyamit church-feriwalya, church auph englandchi anuyayi aanee tichya patisah, seent pieter cathedralchya mitranchi (1932 madhye sthapan jhaleli) sansthapak sadasya hotee aanee 1954 paryant tyaa gatat sakriy hotee. vaiyaktik. dorothy simpasanane vidhva revashi lagn kele.nantar 6 janewari 1945 roji horace persey finis (mrutyu 1960) yanni, tyanchya itar dharmik kartvyanvyatirikt, seent finnische avayavshastradnya mhanoon kaam kele. pieterche cathedral, jeey. emm. 1936 madhye teey cathedral vikarejmadhye rahat hote, 1955 madhye teey gulab udyanat gele. tyanna mule navhati. hrudayachya snayuteel aakunchanamule ticha rugnalayat mrutyu jhaala aanee tiche avashesh uttar rastyavaril smashanbhumit puranyat aale. dakshin austreliyachya simpson udhyogpatinchya kutumbashi ticha sambandh navhata, jaree tyaa kutumbatil audry abby, nee simpson, (1917-2014) vyavasayane physiotherapist hota.

dorothy kell finis dorothy merry kell "molly" finis, nee simpson, (10 march 1903-19 maee 1970), pahile merry kell simpson bhanera chinine uni dakshin astreliaka pahilo physiotherapistharu madhye ek thiin, rar polyomyelitisbata pidit bachchaharuko upcharka lagi parichit thiin. itihas. dorothyko janma dakshin astreliako unley parkma bhaeko thiyo, jo wastukar alfred edward simpson rar unaki patni francis isabela simpson, nee kelki chhori thiin. unle walford house schoolma shiksha prapta gareki thiin jahaan uni schol patrikako pramukh rar sampadak thiin. sann 1924 maa unle astrelian masaj associationko dakshin astrelian shakhabata diplomaka lagi yogya bhain rar ek niji physiotherapy abhyas kholin jaslai unle afno mrityu hunubhanda kehi hapta aghisamma kayam rakheki thiin. uni sann 1958 maa dakshin astreliako physiotherapy societyki foundation sadasya thiin. beas warshasamma unle adelide children aspatalma anshakalik kaam garin, jahaan unle infantile enterior polyomyelitisca dherai kesharuko samana garin, mastishka rar merudandalai asar garne ek tiwra sankramak bhairal rog, kamajori, pakshaghat rar mansapeshiko barbadi, jasko lagi classic upchar ochhyanma aram rar prabhawit angaharuko sthirikaran thiyo. yadyapi finis bahini kennidwara samarthit upcharko prabhawakaritama wishwasta thie, sakriya rupma wyaktigat mansapeshiharulai punah shikshit garne. unle 1937-1938 rar pachhi poliyo mahamariko samayama thulo yogdan garin. unle dakshin astreliako apanga ball sanghaka dherai samitiharuma sewa garin rar sann 1945 dekhi 1957 samma spastic ball abhibhawak samuhako adhyaksha thiin, jaslai pachhi apanga ball sahayak (spastic samuha) bhanera chininthyo. sann 1944 rar 1964 ko bichma finisle adelide vishwavidyalayama physiotherapyma wyakhyan die rar ball aspatalma balrogma wyawaharik kakshaharuko nirikshan gare. uni sann 1952 dekhi 1965 samma dakshin astreliako physiotherapistko boardma vishwavidyalayaki pratinidhi thiin. anya ruchiharu. finis ek jankar sangit premi thie, jasle unnat starma piano adhyayan gareka thie, rar sann 1932 dekhi edelideko tatlers club, ek sahityik samajko sadasya thie. uni niyamit church jaane, church aff englandky anuyayi rar unka patisanga cent pieter cathedral (sann 1932 maa sthapana) kaa sathiharuko foundation sadasya thiin, rar sann 1954 samma tyas samuhama sakriya thiin. wyaktigat. dorothy simpasanle vidhava rewasanga vivaha gare.pachhi cannon, horace percy finis (mrityu 1960) 6 janawari 1945 maa. adaraniya sajjanle, afna anya dharmik kartawyaharu bahek, centko arganistako rupma sewa gare. pieterko cathedral, jey safal bhaeko chha. emm. sann 1936 maa. tiniharu cathedral vikarejma basthe, sann 1955 maa rose parkma sare. uniharuka kunai santan thienan. unko myocardial infarksonko aspatalma mrityu bhayo rar unko awasheshharu uttari sadak kabristanma gadiyo. uni dakshin astreliako simpson udyogpati pariwarsanga sambandhit thienan, yadyapi tyo pariwarko adrey ebi, nee simpson, (1917-2014) pesale physiotherapist thie.

dorothy kell finis dorothy merrie kell "molley" finis, nee simpson, (10 march 1903-19 meey 1970), purbaru merrie kell simpson bhabare janashuna dakhina astreliaara pratham physiotherapistmananka madhyaru jane thile, ebong polyomyelitisare peedita pilamanankara chikitsa paain janashuna . itihas. dorothy dakhina astreliaara unale parkre janmagrahana karithile, jie sthapati alfred edward simpson ebong taanka patni frances isabella simpasanka jhia thile, nee kell. shay walford house schoolre sikhya laabh karithile jeunthare shay skula patrikara mukhya prefect ebong sampadaka thile. 1924 masihare shay astrelia massage associationara dakhina astrelia shakharu diploma paain jogyata arjan karithile ebong eka gharoi physiotherapy abhyasa kholithile jaahaa shay taanka mrutyura kichhi saptaha purbaru bajaiah rakhithile. 1958 masihare shay dakhina astreliaara physiotherapy societyra jane pratisthata sadasya thile. kodie barsha dhari shay adelade shishu daktarakhanare aanshika samai kaama karithile, jeunthare shay shishu anterior polyomyelitis rahr aneka mamla sammukheen hoithile, jaahaa mastishka ebong merudandaku prabhabita karuthiba eka tibra sankramaka bhairal roga, jaahaa durbalata, pakhyaghata ebong mansapeshi nust kare, jeunthipain classic chikitsa shajya bishram ebong prabhabita angagudikara achalakarana thila . tebe finnis niz bhaunee kenninka dwara samarthita chikitsara prabhabaku nei nischita thile, jaahaa sakriya bhabare byaktigata mansapesheeku punah sikhita kare . 1937-1938 ebong parabarti samajare polio mahamari samajare shay eka pramukh yogdan deithile. shay dakhina astreliaara bikalanga shishu sanghara aneka kamitire karjya karithile ebong 1945 ru 1957 parjyanta spastic shishu pitamata gosthira sabhapati thile, jaahaa parey pangu shishu sahajaka (spastic group) bhabare janashuna . 1944ru 1964 masiha madhyare finnis adelade biswabidyalajare physiotherapy upare baktruta deithile ebong shishu daktarakhanare shishu chikitsa khetrare byabaharika shrenigudikara tadarakh karithile. shay 1952 ru 1965 parjyanta dakhina astreliaara physiotherapist boardre biswabidyalajara pratinidhi thile. anya swartha. finnis jane gyani sangeeta premi thile, shay eka unnat starare piano adhyajana karithile, ebong 1932 ru adeladra tatlers club, eka sahitya samajara sadasya thile . shay jane nijamita church-gear thile, church off englandara jane anugami thile ebong taanka swameenka saha, cent pieter cathedralara bandhumananka (1932 ray sthapita) foundation sadasya thile, ebong 1954 parjyanta sehi dalare sakriya thile. byaktigata. dorothy simpson bidhaba rebhanku bibaha karithile.parey 1945 masiha januari 6 tarikhare, horace percy finnis (mrutyu 1960) nka naamare, ehi sammananiah byakti, tankara anya dharmika karttabya byatita, cent germanyra organist bhabe karjya karithile. pitaranka cathedral, jay. nka uttaradhikari hoithile. emm. 1936 masihare semane cathedral bhikarajare rahuthile, 1955 masihare golap parkaku chalijaithile. semanankara kaunasi santan nathile. shay myocardial infarkson daktarakhanare mrutyubarana karithile ebong taanka abasheshaku uttara sadaka kabarasthanare kabara diajaithila. shay dakhina astreliaara shilpapatinka simpson paribara sahita jadita nathile, jadio sehi paribarara audrey aabi, nee simpson, (1917-2014) bruttire jane physiotherapist thile.

dorothy kaell finis dorothy mairi kaell "mollie" finis, nee simpson, (10 march 1903-19 maee 1970), jiss noon pahilan mairi kaell simpson vajon janhiaa jaanda see, dakkhni australia dey pahile physiotherapistan vicchon ikk see, atey polyomyelitis naal peedat bacchiaan dey ilaaj laee jaanhi jaandi see. itihaas. dorothy daa janam dakkhni australia dey unle park witch hoiaa see, joe architect elfried edward simpson atey uss dee patni francis isabella simpson, nee kaell dee dhee see. uss neey walford haaoos school witch sikkhiaa prapat keeti jitthe uh school magazine dee mukkh prefect atey sampadak see. sann 1924 witch uss neey australia masaaj association dee dakkhni australia shakha toon diploma laee yogta prapat keeti atey ikk private physiotherapy abhiaas kholhiaa jiss noon uss neey aapni maut toon kujh hafte pahilan takk kaaim rakkhiaa see. uh 1958 witch dakkhni australia dee physiotherapy suciety dee foundation member see. veeh saalan takk uss neey adlide bacchiaan dey hospital witch paart-time kamm keeta, jitthe uss noon bacche dey anterior polyomyelitis dey bahut saare mamlian daa sahmana karna piaa, ikk gambhir sankarmit viral bimari joe dimag atey reedh dee haddi noon prabhavat kardi haii, jiss naal kamzori, adhrang atey maspeshiaan dee vigaad hundi haii, jiss laee classic ilaaj bistra aaram atey prabhavit angaan daa sathir honaa see. halanki, finnis noon bhainn canny duaara keete gaye ilaajan dee prabhavsheelta baare yakeen see, joe viaktigat maspeshiaan noon sargarmi naal mudd sikkhiat curran dee samratha rakkhda see. uss neey 1937-1938 dee polio mahamari dauran atey baad witch ikk vadda yogdan paaiaa. uss neey dakkhni australia dey apahaj bacchiaan dee association deeaan kaee kametiaan witch seva nibhai atey 1945 toon 1957 takk spestic bacchiaan dey maapiaan dey samooh dee pardhan rahee, jiss noon baad witch apahaj bacchiaan dey sahaik (spestic samooh) vajon janhiaa jaanda haii. 1944 atey 1964 dey vichkaar finis neey edelide university witch physiotherapy baare bhashan ditte atey bacchiaan dey hospital witch baal rogg witch viharak classes dee nigrani keeti. uh 1952 toon 1965 takk dakkhni australia dey physiotherapist board witch university dee numaindi see. horr dilchaspiaan. finis ikk gyanwan sangeet premi see, jiss neey ikk unnat paddhar 'teey piano dee padahi keeti see, atey 1932 toon adlide dey tatlers club, ikk sahitak samaaj daa member see. uh ikk niyamat church jaanh vaali, england dey church dee parocar atey aapne patee naal, cent pieter cathedral (1932 dee sathapana) dey dostan dee foundation member see, atey 1954 takk uss samooh witch sargaram see. nijji. dorothy simpson neey vidhwa rev naal viaah karwa liaa.baad witch 6 janwari 1945 noon horace parsi finis (maut 1960) neey aapne horr dharmik kartavvan toon ilava cent sant dey organist vajon seva nibhai. pieter daa girjaghar, jey. aim. sann 1936 witch uh girjaghar vikarej witch rahinde sunn, sann 1955 witch gulab park chaley gaye. unhan dey koee bacche naheen sunn. uss dee maut myocardial inforction dey hospital witch hoee atey uss deeaan avsheshan noon uttri sadak kabarstan witch dafnaiaa giaa. uh dakkhni australia dey simpson parivaar dey udyogpatiaan naal sabandhat naheen see, halanki uss parivaar dee audri abby, nee simpson, (1917-2014) peshe toon ikk physiotherapist see.

dorothy kell finnis dorothy merry kell "mollie" finnis, nee simpson, (10 maarch 1903-19 mey 1970), poorvam merry kell simpson iti namna prasidhah dakshina-australia-deshasya prathamah physiotherapist aasit, polyomalitis ityanena piditanam balakanam chikitsayaha krute cha prasidhah aasit. itihaasah. dorothy dakshina-australia-deshasya anle-paark-nagare vastukarasya alfred edward simpsanasya, tasya patnee fraamses isabella simpsanasya, nee kell ityasya cha putree ajayata. saa walford-house-vidyaalaye shikshitaa aasit, yatra saa vidyaalaya-patrikaayaah mukhyadhikarina sampaadakah cha aasit. 1924 tame varshe saa australian-masaaj-sanghasya dakshina-australian-shaakhaayaah diploma-krute arhatee abhavat, tathaa cha ekam nijee-physiotherapy-abhyaasam udghaatayat, yat saa swamaranaat katipayeshu saptaahaparyantam nirvahat. saa 1958 tame varshe dakshina-australia-deshasya physiotherapy-societyaah samsthaapak-sadasyaa aasit. vimshativarshaparyantam saa adelade-baal-chikitsaalaye amshakaalikam karyam krutavatee, yatra saa shishu-poorvakaal-polyomalitis ityasya anekaan prakaranan sammukheekarot, yat mastishkam merudandam cha prabhaavitam teevrasankraamak-vishaanu-rogah asti, yasya karanena durbalataam, pakshaghataha, snaayavah cha nashtaah bhavanti, yasya uttamah upachaarah shayyayaha vishraamah, prabhaawit-anganam sthireekaranam cha aasit. tathaapi, bhaginyaa kennie ityanena samarthite chikitsayaha prabhaavakaaritvam, sakriyaroopen vyaktigata-snaayu-prashikshanm kartum finnis-varyasya drudhawishwaasah aasit. saa 1937-1938 ityasya poliyo-mahamarikale tathaa pashchat cha pramukham yogadam dattavatee. saa dakshina-australia-deshasya viklang-baal-sanghasya aneka-samitishu karyam krutavatee, 1945 taha 1957 paryantam spastic-baal-maataapitru-samuhasya adhyakshaa aasit, yaa pashchat apang-baal-sahaayak-samoohah (spastic-samoohah) iti namna prasidhah abhavat. 1944 taha 1964 paryantam finnis-varyaha adelade-vishvavidyaalaye physiotherapy vishaye vyaakhyaanam dattavaan, baal-chikitsaalaye balarogachikitsayaha vyaavahaarik-vargaanaam paryavekshanam akarot cha. saa 1952 taha 1965 paryantam dakshina-australia-deshasya physiotherapist-board-madhye vishvavidyaalayasya pratinidhihi aasit. anyaani hitaani. finnis ityeshah ekaha jnaataa sangitapremi aasit, saha unnatastare piano-adhyayanm akarot, 1932 tamaat varshaat adelad-ityasya tottlers-club ityasya, saahityik-samajasya sadasyah aasit. saa niyamitaroopen charch-yatrika aasit, charch aaf england ityasya anuyaayini aasit, swapatnyaa saha sent peaters-kethedral ityasya mitranam (1932 tame varshe sthaapitam) samsthaapak-sadasyaa aasit, 1954 tamavarshaparyantam tasmin samoohe sakriyah aasit. vyaktigatam. dorothy simpson ityeshaa vidhavaa reva iti ityanaya saha parineetavatee.pashchat 1945 janavaree 6 dinaanke horace persey finnis (mrutyuhu 1960) naamakah cannon-ityanena saha, poojyah sajjanah, anyaan dharmikan kartavyaan vihaay, sent-vishvavidyaalayasya arganist-rupena karyam krutavaan. peater-ityasya kethedral, jey ityasya uttaraadhikaari abhavat. emm. 1936 tame varshe dunn-varyaha, 1955 tame varshe gulaabi-udyaanam prati gacchan, cathedral vikaarej-ityatra nivasan. teshaam baalaah naa aasan. saa myocardial-infaarkshan-rogena chikitsaalaye mrutavatee, tasyaah avasheshaah uttaramaargasy shmashaane samadhitaha. saa dakshina-australia-deshasya simpson-udyogapateh parivaaren saha naa sambaddha aasit, yadyapi tasya parivaarasya audrey-ebee, nee-simpson, (1917-2014) vruttyaa physiotherapist aasit.

dorathy kell finnis munbu maeri kell simpson endru alaikkappatta dorothy maeri kell "moali" finnis, nee simpson, (10 maarch 1903-19 mae 1970), therku australiavin muthal physiotherapistugalil oruvar, maelum polyomyelidis noayaal paathikkappatta kuzhandhaigalukku sigichchaiyalippatharkaaka ariyappattaar. varalaaru. torothy therku australiavin unley poongaavil kattidak kalaignar alfred edward simpson mattrum avarathu manaivi frances isabella simpson, nee kell aagiyoarin magalaaga piranthaar. avar walfordu havus pallyil kalvi payintraar, angku avar palli paththirigaiyin thalaimaith thalaivaraagavum aasiriyaraagavum irunthaar. 1924 aam aandil avar australian masaj sangaththin therku australian kilayil diploma pattam pettraar, maelum oru thaniyar physiotherapy payirchiyaith thodangkinaar, adhai avar irappatharku sila vaarangkalukku munbu varai paraamarittaar. 1958 aam aandil therku australiavin physiotherapy sangaththin adiththala uruppinaraaga irunthaar. irupathu aandugalaaka avar adalite kuzhandhaigal maruthuvamanaiyil pakuthi neramaaga paniyaattrinaar, angku avar kuzhandhai munpura polyomyelidis, moolai mattrum muthukelumbai paathikkum oru kadumaiyaana thottru virus noai, palaveenam, pakkavaatham mattrum thasaiyai veenadippathu aagiyavattrai aerpaduththum pala nigazhvugalai ethirkondaar, idharkaaga unnathamaana sigichchai padukkai oaivu mattrum paathikkappatta kaikaalgalai asaivizhakkach seivathu aagum. iruppinum, thanipatta thasaikalai theeviramaaga maruu kalvi karpathil chakoothari kennie aathariththa sigichchaigalin seyalthiran kuritthu finnis uruthiyaaka nambinaar. 1937-1938 mattrum adhan piragu bolio thottrunoaikalin poathu avar oru periya pankalippai valangkinaar. avar therku australiavin uunamutrtra kuzhandhaigal sangaththin pala kuzhukkalil paniyaattrinaar, maelum 1945 muthal 1957 varai uunamutrtra kuzhandhaigalin pettroar kuzhuvin thalaivaraaga irunthaar, pinnar uunamutrtra kuzhandhaigalin thunai (uunamutrtra kuzhu) endru alaikkappattaar. 1944 mattrum 1964 kku idaiyil finnis adlite palkalaikkazhagaththil physiotherapy kuritthu virivuraigalai valangkinaar mattrum kuzhandhaigal maruthuvamanaiyil kuzhandhai maruththuvaththil nadaimurai vaguppugalai maerpaarvaiyittaar. 1952 muthal 1965 varai therku australiavin physiotherapist kuzhuvil palkalaikkazhagaththin pirathinithiyaaga irunthaar. pira nalangal. finnis oru arivaarntha isai kaathalar, maempatta mattaththil biano padiththavar, maelum 1932 muthal adlidene tatlers kilap endra ilakkiya samoogaththil uruppinaraaga irunthaar. avar oru valakkamaana thevaalayaththirkuch selvavaraagavum, englaanthu devalayaththin aatharavaalaraakavum, thanathu kanavarudan, saint piittar cathetraline nanbarkalin adiththala uruppinaraagavum (1932 ill niruvappattathu), 1954 varai antha kuzhuvil theeviramaaga irunthaar. thanipatta muraiyil. dorothy simpson vidhavai revai mananthaar.pinnar, hoaraes percy finnis (irappu 1960) janavari 6,1945 andru. mariyaathaikkuriya manithar, avarathu pira madha kadamaigalaith thavira, saint inn aarkanisttaaka paniyaattrinaar. peettarin cathetral, jay. emm. 1936ill avarkal cathetral vikaaraejil vasiththu vanthanar, 1955ill roja poongaavukku kudipeyarnthanar. avarkalukku kuzhandhaigal illai. avar maaradaippu maruthuvamanaiyil iranthaar, avarathu echchangkal vadakku saalai kallaraiyil adakkam seiyappattana. avar therku australiavin simpson thozhilathibarkalin kudumbaththudan thodarpudaiyavar alla, iruppinum antha kudumbaththaich saerntha audry abii, nee simpson, (1917-2014) thozhilreethiyaaga oru physiotherapist aavaar.

dorothy kell finnis gatamlo maerii kell simpson anie piluvabade dorothy maerii kell "mollie" finnis, nee simpson, (10 marchi 1903-19 mae 1970), dakshina australia yokka modati physiotherapistlalo okaru, mariyu polyomyelitisto badhapaduthunna pillala chikitsaku prasiddhi chendaaru. charitra. dorothy dakshina australialoni unley paarkulo janminchaadu, vaastusilpi alfred edward simpson mariyu athani bhaarya frances isabella simpson, nee kell kumarte. aame walford house paatasaalalo chaduvukundi, akkada aame paatasaala patrikaku pradhana prefect mariyu sampaadakudigaa undedi. 1924loe aame australian masaz association yokka dakshina australia saakha nundi diplomaku arhata saadhinchindi mariyu aame maranaaniki konni vaaraala mundu varaku nirvahinche private physiotherapy praakteesnu praarambhinchindi. aame 1958loe dakshina australia physiotherapy societylo foundation sabhyuraligaa unnaaru. iravai samvatsaraalu aame adelide pillala aasupatrilo paart timega panicheesaaru, akkada aame sisuvu puurva polyomyelitis yokka aneka kesulanu edurkondi, idhi medadu mariyu vennupaamunu prabhaavitam chese teevramaina antu viral vyaadhi, balaheenata, pakshavaatam mariyu kandaraala vrudhaa kaligistundi, dheeni kosam classic chikitsa mancham vishraanti mariyu prabhaavita avayavaala sthireekarana. ayithe, sodari kennie samarthinchina chikitsala samarthatha, vyaktigata kandaraalanu churukuga tirigi vidyaavantulanu cheyagaladani finnisku nammakam kaligindi. 1937-1938 mariyu taruvaata poliyo mahammari samayamlo aame pradhana sahakaram andinchindi. aame dakshina australia vikalanga pillala sanghaaniki chendina aneka kamiteelalo panicheesaaru mariyu 1945 nundi 1957 varaku vikalanga pillala tallidandrula samuuhaaniki adhyakshuraligaa unnaaru, taruvaata dheenini vikalanga pillala sahayaka (spaastik samuuham) anie pilicheevaaru. 1944 mariyu 1964 madhya finnis adelide vishwavidhyaalayamlo physiotherapy upanyaasaalu icchaaru mariyu pillala aasupatrilo pediatricslo aacharanaatmaka taragatulanu paryaveekshinchaaru. aame 1952 nundi 1965 varaku dakshina australia physiotherapistla bordulo vishwavidyaalaya pratinidhigaa unnaaru. itara aasaktulu. funnis oka parignaanam kaligina sangeeta premikudu, adhunaatana sthaayilo piano neerchukunnaadu mariyu 1932 nundi adelide yokka tatlers club, oka saahitya samaajamlo sabhyudu. aame kramam tappakunda charchiki vellevaaru, ingland charchiki anucharudigaa, aame bhartatho kalisi, seyint peters cathedral (1932loe sthaapinchabadindi) snehitula foundation sabhyuraligaa, 1954 varaku aaa samuuhamloo churukuga unnaaru. vyaktigatam. dorothy simpson vitantuvu revnu vivaham chesukunnadu.taruvaata connon, horace persey finnis (1960loe maraninchaaru) 6 janavari 1945naa. gouravaneeyamaina peddamanishi, thana itara mataparamaina vidhulatho paatu, seyint. peters cathedral, zhe. emm. 1936loe vaaru cathedral vikaarejlo nivasinchaaru, 1955loe roez parkuku vellaaru. vaariki pillalu laeru. aame myocardial inforction aasupatrilo maraninchindi mariyu aame avasheshaalanu uttara rahadari smasaanavaatikalo khananam chesaaru. aame dakshina australialoni simpson paarisraamikavettala kutumbamtho sambandham kaligi ledhu, ayithe aaa kutumbaaniki chendina audrey abii, nee simpson, (1917-2014) vruttireetyaa physiotherapist.

dorothi keell funance dorothi meeri keell "mauli" funs nee simpson (10 maarch 1903-19 mayee 1970)yee juu pehley meeri keell simpson kay naam say jaanee jaati thein janubi australia kay pehley physio thropston mein say eek thein aur pouli myelites say mutasirah bachon kay alaaj kay liye jaanee jaati thein. tareekh. dorothi janubi australia kay anlay paark mein paida hoyee juu mamaar alfared edward simpson aur inn kii ahliyah francees asabila simpson nee keell kii betty thee. iss kii taleem walford house school mein hoyee jehaan wah school megzin kii sarbarah aur editor thein. 1924 mein inhon nay australiyayi masaaj aisosi aishan kii janubi australiyayi shaakh say diplomah kay liye kawalifai kiyaa aur eek najee physiotheropy practs kholi jasay inhon nay apnee moth say chand haftay pehley takk barqarar rakhaa. wah 1958 mein janubi australia kii physiotheropy society kii foundation mumber thein. bees saal takk iss nay adelide childern hospital mein jazz waqti kaam kiyaa jehaan asay infantile entraer polymelitis kay behat say muamilat kaa saamna karnaa padaa juu eek shadeed mutaadi viral bemari hay juu dimagh aur reedh kii huddy kuu mutasir karti hay jiss kii wajah say kamzori faalij aur pathon kaa ziyaa hotaa hay jiss kaa classic alaaj bastar parr aaraam karnaa aur mutasirah aizaa kuu mutharik karnaa thaa. tahim funs kuu behan keenee kay zariye faal toor parr infiradi pathon kuu dobarah taleem deenay kay alaaj kii afadiyat parr yaqeen thaa. inhon nay 1937-1938 aur baad mein poliyo kii wabaa kay doraan eek badaa taawan kiyaa. inhon nay janubi australia kii maazur bachon kii aisosi aishan kii kayee committiyon mein khidmaat anjaam dain aur 1945 say 1957 takk spastic bachon kay waldeen kay grop kii sadr rahein jasay baad mein apahij bachon kay maawan (spastic grop) kay naam say jaana jaataa hay. 1944 aur 1964 kay darmiyan funs nay university aaf adelide mein physiotheropy parr lecture diye aur bachon kay hospital mein pediatrics mein emli classes kii nigrani kii. wah 1952 say 1965 takk janubi australia kay physio thropst board mein university kii numaindah thein. deegar mufadat. funs eek maahir mausiqi kay shoqeen thay jinhon nay aalee darjay kii satah parr pyano kii taleem haasil kii thee aur 1932 say adelide kay tetlers kalab juu eek adbi society hay kay rakan thay. wah eek baqayedah charch jaanay waali charch aaf england kii pirokar aur apnay shohar kay saath sent patters cathedral (1932 mein qayem) kay doston kii foundation mumber thein aur 1954 takk iss grop mein srgarm thein. zaati. dorothi simpson nay bewah riyo say shaadi kii.baad mein 6 januri 1945 kuu horais parsi funs (wafaat 1960). muaziz shareef aadmi nay apnay deegar mazhabi faraiz kay elawah sent kay arginist kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. petter kaa cathedral jay kay jansheen honay kay baad. ayem. 1936 mein wah cathedral vacreage mein rehtay thay 1955 mein gulaab kay paark mein muntaqil how gayey. inn kii koyee aulaad nahein thee. wah myocardial infection kay hospital mein inteqal kirr gayein aur inn kii baqiyat kuu naarth road qabristan mein dafan kiyaa gayaa. iss kaa taaluq janubi australia kay simpson khaandaan kay sanaat kaaron say nahein thaa halankah iss khaandaan kii audry abee nee simpson (1917-2014) paishay say physio thropst thein.

fffa9ef7195c9b816b28052186b9cbaaf5e86c86b18fd431bdc0187c53e1390d

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=900777

dement

dement English. Etymology. Borrowed from , from . Dutch. Etymology. Borrowed from , from .

demengs ingraji. byutpotti. ror poraa rino luwa. dusch. byutpotti. ror poraa rino luwa.

demanties ingrezi. byutpatti. theke dhaar koraa. dutch. byutpatti. theke dhaar koraa.

demension angreji. vyutpatti. pasethi udhaar leedhu. dutch. vyutpatti. pasethi udhaar leedhu.

demension angreji. vyutpatti. seey udhaar liya. dutch. vyutpatti. seey udhaar liya.

demension inglish. vyutpatti. avarinda saala padediddene. dutch. vyutpatti. avarinda saala padediddene.

dement engleesh. padavyuthpathishaasthram. kadam eduthathu, athil ninnu. dutch. padavyuthpathishaasthram. kadam eduthathu, athil ninnu.

demension ingraji. vyutpatti. pasoon, pasoon karj ghetale. dutch. vyutpatti. pasoon, pasoon karj ghetale.

demenst angreji. wyutpatti. batt udharo. douch. wyutpatti. batt udharo.

ingrajire demain. byutpatti. thaaru, ru runa. douch. byutpatti. thaaru, ru runa.

demension angrezi. shabdawali. toon udhaar liaa. dutch. shabdawali. toon udhaar liaa.

demension anglabhashayam. vyutpattih. runam, ityatah. dutch-deshah. vyutpattih. runam, ityatah.

aangkilaththil manachoarvu. sorpirappiyal. irunthu cuddon vaangkiyathu. duchu. sorpirappiyal. irunthu cuddon vaangkiyathu.

demension inglish. vyutpatti. nundi appuga teesukunnaru. dutch. vyutpatti. nundi appuga teesukunnaru.

demension angrezi. siftiyat. say say qarz liyaa. dich. siftiyat. say say qarz liyaa.

fffaa0be3fffe81e252d538e7587731174a926e8285b7477ab4f5deb0a46df2d

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki?curid=904445

H. P. Hood & Sons, Inc. v. Du Mond

H. P. Hood & Sons, Inc. v. Du Mond <templatestyles src="Header/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Header/main block/styles.css" /> Court Documents Opinion of the Court United States Supreme Court336 U.S. 525Hood Sons  v.  Du Mond Argued: Dec. 13, 14, 1948. --- Decided: April 4, 1949 Mr. Warren F. Farr, of Boston, Mass., for petitioner. Messrs. Nathaniel L. Goldstein, Wendell P. Brown and Robert G. Blabey, all of Albany, N.Y., for respondent. Mr. Justice JACKSON delivered the opinion of the Court. Notes.

eis. pi. hood endo sons, inok. bhi. mur aadalotor nothipotroxomuh aadalotor motamot aamerika juktorastror uschotom nyayaloy-326 eu.ess. 525-ror putro bonam. du monde jukti disiloh di. 13, 14, 1948.---- xiddhanto luwah 1949 sonor 4 april shree. waaren ef. faar, bostonor, bhor., abedonkarir baabe. ruchi. nathaniel el. goldstein, wendell pi. braun endo robert ji. blaby, ol owo elbani, eno.waai., uttordataxokolor baabe. shree. nyayadhix jeksone aadalotor motamot prodan korisil. noot.

eich. pii. hood anned sons, inock. vee. sombar adaloter nothi adaloter motamot markin juktorashtrer supreme court 336 eu.esha. 525-err putro bonam. doo monn jukti diyechilenah dissy. 13, 14, 1948.---- siddhanta neoa hoyeche 4 april, 1949 mii. oyarena eff. phara, bostoner, bhor., abedonkarir jonno. messers. nathaniel ell. goldstein, wendell pii. braun ebong robbert zii. blaby, oll off albany, enn.oyai., uttordatar jonno. mii. bicharpati jackson adaloter motamot pradan corren. note.

aech. pii. hood anned suns, ink. vee. somvaar adalatna dastavejo courtno abhipray united states suprem court-336 yuu.aesa. 525 putra wii. duu monde daleel kareeh dii. 13, 14, 1948.---nakki thayunh 4 april, 1949 shree. warren aef. phaar, bostananu, maas., arajdaar maate. messers. nathaniel aela. goldstein, wendell pii. braaun aneey roobert jee. blaby, albani, aena.vaay., prativaadi maate. shree. justice jaiksne courtno abhipray aapyo hato. nondho.

aich. pee. hood aind suns, ink. vee. dou maheene adalati dastavej adalat kii raay sanyukt raajya america kaa sarvocch nyayalaya-336 yuu.aiss. 525 putra banaam. doo mond ney tark diyaah dee. see. 13, 14, 1948.---- taya kiya gayaah 4 aprail, 1949 shree. vaaran aff. phaar, boston kaa, dravyamaan., yachikakarta key liye. messers. nathaniel ell. goldstein, wendell pee. braun aur robbert jee. blaby, aul off albany, aine.vaaee., prativaadi key liye. shree. nyaayamurti jackson ney adalat kii raay dee. notes.

etch. pii. hood & suns, ink. vii. somavaara nyaayaalayada daakhalegalu nyaayaalayada abhipraya united statesna sarvochcha nyaayaalayavu yuu.ess. 525 putraru vii. du mond vaadisidaruh dii. 13, 14, 1948.---nirdharisalaagideh april 4,1949 shree. warren eff. phaar, boston, dravyarashi., arjidaararige. mess. nathaniel ell. goldstein, vendell pii. braun mattu robbert zii. blaby, aall off albani, enn.vaii., prativaadige. shree. nyayamurthy jackson nyaayaalayada abhiprayavannu niididaru. tippanigalu.

echu. pii. hood & soons, ink. vii. thinkalaazhcha kodathi rekhakal kodathiyude abhiprayam yunaittad stetts supreme kodathi-326 yuu.ezz. 525 puthranmaar vii. duu mondu vaadichu dii. 13, 14, 1948.---- theerumaanichu 1949 epril 4 emm. vaaran eph. phaar, boosttan, maas., harjikkaaran vendi. missers. nathaniel ell. goldstein, wendell pii. braun aandu roobert jii. blabby, ellah albani, enn.vaii., prathikarikkunnayaalkk. emm. justice jaaksan kodathiyude abhiprayam paranju. kurippukal.

etch. pii. hood andd suns, ink. vhee. somwar nyayalayin kagadpatre nyayalayache mutt united states sarvoch nyayalay-326 yuu.ess. 525 putra wii. du mondane yuktivad kelah dii. 13, 14, 1948.---tharavalany-4 april 1949 shree. warren eff. phaar, bostonche, vastuman., yachikakartyasathi. gaddar. nathaniel ell. goldstein, wendell pii. braun aanee robbert jee. blaby, aul auph albany, aine.vaay., prativadisathi. shree. nyaymurti jackson yanni nyayalayache mutt mandale. nondi.

etch. pee. hood anned suns, ink. wee. sombar adalati kagajatharu adalatko mutt sanyukta rajya americako sarvochcha adalat-336 yu.ess. 525hood suns v. du mondley tarka gareh diss. 13, 14, 1948.---- nirnayah april 4,1949 shree. warren ef. farr, bostonko, mass., yachikakarta ko lagi. messers. nathaniel ell. goldstein, wendell pee. brauna rar robert zee. blaby, sabai albany, enn.wai., pratiwadika lagi. shree. nyayadhish jacksonle adalatko raaya die. noteharu.

etch. pii. hood & suns, Inc. bhi. sombar adalat kagajpatra nyajalajanka matamata juktarastra americara sarbocha nyajalaja-336 jayu.ess. 525-putra banam. du mond jukti karithileh dii. sii. 13, 14, 1948.---- sthira helah april 4,1949 mea. warren aif. phaara, bostner, bastutwa., aabedanakareenka paain. gandagola. nathaniel ell. goldstein, wendell pii. braun ebong robert jii. blaby, all off albani, enn.jaiah., uttaradatanka paain. mea. justices jackson kortanka matamata pradan karithile. note.

aich. pee. hood aind sannaz, ink. vee. somwar adalati dastavez adalat dee raae sanyukat raaj dee superim court 336 yuu.aiss. 525 puttar banaam duu mond neey daleel dittia dee. 13, 14, 1948.---- faisla keeta giaa 4 aprail, 1949 sriman jee. vaaran eff. phaar, boston daa, punj., patishnar laee. gadbad. nathaniel aill. goldstein, wendell pee. baraoon atey robbert jee. blaby, aal aaf albani, ainn.vaaee., jawabdeh laee. sriman jee. justice jackson neey adalat dee raae ditti. notes.

haha. pee. hood & suns, ink. vi. somaha. nyayalayasya dastaawejah nyayalayasya abhiprayah samyuktarajyamerika-sarwochchanyaayaalayah-336 yoo.ess. 525 putraani v. du mond tarkam krutavaan-dise. 13, 14, 1948.---- nirdhaaritah april 4,1949 shree. vaarren ef. faarr, boston ityasya, dravyaraashih., yachikakarta. mussers. nathaniel ell. goldstein, vendel pee. braun tathaa rabert jee. blaby, aal aaf albany, enn.ya., pratyarthinah. shree. nyaayamoortih jeckson ityeshah nyayalayasya abhiprayam adadat. tippanyah.

ech. puughal. hood & suns, ink. vii. thinkal neethimandra aavanangkal neethimandraththin karutthu aikkiya america uchcha neethimandram-326 yuu.ess. 525 vayathu magangal vii. duu moand wathitar dii. 13, 14, 1948.---mudivu seyyappattathu aepral 4,1949 thiru. vaaran eff. farr, baston, vegujana., manuthaararukku. mess. nathaniyal ell. goldstein, ventel pii. pravun mattrum robbert jii. blaby, aall off albani, enn.oy., pathilalippavarukku. thiru. neethipathi jackson neethimandraththin karutthai valangkinaar. kurippugal.

hetch. pii. hood & suns, ink. vii. somavaaram kortu patraalu kortu abhiprayam united states supreme court336 yuu.ess. 525hood suns v. du mond vaadinchaaru deck. 13, 14, 1948.---nirnayinchabadindih april 4,1949 mister. warren eff. phaarr, boston, maas., petitioner kosam. messers. nathaniel ell. goldstein, vendell p. braun mariyu robbert zii. blaby, aall off albany, enn.vai., prativaadi kosam. mister. justice jackson kortu abhiprayanni teliyajesaaru. gamanikalu.

aich. pee. hudd aind sunz incorporated. wee. duu maah adalati dastawezaat adaalat kii raaye riyasathaye muthadah kii suprem court 326 yuu.aiss. 525 hudd saans bamuqablah duu mond nay istedlal kiyaa: ddee. 13yee 14yee 1948.---faislah kiyaa gayaa: 4 apreel 1949 mister. waarin aif. faar bostan kaa maas.yee darkhwast guzaar kay liye. gustakhana. nathneel eel. goldstein vendal pee. brown aur raabart jee. balibi aal aaf albani aine.Y.yee jawaab dehandah kay liye. mister. justice jackson nay adaalat kii raaye paish kii. nott.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15974270

Honjō Domain

Honjō Domain Feudal domain in Edo period Japan was a feudal domain in Edo period Japan, located in Dewa Province (modern-day Akita Prefecture), Japan. It was centered on Honjō Castle in what is now the city of Yurihonjō, Akita. History. Much of Dewa Province was controlled by the powerful Mogami clan during the Sengoku period. The Mogami established a subsidiary holding centered on Honjō Castle in the center of the Yuri region of central Dewa Province in 1610. However, the Mogami were dispossessed by the Tokugawa shogunate in 1622, with the majority of their holdings going to the Satake clan, who were transferred from Hitachi Province to the much smaller holding of Kubota Domain. Rokugō Masanori, a relatively minor samurai from Senboku Country in Dewa Province served Toyotomi Hideyoshi at the Battle of Odawara in 1590 and was confirmed in his ancestral holdings of 4,500 "koku" in Dewa Province. He sided with Tokugawa Ieyasu at the Battle of Sekigahara against his nominal overlords, the Onodera clan, and was promoted to the status of a 10,000 "koku" "daimyō", based at Hitachi-Fuchū Domain, with his holdings scattered between Dewa and Hitachi Provinces. When the Mogami clan was dispossessed, the Tokugawa shogunate transferred him in 1623 from Hitachi to the newly created Honjō Domain, and increased his revenues to 20,000 "koku", which were all consolidated in the form of 103 villages in Yuki County where his descendants ruled for 11 generations to the Meiji Restoration. The domain has a population of 23,911 people in 3784 households per the 1674 census. It was 11-days travel time from Edo, where the clan maintained its primary residence ("kamiyashiki") at Kita-Inari-cho, in Shitaya. The clan's Edo temple was Tessho-ji in Nishi-Asakusa. During the Boshin War, the final "daimyō" of Honjō Domain, Rokugō Masakane sided with the Ōuetsu Reppan Dōmei; however, the domain had scant military resources and was quickly overrun by forces of the pro-Imperial Satchō Alliance, which destroyed Honjō Castle. The new Meiji government reinstated him as domain governor in 1868, but halved his revenues to 10,000 "koku". With the abolition of the han system in July 1871, and the absorption of Honjō Domain into Akita Prefecture, Rokugō Masakane relocated to Tokyo. In 1884, he and his descendants were granted the title of viscount ("shishaku") in the "kazoku" peerage. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

honju domain japanor dewaa prodexot (aadhunik xomoyor aakita proxaxonik onchol) owosthito japanor edu jugot eitu etaa xamontobadi onchol aasil. ee etiya urihunju sohor, aakitar honju durgor uporot kendribhut aasil. itihax. dewaa prodexor besibhag ongxo senguku xomoisuwat xoktixali mugami bongxor dwara niyontrito aasil. mugamiye 1610 sonot kendriyo dewaa prodexor eury oncholor kendrot hunju durgor uporot kendribhut etaa xohayok holding sthapon korisil. obosye, mugamik 1622 sonot tokugawa xugunetor dwara bitarito koraa hoisil, teulukor besibhag holding xatake bongxoloi goisil, jixokolok hitasi prodexor poraa kubuta domainor bohut xoru holdingloi sthanantor koraa hoisil. dewaa prodexor senbuku dexor tulonamulokbhabe xoru samurai rukugu masanoriye 1590 sonot udawarar juddhot toyutumi hydioxik xewa aagborhaisil aaru dewaa prodexot 4,500 "kuku" ror poitrik odhikarot nischito hoisil. teu teur naammatror odhipoti, oh 'noo' deraa bongxor biruddhe sekigaharar juddhot tot 'kugawa aaiyaxur pokhyo loisil aaru hitasi-fusu domainot aadharito 10,000 "kuku" "diamyu" ror morjyadar baabe podunnoti laabh korisil, jaar xoite teur aadhipotyo dewaa aaru hitasi prodexor maajot bikhyipto hoi aasil. jetiya mugami bongxotu usched koraa hoisil, tetiya tukugawa xugunete teuk 1623 sonot hitasir poraa notunkoi sristi koraa hoh 'noju domainoloi sthanantor korisil, aaru teur raajoh 20,000 "kuku" loi briddhi korisil, jibur yuki countyr 103 khon gaonr rupot ekotrito koraa hoisil zo' too teur bongxodhorxokole 11 projonmor baabe meiji punoruddhar koriboloi xaxon korisil. 1674 sonor lukpiyol onuxori ei domainor 3784taa poriyalot poriyalot luk aase. idur poraa 11 dinor bhromonor xomoy aasil, zo 'too bongxotuwe switayar kitaa-inari-sut iyar prathomik baxosthan ("kamiyaxiki") bojai rakhisil. bongxotur edu mondirtu aasil nixi-axakuchat tesu-ji. buxin juddhor xomoyot, hoh 'noju domainor suranto "diamyu", rukugu masakane oh' yetchu repan dodd 'meir pokhyo loisil; obosye, domaintut xamorik xompod komm aasil aaru xamorik xomorthonkari sesu mitrotar bahiniye drutogotit iyak otikrom korisil, jiye hoh' noju durgo dhongxo korisil. notun meiji sorkare 1868 sonot teuk domain gobhornor hisape punor sthapon korisil, kintu teur raajoh 10,000 "kuku" loi aadha korisil. 1871 sonor julyte haan byowosthar bilup aaru hunju domain aakita proxaxonik oncholot xuxonor loge loge rukugu masakane tot 'kiyuloi sthanantorito hoisil. 1884 sonot teu aaru teur bongxodhorxokolok "kajuku" piyarejot viscount ("xixaku") upadhi prodan koraa hoisil.

honzo domen japaner deoa prodeshe (adhunik somoyer akita prefecture) abosthito edo juge etty ekti samontotantrik anchal chhilo. etty ekhon urihonjo, akita shohore honzo durgoke kendra korey chhilo. itihas. deoa prodesher beshirbhag ongsho sengoku juge shaktishali mogami gosthi dwara niyantrita chhilo. mogami 1610 saale kendriya deoa prodesher eury anchaler kendre honzo durgoke kendra korey ekti sahayak holding protistha korey. tobey, mogami 1622 saale tokugaoa shogunet dwara bitadito hoyechilo, taader beshirbhag holding satake bongshe giechilo, jaaraa hitachi pradesh theke kubota domener onek chhoto holdingye sthanantorito hoyechilo. deoa prodesher senboku desher tulonamulokbhabe chhoto samurai rokugo masanori 1590 saale odawara juddhe toyotomi hydioshir seba korechilen ebong deoa prodeshe 4,500 "koku"-err poitrik sompottite nischito hoyechilen. tini taanr nammatro adhipati, onodera bongsher biruddhe sekigahara juddhe tokugaoa ayyasu-err pokkho niyechilen ebong hitachi-fuchu domene abosthito 10,000 "koku" "daimyo"-err morjadai unnito hoyechilen, jaar modhye taanr dokhol chhilo deoa ebong hitachi prodesher modhye chhoriye chhitiye. jokhon mogami gosthiti bitadito hoy, tokhon tokugaoa shogunet 1623 saale taake hitachi theke soddo toiri honzo domene sthanantorito korey ebong taar rajaswa 20,000 "koku"-teey unnito korey, jaa euki kauntir 103tii gramer akare ekibhuto hoyechilo jekhane taar bongshodhorra 11 projonmo dhorey meiji punoruddharer jonno shasson korechilo. 1674 saaler jonogonona anujayi 3784tii poribarer modhye eyi anchaler jonosongkha 23,911 john. edo theke 11 diner bhromoner somoy chhilo, jekhane gosthiti shitaya kitta-inari-chotey taar prathomik basosthan ("kamiashiki") bojay rekhechilo. eyi bongsher edo mandirti chhilo nishi-asakusa tesho-zii. boshin juddher somoy, honzo domener chudanta "diameo", rokugo masakane oyetsu reppan domeier pokkhe chhilo; tobey, domener khub qama samrik sompod chhilo ebong samrajyobadi somorthok sacho joter bahini druto etike dokhol korey neyo, jaa honzo durgoke dhongso korey deyo. 1868 saale notun meiji sarkar taanke domaine governor hisabe punarbahal korey, kintu taanr rajaswa ardhek korey 10,000 "koku" korey deyo. 1871 saaler julai maase hahn byabosthar biloper saathe saathe ebong honzo domener akita prefecture shoshoner saathe, rokugo masakane tokiote sthanantorito hoy. 1884 saale, tini ebong taanr bongshodhorder "kazoku" pierge viscount ("shishaku") upadhi deoa hoyechilo.

honjo domen edo samaygalama japanma saamanti kshetra hatoo, jeey japanna devaa praant (aadhunik akita praant) maan stheet hatoo. teey havey urihonjo, akitaanaa shaherma honjo killa parr kendrit hatoo. itihas. deva praantno motaabhaagno bhaag sengoku samaygaalaa darmiyan shaktishaali mogami kood dwara niyantrit hato. mogaamiae 1610maan madhya devaa praantnaa yuree pradeshnaa kendramaa honjo keellane kendrit kareene aek petakampanini sthaapnaa curry hatee. jooe keey, 1622maan tokugava shogunate dwara mogaameene door karvaamaa aavee hatee, jemaa temnee motabhagni maliki saataake kudmaan jatee hatee, jaimne hitachi prantmathi kubota kshetrana naana kabajaama sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. devaa praantnaa senboku deshnaa pramanma naana samurai rokugo masanori 1590maan odavarani ladaima toyotomi heyyoshini sevaa curry hatee aneey devaa praantmaa 4,500 "koku" naa temnaa purvajonaa kabajaama tenee pushti thaee hatee. temane temnaa najiva adheepatio, onodera kood saame sekigaahaaraani ladaima tokugava iyasu saathe paksh leedho hato aneey temne 10,000 "koku" "demyo" noow darajjo aapvama aavyo hato, jeey hitachi-fuchu domen parr aadharit hato, jemaa devaa aneey hitachi praanto vachche temnaa kabajao vervikher hataa. jyaare mogami koodne haankee kadhvama aavyo, tyaare tokugava shogunet tene 1623maan hitachithi navaa banaavela honjo domenma sthaanaantarit karyo, aneey tenee aavak 20,000 "koku" sudhee vadhaari, jeey yukee kaauntimaa 103 gaamona rupmaan aekeekrut karvaamaa aavee hatee, jyaan tenaa vanshajoae 11 pedhheeo sudhee mejee punsthaapnaa maate shaasan karyoo hatoo. 1674nee vastee ganatari anusaar aaa kshetrani vastee 3784 gharomaa 23,911 lokonee chhe. edothi musafarino teey 11 divasno samay hato, jyaan koode shitayama kitaa-inari-choo khaate tenu praathmeek nivassthan ("kamiyashiki") jaalvi raakhyu hatoo. koodnun edo mandeer nishee-asakusama tesho-jee hatoo. boshin yuddh darmiyan, honjo domennaa anteem "demyo", rokugo masakane aee ōuetsu reppan domaino paksh leedho hato; jooe keey, domenma sainya sansadhno ochha hataa aneey samrajyvadi samarthak secho gathbandhanna dado dwara zadapthi tene kabaje karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jene honjo keellano naash karyo hato. navee meiji sarkaare 1868maan temne domen governor tareeke punsthapit karyaa, parantu temnee aavakne adadhi kareene 10,000 "koku" curry deedhi. julai 1871maan haan pranaalinaa nabudi saathe, aneey honjo domenne akita praantmaa shoshan kareene, rokugo masakanene tokyomaa sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aavyu. 1884maan, temne aneey temnaa vanshajone "kazoku" pirejmaa wiscount ("shishaku") noon birud aapvama aavyu hatoo.

honjo domen yeh edo kaal japan mein ack samanti kshetra thaa, joe japan key devaa praant (aadhunik samay kaa akita praant) mein sthit thaa. yeh honjo mahal parr kendrit thaa joe abb eurihonjo, akita kaa shahar haye. itihas. deva praant kaa adhikansh hissa sengoku kaal key dauran shaktishali mogami kabile dwara niyantrit thaa. mogami ney 1610 mein kendriya devaa praant key yuri kshetra key kendra mein honjo mahal parr kendrit ack sahayak holding kii sthaapana kii. haalaanki, mogami koo 1622 mein tokugawa shogunet dwara bedkhal curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen unaki adhikansh holdings satake kabile koo jaa rahee thee, jinhen hitachi praant seey kubota domen key bahut chhote holding mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. devaa praant key senboku desh key ack apekshaakrit chhote samurai, rokugo masanori ney 1590 mein odwara kii ladaai mein toyotomi hydyoshi kii seva kii aur devaa praant mein 4,500 "koku" key apane paitrik swaamitva mein isaki pushti hui. unhone apane nammatra key adhipatiyon, onodera kabile key khilaf sekigahara kii ladaai mein tokugawa iyasu kaa paksh liya, aur hitachi-fuchu kshetra mein sthit 10,000 "koku" "damyo" key darje key liye padonnat kiya gayaa, jisamen devaa aur hitachi praanton key beach bikhare hue unake adhikaar they. jaba mogami kabile koo bedkhal curr diyaa gayaa, tou tokugawa shogunet ney unhein 1623 mein hitachi seey nae banaae gaye honjo kshetra mein sthanantarit curr diyaa, aur unake rajaswa koo 20,000 "koku" taka badhaa diyaa, joe sabhi yuki county key 103 gaanvon key roop mein samekit they, jahan unake vanshajon ney 11 peedhiyon taka meji bahaali key liye shasson kiya. 1674 kii janganana key anusaar 3784 gharon mein 23,911 logon kii aabaadi haye. yeh edo seey 11 dinon kii yatra kaa samay thaa, jahan kabile ney shitaya mein kitaa-inari-chou mein apana praathamik nivaas ("kamiyashiki") banaae rakhaa. kabile kaa edo mandir nishi-asakusa mein tesho-jee thaa. boshin yuddh key dauran, honjo kshetra key antim "damyo", rokugo masakane ney ōuetsu reppen domei kaa paksh liya; haalaanki, kshetra mein bahut cumm sainya sansaadhan they aur samrajya samarthak saicho gathbandhan kii taakton dwara jaldi seey kabja curr liya gayaa, jisane honjo mahal koo nasht curr diyaa. naee meji sarkaar ney 1868 mein unhein domen governor key roop mein bahaal kiya, lekin unake rajaswa koo 10,000 "koku" taka aadhaa curr diyaa. julaai 1871 mein haan pranali key unmoolan key saath, aur honjo kshetra key akita praant mein avashoshan key saath, rokugo masakane koo tokyo mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. 1884 mein, unhein aur unake vanshajon koo "kajoku" peerej mein wiscount ("shishaku") kii upaadhi dee gaee thee.

honjo domain idu japan deva praantyadalli (aadhunika akita prantya) nelegondiruva japanina edo avadhiya uligamaanya pradeshavaagittu. idu eega eurihonjo, akita nagaradalliruva honjo koteya mele kendrikrutavagittu. itihaasa. sengoku avadhiyalli deva praantyada hecchina bhagavannu prabala mogami kulavu niyantrisuttittu. mogamiyu 1610ralli kendra deva praantyada yoori pradeshada madhyabhaagadalli honjo koteya mele kendrikrutavaada angasamstheyannu sthaapisidanu. aadaagyoo, mogaamiyannu 1622ralli tokugawa shogunate swadhinapadisikonditu, avara bahupalu hitachi praantyadinda kubota domane chikka hiditakke vargayisalpatta satacay vamshakke hogitu. deva praantyada senboku deshada tulanaatmakavaagi chikkadaada samuray aagiruva rokugo masanori 1590ralli odawara kadanadalli toyotomy hydeoshige seve sallisidaru mattu deva praantyada 4,500 "koku" avara purvajara hiditadalli drudhapadisidaru. avanu tanna naamamaatrada adhipatigalaada onodera kulada viruddha sekigahaaraada yuddhadalli tokugawa iyasu paravagiddanu mattu hitachi-phuchu domain moolada 10,000 "koku" diamyo "sthaanamanakke badti padedanu, avana hiditagalu deva mattu hitachi praantyagala naduve chadurihogiddavu. mogami kulavannu horahakidaga, tokugawa shogunate 1623ralli hitaachiyinda hosadaagi rachisalaada honjo domainge vargaayisitu mattu avana aadaayavannu 20,000 "koku" ge hechchisitu, ivellavoo yuki kountiya 103 gramagala roopadalli ekikarisalpattavu, allie avana vamshastharu 11 talemaarugala kaala meji punahsthaapanege aalidaru. 1674rahra janaganatiya prakara ee domennalli 3784 kutumbagalalli 23,911 janasankhyeyide. idu edodinda 11 dinagala prayanada samayavagittu, allie kulavu shitayaada kita-inari-chodalli tanna praathamika nivaasavannu ("kaamiyaashiki") nirvahisitu. ee kulada edo devaalayavu nishi-asakusaada tesho-zii aagittu. boshin yuddhada samayadalli, honjo domane antima "diamyo", rokugo masakane, ōuetsu reppon domeya paravagiddaru; aadaagyoo, domain kadime military sampanmoolagalannu hondittu mattu saamraajyashahi paravaada sacho maitriya padegalinda tvaritavagi atikramisalpattitu, idu honjo kooteyannu naashapadisitu. hosa meiji sarkaaravu 1868ralli avarannu domain governor aagi marusthaapisitu, aadare avara aadaayavannu 10,000 "koku" ge ardhakke ilisitu. 1871rahra julainalli hohn vyavastheyannu raddupadisida nantara, mattu honzo domain annu akita praantyakke hirikolluvudarondige, rokugo masakane tokiyoge sthalaantaragonditu. 1884ralli, aata mattu aatana vamshastharige "kajhoku" pirejnalli wiscount ("shishaku") emba birudannu nidalaayitu.

hongo domaine jappaanile deva pravisyayil (aadhunika akkita prefecture) sthithi cheiyunna jappaanile edo kaalaghattatthile oru fudal domainaayirunnu ithu. ippol akithayile eurihoncho nagaramaya hongo kottaye kendreekarichaayirunnu ithu. charithram. sengoku kaalaghattatthil deva pravishyayude bhooribhaagavum sakthamaaya mogami vamshathinte niyanthranathilaayirunnu. 1610ll maddhya deva pravishyayile yoori mekhalayude madhyabhaagathulla hongo kottaye kendreekarichulla oru anubandha holding mogami sthaapichu. ennirunnaalum, 1622ll mogami tokugawa shogunett purathaakki, avarude bhooribhaagam holdingukalum hittachi pravisyayil ninnu kubota domaininte valare cheria holdingilake maattiya sattaakke vamshathilekku pooyi. deva pravishyayile senboku rajyath ninnulla thaarathamyena cheria samurayiyaaya rokugo masanori 1590-ll odaavaara yudhathil toyotomi hydeoshi sevichu, deva pravishyayile 4,500 "koku" enna addehathinte poorvvikarude kaivashamundenn sthireekarichu. thante naamamaathramaaya melnottakkaraaya onodera vamshathinethire sekigahara yudhathil addeham tokugawa iyaasuvinoppam nilkkukayum hittachi-phuchu domaine aasthaanamaayulla 10,000 "koku" diamyo enna padaviyilekku sthaanakkayattam labikkukayum devaykkum hittachi pravisyakalkkum idayil thante kaivashamulla pradeshangal chitharikkidakkukayum cheythu. mogami vamshathe purathaakkiyappol, 1623-ll tokugawa shogunett addehathe hittaachiyil ninnu puthuthayi srishticha hongo domainilekku maattukayum addehathinte varumanam 20,000 "koku" aayi vardhippikkukayum cheythu, avayellaam yookki kaundiyile 103 graamangalude roopathil ekeekarikkukayum avide addehathinte pingaamikal 11 thalamurakalayi meiji punasthaapanam vare bharikkukayum cheythu. 1674leeii sensus prakaram 3784 veedukalilaayi 23,911 peraanu eee domainilullathu. edoyil ninnu 11 divasathe yaathrasamayam, avide gothram shitaayayile kitta-inari-choyil praadhamika vasathi ("kaamiyaashiki") nilanirtthi. nishi-asakusayile tessho-jii aayirunnu vamshathinte edo kshethram. boshin yudhasamayathu, hongo domainile avasana "diamyo", rokugo masakane ōuetsu Reppan Domei-yude paksham chernnu; ennirunnaalum, domaine sainika vibhavangal kuravaayirunnu, koodaathe hongo kotta nashippicha saamraajyathva anukoola sacho sakhyathinte sakthikal athivegam keezhadakki. 1868ll puthiya meiji sarkkar addehathe domaine govarnoraayi punasthaapichenkilum addehathinte varumanam 10,000 "koku" aayi pakuthiyaayi kurachu. 1871 joolaiyil hahn sambradaayam nirthalaakkukayum hongo domaine akita prefecturilekku agiranam cheyyukayum cheythathode rokugo masakane tokyoyilekku maatti. 1884-ll adhehathinum addehathinte pingaamikalkkum "kasoku" peerejil viskaundu ("shishaku") enna padavi nalki.

honjo domain ido kalatil japanmadhil eka saranjami kshetra hote, jeey japanmadhil deva prantat (aadhunik kalatil akita prant) sthit hote. aata eurihonjo, akita shahar asalelya honjo killyavar teey kendrit hote. itihas. dev prantacha barachsa bhag sengoku kalat shaktishali mogami kuladvare niyantrit hota. 1610 madhye mogamine madhya deva prantachya yuri pradeshachya madhyabhagi honjo killyavar kendrit asaleli eka upakampani sthapan kelee. tathapi, 1622 madhye tokugawa shogunetne mogamichi hakalpatti kelee, tyanchya bahutansh malki satake kulakade gelee, jyanna hitachi prantatoon kubota kshetrachya khoopach lahan malkikade hastantarit karnyat aale. deva prantatil senboku deshatil tulanene lahan samurai, rokugo masanori yane 1590 madhye odvarachya ladhait toyotomi hidyoshichi seva kelee aanee deva prantatil tyachya 4,500 "koku" chya purvajanchya tabyat tyachi pushti jhaali. tyane sekigaharchya ladhait tyachya nammatra adhipatyachya, onodera kulaviruddha tokugawa iyasuchi bajoo ghetali aanee hitachi-phuchu kshetravar aadharit 10,000 'koku' daimyochya darjavar tyala badhati denyat aalee, jyache kshetra deva aanee hitachi prantanmadhye vikhurlele hote. jevha mogami kulala bedkhal karnyat aale, tevha tokugawa shogunetne 1623 madhye tyala hitachi yethoon navyane tayar kelelya honjo domenmadhye hastantarit kele aanee tyacha mahasool 20,000 paryant vadhavala, jeey serve yuki countymadhil 103 gavanchya swarupat ektrit kele gele, jithe tyachya vanshajanni meji punarsthapanasathi 11 pidhya rajya kele. 1674 chya jangananenusar yaa kshetrachi loksankhya 3784 gharanmadhye 23,911 aahe. idopasoon pravasasathi 11 divasancha vel hota, jithe vanshane shitaya yetheel kiita-inari-choo yethe aapale prathamik nivassthan ("kamiyashiki") rakhale hote. kulatil edo mandir nishee-asakusamadhye tesho-jee hote. boshin yuddhadarmyan, honjo kshetracha antim "demyo", rokugo masakane yane oyutsu reppen domeichi bajoo ghetali; tathapi, yaa kshetrakade qamee lashkari sansadhane hotee aanee samrajyavadi samarthak sacho aaghadichya sainyane tyavar twarit kabja keela, jyane honjo killa nasht keela. naveen meji sarkarne 1868 madhye tyanna domain governor mhanoon punha niyukt kele, parantu tyancha mahasool 10,000 "koku" paryant ardha keela. julai 1871 madhye hahn pranali radd jhalyanantar aanee honjo kshetra akita prantat villin jhalyanantar, rakugo masakane tokiyola sthalantarit jhaale. 1884 madhye, tyanna aanee tyanchya vanshajanna 'kazoku' pirejmadhye wiscount ('shishaku') hii padvi denyat aalee.

honjo domain yo ido call japanko euta samanti khetra thiyo, june japanko deva pranta (adhunik akita pranta) maa awasthit thiyo. yo ahile urihonjo, akitako saharma raheko honjo mahalma kendrit thiyo. itihas. sengoku kalma deva prantako dherai bhag shaktishali mogami kuldwara niyantrit thiyo. mogamile sann 1610 maa madhya deva prantako yuri kshetrako kendrama honjo mahalma kendrit ek sahayak swamitwa sthapana gare. tathapi, mogamilai sann 1622 maa tokugawa sogonetle bedkhal gareko thiyo, uniharuko adhikansh swamitwa satake kulma gaeko thiyo, jaslai hitachi prantabata kubota domenko dherai sano swamitwama hastantaran garieko thiyo. deva prantako senboku deshka apekshakrit sanah samurai rokugo masanorile sann 1590 maa odawarako yudhama toyotomi hydyosiko sewa gare rar deva prantama 4,500 "koku" ko unko paitrik swamitwama pushti bhayo. unle sekigaharako yudhama afna namamatraka adhipatiharu, onodera kulko viruddhama tokugawa iyasuko paksha lie rar hitachi-fuchu domenma adharit 10,000 "koku" demyoko haisiyatma badhuwa die, jasko swamitwa deva rar hitachi prantaharu bitch chharieko thiyo. jab mogami kullai bedkhal gariyo, tokugawa sogonetle unlai sann 1623 maa hitachibata bharkharai sirjana garieko honjo domenma sthanantaran gyoa, rar unko rajaswa 20,000 "koku" maa badhyo, june sabai yuki countyka 103 gaaunharuko rupma samekit thie jahaan unka wanshajharule meji punarsthapanaka lagi 11 pustasamma shasson gare. sann 1674 ko janaganaanusar 3784 gharapariwarma 23,911 janako janasankhya raheko chha. idobata yo 11 dinko yatra samaya thiyo, jahaan kulle sittayako kita-inari-choma afno prathamik niwas ("kamiyashiki") kayam rakhyo. kulko edo mandira nishi-asakusama tesho-zee thiyo. bosin yuddhako samayama, honjo domenko antim "demyo", rokugo masakanele oyutsu reppan domeiko paksha lie; tathapi, domenma thorai sainya srotharu thie rar chaandai samrajya samarthak sacho gathabandhanko shaktiharule kabja gare, jasle honjo mahallai nashta gyoa. nayan meji sarkarle unlai 1868 maa domain gabharnarko rupma punarsthapit gyoa, tara unko rajaswalai adha gari 10,000 "koku" maa jhareko thiyo. july 1871 maa hahn pranaliko unmulan rar honjo domenlai akita prantama awashoshit garepachhi, rokugo masakane tokiyoma sarie. sann 1884 maa, uni rar unka santanharulai "kajoku" pirejma wiscount ("sisaku") ko upadhi pradan garieko thiyo.

honjo domain japanara dewaa pradesh (adhunika samaira akita prefecture) ray abasthita edo samajare japanara eka samantabadi khetra thila. ehaa bartamana yurihonjo, akita saharare thiba honjo durga upare kendrit thila . itihas. sengoku samajare dewaa pradeshar adhikansha ansha shaktishali mogami gosthi dwara nijantrita hoithila. mogami 1610 masihare kendriah dewaa pradeshar yuri anchalara kendrare honjo durga upare kendribhuta eka sahajaka holding pratistha karithile. tathapi, mogaminku 1622 masihare tokugawa shogunet dwara uchheda karajaithila, semanankara adhikansha holding satake gostheeku jaithila, jeunmane hitachi pradesharu kubota domainer bahuta chhot holdingku sthanantarita hoithile . dewaa pradeshar senaboku deshar apekhyakruta chhot samurai rokugo masanori 1590 masihare odawara juddhare toyotomi haidioshinku seba karithile ebong dewaa pradeshare 4,500 "koku" rahr taanka paitruka adhikarare nischita hoithile. shay sekigaharara juddhare taanka namamatra adhipati, onodera gosthi biruddhare tokugawa aaijasunka pakhya neithile ebong hitachi-phuchu domenare abasthita 10,000 "koku" "daimyo" sthitiku padonnati paithile, taanka adhikara dewaa ebong hitachi pradesh madhyare bikhipta hoithila . jetebele mogami gostheeku uchheda karajaithila, tokugawa shogunet tanku 1623 ray hitachiru nabagathita honjo domenaku sthanantara karithila ebong taanka rajaswaku 20,000 ku brudhi karithila, jaahaa juki kauntira 103 tii gramm roopare ekeekruta hoithila jeunthare taanka banshadharamane meiji punaruddhara paain 11 pidhi shasson karithile . 1674 janganana anujai ehi domenra janasankhya 3784tii paribarare 23,911 john. idoru ehaa 11 dinara jatra samai thila, jeunthare gostheeti shitajara kita-inari-chore ehara prathamika basasthana ("kamijashiki") bajaiah rakhithila . ehi banshara edo mandirati thila nishi-asakusara tesho-zee. bosin juddha samajare, honjo domainer antim "diameo", rokugo masakane ojutsu reppan domeinka pakhya neithile; tathapi, domain pakhare alpa samarika sambala thila ebong samrajya-samarthaka sacho ment shakti dwara shighra parasta hoithila, jaahaa honjo durgaku dhwansa karithila . nutan meiji sarkar 1868 ray tanku domain gabharnara bhabare punahsthapita karithile, kintu taanka rajaswaku 10,000 "koku" ku adhaa karithile. 1871 masiha july maasare hahn byabasthara uchheda ebong honjo khetraku akita prashasanika anchalare abasoshana kariba parey, rokugo masakane tokioku sthanantarita hoithile. 1884 masihare, tanku ebong taanka banshadharamananku "kajoku" pirejare viscount ("shishaku") upadhi pradan karajaithila.

honj domain ih eedo period japaan witch ikk samanti khetar see, joe deva prant (aadhunik akita prefecture), japaan witch sathit see. ih hunn euryhonjo, akita dey shehar witch honjo kilhe utte kendrit see. itihaas. dev soobe daa bahuta hissa sengoku qaal dauran shaktishali mogami kabile duaara niyantrit keeta giaa see. mogami neey 1610 witch kendri deva soobe dey yuri khetar dey kendra witch honjo kilhe utte kendrit ikk sahaik holding sathapat keeti. halanki, mogami noon 1622 witch tokugawa shogunet duaara bedkhal qarr ditta giaa see, unhan dee bahuginti hitaki soobe toon kubota domain dey bahut chhote holding witch tabdil keete gaye sunn. deva soobe dey senboku desh dey ikk mukabaltan chhote samurai rocugo masanori neey 1590 witch odwara dee ladai witch toyotomi hydeoshi dee seva keeti atey deva soobe witch 4,500 "koku" dey aapne jaddi hissiaan witch iss dee pushti keeti gaee. uss neey aapne namatar adhipat, onodera kabile dey virudh sekigahara dee ladai witch tokugawa iyasu daa pakkh liaa atey hitachi-fuchu domain witch sathit 10,000 "koku" "diameo" daa darja ditta giaa, jiss witch uss deeaan zaminan deva atey hitachi prantan dey vichkaar khindiaan hoiaan sunn. jadon mogami kabile noon bedkhal qarr ditta giaa, taan tokugawa shogunet neey uss noon 1623 witch hitachi toon navein banaae gaye honjo domain witch tabdil qarr ditta, atey uss dey maaliye noon vadha keey 20,000 "koku" qarr ditta, joe kii yuki county dey 103 pindan dey roop witch ekikrit keete gaye sunn jitthe uss dey uttradhikariaan neey 11 peedhiaan takk meji bahali laee shasan keeta. 1674 dee mardamshumari anusar iss khetar dee aabadi 3784 gharan witch 23,911 lokan dee haii. eedo toon ih 11 dinan dee yaatra daa samaan see, jitthe kabile neey shitaiaa witch kitta-inari-chou vikhe aapna muddhala nivas ("kamyashiki") banayi rakkhiaa see. kabile daa eedo mandar nishi-asakusa witch tesho-jee see. boshin yuddh dauran, honjo domain dey antam "demio", rocugo masakne neey ōuetsu raypan domi daa pakkh liaa; halanki, domain witch bahut ghatt fauji sarot sunn atey samraj pakkhi saccho gathjod deeaan taktan duaara jaldi hii iss utte kabza qarr liaa giaa, jiss neey honjo kilhe noon tabah qarr ditta. naveen meji sarkaar neey uss noon 1868 witch domain governor vajon bahaal keeta, parr uss dey maaliye noon addha karke 10,000 "koku" qarr ditta. julai 1871 witch haan pranali dey khatme atey honjo domain noon akita prefecture witch jazab curran naal, rocugo masakne tokio witch tabdil hoow giaa. sann 1884 witch, uhanan atey uhanan dey uttradhikariaan noon "kazoku" pirej witch viscount ("shishaku") daa khitaab ditta giaa see.

honjo-kshetram japaan-deshasya devaa-praante (aadhunik-akitaa-praantah) sthitah, edo-kaalasy samanti-kshetrah aasit. adhunaa akitayaha yoorihonjo-nagare sthitasya honjo-durgasya kendram aasit. itihaasah. devapraantasy adhikaamshah bhaagah sengoku-kaale shaktishaalee mogami-vamshena niyantritah aasit. 1610 tame varshe mogami-janaah madhyadeva-prantasya yoori-pradeshasya kendre honjo-durgasya kendreekrutam sahaayak-svaamitvam sthaapitavantah. tathaapi, mogami-janaah 1622 tame varshe tokugava-shogunet-dwara bahishkrutaah, teshaam adhikaamsha-svaamitvam saatake-vamshasya krute jaatam, ye hitachi-prantat kubota-kshetrasya atyalpa-svaamitvam prati sthaanaantaritaah. devaa-prantasya senboku-deshasya apekshaakrutah laghusamuraay-rokugo masanori ityeshah 1590 tame varshe odawara-yuddhe toyotomi hadioshi ityasya sevaam akarot, devaa-praante 4,500 "koku" iti tasya purvaja-sampattau cha saha drudheekrutah. saha sekigaharaa-yuddhe swasya namamatrasya adhipatehe, onodera-vamshasya viruddham tokugava iyaasu-varyasya pakshm agruhnaat, tathaa hitachi-phuchoo-kshetre sthitasya 10,000 "koku" "daimyo" iti padaveem praptavan, tasya bhoosampattih devaa-hitachi-prantayoho madhye vikshiptah aasit. yadaa mogami-vamshaha nishkaasitah, tadaa tokugava-shogunet-ityanena 1623 tame varshe hitachi-nagaraat navanirmitam honjo-kshetram prati tasya sthanantaranam krutvaa tasya raajaswam 20,000 "koku" iti vardhitam, ye sarve yukee-prantasya 103 gramanam rupena ekeekrutaani aasan, yatra tasya vamshajaaha 11 peedhyaabhyah mejee-punarsthapanartham ashaasuh. 1674 janaganananusaram 3784 gruheshu asya kshetrasya janasankhyaa 23,911 janaah santi. edo-nagaraat 11 divasanam yatra-samayah aasit, yatra vamshaha shitaya-nagarasya kitaa-inari-cho-nagare swasya praathamik-nivaasam ("kamiyashiki") niroodavaan. vamshasya edo-mandiram nishi-asakus-pradeshe tesho-jee iti aasit. boshin-yuddhakaale honjo-kshetrasya antimah "daimyo", rokugo-masakane, oyetsu-reppan-domey-ityasya pakshm agacchat; tathaapi, asmin kshetre sainya-samsaadhanaani viralaani aasan, saamraajy-samarthak-saacho-sanghatanasy shaktayah sheeghramev tasya upari adhipatyam krutavantah, yena honjo-durgah nashtah abhavat. nootanam mejee-sarwakaarah 1868 tame varshe tam kshetra-rajyapalarupena punah sthapitavan, parantu tasya raajaswam ardham krutvaa 10,000 "koku" iti krutavaan. 1871 julai-maase haan-vyavasthaayaah nirmulanena, honjo-kshetrasya akitaa-praante avashoshanena, rukugo-masakane tokyo-nagaram prati sthanantaritaha. 1884 tame varshe, saha tathaa tasya vamshajaaha "kaajoku" peerej ityasmin viscount ("shishaaku") iti upaadhim praaptavantah.

honjo kazham jappan thia maagaanaththil (naveena akhita maagaanam) amainthulla edo kaalaththil idhu oru nilappirapuththuva kazhamaaga irunththathu. idhu ippoathu eurihonjo, agata nagaraththil ulla honjo koattaiyai maiyamaagak kondirundhadhu. varalaaru. deva maagaanaththin perumbaguthi sengogu kaalaththil sakthivaaintha mogami kulatthaal kattuppaduththappattathu. mogami 1610 aam aandil matthiya deva maagaanaththin yoori piraanthiyaththin maiyaththil honjo koattaiyai maiyamaagak konda oru thunai holdingai niruvinaar. iruppinum, mogami 1622 aam aandil dogugawa shogunatol agattrappattathu, avarkalin perumpaalaana nilangkal saathagae kulaththirkuch sentrana, avarkal hittachi maagaanaththilirunthu migavum siriya kupota kazhaththirku maattrappattanar. thaeva maagaanaththil ulla senpoagu naattaich saerntha oppeettalavil siriya saamuraai rogugo masanori, 1590 aam aandil odavaaraa poaril poyoodoomi hydioshikku saevai seithaar, maelum thaeva maagaanaththil 4,500 "koaku" endra avarathu moothaathaiyar nilapparappil urudhippaduthappattaar. avar thanathu peyaralavilaana maelathikaarikalaana onodera kulaththirku ethiraaga segikaaraavin poaril dogugawa iyaasuvudan pakkam thirumbinaar, maelum hittachi-fuchu kazhaththai thalamaagak konda 10,000 "koaku" diameo endra nilaikku uyarthappattaar, avarathu nilapparappugal deva mattrum hittachi maakaanangkalukku idaiyil sitharikkidanthana. mogami kulam agatrtrappattapoathu, dogugawa shogunate 1623 aam aandil avarai hittaachchiyilirunthu puthithaaga uruvaakkappatta honjo kazhaththirku maattri, avarathu varuvaayai 20,000 "koaku" aaga athikariththathu, ivai anaiththum yooki kavundiyil ulla 103 kiraamangalin vadivaththil orunginaikkappattana, angku avarathu santhathiyinar 11 thalaimuraigalaaga aatchi seithanar. 1674 makkal thogai kanakkeduppinpadi 3784 veedugalil 23,911 paer inththa kazhaththil ullanar. idhu edovilirunthu 11 naatkal payana neramaaga irunththathu, angku kulam shidaayaavil ulla kitta-inaari-soavil adhan muthanmai illaththai ("kamiyashiki") paraamariththathu. inththa kulaththin edo koayil nishi-asagusaavil ulla tesso-jii aagum. boshin poarin poathu, honjo kazhaththin iruthi "diameo", rogugo mazagane ōuetsu Reppan dōmei udan pakkam nindrathu; iruppinum, kazham migak kuraindha iraanuva valangkalaik kondirundhadhu mattrum aekaathipaththiya saarbu satso koottaniyin padaikalaal viraivaaga kaippattrappattathu, idhu honjo koattaiyai azhiththathu. 1868 aam aandil puthiya meeji arasaangkam avarai domine kavarnaraaga meendum nilainiruththiyathu, aanaal avarathu varuvaayai 10,000 "koku" aaga paathiyaagak kuraiththathu. 1871 joolaiyil hawn amaippu ozhikkappattathum, honjo kazhaththai akhita maagaanaththil urinjchiyathum, rogugo masagane tokyovukku maattrappattathu. 1884 aam aandil, avarukkum avarathu santhathiyinarukkum "gajoku" peeraejil wiscont ("shishaku") endra pattam vazhangkappattathu.

honzo domine idhi japaanlooni deva provins (aadhunika akata prefecture) loe unna edo kaalamlo bhuswamya domine. idhi ippudu eurihonjo, akita nagaramloni honzo kotapai kendrikrutamai undhi. charitra. sengoku kaalamlo deva provincelo ekkuva bhaagam saktivantamaina mogami vamsamchae niyantrinchabadindi. mogami 1610loe kendra deva provins yokka yoori praantam madhyalo honzo kotapai kendrikrutamai oka anubandha holdingnu sthaapinchaaru. ayithe, mogamini 1622loe tokugava shogunate swaadheenam chesukundi, vaari holdinglalo ekkuva bhaagam satek vamsaaniki vellindi, vaaru hitachi provins nundi kubota domine yokka chaalaa chinna holdingku badilee cheyabaddaaru. deva provinceloni senboku deshaaniki chendina saapekshamgaa chinna samuray ayina rokugo masanori 1590loe odawara yuddhamlo toyotomi hydeoshiki sevalu andinchaadu mariyu deva provinceloni 4,500 "koku" thana puurveekula swaadheenaalalo nirdhaarinchabaddaadu. athanu thana naamamaatrapu adhipatulu, onodera vamsaaniki vyatiraekamgaa sekigahara yuddhamlo tokugava iyasu vaipuga nilichaadu mariyu hitachi-phuchu domine vadda unna 10,000 "koku" diamyo hodaaku padoonnati pondaadu, athani holdings deva mariyu hitachi praavinsula madhya chellacheduruga unnaayi. mogami vamsam bahishkarinchabadinappudu, tokugava shogunate 1623loe atanni hitachi nundi kottagaa srushtinchina honzo domainku badilee chesindi, mariyu athani aadaayaanni 20,000 "koku" kuu penchindi, ivanni yuki kounteelooni 103 graamaala roopamlo ekikrutam cheyabaddaayi, ikkada athani vaarasulu 11 taraala paatu maejee punaruddharanaku paalinchaaru. 1674 janabha lekkala prakaram 3784 gruhaalalo 23,911 mandhi janabha eee domainlo unnaaru. idhi edo nundi 11 rojula prayaana samayam, ikkada eee vamsam shitayaloni kita-inari-choe vadda thana praadhamika nivasanni ("kamiyashiki") nirvahinchindi. eee vamsam yokka edo aalayam nishi-asakusaalo tesho-jeegaa undedi. boshin yuddham samayamlo, honzo domine yokka chivari "diamyo", rokugo masacane ōuetsu reppon domeetho kalisi panichesindi; ayithe, domine takkuva sainika vanarulanu kaligi undhi mariyu saamraajya anukuula saacho kootami dalaalache twaragaa aakraminchabadindi, idhi honzo kotanu naasanam chesindi. kotta meejee prabhutvam 1868loe atanini domine governorga punaruddharinchindi, conny athani aadaayaanni 10,000 "koku" kuu sagaaniki tagginchindi. 1871 joolailo hohn vyavastha raddu, mariyu honzo domaine akita prefectureloki grahinchadamtho, rokugo masakane tokyoku maarchabadindi. 1884loe, aayanaku mariyu athani vaarasulaku "kajoku" peerej loe wiscount ("shishaku") anae birudu ivvabadindi.

honjo domain adoo door japaan mein eek jagirdarana domain thaa juu subah deewa (jadeed door kaa akita prefecture)yee japaan mein waaqa thaa. yaha honjo qalye parr markoz thaa juu abb eurehonjo akita kaa shehar hay. tareekh. sengoko door mein subah deewa kaa ziyadah tarr hasah taqatwar mogami qabeelay kay zeer taslat thaa. mogami nay 1610 mein wastee subah deewa kay youri elaqay kay wast mein honjo qalye parr markoz eek zeeli holding qayem kii. tahim mogami kuu 1622 mein tokogawa shogoniyat nay bay dakhal kirr diyaa inn kii aksariyat saatke qabeelay mein chalee gayee jinhein subah hatachi say behat chhotay qabzah kabuta domain mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa. subah deewa kay sainboko milk say taaluq rakhnay waalay nasbata nabaligh samorai rokogo masanuri nay 1590 mein audawara kii jung mein toyotomi headioshi kii khadmat kii aur subah deewa mein 4,500 "koko" kay apnay aabayi elaqon mein iss kii tasdiq hoyee. iss nay apnay baraye naam malkan onodera qabeelay kay khalaaf sekighar kii jung mein tokogawa aayasu kaa saath diyaa aur asay 10,000 "koko" demeo kaa darjah diyaa gayaa juu hatachi focho domain mein maqeem thaa jiss mein iss kii malkiyat deewa aur hatachi soobon kay darmiyan bikhari hoyee thee. jabb mogami qabeelay kuu bay dakhal kirr diyaa gayaa tuu tokogawa shogoniyat nay asay 1623 mein hatachi say nayey banaye gayey honjo domain mein muntaqil kirr diyaa aur iss kii aamadni kuu badhaa kirr 20,000 "koko" kirr diyaa juu kahh yuki county kay 103 dehaton kii shakal mein mustahkam thay jehaan iss kii aulaad nay meeji kii bahaali kay liye 11 naslon takk hukumat kii. 1674 kii mardam shumari kay mutabiq iss domain kii aabadi 3784 gharoon mein 23,911 afraad parr mushtamil hay. adoo say safar kaa yaha 11 dunn kaa waqat thaa jehaan qabeelay nay shataya mein kitaa anaari-choo mein apnee bunyadi rehaish gaah ("kamyashiki") barqarar rakhee. qabeelay kaa adoo mandar neeshi-aaskosa mein teshu-jee thaa. bosheen jung kay doraan honjo domain kay aakhri "demeo"yee rokogo masaknay nay awaitso repen domi kaa saath diyaa vovo tahim domain kay paas behat kumm foji wasail thay aur asay jald hyee samraji haami saacho itehad kii afwaj nay apnay qabze mein lay liyaa jiss nay honjo qalye kuu tabaah kirr diyaa. nayee meeji hukumat nay inhein 1868 mein domain governor kay toor parr bahaal kiyaa leakin inn kii aamadni kuu 10,000 "koko" takk aadha kirr diyaa. jolayi 1871 mein hown nazaam kay khaatime kay saath aur honjo domain kuu akita prefecture mein jazb karnay kay saath rokogo masaknay tokiyo muntaqil how gayaa. 1884 mein inhein aur inn kii aulaad kuu "kazoko" peeraj mein viscount ("shishako") kaa khataab diyaa gayaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38871132

Songzhuang, Beijing

Songzhuang, Beijing Songzhuang Town () is a town in the northern portion of Tongzhou District in the eastern suburbs of Beijing. It shares border with Liqiao Town in its north, Chaobai River in its east, Lucheng Town in its southeast, Luyi Subdistrict and Yongshun Town in its southwest, and Jinzhan Town in its west. In 2020, the population of Songzhuang Town was 145,247. The name Songzhuang () came from the fact that this region was mostly settled by members of Song family during its foundation in the Yuan dynasty. Administration divisions. In the year 2021, Songzhuang Town comprised 47 villages: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

sungjhuang, beijing sungjhuang sohor () hoise beijingor pubo uponogoror tongjou jilaar uttor ongxor ekhon sohor. iyar uttore likiyau sohor, pube saubai nodee, dokhyin-pube lucheng sohor, dokhyin-poschimot lui mohkuma aaru iyongsun sohor aaru poschime jinjhan sohoror xoite xeema bhag kore. 2020 sonot, sungjhuwang sohoror jonoxongkhya aasil 145,247 john. sungjhuang () naamtu iyuwan rajbonxor protisthar xomoyot ei oncholot besibhag geet poriyalor xodosyoxokole boxoti sthapon korisil. proxaxon bibhagxomuh. 2021 sonot, cho 'ngojuang sohorot 47 khon gaau aasiloh

sangjhuang, beijing sangjhuang shohor () beijingyer purbo shahartalir tongjhu jelara uttor ongshe abosthito ekti shohor. err uttore likao shohor, purbe chaobai nodee, dakkhin-purbe lucheng shohor, dakkhin-poschime lui mahkuma oo yongshun shohor ebong poschime jinjan shohorer seemana royeche. 2020 saale, sanjhuang shohorer jonosongkha chhilo 145,247 john. sanjhuang () namti eseche eyi satya theke jey eyi anchalti euan rajbongshe protisthar somoy beshirbhag gaan poribarer sadasyader dwara bosoti sthapon korechilo. proshashonik bibhag. 2021 saale, sanjhuang shohor 47tii grama niye gathitoh

sangjhuang, beijing songjhuang shahar () beijing key purvi upnagaron mein tongjhou jile key uttari bhaag mein ack shahar haye. isaki seemaaen isake uttar mein likaao shahar, isake poorv mein chaobai nadee, isake dakshin-poorv mein lucheng shahar, isake dakshin-paschim mein lui upa-jilaa aur yongshun shahar aur isake paschim mein jinjhaan shahar seey lagati hain. 2020 mein, songjhuang shahar kii aabaadi 145,247 thee. songjhuang () naam iss tathya seey aaya haye kii iss kshetra mein jyaadaatar yuan rajvansh mein isaki sthaapana key dauran geet parivaar key sadasyon dwara basaaya gayaa thaa. prashaasnik prabhaag. varsh 2021 mein, songjhuang shahar mein 47 gaanv shamil theh

sangjuwang, beijing sangjuwang pattanavu () beijingna purva upanagaradalliruva tangjhou jilleya uttara bhagadalliruva ondu pattanavagide. idu uttaradalli likiavo pattana, poorvadalli chavobai nadhi, agneyadalli lucheng pattana, nairtyadalli lui upa jille mattu yangshun pattana mattu pashchimadalli jinjhan pattanadondige gadiyannu hanchikondide. 2020ralli, sangjuwang pattanada janasankhyeyu 145,247 aagittu. sangjuwang () emba hesaru ee pradeshavu yuwan rajavamshadalli adara sthapaneya samayadalli hechchaagi haadu kutumbada sadasyarinda nelegondittu emba amshadinda bandide. aadalita vibhagagalu. 2021ralli, sangjuwang pattanavu 47 gramagalannu olagondittuhu

songshuwang, baijing beijinginte kizhakkan praanthapradeshangalile tongshou jillayude vadakkan bhaagathulla oru pattanamaan songshuwang taunn (). vadakku likiavo pattanam, kizhakk chaubaay nadhi, thekkukizhakk lucheng pattanam, thekkupadinjaaru lui upajilla, yongshoon pattanam, padinjaaru jinshan pattanam ennivayumaayi athirthi pankidunnu. 2020ll songshuwang pattanatthile janasamkhya 145,247 aayirunnu. yuwan raajavamshathil sthaapithamaaya samayat eee pradeshathu kooduthalum paattukudumbaamgangalaanu adhivasichirunnathu enna vasthuthayil ninnaan songshuwang () enna peru vannath. bharanavibhagangal. 2021ll songshuwang pattanatthil 47 gramangal ulppedunnu

songzhuang, beijing songzhuang shahar () heey beijingchya purv upnagaratil tongzhou jilhyachya uttar bhagatil eka shahar aahe. tyachya uttarela likao shahar, purvela chaobai nadee, aagneyela lucheng shahar, nairutyela lui upajilha aanee yongshun shahar aanee paschimela jinzan shahar yaa seema aahet. 2020 madhye, songzhuang shaharachi loksankhya 1,45,247 hotee. sangzhuang () heey naav yuan rajvanshachya sthapanechya kalat haah pradesh bahutek ganyanchya kutumbatil sadasyanni vasavala hota yaa vastusthitivarun aale. prashasakeey vibhag. 2021 saalee, songzhuang shaharat 47 gave hotih

songjhuang, beijing songjhuang sahar () beijingko purvi upanagarma raheko tongjhau jillako uttari bhagma raheko euta sahar how. yasako uttarma likao sahar, purvama chaobai nadi, dakshinpurvama lucheng sahar, dakshinapashchimma lui upa-zilla rar yongson sahar rar paschimma jinjan saharsanga yasako sima jodieko chha. sann 2020 maa songjhuang saharko janasankhya 1,45,247 thiyo. songjhuang () naam yass tathyabata aeko how kii yo khetra yuan rajwanshama yasako sthapanako samayama prayaha geet pariwarka sadasyaharudwara basobas garieko thiyo. prashasanik vibhagharu. sann 2021 maa songjhuang saharma 47 wata gaaunharu samawesh thieh

sangajhuanga, beijing songjhuang sahara () heuchhi beijingra purba upakanthare thiba tongjhu jillara uttara bhagare abasthita eka sahara. ehara uttarare likiao sahara, purbare chaobai nadee, dakhina-purbare luchenga sahara, dakhina-paschimare lui upa-zillah ebong jangasun sahara ebong paschimare jinjhan sahara sahita ehara seema bantichhi . 2020 masihare, songajhuanga saharar janasankhya 145,247 thila. songjhuang (сонг чуян) namati ehi tathyaru aasichhi je yuan rajabangshare ehara pratistha samajare ehi anchalare adhikansha geeta paribarara sadasyamane basati sthapana karithile. prashasanika bibhaga. 2021 masihare, songajhuanga saharare saharare gramm thilah

songzhuang, beijing songzhuang shehar () beijing dey purbi upnagaran witch tongzhou zilhe dey uttri hisse witch ikk shehar haii. iss deeaan haddan iss dey uttar witch likiao shehar, iss dey purab witch chaobai nadee, iss dey dakkhan-purab witch lucheng shehar, iss dey dakkhan-pachham witch luee upp-zilha atey yongshun shehar atey iss dey pachham witch jinzan shehar naal laggdiaan hunn. saal 2020 witch, songzhuang shehar dee aabadi 145,247 see. songzhuang () naam iss tatth toon aaiaa haii kii ih khetar ziaadaatar yuan rajvansh witch iss dee neenh dey dauran geet parivaar dey memberan duaara vasiaa hoiaa see. parshasnik division. saal 2021 witch, songzhuang shehar witch 47 pind shamal sanauu

sangjuang, beijing songzhuang-nagaram () bejing-nagarasya poorva-upnagareshu tongzov-mandalasya uttarabhage sthitah ekaha nagarah asti. asya uttardishi likiyaavo-nagaram, poorvadishi chaobai-nadee, dakshinapoorvadishi lucheng-nagaram, dakshinapaschimadishi luyee-upamandalam, yongshun-nagaram, paschimadishi jinjaan-nagaram cha santi. 2020 tame varshe songzhuang-nagarasya janasankhyaa 145,247 aasit. songzuvaan () iti naam asya karanat abhavat yat asya pradeshe yuvaan-vamshasya sthapanayaha samaye praayah geetaparivaarasya sadasyaah nivasanti sma. prashaasanavibhaagaah. 2021 tame varshe songzhuang-nagare 47 graamaah aasan.

sangjuwang, beijing sangjuwang nagaram () enbathu beijingin kilakku puranagarp paguthiyil ulla tongjo maavattaththin vadakkup paguthiyil ulla oru nagaram aagum. idhu adhan vadakkil ligiao nagaram, kilakkil saavpaai nadhi, thenkizhakkil looseng nagaram, adhan thenmaerkil lui thunai maavattam mattrum yongshun nagaram mattrum adhan maerkil jinshan nagaram aagiyavattrudan ellaiyaip pagirnthu kolgiradhu. 2020 aam aandil, sangjuwang nagaraththin makkal thogai 145,247 aaga irunththathu. yuwan vamsaththil adhan adiththalaththin poathu inthap pakuthi perumpaalum paadal kudumba uruppinargalaal kudiyaeriyadhu endra unmaiyilirunthu sangjuwang () endra peyar vanthathu. nirvaagap pirivugal. 2021 aam aandil, sangjuwang nagaram 47 kiraamangalaik kondirundhadhu

sangjuwang, beijing sangjuwang pattanam () beijing thoorpu shivaaru praantamlooni tangjhou jilla uttara bhaagamlo unna oka pattanam. idhi uttaraana likiao pattanam, thoorpuna chavobai nadhi, aagneyamlo lucheng pattanam, nairutilo lui upa jilla mariyu yangshun pattanam mariyu paschimaana jinjan pattanamtho sarihaddunu panchukuntundi. 2020loe sangjuwang pattana janabha 145,247gaa undhi. eee praantam yuvan raajavamsamlo daani punaadi samayamlo ekkuvagaa paatala kutumba sabhyulachae sthirapadindi anae vaastavam nundi sangjuwang () anae paeru vachindi. paripalana vibhagalu. 2021 samvatsaramlo, sangjuwang pattanamlo 47 gramalu unnaih

songzwang beijing songzwang town () beijing kay mashriqi mazafat mein zalaa tongzho kay shamali hasay mein eek qasbah hay. iss kii sarhad iss kay shamaal mein lekiyao qasbey mashriq mein chao bayee nadee janub mashriq mein lochaing qasbah janub maghrab mein loyee zeeli zalaa aur unigtion qasbah aur maghrab mein janzaan qasbey say milti hay. 2020 mein songzwang qasbey kii aabadi 145,247 thee. songzwang () naam iss haqeeqat say aayaa hay kahh yaha khatah ziyadah tarr yuaan khaandaan mein iss kii bunyaad kay doraan swing khaandaan kay afraad kay zariah aabaad kiyaa gayaa thaa. intezami devision. saal 2021 mein songzwang qasbah 47 dehaton parr mushtamil thaa:

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=40819533

Eugene Litvinkovich

Eugene Litvinkovich Eugene Litvinkovich (born 4 November 1982, Zhodino, Belarus) is a singer born in Belarus and popular in Ukraine, author and performer. The finalist of "Ukraine's Got Talent 4" show in 2013 and super-finalist of "X-factor (Ukraine) 3" show at the beginning of 2013 Biography. Childhood and youth. Eugene Litvinkovich was born on 4 November 1982 in Zhodino, Belarusian town in the family of shoe maker Mihail Litvinkovich and photographer Nadezhda Litvinkovich. After the early death of his father, his sister Elena was taking care of him. Since he was 7 years old, Eugene studied at school with in-depth study of music and choreography. At the age of 10 he entered the art school and later finished it with honor. At the same time Eugene practiced martial arts (judo and sambo) and became the Candidate for Master of Sport in sambo. After the ninth school grade he entered the college of Art and Restoration, but didn't graduate it and started his activity as private entrepreneur instead. A shop tent with glasses and gloves became his first business experience. After he had earned a certain sum of money, Eugene first established an open air disco club "The Cage", and then organized a night club "Extra", a restaurant "Paradise" and opened a small cafe "At Zheka's" Start of music career. While selling glasses and gloves on the market, Eugene also found a half-time job as an audio engineer in local Palace of culture "Rovesnik", where he provided musical accompaniment of rehearsals in the studio of modern song "Silver trill" managed by a voice teacher Nelli Ambartsumian. As Eugene had a talent for singing he was suggested to study singing more professionally. In 2007 Eugene took part in the local festival "Zhodino Spring" and received his first Grand Prix as a winner in category of performers of 16 to 25 years old, and also a color TV set "Gorizont" as a prize. In 2009 he became a finalist of the "New voices of Belarus" competition while taking part in a casting of vocalists to Presidential orchestra and performed the song "Friendship" at "Musical nights in Mir Castle" together with a famous Belarusian singer, one of the competitors of "Eurovision 2013" Alyona Lanskaya. In July, 2009, Eugene became the owner of Grand Prix at X Interregional contest of young performers of modern song in a town of Velizh, Smolensk region, Russia. During 2009-2010 he took part in the project of ONT channel "Musical court". In September, 2011, Eugene became the winner of International Festival "Youth of Russia and Belarus together in XXI century" in Mytishchi in category "The best actor" with another foster child of Zhodino studio of modern song in Palace of culture "Silver trill" Valentina Pavlova. On 24 September 2011 during the concert devoted to the day of the town Zhodino, Eugene Litvinkovich received the highest award of the local Executive Committee, rewarded with the honorary Citation for success in the sphere of culture, which was granted to him by the chairman of Zhodino town Exsecutive Committee Mihail Omelyanchuk and CEO of OJSC "Belaz" Pyotr Parhomchyk. At the beginning of 2012 Eugene passed the casting of the project "Academy of Talents" on the ONT channel, but left the competition after the first Live Show. During next 4 years Eugene had been taking part in castings for the "New Wave" contest in years 2010, 2011 (finalist), 2012 (super-finalist). In 2013 he took part in the casting as the representative of Ukraine. In 2012 he performed at Slavianski Bazaar together with Alyona Lanskaya. Success in Ukraine. Ukraine's Got Talent After passing the initial casting to the show "Ukraine's Got Talent 4" in Minsk, Eugene was invited to take part in this contest on the Kharkiv selection in 2012. For the contest Eugene had chosen the song "Sweet People", which was initially presented by Ukrainian singer Alyosha at «Eurovision 2010». The performance had great success among the audience. The decision of the judges was unanimous and Eugene found himself in the semi-final of the show, where he performed live with the song of Lolita Milyavskaya "Moy Fetish" ("My Fetish"). By the decision of judges Eugene left the show but received the invitation from Ihor Kondratyuk (one of the jury members) to take part in another solely vocal talent-show "X-Factor". Still, when the organizers of the show "Ukraine's Got Talent" decided to add one more place in the final, Eugene Litvinkovich received this place as the leader of the audience voting. "Katastroficheski" ("Catastriphically"), initially performed by Diana Arbenina, was the contest song that time. By the result of final voting and the decision of the judges Eugene took the 3rd place. X-Factor In October 2012 Eugene took part in the casting of the third season of the Ukrainian show "X-Factor". Having performed the Russian version of the song "Milim" ("The Words") of Harel Skaat, Eugene easily passed selection tours and performed in all 11 live broadcasts of the show. Without getting to the nomination for a single time, Eugene became a super-finalist of the show and took the 2nd place according to the audience voting, leaving the victory to a singer from Odesa Aida Nikolaychuk. After the final of the show Eugene took part in the tour in 19 Ukrainian cities together with other competitors (12 January – 3 February 2013). Solo career. Znaki Zodiaka (Zodiac Signs) After the end of "X-Factor" show, Eugene signed a 5-year contract with the production center of the STB channel and started working on his first album. On 7 March 2013, during the "Factor of spring" concert devoted to the celebration of the International Women's Day, Eugene presented his first author's song "Znaki Zodiaka" ("Zodiac Signs"). Eugene worked actively on writing his new songs, recording his first album "Znaki Zodiaka" ("Zodiac Signs"), and also performed a lot in a number of Ukrainian cities. On 14 March 2013, the official site of Eugene Litvinkovich was presented by STB channel. On 2 and 3 April 2013, the shooting of musical video for the song "Znaki Zodiaka" ("Zodiac Signs") took place. Maxim Litvinov became the director of this work. Musical video was presented on 23 May. On 6 April 2013, a large-scale fan-meeting with Eugene took place. During the meeting Eugene notified everyone about his first solo concert being planned for 31 May. In the second part of April the tickets sale started and after only one week all of them were sold. Eugene together with STB channel decided to hold additional solo concert the same day. The tickets for the additional concert were also sold in several days. Both solo concerts were held in the assembly hall of the National Music Academy of Ukraine named after P. I. Tchaikovsky (Kyiv Conservatory) with the "sold out" notice. During the concert the first singer's album "Znaki Zodiaka" ("Zodiac Signs") was also presented. The disc contained the song of the same name as well as two more author's songs "Vot tak-to luchsche" ("This is much better") and "K Tebe" ("To you"), the songs "Mama" (music by L. Shyrin, Y. Vaschuk; lyrics by N. Tambovtseva), and also 4 songs performed during the "X-Factor" show. K Tebe (To You) After the great success of the first solo concerts Eugene Litvinkovich announced the preparation of the tour around Ukrainian cities. In August the musical video for the song "K Tebe" ("To you") was shot by a famous music video-maker Alexandr Filatovich. The music video was presented on the main square in Kyiv on the big screen after the flash-mob organized by the director and the singer and supported by Eugene's fans. The tour "K Tebe" ("To you") ran around 14 largest cities of Ukraine took place within the period of 6 to 21 November 2013. Together with the beginning of the tour the first full-fledged Eugene's album was released. The disc included 4 songs from the album "Znaki Zodiaka" ("Zodiac Signs"): "Mama", "K Tebe" ("To you"), "Vot tak-to luchsche" ("This is much better"), "Znaki Zodiaka" ("Zodiac Signs"), as well as new songs most of which were composed by Eugene himself. One song - "Anomalia" ("Anomaly") - was presented on the 16 October 2013 on "M1" Ukrainian music channel. By the results of the work performed during year 2013, Eugene was awarded as "The Breakthrough of the Year" by the TV-show "Unbelievable truth about the stars" by STB channel. National casting for the contest of "Eurovision 2014" On 21 December 2013, Eugene took part in the National Casting for the contest of "Eurovision 2014" from Ukraine with the song "Strelyanaya Ptitsa" ("A Shot Bird"). After being selected for the finals of the show, Eugene resulted the 8ths out of 20 participants by the sum of audience and the jury. Zdes' i Seychas ("Here and now") At the beginning of 2014 the song "Mirazhy" ("Mirages") was released. The song was devoted to the tragic events related to Euromaidan in Ukraine. The author of the song was Eugene's colleague by the "X-factor" show - Mariya Zhytnikova. The work for the new album had been starting. In May 2014 during the finals of the show "Ukraine's Got Talent 6" the head song of the album "Zses' i Seychas" ("Here and Now") was presented as well as the other song in Ukrainian "Diydu do mety" ("I will reach the goal"), written by another participant of the "X-factor" show Arkadiy Voytyuk. The same year Eugene and STB channel broke the contract ahead of time and the singer proceeded with his career on his own. In summer, 2014, Eugene recorded the song "Ohotnitsa" ("The hunter") with the Ukrainian singer Renata Shtifel. In the second part of 2014 the singer toured a lot around Ukraine. On 25 November the second album "Zses' i Seychas" ("Here and Now") was released and the supporting tour was held. The tour included 12 cities of Ukraine. The new album included the new songs that were written by Eugene and other authors, as well as several songs from the first album "K Tebe" ("To You"). Notre Dame de Paris On 28 and 29 March 2015, in the Concert Hall "Ukraine" in Kyiv, the premiere of the concert-sensation of the songs from the musical "Notre Dame de Paris" took place. Eugene Litvinkovich performed the part of Clopin, the king of the Court of Miracles. During the concert Eugene performed the following arias: «Les Sans-Papiers», «La Cour des Miracles», "Condamnés" - solo, as well as «Fatalité», «Où Est-Elle?», «Libérés», «L’Attaque De Notre-Dame» - together with other solo singers. Love and peace From 16 April till 27 May 2015, Eugene toured around 20 cities of Ukraine with the concert program "Love and peace". The goal of this tour was to raise positive mood of Ukrainians in the difficult period of war in Donbass. Together with beginning of the tour the 4th disc of Eugene Litvinkovich called "Selected" was released. The disc contained 19 best compositions from the singer's repertoire. After his returning from the tour, on 29 May, Eugene Litvinkovich was awarded as "The male singer of the year 2014" by the results of Ukrainian contest of public preferences "The Success Favorites". Work and recognition in Belarus. At the end of November - beginning of December, 2013, Eugene was invited to perform during the music marathon in the city of Baranovichi. Within this project he performed on the Eve devoted to creative work of Leonid Shirin with the song "Mother", in the concert of the graduates of "The Academy of Talents" show and also received an award "The song of the year 2013". References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

eugen litvinkuvis eugen litvinkuvis (jonmo 4 novembor 1982, judinu, belaras) hoise belarasor ejon gayok, ji ukrainot jonopriyo, lekhok aaru porisalok. 2013 sonot "ukrainor gutt telent 4" swo "ror suranto porzayor aaru 2013 sonor aarombhonite" ex-faktor (ukrain) 3 "swo" ror supar-finalist. jiwani. xoixob aaru joubon. eugen litvinkuvisor jonmo hoisil 1982 sonor 4 novemborot belarusian sohoror jhudinut jutaa nirmata mihel litvinkuvis aaru photographer nadezda litvinkuvisor poriyalot. pitrir okal mrityur pisot teur bhogni elenai teur jotno loisil. 7 bosor boyoxor porai eugine xongit aaru nrityo porisalonar gobhir odhyoyonor xoite bidyaloyot odhyoyon korisil. 10 bosor boyoxot teu kolaa bidyaloyot prowex korisil aaru pisot xonmanore iyak xomapto korisil. eke xomoyote eugine xomor kolaa (judu aaru chambu) onuxilon korisil aaru sambut master owo krirar prarthi hoisil. nowom shrenir schoolor pisot teu kolaa aaru punoruddhar collegeot prowex korisil, kintu iyak snatok koraa nasil aaru iyar poriworte byoktigoto udyugi hisape teur karzokolap aarombho korisil. soxoma aaru hatmuja thoka etaa dukanor tombu teur prothom byowoxayik obhigyota hoi porisil. ek nirdisto porimanor dhon uparjon korar pisot eugine prothome etaa mukto bayu disco club "dyo kej" sthapon korisil, aaru taar pisot etaa night club "otirikto", etaa resturent "sworgo" aaru jhekat etaa xoru kephe "mukoli korisil." xongitor jiwanor aarombhoni. bojarot soxoma aaru hatmuja bikri korar xomoyot eugine sthaniyo xongoskritir praxad "ruvenonik" too audio "enginier hisape ordhokalin sakoriu paisil, zo" too teu ejon kontho xikhyok nelli embartsumianor dwara porisalito aadhunik geet "silver trill" ror studio "too riharsalor xongitor xoite prodan korisil. usainor geet guwar protibha thokar baabe teuk odhik pesadaribhabe gaan xikar poramorxo diya hoisil. 2007 sonot eugine sthaniyo utxob "jhudinu spring" too ongxogrohon korisil aaru 16ror poraa 25 bosor boyoxor prodorxokor shrenit bijoyi hisape teur prothomtu grand prix laabh korisil, aaru logote puroskar hisape etaa rongin tibhi set "gorijont" laabh korisil. 2009 sonot teu rastropotir orkestrat konthoxilpir custingto ongxogrohon korar xomoyot "notun kontho" protijugitar suranto protijugi hoisil aaru "mirr kesalot xongitor nixa" too "bondhutwo" gittu "eurovision 2013" ror protijugixokolor ejon bikhyat belarusian gayok eliyuna lanskayar xoite ekeloge poriwexon korisil. 2009 sonor july maahot eugen rasiyar smolensk oncholor valies sohorot aadhunik gitor juwo prodorxokxokolor ex antohancholik protijugitat grand prixor maalik hoisil. 2009-2010-ror xomoyot teu oh 'nt senel "musical koo' rt" prokolpot ongxogrohon korisil. 2011 sonor septembor maahot eugene xongoskritir praxad "silver trill" valentina pabhlubhar aadhunik gitor judinu studio "ror aan ejon paalok xontanor xoite" shrestho obhineta "shrenit maitissit onusthito huwa antohrastriyo utxob" juwo rasiya aaru belarasor ekeloge xi xotikat "ror bijoyi hoisil. 2011 sonor 24 septemborot sohor judinur dinor proti utxorgikrito xongitanusthanor xomoyot eugen litvinkuvise sthaniyo karzobahi xomitir xorbuscho botaa laabh kore, xongoskritir khetrot xofolotar baabe xonmaniyo proxongxa potrere puroskrito hoy, jitu teuk judinu sohoror ekerahe xomitir odhyokhyo michael umeliansuk aaru ujsc "belaj" piyutor parhumsikor chio "-ror dwara prodan koraa hoisil. 2012 sonor aarombhonite eugine oh 'nt senelot prokolpo "academy owo telents" ror custingto uttirno hoisil, kintu prothom live swo' ror pisot protijugita eri disil. poroborti 4 bosorot eugine 2010,2011 (suranto), 2012 (supar-finalist) bosorot "niu wave" protijugitar baabe custingto ongxogrohon korisil. 2013 sonot teu ukrainor protinidhi hisape custingto ongxogrohon korisil. 2012 sonot teu aleuna lanskayar xoite slaviansky bojarot poriwexon korisil. ukrainot xofolota. ukrainor protibha aase minxokot "ukrainor gutt telent 4" swo 'too prarombhik custing paach korar pisot, eugenok 2012 sonot kharkibh nirbasonor ei protijugitat ongxogrohon koriboloi aamontron jonuwa hoisil. protijugitar baabe eugine "suit pipol" gittu basoni korisil, jitu prothomote ukrainor gayok aliyuxai "eurovision 2010" too uposthapon korisil. ei poriwexontuwe dorxokor maajot jothesto xofolota laabh korisil. bisarokxokolor xiddhanto xorboxomot aasil aaru eugine swo 'tur semi-finalot nijoke paisil, zo' too teu lo 'litaa miliabhoskaya "moi fetis" ("mur fetis") gittur xoite punpotiyakoi prodorxon korisil. bisarokxokolor xiddhanto onuxori eugene onusthan tyag korisil kintu ihur condratuk (jureer xodosyoxokolor ejon) ror poraa aan etaa ekmatro konthoswor protibha-onusthan "ex-faktor" too ongxogrohon koriboloi aamontron laabh korisil. tothapiu, jetiya "ukrainor gutt telent" swo 'ror ayujokxokole finalot aaru etaa sthan jug diyar xiddhanto loisil, eugen litvinkuvise ei sthantuk bhutdan koraa dorxokor netaa hisape grohon korisil. "prothomote diana aarbeninai poriwexon koraa "catastrophysesky" ("biporyoymulokbhabe") xei xomoyot protijugitar geet aasil. suranto bhutdanor folot aaru nyayadhixxokolor xiddhantor folot eugene tritiyo sthan dokhol korisil. ex-kaarok 2012 sonor octobor maahot eugine ukrainor onusthan "ex-factor" ror tritiyo sijonor custing-too ongxogrohon korisil. herel skator "milim" ("xobdo") gitor rasian xongskoron poriwexon korar pisot, eugene xohoje nirbason bhromonot uttirno hoisil aaru onusthantur xokolu 11 taa live xomprosarot poriwexon korisil. ebaru monunoyon laabh nokorakoi eugen ei onusthanor supar-finalist hoi porisil aaru dorxokor bhutdan onuxori dwitiyo sthan dokhol korisil, bijoytu oh 'desa aida nikuleisukor ejon gayokor uporot eri disil. swo 'ror finalor pisot eugine aan protijugixokolor xoite (12 january-3 february 2013) ukrainor 19 khon sohorot ei bhromonot ongxogrohon korisil. ekok keriyar. jhonoki juriyak (raxi sinho) ex-factor" swo "xomapto huwar pisot eugine ess. ti. bi. senelor projujona kendror xoite 5 bosoror sukti swakhyor korisil aaru teur prothom elbamor kaam aarombho korisil. 2013 sonor 7 marchot antohrastriyo naari dibox udjaponor baabe utxorgito "boxontor kaarok" xongitanusthanor xomoyot eugene teur prothom lekhokor geet "jhonoki jo 'diak" ("raxi sinho") uposthapon korisil. eugine teur notun geet likhiboloi xokriyobhabe kaam korisil, teur prothom elbam "jhonaki jo 'diaka" ("raxi sinho") record korisil, aaru ukrainor keibakhonu sohorotu bohutu poriwexon korisil. 2013 sonor 14 marchot eugen litvinkuvisor sorkari saittu ess. ti. bi. senelor dwara uposthapon koraa hoisil. 2013 sonor 2 aaru 3 aprilot "jhonoki juriyaka" ("raxi sinho") gittur baabe xongitor video 'ror swuting hoisil. maxim litvinov ei kaamor porisalok hoisil. 23 mey 'too xongitor video' uposthapon koraa hoisil. 2013 sonor 6 aprilot euginor xoite ek brihot porimanor onuragir boithok onusthito hoisil. boithokor xomoyot eugine 31 mey 'too teur prothom ekok xongitanusthanor porikolpona korar bixoye xokoluke obogoto korisil. aprilor dwitiyo porzayot tikot bikri aarombho hoisil aaru maatro exoptahor pisote xei xokolubur bikri hoisil. eugine ess. ti. bi. senelor xoite ekeloge eketa dinote otirikto ekok xongitanusthan onusthito korar xiddhanto loisil. otirikto xongitanusthanor tikotburu keibadinor bhitorote bikri hoisil. ukrainor rastriyo xongit academyr bidhanxobha holot pi. ror naamere naamkoron koraa duyuta ekok xongit onusthan onusthito hoisil. moi. bikri hoi go" lo "janonir xoite saikuvosky (kaibh conservatory). xongitanusthanor xomoyot prothom gayikar elbam "jhonoki jo 'diaka" ("raxi sinho") uposthapon koraa hoisil. disktut eketa naamor gitor logote lekhokor aaru dutaa geet "bhut taak-tu luche" ("eitu bohut bhaal") aaru "key tebe" ("aapunar baabe"), geet "maama" (elor xongit) aasil. swamirin, waai. bhaskuk; gitor kotha eno. tambubhotxewa), aaru logote "ex-faktor" swo "ror xomoyot 4taa geet poriwexon koraa hoisil. key tebe (aapunar baabe) prothom ekok xongitanusthanor brihot xofolotar pisot eugen litvinkuvise ukrainor sohorxomuhor sariufale bhromonor prostuti ghuxona korisil. aagosto maahot "key tebe" ("tu eu") gittur xongitor video "tu ejon bikhyat xongit video" nirmata alekjendar philatuvise swut korisil. porisalok aaru gayokgorakiye aayujon koraa flesh-mobor pisot aaru eugenor onuragixokolor xomorthonot kibhor mool scowarot dangor pordat music video 'tu uposthapon koraa hoisil. key tebe" ("tu eu") bhromontu ukrainor pray pray brihottom sohorot 2013 sonor 6ror poraa 21 novemboror bhitorot onusthito hoisil. bhromonor aarombhonir logote prothom xompurno eugenor elbam mukoli koraa hoisil. disktut "jhnaki jo 'diak" ("raxi sinho") elbamor 4taa gaan ontorbhukto aasiloh "maama", "key tebe" ("aapunar baabe"), "bhut taak-tu luche" ("eitu bohut bhaal"), "jhnaki jo' diak" ("raxi sinho"), logote notun gitburor besibhagoi eugene nijei rosona korisil. etaa geet-"anomalia" ("oswabhabikota")-2013 sonor 16 octoborot octoborot ukrainian music senelot uposthapon koraa hoisil. 2013 sonot koraa kaamor folafolor dwara, eugenok ess. ti. bi. senelor dwara tibhi-swo '"tarkaxokolor bixoye obiswasyo xotyo" ror dwara "bosoror xofolota" hisape botaa prodan koraa hoisil. eurovision 2014" protijugitar baabe rastriyo custing" 2013 sonor 21 disemborot eugine ukrainor poraa "eurovision 2014" protijugitar baabe rastriyo custingto "strelianaya pitisa" ("etaa swot sorai") gittur xoite ongxogrohon korisil. onusthanor finalor baabe nirbasito huwar pisot, eugine dorxok aaru jureer xomostir dwara 20 john ongxogrohonkarir bhitorot 8 nombor laabh kore. zdes 'i seychas ("iyat aaru etiya") 2014 sonor aarombhonite "miraji" ("mirez") gittu mukoli koraa hoisil. gittu ukrainor euromaidanor xoite xomporkito dukhjonok ghotonar proti utxorgito aasil. gittur lekhok aasil "ex-factor" swo "-maria jhaitonikubhar eugenor xohokormi. notun elbamtur kaam aarombho hoisil. 2014 sonor mey "maahot" ukrainor gutt telent 6 "swo" ror finalor xomoyot "jes 'aai seisas" elbamor mukhyo geet ("iyat aaru etiya") uposthapon koraa hoisil aaru logote ukrainor aan etaa geet "daidu du meti" ("moi go" loto uponeet hoh "moo") uposthapon koraa hoisil, jitu "ex-factor" swo "aarkadi waitukor aan ejon ongxogrohonkariye likhisil. xei bosorote eugene aaru ess. ti. bi. senele xomoyor aagotei sukti bhongo korisil aaru gayokjone nijakoi nijor keriyartur xoite aagbarhi goisil. 2014 sonor grishmokalot eugine ukrainor gayok renata swtifelor xoite "uhotnitsa" ("sikari") gittu record korisil. 2014 sonor dwitiyo ongxot gayokgorakiye ukrainor sariufale bohu bhromon korisil. 25 novemborot dwitiyo elbam "jes 'aai seisas" ("iyat aaru etiya") mukoli koraa hoisil aaru xomorthonmulok bhromon onusthito hoisil. ei bhromontut ukrainor 12 khon sohor ontorbhukto aasil. notun elbamtut eugen aaru onyanyo lekhokor dwara likha notun gitxomuhor logote prothom elbam "key tebe" ("tu eu") ror keibatau gaan ontorbhukto aasil. perisor manuh nohoy 2015 sonor 28 aaru 29 marchot kaibhor concert holl "ukrain" too "notore dame di peris" xongitor gitxomuhor concert-sensesyonor primiyar onusthito hoisil. eugen litvinkuvise oloukik kaamor roja klo 'pinor ongxotu poriwexon korisil. concertor xomoyot eugine nimnolikhito eriya poriwexon korisiloh "lex chance-papiers", "laa korr des miricaclos", "condumnex"-ekok, logote "fatelit", "oh" isto-elle?," libores "," lo 'attak dey notore-dame "-onyanyo ekok gayokxokolor xoite ekeloge. prem aaru xanti 16 aprilor poraa 27 mey '2015 loike eugine "prem aaru xanti" concert karzoxusir xoite ukrainor pray 20 khon sohor bhromon korisil. ei bhromonor lokhyo aasil donbasot juddhor kothin xomoyot ukrainor lukoxokolor itibasok monubhab briddhi koraa. bhromon aarombho huwar loge loge "nirbasito" naamor eugene litvinkuvisor litvinkuvisor disk mukoli koraa hoisil. disktut gayokgorakir repurator poraa 19 taa shrestho rosona aasil. bhromonor poraa ubhoti ohaar pisot, 29 mey 'too eugen litvinkuvisok "xofolotar priyo" ror rajohuwa posondor ukrainian protijugitar folafolor dwara "2014 sonor purux gayok" hisape xonmanito koraa hoisil. belarusot kaam aaru swikriti. novemboror xexot-2013 sonor disemboror aarombhonite, baranuvisi sohorot xongit merathonor xomoyot eugenok poriwexon koriboloi aamontron jonuwa hoisil. ei prokolpor bhitorot teu "dyo academy owo telents" swo "ror snatokxokolor concertot" maador "gittur xoite leonid swirinor sristixil kaamor proti xomorpito prarthona korisil aaru" dyo song owo dyo irr 2013 "botau laabh korisil.

eugen litvinkovic eugen litvinkovic (jonmo 4 navembar 1982, jodino, belarush) belarushe jonmogrohonkari ekjon gayak ebong ukraine janapriya, lekhok ebong abhineta. 2013 saale "ukrainer protibha 4" shoyer chudanta protijogi ebong 2013 saaler shurute "eksa-factor (ukraine) 3" shoyer super-finalist. jeeboni. shaishab oo joubon. eugen litvinkovic 1982 saaler 4thhaa navembar belarussian shohor jhodinote juto prostutkarok mihel litvinkovic ebong photographer nadezda litvinkovicher poribare jonmogrohon corren. taar babar akal mrityur porr, taar boone elena taar dekhashona korchilo. 7 bochor boyce theke eugene sangeet oo nrityonirdeshonar govir adhyayaner saathe schoole padashona korechilen. 10 bochor boyse tini art schoole probesh corren ebong porey sommaner saathe etty shesh corren. ekoi somoye eugene marshala art (judo ebong sambo) anushilan korechilen ebong sambote muster off sporter prarthi hoyechilen. nobom bidyalayer porr tini college off art anned restoratione probesh corren, kintu snatok hononi ebong poriborte besarkari uddokta hisabe taanr kaaj shuru corren. chashma ebong gloves soho ekti dokaner tanbu taanr prothom byabasayik obhiggota hoye othe. ekti nirdishto poriman ortho uparjoner porr, eugene prothome ekti open aire disco club "dya keja" protistha corren ebong tarpor ekti night club "extra", ekti restoran "paradise" ebong jhekate ekti chhoto caffe "kholar ayojan corren." sangeet kormojiboner suchona. bajare chashma ebong gloves bikri korar somoy, eugene sthaniya sangaskriti prasad "rovesnick"-ayee audio engineer hisabe ordho-somoyer chakrio peyechilen, jekhane tini ekjon voice shikkhok nelli ambertsumian dwara porichalito adhunik gaan "sylver trill"-err studiote mahadar sangeet sangita pradan korechilen. eugener gaaner protibhaban howar karone taake arow peshadarbhabe gaan shekhar poramorsho deoa hoyechilo. 2007 saale eugene sthaniya utsab "jhodino spring"-ayee ongsho nene ebong 16 theke 25 bochor vayasi shilpider bibhage vijayi hisabe taanr prothom granned prix ebong puraskar hisabe ekti rongin tibhi seeta "gorizont" paan. 2009 saale tini rashtrapati orchestry gayakder custingye ongsho neoar somoy "belarusher notun kanthaswar" protijogitar chudanta protijogi hohn ebong "eurovision 2013"-err onnotomo protijogi belarussian gayak aleona lanskier saathe "musical nights inn mirr cassel"-ayee "bondhutto" ganti poribeshon corren. 2009 saaler julai maase eugene russier smolensk anchaler veliz shohore adhunik gaaner torun shilpider eksa antahanchalik protijogitai granned prixer malik hohn. 2009-2010-err somoy tini onot channel "musical court"-err prokolpe ongsho niyechilen. 2011 saaler septembore eugene antorjatik utsab "euth off rashiya anned belarus uith eut inn extish senchuri"-err vijayi hohn, jekhane tini "dya best actor" bibhage jog deena, ebong 'palace off kalchar'-err 'sylver trill' valentina pavlova-rawr 'adhunik gaaner' jodino studio '-rawr arek palok santanke. 2011 saaler 24shhey septembara shohor jhodino diboser proti nibedito concerter somoy, eugen litvinkovic sthaniya nirbahi komitir sorbochcho puraskar peyechilen, sangaskritir khettre safalyer jonno sommansuchok proshongshapotro diye puroskrito hoyechilen, jaa taanke jhodino shohorer executive komitir chairman mihel omlanchuk ebong ozosk "belaz" piotara parhomchiker ceo dwara pradan koraa hoyechilo. 2012 saaler shurute eugene onot chyanele "academy off talents" prokolper custing pusses corren, kintu prothom live shoyer porey protijogita chhede deena. poroborti 4 bochore eugene 2010,2011 (chudanta), 2012 (super-finalist)-ayee "notun taranga" protijogitar jonno custing-ayee ongsho nichchilen. 2013 saale tini ukrainer protinidhi hisabe custingye ongsho niyechilen. 2012 saale tini aleona lanskier saathe slaviansky bajare abhinoy corren. ukraine safalya. ukrainer protibha achhe minske "ukrainer protibha 4" shote prathomik custing pusses korar porey, euginke 2012 saale kharkiv nirbachoner eyi protijogitai ongsho neoar jonno amantran janano hoyechilo. protijogitar jonno eugen "mishti manush" ganti beche niyechilen, jaa prathomikbhabe eukranian gayak aliosha "eurovision 2010"-ayee uposthapon korechilen. dorshokder modhye eyi anusthanti darun safalya orjon korey. bicharokder siddhanta sorbosommoto chhilo ebong eugene shoyer semifinale nijeke khunje paan, jekhane tini lolita milliavskaya "moy phetisha" ("amar phetisha") ganti sarasari poribeshon korechilen. bicharokder siddhante eugene anusthan chhede choley zaan kintu hoar kondratiyuker (jurie sadasyader modhye ekjon) kachh theke onno ekti ekok kanthaswarer protibha-anusthan "eksa-factor"-ayee ongsho neoar amantran paan. tobuo, jokhon anusthaner ayojokra "ukrainer protibha peyeche" finale arow ekti sthan jukto korar siddhanta nene, tokhon eugen litvinkovic eyi jaigati dorshokder neta hisabe bhot deoar jonno grohon corren. "katstrofichesky" ("biporjokorbhabe"), prathomikbhabe diana arbenina dwara poribeshito, seii somoyer protijogitar gaan chhilo. chudanta bhotdaner foley ebong bicharokder siddhanter foley eugene tritiya sthan adhikar corren. eksa-factor 2012 saaler octobore eugene eukranian shoe "eksa-factor"-err tritiya morshumer custing-ayee ongsho niyechilen. herrell skater "millim" ("shobdo") gaaner russian sangaskaranti poribeshon korar porey, eugen sahojei silekashana tourguli pusses korey ebong shoyer 11 tii sarasari somprochare poribeshito hoy. ekbarer jonnou mononoyon naa peye, eugene shoyer super-finalist hoye othen ebong dorshokder bhot anujayi anujayi sthan adhikar corren, ebong bijoyti odessa aida nikoleichuker ekjon gayoker upor chhede deena. shoyer finaler porr eugene anyanno protijogider saathe ukrainer 19tii shohore sofore ongsho niyechilen (12 januari-3 february 2013). ekok pesha. jhanki jodiak (rashichakra) eksa-factor" shoe shesh howar porr, eugene esha. tii. bii chyaneler prajojana kendrer saathe 5 bochorer chukti swakkhar corren ebong taanr prothom albumer kaaj shuru corren. 2013 saaler 7ee march, antorjatik naarii dibos udjaponer jonno nibedito "factor off spring" concerter somoy, eugen taar prothom lekhoker gaan "jhanki jodiaka" ("rashichakrer chinno") uposthapon corren. eugene taanr prothom album 'jhanaki jodiaka' (rashichakrer chinno) record korey taanr notun gaan lekhar jonno sokriyobhabe kaaj korechilen ebong ukrainer besh koyekti shahoreo prachur anusthan korechilen. 2013 saaler 14ee march, eugene litvinkovicher official saitti esha. tii. bii channel dwara uposthapito hoyechilo. 2013 saaler 2 oo 3 april "jhanki jodiaka" ("rashichakra") gaaner musical videor shooting hoy. maxim litvinov eyi kaajer porichalok hohn. 23shhey meey musical vdo uposthapito hoy. 2013 saaler 6ee april euginer sange ekti borh akarer bhoktoder boithok onusthito hoy. boithoke eugene 31 meey taanr prothom ekok sangitanusthaner parikalpana somporke sobaike abohito corren. apriler dwitiya bhage ticket bikri shuru hoy ebong matro eka saptaha porey seguli bikri hoye yaay. eugene ebong esha. tii. bii channel ekoi diney atirikto ekok sangitanusthaner siddhanta neyo. atirikto concerter tikito koyek diner modhye bikri hoye yaay. ubhoy ekok sangitanusthan ukrainer jatiya sangeet academyr samabesh holey onusthito hoyechilo jaar naam pii. aaee. bikri hoye yawa" notisha soho chaikovsky (kive conservatory). sangitanusthaner somoy prothom gayoker album "jhanki jodiaka" ("rashichakrer chinno")oo uposthapon koraa hoyechilo. disktite ekoi naamer gantir pashapashi lekhoker arow duti gaan "bhot taak-too luche" ("etty onek vall") ebong "keey tebe" ("upner kachhe"), gaan "maama" (ell-err sangeet) chhilo. shermin, oyai. vaschuk; gaaner kotha enn. tambovotseva), ebong "eksa-factor" shoe chalakalin 4tii gaan poribeshito hoy. keey tebe (upner kachhe) prothom ekok sangitanusthaner durdanto safalyer porr eugen litvinkovic eukranian shahargulir charpashe soforer prostutir ghoshana deena. august maase "keey tebe" ("too eu") gaaner musical videoti ekjon bikhyato music vdo nirmata alekjandar philatovic shyuta korechilen. porichalok ebong gayak dwara ayojit ebong euginer bhoktoder dwara somorthito flash-mober porey music videoti kiver prodhan chottore borh pordai uposthapon koraa hoyechilo. sofor "keey tebe" ("upner kachhe") ukrainer 14tii brihottomo shohore 6 theke 21 navembar 2013-err modhye onusthito hoyechilo. soforer shurute eugener prothom purnanga albumty mukti paay. disktite "jhanki jodiaka" ("rashichakrer chinno") albumer 4tii gaan antarbhukta chhiloh "maama", "keey tebe" ("upner kachhe"), "bhot taak-too luche" ("etty onek vall"), "jhanki jodiaka" ("rashichakrer chinno"), pashapashi notun ganguli jaar beshirbhagi eugener dwara rachito hoyechilo. ekti gaan-"anomalia" gaan-"anomalia" octobor 2013-ayee 2013-ayee eukranian sangeet chyanele uposthapito hoyechilo. 2013 saale sampadito kaajer folafoler vittite, euginke esha. tii. bii channel dwara tibhi-shoe "tarokader somporke abiswasya satya" dwara "bochorer sera safalya" hisabe puroskrito koraa hoyechilo. eurovision 2014" protijogitar jonno jatiya custing" 21 december 2013-ayee eugene ukraine theke "eurovision 2014" protijogitar jonno jatiya custing-ayee "strelianaya pititsa" ("ekti shhata pakhi") ganti diye ongsho niyechilen. anusthaner finaler jonno nirbachito howar porr, eugene dorshok ebong jurir samashti dwara 20 john ongshogrohonkarir modhye 8maum sthan orjon korey. jadedes 'aaee seichas ("ekhane ebong ekhon") 2014 saaler shurute "miraji" ("miraj") ganti mukti paay. ganti ukrainer euromoidan somporkito mormantik ghotonagulike utsarga koraa hoyechilo. gaaner lekhok chhilen eugener sahakarmi "eksa-factor" shoe-maria jhaitnikova. notun albumer kaaj shuru hoye giechilo. 2014 saaler meey maase "ukrainer protibha 6" shoyer final chalakalin albumer prodhan gaan "jesses 'aaee seichas" ("ekhane ebong ekhon") uposthapito hoyechilo ebong seisathe eukranian "diyodu doo metty" ("aami lakkhye pouchob")-err onno ganti "eksa-factor" shoe arqadi oyaitiyuka-err onno ekjon ongshogrohonkarir lekha chhilo. ekoi bochor eugene ebong esha. tii. bii channel somoyer agei chuktiti venge deyo ebong gayak nijer moto korey taar karmajiban shuru corren. 2014 saaler grisse eugene eukranian gayak renata stepheler saathe "ohotonitsa" ("shikari") ganti record corren. 2014 saaler dwitiya ongshe gayak ukrainer charpashe onek bhromon korechilen. 25shhey navembar dwitiya album "jesses 'aaee seichas" ("ekhane ebong ekhon") mukti paay ebong sahayak sofor onusthito hoy. eyi sofore ukrainer 12tii shohor antarbhukta chhilo. notun albume eugene ebong anyanno lekhokder lekha notun gangulir pashapashi prothom album "keey tebe" ("too eu")-err besh koyekti gaan antarbhukta chhilo. pyariser manush 2015 saaler 28 oo 29 march kaibher concert holl "ukraine" sangitdharmi "notre dame dii parris"-err gangulir concert-sangbedan-err premiere onusthito hoy. eugen litvinkovic aloukik dorbarer raja clopiner bhumika palon korechilen. concerter somoy eugene nimnolikhito aria poribeshon korechilenoh "leesa suns-pappiers", "laa koora days miracles", "condumness"-ekok, pashapashi "fatalite", baa etaa?," liberes "," lawl 'attak deey notre-dame "-anyanno ekok gayakder saathe. bhalobasa oo shanti 16ee april theke 27shhey meey 2015 porjonto eugene ukrainer pray 20tii shohor "prem oo shanti" concerter madhyome sofor corren. eyi soforer lakkhya chhilo donbuser juddher kathin somoye ukraineeyder itibachak mejaz gadey tola. soforer shurute "nirbachito" naame eugene litvinkovicher litvinkovicher diskti mukti paay. disktite gayoker sangrahasthal theke 19tii sera rachona chhilo. sofor theke firey aasaar porr, 29shhey meey, eugen litvinkovichke eukranian protijogitar folafol dwara "2014 saaler sera purush gayak" hisabe bhushito koraa hoy. belarushe kaaj ebong swikriti. novemborer sheshe-december, 2013-err shurute, baranovici shohore sangeet marathoner somoy euginke anusthan korar jonno amantran janano hoyechilo. eyi prokolper modhye tini "dya academy off talents" shoe-err snatokder concerte "madar" gantir saathe leonid shirin-err srijanshil kaajer proti nibedito prakkale abhinoy korechilen ebong "dya song off dya ear 2013" puroskaro peyechilen.

yujen litwinkovich yujen litwinkovich (janm 4 november 1982, zodeeno, bellarus) belarusma janmela gaayak chhe aneey ukrainema lokpreey, lekhak aneey kalakar chhe. chhe "ukraine goota telenta 4" shonaa finalist aneey antamaa-december sharuaatmaa "ex-phektara (ukrain) 3" shonaa super-finalist jivancharitra. baadpan aneey yuvani. yujen litvinkovichno janm 4 november november roj belarusna zodino shaherma jutaa banaavnaar mihel litwinkovich aneey photographer nadezda litvinkovichna parivaarmaa thayo hato. temnaa pitana vahelaa mrutyu pachhi, temnee bahen elena temnee sambhaal raakhi rahee hatee. 7 varshnaa hataa tyaarthi yujeen sangeet aneey nrutya nirdeshanno undanpurvak abhyaas kareene shaalaama abhyaas kartaa hataa. 10 varshnee ummare temane qalaa shaalaama pravesh karyo aneey pachhithi tene sanmaan saathe purn karyo. teey jaj samaye yujeen marshel arts (judo aneey sambo) noow abhyaas karato hato aneey samboma master off sporta maate umedvaar banyo hato. navmaa dhoranaa dhoran pachhi temane college off aart anned restorationma pravesh karyo, parantu tene snaatak naa karyo aneey tenaa badale khangi udhyogsahsik tareeke temnee pravrutee sharoo curry. chashma aneey gloves saatheno dukaanno tamboo temno pratham vyavsayik anoobhav banyo. chokkas rakam kamaaya pachhi, yujeene pahelaa open air disco club "dhaa kej" nee sthaapnaa curry, aneey pachhi aek night club "extra", aek restaurant "paradise" noon aayojan karyoo aneey zekama aek naanu kaafe kholyu." sangeet karkidrini sharuaat. bajaarmaa chashma aneey gloves vechati vakhate, yujeenne sthaaneek sanskrutinaa mahel "rovsnik" maan odeeyo angineer tareeke ardh-samaynee nokri pann malee, jyaan temane voice shikshak nellie embertsumian dwara sanchaalit aadhunik geet "silver trill" naa studiyomaa rehearsalni sangeetmay sangat pradaan curry hatee. yujeenmaa gaayannee pratibha hovathi temne vadhu vyaavsaayik reete gaayanno abhyaas karvaanu soochan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. hatoo yujeene sthaaneek tahevaar "zodeeno spring" maan bhaag leedho hato aneey 16 thee 25 varshnaa kalaakaaroni shreneema vijeta tareeke temno pratham bhavya puraskar melvyo hato, aneey puraskar tareeke rangeen tivi seeta "gorizont" pann melvyo hato. julai teo pramukhpadnaa orchestrama gaayakoni castingma bhaag letee vakhate "belarusna navaa avaajo" spardhana anteem vijeta banyaa hataa aneey "eurovision 2013" naa spardhakomana aek bellarucian prakhyaat gaayak elyona lanskaya saathe "musical nites ina miir kesal" maan "mitrataa" geet rajoo karyoo hatoo. julai, julai, yujeen russiana smollensk pradeshnaa valleys shaherma aadhunik gitanaa yuvan kalaakaaroni ex aantarpradeshik spardhama grand prixna maaleek banyaa hataa. 2009-2010 darmiyan temane ont chenal "musical court" naa projectmaa bhaag leedho hato. september, september, yujeen aantarrashtriy mahotsav "russia aneey belarusna yuvaano saathe maleene xi sadimaa" naa vijeta banyaa hataa, jeey sanskrutinaa mahel "silver trill" valentina pavlovama aadhunik gitanaa zodeeno studiyonaa anya paalak baadak saathe "shreshth abhineta" nee shreneema mitishima yojaayo hato. 24 september 2011 naa roj shaher zodinona divasne samarpeet sangeet jalsa darmiyan, yujeen litwinkovichne sthaaneek kaarykaari sameetino sarvoch puraskar malyo, sanskrutinaa kshetramaa safalataa maate maanad prashastipatrathi sanmanit karvaamaa aavyo, jeey temne zodeeno nagarnee kaarykaari sameetina adhyaksh mihel omelinchuk aneey ojsc "belaz" piotara parhomchikna ceo dwara aapvama aavyo hato. hato sharuaatmaa yujeene ont chenal parr project "academy off telenta" nee casting paas curry hatee, parantu pratham live shho pachhi spardhaa chhodi deedhi hatee. aagaami 4 varsh darmiyan yujeen varsh 2010,2011 (finalist), 2012 (super-finalist) maan "navee laher" spardhaa maate castingma bhaag laee rahyaa hataa. 2013 maan temane ukraine pratinidhi tareeke castingma bhaag leedho hato. 2012 maan temane alyona lanskaya saathe slaviansky bajaarmaa pradarshan karyoo hatoo. ukrainema safalataa. ukrainema pratibha chhe minskma "ukraine goota telenta 4" karykrama praarambhik casting paas karyaa pachhi, yujeenne 2012 maan kharkiv pasandagi parr aaa spardhama bhaag levaa maate aamantrit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. spardhaa maate yujinae "sweet pipal" geet pasand karyoo hatoo, jeey sharuaatmaa ukrainian gaayak alyosha dwara "eurovision 2010" maan rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa prastutine prexakoma ghanee safalataa malee hatee. nyayadhishono nirnay sarvasanmat hato aneey yujeen shonee semifinalmaa potaane jovaa malyo, jyaan tene lolita milyavskaya "moya fatish" ("maaree fatish") naa geet saathe jivant pradarshan karyoo hatoo. nyayadhishona nirnaythi yujeen shho chhodi gayaa parantu temne hooar kondratyuk (jurie sabhyomathi aek) tarafthi anya ekmatra gaayak pratibha-shho "ex-phektara" maan bhaag levaanu aamantran malyun. tema chhataa, jyaare "ukraine pratibha" shonaa aayojakoae anteem spardhama vadhu aek sthaan umervaanu nakki karyoo, tyaare yujen litwinkoviche aaa sthaanne prekshakona netaa tareeke praapt karyoo. "katastrofishesky" ("" aapttithi "), sharuaatmaa dyna arbenina dwara rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, teey samaye spardhaanu geet hatoo. anteem matdaannaa parinam aneey nyayadhishona nirnay dwara yujen trija sthaane rahyaa hataa. ex-pareebal october october yujeene ukrainian shho "ex-phektara" nee triji seasonna castingma bhaag leedho hato. harrell skaatnaa geet "millim" ("shabdo") naa russian sanskarannu pradarshan karyaa pachhi, yujeen saraltathi pasandaginaa pravasoma pasaar thaee gaee aneey shonaa tamaam 11 jivant prasaranma pradarshan karyoo. aek pann vakhat namankan melvyaa vinaa, yujeen aaa shonaa super-finalist banyaa aneey prekshakona matdaan anusaar beeja sthaane rahyaa, aneey vijay odessa ida nikolechuknaa gaayak parr chhodi deedho. shonaa anteem pradarshan pachhi yujeene anya spardhako saathe (12 january-3 februari 2013) ukraine 19 shaheroma pravasma bhaag leedho hato. aekal karkirdi. znaki zodaka (raashee chihno) ex-phektara" shonaa anta pachhi, yujeene stb chenalnaa production center saathe 5 varshnaa karaar parr hastakshar karyaa aneey tenaa pratham album parr kaama karvaanu sharoo karyoo. 7 march december roj, aantarrashtriy maheela divasni ujavanine samarpeet "vasantnaa pareebal" sangeet kaarykram darmiyan, yujeene temnaa pratham lekhaknu geet "zanki zodika" ("raashee chihno") rajoo karyoo hatoo. yujeene temnaa navaa geeto lakhvaa parr sakriyapane kaama karyoo, temnaa pratham album 'zanki zodika' ('raashee chihno') noon reqordina karyoo, aneey sankhyaabandh ukrainian shaheroma pann ghanoo pradarshan karyoo. 14 march december roj, yujeen litvinkovichni sattavaar site stb chenal dwara rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. 2 aneey 3 april december roj, "zanki zodika" ("raashee chihno") geet maate musical videeyo shhoot karvaamaa aavyo hato. maxim litwinov aaa kaarynaa nirdeshak banyaa. 23 menaa roj musical videeyo rajoo karvaamaa aavyo hato. 6 april december roj yujeen saathe motaa paaye chaahakoni bethak yojai hatee. bethak darmiyan yujeene 31 meey naa roj aayojit thanara temnaa pratham solo concert vishe darekne soochit karyoo. aprilnaa beeja bhagma tikitnu vechaan sharoo thayu aneey maatra aek athvadiya pachhi teey tamaamnu vechaan thayu. yujeene stb chenal saathe maleene teey jaj divase vadharana solo concert yojvaanu nakki karyoo. vadharana sangeet kaarykramni ticket pann thodaa divasomaa vechai gaee hatee. banne solo concert ukraine raashtriy sangeet akaadaminaa vidhansabha khandma yojaya hataa, jenu naam pii. aaee. vechai" nee soochnaa saathe chaikovsky (keev conservatory). sangeet kaarykram darmiyan pratham gaayaknu album "zanki zodika" ("raashee chihno") pann rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. diskma samaan naamnu geet temaj lekhaknaa vadhu beey geeto "voota taka-too luche" ("aaa ghanoo saaru chhe") aneey "keey tebe" ("tamane"), geeto "maama" (aela dwara sangeet) hataa. sharmarin, vaay. vaaschuk; aena dwara geeto. tambovatseva), aneey "ex-phektara" shho darmiyan 4 geeto pann rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. keey tebe (tamara maate) pratham solo concertnee motee safalataa pachhi yujen litwinkoviche ukraine shaheroni aaspaas pravaasnee taiyarini jaaherat curry. augustma "keey tebe" ("too yuu") geet maateno musical videeyo prakhyaat music videeyo-nirmata alexander filatoviche shhoot karyo hato. digdarshak aneey gaayak dwara aayojit flash-mob pachhi aneey yujeennaa chaahako dwara samartheet sangeet videeyone keevma mukhya choqa parr motaa padada parr rajoo karvaamaa aavyo hato. 6 thee 21 november 2013 naa samaygalama ukraine 14 sauthee motaa shahero parr "keey tebe" ("too yuu") pravaas chaalyo hato. pravaasnee sharuaat saathe yujeennun pratham sampoorn album bahaar padvama aavyu hatoo. diskma "zanki zodaka" ("rashichakra chihno") aalbamna 4 geeto saamel hataah "maama", "keey tebe" ("tamane"), "voota taka-too luche" ("aaa vadhu saaru chhe"), "zanki zodaka" ("rashichakra chihno"), temaj navaa geeto keey jemathi motabhagna yujeen dwara pote rachvaamaa aavyaa hataa. aek geet-"visangataa" ("visangataa")-16 october december roj roj ukrainian music chenal parr rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. varsh 2013 darmiyan karvaamaa aavela kaarynaa parinaamo dwara, yujeenne aesa. tii. bii. chenal dwara tivi-shho "stars vishe avishvasneey satya" dwara "varshnee safalataa" tareeke enayat karvaamaa aavyo hato. eurovision 2014" nee spardhaa maate raashtriy casting" 21 december december roj, yujeene ukrainethi "eurovision 2014" nee spardhaa maate raashtriy castingma "strelenaya pititsa" ("aek shhota burd") geet saathe bhaag leedho hato. shonaa final maate pasand thayaa pachhi, yujeen prexako aneey jurina sarwala dwara 20 sahbhagiomathi sahbhagiomathi krame aavyu. zeddes 'aaee seichas ("aheen aneey havey") 2014 nee sharuaatmaa geet "mirazi" ("miraj") rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa geet ukrainema euromaidan sambandhit dukkhad ghatanaaone samarpeet hatoo. gitanaa lekhak yujeennaa "ex-phektara" shho dwara sahyogi hataa-maria zytenikova. navaa aalbamnu kaama sharoo thaee rahyu hatoo. meey 2014 maan "ukraine goota telenta 6" shonaa final darmiyan album "zesis 'aaee seikas" ("aheen aneey havey") noon mukhya geet temaj ukrainian "diadu doow metty" ("huun dhyey sudhee pahonchish") maan anya geet rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jeey "ex-phektara" shonaa anya sahbhagi arcady voyatik dwara lakhvaamaa aavyu hatoo. teey jaj varshe yujeen aneey stb chenale samay pahelaa karaar todee nakhyo aneey gaayak potaani karkirdi saathe aagad vadhyo. vadhyo unalama yujeene ukraine gaayak renata stiffel saathe "ohatnitsa" ("sheekari") geet reqorda karyoo hatoo. 2014 naa beeja bhagma gaayake ukraine aaspaas ghano pravaas karyo. 25 novembernaa roj beeju album "zesis 'aaee seichas" ("aheen aneey havey") rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey sahayak pravaasnu aayojan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa pravasma ukraine 12 shaherono samaavesh thato hato. navaa aalbamma yujeen aneey anya lekhako dwara lakhaayela navaa geeto temaj pratham album "keey tebe" ("too yuu") naa ketlaak geeto saamel hataa. perisnaa sabhy 28 aneey 29 march 2015 naa roj, keevma concert holl "ukrain" maan, sangeetmay "notre dame dii paris" naa gitonaa concert-sensation premiere thayu hatoo. yujen litwinkoviche chamatkaarnaa darbaarnaa raajaa clopinno bhaag bhajavyo hato. sangeet kaarykram darmiyan yujeene neechena arianun pradarshan karyunh "leesa sance-pappiers", "laa court days mirecles", "condameness"-solo, temaj "fatalite", athavaa est-eley?," liberes "," lae 'atteck dha notre-dame "-anya solo gaayako saathe. prem aneey shaanti 16 aprilthi 27 meey 2015 sudhee, yujeene "prem aneey shaanti" naa sangeet kaarykram saathe ukraine lagbhag 20 shaherono pravaas karyo hato. aaa pravaasno dhyey donbasma yuddhnaa mushkel samaygalama ukraine lokono sakaratmak mood vadhaarvaano hato. pravaasnee sharuaat saathe yujeen litvinkovichni chothee disk "selected" rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa diskma gaayaknee utkrusht sangeetni soochimathi 19 shreshth rachnaao hatee. pravasmathi parat faryaa pachhi, 29 menaa roj, yujen litwinkovichne jaaher pasandgioni ukrainian spardhana parinaamo dwara "safaltaanaa manpasand" dwara "varsh 2014 naa purush gaayak" tareeke enayat karvaamaa aavyo hato. belarusma kaama aneey maanyata. novembernaa antamaa-december, antamaa-december sharuaatmaa, yujeenne baranovichi shaherma sangeet marethon darmiyan pradarshan karvaa maate aamantrit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. aaa projectmaa temane "dhaa academy off telenta" shonaa snatakona sangeet karykrama "madhar" geet saathe leonid shireenna sarjanatmak kaaryane samarpeet purvasandhyaae pradarshan karyoo hatoo aneey "dhaa song off dhaa year 2013" noow award pann melvyo hato.

eugene litwinkovich eugene litwinkovich (janm 4 navambar 1982, zodino, bellaroos) bellaroos mein paida hue ack gaayak hain aur ukraine mein lokpriya, lekhak aur kalakar hain. 2013 mein "ukraine key gott talent 4" show key finalist aur 2013 kii shuruat mein "aiks-factor (ukraine) 3" show key super-finalist jeevani. bachpan aur yuvavastha. eugene litwinkovich kaa janm 4 navambar 1982 koo bellaroos key shahar jhodino mein jootaa nirmaata mihel litwinkovich aur photographer naadejhada litwinkovich key parivaar mein huaa thaa. unake pitaa kii jaldi mrityu key baad, unaki bahan elena unaki dekhbhal curr rahee thee. jaba seey vaha 7 saal key they, eugene ney sangeet aur nritya nirdeshan key gahan adhyayan key saath school mein adhyayan kiya. 10 saal kii umr mein unhone kalaa vidyalaya mein pravesh kiya aur baad mein ise sammaan key saath samaapt kiya. usee samay eugene ney yuddh kalaa (judo aur sambo) kaa abhyaas kiya aur sambo mein khel key master key liye ummidwar bunn gaye. nauvin kaksha key baad unhone kalaa aur punarsthapana mahavidyalaya mein pravesh kiya, lekin ise snaatak naheen kiya aur isake bajaay niji udyami key roop mein apani gatividhi shuru kii. chashma aur dastaane vaalaa ack dukaan kaa tambu unakaa pahala vyaavsaayik anubhav bunn gayaa. ack nishchit raashi arjit karane key baad, eugene ney pahale ack open air disco club "dha cage" kii sthaapana kii, aur phir ack night club "extra", ack restaraan "paradise" kaa ayojan kiya aur jhekaas mein ack chhota kaife khola." sangeet currier kii shuruat. bajar mein chashme aur dastaane bechate samay, eugene koo sthaaniya sanskriti key mahal "rovsnick" mein ack audio engineer key roop mein aadhe samay kii naukari bhee millie, jahan unhone ack aavaaj shikshak nelli embartumian dwara prabandhit aadhunik geet "silver trill" key studio mein rehearsal kii sangeet sangat pradaan kii. eugene mein gaayan kii pratibha honey key kaaran unhein adhik peshevar roop seey gaayan kaa adhyayan karane kaa sujhaav diyaa gayaa thaa. 2007 mein eugene ney sthaaniya utsav "jhodino spring" mein bhaag liya aur 16 seey 25 varsh key kalakaron kii shreni mein vijeta key roop mein apana pahala grand prix praapt kiya, aur ack rangeen tv sett "gorizont" koo puraskar key roop mein bhee praapt kiya. 2009 mein vaha rashtrapati orchestra mein gayakon kii casting mein bhaag lete hue "bellaroos kii naee awazon" pratiyogita key antim pratiyogi bunn gaye aur ack prasiddh bellaroos gaayak key saath "musical nights inn meer casal" mein "dosti" geet kaa pradarshan kiya, joe "eurovision 2013" key pratiyogiyon mein seey ack alyona lanskaya they. julaai 2009 mein, eugene roose key smolensk kshetra key ack shahar valleys mein aadhunik geet key yuva kalakaron kii aiks antar-kshetriya pratiyogita mein grand prix kaa malik bunn gayaa. 2009-2010 key dauran unhone aunut channel "musical court" kii pariyojana mein bhaag liya. sitambar, 2011 mein, eugene antarrashtriya mahotsav "roose aur bellaroos key yuva ack saath xi shatabdi mein" key vijeta baney, "sarvshreshth abhineta" shreni mein, sanskriti key mahal "silver trill" valentina pavlova mein aadhunik geet key jhodino studio key ack anya paalak bachche key saath. 24 sitambar 2011 koo shahar key dinn key liye samarpit sangeet karyakram key dauran, jugen litwinkovich koo sthaaniya karyakari samiti kaa sarvocch puraskar milaa, jise sanskriti key kshetra mein safalata key liye maanad prashasti patra seey sammaanit kiya gayaa, joe unhein jodino shahar kii karyakari samiti key adhyaksh mihel omelinchuk aur ozsk "belaaz" payotra parhomchik key ceo dwara pradaan kiya gayaa thaa. 2012 kii shuruat mein eugene ney aunut channel parr pariyojana "pratibha akadami" kii casting koo paarit kiya, lekin pahale live show key baad pratiyogita chhod dee. agale 4 varshon key dauran eugene 2010,2011 (finalist), 2012 (super-finalist) mein "naee lahar" pratiyogita key liye casting mein bhaag leey rhaa thaa. 2013 mein unhone ukraine key pratinidhi key roop mein casting mein bhaag liya. 2012 mein unhone alyona lanskaya key saath slaviansky bajar mein pradarshan kiya. ukraine mein safalata. ukraine mein pratibha haye minsk mein "ukraine kii pratibha 4 millie" show mein praarambhik casting paas karane key baad, eugene koo 2012 mein kharkiv chayan parr iss pratiyogita mein bhaag lene key liye aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa. pratiyogita key liye eugene ney "sweet peepal" geet chunaa thaa, jise shuru mein ukraini gaayak alyosha dwara "eurovision 2010" mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa. darshakon key beach pradarshan koo badee safalata millie. nyayadhishon kaa nirnay sarvasammat thaa aur eugene ney khud koo show key semifinal mein paaya, jahan unhone lolita milyavskaya "moy fatish" ("meraa fatish") key geet key saath live pradarshan kiya. nyayadhishon key nirnay seey eugene ney show chhod diyaa lekin unhein horr kondratuk (juurii sadasyon mein seey ack) seey ack aur mukhar pratibha-show "aiks-factor" mein bhaag lene kaa nimantran milaa. phir bhee, jaba show key ayojakon ney "ukraine kii pratibha millie" ney final mein ack aur sthaan jodane kaa faisala kiya, tou eugene litwinkovich ney iss sthaan koo darshakon key matdan key netaa key roop mein praapt kiya. "katstrofishesky" ("" vinashkari ""), shuru mein dyna arbenina dwara prastut kiya gayaa, usa samay kaa pratiyogita geet thaa. antim matdan key parinam aur nyayadhishon key nirnay seey eugene ney teesara sthaan praapt kiya. aiks-kaarak octuber 2012 mein eugene ney ukraini show "aiks-factor" key teesare season key casting mein bhaag liya. hairal scott key geet "millim" ("shabd") key russie sanskaran kaa pradarshan karane key baad, eugene ney aasaani seey chayan dauron koo paarit kiya aur show key sabhi 11 live prasaranon mein pradarshan kiya. ack bhee baar namankan praapt kiye binaa, eugene show key super-finalist bunn gaye aur darshakon key matdan key anusaar doosara sthaan hassil kiya, jisase jeet odessa aidaa nikolechuk key ack gaayak parr chhod dee gaee. show key final key baad eugene ney anya pratiyogiyon (12 janwari-3 farwari 2013) key saath 19 ukraini shaharon mein daure mein bhaag liya. ekal carrier. jhanaki jodika (raashi chinh) aiks-factor" show key anta key baad, eugene ney stb channel key utpaadan kendra key saath 5 saal key anubandh parr hastakshar kiye aur apane pahale album parr kaam karna shuru curr diyaa. 7 march 2013 koo, antarrashtriya mahila divas key utsav key liye samarpit "vasant key kaarak" sangeet karyakram key dauran, eugene ney apane pahale lekhak kaa geet "zanaki zodiaca" ("raashi sanket") prastut kiya. eugene ney apane nae geet likhane parr sakriya roop seey kaam kiya, apane pahale album "zanaki zodiaca" ("raashi sanket") koo record kiya, aur kaee ukraini shaharon mein bhee bahut pradarshan kiya. 14 march 2013 koo, eugene litwinkovich kii aadhikarik site koo stb channel dwara prastut kiya gayaa thaa. 2 aur 3 aprail 2013 koo, "zanaki jodika" ("raashi chinh") geet key liye sangeet video kii shooting hui. maxim litwinov iss kaam key nideshak baney. 23 maee koo sangeet video prastut kiya gayaa thaa. 6 aprail 2013 koo, eugene key saath ack badey paimaane parr prashansak-baithak hui. baithak key dauran eugene ney 31 maee koo apane pahale ekal sangeet karyakram kii yojana key baare mein sabhi koo soochit kiya. aprail key dusare bhaag mein tikaton kii bikri shuru hui aur kewal ack saptah key baad sabhi bick gaye. eugene ney stb channel key saath milkar usee dinn atirikt ekal sangeet karyakram aayojit karane kaa faisala kiya. atirikt sangeet karyakram key tikat bhee kaee dinon mein beche gaye. donon ekal sangeet karyakram ukraine kii rashtriya sangeet akadami key sabhaa kaksh mein aayojit kiye gaye they, jiska naam pee key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. aaee. bick chuka" notice key saath chaikovsky (kyiv conservatory). sangeet karyakram key dauran gaayak kaa pahala album "zanaki zodiaca" ("raashi sanket") bhee prastut kiya gayaa thaa. disk mein ack hii naam kaa geet key saath-saath dou aur lekhak key geet "vote taka-too luche" ("yeh bahut behtar haye") aur "key tebe" ("too yuu"), geet "maama" (ell dwara sangeet. sharmili, vaaee. vaschuk; geet aine dwara. tambovatseva), aur "aiks-factor" show key dauran 4 geet bhee prastut kiye gaye. key tebe (aapke liye) pahale ekal sangeet karyakram kii badee safalata key baad eugene litwinkovich ney ukraine key shaharon key aspas daure kii taiyari kii ghoshana kii. agast mein "key tebe" ("too yuu") geet key liye sangeet video koo ack prasiddh sangeet video nirmaata alekjendar philatovic dwara shoot kiya gayaa thaa. nirdeshak aur gaayak dwara aayojit flashes-mob key baad aur eugene key prashansakon dwara samarthit sangeet video koo badey parde parr mukhya chauk parr prastut kiya gayaa thaa. key tebe" ("too yuu") kaa daura ukraine key 14 sabse badey shaharon key aspas 6 seey 21 navambar 2013 kii avadhi key bheetar huaa. daure kii shuruat key saath-saath pahala poorna eugene album jaari kiya gayaa thaa. disk mein album "zanaki zodiaca" ("raashi chakr sanket") key 4 gaane shamil theh "maama", "key tebe" ("aapke liye"), "vote taka-too luche" ("yeh bahut behtar haye"), "zanaki zodiaca" ("raashi chakr sanket"), saath hii nae gaane jinamen seey adhikansh khud eugene dwara rachit they. ack geet-"anomalia" ("visangati")-16 octuber 2013 koo "aim1" ukraini sangeet channel parr prastut kiya gayaa thaa. varsh 2013 key dauran kiye gaye kaam key parinamon seey, eugene koo stb channel dwara tv-show "sitaaron key baare mein avishvasaniya sachchai" dwara "varsh kii safalata" key roop mein sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. eurovision 2014" kii pratiyogita key liye rashtriya casting" 21 disambar 2013 koo, eugene ney ukraine seey "eurovision 2014" kii pratiyogita key liye rashtriya casting mein "streyanaya pititsa" ("ack shott burd") geet key saath bhaag liya. show key final key liye chune jaane key baad, darshakon aur juurii key yog seey eugene ney 20 pratibhagiyon mein seey 8vein sthaan parr kabja kiya. zdes 'i seichas ("yahaan aur abb") 2014 kii shuruat mein geet "miraazi" ("miraj") jaari kiya gayaa thaa. yeh geet ukraine mein euromaidan seey sambandhit dukhad ghatnaaon key liye samarpit thaa. geet key lekhak "aiks-factor" show-maria zitnikova dwara eugene key sahayogi they. nae album kaa kaam shuru hoe gayaa thaa. maee 2014 mein show key final key dauran "ukraine koo pratibha millie 6" album kaa mukhya geet "zes 'aaee seekas" ("yahaan aur abb") key saath-saath ukraini "diadou doo metty" ("aaee will reech dha goal") mein anya geet prastut kiya gayaa thaa, jise "aiks-factor" show arkadi voyutic key ack anya pratibhaagi dwara likhaa gayaa thaa. usee varsh eugene aur stb channel ney samay seey pahale anubandh toda diyaa aur gaayak ney apane dumm parr apana currier shuru kiya. 2014 kii garmiyon mein, eugene ney ukraini gaayak renata stiffel key saath "ohotnitsa" ("shikari") geet record kiya. 2014 key dusare bhaag mein gaayak ney ukraine key aspas bahut daura kiya. 25 navambar koo doosara album "zes 'aaee seechas" ("yahaan aur abb") jaari kiya gayaa aur sahayak daura aayojit kiya gayaa. iss daure mein ukraine key 12 shahar shamil they. nae album mein nae gaane shamil they joe eugene aur anya lekhakon dwara likhe gaye they, saath hii saath pahale album key tebe ("too yuu") key kaee gaane bhee shamil they. peris mein naheen 28 aur 29 march 2015 koo, kyiv mein sangeet karyakram holl "ukraine" mein, sangeetmay "notre dame dee peris" key geeton key sangeet karyakram-samvedana kaa premiere huaa. eugene litwinkovich ney chamatkaron key darbar key raajaa, clopin key hisse kaa pradarshan kiya. sangeet karyakram key dauran eugene ney nimnalikhit ariaz kaa pradarshan kiyaah "less sains-pappiers", "laa court days miracles", "condamness"-solo, saath hii saath "fatalit", yaa est-elle?," libres "," ll 'attaak dee notre-dame "-anya ekal gayakon key saath. prem aur shaanti 16 aprail seey 27 maee 2015 taka, eugene ney "prem aur shaanti" karyakram key saath ukraine key lagbhag 20 shaharon kaa daura kiya. iss daure kaa lakshya donbass mein yuddh kii kathin avadhi mein ukraini logon key sakaratmak mood koo badhaana thaa. daure kii shuruat key saath-saath eugene litwinkovich kii chauthi disk jise "chayanit" kahaa jaataa haye, jaari kii gaee. disk mein gaayak key pradarshan seey 19 sarvshreshth rachanaaen theen. daure seey lautane key baad, 29 maee koo, eugene litwinkovich koo saarvajanik prathmiktaon kii ukraini pratiyogita "safalata pasandida" key parinamon dwara "varsh 2014 key purush gaayak" key roop mein sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. bellaroos mein kaam aur maanyata. navambar key anta mein-disambar, 2013 kii shuruat mein, eugene koo baranovichi shahar mein sangeet mairathan key dauran pradarshan karane key liye aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa. iss pariyojana key bheetar unhone "dha academy off talent" show key snatakon key sangeet karyakram mein "madar" geet key saath leonid shirin key rachanaatmak kaam key liye samarpit poorv sandhya parr pradarshan kiya aur "varsh 2013 kaa geet" puraskar bhee praapt kiya.

yujeen litwinkovich yujeen litwinkovich (janana 4 november 1982, jhodino, bellarus) belarasnalli janisida mattu ukrennalli janapriya gayaka, lekhaka mattu pradarshaka. 2013ralli "ukrenna gut tolent 4" pradarshanada antima spardhi mattu 2013rahra aarambhadalli "ex-phyaaktar (ukrain) 3" pradarshanada suuper-finalist jivanacharitre. baalya mattu youvana. yujeen litwinkovich avaru 1982rahra november 4randu belarasna jhodino pattanadalli shoo tayaaraka mihail litwinkovich mattu chayagrahaka nadejhdaa litwinkovich avara kutumbadalli janisidaru. avana tandeya arambhika maranada nantara, avana sahodari elena avanannu nodikolluttiddalu. yujeen 7 varshadavanagiddagininda, sangeeta mattu nrutya samyojaneya aalavaada adhyayanadondige shaleyalli adhyayana maadidaru. 10neey vayassinalli avaru kalaa shaalege praveshisidaru mattu nantara adannu gouravadinda mugisidaru. adhe samayadalli yujeen samara kalegalannu (judo mattu sambo) abhyasa maadidaru mattu saambodalli master off sportge abhyarthiyaadaru. ombattane taragatiya nantara avaru kale mattu punahsthapane kaalejige praveshisidaru, aadare adannu padavi padeyalilla mattu badalige khasagi udyamiyaagi tamma chatuvatikeyannu praarambhisidaru. kannadaka mattu kaigavasugalannu hondiruva angadia gudaaravu avara modala vyaapaarada anubhavavaayitu. ondu nirdishta mottavannu galisida nantara, yujeen modalu open air disco club "dhii cage" annu sthaapisidaru, mattu nantara nait club "extra", restaurant "paradise" annu ayojisidaru mattu jhekaadalli ondu sanna kepheyannu tereyitu." sangeeta vrattijeevanada arambha. marukatteyalli kannadaka mattu kaigavasugalannu marata maduvaga, yujeen sthaliya aramaneya "rovsnick" nalli audeo enginiyar aagi ardha-samayada udyogavannu kandukondaru, allie avaru dhwani sikshaka nelli ambartsumian nirvahisuva aadhunika haadu "sylver trill" studiyodalli purvaabhyaasada sangeetada pakkavaadyavannu odagisidaru. eugene avarige haaduva pratibhe iruvudarinda, avaru hecchu vrattiparavagi haaduvudannu adhyayana maaduvante soochisalaayitu. 2007ralli yujeen sthaliya utsavavaada "jhodino spring" nalli bhagavahisidaru mattu 16rinda 25 varshadolagina kalaavidara vibhagadalli vijetaraagi tamma modala grand prix annu padedaru, mattu bannada duradarshana sett "gorizant" annu bahumaanavaagi padedaru. 2009ralli avaru adhyakshiya vaadyavrundakke gayakara patravargadalli bhagavahisuvaga "belarasna hosa dhwanigalu" spardheya antima spardhigalaadaru mattu "musical nites inn mirr cassel" nalli prasiddha bellarus gayakarobbaru, "eurovision 2013" alyona lanskaayaada spardhigalalli obbaraada "friendship" haadannu pradarshisidaru. julai 2009 ralli, yujeen rashyaada smolensk pradeshada velize pattanadalli aadhunika haadina yuva kalaavidara ex antara-praadeshika spardheyalli grand prixna maalikaraadaru. <aii. dii. 1] samayadalli avaru ont channel "musical court" yojaneyalli bhagavahisidaru. 2011rahra septembernalli, yujeen avaru maitishchiyalli nadeda antaaraashtriya utsava "yooth off russia und bellarus ottige xi shatamaanadalli" dalli "atyuttama nata" vibhagadalli, aadhunika haadina jhodino studiyoda mattobba saaku maguvinondige, "sylver trill" valentina pavlova emba saamskrutika aramaneyalli vijetaraadaru. 24 september 2011 randu, judino pattanada dinadandu misalaagiruva sangeeta kacheriyalli, yujeen litwinkovich sthaliya kaaryakaari samitiya atyunnata prashastiyannu padedaru, samskruti kshetradalli yashassugagi gaurava prashastiyannu padedaru, idannu judino pattanada anukrama samitiya adhyaksharaada mihel omelanchuk mattu ojsk "belajh" piotar parhomchaikna ceo avarige niididaru. 2012rahra aarambhadalli yujeen avaru aante chaanelnalli "academy off talents" yojaneya patravargadalli uttirnaraadaru, aadare modala nera pradarshanada nantara spardheyannu toredaru. mundina 4 varsagalalli yujeen 2010,2011 (antima), 2012 (suuper-final) varsagalalli "hosa taranga" spardheya erakahoydadalli bhagavahisuttiddaru. 2013ralli avaru ukrenna pratinidhiyagi patravargadalli bhagavahisidaru. 2012ralli avaru alyona lanskaya avarondige slaviansky bazarnalli pradarshana niididaru. ukrennalli yashassu. ukrenge pratibhe ide minschnalli nadeda "ukrains gott tolent 4" kaaryakramada arambhika patravargadalli uttirnaraada nantara, 2012 ralli kharkiv aaykeyalli ee spardheyalli bhagavahisalu yujeen avarannu aahvaanisalaayitu. spardhege yujeen "sweet peepal" haadannu ayke maadiddaru, idannu aarambhadalli ukrainian gayaka alyosha "eurovision 2010" nalli prastutapadisidaru. ee pradarshanavu prekshakaralli dodda yashassannu kanditu. tirpugaarara nirdhaaravu sarvaanumatadinda koodiddu, kaaryakramada semifinalnalli eugene avaru lolita milyavskaya "moy fetish" ("nanna fatish") haadinondige nera pradarshana niididaru. tirpugaarara nirdhaarada moolaka yujeen pradarshanavannu toredaru aadare mattondu ekaika gayana pratibhe-pradarshana "ex-phyaaktar" nalli bhagavahisalu ihore condratuke (tirpugaarara sadasyarobbaru) avarinda aahvaanavannu padedaru. aadaroo, kaaryakramada sanghatakaru "ukrenna pratibhe" antima pandyadalli innoo ondu sthaanavannu serisalu nirdharisidaaga, eugene litwinkovich ee sthalavannu matha chalaayisuva prekshakara naayakanaagi sweekarisidaru. "aarambhadalli diana arbenina avaru haadida "katastrophichesky" ("durantatmakavagi") aaa samayadalli spardheya haadaagittu. antima matadaanada phalitamsha mattu nyayadhishara nirdhaarada moolaka yujeen 3neey sthaanavannu padedaru. x-amsha october 2012 ralli eugene ukrainian show "ex-phyaaktar" naa moorane season naa patravargadalli bhagavahisidaru. haralu scotna "millim" ("padagalu") haadina russian aavruttiyannu pradarshisida yujeen, ayke pravaasagalannu sulabhavaagi haaduhodaru mattu kaaryakramada ellah 11 nera prasaragalalli pradarshana niididaru. onde baarige namanirdeshanakke barade, eugene kaaryakramada suuper-finalist aadaru mattu prekshakaru matha chalaayisida prakara 2 neey sthaanavannu padedaru, vijayavannu odessa aidaa nikolaichukna gayakanige bittaru. kaaryakramada antima pandyada nantara eugene itara spardhigalondige (janavari 12-phebravari 3,2013) 19 ukrainian nagargalalli pravaasadalli bhagavahisidaru. ekaangi vrutti. jhnaaki jodiaka (rashichakra chihnegalu) ex-phyaaktar" kaaryakramada antyada nantara, yujeen avaru stb chanelna nirmaana kendradondige 5 varshagala oppandakke sahi haakidaru mattu tamma modala albamnalli kelasa maadalu praarambhisidaru. 2013rahra march 7randu, antaaraashtriya mahila dinaacharanege misalaagiruva "phyaaktar off spring" sangeeta kacheriyalli, yujeen tamma modala lekhakara haadu "jhnaaki jodiaka" ("rashichakra chihnegalu") annu prastutapadisidaru. yujeen tanna hosa haadugalannu bareyalu sakriyavagi kelasa maadidaru, tanna modala album "jhnaaki jhodiyaaka" ("rashichakra chihnegalu") annu dhwanimudrisidaru mattu halavaaru ukrainian nagargalalli saakashtu pradarshana niididaru. 2013rahra march 14randu, yujeen litwinkovichna adhikruta taanavannu ess. tii. bii. channel prastutapadisitu. 2013rahra april 2 mattu 3randu, "jhnaaki jodiaka" ("rashichakra chihnegalu") haadina sangeeta video chitrikarana nadeyitu. maxim litwinov ee krutiya nirdeshakaraadaru. mayee 23randu sangeeta veediyovannu prastutapadisalaayitu. 2013rahra april 6randu, yoojeennondige dodda pramanada abhimanigala sabhe nadeyitu. sabheyalli yujeen avaru tamma modala ekavyakti sangeeta kacheriyannu mayee 31randu ayojisuva bagge ellarigoo tilisidaru. april eradane bhagadalli ticket marata praarambhavaayitu mattu kevala ondu vaarada nantara avellavoo maaraatavaadavu. eugene mattu stb channel adhe dina hechchuvari ekavyakti sangeeta kacheriyannu nadesalu nirdharisidaru. hechchuvari sangeeta kacheriya tiketgalu saha halavaaru dinagalli maaraatavaadavu. eradoo ekavyakti sangeeta kacherigalannu ukrenna rashtriya sangeeta academy assembly haalnalli nadesalaayitu. aii. maaratavaada" soochaneyondige chaikovsky (keev conservatory). sangeeta kacheriyalli modala gayakana album "jhnaaki jodiaka" ("rashichakra chihnegalu") annu saha prastutapadisalaayitu. disk adhe hesarina haadannu mattu lekhakara innoo eradu haadugalaada "woat tock-tuu luche" ("idu hecchu uttamavaagide") mattu "keey tebe" ("tuu yuu"), haadugalaada "maama" (ell sangeeta) galannu olagondittu. shermine, vaii. vashuk; sahitya enn. tambovtseva), mattu "ex-phyaaktar" pradarshanadalli 4 haadugalannu saha pradarshisalaayitu. keey tebe (nimage) modala ekavyakti sangeeta kacherigala dodda yashassina nantara yujeen litwinkovich ukrainian nagargala sutta pravaasada siddhateyannu ghoshisidaru. augustinalli "keey tebe" ("tuu yuu") haadina sangeeta veediyovannu prasiddha sangeeta video-tayaaraka alexander philatovic chitrikarisidaru. nirdeshaka mattu gayakaru ayojisida mattu eugene avara abhimanigala bembaladondige flash-mob nantara music veediyovannu kiv naa mukhya chaukadalli dodda paradeya mele prastutapadisalaayitu. keey tebe" ("tuu yuu") pravaasavu ukrenna 14 atidodda nagargalalli 2013rahra november 6rinda 21rahra avadhiyalli nadeyitu. pravaasada aarambhadondige modala purna pramanada eugene album bidugadeyaayitu. disconnelli "jhnaaki jhodayaaka" ("rashichakra chihnegalu") albumna 4 haadugalu seriddavuhu "maama", "keey tebe" ("nimage"), "woat tock-tuu luche" ("idu hecchu uttamavaagide"), "jhnaaki jhodayaaka" ("rashichakra chihnegalu"), jotege hosa haadugalannu swatah yujeen samyojisiddaare. ondu haadu-"anomalia" ("anomali")-16 october 2013 randu "emm1" ukrainian music chaanelnalli prastutapadisalaayitu. 2013ralli nadesida kelasada phalitaamshagalinda, yujeenge ess. tii. bii. chanelna "stargala bagge nambalaagada satya" emba duradarshana-kaaryakramavu "varshada pragati" endu prashasti needitu. eurovision 2014" spardhege rashtriya patravarga" 21 december 2013 randu, yujeen ukrenninda "eurovision 2014" spardheya rashtriya patravargadalli "stralianaya pititsa" ("aa shaat burd") haadinondige bhagavahisidaru. kaaryakramada antima pandyakke aaykeyaada nantara, eugene prekshakaru mattu tirpugaarara ottu mottadinda 20 bhagavahisuvavaralli 8 neey sthaanavannu galisidaru. zdes 'i seichas ("illi mattu eega") 2014rahra aarambhadalli "miraji" ("miraajgalu") haadannu bidugade maadalaayitu. ee haadannu ukrennallina euromydange sambandhisida duranta ghatanegalige samarpisalaagide. maria jhaitnikova-ee haadina lekhaki eugene sahodyogi "ex-phyaaktar" show. hosa albumna kelasa praarambhavaagittu. 2014rahra mayee tingalalli "ukrains gott tolent 6" kaaryakramada antima hantadalli "jhses aii seachas" ("illi mattu eega") albumna mukhya haadannu prastutapadisalaayitu mattu ukrainian "daidu doow metty" ("aii will reched dhii goal") yaya itara haadannu "ex-phyaaktar" show arkadi voytuken innobba bhagavahisuvavaru baredaru. adhe varsha yujeen mattu stb channel oppandavannu munchitavaagi muridavu mattu gayakanu tannade aada vrattijeevanavannu munduvarisidanu. 2014rahra besigeyalli, eugene ukrainian gayaka renata stiffel avarondige "ohotnitsa" ("betegaara") haadannu dhwanimudrana maadidaru. 2014 rahra eradane bhagadalli gayaka ukrain suttaloo saakashtu pravaasa maadidaru. november 25randu eradane album "jhses aii seachas" ("illi mattu eega") bidugadeyaayitu mattu poshaka pravaasavannu nadesalaayitu. ee pravaasavu ukrenna 12 nagaragalannu olagondittu. hosa albamnalli yujeen mattu itara lekhakaru bareda hosa haadugalu, jotege modala album "keey tebe" ("tuu yuu") naa halavaaru haadugalu seriddavu. parisna modala mahile 28 mattu 29 march 2015 randu, keevnallina concert haal "ukrain" nalli, sangeetamaya "notre dame dii paris" haadugala concert-sensation prathama pradarshana nadeyitu. yujeen litwinkovich pavaadagala aasthaanada raaja clopin patravannu nirvahisidaru. sangeeta kacheriyalli yujeen ee kelagina airiyaagalannu pradarsisidaruh "less sance-papiers", "laa coor dess miracles", "condumness"-ekavyakti, jotege "fatalite", athawa est-elle?liberes", "ell 'attak dii notre-dame"-itara ekavyakti gayakarondige. preeti mattu shanti april 16rinda 2015rahra mayee 27ravarege, yujeen "love und peace" emba sangeeta kaaryakramada moolaka ukrenna sumaru 20 nagaragalige pravaasa kaigondaru. ee pravaasada guriyu donbasnallina yuddhada kashtada avadhiyalli ukreniyannara sakaaraatmaka manasthitiyannu hechchisuvudaagittu. pravaasada aarambhadondige "select" endu kareyalaaguva eugene litwinkovichna 4neey disk annu bidugade maadalaayitu. ee disk gayakana sangrahadinda 19 atyuttama samyojanegalannu hondittu. pravasadinda hindirugida nantara, mayee 29randu, eugene litwinkovich avarige saarvajanika aadyategala ukrainian spardheya "yashassina mechchinavugalu" phalitaamshagalinda "2014rahra varshada purusha gayaka" endu nidalaayitu. belarasnalli kelasa mattu mannane. november antyadalli-december 2013 rahra aarambhadalli, yujeen avarannu baranovichi nagaradalli sangeeta marathon samayadalli pradarshana needalu aahvaanisalaayitu. ee yojaneyolage avaru "academy off tolents" kaaryakramada padavidharara sangeeta kacheriyalli "mother" haadinondige leonid shirin srujanasheela kelasakke misalaagiruva munnaadinadandu pradarshana niididaru mattu "2013 rahra varshada haadu" emba prashastiyannu saha padedaru.

yujeen litwinkovich belaarasil janichathum ukrainil janapriyayumaaya oru gaayikayum ezhuthukaariyum abhinethaavumaanu yujeen litwinkovich (jananam november 4,1982, belaarasile sodino). 2013-ll "ukrains gott taalant 4" shoyude finalistum 2013-nte thudakkathil "ex-factor (ukraine) 3" shoyude suuppar finalistum jeevacharitram. kuttikkalavum youvanavum. shhoo nirmmathaavaaya mihail litvinkovichintayum photographer nadeshda litvinkovichintayum kudumbatthil 1982 november 4 nuu belarasian pattanamaya sodinoyilaanu yujeen litvinkovichu janichathu. pithaavinte akaala maranashesham, addehathinte sahodari elena addehathe paripalikkukayaayirunnu. 7 vayassullappol muthal samgeethatheyum nrithasamvidhaanatheyum kurichu aazhathilulla padanavumaayi yujeen schoolil padichu. 10-aamm vayassil addeham art schoolil praveshikkukayum pinneedu athu bahumaanaartham poortthiyaakkukayum cheythu. athe samayam yujeen aayodhanakala (judo, sambo) pariseelikkukayum samboyil maasttar oof sportsinulla sthaanaarthiyaayi maarukayum cheythu. onpathaam classinu sesham addeham koleju oof art aandu restorationil praveshichenkilum birudam nedaathe swakaarya samrambhakanayi pravartthanam aarambhichu. kannadayum kayyurakalum ulla oru kada koodaaram addehathinte aadya bisinesses anubhavamayi maari. oru nischitha thuka sambaadicha sesham, yujeen aadyam oru ooppan eyar disco club "dhaa kej" sthaapikkukayum thudarnnu oru naitt club "extra", oru restorant "parudeesa" enniva samghadippikkukayum secas nagaratthil oru cheria kaphe "thurakkukayum cheythu." samgeethajeevithathinte thudakkam. vipaniyil kannadayum kayyurakalum vilkkumbol, praadeshika saamskaarika kottaramaaya "rovsnikkil" oru audiyo enchineeyaraayi ardhakaala joliyum yujeen kandethi, avide addeham oru shabda adhyapakanaaya nellie ambartumian kaikaaryam cheiyunna aadhunika gaanamaya "silver trill" studiyoyil rehersalukalude samgeethasahaayam nalki. yujeenu paattu paadaanulla kazhivundayirunnathinaal kooduthal professionalaayi paatt padikkaan nirddeshikkappettu. 2007ll yujeen praadeshika utsavamaaya "sodino spring" ll pankedukkukayum 16 muthal 25 vayass vare praayamulla kalakaaranmaarude vibhaagathil vijayiyayi thante aadya grand prix nedukayum koodaathe oru kalar tivi settu "gorisond" sammaanamaayi labikkukayum cheythu. 2009ll presidential oorkkastrayil gaayakarude castingil pankedukkumbol addeham "belaarasinte puthiya shabdangal" malsarathinte finalistaayi maarukayum "myoosikkal naitts inn mirr kaasil" enna paripaadiyil "frontship" enna gaanam "eurovision 2013" alyona lanskayayude malsaraarthikalil oralaaya prashastha belarasian gayakanodoppam avatharippikkukayum cheythu. 2009 joolaiyil russiayile smollensk mekhalayile velis pattanatthil aadhunika gaanangalude yuva kalakaaranmaarude ex inter regional malsarathil yujeen grand prixinte udamayaayi. <aii. dii. 1> samayat addeham oondu chaanal "myoosikkal court" enna padhathiyil pankedutthu. 2011 septambaril, maittishchiyil nadanna anthaaraashtra utsavamaaya "yujeen oof russia aandu bellarus yoothu tugether inn xti senchwari" enna paripaadiyil "dhii bestt aakdezhs" enna vibhaagathil, palas oof kalcharile "silver trill" valenteena pavlovayile aadhunika gaanatthinte sodino studiyoyile mattoru valarthumakanodoppam yujeen vijayichu. 2011 septambar 24 nuu sodino pattanatthinte divasathinaayi samarppicha kacheriyil, yujeen litwinkovichinu praadeshika executive kammittiyude ettavum uyarnna award labhichu, saamskaarika mekhalayile vijayathin oonarari saiteshan nalki aadarichu, ithu sodino taunn executive kammitti chairman mihail omeliyanchukkum oojsku "belas" piottar parhomchaikkinte ceoyum addehathinu nalki. 2012-nte thudakkathil yujeen oondu chaanalile "akkadami oof talents" enna padhathiyude casting paas cheythuvenkilum aadya thalsamaya shoyk sesham malsaram upekshichu. adutha 4 varshathinide 2010,2011 (finalist), 2012 (suuppar finalist) varshangalil yujeen "nyoo wave" malsarathinaayi castingukalil pankedukkukayaayirunnu. 2013ll addeham ukraininte prathinidhiyayi castingil pankedutthu. 2012ll addeham alyona lanskayakkoppam slaviansky basaaril prakadanam nadatthi. ukrainile vijayam. ukraine kazhivukalundu. minskile "ukrains gaatt taalant 4" enna shoyude prarambha casting paas cheytha sesham, 2012 ll khaarkiv selectionil eee malsarathil pankedukkaan yoojeene kshanichu. malsarathinaayi yujeen "sweet peeppil" enna gaanam thiranjedutthu, ithu thudakkathil "eurovision 2010" ll ukreniyan gaayika alyosha avatharippichu. prekshakarkkidayil eee paripadi valia vijayamayirunnu. jadjimaarude theerumaanam ekakandamaayirunnu, shoyude semi finalil yujeen svayam kandethi, avide addeham lolita milyaavskaayayude "moy fettish" ("ente fettish") enna gaanathode thalsamayam avatharippichu. jadjimaarude theerumaanaprakaaram yujeen shhow vittuvenkilum mattoru shabda prathibhaasatthil pankedukkaan ihore kontraattyookkil (juurii amgangalil oraal) ninnu kshanam labhichu. ennittum, "ukraininte prathibhakalkk" enna paripaadiyude samghaadakar finalil oru sthaanam koodi cherkkaan theerumaanichappol, yujeen litvinkovichu eee sthalathe prekshakarude nethaavaayi sweekarichu. "diana arbenina avatharippicha "cuttestrophishesky" ("duranthapoornamaayi") aayirunnu akkaalathe malsaragaanam. anthima votteduppinteyum jadjimaarude theerumaanathinteyum falamaayi yujeen moonnaam sthaanam nedi. ex-ghadakam 2012 octoberil yujeen ukrainiyan shhow "ex-factor" moonnaam season castingil pankedutthu. harrell skaattinte "millim" ("vaakkukal") enna gaanatthinte russian pathipp avatharippicha yujeen eluppathil selection toorukalil vijayikkukayum shoyude 11 thalsamaya prakshepanangalilum avatharippikkukayum cheythu. oru thavana polum naamanirddesham cheyyappedaathe, yujeen shoyude suuppar finalistaayi maarukayum prekshakarude votting anusarichu randaam sthaanam nedukayum cheythu, vijayam odesa aida nikkolechukkil ninnulla oru gayakanu vittu. shoyude finalinu sesham yujeen mattu malsaraarthikalkkoppam (januvari 12-februvari 3 2013) 19 ukreniyan nagarangalil paryadanatthil pankedutthu. ottaykkulla currier. naakki sodiyaka (raashichihnangal) ex-factor" shhow avasaanichathinusesham, yujeen ezz. tii. bii chaanalinte nirmmaana kendravumaayi 5 varshathe karar oppidukayum thante aadya aalbathil pravartthikkaan thudangukayum cheythu. 2013 march 7 nuu, anthaaraashtra vanita dinathodanubandhichu samarppicha "vasanthathinte ghadakam" samgeethakkacheriyil, yujeen thante aadya rachayithaavinte gaanam "snacky sodiyaka" ("raashichihnangal") avatharippichu. yujeen thante puthiya ganangal ezhuthunnathil sajeevamaayi pravartthikkukayum thante aadya aalbam "naakki sodiyaka" ("raashichihnangal") record cheyyukayum niravadhi ukreniyan nagarangalil dhaaraalam prakadanangal nadathukayum cheythu. 2013 march 14 nuu yujeen litwinkovichinte audyogika saitt ezz. tii. bii chaanal avatharippichu. 2013 epril 2,3 theeyathikalil "naakki sodiyaka" ("raashichihnangal") enna gaanatthinte myoosikkal viidiyoo chithreekaranam nadannu. maxim litvinov eee kruthiyude director. meyy meyy myoosikkal viidiyoo avatharippichu. 2013 epril epril yujeen upayogichulla oru valia thothilulla aaradhaka yogam nadannu. meyy meyy thante aadya sooloo kacheri aasoothranam cheiyunnathinekkurichu yogathinide yujeen ellaavareyum ariyichu. epril randaam pakuthiyil ticket vilppana aarambikkukayum oraazhchaykk sesham avayellaam vilkkukayum cheythu. ezz. tii. bii chaanalumayi chernnu yujeen athe divasam thanne adhika sooloo kacheri nadatthaan theerumaanichu. adhika kacheriyude tikkattukalum eathaanum divasangalkkullil vittutheernnu. rund sooloo kacherikalum ukrainile naashanal music academyude assembly haalilaan nadannathu. aii. vittupoya" noticinoppam chaikovsky (kaivu kansarvettari). samgeethakkacheriyil aadyathe gaayakante aalbam "snacky sodiyaka" ("raashichihnangal") avatharippichu. diskill athe perilulla gaanavum ezhuthukaarante rund gaanangalaya "vottu thaku-tuu lushe" ("ithu valare mikachathaanu"), "keey tebe" ("tuu yuu"), "maama" (ell. shamrin, vaii. vashuk; varikal enn. tambovtseva), koodaathe "ex-factor" shoyil 4 gaanangalum avatharippichu. keey tebe (ningalkk) aadyathe sooloo kacherikalude valia vijayathin sesham yujeen litwinkovich ukraine nagarangalkk chuttumulla paryadanatthinulla thayyaareduppu prakhyaapichu. augustil "keey tebe" ("tuu yuu") enna gaanatthinte myoosikkal viidiyoo chithreekarichathu prashastha music viidiyoo nirmmathaavaaya alexander philattovichu aanu. samvidaayakanum gayakan samghadippikkukayum yoojeeninte aaraadhakarude pinthunayode flash-mob nadathukayum cheythathinu sesham keevile pradhana squareil valia screenil music viidiyoo avatharippichu. 2013 november 6 muthal 21 vareyulla kaalayalavil ukrainile 14 valia nagarangalil nadanna touur "keey tebe" ("tuu yuu") toorinte aadya samboornna aalbam puratthirangi. shnaki sodiyaka" ("raashichihnangal") enna aalbathile 4 ganangal diskil ulppedunnu "maama", "keey tebe" ("ningalkk"), "vottu thaku-tuu luchshe" ("ithu valare mikachathaanu"), "shnaki sodiyaka" ("raashichihnangal"), koodaathe puthiya gaanangalum ulppedunnu, avayil bhooribhaagavum yujeen thanne rachichathaanu. anomalia" ("anomali") enna oru gaanam 2013 october 16 nuu "emm 1" ukreniyan music chanalil avatharippichu. 2013ll nadatthiya pravartthanangalude phalangal anusarichu, ezz. tii. bii chaanalinte "avishwasaneeyamaaya sathyam" enna television shhow yoojeene "varshathile vazhithirivu" aayi prakhyaapichu. eurovision 2014" malsarathinulla deseeya casting" 2013 desember 21 nuu, ukrainil ninnulla "eurovision 2014" enna malsarathinulla deseeya castingil yujeen "streliyanaya pititsa" ("oru shoat pakshi") enna gaanathode pankedutthu. shoyude finalilekku thiranjedukkappetta sesham, prekshakarudeyum jooriyudeyum koottatthil pankeduttha 20 peril ettaam sthaanathaanu yujeen. zdes 'i seichas ("ivideyum ippolum") 2014-nte thudakkathil "mirasi" ("mirajas") enna gaanam puratthirangi. ukrainile euromydaanumaayi bandhapetta daarunamaaya sambhavangalkkayi samarppichathaayirunnu eee gaanam. ex-factor" shoyude yoojeente sahapravarthakayayirunnu eee gaanatthinte rachayithaav-maria cytnicova. puthiya aalbathinte punny thudangikkazhinjirunnu. 2014 meyy maasathil "ukrains gott taalant 6" enna shoyude finalil "ises 'aii seachas" ("ivideyum ippolum") enna aalbathinte pradhana gaanavum athupole thanne "ex-factor" shhow arcady voytyookkile mattoru pankaali ezhuthiya "daidu doow metti" ("aii will end dhaa goal") enna ukreniyan gaanavum avatharippichu. athe varsham thanne yoojeen ezz. tii. bii chanalum karar munkootty lamghikkukayum gaayakan svanthamaayi currier aarambikkukayum cheythu. 2014 venalkkaalath yujeen ukreniyan gaayika renatta shittifelinoppam "ohothnitsa" ("vettakkaaran") enna gaanam record cheythu. 2014-nte randaam bhaagath gaayakan ukrainil dhaaraalam paryadanam nadatthi. november november randaamathe aalbam "zse 'i seichas" ("ivideyum ippolum") purathirangukayum supporting touur nadathukayum cheythu. ukrainile 12 nagarangal ulppedunnathaanu paryadanam. puthiya aalbathil yoojeen mattu rachayithaakkalum ezhuthiya puthiya gaanangalum aadya aalbamaaya "keey tebe" ("tuu yuu") yill ninnulla niravadhi gaanangalum ulppedunnu. paarees nothre daim 2015 march 28,29 theeyathikalil, keevile "ukraine" enna kacheri haalil, "notter daam dii paarees" enna samgeethathil ninnulla gaanangalude kacheri-senseshante premiier nadannu. yujeen litwinkovich athbhuthangalude kottaaratthile rajaavaaya klopinte bhagam avatharippichu. samgeethakkacheriyil yujeen thaazhepparayunna eriyakal avatharippichu "less sance-papiers", "laa coor dess mistaraakkils", "contumness"-sooloo, athupole "faattaalitti", allengil estte-elle?liberus", "ell 'attaakk dii notter-daam"-mattu sooloo gayakarkoppam. snehavum samadhaanavum 2015 epril 16 muthal meyy 27 vare yujeen "snehavum samadhaanavum" enna kacheriyodoppam ukrainile 20 oolam nagarangalil paryadanam nadatthi. donbaasile yudhathinte dushkaramaaya kaalaghattatthil ukrainiyakkaarude nalla maanasikavastha uyarthuka ennathaayirunnu eee paryadanatthinte lakshyam. toorinte thudakkathodoppam yujeen litwinkovichinte "select" enna naalaamathe disk puratthirangi. gaayakante shekharathil ninnulla 19 mikacha rachanakal diskil undaayirunnu. touril ninnu madangiyethiya sesham, meyy 29 nuu, yujeen litwinkovichinu "2014-leeii purusha gaayakan" enna bahumati "vijaya priyankarangal" enna pothu mungananakalude ukreniyan malsarathinte falangalaal labhichu. belaarasil joliyum amgeekaaravum. november avasaanathode-2013 desember thudakkathil, baranovichi nagaratthil nadanna sangeetha maarathanil pankedukkaan yoojeene kshanichu. eee projakttinullil addeham leonid shirinte srishtiparamaaya pravarthanatthinaayi "mother" enna gaanathode "akkadami oof talents" shoyile birudadhaarikalude kacheriyil avatharippikkukayum "2013-leeii gaanam" enna award nedukayum cheythu.

yujen litwinkovich yujen litwinkovich (janm 4 november 1982, zodino, bellaroos) haah belarusmadhye janmalela aanee yukrenmadhye lokpriy gayak, lekhak aanee kalakar aahe. 2013 madhye 'ukrainechya gott talent 4' shochi antim pherii gathanari aanee 2013 chya suruvatila 'ex-factor (ukraine) 3' shochi super-finalist charitra. balpan aanee tarunya. yujen litwinkovicha janm 4 november 1982 roji belarusachya zodino shaharat padatrane banvinara mihel litwinkovich aanee chhayachitrakar nadezda litwinkovich yanchya kutumbat jhaala. tyachya vadilanchya akali mrutyunantar tyachi baheen elena tyachi kalji ghet hotee. yujeen 7 varshancha asalyapasun tyane sangeet aanee nrutya digdarshanacha sakhol abhyas karoon shalet shikshan ghetale. vayachya 10 vya varshi tyanni qalaa shalet pravesh ghetala aanee nantar teey sanmanane purn kele. tyach velee yujinane marshal artscha (judo aanee sambo) sarav keela aanee sambomadhye master auph sportsathi umedvar banala. navvya iyattenantar tyanni qalaa aanee punarsthapana mahavidhyalayat pravesh ghetala, parantu teey padvidhar jhaale nahee aanee tyaeivaji khajgi udhyojak mhanoon tyancha vyavasay suru keela. chashma aanee hatmoje asalela dukanatil tamboo haah tyacha pahila vyavsayik anubhav tharala. kahee paise kamavalyanantar yujinane pratham 'daad kej' haah open air disco club sthapan keela aanee nantar 'extra', 'paradise' asey restaurant aanee 'zeka' madhye eka lahan cafey 'ughadale." sangeet karkirdichi suruvat. bajarat chashma aanee hatmoje viktana, yujeenla sthanik sanskratichya rajvadyat 'rovsnick' madhye audio abhiyanta mhanoon ardhvel nokri midali, jithe tyane aavaj shikshak nellie embartsumiandware vyavasthapit aadhunik gaane 'sylver trill' chya studiomadhye rehearsalchi sangeet sangat pradan kelee. yujeenmadhye gayanachi pratibha asalyane tyala adhik vyavsayik gayan shikanyachi soochana karnyat aalee hotee. 2007 madhye yujinane sthanik mahotsav 'zodino spring' madhye bhag ghetala aanee 16 teey 25 varshe vayogatatil kalakaranchya shreneet vijeta mhanoon tyacha pahila grand prix aanee eka rangeet durchitravani sanch 'gorizont' dekhil puraskar mhanoon prapt keela. 2009 madhye too 'nyu voice auph bellaroos' spardhecha antim fereet pohochala, jevha too adhyakshiy vadyavrundamadhye gayakanchya nivad prakriyet sahbhagi jhaala aanee 'musical nites inn miir casal' madhye 'friendship' heey gaane eka prasiddha bellarussian gayakasobat sadar kele, joou 'eurovision 2013' chya spardhkanpaiki eka hota. julai 2009 madhye, yujeen russiachya smolensk pradeshatil velize shaharat aadhunik ganyachya tarun kalakaranchya ex aantarpradeshik spardhet grand prixcha malak banala. 2009-2010 darmyan tyane aunt channelchya "musical court" yaa prakalpat bhag ghetala. september 2011 madhye, yujen haah 'sarvottam abhineta' yaa shreneet, 'russia aanee belarusache yuva ekatra' yaa aantarrashtriy mahotsavacha vijeta tharala, joou 'palace auph culture' madheel 'sylver trill' valentin pavlova yaa aadhunik ganyachya zodino studiochya aanakhi eka palak mulasah hota. 24 september 2011 roji zodino shaharachya divasala samarpit maifilidarmyan, yujen litwinkovich yanna sthanik karyakari samiticha sarvoch puraskar midala, sanskratichya kshetratil yashasathi manad prashastipatrane sanmanit karnyat aale, jeey tyanna zodino shahar karyakari samitiche adhyaksh mihel omalyanchuk aanee ojsc "belaz" pyotara parhomchik yanche mukhya karyakari adhikari yanni dile. 2012 chya suruvatila yujinane aunt vahinivaril 'academy auph talent' yaa prakalpachya patranchi nivad uttirn kelee, parantu pahilya thet karyakramanantar spardha sodali. pudhil 4 varshant yujeen 2010,2011 (antim pherii), 2012 (super-finalist) yaa varshant 'nyu wave' spardhesathi castingmadhye bhag ghet hota. 2013 madhye tyane ukrainecha pratinidhi mhanoon castingmadhye bhag ghetala. 2012 madhye tyane alyona lanskyasobat slaviansky bajarat sadarikaran kele. yukrenmadhye yash. yukrenmadhye pratibha aahe minskmadhil 'ukrainechya gott talent 4' yaa karyakramasathi prarambhik patra nivad uttirn jhalyanantar, yujeenla 2012 madhye kharkiv nivadivaril yaa spardhet bhag ghenyasathi aamantrit karnyat aale hote. spardhesathi yujinane 'sweet pipal' heey gaane nivadle hote, jeey suruvatila ukrainean gayak alyoshane 'eurovision 2010' madhye sadar kele hote. yaa sadarikaranala prekshakanmadhye mothe yash midale. nyayadhishancha nirnay ekmatane hota aanee yujinane shochya upantya fereet swatahla aadhalale, jithe tyane lolita milyavaskayachya 'moy fatish' ('majhe fatish') ganyasah thet sadarikaran kele. nyayadhishanchya nirnayamule yujinane karyakram sodala parantu teela hoar kondratyuk (jurie sadasyanpaiki eka) kadoon aanakhi eka keval gayan-pratibha-karyakram 'ex-factor' madhye bhag ghenyache aamantran midale. tarihi, jevha karyakramachya aayojakanni "ukrainechya gott talent" neey antim fereet aanakhi eka sthan jodanyacha nirnay ghetala, tevha yujen litwinkovichne heey sthan matdanachya prekshakanche nete mhanoon sweekarle. "suruvatila dyna arbenina yanni sadar kelele 'katastrofishesky' ('aapattijanak') heey tyaa kalatil spardheche gaane hote. antim matdanachya aanee nyayadhishanchya nirnayachya nikalanusar yujenane tisare sthan midavale. ex-ghatak aktoobar 2012 madhye yujinane ukrainean shhow 'ex-factor' chya chya hangamachya castingmadhye bhag ghetala. herrell scatchya 'millim' ('shabd') ganyachi russian aavrutti sadar kelyanantar, yujinane nivad sahali sahaj paar kelya aanee karyakramachya serve 11 thet prasarananmadhye sadarikaran kele. ekach velee namankan naan midavata, yujeen yaa karyakramachi super-finalist bunley aanee prekshakanni dilelya matanusar tine dusare sthan midavale, aanee vijay odessa ayda nikolechukchya gayakavar sodala. karyakramachya antim samnyanantar yujinane itar spardhkansah (12 janewari-3 februwari 2013) ukrainechya 19 shaharanchya yaa bhag ghetala. ektyachi karkird. znaki zodaka (rashee chinhe) ex-factor' shhow sampalyanantar, yujinane ess. tii. bii. vahinichya nirmiti kendrashi 5 varshancha karar keela aanee tyachya pahilya albamvar kaam karnyas suruvat kelee. 7 march 2013 roji, aantarrashtriy mahila deane sajra karnyasathi samarpit 'factor auph spring' maifilidarmyan, yujinane tyache pahile lekhakache gaane 'znaki zodika' ('rashee chinhe') sadar kele. yujinane tyachi naveen ganee lihinyavar sakriyapane kaam kele, tyacha pahila album 'zanaki zodayaka' ('rashee chinhe') reecord keela aanee ukrainechya anek shaharanmadhye dekhil barech sadarikaran kele. 14 march 2013 roji, eugene litvinkoviche adhikrut sanketsthal ess. tii. bii. vahineene sadar kele. 2 aanee 3 april 2013 roji 'zanaki zodayaka' ('rashee chinhe') yaa ganyasathi sangitmay vhidioche chitrikaran jhaale. maxim litvinov yaa kamacha sanchalak banala. 23 meey roji sangitmay video sadar karnyat aala. 6 april 2013 roji yujinsah mothya pramanat chahatyanchi baithak jhaali. baithakidarmyan yujinane 31 meey roji niyojit asalelya tyachya pahilya ekal maifilibaddal sarvanna soochit kele. aprilchya chya bhagat tikitanchi vikri suru jhaali aanee keval eka aathvadyanantar tyaa serve vikalya gelya. yoojeenne ess. tii. bii. vahinisah tyach divashi atirikt ekal maifal aayojit karnyacha nirnay ghetala. atirikt maifilichi tikitehi kahee divasant vikali gelee. donhi ekal maifili ukrainechya rashtriy sangeet akadamichya sabha sabhagruhat aayojit kelya gelya, jyanna pii. aay. vikali geleli" notices chaikovsky (kayiv conservatory). maifilidarmyan pahilya gayakacha album 'zanaki zodayaka' ('rashee chinhe') dekhil sadar karnyat aala. diskmadhye tyach navache gaane tasech lekhakachi aanakhi done ganee 'woat taka-too lushe' ('heey barech changle aahe') aanee 'keey tebe' ('too yuu'), ganee 'maama' (ell. shermine, vaay. vaschuk; aine. chey booal. tambovatseva), aanee 'ex-factor' shhow darmyan sadar keleli 4 ganee. keey tebe (tumchyasathi) pahilya ekal maifilichya mothya yashanantar yujen litwinkovichne ukrainechya shaharanchya aaspaschya yaa tayarichi ghoshana kelee. augustmadhye 'keey tebe' ('too yuu') yaa ganyacha sangitmay video prasiddha sangeet video-nirmata alekzandar philatovic yane chitrit keela hota. digdarshak aanee gayakane aayojit kelelya aanee yujeenchya chahatyanni pathimba dilelya flash-mobanantar sangeet video kayivmadhil mukhya chaukavar mothya padadyavar sadar karnyat aala. 6 teey 21 november 2013 yaa kalavadhit yukrenmadhil 14 sarvat mothya shaharanmadhye 'keey tebe' ('too yuu') haah daura jhaala. yaa yaa suruvatilach yujeencha pahila purn-vikasit sangrah prasiddha jhaala. diskmadhye 'znaki zodayaka' ('rashee chinhe') yaa albammadhil 4 ganee samavisht hotih 'maama', 'keey tebe' ('too yuu'), 'woat taka-too luche' ('heey barech changle aahe'), 'znaki zodayaka' ('rashee chinhe'), tasech naveen ganee jyapaiki bahutek swatah yujinane rachali hotee. eka gaane-'visangati' ('visangati')-16 aktoobar 2013 roji roji ukrainean sangeet vahinivar sadar karnyat aale. 2013 saalee kelelya kamacha parinam mhanoon, ugenela ess. tii. bii. vahineene 'avishvasaniy satya' yaa durchitravani karyakramadvare 'varshatil sarvottam yash' mhanoon sanmanit kele. eurovision 2014' spardhesathi rashtriy nivad" 21 december 2013 roji, yujinane yukrenmadhun "eurovision 2014" chya spardhesathi rashtriy patravargat "streliyanaya pititsa" ("eka shaut burd") yaa ganyasah bhag ghetala. karyakramachya antim ferisathi nivad jhalyanantar, yujinane prekshak aanee nirnayak mandalachya ekoon sankhyenusar 20 sahbhaginpaiki 8 weey sthan midavale. zedades 'aay sechas ("yethe aanee aata") 2014 chya suruvatila 'mirazi' ('mirages') heey gaane pradarshit jhaale. heey gaane yukrenmadhil euromaidanshi sambandhit dukkhad ghatanansathi samarpit hote. yaa ganyache lekhak yujeenche 'ex-factor' shoche sahkari hote-maria zaitnikova. naveen albumche kaam suru jhaale hote. meey 2014 madhye 'ukrainechya gott talent 6' yaa karyakramachya antim feridarmyan 'zes' aay seikas '(' yethe aanee aata ') yaa dhvanimudrikeche mukhya gaane tasech' ex-factor 'shhow arkadi vayatyukchya aanakhi eka sahbhagine lihilele ukrainean' diadou doow metty '(' aay will tatt daad goal ') madheel dusare gaane sadar karnyat aale. tyach varshi yujeen aanee ess. tii. bii. vahineene veleaadhich karar modala aanee gayakane swatachya karkirdit pudhe vatchal kelee. 2014 chya unhalyat yujinane ukrainean gayika renata stiffelsobat 'ohatnitsa' (shikari) heey gaane dhwanimudrit kele. 2014 chya chya bhagat gayakane ukrainechya aaspas bharpur daura keela. 25 november roji 'zes' aay seikas '(' yethe aanee aata ') haah dusra album pradarshit jhaala aanee sahayyak daura aayojit karnyat aala. yaa yaa ukrainechya 12 shaharancha samavesh hota. naveen albammadhye yujeen aanee itar lekhakanni lihileli naveen ganee, tasech pahilya album 'keey tebe' ('too yuu') madheel anek ganee samavisht hotee. parischi pahili vyakti 28 aanee 29 march 2015 roji, kivmadhil maifilichya sabhagruh "ukraine" madhye, sangitmay "notre dame dii parris" madheel ganyanchya maifili-sanvedanecha pahila bhag jhaala. yujen litwinkovichne chamatkaranchya darbaratil raja clopinchi bhoomika sakarli. maifilidarmyan yujinane khaleel ariaz sadar keleh "leesa sance-papiers", "laa court days mirecles", "condamness"-solo, tasech "fatellit", kinwa est-elle?, liberes", "laal 'attak daad notre-dame"-itar ekal gayakansah. prem aanee shantee 16 april teey 27 meey 2015 paryant yujinane 'prem aanee shantata' yaa maifilichya karyakramasah ukrainechya sumare 20 shaharancha daura keela. donbasmadhil yuddhachya katheen kalat ukrainechya lokanchi sakaratmak manahsthiti nirman karane haah yaa yaa uddesh hota. yaa yaa suruvatilach 'selected' navachi yujeen litwinkovichi chauthi disk prakashit karnyat aalee. yaa diskmadhye gayakachya sangrahatil 19 sarvottam rachana hotya. 29 meey roji, yujen litwinkovich yaa yaaoon paratalyanantar, yukrenmadhye jhalelya 'yashachya aavadatya' yaa sarvajanik pradhanyanchya spardhechya nikalandware tyala '2014 salcha purush gayak' mhanoon sanmanit karnyat aale. belarusmadhye kaam aanee manyata. novemberchya shevati-december 2013 chya suruvatila, yujeenla baranovichi shaharatil sangeet marethon darmyan sadarikaran karnyasathi aamantrit karnyat aale hote. yaa prakalpat tyane 'daad academy auph talent' shochya padvidharanchya maifilimadhye 'mudder' yaa ganyasah leonid shirinchya sarjansheel karyasathi samarpit purvasandhyela sadarikaran kele aanee 'daad song auph daad ear 2013' haah puraskarhi midala.

yuzhen litbhinkobhich yuzhen litbhinkobhich (janma 4 november 1982, jhodino, bellarus) belarusma janmieka rar yukrenma lokpriya gayak, lekhak rar kalakar hun. sann 2013 maa "yukrenko gatt telent 4" karyakramko finalist rar sann 2013 ko suruma "ex-factor (yukrena) 3" karyakramko super-finalist jiwani. balyakal rar yuwawastha. yuzhen litbhinkobhichko janma 4 november 1982 maa bellarus saharko jhodinoma jutta nirmata mihel litbhinkobhich rar photographer nadejhada litbhinkobhichko pariwarma bhaeko thiyo. unka bubako prarambhik mrityupachhi unaki bahini alenale unko herchah gariraheki thiin. uni 7 warshako umerdekhi nai yujenle sangit rar choreographyko gahan adhyayanka sath schoolma adhyayan gare. 10 warshako umerma unle kala vidyalayama prawesh gare rar pachhi sammanka sath samapta gare. ekai samayama yujenle marcel art (judo rar sambo) ko abhyas gare rar samboma master aff sportka lagi ummedwar bane. nawaun schoolko kakshapachhi uni kala rar punarsthapana mahavidyalayama prawesh gare, tara yasalai snatak garenan rar yasako satta niji udyamiko rupma afno gatiwidhi suru gare. chashma rar panja bhaeko pasalko tambu unko pahilo wyaparik anubhav banyo. unle nishchit rakam kamaepachhi, yujenle pahile euta open air disco club "da kej" sthapana gare, rar tyasapachhi ek night club "extra", ek resturant "paradise" rar jhekama euta sano cafe "kholyo." sangit kariyarko suruwat. bajarma chashma rar panja bechdai garda, yujenle sthaniya sanskriti darbar "rovesnik" maa adio engineerko rupma adha samayako jagira pani pae, jahaan unle bhwaisa shikshak nelly ambartsumiandwara wyawasthit adhunik geet "silver trill" ko studioma rehearsalko sangitik sath pradan gare. yujensanga gayanko pratibha bhaekale unlai ajha wyawasayik rupma gayan adhyayan garna sujhau diieko thiyo. sann 2007 maa yujenle sthaniya mahotsava "jhodino spring" maa bhag lie rar 16 dekhi 25 warsha umerka kalakarharuko shrenima wijetako rupma afno pahilo grand prix prapta gare, rar puraskarko rupma rangin tivi sett "gorizant" pani prapta gare. sann 2009 maa uni rashtrapati archestrama gayakharuko castingma bhag lindai "belarusko nayan awaz" pratiyogitako finalist bane rar "musical nights inn mirr casal" maa belaruski prasidha gayika, "eurovision 2013" ko pratispardhiharu madhye ek, alyona lanskayasanga "mitrata" geet prastut gare. july 2009 maa, yuzhen rusko smolensk kshetrako bhelij saharma adhunik gitka yuwa kalakarharuko ex antarkshetriya pratiyogitama grand priksko malik bane. 2009-2010 ko samayama unle ont channel "musical court" ko pariyojanama bhag lie. september, 2011 maa, yuzhen sanskritik darbar "silver trill" valentina pawlobhama adhunik gitko jhodino studioko arko palak bachchasanga "sarwashreshtha abhineta" shrenima mitishchima antarrashtriya mahotsava "roos rar belarusko yuwa sangai xi shatabdima" ko vijeta bane. 24 september 2011 maa sahar jhodinoko dina samarpit concertko kramama, yuzhen litbhinkobhichle sthaniya karyakari samitiko sarvochcha puraskar prapta gare, sanskritiko kshetrama safaltako lagi manartha prashasti patrale puraskrit gariyo, june unlai jhodino saharko karyakari samitika adhyaksha mihel omalyanchuk rar ozesk "belaz" pyotar parhomchikka ceole pradan gareka thie. sann 2012 ko suruma yujenle ont channelma project "ekedemy aff telent" ko casting pass gare, tara pahilo laibh show pachhi pratiyogita chhode. arko 4 warshama yujenle warsha 2010,2011 (finalist), 2012 (super-finalist) maa "nayan lahar" pratiyogitaka lagi castingma bhag liiraheko thiyo. sann 2013 maa unle yukrenko pratinidhiko rupma castingma bhag lie. sann 2012 maa unle alyona lanskayasanga slaviansky bajarma prastuti die. yukrenma safalta. yukrensanga pratibha chha minskma "yukrenko pratibha 4" karyakramma prarambhik casting pass garepachhi, yujenlai 2012 maa kharkiwa chhanotma yass pratiyogitama bhag lyne amantrit garieko thiyo. pratiyogitaka lagi yujenle "sweet pipal" geet rojeka thie, june suruma yukreni gayak alyoshale "eurovision 2010" maa prastut gareka thie. darshakma yo prastuti nikai safal bhayo. nyayadhishharuko nirnaya sarwasammat thiyo rar yujenle soko semifinalma afulai bhettae, jahaan unle lolita milyawaskaya "moya fatish" ("mero fatish") ko gitsanga pratyaksha pradarshan gare. nyayadhishharuko nirnayadwara yujenle karyakram chhode tara hore kondratuk (nirnayak mandalka sadasyaharu madhye ek) batt arko kewal mukhar pratibha-karyakram "ex-factor" maa bhag lyne nimantrana prapta gare. ajhai pani, jab soe "yukrenko pratibha prapta bhayo" kaa ayojakharule finalma thap ek sthan thapne nirnaya gare, yuzhen litbhinkobhichle yo thaaunlai darshakharuko netako rupma matadan gare. "catstrofichesky" ("" vinashkari ""), suruma dyna arbeninadwara prastut garieko, tyas samayako pratispardhatmak geet thiyo. antim matadanko parinam rar nyayadhishharuko nirnayale yujenle tesro sthan lie. ex-karak october 2012 maa yujenle yukreni show "ex-factor" ko tesro sijanko castingma bhag lie. herel scatko geet "millim" ("shabdaharu") ko rusi sanskaran pradarshan garisakepachi, yujenle sajilai chayan bhramanharu parr gare rar karyakramko sabai 11 pratyaksha prasaranharuma pradarshan gare. ek patak pani manonayanma najikindai yuzhen soko super-finalist bane rar darshakko matadananusar dosro sthan lie, vijaya odesa aida nikolechukka gayaklai chhode. soe finalpachhi yujenle anya pratispardhiharu (12 janawari-3 february 2013) sangasangai 19 yukreni saharharuma bhramanma bhag lie. ekal currier. jhnaki jodiaka (rashi chinha) ex-factor" soe samapta bhaepachi, yujenle stb channelko utpadan kendrasanga 5 warshako samjhautama hastakshar gare rar afno pahilo albumma kaam garna thale. 7 march 2013 maa, antarrashtriya mahila diwasko utsabma samarpit "wasantako karak" concertko kramama, yujenle afno pahilo lekhakko geet "jhnaki jodiaka" ("rashi chinhaharu") prastut gare. yujenle afno pahilo album "jhnaki jodiaka" ("rashi chinha") record gardai afno nayan githaru lekhna sakriya rupma kaam gare, rar dherai yukreni saharharuma pani dherai pradarshan gare. 14 march 2013 maa, yuzhen litbhinkobhichko adhikarik site stb chyanaldwara prastut garieko thiyo. 2 rar 3 april 2013 maa, "jhanki jodiaka" ("rashi chinha") gitka lagi sangitik bhidiyoko suiting bhayo. maxim litbhinov yass kamko nirdeshak bane. 23 mema sangitik bhidiyo prastut garieko thiyo. 6 april 2013 maa, yujinsanga thulo matrama fyan-baithak bhayo. baithakma yujenle 31 meka lagi afno pahilo ekal concertko yojana banairaheko sabailai suchit gare. aprilko dosro bhagma tikat bikri suru bhayo rar ek hapta matraipachhi sabai bikri bhayo. yujenle stb chyanalsanga milera sohi dina thap ekal concert ayojana garne nirnaya gare. atirikta concertka tikatharu pani kehi dinma bikri bhae. duwai ekal concertharu yukrenko rashtriya sangit ekedemiko sabha halma ayojit garieko thiyo jasko naam piko namama rakhieko thiyo. mahm. bikri" suchanako sath chaikowski (kibh conservatory). concertko kramama gayakko pahilo album "jhnaki jodiaka" ("rashi chinha") pani prastut garieko thiyo. diskma eutai namko gitka sathai lekhakka thap dui githaru "bhota tak-too luche" ("yo dherai ramro chha") rar "key tebe" ("tapainlai"), githaru "mama" (eldwara sangit) samawesh thie. sharmarin, wai. waschuk; enn dwara githaru. tambobhatsewa), rar "ex-factor" karyakramma 4 wata geet pani prastut gariyo. key tebe (tapainka lagi) pahilo ekal concertko thulo safalta pachhi yuzhen litbhinkobhichle yukrenka saharharu waripari bhramanko tayariko ghoshana gare. augustma "key tebe" ("too yu") gitka lagi sangitik bhidiyo prasidha sangitik bhidiyo nirmata alekjander filatobhichle khicheka thie. nirdeshak rar gayakdwara ayojana garieko flas-mobpachhi rar yujenka fanharule samarthan garepachhi kyiwako mukhya chaukama thulo screenma music bhidiyo prastut garieko thiyo. bhraman "key tebe" ("tapainka lagi") yukrenka 14 thula saharharu 6 dekhi 21 november 2013 ko awadhima bhayo. bhramanko suruwatsangai pahilo purna-wiksit yujenko album jaari garieko thiyo. diskma album "jhnaki jodiaka" ("rashi chinhaharu") kaa 4 wata githaru samawesh thieh "mama", "key tebe" ("tapainlai"), "bhota tak-too luche" ("yo dherai ramro chha"), "jhnaki jodiaka" ("rashi chinhaharu"), sathai nayan githaru jasmadhye adhikansh yuzhen afaile rachana gareka thie. euta geet-"anomalia" ("visangati")-16 october 2013 maa "emm 1" yukreni sangit channelma prastut garieko thiyo. sann 2013 maa garieko kamko natijadwara, yujenlai stb chyanaldwara tivi-show "taraharuko barema awishwasaniya satya" dwara "warshako safalta" ko rupma sammanit garieko thiyo. eurovision 2014" ko pratiyogitaka lagi rashtriya casting" 21 december 2013 maa, yujenle yukrenbata "eurovision 2014" ko pratiyogitaka lagi rashtriya castingma "strelayanaya pititsa" ("ek sutt bird") gitsanga bhag lie. soko finalka lagi chhanot bhaepachi, yujenle darshak rar nirnayak mandalko yogdwara 20 sahabhagiharu madhye 8 aun sthanma rahyo. zdes 'i seichas ("yahan rar ahile") sann 2014 ko suruma geet "miraji" ("miraj") rilij bhaeko thiyo. yo geet yukrenko yuromaidansanga sambandhit dukhad ghatanaharulai samarpit thiyo. gitko lekhak yujenko sahakarmi "ex-factor" show-maria jhitanikobha thie. nayan albumko kaam suru bhaisakeko thiyo. mey 2014 maa "yukrenko pratibha chha" karyakramko finalko kramama albumko mukhya geet "jesses 'aie seikas" ("yahan rar ahile") prastut garieko thiyo sathai yukreni "diadu do metty" ("mahm laxyama pugnechhu") maa arko geet prastut garieko thiyo, june "ex-factor" show arkadi wayutikko arko sahabhagile lekheka thie. sohi warsha yuzhen rar stb channele samayabhanda aghi samjhauta tode rar gayak afaile afno careerma agadi badhe. sann 2014 ko garmima yujenle yukreni gayika renata stifelsanga "ohatnitsa" ("da hunter") geet record gare. sann 2014 ko dosro bhagma gayakle yukrenko waripari dherai bhraman gare. 25 novemberma dosro album "zses 'i seichas" ("yahan rar ahile") jaari gariyo rar sahayak bhraman ayojit gariyo. bhramanma yukrenka 12 wata saharharu samawesh thie. nayan albumma yuzhen rar anya lekhakharudwara lekhieka nayan githaru, sathai pahilo album "key tebe" ("too yu") kaa dherai githaru samawesh thie. perisko naam 28 rar 29 march 2015 maa, kibhko concert hull "yukrena" maa, sangitik "notre dame day peris" kaa githaruko concert-sensasko premiere bhayo. yuzhen litbhinkobhichle chamatkarko darbarka raja clopinko bhumika nibhaeka thie. concertko samayama yujenle nimna eriyaharu pradarshan gareh "less sance-papiers", "lah court days mirecles", "condamness"-ekal, sathai "fatalite", wa east-ele?," liberes "," law 'attak day notre-dame "-anya ekal gayakharusanga. prem rar shanti 16 aprildekhi 27 mey 2015 samma, yujenle yukrenka lagbhag 20 saharharuma "prem rar shanti" concert karyakram liera bhraman gare. yass bhramanko lakshya donbasma yuddhako kathina awadhima yukreniharuko sakaratmak manodasha badhaunu thiyo. bhramanko suruwatsangai "selected" bhanine yuzhen litbhinkobhichko chautho disk jaari gariyo. diskma gayakko pradarshanko bhandarbata 19 sarwashreshtha rachanaharu thie. bhramanbata farkepachhi, 29 mema, yuzhen litbhinkobhichlai sarvajanik prathamiktaharuko yukreni pratiyogita "safalta manaparneharu" ko natijadwara "warsha 2014 ko purush gayak" ko rupma sammanit garieko thiyo. belarusma kaam rar manyata. novemberko antyama-december, 2013 ko suruma, yujenlai baranobhichi saharma sangit marathonko samayama pradarshan garna amantrit garieko thiyo. yass pariyojanabhitra unle "da ekedemy aff telent" soka snatakharuko concertma "madar" gitka sath leonid sirinko rachanatmak kamma samarpit purwasandhyama pradarshan gare rar "da song aff da ear 2013" ko puraskar pani prapta gare.

yujen litabhinkovich yujen litabhinkovich (janma 4 navember 1982, jhodino, bellaroos) belarusare janmagrahana karithiba jane gajaka ebong ukraine ray lokpriya, lekhaka ebong kalakara . 2013 ray "ukraine rahr pratibha 4" shoe rahr finalist ebong 2013 rahr prarambhare "ex-factor (ukraine) 3" shoe rahr super-finalist . jeebani. balyakala ebong joubanakala. yujen litabhinkovich 1982 masiha navember 4 tarikhare bellarussia saharar jhodinore jota prastutakaree mihel litabhinkovich ebong photographer nadejhada litabhinkovichnka paribarare janmagrahana karithile. taanka bapanka shighra mrutyu parey, taanka bhaunee elena tankara jatna neuthile. 7 barsha bajasaru yujen sangeeta ebong choreography bishajare gabhira adhyajana sahita bidyalajare adhyajana karithile. 10 barsha bajasare shay kalaa bidyalajare prabesha karithile ebong parey ehaaku sammanara saha samapta karithile. sehi samajare yujen marshal art (judo ebong sambo) abhyasa karithile ebong sambore master off sports paain prarthi hoithile. nabam shreni parey shay kalaa ebong punaruddhara mahabidyalajare prabesha karithile, kintu ehaaku snataka karinathile ebong ehaa paribarte gharoi udyogi bhabare tankara karjyakalapa arambha karithile . chashama ebong globhas thiba eka dokan tambu tankara pratham byabasajika abhigyata hoigala . eka nirdista parimanara artha uparjan kariba parey, yujen prathame eka open eyaara disco club "daa kays" pratistha karithile, ebong taa 'parey eka night club "atirikta", eka resturant "swarga" ebong jhekas thaare eka chhot cafe "kholithile." sangeeta kyariyara arambha karantu. bajaarare chashama ebong globhas bikri kariba samajare, yujen sthaniah sanskrutika prasad "rovesnik" ray audio engineer bhabare eka ardhakaleena chakiri madhya paithile, jeunthare shay jane bhaes sikhyaka nelli ambartsumiannka dwara parichalita adhunika geeta "silvar trill" rahr studiore rehearsal rahr sangeeta sahajogee pradan karithile . jujennkara geeta gaibare pratibha thibaru tanku adhika pesadara bhabare geeta gaiba shikhibaku paramarsha diajaithila. 2007 masihare yujen sthaniah utsaba "jhodino springa" ray anshagrahana karithile ebong 16 ru 25 barsha baisar kalakara bargare bijeta bhabare tankara pratham grand prix paithile, ebong eka rangina tibhi sett "gorizant" madhya puraskara bhabare paithile. 2009 ray shay rastrapati arkestrare kanthashilpeenka kastingre anshagrahana kariba samajare "belarusra nutan swara" pratijogitara finalist hoithile ebong jane prasidha belarusi gajakanka saha "musical night inn mira kasal" ray "friendship" geeta pradarshan karithile, jie "yurobhijan 2013" rahr pratijogeemananka madhyaru jane aleona lanskaya . july, 2009 ray, yujen rushiaara smolensk anchalara velij saharare adhunika geetara juba kalakaranka ex aantahanchalika pratijogitare grand prixer malika hoithile. 2009-2010 samajare shay unt channell "musical court" prakalpare anshagrahana karithile. september, 2011 ray, yujen antarjatija mahostaba "rushia ebong belarusra juba ekatra xi shatabdire" rahr bijeta hoithile, jaahaa 'shrestha abhineta' bargare mitischi ray, 'palace off calture' 'silvar trill' valentina pavlova 'ray adhunika geetara jhodino studiora anya eka poshya shishu sahita. 24 september 2011 ray sahara jhodino dibasaku utsargeekruta sangeeta karjyakram samajare, yujen litabhinkovich sthaniah karjyanirbahee kamitira sarbocha puraskara grahan karithile, sanskruti khetrare saphalata paain sammanajanaka citation pradan karithile, jaahaa tanku jhodino sahara exsecutive kamitira adhyakhya mihel omelanchuk ebong ozsk "belaz" pyotar parahomachiknka sieonka dwara pradan karajaithila. 2012 prarambhare yujen unt chyanelare prakalpa "ekademy off telents" rahr casting passes karithile, kintu pratham live shoe parey pratijogita chadithile. parabarti 4 barsha madhyare yujen 2010,2011 (finalist), 2012 (super-finalist) ray "nutan taranga" pratijogita paain kastingre anshagrahana karuthile. 2013 ray shay yukrenara pratinidhi bhabare kastingre anshagrahana karithile. 2012 ray shay aleona lanskajanka saha slabiansky bajaarare pradarshan karithile. jukrenare saphalata. ukraine pakhare pratibha achhi minskare "ukraine 'shh gaat talent 4" shoe' ray prarambhika casting passes kariba parey, jujennku 2012 ray kharkiv chajanare ehi pratijogitare anshagrahana karibaku nimantran karajaithila. pratijogita paain yujen "suite pipple" geetaku bachithile, jaahaa prathame yukreneeah gajaka alijoshanka dwara "jurobhijana 2010" ray upasthapita hoithila . ehi pradarshan darshakanka madhyare besh saphala hoithila. bicharakamananka nishpatti sarbasammatikrame hoithila ebong yujen shoe 'rahr semiphinalare nijaku paithile, jeunthare shay lolita milyabhaskaja "moah fetish" ("moe fetish") geeta sahita sidhasalakha pradarshan karithile. bicharakamananka nishpatti dwara yujen shoe 'chadithile kintu anya eka swara-pratibha shoe "ex-factor" ray anshagrahana karibaku ihr condratuke (jurie sadasyamananka madhyaru jane) nka thaaru nimantran paithile. tathapi, jetebele shoe 'rahr ajojakamane "ukraine' shh gaat talent" phainalare aau eka sthana jodibaku nishpatti neithile, yujen litabhinkovich ehi sthanaku darshakanka neta bhabare grahan karithile. "catastrophychesky" ("biparjyajapurna"), prathame dayana aarbeninanka dwara paribeshana karajaithila, sehi samaira pratijogita geeta thila . chudanta matadana ebong bicharapatimananka nishpatti dwara yujen truteeja sthana adhikara karithile. ex-factor october 2012 ray yujen yukreneeah shoe "ex-factor" rahr truteeja sijinara kastingre anshagrahana karithile. herrell scattra geeta "millim" ("sabda") rahr rushiah sanskarana pradarshan curry, yujen sahajare chayan gasta passes karithile ebong shoe 'rahr samasta 11 tii laiva prasaranare pradarshan karithile. gotie thara madhya namankana naah paai yujen shoe 'rahr super-finalist hoithile ebong darshakanka bhot anujai dwiteeja sthana adhikara karithile, bijai odessa ida nicolechuk rahr jane gajakanka upare chadithile. shoe 'rahr final parey yujen anya pratijogeenka saha (januari 12-februari 3,2013) yukrenara pradarshanaru saharare ehi gastare anshagrahana karithile. ekaki kyariyara. jhnaki jodiaka (raashi chinha) ex-factor" shoe shesh heba parey, yujen ess. tii. bii. chyanelara prodoxon centre sahita 5 barshar chukti swakhyara karithile ebong tankara pratham album upare kaama arambha karithile. 2013 masiha march 7 tarikhare, antarjatija mahila dibasa palana paain utsargeekruta "factor off springa" sangeeta karjyakram samajare, yujen taanka pratham lekhakanka geeta "jhnaki jodiaka" ("rashichakra chinha") upasthapana karithile. yujen tankara pratham album "jhnaki jodiaka" ("rashichakra chinha") recording curry, tankara nutan geeta lekhiba upare sakriya bhabare karjya karithile, ebong aneka yukreneeah saharare madhya aneka pradarshan karithile . 14 march 2013 ray, yujen litabhinkovich rahr official site ess. tii. bii. channell dwara upasthapita hoithila . 2013 masiha april 2 ebong 3 tarikhare "jhanaki jodiaka" ("rashichakra chinha") geeta paain musical bhidio suting karajaithila. maxim litavinova ehi karjyara nirdeshaka hoithile. meey 23 tarikhare musical bhidio upasthapita hoithila. 2013 masiha april 6 tarikhare yujin sahita eka budd dharanara prashansaka baithaka anusthita hoithila. ehi baithaka samajare yujen meey 31 ray tankara pratham ekaka sangeeta karjyakram bishajare samastanku suchana deithile. aprilara dwiteeja bhagare ticket bikri arambha hoithila ebong maatra eka saptaha parey segudika sabu bikri hoijaithila. yujen ebong ess. tii. bii. channell mishi sehideen atirikta ekaka sangeeta karjyakram ayojan karibaku nishpatti neithile. atirikta sangeeta karjyakramara ticket madhya kichhi deane madhyare bikri hoijaithila. ubhaja ekaka sangeeta karjyakram yukrenara jatiah sangeeta ekademira bidhanasabha halare anusthita hoithila jahara naama pii. aai. bikri hoijaithiba" bigyapti sahita chaikovsky (kaiv kanajarabhetori). sangeeta karjyakram samajare pratham gajakanka album "jhnaki jodiaka" ("raashi chinha") madhya upasthapita hoithila . diskare samaana namara geeta sahita lekhakanka aau duiti geeta "bhota tock-tuu luche" ("ehaa bahuta bhal") ebong "kee tebe" ("tum paain"), geeta "maama" (elnka sangeeta) thila . sharmrin, jaii. bhaschuk; gitagudika enn. tambobhatseba), ebong "ex-factor" shoe samajare 4 tii geeta madhya paribeshana karajaithila . kee tebe (tum paain) pratham ekaka sangeeta samarohara bipula saphalata parey yujen litabhinkovich yukreneeah sahargudikar charipakhare bhramanara prastuti ghoshana karithile. augustre "kee tebe" ("tuu jayu") geeta paain musical bhidio jane prasidha music bhidio nirmata alekjandar philatovichnka dwara suting karajaithila. nirdeshaka ebong gajakanka dwara ajojita ebong jujennka prashansakanka dwara samarthita flas-mob parey kibh rahr mukhya chaukare music bhidioti budd paradare upasthapita hoithila . kee tebe" ("tuu jayu") jatra yukrenara yukrenara sarbabruhata saharare saharare 21 navember 2013 madhyare hoithila. ehi gasta arambha heba sahita pratham purnakalina yujen album muktilabha karithila. diskare albummer albummer geeta "jhnaki jodiaka" ("rashichakra chinha") antarbhukta thilah "maama", "kee tebe" ("tum paain"), "bhota tock-tuu luche" ("ehaa bahuta bhal"), "jhnaki jodiaka" ("rashichakra chinha"), ebong nutan geeta jaahaa madhyaru adhikansha yujen nije rachna karithile . gotie geeta-"anomalia" ("asangati")-16 october 2013 ray ray yukreneeah music chyanelare upasthapita hoithila . 2013 masihare karajaithiba karjyara phalaphal anujai, jujennku ess. tii. bii. channell dwara "abiswasaneeja satyata bishajare taaraa" tibhi-shoe dwara "barshar saphalata" bhabare puraskruta karajaithila. yurobhijan 2014" pratijogita paain jatiah casting" 21 december 2013 ray, yujen ukraine ru "yurobhijan 2014" pratijogita paain jatiah kastingre "streliania pitisa" ("eka sutt pakhi") geeta sahita anshagrahana karithile. shoe 'rahr final paain manoneet heba parey, yujen darshaka ebong jurinka samasti dwara 20 john anshagrahanakareenka madhyaru 8maha sthanare rahithila. zdes 'i seichas ("ethaare ebong bartamana") 2014 masiha prarambhare "miraji" ("miraj") geetati muktilabha karithila. ehi geetati yukrenara yuromaidana sambandheeah duhkhada ghatana prati samarpita thila. ehi geetara lekhaka thile jujennka sahakarmee, "ex-factor" shoe-maria jhaitanikova. nooa albummer kaama arambha hoisarithila. meey 2014 ray shoe 'ukraine' shh goat talent 6 'rahr final samajare album' jays 'aai seikas' ('ethaare ebong bartamana') rahr mukhya geeta upasthapana karajaithila ebong anya geeta yukreneeah 'didu doo metty' ('mun lakhyare pahanchibi') ray upasthapita hoithila, jaahaa 'ex-factor' shoe 'arcady wajutyukra anya jane anshagrahanakareenka dwara likhita . sehi barsha yujen ebong ess. tii. bii. channell samai purbaru chuktinama bhangithile ebong gajaka nije nijara kyariyara arambha karithile. 2014 grishma ruture, yujen yukreneeah gajaka renata stiphelnka saha "ohotnitsa" ("shikari") geeta record karithile. 2014 rahr dwiteeja bhagare gajaka ukraine charipakhare bahuta bhraman karithile . navember 25 ray dwiteeja album "zses 'i seichas" ("ethaare ebong bartamana") muktilabha karithila ebong sahajaka gasta anusthita hoithila . ehi gastare yukrenara yukrenara sahara samil thila. nutan alabamare yujen ebong anya lekhakanka dwara likhita nutan gitagudika sahita pratham album "kee tebe" ("tuu jayu") rahr aneka geeta antarbhukta thila . pyarisra jane mahan byakti 2015 masiha march maasa 28 ebong 29 tarikhare, kibh rahr concert hull "ukraine" ray, "notre dame dii paris" rahr sangitadharmi gitagudikara concert-sensessionra premiyara anusthita hoithila. yujen litabhinkovich chamatkara darbarar raja klopinnka bhumika sampadana karithile. sangeeta karjyakram samajare yujen nimnalikhita eria pradarshan karithileh "less sance-papiers", "laa core dosses miracles", "condamness"-ekaka, tatha "fatalite", kimba est-elle?," liberes "," laal 'attack dii notre-daam "-anya ekaka gajakanka saha. prem oh shanti 16 eprilaru 27 meey 2015 parjyanta, yujen yukrenara praiah praiah sahara bhraman karithile ebong "prem ebong shanti" karjyakramara sangeeta paribeshana karithile. ehi bhramanara lakhya thila donabasare juddhara kathina samajare jukrenijamananka sakaratmaka manobal brudhi kariba. ehi gasta arambha heba sahita 'select' namaka yujen litabhinkovichnka chaturtha diskaku unmochan karajaithila. ehi diskare gajakanka pradarshanaru pradarshanaru shrestha rachna rahithila. gastaru feriba parey, meey 29 ray, yujen litabhinkovichnku "saphalatara priya" janasadharananka pasanda yukreneeah pratijogitara phalaphal dwara "barshar purush gajaka 2014" bhabare puraskruta karajaithila. belarusare karjya ebong swekruti. navember sheshare-december 2013 prarambhare, baranovichi saharare music marathon samajare pradarshan karibaku jujennku nimantran karajaithila. ehi prakalpa madhyare shay "dee ekademy off telents" shoe 'rahr snatakamananka concertre "madara" geeta sahita leonid shirinnka srujanashila karjya prati utsargeekruta purba sandhyare pradarshan karithile ebong "dee sann off dee iyar 2013" puraskara madhya paithile.

eugene litwinkovich eugene litwinkovich (janam 4 navambar 1982, zodino, belarus) belarus witch paida hoiaa ikk gaeek haii atey ukraine witch prasidh, lekhak atey kalakar haii. 2013 witch "ukraine dey gatt telent 4" shoa dey finalist atey 2013 dee shuruat witch "aiks-faektar (ukraine) 3" shoa dey super-finalist jeevani. bachpan atey jawani. eugene litwinkovich daa janam 4 navambar 1982 noon belarus dey shehar jhodino witch jutti nirmata mihel litwinkovich atey photographer nadezda litwinkovich dey parivaar witch hoiaa see. uss dey pitaa dee jaldi maut toon baad, uss dee bhainn elena uss dee dekhbhal qarr rahee see. jadon toon uh 7 saal daa see, eugene neey sangeet atey choreography dey dunghe adhiaen naal school witch padahi keeti. 10 saal dee umar witch uh qalaa school witch dakhal hoye atey baad witch iss noon sanman naal poora keeta. use samein eugene neey marshel arts (judo atey sambo) daa abhiaas keeta atey sambo witch maastar aaf sports laee umidwar bann giaa. nauvin jamaat toon baad uh kaalaj aaf aart aind restration witch dakhal hoiaa, parr iss neey graduate naheen keeta atey iss dee bajaae nijji uddami vajon aapni gatividhi shuru keeti. shishe atey dastaniaan vaala ikk dukan daa tambu uss daa pahila vaparak tajraba bann giaa. kujh rakam kamaun toon baad, eugene neey pahilan ikk open air disco club "dha kej" sathapat keeta, atey firr ikk night club "extras", ikk restaurant "paradise" daa ayojan keeta atey jhekas vikhe ikk chhota kaife kholhiaa." sangeet carrier dee shuruat. baazaar witch shishe atey dastane vechde hoye, eugene noon sathanak sabheyachar dey mahil "rovesnik" witch ikk audio engineer vajon addhe samein dee naukari vee millie, jitthe usne ikk awaz adhiaapak naili ambartsumian duaara parbandhit aadhunik geet "silver trill" dey studio witch rehearsal dee sangeetak sahaik pardan keeti. kiunki eugene witch gaaun dee pratibha see, iss laee uss noon vadhere peshevar taur utte gaaun dee sikkhiaa lainn daa sujhaa ditta giaa see. sann 2007 witch eugene neey sathanak tiuhar "zodino basant" witch hissa liaa atey 16 toon 25 saal dee umar dey kalakaran dee shreni witch jetu vajon aapna pahila grand prix prapat keeta, atey ikk rangeen teevi sett "gorizont" noon ikk inam vajon vee prapat keeta. sann 2009 witch uh rashtarpati archestra witch gaikan dee casting witch hissa lainde hoye "belarus deeaan naviaan aavazan" mukabale daa finalist bann giaa atey ikk prasidh belarus dey gaeek naal mill keey "mirr casal witch sangeet deeaan raatan" witch "dosti" geet pesh keeta, joe "eurovision 2013" dey pratiyogiaan vicchon ikk see. julai 2009 witch, eugene roos dey smolensk khetar dey ikk shehar valies witch aadhunik geet dey naujwan kalakaran dey x antar-khetri mukabale witch grand prix daa maalak bann giaa. 2009-2010 dauran uhanan neey aunat channel "sangeet court" dey project witch hissa liaa. satambar, 2011 witch, eugene sabheyachar dey mahil witch aadhunik geet dey zodino studio dey ikk horr paalan-poshan bacche naal "sarbottam adakar" dee shreni witch maitishchi witch antarashtari utsav "roos atey belarus dey naujwanan noon ikkathe xi sadee witch" daa jetu bann giaa. 24 satambar 2011 noon shehar zodino dey dinn noon samarpit sangeet samaroh dauran, eugene litwinkovich noon sathanak karajkari kameti daa sabh toon vadda puraskar miliaa, jiss noon sabheyachar dey khetar witch safalta laee aanreri parshansa pattar naal sanmanit keeta giaa, joe uss noon zodino shehar dee karajkari kameti dey chairman mihel omelianchuk atey ozsk dey ceo "belaz" pioter parhomchik duaara ditta giaa see. 2012 dee shuruat witch eugene neey ou. ainn. tii. channel utte project "academy aaf telents" dee casting paas keeti, parr pahile live shoa toon baad mukabala chhadd ditta. agle 4 saalan dauran eugene saal 2010,2011 (finalist), 2012 (super-finalist) witch "naveen lahir" mukabale laee casting witch hissa lae riha see. 2013 witch usne ukraine dey numainde vajon casting witch hissa liaa. 2012 witch usne aleona lanskya naal mill keey slaviansky baazaar witch pardarshan keeta. ukraine witch safalta ukraine cole pratibha haii minsk witch shoa "ukraine dee pratibha 4" witch shuruati casting paas curran toon baad, eugene noon 2012 witch kharkiv chonh utte iss mukabale witch hissa lainn laee sadda ditta giaa see. mukabale laee eugene neey "mitthe lock" geet dee chonh keeti see, joe kii shuru witch yukreni gaeek aliosha duaara "eurovision 2010" witch pesh keeta giaa see. darshakan witch iss peshkari noon bahut safalta millie. jajjan daa faisla sarabsanmati naal see atey eugene neey aapne aap noon shoa dey semifinal witch paaiaa, jitthe usne lolita millivskya dey geet "moye fatish" ("meraa fetish") dey naal live pardarshan keeta. jajjan dey faisle naal eugene neey shoa chhadd ditta parr ihor condratuke (jioori memberan vicchon ikk) toon ikk horr iklaute vocal telent-shoa "aiks-faektar" witch hissa lainn daa sadda miliaa. firr vee, jadon shoa dey parbandhakan neey "ukraine dee pratibha millie" neey final witch ikk horr sathaan joden daa faisla keeta, taan eugene litwinkovich neey iss sathaan noon darshakan dey neta vajon vott paaee. "kaststrofichesky" ("" tabahi ""), shuru witch dyna arbenina duaara pesh keeta giaa, uss samein daa mukabala geet see. antim voting dey natije atey jajjan dey faisle duaara eugene neey teeja sathaan haasal keeta. x-kaarak aktubar 2012 witch eugene neey yukreni shoa "aiks-faektar" dey teeje season dee casting witch hissa liaa. herrell scatt dey geet "millim" ("shabad") dey russie sanskaran daa pardarshan curran toon baad, eugene neey aasani naal chonh tour paas keete atey shoa dey saare 11 siddhe prasarnan witch pardarshan keeta. ikk vee vaar namzadgi prapat keete binan, eugene shoa daa super-finalist bann giaa atey darshakan dee voting dey anusar dooja sathaan haasal keeta, jitt odessa aaida nikolechuk dey ikk gaeek utte chhadd ditti. shoa dey final toon baad eugene neey 19 yukreni shahiran witch horr pratiyogiaan (12 janwari-3 farvari 2013) naal daure witch hissa liaa. ikalla carrier. zanki zodiaka (raashi chinnh) aiks-faektar" shoa dey ant toon baad, eugene neey stb channel dey production center naal 5 saal daa ikrarnama keeta atey aapni pahili album 'teey kamm karna shuru qarr ditta. 7 march 2013 noon, antarashtari mahila divas dey jashan noon samarpit "basant dey kaarak" sangeet samaroh dauran, eugene neey aapna pahila lekhak daa geet "zanki zodiaka" ("raashi chinnh") pesh keeta. eugene neey aapne navein geet likhan, aapni pahili album "zanki zodiaka" ("raashi chinnh") ricard curran atey ukraine dey kaee shahiran witch bahut pardarshan curran laee sargarmi naal kamm keeta. 14 march 2013 noon, eugene litwinkovich dee adhikarat site noon aiss. tii. bee. channel duaara pesh keeta giaa see. 2 atey 3 aprail 2013 noon, geet "zanki zodiaka" ("raashi chinnh") laee sangeetak vdo dee shooting hoee. maxmum litwinov iss kamm daa director baniaa. sangeet vdo 23 maee noon pesh keeta giaa see. 6 aprail 2013 noon, eugene naal ikk vadde paddhar 'teey parshansak-meating hoee. meating dauran eugene neey 31 maee noon aapne pahile ikalle sangeet samaroh dee yojna baare saariaan noon soochit keeta. aprail dey dooje hisse witch tikatan dee vikri shuru hoee atey siraf ikk hafte baad hii uh saariaan wick gaeeaan. eugene neey stb channel naal mill keey use dinn vadhu solo sangeet samaroh aayojit curran daa faisla keeta. kaee dinan witch vadhu sangeet samaroh deeaan tikatan vee wick gaeeaan sunn. doven ikalle samaroh ukraine dee rashtari sangeet academy dey assembly haal witch aayojit keete gaye sunn, jisda naam pee. I. wick gaye" notice dey naal chekovsky (keev conservatory). sangeet samaroh dauran pahile gaeek dee album "zanki zodiaka" ("raashi chinnh") vee pesh keeti gaee see. disk witch isey naam daa geet dey naal-naal doou horr lekhak dey geet "vott takk-too lushche" ("ih bahut vadhiaa haii") atey "keey tebe" ("tuhade laee"), geet "maama" (sangeet ail duaara. sharmarin, vaaee. vaschuk; geet n duaara likhe gaye hunn. tambovatseva), atey "aiks-faektar" shoa dauran 4 geet vee pesh keete gaye. keey tebe (tuhade laee) pahile ikalle sangeet samarohan dee vaddi safalta toon baad eugene litwinkovich neey yukreni shahiran dey aale duaale daure dee tiaari daa ailaan keeta. agast witch geet "keey tebe" ("tuhade laee") laee sangeetak vdo ikk prasidh sangeet vdo nirmata alegzander philatovic duaara shhoot keeta giaa see. nirdeshak atey gaeek duaara aayojit atey eugene dey parshanskan duaara samarthan keete gaye flash-mob toon baad sangeet vdo noon vaddi screen 'teey keev dey mukkh varag' teey pesh keeta giaa see. tour "keey tebe" ("tuhade laee") 6 toon 21 navambar 2013 dey samein dey ander ukraine dey lagbhag 14 sabh toon vadde shahiran witch challiaa. tour dee shuruat dey naal-naal eugene dee pahili puurii album jaari keeti gaee see. disk witch album "zanki zodiaka" ("raashi sanket") dey 4 geet shamal sanauu "maama", "keey tebe" ("tuhade laee"), "vott takk-too luche" ("ih bahut bihtar haii"), "zanki zodiaca" ("raashi sanket"), atey naal hii navein geet jinhan vicchon ziaadaatar khud eugene duaara tiaar keete gaye sunn. ikk geet-"visangat" ("visangat")-16 aktubar 2013 noon noon yukreni sangeet channel utte pesh keeta giaa see. saal 2013 dauran keete gaye kamm dey natijiaan duaara, eugene noon stb channel duaara teevi-shoa "sitariaan baare avishvashyog sachchai" duaara "saal dee safalta" vajon sanmanit keeta giaa see. eurovision 2014" dey mukabale laee rashtari casting" 21 dasambar 2013 noon, eugene neey ukraine toon "eurovision 2014" dey mukabale laee rashtari casting witch hissa liaa jiss witch geet "strelianaye pitsa" ("ikk shaat panchhi") see. shoa dey final laee chunhe jaanh toon baad, eugene neey darshakan atey jioori dey jode duaara 20 bhagidaran vicchon vicchon sathaan 'teey pahunch keey natija kaddhiaa. zdes 'i seichas ("itthe atey hunn") 2014 dee shuruat witch geet "mirazi" ("miraj") jaari keeta giaa see. ih geet ukraine witch euromaidan naal sabandhat dukhdai ghatnavan noon samarpit see. geet dee lekhak eugene dee sehyogi see "aiks-faektar" shoa duaara-maria zytenikova. naveen album daa kamm shuru hoow giaa see. maee 2014 witch shoa dey final dauran "ukraine dee pratibha 6 millie" album daa mukkh geet "zes 'aaee seikas" ("itthe atey hunn") pesh keeta giaa see atey naal hii eucranian "daidu doow matty" ("main teeche takk pahunch jawanga") witch dooja geet pesh keeta giaa see, joe "aiks-faektar" shoa arkadi voyatik dey ikk horr bhagidar duaara likhiaa giaa see. use saal eugene atey stb channel neey samein toon pahilan ikrarnama todd ditta atey gaeek neey aapne aap aapna crear shuru qarr ditta. garmiaan, 2014 witch, eugene neey yukreni gaeek renata schtefel naal geet "ohatnitsa" ("shikari") ricard keeta. 2014 dey dooje hisse witch gaeek neey ukraine dey aale-duaale bahut daura keeta. 25 navambar noon duji album "zes 'aaee seikas" ("itthe atey hunn") jaari keeti gaee atey sahaik daura aayojit keeta giaa. iss daure witch ukraine dey 12 shehar shamal sunn. naveen album witch eugene atey horr lekhakan duaara likhe gaye navein geet shamal sunn, naal hii pahili album "keey tebe" ("too yuu") dey kaee geet vee shamal sunn. paris dey naam 28 atey 29 march 2015 noon, keev witch sangeet samaroh haal "ukraine" witch, sangeet "notare daim dee paris" dey geetan dey sangeet samaroh-sanvedna daa premiere hoiaa. eugene litwinkovich neey chamatkaran dey darbar dey raaja, clopin daa hissa pesh keeta. sangeet samaroh dauran eugene neey heth likhe eria pesh keetea "lais sainas-pappiers", "laa coor days miracles", "condumness"-ikalle, naal hii "fatality", jaan qee?," libres "," notare-daim dey naal-naal horr ikalle gaikan naal. piaar atey shanti 16 aprail toon 27 maee 2015 takk, eugene neey ukraine dey lagbhag 20 shahiran daa daura keeta atey sangeet samaroh "piaar atey shanti" daa program keeta. iss daure daa udesh donbass witch yuddh dey mushkal samein witch yukreni lokan daa skaratmak mood vadhauna see. tour dee shuruat dey naal-naal eugene litwinkovich dee chauthi disk "selected" jaari keeti gaee see. disk witch gaeek dey bhandar vicchon 19 sarbottam rachnavan sunn. daure toon waps aaunn toon baad, 29 maee noon, eugene litwinkovich noon jantak tarjihan dey yukreni mukabale dey natijiaan duaara "saal 2014 dey purash gaeek" vajon sanmanit keeta giaa see. belarus witch kamm atey maanta. navambar dey ant witch-dasambar, 2013 dee shuruat witch, eugene noon baranovichi shehar witch sangeet marathon dauran pardarshan curran laee sadda ditta giaa see. iss project dey ander uhanan neey "academy aaf telentz" shoa dey graduates dey sangeet samaroh witch "madar" geet dey naal leonid shirin dey rachnatmak kamm noon samarpit peshkari ditti atey ikk puraskar "saal 2013 daa geet" vee prapat keeta.

yugen litwinkowich eugene litwinkowich (jananam 4 november 1982, zodino, bellarus) bellarus-deshe janma praapnot, ukren-deshe lokapriyah, lekhakah, kalakaraha cha asti. 2013 tame varshe "ukrens gaat tailant 4" ityasya pradarshanasy antimah, 2013 tame varshe aarambhe "eksa-factor (ukren) 3" ityasya pradarshanasy antimah cha. jeevanacharitram. baalyam tathaa yauvane. eugene litwinkowich ityasya janma 1982 tame varshe november-masasya 4 dinaanke bellarus-deshasya zodino-nagare paduka-nirmaatru-mihail litwinkowich tathaa chaayaachitrakaar-nadejda litwinkowich-ityasya kutumbe abhavat. pituhu shighramaranantaram tasya bhaginee elenaa tasya paripaalanam kurvatee aasit. 7 varshaanaam aayuh aasit, eugene vidyaalaye sangeetasy nrutyanirdeshanasya cha gahanam adhyayanam krutavaan. 10 varsheeyah saha kalaa-vidyaalaye pravesham krutvaa, pashchat sammanena tatt samapitavan. tasmin eva samaye eugene-varyaha maarshal-art (joodo tathaa saambo) ityetayoho abhyaasam krutavaan, saambo-kridaayaam master-aaf-sport ityasya abhyarthitvam cha praapnot. navama-vidyaalaya-shrenee-anantaram saha kalaa-punarsthaapan-mahaavidyaalaye pravishtah, parantu tasya snaatakam naa krutavaan, tasya sthaane nijee-udyaminah iti rupena swasya karyam aarabdhavaan. chashmaabhih hastavastraihi cha yuktah ekaha bhandaarah tambuhu tasya prathamah vyaapaaraanubhavah abhavat. nishchitam dhanam arjayitvaa, eugene ityeshah prathamam "da kej" iti mukta-vaayu-disco-club iteedam sthapitavan, tatah "extra" iti nait-club, "perdais" iti bhojanalayam, zekaas-nagare "laghu-kef" iti ekam udghaatayat." sangeetasy vruttijeevanasya aarambhah. vipanane chakshakanam hastavastraanaam cha vikrayane, eugene sthaniya-samskruti-prasadasya "rovsnick" ityatra shravya-abhiyantruroopena ardhakaalikam karyam api praptavan, yatra saha dhwani-shikshaken nellie embartsumian ityanena vyavasthaapitasya aadhunik-gitasya "silver trill" ityasya studio-madhye rehearsals ityasya sangeetaroopen sahcharam akarot. eugene-varyaam gayanasya pratibhaa aasit, ataha saha adhikavyaavasaayikaroopena gayanam abhyasayitum soochitah. 2007 tame varshe eugene sthaniya-utsave "zodeeno spring" ityasmin bhaagam agruhnaat, 16 taha 25 varshaani yaavat vayasishu kalakaravargasya vijetaaroopen swasya prathamam grand pricks, tathaa cha puraskaararoopen varna-dooradarshan-sett "gorizont" cha praapnot. 2009 tame varshe saha "nyoo voyis aaf bellarus" spardhayaha antima-spardhaam praapnot, yadaa saha presidential archestra-ityasmin gayakanam casting-madhye bhaagam praapnot, tathaa cha "musical nats inn meer kyaasal" ityasmin "friend-ferr-days" iti geetam prasiddhen belarussian-gayakena saha, "eurovision 2013" ityasya spardhakeshu anyena alyonaa lanskaya ityanena saha abhyanayt. 2009 julai-maase, eugene, rashiyaadeshasy smolensk-pradeshasya valies-nagare aadhunikagitanam yuvaanaam eksa-antarakshetriya-spardhayam grand-pricks ityasya swami abhavat. 2009-2010 samaye saha ont-chaanal ityasya "musical-court" ityasmin pariyojanaayaam bhaagam praapnot. 2011 september-maase, eugene, maitishchee-nagare "sarwashreshtah abhinetaa" iti shreneeye "rashiyaayaah belarus-deshasya cha yuvakaah" iti antarashtriya-utsavasya vijetaa abhavat, yasmin aadhunikagitam "silver-trill" valentina pavlova iti samskrutisaudhe aadhunikagitam zodino-studio ityasya anyah paalakah baalah aasit. 2011 september 24 dinaanke, zodeeno-nagarasya dinaay samarpitasya sangeeta-kaaryakrame, eugene litwinkowich sthaniyakaryakari-samityaah sarvochcham puraskaram praptavan, samskrutisambandhishu safalataayaah krute sammaan-prashasti-patram praptavan, yat zodeeno-nagarasya eka-karyakari-samitihi adhyakshah mihel omalyaanchuk ityanena, ojsk-ityasya mukhyakaryakarta "belaz" pyotar paarahomchaik ityanena cha dattam. 2012 tamavarshasya aarambhe eugene, ont-chaanal ityatra "akadami aaf telents" iti pariyojanaayaah casting-madhye utteernah abhavat, parantu prathamasya laiv-sho ityasya anantaram spardhaam parityajyata. agrimeshu 4 varsheshu eugene-varyaha 2010,2011 (antimam), 2012 (soopar-antimam) varsheshu "nyoo-vev" spardhayaha casting-spardhaasu bhaagam sweekaroti sma. 2013 tame varshe saha ukrain-deshasya pratinidhiroopen casting-madhye bhaagam agruhnaat. 2012 tame varshe saha alyonaa lanskayaya ityanena saha slaviansky-bajaar ityatra pradarshanm krutavaan. yukren-deshe safalataa. yukren-deshe pratibhaa asti. minsk-nagare "ukrens gaat telent 4" iti kaaryakrame prarambhikam paatragrahanam utteernam krutvaa, 2012 tame varshe khaarkiv-chayanasy asmin spardhayam bhaagam graheetum eugene-varyaha aamantritah aasit. pratiyogitaayaah krute eugene-varyaha "sweet peepal" iti geetam chitavaan, yat praarambhe "eurovision 2010" ityasmin ukreniyan-gayika alyoshaa ityanena prastutam aasit. prekshakeshu asya pradarshanm mahatim saafalyam praapnot. nirnayakanam nirnayah sarvasammatam aasit, eugene ityeshah pradarshanasy semee-fainal madhye swayam praptavan, yatra saha lolitaa milyavaskaya ityasya "moy fetish" ("mai fetish") iti geetam laiv-rupena abhyanayt. nyayadhishaha nirnayena yoojeenah karyakramat nishkaasayat, parantu anyasmin ekamaatra-swara-pratibhaapradarshane "eksa-factor" ityasmin bhaagam graheetum ihar condratic (nirnaayakamandale ekaha sadasyah) ityatah nimantranm praapnot. tathaapi, yadaa "ukrens gaat tailant" iti karyakramasya aayojakaah antimaayaam kridaayaam ekam sthaanam api yojayitum nishchayam akurvan, tadaa eugene litwinkowich ityeshah etat sthaanam matadanasya prekshakanam netrutve sveekrutavaan. "catstroficheski" ("vinashakarataya") iti geetam, praarambhe diana arbenina ityanena pradarshitam, tatt samaye pratiyogitaa-geetam aasit. antima-matadanasya, nyayadhishanam nirnayasya cha parinaamen eugene-varyaha trutiyasthanam praapnot. eksa-kaarak 2012 october-maase eugene-varyaha ukreniyan-sho "eksa-factor" ityasya truteeya-season ityasya casting-madhye bhaagam agruhnaat. harel-scott ityasya "milim" ("shabdaani") iti gitasya rusie-samskaranam pradarshayitvaa, eugene ityeshah chyan-paryatanani sahajataya utteernah, pradarshanasy sarveshu 11 pratyaksha-prasaaraneshu cha pradarshanm krutavaan. ekavaaram api namankanam naa praapya, eugene iti karyakramasya super-finalist abhavat, prekshakanam matadanasya anusaaram dwiteeyasthaanam praapnot, vijayah odessa aidaa nikolechuk ityasya gayake eva samarpayt. pradarshanasy antimasya anantaram eugene anyaih spardhakaih saha (12 janavaree-3 februvari 2013) 19 eukranian-nagareshu pravaase bhaagam agruhnaat. ekaki vruttihi. znaakee-rashihi (rashihi) eksa-factor" ityasya pradarshanasy samaapteh anantaram eugene, ess. tea. bee. vaahinyaah nirmaanakendren saha 5 varshaanaam anubandham krutvaa swasya prathamasya aalbam ityasya karyam aarabdhavaan. 2013 maarch 7 dinaanke, antarashtriya-mahilaa-divasasya utsavaay samarpitasya "factor aaf spring" sangitasabhayam, eugene ityayam swasya prathamasya lekhakasy geetam "znaakee zodiaca" ("raashichinhaani") prastutavaan. eugene ityayam swasya nutananam gitanam lekhanartham sakriyaroopen karyam krutavaan, swasya prathamam aalbam "znaakee zodiaca" ("rashichakrasya chihnam") dhwanimudranam krutavaan, tathaa cha anekaasu eukranian-nagareshu api bahunam pradarshanani krutavaan. 2013 maarch 14 dinaanke eugene litwinkowich ityasya adhikarikam jalaputam ess. tii. bii. chaanal ityanena upasthaapitam. 2013 april 2 tathaa 3 dinaanke "znaakee zodiaca" ("raashichinhaani") iti gitasya sangeeta-veediyo-ityasya chitreekaranam abhavat. maxim litwinov ityayam asya karyasya nirdeshaka abhavat. mey 23 dinaanke sangeeta-veediyo-pradarshanam abhavat. 2013 april 6 dinaanke eugene ityanena saha bruhad-stariyaa prashamsakamahalen ayojanam abhavat. sabhayam eugene ityeshah mey 31 dinaanke swasya prathamam ekala-sangeeta-karyakramam yojayitum sarvam soochitavaan. april-masasya dwiteeyabhaage tiket-vikrayanam aarabdham, kevalam ekasaptahabhyantare eva taani sarvaani vikreeyant. eugene ityanena saha ess. tea. bee. chaanal ityanena saha tasmin eva dine atiriktam ekala-sangeeta-karyakramam aayojayitum nishchitam. atiriktasya sangeeta-karyakramanam tiket-patraani api katipayadineshu vikreeyant. ubhayoho ekala-sangeeta-kaaryakramaah yukren-deshasya rashtriya-sangeeta-akadami ityasya sabhaa-sabhaamandale aayojitaah, yasya naam pee. ityasya namna asti. a. chaikovskee (keev conservatory) "sold aut" suchana saha. sangeeta-kaaryakrame prathamagaayakasy "znaakee zodiaca" ("raashi-chihnaani") iti aalbam api upasthaapitam. disk madhye samanasya naamnah geetam, api cha lekhakasy "vot taak-to luche" ("dis eez morr better"), "key tebe" ("too yoo") iti geetam, "maama" (ell ityasya sangeetam) iti geetam cha aasit. sharmreen, vai. vashchuk; geetaani ena. tambovtsevaa), tathaa cha "eksa-factor" ityasmin kaaryakrame 4 geetaani api pradarshitaah. key tebe (bhavatah krute) prathamasya ekala-sangeeta-karyakramanam mahatee safalataayaah anantaram eugene litwinkowich ityeshah ukreniyan-nagaranam paritah pravaasasya tayarim aghoshayat. august-maase "key tebe" ("too yoo") iti gitasya sangeeta-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-prasidhah sangeeta-chitra-chitra-nirmata aleksaandar philaatovich ityanena chitra-chitranam krutam. nirdeshaka gaayakah cha aayojy eugene ityasya prashamsakaih samarthitam cha flash-mob ityasya anantaram, music-veediyo kiyav-nagarasya mukhya-chaukasya upari bruhad-patalasy upari prastutah. key tebe" ("too yoo") iti paryatanam 2013 tamavarshasya navambaramaasasy 6 taha 21 paryantam ukren-deshasya 14 bruhattameshu nagareshu abhavat. pravaasasya aarambhen saha prathamasya poornaroopen nirmitasya eugene ityasya aalbam api prakaashitam. disk madhye "znaakee zodayaka" ("rashichakrasya chihnaani") iti aalbam-ityasya 4 geetaani aasanh "maama", "key tebe" ("yu"), "vot taak-to luche" ("etat adhikam uttamm"), "znaakee zodayaka" ("rashichakrasya chihnaani"), tathaiva nootanaani geetaani cha, yeshu adhikaamshaani geetaani eugene ityanena svayameva rachitaah aasan. ekam geetam-"anomalia" ("anomali")-16 october 2013 dinaanke dinaanke ukreniyan-sangeeta-vaahinyaam upasthaapitam. 2013 tame varshe krutasya karyasya parinaamen eugene ityasmai ess. tea. bee. chaanal dwara "avishvasaneeyam satyam nakshatranam vishaye" iti dooradarshan-karyakramena "varshasya safalataa" iti puraskaarah dattah. eurovision 2014" ityasya spardhayaha krute rashtriya-casting" 21 december 2013 dinaanke eugene-varyaha "eurovision 2014" ityasya spardhayaha rashtriya-casting-spardhayam "strelayanaya pititsa" ("e shaat bird") iti geetena saha bhaagam praapnot. pradarshanasy antimaartham chitasya anantaram, eugene ityasya parinaamen prekshakanam nirnaayakamandalen cha 20 pratibhaginam madhye 8 tamah abhavat. zdes 'i seichas ("herr and nau") 2014 tamavarshasya aarambhe "miraji" ("miraajas") iti geetam pradarshitam. etat geetam ukraine-deshasya euromaden-sambadhaanaam dukhadaayakaanaam ghatanaabhyah samarpitam aasit. asya gitasya lekhikaa "eksa-factor" ityasya karyakramasya eugene ityasyaah sahakarminaa aasit-maria zaitnikovaa. nutanasya aalbam ityasya karyam aarabhyat. 2014 mey maase "ukrens gaat tailant 6" iti pradarshanasy antimasamaye "zsus 'aii sichas" ("herr and nau") iti aalbam ityasya mukhyageetam api cha "eksa-factor" sho arkadi voytyook ityasya anyena pratibhagina likhitasya eukranian "diadu doo metty" ("aii will reech da goal") iti anyam geetam cha upasthaapitam. tasmin eva varshe eugene tathaa ess. tea. bee. chaanal cha agrimam anubandham bhangam krutvaa gaayakah swakeeya-vruttijeevanam prarabdhavan. 2014 tame varshe grishmakaale eugene ityayam ukreniyan-gayakena renata stiffel ityanena saha "ohotnitsaa" ("da hunter") iti geetam dhvanimudritavaan. 2014 tame varshe dwiteeyabhaage gaayakah ukraine-deshasya paritah bahu pravaasam krutavaan. 25 november dinaanke "zses 'aii seikas" ("herr and nau") iti dwiteeyam aalbam prakaashitam, sahaayak-paryatanam cha abhavat. asmin yatrayam ukraine-deshasya 12 nagaraani aasan. nootan-aalbam madhye eugene ityanena anyaih lekhakaih cha likhitaani nootanaani geetaani, tathaiva "key tebe" ("too yoo") iti prathama-aalbam ityasya anekaani geetaani cha aasan. perisa-nagaram 2015 maarch 28,29 dinaanke cha keev-nagarasya "ukren"-nagare sangeeta-sabhaagruhe "notre-dem-day-pyaris" iti sangeeta-gitanam sangeeta-samvedanasya prathamapradarshanm jaatam. eugene litwinkowich ityayam chamatkaranam sabhaayaah raajnah clopin ityasya paatram niravahat. sangeeta-kaaryakrame eugene ityeshah nimnalikhitaan arias ityetaan pradarshayat-"laes saans-papiers", "laa core days miracles", "kondamnes"-solo, api cha "fatalite", o est-ele?libres", "law 'attaak dey notre-dem"-anyaih ekalagaayakaih saha. prema shaantih cha. 16 april taha 27 mey 2015 paryantam eugene-varyaha "prema-shaanteh" sangeeta-karyakramena saha ukraine-deshasya praayah 20 nagaraani paryaveshta. asya pravaasasya lakshyam donbas-nagare yuddhasya katinakaale ukreniyan-jananam sakaratmaka-manobhaavam vardhayitum aasit. pravaasasya aarambhen saha "select" iti namna eugene litwinkowich ityasya chaturtham disk cha prakaashitam. disk ityasmin gayakasya sangrahaat 19 shreshtasangeetaani aasan. pravaasaat pratyaagatya mey 29 dinaanke eugene litwinkowich ityayam "2014 varshasya purushagaayakah" iti puraskaram "safalataayaah priyah" iti saarwajanik-praadhaanyasy eukranian-spardhayaha parinaamen praptavan. belarus-deshe karyam, manyata cha. 2013 tame varshe december-masasya aarambhe, november-masasya ante, baaraanovichi-nagare sangeeta-marathan-kridaayaam pradarshanm kartum eugene-varyaha aamantritah. asmin pariyojanaayaam saha leonid-shirin ityasya rachanatmakakaryartham samarpitasya purvasandhyayam "madar" iti geetam abhyanayt, "da-akadami-aaf-telents" ityasya snatakanam sangitasabhayam, 2013 varshasya geetam api avaapnot.

yujen lidwinkovich yujen lidwinkovich (prappu navambar 4,1982, jodino, bellarus) pelaarasil pirantha oru paadagar mattrum ukrainil pirabalamaanavar, ezhuththaalar mattrum kalaignar aavaar. 2013 aam aandil "ukrain cott dolland 4" nigazhchchiyin iruthip poattiyaalaraagavum, 2013 aam aandin thodakkaththil "ex-factor (ukrain) 3" nigazhchchiyin suuppar finalistagavum irunthaar. vaazhkkai varalaaru. kuzhandhaip paruvamum ilamaip paruvamum. yujen lidwinkovich navambar 4,1982 andru pelaarasiya nagaramaana jodinovil shuu thayaarippaalar miheyil lidwinkovich mattrum pugaippadak kalaignar nadeshta lidwinkovich aagiyoarin kudumbaththil piranthaar. avarathu thanthaiyin aarambagaala maranaththirkup piragu, avarathu chakoothari elena avarai kavaniththuk kondirundhaar. yujeen thanathu 7 vayathilirunthae, isai mattrum nadana amaippai aazhamaaga padiththup pallyil padiththaar. thanathu 10 vayathil kalaip pallyil nuzhainthu pinnar adhai mariyaathaiyudan muditthaar. athae neraththil yujeen tharkaappuk kalaikalai (judo mattrum sambo) payirchi seithu saamboavil maastar off sport poattiyaalaraaka aanaar. onbathaam vaguppu mudintha piragu avar kalai mattrum maruseeramaippu kallooriyil nuzhainthaar, aanaal athil pattam peravillai, adharku pathilaaka thaniyar thozhilmunaivoaraaga thanathu seyalpaattaith thodangkinaar. kannaadigal mattrum kaiyuraigaludan oru kadai koodaaram avarathu muthal vaniga anubavamaaga maariyathu. avar oru kuripitta thogaiyai sambaathiththa piragu, yujeen muthalil oru thiranthavezhi tisco kilappai "koondu" endru niruvinaar, pinnar oru iravu kilappai "koodudhal", oru unavagaththai "sorkkam" mattrum jagas "ill oru siriya kafewait thiranthaar." isai vaazhkkaiyin thodakkam. santhaiyil kannaadigal mattrum kaiyuraigalai virpanai seiyum poathu, yujeen ulloor kalaachaara aranmanaiyana "rovsnickle" audio poriyaalaraaka arainaera vaelaiyaik kandaar, angku avar kural aasiriyar nelli ambartsumian nirvagikkum naveena paadal "silvar trill" studiovil oththigaikkaana isai thunaiyai valangkinaar. yujeenukku paaduvathil thiramai irunthathaal, avar innum thozhil reethiyaaga paaduvathaip padikka parinthuraikkappattaar. 2007 aam aandil yujeen ulloor thiruvilaavaana "jodino spring" ill pankettraar, maelum 16 muthal 25 vayathukkutpatta kalaignargalin pirivil vetrtriyaalaraaka thanathu muthal grand prixipe pettraar, maelum oru vanna tholaikaatchi thoguppaana "corrisant" parisaaga vazhangkappattathu. 2009 aam aandil avar janathipathi isaikkuzhuvil paatakarkalin nadippil pankettrapoathu "pelaarasin puthiya kuralgal" poattiyil iruthip poattiyaalaraanaar, maelum "eurovision 2013" alina lanskayavin poattiyaalargalil oruvaraana pugazhpettra pelaarasiya paadagarudan inainthu "musical nites inn mirr koattai" ill "natpu" paadalai nigazhththinaar. juulai 2009 ill, russiavin smolensk piraanthiyaththin velish nagaril naveena paadalin ilam kalaignargalin ex piraanthiyangkalukku idaiyilaana poattiyil yujeen grand brixin urimaiyalaraanaar. 2009-2010 inn poathu avar ont saenal "musical court" thittaththil pankettraar. septumber, 2011 ill, yujeen mitishchiyil sarvadesa vizhaavil "russia mattrum pelaarasin ilainyargal ontraaka xi noottraandil" "sirantha nadigar" pirivil "sirantha nadigar" endra pirivil mattroru valarppu kuzhandhaiyudan jodino studiovin kalaachaara aranmanai "velli diril" valentina pavlovavil naveena paadalin mattroru valarppu kuzhandhaiyudan vettri pettraar. septumber 24,2011 andru, nagaramaana jodino thinaththirku arppanikappatta kacheriyin poathu, yujen lidwinkovich ulloor nirvaagak kuzhuvin miga uyarnththa viruthaip pettraar, kalacharath thuraiyil vetrtripettratharkaaka kavurava maerkoal vazhangkappattathu, idhu jodino nagara thodarchchiyaana kuzhuvin thalaivar maihail omeliansk mattrum oojk "belas" beauter barhomsaikkin thalaimai nirvaaga athikaariyaal avarukku vazhangkappattathu. 2012 aam aandin thodakkaththil yujeen aunt saenalil "akaadami off dalends" thittaththin nadigargalil therchchi pettraar, aanaal muthal neradi nigazhchchikkup piragu poattiyil irunthu veliyaerinaar. aduththa 4 aandugalil yujeen 2010,2011 (iruthip poatti), 2012 (suuppar-finalist) aandugalil "puthiya alai" poattikkaana vaarppurukkalil pankettraar. 2013 aam aandil avar ukrain pirathinithiyaaga nadigargalil pankettraar. 2012 aam aandil avar aleona lanskayavudan slaviensky bajaaril nigazhchchiyai nigazhththinaar. ukrainil vettri. ukrainukku thiramai ullathu minskill nadantha "ukrain good dolland 4" nigazhchchiyin aaramba nadigargalai kadanthu sendra piragu, 2012 aam aandil carcive thaervil inththa poattiyil pankerka yujeen alaikkappattaar. poattikkaaka yujeen "sweet beeple" paadalaith therntheduththaar, idhu aarambaththil ukraeniya paadagar alyoshawal "eurovision 2010" ill vazhangkappattathu. inththa nigazhchchi paarvaiyaalarkal matthiyil perum vetrtriyaip pettrathu. naduvargalin mudivu orumanathaaka irunththathu, yujeen nigazhchchiyin araiyiruthiyil thannaik kandaar, angku avar lolita milyavskaya "moai fedish" ("enn fedish") paadaludan neralaiyil nigazhththinaar. neethipathigalin mudivin moolam yujeen nigazhchchiyai vittu veliyaerinaar, aanaal mattroru kural thiramai-nigazhchchiyil "ex-factor" pankerka ihaar kondraattiyookkilirundhiru (naduvar mandra uruppinargalil oruvar) azhaippaip pettraar. iruppinum, "ukrain thiramai kidaiththathu" nigazhchchiyin amaippaalargal iruthip poattiyil maelum oru idaththai saerkka mudivu seithapoathu, yujen lidwinkovich inththa idaththai paarvaiyaalarkalin thalaivaraagap pettraar. "aarambaththil diana arbeninawal nigazhththappatta "cuttestrophysesky" (paerazhivukaramaaka), antha neraththil poatti paadalaaga irunththathu. iruthi vaakkeduppu mattrum neethipathigalin mudivin vilaivaaga yujeen 3 vadhu idaththaip pidiththaar. x-kaarani october 2012 ill yujeen ukraeniya nigazhchchi "ex-factor" inn moontraavathu season nadigargalil pankettraar. haarel scott paadalin "milim" ("vaarththaigal") endra russia pathippai nigazhththiya yujeen, thaervu suttruppayanangkalil elithil therchchi pettru nigazhchchiyin anaitthu 11 neradi oliparappukalilum nigazhththinaar. oru murai kooda parinthuraikku varaamal, yujeen nigazhchchiyin suuppar finalist aanaar mattrum paarvaiyaalarkal vaakkaliththapadi 2 vadhu idaththaip pidiththaar, vetrtriyai odesa aida nikkolechchukkaich saerntha oru paatakaridam vittuch sentraar. nigazhchchiyin iruthip poattikkup piragu yujeen 19 ukraeniya nagarangalil mattra poattiyaalargaludan (janavari 12-pipravari 3,2013) suttruppayanaththil pankettraar. thanii vaazhkkai. naakki jodiaca (raasi arikurigal) ex-factor" nigazhchchi mudintha piragu, yujeen ess. dii. pii saenalin thayaarippu maiyaththudan 5 aandu oppanthaththil kaiyeluththittaar mattrum thanathu muthal aalpaththil vaelai seiyath thodangkinaar. maarch 7,2013 andru, sarvadesa magalir thinatthaik kondaada arppanikappatta "vasantha kaalak kaarani" kacheriyin poathu, yujen thanathu muthal ezhuththaalarin paadal "snackie sodiaka" ("raasi arikurigal") yaii valangkinaar. yujeen thanathu puthiya paadalkalai ezhuthuvathil theeviramaaga paniyaattrinaar, thanathu muthal aalbamaana "jaanagi sodiaka" ("raasi arikurigal") pathivu seithaar, maelum pala ukraeniya nagarangalilum niraiya nigazhchchigalai nigazhththinaar. 14 maarch 2013 andru, yujeen litwinkovichin athikaarappoorva thalam ess. dii. pii saenalaal vazhangkappattathu. 2013 aepral 2 mattrum 3 aam thaethigalil, "jaanagi sodiaka" ("raasi arikurigal") paadalukkaana isai veediyoa padappidippu nadanthathu. maxim lidvinov inththa padaippin iyakkunaraanaar. mae 23 andru isai veediyoa vazhangkappattathu. 2013 aepral 6 andru, yoojeenudan oru periya alavilaana rasikar koottam nadaipettrathu. koottaththin poathu yujeen thanathu muthal thanii kacheri mae 31 andru thittamidappattiruppathai anaivarukkum arivitthaar. aepral irandaam paguthiyil dickett virpanai thodangiyathu, oru vaaraththirkup piragu avai anaiththum virkappattana. yujeen ess. dii. pii saenaludan inainthu athae naalil koodudhal thanii kacheriyai nadaththa mudivu seithaar. koodudhal kacherikkaana dickettugalum pala naatkalil virkappattana. irandu thanii kachchaerigalum ukrain thaesiya isai akaadamiyin sattamandra mandapaththil pii. aii. vitrtruth theernthuvittathu" endra arivippudan saikovsky (kaiv conservatory). kacheriyin poathu muthal paatakarin aalbamaana "snackie sodiaka" ("raasi arikurigal") vazhangkappattathu. vattil athae peyaril ulla paadalum, maelum irandu ezhuththaalarin paadalkalaana "voad tock-duu lutsey" ("idhu migavum siranthathu") mattrum "kae thebe" ("ungkalukku"), paadalkal "maama" (ell. sharmin, oy. vasuk; paadal varigal n. dambovdeva), maelum "ex-factor" nigazhchchiyin poathu 4 paadalkalum nigazhththappattana. kae thebe (ungkalukku) muthal thanii kachchaerigalin perum vetrtrikkup piragu yujen lidwinkovich ukraeniya nagarangalaich suttri sutruppayanaththaith thayaarippathaaga arivitthaar. august maatham "kae thebe" ("ungkalukku") paadalukkaana isai veediyoavai pugazhpettra isai veediyoa thayaarippaalar alexander filadovich padamaakkinaar. iyakkunar mattrum paadagar aerpaadu seitha flash-mop mattrum yujeenin rasigargalaal aatharikkappatta pinnar isai veediyoa periya thiraiyil kiyevil ulla pirathaana sathukkaththil vazhangkappattathu. kae debe" ("ungkalukku") endra suttruppayanam ukrain 14 periya nagarangalil 6 muthal 21 navambar 2013 kaalakattathil nadaipettrathu. suttruppayanaththin thodakkatthudan muthal muzhu alavilaana yujeenin aalbam veliyidappattathu. vattil "snackie sodiac" ("raasi arikurigal") endra aalpaththilirunthu 4 paadalkal irunthanah "maama", "kae thebe" ("ungkalukku"), "voad tock-duu lutsey" ("idhu migavum siranthathu"), "snackie sodiac" ("raasi arikurigal"), athae poal puthiya paadalkalum avattril perumbaalaanavai yujeene avarkalaal iyatrtrappattana. oru paadal-"anomalia" ("ozhungkinmai")-october 16,2013 andru "emm 1" ukraeniya isai saenalil vazhangkappattathu. 2013 aam aandil nigazhththappatta paniyin mudivugalaal, yujeen ess. dii. pii saenalin "natchaththiranggalaip pattriya nambamudiyaatha unmai" endra tholaikaatchi nigazhchchiyaal "aandin thiruppumunai" endru vazhangkappattathu. eurovision 2014" poattikkaana thaesiya nadigargal" 21 disambar 2013 andru, yujeen ukrainil irunthu "eurovision 2014" poattikkaana thaesiya nadigargalil "stralianaya piditza" ("oru shhaat paravai") endra paadaludan pankettraar. nigazhchchiyin iruthip poattikku thernthedukkappatta piragu, yujeen paarvaiyaalarkal mattrum naduvar kuzhuvin koottuththogaiyaal 20 pankerpaalarkalil 8 vadhu idaththaip pidiththaar. zdes 'i seichas ("ingkae mattrum ippoathu") 2014 aam aandin thodakkaththil "miraji" ("mirajas") paadal veliyidappattathu. inththa paadal ukrainil ulla euromiden thodarpaana sogamaana nigazhvugalukku arppanikkappattathu. maria jaitnikova endra "ex-factor" nigazhchchiyin yujeenin saga paatakaraaka inthap paadalin aasiriyar irunthaar. puthiya aalpaththirkaana panikal thodangkina. mae 2014 ill "ukrain thiramai 6 kidaiththathu" nigazhchchiyin iruthip poattiyin poathu "zses 'i ceichas" ("ingkae ippoathu") aalpaththin thalai paadalum, athae poal ukrainiya "tiydu do mety" ("naan ilakkai adaivaen") ill ulla mattra paadalum vazhangkappattathu, idhu "ex-kaarani" nigazhchchiyin mattroru pankerpaalaraal ezhuthappattathu argadi voiduke. athae aandu yujeen mattrum estibi saenal neeraththirku munbae oppanthaththai udaiththu, paadagar thanathu sontha vaazhkkaiyaith thodarnthaar. 2014 koadaiyil, yujeen ukraeniya paadagar renata shtifeluden "odnitza" ("vaettaikkaaran") paadalaip pathivu seithaar. 2014 aam aandin irandaam paguthiyil paadagar ukrainaich suttri niraiya suttruppayanam seithaar. navambar 25 andru irandaavathu aalbam "zses 'i seichas" ("ingkae ippoathu") veliyidappattathu mattrum thunai suttruppayanam nadaipettrathu. inththa suttruppayanaththil ukrain 12 nagarangal adangkum. puthiya aalpaththil yujeen mattrum pira ezhuththaalargalaal ezhuthappatta puthiya paadalkalum, muthal aalbamaana "kae thebe" ("ungkalukku") inn pala paadalkalum adangkum. baris dhesaththin thalaivane maarch 28 mattrum 29,2015 andru, keevil ulla kacheri mandapaththil "ukrain", isai "notrey dame dii baris" paadalkalin kacheri-unarvin muthal kaatchi nadaipettrathu. yujen lidwinkovich arputhangkalin arasavaiyin mannaraana clobin paaththiraththai nigazhththinaar. isai nigazhchchiyin poathu yujeen pinvarum ariyaakkalai nigazhththinaar "less sance-pappiers", "laa coor tess miracles", "contamness"-thanii, athae poal "fedality", allathu este-ellae?," "libérés", "l 'attaque de notre-dame"-mattra thanii paatakarkaludan inainthu. anbum amaithiyum aepral 16 muthal mae 27,2015 varai, yujeen ukrain sumar 20 nagarangalil "anbum amaithiyum" endra kacheri nigazhchchiyudan suttruppayanam seithaar. inththa suttruppayanaththin kurikkoal tonebassil poarin kadinamaana kaalakattathil ukrainiyargalin nermaraiyaana mananilaiyai uyarththuvathaakum. suttruppayanaththin thodakkatthudan yujeen litwinkovichin 4 vadhu vattu "thaernthedukkappattathu" endru veliyidappattathu. inththa vattil paatakarin thoguppilirunthu 19 sirantha paadalkal irunththana. suttruppayanaththilirunthu thirumbiya piragu, mae 29 andru, yujen lidwinkovich "vettrip pidiththa" podhu viruppangkalin ukraeniya poattiyin mudivugalaal "2014 aam aandin aann paadagar" endru viruthu pettraar. pelaarasil vaelai mattrum angkeekaaram. navambar maatha iruthiyil-disambar 2013 thodakkaththil, paranovichi nagaril nadantha isai maraatthaanin poathu nigazhththa yujeen alaikkappattaar. inthath thittaththirkul avar leonit shrinin padaippu panigalukku arppanikappatta "thaai" paadaludan, "thiramai akaadami" nigazhchchiyin pattathaarikalin kacheriyil nigazhththinaar, maelum "2013 aam aandin paadal" viruthaiyum pettraar.

eugene litwinkovich eugene litwinkovich (jananam 4 november 1982, jodino, bellarus) belaaraslo janminchina gayani mariyu ukreyinlo prasiddhi chendina rachayita mariyu nati. palgontondi "ukrain yokka gaat tolent 4" show yokka finalist mariyu 2013 praarambhamlo "ex-phyaaktar (ukrain) 3" show yokka suupar finalist jeevita charitra. balyam mariyu yavvanam. eugene litwinkovich 1982 november 4naa belarasian pattanamlooni jodino loe shoe tayaareedaaru mihail litwinkovich mariyu photographer nadejda litwinkovich kutumbamlo janminchaaru. athani tandri akaala maranam taruvaata, athani sodari elena atanni chusukuntondi. eugene 7 samvatsaraala vayassu nundi, sangeetam mariyu nrutyanirdesanam yokka lothaina adhyayanamtho paatasaalalo chaduvukunnadu. 10 samvatsaraala vayassulo athanu art schoollo pravesinchi, taruvaata daanini gowravamtho puurti chesaadu. adhe samayamlo yujeen yuddha kalalanu (judo mariyu sambo) abhyasinchaadu mariyu sambolo master off sport abhyardhi ayyadu. tommidava paatasaala taragati taruvaata athanu college off art und restorationloki pravesinchaadu, conny daanini graduate cheyaledu mariyu badulugaa private vyavasthapakudigaa thana karyakalapalanu praarambhinchaadu. addaalu mariyu chethi todugulato kuudina dukaana gudaram athani modati vyapara anubhavam ayindi. athanu kontha dabbu sampaadinchina taruvaata, eugene modata open air disco club "dhi cage" nuu sthaapinchi, aapai oka nait club "extra", oka restaurant "paradise" mariyu jhekaa vadda oka chinna cafe "nuu praarambhinchaadu." sangeeta vruttini praarambhinchandi. marketlo addaalu mariyu chethi todugulu vikrayistunnappudu, yujeen sthaanika saamskrutika rajabhavanam "rovsnick" loe audeo injaneergaa ardha-samayam udyogam kooda pondaadu, akkada athanu vois teacher nelli ambartmian nirvahinche aadhunika paata "sylver trill" studiolo rehearsals yokka sangeeta thodugaa andinchaadu. eugeneku paadatamlo pratibha unnanduna, athanu marinta vruttiparamgaa padatam neerchukoevaalani suuchimchaaru. suuchimchaaru eugene sthaanika panduga "jodino spring" loe paalgoni, 16 nundi 25 samvatsaraala vayassu gala pradarsakula vibhaagamlo vijaetagaa thana modati grand prixnu andukunnadu, alaage oka rangu tv sett "gorizont" nuu bahumatigaa andukunnadu. juulai athanu presidential archestraku gayakula castinglo paalgontuu "bellarus yokka kotta vois" pootiiloo finalist ayyadu mariyu "musical nites inn meer kazil" loe "friendship" patanu "eurovision 2013" alyona lanskaya pootiidaarulaloo okaraina prasiddha belarasian gaayakudito kalisi pradarsinchaadu. juulai juulai, rashyaalooni smolensk praantamlooni velize pattanamlo aadhunika patanu pradarsinche yuva kalaakaarula X antarpraanta pootiiloo yujeen grand prix yajamani ayyadu. 2009-2010 samayamlo athanu aante chaanal "musical court" prajectulo palgonnadu. 2011 septembarulo, yujeen, samskruti rajabhavanam "sylver trill" valentina pavlovalova looni aadhunika paata yokka jodino studio yokka maroka pempudu biddatho kalisi "uttama natudu" vibhaagamlo mitishchilo jarigina antarjaateeya panduga "yooth off russia und bellarus tugether inn xi century" loe vijaetagaa nilichaadu. 24 september 2011naa jodino pattanaaniki ankitam chesina kachereelo, yujeen litwinkovich sthaanika karyanirvahaka kamitee yokka atyunnata avaardunu andukunnaru, samskruti rangamlo vijayam saadhinchinanduku gourava prasamsaapatramtho bahumati pondaaru, dheenini jodino pattana karyanirvahaka kamitee chairman mihail omelianchuk mariyu ojsk "belaj" piotar perhomechike yokka seeevo aayanaku pradaanam chesaaru. 2012 praarambhamlo yujeen aante chaanelloni "academy off tolents" project castinglo uttiirnata saadhinchaaru, conny modati pratyaksha pradarsana tarvaata pootiini vidichipettaru. taruvaati 4 samvatsaraalalo yujeen 2010,2011 (finalist), 2012 (suupar-finalist) samvatsaraalalo "nyuu wave" pootii kosam castinglalo palgontondi. palgontondi ayana ukrain pratinidhigaa taaraaganamlo palgonnaru. october ayana alyona lanskayatho kalisi slaviansky bazar loe pradarsana icchaaru. ukreyinlo vijayam. ukreyinku pratibha undhi minsk loe "ukrain yokka gett tolent 4" pradarsanaku prarambha taaraaganam uttiirnata saadhinchina taruvaata, 2012 loe kharkiv empikalo eee pootiiloo paalgonadaaniki yujeen ahvaninchabaddadu. pootii kosam yujeen "sweet peepul" patanu enchukunnadu, dheenini modatlo "eurovision 2010" loe ukrain gayakudu alyosha samarpinchaaru. eee pradarsana prekshakulalo goppa vijayanni saadhinchindi. nyaayamuurtula nirnayam ekagreevamgaa undindi mariyu show yokka semifinallo eugene tananu taanu kanugonnadu, akkada athanu lolita milyavskaya "moy fetish" ("naa fetish") paatatho pratyaksha pradarsana icchaadu. nyaayamuurtula nirnayam dwara eugene pradarsananu vidichipetti vellipoyaadu, conny maroka ekaika swara pratibha-pradarsana "ex-phyaaktar" loe paalgonadaaniki ihor condratic (jurie sabhyulalo okaru) nundi ahvaanaanni andukunnadu. ayinappatikee, "ukrain yokka pratibha" pradarsana nirvaahakulu finallo maroe sthaanaanni jodinchaalani nirnayinchukunnappudu, eugene litwinkovich eee sthalaanni prekshakula oating nayakudiga andukunnaru. "katastrophicheski" ("" vipattugaa "), modata diana arbenina pradarsinchaaru, aaa samayamlo pootii paata. tudi oating phalitamgaa mariyu nyaayamuurtula nirnayam dwara eugene 3va sthaanaanni dakkinchukunnaaru. x-karakam october october eugene ukrain show "ex-phyaaktar" yokka moodava season castinglo palgonnadu. harrell scott yokka "millim" ("padaalu") paata yokka russian versionnu pradarsinchina eugene, empika paryatanalalo sulabhamgaa uttiirnata saadhinchi, pradarsana yokka mottam 11 pratyaksha prasaralalo pradarsinchaaru. okka saari kooda nominationnu pondakundaane, eugene eee pradarsanalo suupar finalist ayyadu mariyu prekshakula oating prakaram 2va sthaanaanni pondaadu, vijayanni odessa aida nikolechuk nundi oka gayakudiki vadilivesadu. show final tarvaata eugene itara pootiidaarulatoe kalisi 19 ukrainian nagarallo paryatanalo palgonnadu (janavari 12-fibravari 3,2013). ontari vrutti. jnaki jodiaka (rasichakra sankethaalu) ex-phyaaktar" show mugisina taruvaata, eugene stb chhaanel yokka nirmaana kendramtho 5 samvatsaraala oppandampai santakam chesi, thana modati albumpy panicheyadam praarambhinchaadu. 2013 marchi 7naa, antarjaateeya mahilaa dinotsava vedukalaku ankitamaina "phyaaktar off spring" kachereelo, yujeen thana modati rachayita paata "jnaki jodiaka" ("rasichakra sankethaalu") nuu samarpinchaaru. eugene thana kotta paatalanu vraayadaaniki churukuga panicheesaadu, thana modati album "jnucky jodiaka" ("rasichakra sankethaalu") nuu record chesaadu mariyu aneka ukrainian nagarallo kooda chaalaa pradarsanalu icchaadu. 14 marchi 2013naa, eugene litwinkovich yokka adhikaarika saitnu stb chhaanel samarpinchindi. 2013 april 2 mariyu 3 tedeello, "jnaki jodiaka" ("rasichakra sankethaalu") paata kosam sangeeta veediyo chitreekarana jarigindi. maxim litvinov eee paniki director ayyadu. mae 23naa sangeeta veediyo pradarsinchabadindi. 2013 april 6naa yoojeento pedda ettuna abhimanula samavesam jarigindi. eee samavesamlo eugene thana modati solo kachereeni mae 31naa plaan chestunnatlu andarikee teliyajesaadu. april rendava bhaagamlo tikketla ammakam praarambhamaindi mariyu kevalam oka vaaram taruvaata avanni ammudayyayi. eugene, stb chhaanel kalisi adhe roeju adanapu solo kachereeni nirvahinchaalani nirnayinchukunnaaru. adanapu kachereeki tikketlu kooda konni rojullone ammudayyayi. rendu solo kachereelu ukrain national music academy yokka assembly haallo p. ii. ammudupoyindi" notisuto chaikovsky (kaiv conservatory). sangeeta kacheri samayamlo modati gayakudi album "jnaki jodiaka" ("rasichakra sankethaalu") kooda pradarsinchabadindi. disclo adhe paerutoe paatatho paatu rachayita yokka maroe rendu paatalu "vote tock-tuu luchshe" ("idhi chaalaa manchidi") mariyu "keey teb" ("meeku"), paatalu "maama" (ell sangeetam) unnaayi. sharmin, vai. vashuk; saahityam enn. tambovtseva), mariyu "ex-phyaaktar" pradarsanalo 4 paatalu kooda pradarsinchabaddaayi. keey tabe (meeku) modati solo kachereelu goppa vijayam saadhinchina taruvaata eugene litwinkovich ukrain nagaraala chuttoo paryatanaku siddhamavutunnatlu prakatinchaaru. augustulo "keey teb" ("tuu yuu") paataku sambandhinchina sangeeta veediyoonu prasiddha sangeeta veediyo-nirmaata alegzander philatovic chitreekarinchaaru. darsakudu mariyu gayakudu nirvahinchina flash-mob tarvaata mariyu eugene abhimanula maddatutoe sangeeta veediyooni kyivlooni pradhana squarelo pedda terapai pradarsinchaaru. keey tebe" ("tuu yuu") paryatana ukreyinloni 14 atipedda nagarallo 6 nundi 21 november 2013 madhya jarigindi. paryatana praarambhamtho paatu modati puurti sthaayi eugene album vidudalaindi. eee disclo "jhnaaki jodiaka" ("rasichakra sankethaalu") album nundi 4 paatalu unnaih "maama", "keey tebe" ("meeku"), "vote tock-tuu luche" ("idhi chaalaa manchidi"), "jhnaaki jodiaka" ("rasichakra sankethaalu"), alaage kotta paatalu veetilo chaalaa varaku ugne swayamgaa swaraparichaaru. oka paata-"anomalia" ("anomaly")-16 october 2013naa 2013naa ukrainian music chaanello pradarsinchabadindi. 2013 samvatsaramlo pradarsinchina pani phalitaala dwara, eugene nuu tv-show "nakshatraala gurinchi nammasakyam kaani nijam" dwara stb chhaanel "samvatsarapu purogati" gaa pradaanam chesindi. eurovision 2014" pooteeki jaateeya taaraaganam" 21 december 2013naa, eugene ukrain nundi "eurovision 2014" pootii kosam jaateeya taaraaganamlo "strelianaya pititsa" ("oka shaat burd") paatatho palgonnadu. pradarsana yokka finalku empikaina taruvaata, eugene prekshakulu mariyu jurie mottam dwara 20 mandhi paalgonevaarilo 8va sthaanamlo nilichindi. zdes 'i seichas ("ikkada mariyu ippudu") 2014 praarambhamlo "miraji" ("mirages") paata vidudalaindi. eee paata ukreyinloni euromydanku sambandhinchina vishaada sanghatanalaku ankitam cheyabadindi. maria jhaitnikova-eee paata rachayita "ex-phyaaktar" show dwara eugene yokka sahodyogi. kotta album kosam panulu prarambhamayyayi. 2014 maeloe "ukrain yokka gett tolent 6" show finals samayamlo "jess 'ii seachas" ("ikkada mariyu ippudu") album yokka pradhana patanu alaage ukreyinloni "daidu doow metty" ("ii will ett dhi goal") looni itara patanu pradarsinchaaru, dheenini "ex-phyaaktar" show arkadi voytuke yokka maroka paalgonevaaru raasaaru. adhe samvatsaram eugene mariyu stb chhaanel oppandaanni mundugaane vichchinnam chesaayi mariyu gayakudu thana vruttini tanantata thaane konasaginchadu. 2014 vesavilo, eugene ukrainian gayani renata stiffeltho kalisi "ohotnitsa" ("vaetagaadu") patanu record chesaaru. 2014 rendava bhaagamlo gayakudu ukrain chuttoo chaalaa paryatinchaaru. november 25naa rendava album "jesses ii seachas" ("ikkada mariyu ippudu") vidudalai sahayaka paryatana jarigindi. eee paryatanalo ukreyinloni 12 nagaralu unnaayi. kotta albumlo eugene mariyu itara rachayitalu raasina kotta paatalu, alaage modati album "keey teb" ("tuu yuu") nundi aneka paatalu unnaayi. paris yokka goppa vyakti 28 mariyu 29 marchi 2015naa, keev looni "ukrain" kacheri haallo, sangeeta "notre daam dii paris" nundi paatala kacheri-sensation premiere jarigindi. eugene litwinkovich adbhutaala aasthaana raaju clopin paatranu poeshinchaadu. sangeeta kacheri samayamlo eugene eee krindi arialanu pradarsinchaaruh "less sance-papiers", "laa core dess miracles", "condumness"-solo, alaage "fetalite", ledhaa est-elle?, liberes", "ell 'attak dii notre-daam"-itara solo gaayakulato kalisi. prema mariyu shanti april 16 nundi 2015 mae 27 varaku, yujeen "love und pease" anae kacheri kaaryakramamtho ukreyinloni 20 nagarallo paryatinchaaru. eee paryatana lakshyam donabaslo yuddham yokka kashtakaalamlo ukrainla saanukuula manasika sthithini penchadam. paryatana praarambhamtho paatu "select" anie piluvabade eugene litwinkovich yokka 4va disk vidudala cheyabadindi. eee disclo gayakudi pradarsanasaala nundi 19 uttama rachanalu unnaayi. paryatana nundi tirigi vacchina taruvaata, mae 29naa, eugene litwinkovich kuu "2014 samvatsarapu purusha gayakudu" gaa prajala praadhaanyatala ukrainian pootii "vijaya ishtamainavi" phalitaala dwara avaardu labhinchindi. belaaraslo pani mariyu gurtimpu. november chivaralo-december 2013 praarambhamlo, baranovichi nagaramlo sangeeta marathon samayamlo pradarsana ivvadaaniki yoojeennu aahvaninchaaru. eee prajectlo athanu "academy off tolents" show yokka graduatela kachereelo "mother" paatatho leonid shirin yokka srujanaatmaka paniki ankitamaina sandarbhamgaa pradarsana icchaadu mariyu "2013 samvatsarapu paata" avaardunu kooda andukunnadu.

yujeen letwenkowech yujeen letwenkowech (paidaish 4 nomber 1982yee zodino belars) belars mein paida honay waali eek gulukarah hay aur ukareen mein mashhur masnaf aur adakaar hay. 2013 mein "ukareen kay gutt telent 4" show kay finalist aur 2013 kay aaghaz mein "aiks factor (ukareen) 3" show kay spir finalist sawanah umri. bachpan aur jawani. yujeen letoinkooch 4 nomber 1982 kuu jotay bananay waalay mehal letwenkoch aur photographer nadazdah letwenkoch kay khaandaan mein belars kay shehar zodino mein paida hoay. iss kay waalid kii qabal az waqat moth kay baad iss kii behan elena iss kii deekh bhaal kirr rahee thee. jabb say wah 7 saal kaa thaa yujeen nay mausiqi aur choreography kay gahrayi say mutalah kay saath school mein taleem haasil kii. 10 saal kii amar mein inhon nay aart school mein daakhlah liyaa aur baad mein asay aizaz kay saath makmal kiyaa. asee waqat yujeen nay maarshil arts (jodo aur saambo) kii mashq kii aur saambo mein maaster aaf sports kay amidwar bunn gayey. nawein jamaat kay baad wah college aaf aart aind reestoran mein daakhil huay leakin iss nay graduation nahein kiyaa aur iss kay bajaye najee karobari kay toor parr apnee srgarmi sharoo kii. sheeshe aur dastanon kay saath eek dakaan kaa khaimah inn kaa pehla karobari tajarbah bunn gayaa. eek khaas raqam kamanay kay baad yujeen nay pehley eek open aiyar disco kalb "dee keej" qayem kiyaa aur phir eek night kalb "extra"yee eek reestoran "paradise" kaa ahtamam kiyaa aur zeeka mein eek chhota saa kaifay "khola"." mausiqi kay carrier kaa aaghaz. bazaar mein sheeshe aur dastanay farokhat kartay huay yujeen kuu maqami peels aaf culture "rovisink" mein audio engineer kii haisiyat say nasf waqat kii nokari bhee millie jehaan inhon nay eek waais teacher neeli umbartsoman kay zeer intezam jadeed gaaney "salor trull" kay studio mein rehearsalz kaa musical saath farahim kiyaa. chonkah yujeen mein gaaney kii salahiyat thee iss liye asay mazeed paishah waranah toor parr gaana seekhnay kaa mashurah diyaa gayaa. 2007 mein yujeen nay maqami tehwaar "zodino spring" mein hasah liyaa aur 16 say 25 saal kii amar kay funkaron kay zamray mein faatah kay toor parr apnaa pehla grend perks haasil kiyaa aur anaam kay toor parr eek rangeen tye wee seet "gorizont" bhee haasil kiyaa. 2009 mein wah sadarati archistra mein gulukaron kii casting mein hasah leetay hoay "belars kii nayee aawazein" muqabilay kay finalist bunn gayey aur inhon nay eek mashhur belars gulukarah kay saath mill kirr "musical nights inn meer kesal" mein "friendship" gaana paish kiyaa juu "yuro vision 2013" kay harifon mein say eek thein. eliwana lenskaya. jolayi 2009 mein yujeen roos kay elaqay samolansik kay eek qasbey wells mein jadeed gaaney kay naujawan funkaron kay aiks beenn elaqayi muqabilay mein grend perks kaa maalik bunn gayaa. 2009-2010 kay doraan inhon nay aant chinal "musical court" kay mansubay mein hasah liyaa. satambar 2011 mein yujeen meteshi mein beenn alaqwami melay "youth aaf roos aind belars togait inn aiks aiks sadee" kaa faatah bunn gayaa jiss mein "behtareen adakaar" kaa zamrah thaa jiss mein peels aaf culture "salor trull" valentina pawlowa mein jadeed gaaney kay zodino studio kay eek aur razayi bachay kay saath. 24 satambar 2011 kuu shehar zodino kay dunn kay liye waqaf concert kay doraan yujeen letwenkoch kuu maqami execto committy kaa sabb say badaa aiward milaa jasay saqafat kay shobay mein kamiyabi kay liye aizazi certificate say nawaza gayaa juu inhein zodino town kii execto committy kay chairmeen mehal omelinchik aur aujees "belaaz" puter pairhomchik kay see ayee awo nay diyaa thaa. 2012 kay aaghaz mein yujeen nay aant chinal parr project "academy aaf telents" kii casting paas kii leakin pehley laiyo show kay baad muqabilah chhod diyaa. aglay 4 saalon kay doraan yujeen 2010yee 2011 (finalist)yee 2012 (spir finalist) mein "neo view" muqabilay kay liye casting mein hasah lay rehaa thaa. 2013 mein inhon nay ukareen kay numayende kay toor parr casting mein hasah liyaa. 2012 mein inhon nay alyona lanskaya kay saath salvensky bazaar mein perform kiyaa. ukareen mein kamiyabi. ukareen mein qabiliyat hay mansak mein show "ukarenz gaat telent 4" mein ibtadayi casting paas karnay kay baad yujeen kuu 2012 mein kharkiyo slection parr iss muqabilay mein hasah leenay kay liye madau kiyaa gayaa thaa. muqabilay kay liye yujeen nay "sweet peepal" gaana muntakhib kiyaa thaa jasay ibtadayi toor parr ukareen kii gulukarah ailosha nay "yuro vision 2010" mein paish kiyaa thaa. iss performans kuu saamayin mein zabardast kamiyabi haasil hoyee. jajon kaa faislah mutafaqah thaa aur yujeen nay khood kuu show kay seemi final mein payaa jehaan inhon nay loleta milyoskaya "moay faitish" ("meeri faitish") kay gaaney kay saath braah raast perform kiyaa. jajon kay faislay say yujeen nay show chhod diyaa leakin inhein aihar kondratiyok (jewari kay arakeen mein say eek) kii taraf say eek aur waahid aawaz waalay telent show "aiks factor" mein hasah leenay kii daawat milly. phir bhee jabb show kay muntazmin "ukarenz gaat telent" nay final mein eek aur jagah shaamil karnay kaa faislah kiyaa tuu yujeen latvenkovich nay iss jagah kuu voting karnay waalay saamayin kay rehnuma kay toor parr haasil kiyaa. "ctastrophasisky" ("" tabahi say mutaliq ")yee juu ibtadayi toor parr diyana arbina nay paish kiyaa thaa iss waqat kaa muqabilah gaana thaa. hatmi voting kay natijay mein aur jajon kay faislay say yujeen nay teesra maqaam haasil kiyaa. aiks factor aktobar 2012 mein yujeen nay ukarini show "aiks factor" kay teesre seezan kii casting mein hasah liyaa. haral scate kay gaaney "maleem" ("alfaz") kay rosee warzan kuu paish karnay kay baad yujeen nay aasani say slection torz paas kiye aur show kii tamaam 11 braah raast nashriyaat mein perform kiyaa. eek baar bhee namzadgi haasil kiye baghair yujeen show kay spir finalist bunn gayey aur saamayin kay voting kay mutabiq dosri position haasil kii aur fatah odesa aaida necolachic kay eek gulukaar parr chhod dee. show kay final kay baad yujeen nay deegar harifon kay saath mill kirr ukareen kay 19 shehron kay doray mein hasah liyaa (12 januri-3 faroori 2013). solo carrier. zanaki zodika (raqam kii alamatein) aiks factor" show kay ikhtatam kay baad yujeen nay aiss tye bee chinal kay production center kay saath 5 saalah muahide parr dastakhat kiye aur apnay pehley album parr kaam karnaa sharoo kiyaa. 7 maarch 2013 cow khwatin kay beenn alaqwami dunn kay jashan kay liye waqaf "factor aaf spring" concert kay doraan yujeen nay apnaa pehla masnaf kaa gaana "zanaki zodika" ("raqam kii alamatein") paish kiyaa. yujeen nay apnay nayey gaaney likhnay parr faal toor parr kaam kiyaa apnaa pehla album "zanaki zodika" ("raqam kii alamatein") record kiyaa aur ukareen kay mutadid shehron mein bhee behat kachh paish kiyaa. 14 maarch 2013 cow yujeen letwenkowech kii sarkaari saait aiss tye bee chinal kay zariye paish kii gayee. 2 aur 3 apreel 2013 cow gaaney "zanaki zodika" ("raqam kii alamatein") kay liye musical video kii shoting hoyee. maxim latvinof iss kaam kay director banay. musical video 23 mayee kuu paish kii gayee. 6 apreel 2013 kuu yujeen kay saath baday paimanay parr madahon kii metting hoyee. mulaqat kay doraan yujeen nay sabb kuu 31 mayee kuu apnay pehley solo concert kay baaray mein matlaa kiyaa. apreel kay dosray hasay mein tikton kii farokhat sharoo hoyee aur sarf eek haftay kay baad wah sabb farokhat how gayey. yujeen nay aiss tye bee chinal kay saath mill kirr asee dunn izaafi solo concert munaqid karnay kaa faislah kiyaa. izaafi concert kay ticket bhee kayee dunon mein farokhat how gayey. donon solo concert ukareen kii national music academy kay assembly haal mein munaqid hoay jinn kaa naam pee kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. I. seiled aaot" notes kay saath chaikwoski (kiyo conservatory). concert kay doraan gulukaar kaa pehla album "zanaki zodika" ("raqam kii alamatein") bhee paish kiyaa gayaa. disk mein asee naam kaa gaana thaa aur saath hyee masnaf kay duu mazeed gaaney "woat takk tuu loshay" ("yaha behat behatar hay") aur "kay tibay" ("aap kay liye")yee gaaney "maama" (mausiqi eel. sharmareen waayi. waschik vovo n kay boul. tambotswa)yee aur "aiks factor" show kay doraan paish kiye gayey 4 gaaney bhee. kay teebi (aap kay liye) pehli solo concerts kii bury kamiyabi kay baad yujeen letwenkowech nay ukareen kay shehron kay ard gird doray kii tayari kaa aalaan kiyaa. agast mein gaaney "kay tibay" ("aap kay liye") kay musical video kuu eek mashhur music video bananay waalay alegzender flatovich nay shoat kiyaa thaa. music video kuu hidayat kaar aur gulukaar kay zeer ahtamam aur yujeen kay madahon kii himayat mein fleesh mob kay baad kiyo kay markazi chook parr bury screen parr paish kiyaa gayaa. torr "kay teebi" ("aap kay liye") ukareen kay 14 baday shehron kay ard gird 6 say 21 nomber 2013 kay arsey mein hawaa. doray kay aaghaz kay saath saath yujeen kaa pehla makmal album jaari kiyaa gayaa. disk mein album "zanaki zodika" ("raqam kii alamatein") kay 4 gaaney shaamil thay: "maama"yee "kay tibay" ("aap kay liye")yee "woat takk tuu loshay" ("yaha behat behatar hay")yee "zanaki zodika" ("raqam kii alamatein")yee neez nayey gaaney jinn mein say ziyadah tarr khood yujeen nay tartib diye thay. eek gaana-"anumaliya" ("anumali")-16 aktobar 2013 kuu "ayem 1" ukarini music chinal parr paish kiyaa gayaa thaa. saal 2013 kay doraan kiye gayey kaam kay nataij kay mutabiq yujeen kuu aiss tye bee chinal kay zariye tye wee show "sataron kay baaray mein naqabil yaqeen sachayi" kay zariye "saal kii paishraft" kay toor parr nawaza gayaa. yuro vision 2014" kay muqabilay kay liye qomi casting" 21 dasambar 2013 cow yujeen nay ukareen say "yuro vision 2014" kay muqabilay kay liye qomi casting mein "streliyanaya patsa" ("eek shaat bird") gaaney kay saath hasah liyaa. show kay final kay liye muntakhib honay kay baad saamayin aur jewari kay majmuay kay lahaaz say yujeen nay 20 sharkaa mein say 8 wein number parr kamiyabi haasil kii. zdes 'i seychas ("yahaan aur abb") 2014 kay aaghaz mein gaana "mirazi" ("miraj") release hawaa. yaha gaana ukareen mein euromeedan say mutaliq almanaak waaqiaat kay liye waqaf thaa. gaaney kii masnaf "aiks factor" show kii taraf say yujeen kii saathi thee-maariyah zetnikova. nayey album kaa kaam sharoo how rehaa thaa. mayee 2014 mein show "ukarenz gaat telent 6" kay final kay doraan album "zees 'aayee seekas" ("yahaan aur abb") kaa head gaana paish kiyaa gayaa thaa aur saath hyee yukarayan mein dosra gaana "dedo duu metty" ("mein hadaf takk pahunchon gaa") paish kiyaa gayaa thaa jasay "aiks factor" show aarkadi waitik kay eek aur shareek nay likhaa thaa. asee saal yujeen aur aiss tye bee chinal nay waqat say pehley muahidah toad diyaa aur gulukaar nay khood hyee apnay carrier kay saath aagay badhaa. 2014 kay mosam garma mein yujeen nay yukarayan kii gulukarah renata shateefal kay saath "auhotniyatsa" ("shikaari") gaana record kiyaa. 2014 kay dosray hasay mein gulukarah nay ukareen kay ard gird behat dorah kiyaa. 25 nomber kuu dosra album "zees 'aayee seechas" ("yahaan aur abb") release hawaa aur maawan dorah munaqid kiyaa gayaa. iss doray mein ukareen kay 12 shehar shaamil thay. nayey album mein wah nayey gaaney shaamil thay juu yujeen aur deegar masnafeen nay likhay thay saath hyee saath pehley album "kay tibay" ("aap kay liye") kay kayee gaaney bhee shaamil thay. peers kay notari ddaim 28 aur 29 maarch 2015 kuu kiyo mein concert haal "ukareen" mein musical "notari ddaim ddee peers" kay gaanon kay concert sansani kaa premier hawaa. yujeen latvenkovich nay moujizat kay darbaar kay baadshah klopan kaa kirdaar adaa kiyaa. concert kay doraan yujeen nay mandarjah zeel airyaaz paish kiye: "lees saans papiers"yee "laa coor ddais moujizat"yee "kondamans"-soulo neez "fatlight"yee yaa yaha sabb kiyaa hay?yee" libreez "yee" eel attak ddee notari ddaim "-dosray solo gulukaron kay saath. mohabat aur aman 16 apreel say 27 mayee 2015 takk yujeen nay "mohabat aur aman" kay concert prograam kay saath ukareen kay taqriba 20 shehron kaa dorah kiyaa. iss doray kaa maqsad donbas mein jung kay mashkal door mein ukarini baashindon kay masbat mazaaj kuu badhana thaa. doray kay aaghaz kay saath saath yujeen letwenkowech kii chothi disk jasay "slected" kahaa jaataa hay jaari kii gayee. disk mein gulukaar kay zakhiray say 19 behtareen compositions shaamil thein. doray say wapsi kay baad 29 mayee cow yujeen letwenkowech kuu ukarini muqabilay kay nataij say "saal 2014 kay mard gulukaar" kay toor parr nawaza gayaa. belars mein kaam aur pehchaan. nomber kay aakhir mein-dasambar 2013 kay aaghaz mein yujeen kuu baranovichi shehar mein music mirathan kay doraan perform karnay kay liye madau kiyaa gayaa thaa. iss project kay andar inhon nay "academy aaf telents" show kay graduates kay concert mein "mudar" gaaney kay saath leond sheeran kay takhliqi kaam kay liye waqaf honay kay moqaa parr perform kiyaa aur "saal 2013 kaa gaana" kaa aiward bhee haasil kiyaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27303868

David B. Stone

David B. Stone David Barnes Stone (September 2, 1927 – April 12, 2010) was an American businessman who led an investment firm called the North American Management Corp. However, Stone was best known as the principal founder of the New England Aquarium, which opened in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1969 as part of the redevelopment of the city's waterfront. Stone, who was raised in Brookline, Massachusetts, was the third child of Robert and Betty Stone. He attended The Park School and graduated from the Milton Academy. He became a merchant marine during World War II, graduating from the US Merchant Marine Academy. Stone later earned a bachelor's degree from Harvard University in 1950 and received his MBA, also from Harvard, in 1952. Stone began envisioning an aquarium for the redeveloped Boston waterfront in the late 1950s. He began serving as the future New England Aquarium's board of directors in 1959. Stone, and the New England Aquarium's other principal co-founder, Henry "Hal" Lyman spent much of the 1960s planning and fundraising for the proposed aquarium. Stone chose then 26-year-old architect Peter Chermayeff to design the aquarium, his first such design. Chermayeff has since designed more than 20 aquariums worldwide. The New England Aquarium opened to the public in June 1969. Stone continued to serve on the aquarium's board of directors until 1976. David Stone died at Massachusetts General Hospital from complications of a stroke on April 12, 2010, at the age of 82. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

david bi. xil david barnes stone (2 septembor, 1927-12 april, 2010) ejon aamerikan byowoxayi aasil jiye northo aamerikan management korpo naamor etaa biniyug protisthanor netritwo disil. obosye, 1969 sonot mesasusetsor bostonot sohorkhonor jolaxoyor punor bikaxor ongxo hisape mukoli huwa niu england aquariumor prodhan protisthapok hisape stone ataitkoi besi porisito aasil. mesasusetsor brooklineot dangor-dighol huwa stone aasil robert aaru beti stonor tritiyo xontan. teu park schoolot porhisil aaru milton academyr poraa snatok degree laabh korisil. dwitiyo biswojudhor xomoyot teu aamerika juktorastror bonik xamudrik academyr poraa snatok degree laabh kori ejon bonik xamudrik hoi porisil. pisoloi stone 1950 sonot harbhard biswobidyaloyor poraa snatok degree laabh kore aaru 1952 sonot harbhardor porau em. bi. e. laabh kore. 1950-ror doxokor xexor faale xiloi punor bikoxito boston jolaxoyor baabe ekhon masorakhyaloyor kolpona koriboloi aarombho korisil. 1959 sonot teu bhobisyotor niu england aquariumor porisalok porixod hisape xewa aagborhaboloi aarombho korisil. stone, aaru niu england aquariumor aan ejon prodhan xoho-protisthapok, henori "hell" laimene 1960-ror doxokor besibhag xomoy prostawito aquariumor baabe porikolpona aaru puji xongroho korat byoy korisil. stone tetiyar 26 bosoriya sthopoti pitter chermayefok aquariumor design koriboloi basoni korisil, jitu teur prothom ene design aasil. chermayefe tetiyar poraa biswojuri biswojuri odhik ekwariyamor design korise. 1969 sonor june maahot niu england aquarium jonoxadharonor baabe mukoli koraa hoisil. 1976 sonoloike stone aquariumor porisalok porixodot xewa aagborhaisil. 2010 sonor 12 aprilot 82 bosor boyoxot strokor jotilotar baabe mesasusets general sikitsaloyot david stonor mrityu hoy.

david bii. pathor. david burness stone (2raa septembara, 1927-12ee april, 2010) ekjon markin byabasayi chhilen jini north american management karporeshana naame ekti biniyog sangosthar netritto diyechilen. zaihok, pathor neu ingland aquarium prodhan protisthata hisabe sorbadhik porichito chhilo, jaa 1969 saale massachusetser bostone shohorer joladharer punorbasoner ongsho hisabe khola hoyechilo. massachusetser brookline bede otha stone chhilen robbert ebong betty stoner tritiya santan. tini park schoole padashona corren ebong milton academy theke snatok hohn. dwitiya bishwojuddher somoy tini markin marchant merrin academy theke snatok hohn. stone porey 1950 saale harvard vishwavidyalaya theke snatok degree orjon corren ebong 1952 saale harvard theke mba degree orjon corren. 1950-err doshoker shesher dike patharti bostoner punornirmankrito joladharer jonno ekti aquarium kalpana korte shuru korey. tini 1959 saale bhabishyater neu ingland aquarium porichalona porshod hisabe kaaj shuru corren. stone, ebong neu ingland aquarium onno prodhan soho-protisthata henry "hull" lyman prostabito aquarium jonno 1960-err doshoker parikalpana ebong tehbil sangraher jonno beshirbhag byoy korechilen. pathor takhankar 26 bochor vayasi sthopoti pitter chermayefke aquarium naksha korar jonno beche niyechilen, jaa taanr prothom naksha. chermayef tokhon theke bishwobyapi 20tiro beshi aquarium naksha korechen. 1969 saaler june maase neu ingland aquarium jonosadharoner jonno unmukto koraa hoy. 1976 saal porjonto stone aquarium porichalona porshode kaaj korey. david stone 2010 saaler 12ee april 82 bochor boyse stroker jotilotai massachusets general hospitale maaraa zaan.

david bii. patthar david barness stone (2 september, 1927-12 april, 2010) aek american udhyogpati hataa jemane north american management corporation naamnee rokaan pedhhinu netrutva karyoo hatoo. jooe keey, stone nyu ingland maachhaleegharna mukhya sthaapak tareeke jaanita hataa, jeey shahernaa waterfrontnaa punarvikasna bhaag rupe 1969maan boostana, mesatusatesma kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo. stone, jeno uchher brookline, mesatusatesma thayo hato, teey roobert aneey betty stone triju santaan hatoo. temane paark schoolma abhyaas karyo aneey milton academymathi snaatak thayaa. teo beeja vishvyuddh darmiyan yuu. aesa. merchant marine academymathi snaatak thayaa hataa aneey vepaari marine banyaa hataa. baadmaa stone 1950maan harvarda universitymathi snatakni degree melvee hatee aneey 1952maan harwardthee aema. bii. aee. pann melavyu hatoo. pattharae 1950naa daykana antamaa punarviksit boostana waterfront maate maachhaleegharni kalpanaa karvaanu sharoo karyoo. temane 1959maan bhavishyanaa nyu ingland maachhaleegharna niyaamak mandal tareeke sevaa aapvaanu sharoo karyoo. stone, aneey nyu ingland maachhaleegharna anya mukhya saha-sthaapak, henry "haal" limene soochit machhalighar maate 1960naa daaykaano motaabhaagno samay aayojan aneey bhandol oobhu karvaamaa kharch karyo. stone maachhaleegharni rachnaa karvaa maate teey samaynaa 26 varsheey architect pieter chairmaifni pasandagi curry hatee, jeey temnee aaa prakaarnee pratham rachnaa hatee. tyaarthi chairmayefe vishvbharma 20 thee vadhu maachhaleegharni rachnaa curry chhe. juuna 1969maan nyu ingland machhalighar jaaher janata maate khullu mukvaamaa aavyu hatoo. stone 1976 sudhee maachhaleegharna niyaamak mandalma sevaa aapvaanu chaalu raakhyu hatoo. david stone 82 varshnee vaye 12 april, 2010naa roj strockni jatiltaone kaarane mesatusates general hospitalma avsaan thayu hatoo.

david bee. patthar david barnes stone (2 sitambar, 1927-12 aprail, 2010) ack americi vyavasaayi they jinhone north american management corp naamak ack nivesh firm kaa netritva kiya thaa. haalaanki, patthar koo nyu ingland aquarium key pramukh sansthaapak key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, joe 1969 mein boston, massachusets mein shahar key tata key punarvikas key hisse key roop mein khola gayaa thaa. stone, joe brookline, massachusets mein paley-badhe they, robbert aur betty stone key teesare bachche they. unhone park school mein padhaai kii aur milton akadami seey snaatak kiya. vaha dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran ack vyaapaari samudri bunn gaye, americi vyaapaari samudri akadami seey snaatak hue. stone ney baad mein 1950 mein harvard vishvavidyalaya seey snaatak kii degree praapt kii aur 1952 mein harvard seey bhee aim. bee. aeye. praapt kiya. 1950 key dashak key anta mein punarvikasit boston tata key liye ack machhalighar kii kalpana shuru hui. unhone 1959 mein bhavishya key nae ingland aquarium key nideshak mandal key roop mein seva karna shuru kiya. stone, aur nae ingland aquarium key anya pramukh saha-sansthaapak, heinry "haal" lyman ney 1960 key dashak kaa adhikansh samay prastaavit aquarium key liye yojana banaane aur dhana ugaahane mein kharch kiya. patthar ney 26 varsheeya vastukar peater chermef koo machhalighar kii rachana key liye chunaa, joe unaki pahali aisee rachana thee. chermayef ney taba seey duniya bhar mein 20 seey adhik aquarium design kiye hain. juuna 1969 mein nyu ingland aquarium janata key liye khola gayaa. stone 1976 taka aquarium key nideshak mandal mein seva karna jaari rakhaa. david stone kii 82 varsh kii ayu mein 12 aprail, 2010 koo ack stroke kii jatilataon seey massachusets general aspatal mein mrityu hoe gaee.

david bii. kallu. david barness stone (september 2,1927-april 12,2010) obba american udyamiyaagiddu, avaru uttara american management corp emba hoodike samstheya netrutvavannu vahisiddaru. aadaagyoo, nagarada jalaabhimukhada punaraabhivruddhi bhagavagi 1969ralli masachusetsna bostannalli praarambhavaada nyoo inglend akveriyamna pradhana samsthaapaka endu stone hesaruvaasiyaagiddaru. masachusetsna brooklinelli beleda stone robbert mattu betty stone moorane maguvagiddaru. avaru park shaleyalli vyasanga maadidaru mattu milton akaademiyinda padavi padedaru. avaru eradane mahayuddhada samayadalli vyapari naukapade aadaru, yuu. ess. merchant merine akaademiyinda padavi padedaru. stone nantara 1950ralli haarvard vishvavidyaalayadinda padavi padedaru mattu 1952ralli haarvardninda emm. bii. aa. padedaru. 1950rahra dashakada koneyalli maru abhivraddhipadisida boston jalaabhimukhakkaagi aquarium annu kalpisikollalu praarambhisitu. avaru 1959ralli bhavishyada nyoo inglend akveriyamna nirdesakara mandaliyagi seve sallisalu praarambhisidaru. stone, mattu nyoo inglend akveriyamna itara pramukha saha-samsthaapaka henry "haal" lyman avaru 1960rahra dashakada hecchina bhagavannu uddeshita akveriyangaagi yojane mattu nidhisangrahakkagi kharchu maadidaru. aquarium vinyasa maadalu stone aagina 26 varshada vaastushilpi peater chermayeff avarannu ayke maadidaru, idu avara modala vinyaasavaagide. andininda chermayef vishvaadyanta 20kkoo hecchu akveriyangalannu vinyasagolisiddare. 1969rahra joonnalli nyoo inglend aquarium saarvajanikarige tereyalaayitu. stone 1976ravarege akveriyamna nirdesakara mandaliyalli seve sallisuttale ittu. david stone avaru tamma 82neey vayassinalli 2010rahra april 12randu paarshvavaayuvina todakugalindaagi mastusets general aaspatreyalli nidhanaraadaru.

david bii. dagad david barnes stone (2 september 1927-12 april 2010) haah eka american vyapari hota, jyane north american management corporation navachya guntavanuk companyche netrutva kele. tathapi, shaharachya tatbandichya punarvikasacha eka bhag mhanoon 1969 madhye boston, massatusates yethe ughadanyat aalelya nyu ingland matsyalayache pramukh sansthapak mhanoon stonela olakhale jaat asey. massatucets brookline yethe vadhalela stone haah robbert aanee betty stonecha tisra mulga hota. tyanni udyan shalet shikshan ghetale aanee milton akadamitoon padvi prapt kelee. dusya mahayuddhadarmyan too vyapari sagari banala aanee us merchant mareen akadamitoon padvi prapt kelee. stone nantar 1950 madhye harvard vidyapithatun padvi midavali aanee 1952 madhye harvard yethoon emm. bii. aii. dekhil prapt kele. 1950 chya dashakachya uttaradhat punarvikasit boston tatasathichya matsyalayasathi dagadane kalpana karnyas suruvat kelee. tyanni 1959 madhye bhavishyatil nyu ingland matsyalay sanchalak mandal mhanoon kaam karnyas suruvat kelee. stone aanee nyu ingland matsyalayache itar pramukh saha-sansthapak, heinry "haal" lyman yanni 1960 chya dashkatil bahutansh bhag prastavit matsyalayasathi niyojan aanee nidhi ubharanivar kharch keela. stone matsyalayachi rachana karnyasathi tatkalin 26 varshiy vastuvisharad pieter cheramayafachi nivad kelee, jee tyanchi ashee pahili rachana hotee. tevhapasoon cheramayafane jagbharat 20 hoon adhik matsyalayanchi rachana kelee aahe. juuna 1969 madhye nyu ingland matsyalay janatesathi khule karnyat aale. stone 1976 paryant matsyalayachya sanchalak mandalavar karyarat rahile. 12 april 2010 roji vayachya 82 vya varshi strokechya guntaguntimule massatusates general rugnalayat david stone yanche nidhan jhaale.

devid bee. dhunga devid barnes stone (september 2,1927-april 12,2010) ek americi wyapari thie jasle north american management karpa namak lagani farmako netritwa gareka thie. yadyapi, stonelai nayan england equariumko pramukh sansthapakko rupma chininthyo, june boston, massachusetsma sann 1969 maa saharko waterfrontko punarwikasko bhagko rupma kholieko thiyo. massachusetsko brooklinema hurkeka stone robert rar betty stoneka tesro santan thie. unle park schoolma padhe rar milton ekedemibata snatak gare. uni dosro wishwayuddhako samayama americi wyapari samudri ekedemibata snatak gardai wyapari samudri bane. stonele pachhi sann 1950 maa harward vishwavidyalayabata snatakko degree prapta gare rar sann 1952 maa harwardbata pani mba prapta gare. sann 1950 ko dashakko uttarardhama punarwiksit boston waterfrontka lagi euta equariumko kalpana garna suru bhayo. unle sann 1959 maa bhawishyako nayan england equariumko nirdeshak samitiko rupma sewa garna thale. stone, rar nayan england equariumko anya pramukh saha-sansthapak, heinry "hall" limanle prastawit aquariumka lagi 1960 ko dashakko dheraijaso yojana rar kosh sankalan kharcha gare. stonele 26 warshiya wastukar pieter cherameeflai aquarium design garna rojyo, june unko pahilo yasto design how. chermayefle tyasabeladekhi vishwabhar 20 bhanda badhi equariumharu design gareka chhan. june 1969 maa nayan england aquarium janataka lagi kholieko thiyo. stonele 1976 samma equariumko nirdeshak boardma sewa garna jaari rakhyo. devid stoneko 82 warshako umerma 12 april 2010 maa strokeko jatiltaharubata massachusets general aspatalma mrityu bhayo.

devida bii. pathara devida barness stone (september 2,1927-april 12,2010) jane americae byabasajee thile jieki north american management corporation namaka eka nibesh sansthara netrutwa neithile. tebe, stone nyu englanda akwarijamara pramukh pratisthata bhabare janashuna, jaahaa saharar jalaprantara punarbikasha ansha bhabare 1969 ray masachusetsara bostanare kholajaithila . masachusetsara brooklinere lalitapalita stone robert ebong betty stonenka truteeja santan thile. shay park schoolre adhyajana karithile ebong milton ekademiru snataka hassel karithile. dwiteeja biswajudha samajare shay jane banika samudrika hoithile, ebong jayu. ess. banika samudrika ekademiru snataka hassel karithile. parey stone 1950 masihare harbard biswabidyalajaru snataka degree hassel karithile ebong 1952 masihare harbardru emm. bii. aii. madhya hassel karithile. 1950 dashkar shesh bhagare, punarbara bikashita boston jalapranta paain eka akwarijamara kalpana kariba arambha karithila. shay 1959 ray bhabisyatara nyu englanda akwarijamara board off director bhabare karjya kariba arambha karithile. stone, ebong nyu englanda akwarijamara anya pramukh saha-pratisthata, henry "hall" lyman prastabita aquarium paain 1960 dashkar yojana ebong panthi sangraha karibaku kharcha karithile. stone setebele 26 barsha bayaska sthapati pieter cheramajephanku aquarium design kariba paain bachithile, jaahaa tankara pratham design thila. sebetharu chermayef biswabyapee 20ru adhika aquarium design karichanti. 1969 masiha juna maasare nutan englanda aquarium janasadharananka paain kholajaithila. stone 1976 masiha parjyanta akwarijamara nirdeshaka mandaleere karjya jaari rakhithile. devida stone 2010 masiha april 12 tarikhare 82 barsha bajasare eka mastishkara jatilata karanaru massachusets general daktarakhanare mrutyubarana karithile.

david bee. patthar david barnes stone (2 satambar, 1927-12 aprail, 2010) ikk amriki vapari see jiss neey uttri amriki parbandhan carp namak ikk nivesh ferm dee agvai keeti. halanki, patthar noon nioo england aquarium dey pramukh sansthapak vajon janhiaa jaanda see, joe kii boston, massachusets witch 1969 witch shehar dey waterfront dey punar vikas dey hisse vajon kholhiaa giaa see. stone, joe kii brookline, massachusets witch vadda hoiaa see, robbert atey batty stone daa teeja baccha see. uss neey park school witch padahi keeti atey milton academy toon graduation keeti. uh dooje vishav yuddh dauran ikk vapari samundari bann giaa, us vapari samundari academy toon graduate hoiaa. stone neey baad witch 1950 witch harward university toon bachelor dee digri prapat keeti atey 1952 witch harward toon aim. bee. aii. prapat keeta. patthar neey 1950 dey dahake dey akheer witch punarviksit boston waterfront laee ikk machhighar dee kalpana curney shuru qarr ditti. uss neey 1959 witch bhavikh dey nioo england aquarium dey board aaf directors vajon seva curney shuru keeti atey nioo england aquarium dey dooje pramukh sahi-sansthapak hannery "haal" lyman neey 1960 dey dahake daa bahuta hissa prastavit aquarium laee yojnabandi atey fund ikkatha curran witch kharach keeta. patthar neey uss samein dey 26 saala architect pieter chermayf noon machhighar noon design curran laee chunhiaa, joe uss daa pahila ajiha design see. cheramef neey udon toon dunia bharr witch 20 toon vaddh aquarium tiaar keete hunn. nioo england machhighar juun 1969 witch janata laee kholhiaa giaa. patthar 1976 takk machhighar dey nirdeshak mandal witch seva karda riha. david stone dee 82 saal dee umar witch 12 aprail, 2010 noon ikk stroke deeaan pechidgiaan caarn massachusets general hospital witch maut hoow gaee.

david bee. shilah. david barnes stone (september 2,1927-april 12,2010) ekaha american-vyaapaari aasit yah naarth-american-management-carp iti nivesha-samsthaayaah netrutvam krutavaan. parantu, 1969 tame varshe masachusets-nagarasya boston-nagare nagarasya jalaabhimukhasy punarvikaasasya bhagarupena udghaatite nyoo-england-aquarium ityasya pramukhah samsthaapakah iti shilah prasidhah aasit. massachusets-rajyasya brooklain-nagare utthitah stone, rabert tathaa betty stone ityasya truteeyah putrah aasit. saha paark-vidyaalaye abhyanayt, milton-akadami-taha snaatakapadaveem cha praptavan. saha dviteeyavishvayuddhe yu. ess. merchant mareen akademi ityatah snaatakapadaveem praapya vyaapaari-nausainikah abhavat. pashchat stone 1950 tame varshe haarvard-vishvavidyaalayaat snaatakapadaveem praptavan, 1952 tame varshe haarvard-vishvavidyaalayaat api emm. bii. e. praptavan. 1950 tamasya dashakasy ante, shilayaha punarvikasitasya boston-jalaabhimukhasy matsyaalayasy kalpanaah aarabdhah. saha 1959 tame varshe bhavishye nyoo-england-aquarium-ityasya nirdeshaka-mandalatvena karyam kartum aarabdhavaan. stone, nyoo-england-aquarium-ityasya anyah pramukhah saha-samsthaapakah henry "haal" laiman ityeshah 1960 tame dashake adhikaamsham bhaagam prastaawit-aquarium-krute yojanayam, nidhisankale cha vyayata. shilayaha aquarium ityasya vinyaasaartham tadaa 26 varsheeyah vaastukaarah peater chermaayef iti chitah, yat tasya prathamam etaadrusham vinyaasam aasit. tatah param chermaayef ityayam vishve 20 taha adhikaah matsyalayan parikalpayat. 1969 joon-maase nyoo-england-aquarium-nagaram janaan uddishya udghaatitam. stone-kshetram 1976 tamavarshaparyantam aquarium-ityasya nirdeshaka-mandale karyam kurvan aasit. david stone ityeshah 2010 april 12 dinaanke 82 varsheeyah, masaachusets-samanya-chikitsaalaye stroke-sankatena mrutah.

davit pii. cull davit barnus stone (septumber 2,1927-aepral 12,2010) oru america thozhilathibar aavaar, avar vada america maelaanmai corb endra muthaleettu niruvanatthai vazhinadaththinaar. iruppinum, 1969 aam aandil massusetsin bastonil thirakkapatta puthiya englaanthu meane kaatchiyagaththin mukiya niruvanar endru cull nanku ariyappattathu, idhu nagarin neernilaiyin maruvadivamaippin oru paguthiyaaga irunththathu. massusetsin brookline valarntha stone, robbert mattrum petti stone moontraavathu kuzhandhai aavaar. avar poongaa pallyil payintraar mattrum milton akaadamiyil pattam pettraar. irandaam ulagap poarin poathu avar oru vaniga kadarpadaiyaich saernthavaraaga aanaar, america vaniga kadal akaadamiyil pattam pettraar. stone pinnar 1950 aam aandil haarvard palkalaikkazhagaththil ilangkalai pattam pettraar, maelum 1952 aam aandil haarvardil irunthu emm. pii. aee pettraar. 1950kalin pirpaguthiyil maruvadivamaikappatta boastan neernilaikku oru meane kaatchiyagaththai cull karpanai seiyath thodangiyathu. avar 1959 aam aandil ethirkaala puthiya englaanthu meane kaatchiyagaththin iyakkunarkal kuzhuvaaga paniyaattrath thodangkinaar. stone, mattrum puthiya englaanthu meane kaatchiyagaththin mattroru mukiya inai niruvanar, hendri "haal" lyman 1960 kazhil munmoliyappatta meane kaatchiyagaththirkaaga thittamiduvatharkum nidhi thirattuvatharkum perumbaguthiyai selavittaar. akvaeriyaththai vadivamaikka stone appoathaiya 26 vayathaana kattidak kalaignar piittar sermaeyappaith therntheduththaar, idhu avarathu muthal vadivamaippaagum. adhan piragu sermeip ulagalavil 20 kkum maerpatta meenvalangkalai vadivamaithullaar. juun 1969 ill puthiya englaanthu meane kaatchiyagam pothumakkalukkaaga thirakkappattathu. cull 1976 varai meane kaatchiyagaththin iyakkunarkal kuzhuvil thodarnthu paniyaattrinaar. davit stone thanathu 82 vayathil aepral 12,2010 andru pakkavaatham kaaranamaaga massusets podhu maruthuvamanaiyil iranthaar.

david bii. raayi david barness stone (septembaru 2,1927-april 12,2010) oka american vyaapaaravaetta, athanu north american management corp anae pettubadi samsthaku naayakatvam vahinchaadu. edemaina, juun masaachusetslooni bostonlo praarambhamaina nyuu ingland aquarium yokka pradhana vyavasthapakudigaa stone baga prasiddhi chendindi, idhi nagaram yokka jalaasayam yokka punaraabhivruddhilo bhaagamgaa praarambhinchabadindi. masaachusetslooni brooklinelo perigina stone robbert mariyu betty stone yokka moodava santaanam. athanu park paatasaalalo chadivi, milton academy nundi pattabhadrudayyaadu. athanu rendava prapancha yuddhamlo merchant merine ayyadu, us merchant merine academy nundi pattabhadrudayyaadu. stone taruvaata taruvaata haarvard vishwavidyaalayam nundi bachelor degreeni pondaadu mariyu mariyu haarvard nundi kooda mba pondaadu. 1950la chivaralo punarnirminchina boston jalaasayam kosam oka akveriyamnu raayi oohinchadam praarambhinchindi. athanu athanu bhavishyat nyuu ingland aquarium directorla bordugaa panicheyadam praarambhinchaadu. stone, mariyu nyuu ingland aquarium yokka itara pradhana saha vyavasthaapakudu, henry "haall" lyman pratipaadita aquarium kosam kosam ekkuva bhaagam pranaalika mariyu nidhula sekarana kosam kharchu chesaaru. aquarium roopakalpana kosam stone appati 26 yella vaastusilpi peater chermeyefnu enchukunnadu, idhi athani modati design. appati nundi chermayef prapanchavyaaptamgaa 20 kii paiga akveriyamlanu roopondinchaaru. nyuu ingland aquarium juun juun prajala kosam teravabadindi. stone 1976 varaku aquarium directorla bordulo panicheestuunee undhi. david stone masachusets general aasupatrilo april 12,2010naa 82 samvatsaraala vayasulo stroke samasyalatho maraninchaadu.

dude bee. pathar dude barnes stone (2 satambar 1927-12 apreel 2010) eek americi taajir thaa jiss nay naarth american mangement corporation naami eek sarmayah kaaree farm kii qayadat kii. tahim stone kuu neo england acverium kay principle baanee kay toor parr jaana jaataa thaa juu 1969 mein bostan misachosts mein shehar kay waater frunt kii bahaali kay hasay kay toor parr khola gayaa thaa. stoone jiss kii prorish brok line misachosts mein hoyee thee raabart aur betty stone kii teesri aulaad thee. inhon nay paark school mein taleem haasil kii aur milton academy say graduation kii. wah dosri jung azeem kay doraan americi merchant mirian academy say graduation kartay hoay eek merchant mirian bunn gayey. stone nay baad mein 1950 mein harward university say bachelor kii digri haasil kii aur 1952 mein harward say ayem bee aey bhee haasil kiyaa. pathar nay 1950 kii dahayi kay aakhir mein dobarah tayaar shadah bostan waater frunt kay liye acverium kaa tasavur karnaa sharoo kiyaa. inhon nay 1959 mein mustaqabil kay neo england acverium kay board aaf directors kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam deena sharoo kein. stoone aur neo england acverium kay dosray principle shareek baanee hunry "haal" limeen nay 1960 kii dahayi kaa ziyadah tarr hasah majuzah acverium kay liye mansubah bundi aur fund rezing mein kharch kiyaa. iss waqat kay 26 saalah mamaar petter cheermef kuu iss pathar nay acverium kuu design karnay kay liye muntakhib kiyaa juu iss tarah kaa inn kaa pehla design thaa. iss kay baad say cheermef nay duniya bhar mein 20 say ziyadah acveriums design kiye haine. neo england acverium kuu joone 1969 mein awaam kay liye khool diyaa gayaa. stone 1976 takk acverium kay board aaf directors mein kaam kartaa rehaa. dude stone kaa inteqal 12 apreel 2010 kuu 82 saal kii amar mein faalij kii paicheedgiyon say misachosts general hospital mein hawaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=43297983

Gustavo Deco

Gustavo Deco Gustavo Deco is an Argentinian and Italian professor and scientist. He serves as Research Professor at the Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies and Full Professor (Catedratico) at the Pompeu Fabra University, where he is Director of the Center of Brain and Cognition and head of the Computational Neuroscience Group. In 2001 Deco was awarded the international prize of Siemens "Inventor of the Year" for his contributions in statistical learning, models of visual perception, and fMRI based diagnosis of neuropsychiatric diseases.. Training. Deco holds three doctorates in interrelated disciplines. A Ph.D. in physics from the National University of Rosario (Argentina) (1987), a habilitation in Computer Science from the Technical University of Munich (1997), and a PhD in psychology from the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (2001). These degrees were obtained whilst holding a number of research posts. In 1987, he held a post-doctoral fellowship at the University of Bordeaux. In 1988 and 1999, he was a postdoc fellow at the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation at the University of Giessen in Germany. From 1993-2003 he led the Computational Neuroscience Group in the Neural Computing Section of the Siemens Corporate Research Center in Munich, Germany. Deco has held lecturing posts at Rosario, Frankfurt and Munich and, since 2001, invited lecturer post at the Ludwig-Maximilian-University of Munich. He was associate professor at the Technical University of Munich and honorary professor at the University of Rosario in 1998. From 2001-2009, he was a McDonnell-Pew Visiting Fellow at the Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience at the University of Oxford. Academic contributions. Deco has made important contributions on a number of topics including computational neuroscience, neuropsychology, psycholinguistics, biological networks, statistical formulation of neural networks, and chaos theory. His most highly cited research focuses on whole-computational modelling of ongoing spontaneous activity in resting-state networks, and thus providing a causal understanding of these important networks in health and disease. Deco is currently investigating these research questions in his advanced ERC grant “The Dynamical and Structural Basis of Human Mind Complexity: Segregation and Integration of Information and Processing in the Brain”. In his research, Deco has used large-scale cortical models where the networks teeter on the edge of instability. In this state, the functional networks are in a low-firing stable state while they are continuously pulled towards multiple other configurations. Small extrinsic perturbations can shape task-related network dynamics, whereas perturbations from intrinsic noise generate excursions reflecting the range of available functional networks. This is particularly advantageous for the efficiency and speed of network mobilization. Thus, the resting state reflects the dynamical capabilities of the brain, which emphasizes the vital interplay of time and space. Ongoing research concentrates on characterizing these functional and structural networks in health and disease with a view to creating a new discipline of computational neuropsychiatry. Bibliography. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> List of All Publications Sources. Computational Neuroscience Group

gustabhu deku gustabhu deku ejon argentian aaru italy odhyapok aaru bigyani. teu gowexona aaru unnot odhyoyonor baabe ketalan protisthanot gowexona odhyapok aaru poo 'mopeu febra biswobidyaloyot xompurno odhyapok (ketedretiku) hisape xewa aagborhai, zo' too teu mogoju aaru gyanor kendror xonsalok aaru gononamulok snayubigyan gutor murobbi. 2001 sonot deku-koo porixongkhya xikhya, drishyo upolobdhir model, aaru niur "cychiatric rugor ef. em. aar. aai. bhittik rug nirnoyor khetrot teur obodanor baabe simens" bosoror udbhawok "ror antohrastriyo botaa prodan koraa hoisil.. proxikhyon. dekuwe aantoxomporkito xakhat tinita doctorate kore. etaa pieis.di. rusario "ror rastriyo biswobidyaloyor poraa podartho bigyanot (1987), miunikhor karikori biswobidyaloyor poraa computer bigyanot ek baxosthan (1997), aaru ludwig-maximilian-university owo miunikhor poraa monubigyanot paisdi (2001). ei digrixomuh keibatau gowexona podd dhori rokhar xomoyot laabh koraa hoisil. 1987 sonot teu bordu biswobidyaloyot post-doctoral feloswip laabh korisil. 1988 aaru 1999 sonot teu germanyr gisen biswobidyaloyor alekjendar bhon humbult foundationor ejon posted 'koo felu aasil. 1993-2003 ror poraa teu germanyr miunikhot thoka simens korpo "rett gowexona kendror neural computing xakhat gononamulok snayubigyan gutor netritwo disil. dekuwe ror 'sario', frankfurt aaru munisot boktritar podoxomuh dokhol korise aaru 2001 sonor poraa, miunikhor ludwig-maximilian-biswobidyaloyot probhaxok podor baabe aamontron jonuwa hoise. teu 1998 sonot miunikhor karikori biswobidyaloyor xohojugi odhyapok aaru ror 'sario' biswobidyaloyor xonmaniyo odhyapok aasil. 2001-2009 ror poraa, teu oxford biswobidyaloyor cognitive niur "sayensor kendrot mcdonnel-piu vigiting felu aasil. academic obodan. dekue gononamulok snayubigyan, snayu monubigyan, monubhaxabigyan, joibik network, snayaw networkor porixangkhyik gothon, aaru bisringkhola totwoke dhori keibatau bixoyot guruttopurno obodan aagborhaise. teur ataitkoi uscho uddhrito gowexonai biram-rajyo networkot soli thoka swotosfurto karzokolapor xompurno-computery modelingor uporot gurutwo aarup kore, aaru enedore swasthyo aaru rugor khetrot ei guruttopurno networkxomuhor ek karongoto buja prodan kore. dekuwe bortoman ei gowexona prosnobur teur unnot ee. aar. chi. onudanot "manob monor jotilotar gotixil aaru gathonigot aadharoh mogojur tothyor prithokikoron aaru xonghotkoron aaru prokriyakoron" too onuxondhan kori aase. teur gowexonat, dekuwe brihot porimanor cortical model byobohar korise zo 'too networkbure osthirotar kaxot aase. ei owosthat, karjyokori networkbur komm-gulisalonar sthitixil owosthat thaake aanhate xeibur ekerahe aan ekadhik binyaxor faale tunny onaa hoy. xoru bahyik bighnoxomuhe kaam-xomporkiyo network gotixilotak aakriti dibo paare, aanhate ontornihito xobdor poraa bighnito huwar folot upolobdho karjyokori networkor porixor protipholito koraa bhromonor sristi hoy. eitu bixexkoi network ekotrikoronor dokhyota aaru gotir baabe labhjonok. eidore, biramor owosthat mogojur gotixil khyomotaxomuh protipholito hoy, ji xomoy aaru sthanor guruttopurno aantohkriyar uporot gurutwo aarup kore. soli thoka gowexonai swasthyo aaru rugot ei karjyokori aaru gathonigot networkburok boixistyojukto korar uporot gurutwo aarup kore jaate gononamulok niur "cyciatryr ek notun xakha sristi koraa hoy. gronthoponji. xokolu prokaxonor talika utxoxomuh. gononamulok snayubigyan gutt

gustavo deco gustavo deco ekjon argentine ebong italiya adhyapak ebong bigyani. tini gobeshona oo unnoto adhyayaner jonno catalan protisthane gobeshona adhyapak ebong pompeu fabra bishwobidyaloye purno adhyapak (catedratico) hisabe kaaj corren, jekhane tini mostishko ebong gyan kendrer porichalok ebong gananamulak snayubigyan gosthir prodhan. 2001 saale porisongkhangoto shikkha, drishyogoto upolobdhir model ebong neurocycheatric roger eff. emm. arr. aaee vittik nirnoyer jonno dekoke 'bochorer udbhabok' hisebe antorjatik puraskar deoa hoy.. proshikkhon. deco antosomporkito shakha tinti doctorate degree orjon korey. ekti paech.dii. jatiya vishwavidyalaya rosario (argentina) theke podarthobiggane (1987), munikher projuktigoto vishwavidyalaya theke computer biggane ekti abason (1997), ebong ludouig-maximilian-university off munikh theke monobiggane paechd (2001). eyi degreguli besh koyekti gobeshona podey adhisthito thucker somoy prapto hoyechilo. 1987 saale tini bordo bishwobidyaloye poosta-doctoral fellowship laav corren. 1988 ebong 1999 saale tini germanyr gizon bishwobidyaloyer alekjandar vone humbolt foundatione ekjon postdok fello chhilen. tini germanyr munikhe seamens corporate gobeshona kendrer neural computing bibhage gananamulak snayubigyan gosthir netritto diyechilen. deco rosario, frankfurt ebong muniche boktrita deoar padguli palon koreche ebong 2001 saal theke, munikher ludouig-maximilian-bishwobidyaloye probhashok poder jonno amantrito hoyeche. tini 1998 saale munikher projuktigoto bishwobidyaloyer sahojogi adhyapak ebong rosario bishwobidyaloyer sommansuchok adhyapak chhilen. tini oxford bishwobidyaloyer gyaniya snayubigyan kendrer mcdonnell-piu vigiting fello chhilen. academic abodan. gananamulak snayubigyan, snayu-monostotto, monostattik bhasabigyan, joibik network, snaybik networker porisongkhangoto gathon ebong bishrinkhala totto soho besh koyekti bishoye deco guruttopurno abodan rekheche. taanr sorbadhik uddhrito gobeshona vishram-rashtrer networkgulite chalman swatahsfurta kriyakalaper puro-gananamulak modelingyer upor drishti niboddho korey ebong eibhabe swastho oo roger khettre eyi guruttopurno networkgulir ekti karjokori bojhar byabostha korey. deco bortomane taanr unnoto arc grante eyi gobeshona proshnoguli todonto korche "manob moner jotilotar gotishil ebong kathamogoto vittih mostishke tothyer prithakikaran ebong sanhatkaran ebong prakriyakaran. taar gobeshonai, deco borh akarer cortical model byabohar koreche jekhane networkguli osthitishilotar prante royeche. eyi abosthai, karjokori networkguli ekti nimno-firing sthitishil abosthai royeche jokhon taaraa kromagoto ekadhik anyanno configurationer dike taanaa hoy. chhoto bahyik bishrinkhala kaaj-somporkito networker gotibidyake akriti ditey paare, jekhane abhyantarin shobdo theke bishrinkhala upolobdho karjokori networker porisorke protifolito korey bhromon toiri korey. etty bishesh korey network sanghatir dokkhota ebong gotir jonno subidhajonok. eibhabe, vishram abostha mostishker gotishil khomotake protifolito korey, jaa somoy ebong sthaner guruttopurno antahkriyar upor jore deyo. chalman gobeshona gananamulak neurocychiatry ekti notun srinkhala toirir lakkhye swastho oo roger khettre eyi karjokori ebong kathamogoto networkgulike chinnito korar dike mononibesh korey. granthapanji. samasta prokashonar talika sootro. gananamulak snayubigyan gosthi

gustaavo deko gustaavo deko argentine aneey italian prophesara aneey vaignanik chhe. teo ketalan institute phora research anned advanced studiesma research prophesara aneey pompeu febra universityma phul prophesara (catedratico) tareeke sevaa aape chhe, jyaan teo magaj aneey gnyanna kendrana nirdeshak aneey computational neuroscience groupnaa vadaa chhe. 2001maan dekone aankadaakiy shikshan, drashya drashtikonnaa namunaao aneey neurocychiatric rogonaa aef. aema. aar. aaee. aadharit nidaanmaa temnaa yogdaan maate seamens "inventor off dhaa year" noon aantarrashtriy puraskar enayat karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.. taaleem. deko aantarsambandhit shakhaoma trana doctorate dharaave chhe. aek piaech.dii. national university off rosario (argentine) (1987) maanthi bhautikshastrama, myunichni technical universitymathi computer sciencemaa rahethaan (1997), aneey loodwig-maximilian-university off myunichmathi manovigyanma phd (2001). aaa padvio sankhyaabandh sanshodhan hoddaao parr hoddaao sambhaaltaa melavaamaa aavee hatee. 1987maan temane bordo universityma poosta-doctoral fellowship melvee hatee. 1988 aneey 1999maan teo germanyma university off gissen khaate alexander voona humbolt foundationmaa postdock phelo hataa. temane germanyna myunichma seamens corporate research centernaa neural computing vibhagma computational neuroscience groupnu netrutva karyoo hatoo. dekoae rosario, frankfurt aneey munich khaate pravachno aapyaa chhe aneey 2001 thee, loodwig-maximilian-university off munich khaate vyakhyata pada maate aamantrit karyaa chhe. teo 1998maan munich technical universityma sahyogi prophesara aneey rosario universityma maanad prophesara hataa. 2001-2009 thee, teo oxford universityma gnyanatmak chetapeshiyana kendramaa mcdonnell-pyu mulakati phelo hataa. shaikshanik yogdaan. dekoae computational neuroscience, neurocycology, cycolingvisistics, biological network, neural networknee aankadaakiy rachnaa aneey araajaktaa siddhaant saheet sankhyaabandh vishhayo parr mahatvapurn yogdaan aapyu chhe. temnu sauthee vadhu tankvama aavelu sanshodhan vishramee-raajy networkma chaali rahelee svayamsfurit pravruttinaa sampoorn-computational modelling parr dhyaan kendrit karey chhe, aneey aama aarogya aneey rogmaa aaa mahatvapurn networknee kaaranbhut samajan pradaan karey chhe. deko haalmaa temnaa adhyatan erc anudaanmaa aaa sanshodhan prashnoni tapaas curry rahyaa chhe "manav mananee jatilataano gatisheel aneey malkhakiy aadhaarah magajma maahiteenu vibhajan aneey ekikaran aneey prakriyaa". temnaa sanshodhanmaa, dekoae motaa paaye courtical modelono upyog karyo chhe jyaan network asthirtaani dhaar parr chhe. aaa sthitima, kaaryatmak network ochhi-golibaar stheer sthitima hoya chhe jyaare teo satat anya bahuveedh ruprekhankno taraf khenchaay chhe. naana baahy vikshep kaary-sambandhit network gatishilataane aakaar aapee shake chhe, jyaare aantarik ghonghaatthi vikshep uplabdh kaaryatmak networknee shreneene pratibimbit karatee paryatan pedaa karey chhe. aaa khaas kareene network mobilisation karykshamta aneey zadap maate faydakarak chhe. aama, vishramee sthitee magajnee gatisheel kshamataone pratibimbit karey chhe, jeey samay aneey avkashni mahatvapurn aantarkriya parr bhaar mooke chhe. chaalu sanshodhan computational neurocychiatryni navee shaakha banavvana drashtikonthi aarogya aneey rogmaa aaa kaaryatmak aneey malkhakiy networkne lakshanikta aapvaa parr dhyaan kendrit karey chhe. granthsuchi. tamaam prakashnoni yaadee stroto. computational neuroscience jooth

gustavo deco gustavo deco ack argentine aur italvi professor aur vaigyaanik hain. way shodh aur unnat adhyayan key liye catalan sansthaan mein shodh professor aur pompeu fabra vishvavidyalaya mein poorna professor (catedratico) key roop mein kaary karate hain, jahaan way mastishk aur sangyaan kendra key nideshak aur computational tantrika vigyaan samooh key pramukh hain. 2001 mein deco koo saankhyikiya shiksha, drishya dhaarana key model aur neurocychiatric rogon key aff. aim. aar. aaee. adharit nidan mein unake yogdan key liye seamens "varsh key aavishkaarak" key antarrashtriya puraskar seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa.. prashikshan. deco mein paraspar sambandhit vishayon mein teen doctorate hain. ack ph.dee. rashtriya vishvavidyalaya rosario (argentine) (1987) seey bhautiki mein, munich key takniki vishvavidyalaya (1997) seey computer vigyaan mein ack adhivaas, aur munich key ludwig-maxmillion-vishvavidyalaya (2001) seey manovigyaan mein phd. yeye upaadhiyan kaee shodh padon parr rahate hue praapt kii gaeen. 1987 mein, unhone bordo vishvavidyalaya mein post-doctoral fellowship kii. 1988 aur 1999 mein, vaha germany mein geesen vishvavidyalaya mein alekjendar wonn humbolt foundation mein ack postdock fellow they. unhone germany key munich mein seamens corporate anusandhaan kendra key tantrika computing khand mein computational tantrika vigyaan samooh kaa netritva kiya. deco ney rosario, frankfurt aur munich mein vyakhyan dene key liye pada rakhe hain aur 2001 seey, munich key ludwig-maxmillion-vishvavidyalaya mein vyakhyata pada key liye aamantrit kiya gayaa haye. way munich key takniki vishvavidyalaya mein sahayogi professor aur 1998 mein rosario vishvavidyalaya mein maanad professor they. 2001-2009 seey, way oxford vishvavidyalaya mein sangyanatmak tantrika vigyaan kendra mein ack mcdonnell-pew visiting fellow they. akaadamik yogdan. deco ney computational neuroscience, neurocycology, cycolingvistics, biological network, neural network key saankhyikiya nirmaan aur arajakta siddhant sahit kaee vishayon parr mahatvapurna yogdan diyaa haye. unakaa sabse adhik uddhrit shodh vishram-raajya network mein chala rahee sahaj gatividhi key sampoorn-computational modeling parr kendrit haye, aur iss prakaar swaasthya aur bimari mein inn mahatvapurna network kii ack karanatmak samajh pradaan kartaa haye. deco vartamaan mein inn shodh prashnon kii jaanch apane unnat arc anudan mein curr rhaa haye "maanav munn kii jatilata kaa gatishil aur sanrachanaatmak aadhaarh mastishk mein jaankaari kaa algaav aur ekikaran aur prasanskaran. apane shodh mein, deco ney badey paimaane parr courtical model kaa upayog kiya haye jahan network asthirta key kinare parr hain. iss sthiti mein, karyatmak network cumm-firing sthir sthiti mein hain jabaki way lagaatar kaee anya vinyason kii or kheenche jaate hain. chhote baahari gadbadi kaary-sambandhit network gatishilata koo aakar dey sakate hain, jabaki aantarik shore seey gadbadi upalabdh karyatmak network kii seema koo darshaate hue bhraman utpann karati haye. yeh vishesh roop seey network jutaane kii dakshata aur gati key liye fayademand haye. iss prakaar, vishram avastha mastishk kii gatishil kshamataon koo darshaati haye, joe samay aur sthaan kii mahatvapurna paraspar kriya parr jore detee haye. chala rahey shodh computational neurocychiatry key ack nae anushasana koo banaane key drishtikon seey swaasthya aur roga mein inn karyatmak aur sanrachanaatmak network koo chihnit karane parr kendrit haye. granth soochi. sabhi prakashanon kii soochi srot. computational tantrika vigyaan samooh

gustavo deco gustavo deco argenteenaada mattu italiya pradhyapaka mattu vignaani. avaru samshodhanaa mattu munduvarida adhyayanagala catalan samstheyalli samshodhanaa pradhyapakaragi mattu pompue fabra vishvavidyaalayadalli purna pradhyapakaragi (catedratico) seve sallisuttaare, allie avaru medulu mattu arivina kendrada nirdeshakaragiddare mattu computational neurosines gumpina mukhyastharagiddare. 2001ralli deco avarige sankhyaashaastriya kalike, drashya grahikeya maadarigalu mattu neurocychiatric kayilegala ifmr aadhaarita roganirnayadalli avara kodugegaligaagi seamens "varshada avishkaraka" emba antararashtriya prashastiyannu nidalaayitu.. tarabeti. deco paraspara sambandhita vibhagagalalli mooru doctorategalannu hondide. ondu pii. etch.dii. national university off rosario (argentine) dinda bhautashaastradalli padavi (1987), munich taantrika vishvavidyaalayadinda computer vijnaanadalli vasati (1997), mattu ludwig-maximilian-university off munichninda manovignaanadalli phd (2001). halavaaru samshodhanaa huddegalannu nirvahisuvaga ee padavigalannu padeyalaayitu. 1987ralli, avaru bordo vishvavidyaalayadalli post-doctorate phelowship padedaru. 1988 mattu 1999ralli, avaru germany geisen vishvavidyaalayada alexander vaan humbolt foundationalli post dock phelo aagiddaru. aata germany myoonichnalliruva seamens corporate samshodhanaa kendrada narah ganaka vibhagadalli computational neurosines gumpannu munnadesidaru. deco rosario, frankfurt mattu munichnalli upanyasaka huddegalannu nirvahiside mattu 2001rinda, ludwig-maximilian-university off munichnalli upanyasaka huddeyannu aahvaaniside. avaru munich taantrika vishvavidyaalayadalli sahayaka pradhyapakaragiddaru mattu 1998 ralli rosario vishvavidyaalayadalli gouravaanvita pradhyapakaragiddaru. 2001-2009 ninda, avaru oxford vishvavidyaalayada arivina naravijnaana kendradalli mcdonnell-pyoo visiting phelo aagiddaru. shaikshanika kodugegalu. gananeya naravijnaana, narah-manovignaana, manobhashavignana, jaivika jaalagalu, narah jalagala sankhyaashaastriya sutrikarana mattu avyavastheya siddhaanta seridante halavaaru vishayagala mele deco pramukha kodugegalannu niidide. avara atyanta hecchu ullekhisalaada samshoodhaneyu vishraanti-sthitiya jalagalalli nadeyuttiruva svayamprerita chatuvatikeya sampoorna-ganaka maadariya mele kendrikarisuttade mattu heegaagi aarogya mattu rogadalli ee pramukha jalagala bagge kaaranaatmaka tiluvalikeyannu odagisuttade. deco prastuta ee samshodhanaa prashnegalannu "manava manassina sankirnateya kriyatmaka mattu rachanaatmaka adharah medulinalli maahitiya pratyekate mattu ekikarana mattu samskarane" emba tanna munduvarida erc anudaanadalli tanikhe maduttiddare. deco tanna samshoodhaneyalli, dodda pramanada cartical maadarigalannu balasiddu, allie jaalagalu asthirateya anchinallive. ee sthitiyalli, kriyatmaka jaalagalu kadime-firing sthira sthitiyalliruttave, aadare avugalannu nirantaravagi aneka itara sanrachanegalatta eleyalaaguttade. sanna baahya adachanegalu kaarya-sambandhita jaalabandhada chalanasheelateyannu roopisabahudu, aadare aantarika shabdadinda untaaguva adachanegalu labhyaviruva kriyatmaka jalagala vyaaptiyannu pratibimbisuva vihaaragalannu srushtisuttave. idu jalabandha sajjugolisuvikeya dakshate mattu vegakke visheshavaagi prayojanakaariyaagide. heegaagi, vishraanti sthitiyu medulina kriyatmaka samarthyagalannu pratibimbisuttade, idu samaya mattu sthalada pramukha paraspara kriyeyannu ottiheluttade. nadeyuttiruva samshoodhaneyu gananeya narah-manovaidyashaastrada hosa vibhagavannu rachisuva drashtiyinda aarogya mattu rogadalli ee kriyatmaka mattu rachanaatmaka jaalagalannu niroopisuvudara mele kendrikarisuttade. granthasoochi. ellah prakatanegala patti moolagalu. gananeya naravijnaana gumpu

gustavo deco gustavo deco heey eka argentinache aanee italian pradhyapak aanee shastradnya aahet. teey sanshodhan aanee pragat abhyasasathichya catalan sansthet sanshodhan pradhyapak aanee pompue fabra vidyapithat purn pradhyapak (catedratico) mhanoon kaam karatat, jithe teey mendu aanee sandnyan kendrachya sanchalak aahet aanee sanganakeey tantrikashastra gatache pramukh aahet. 2001 madhye, sankhyikeey shikshan, drushya aaklan models aanee neurocychiatric roganche eff. emm. aar. aay. aadharit nidan yaa kshetratil yogdanabaddal dekola seamens 'inventor auph daad ear' chaa aantarrashtriy puraskar denyat aala.. prashikshan. deco aantarsambandhit vishayanmadhye teen doctorate midvato. eka ph.dii. rashtriy rosario vidyapithatun bhautikshastrat (argentine) (1987), myoonichya tantrik vidyapithatun sanganak vidnyanat adhivas (1997) aanee myoonichya ludwig-maximilian-vidyapithatun manasshastrat ph. dii. (2001). anek sanshodhan padey bhushavat asatana yaa padvi prapt jhalya. 1987 madhye tyanni bordo vidyapithat poost-doctoral fellowship ghetali. 1988 aanee 1999 madhye teey germanytil gizen vidyapithatil alekzandar vonn humbolt foundationmadhye postdock phelo hote. 1993-2003 pasoon tyanni germanytil munich yetheel seamens corporate sanshodhan kendrachya neural computing vibhagat sanganakeey tantrikashastra gatache netrutva kele. dekone rosario, frankfurt aanee munich yethe vyakhyananchi padey bhushavali aahet aanee 2001 pasoon, ludwig-maximilian-university auph munich yethe vyakhyata padd aamantrit kele aahe. teey myoonichya tantrik vidyapithat sahyogi pradhyapak aanee 1998 madhye rosario vidyapithat manad pradhyapak hote. 2001-2009 pasoon, teey auxford vidyapithatil sandnyanatmak majjatantushastra kendramadhye mcdonnell-pyuche abhyagat sahkari hote. shaikshanik yogdan. dekone sanganakeey tantrikashastra, neurocycology, cycolingvistics, jaivik jaale, majjatantu jaaleche sankhyikeey sootra aanee arajakta siddhant yasah anek vishayanvar mahattvapoorn yogdan dile aahe. tyanche sarvat jaast uddhrut kelele sanshodhan vishranti-sthitee jaalyanmadhye chaloo asalelya utsfurt kriyakalapanchya sampoorn-sanganakeey pratimanavar kendrit aahe aanee asha prakare aarogya aanee rogatil yaa mahattvachya jaalyanchi karanatmak samaj pradan karate. deco sadhya yaa sanshodhan prashnancha tapas tyachya pragat eae. aar. see. anudanat kareet aahe "manvi manachya guntagunticha gatishil aanee sanrachanatmak aadharah mendutil mahitiche pruthakkaran aanee ektrikaran aanee prakriya". tyachya sanshodhanat, dekone mothya pramanat cortical modelscha vapar keela aahe jithe network asthiratechya kathavar aahe. yaa sthiteet, karyatmak jaale qamee-golibar sthir sthiteet asatat, tarr teey satat itar anek sanrachanankade khechale jaatat. lahan bahya vikshobh karya-sambandhit jaalyachya gatimantela aakar deu shakatat, tarr aantarik aavajamule aavajamule vikshobhanmule upalabdh karyatmak jaalyanchya shreniche pratibimb darshavinari sahali nirman hotat. heey visheshtah jaale ektrit karnyachya karyakshamatesathi aanee gatisathi fayadeshir aahe. asha prakare, vishrantichi sthitee menduchya gatishil kshamata pratibimbit karate, jee vel aanee jagechya mahattvapoorn parasparsanvadavar bharr dete. sanganakeey neurocychiatrychi eka naveen shakha tayar karnyachya drushtine aarogya aanee rogatil yaa karyatmak aanee sanrachanatmak jaalyanche vaishishtyikaran karnyavar chaloo sanshodhan laksh kendrit karate. granthasuchi. serve prakashananchi yadee srot. sanganakeey tantrikashastra gut

gustabho deco gustabho deco jane argentinian ebong italiah professor ebong baigyanika. shay catalan institute pharr research anded advanced stadijre research professor ebong pompeu fabra biswabidyalajare purna professor (catedratico) bhabare karjya karanti, jeunthare shay mastishka ebong gyaana kendra nirdeshaka ebong computational snajubigyana gosthira mukhya . 2001 masihare, parisankhyana sikhya, drushyagata pratyakhyanara model ebong snaju-manastatwika rogara aif. emm. aara. aai. aadharita nidaanare tankara abdan paain dekonku seamens "barshar udbhabaka" rahr antarjatija puraskara pradan karajaithila... talim. deco aantahsamparkita bibhagare tinoti doctorate karichanti. eka ph.dii. rosario jatiah biswabidyalajaru padartha bigyanare snataka (argentine) (1987), munich baishajika biswabidyalajaru computer bigyanare eka abas (1997), ebong munich ludwig-maximilian-biswabidyalajaru manobigyanare ph. dii. (2001). aneka gabeshana padabeere rahi ehi degree hassel karajaithila. 1987 masihare shay bordo biswabidyalajare post-doctoral phelocip karithile. 1988 ebong 1999 masihare shay germanyra gizen biswabidyalajara alekjander bhann humbolt phaundesanare jane postdock fello thile. shay germanyra munich thaare thiba seamens corporate gabeshana kendra neural computing bibhagare computational snajubigyana gosthira netrutwa neithile. deco rosario, frankfurt ebong munichare baktruta padabeere karjya karichanti ebong 2001 masiharu, munichara ludwig-maximilian-biswabidyalajare adhyapaka padabeere nimantran karichanti. shay 1998 ray minich baishajika biswabidyalajare associate professor ebong rosario biswabidyalajare sammanajanaka professor thile. 2001-2009 ru, shay oxford biswabidyalajara kaganitiv neuroscience sentarare mcdonnell-piu vijiting fello thile. academic yogdan. ganana sambandheeah snajubigyana, snaju-manastatwa, manastatwika-bhashabigyana, jaibika netawarka, snajabika netawarkara parisankhyana gathan ebong bishrunkhala siddhanta sameth aneka prasangare deco gurutwapurna yogdan deichi. tankara sarbadhika uddhruta gabeshana bishram-rajya netawarkare chaluthiba swatahsfoorta karjyakalapara sampurna-computesonal madeling upare dhyana deithae, ebong ehipari swasthya ebong rogare ehi gurutwapurna netawarka bishajare eka karanatmaka bujhamana pradan kare . deco bartamana ehi gabeshana prasnagudikara anusandhana karuchanti taanka unnat ee. aarr. sii. anudanare "manab munn jatilatara gatishila ebong sanrachanatmaka aadharah mastishkare suchana ebong prakrijakaranara pruthakeekarana ebong ekikarana". taanka gabeshanare, deco budd dharanara cortical model byabahara karichanti jeunthare netawarka asthiratara dhaarare achhi . ehi sthitire, karjyakhyama netawarkagudika eka comm-phajaring sthira sthitire thibabele segudiku kramagata bhabare ekadhika anyanya binyas aadaku taani niajae . chhot chhot bahya bishrunkhala karjya-sambandheeah netawarka gatisheelataku aakaar deipare, jetebele kii aabhyantareen shabdaru bishrunkhala upalabdha karjyatmaka netawarkara parisaraku pratiphalita karuthiba bhraman srusti kare . network sanchajara dakhyata ebong bega paain ehaa bisesh bhabe labhadajaka. ehipari, bishram abastha mastishkara gatishila khyamataku pratiphalita kare, jaahaa samai ebong sthanara gurutwapurna parasparika kriya upare gurutwa deithae . ganana sambandheeah snaju-manastatwika bigyanara eka nutan shrunkhala srusti kariba uddeshyare swasthya ebong roga khetrare ehi karjyatmaka ebong dhanchagata netawarkagudikara baisistya upare gabeshana dhyana kendrit karuchhi. granthasuchi. samasta prakashanara talika utsa. ganana snajubigyana gosthi

gustavo deco gustavo deco ikk arginia atey italian professor atey vigiaani haii. uh khoj atey unnat adhiaenan laee catalan sanstha witch khoj professor atey pompeo fabra university witch poore professor (catedratico) vajon kamm karde hunn, jitthe uh dimag atey bodh dey kendra dey director atey computational neuroscience group dey mukhi hunn. 2001 witch deco noon ankada sikkhan, drishtigat dharna dey maadlan atey neurocycatric bimariaan dey eff. aimm. aar. aaee. adharat nidan witch yogdan laee seamens "saal dey khoji" daa antarashtari puraskar ditta giaa see.. sikhlai. deco neey ops witch sabandhat vishiaan witch tinn doctorate prapat keetiaan hunn. ikk ph.dee. rosario (argintina) dee rashtari university (1987) toon bhautik vigiaan witch, munich dee takniki university (1997) toon computer science witch ikk rihaish, atey munich dee ludwig-maximilian-university (2001) toon manovigiaan witch ph. dee. keeti. ih dhigriaan kaee khoj ahudiaan utte rahinde hoye prapat keetiaan gaeeaan sunn. sann 1987 witch, unhan neey bardo university witch post-doctoral fellowship prapat keeti. sann 1988 atey 1999 witch, uh germany witch geesan university witch alegzander vaan humbolt foundation witch ikk postdock failo see. uhanan neey germany dey munich witch seamens corporate khoj kendra dey neural computing section witch computational neuroscience group dee agvai keeti. deco neey rosario, frankfurt atey munich witch lacturar dey ahude rakkhe hunn atey 2001 toon, munich dee ludwig-maximilian-university witch lacturar dey ahude laee sadda ditta giaa haii. uh 1998 witch munich dee takniki university witch associate professor atey rosario university witch aanreri professor sunn. 2001-2009 toon, uh oxford university witch bodhatmak neuroscience dey kendra witch ikk mcdonnell-pioo visiting failo sunn. akadamik yogdan. deco neey computational neuroscience, neurocycology, mnovigiaanak vigiaan, jaivik network, neural network dey ankada nirman atey arajakta thioori samet kaee vishiaan 'teey mahattavpuran yogdan paaiaa haii. unhan dee sabh toon ucchi havala ditti gaee khoj aaram-raaj network witch chall rahee sway-prerit gatividhi dey poore-computational modeling 'teey kendrat haii, atey iss tarahan sihat atey bimari witch inhan mahattavpuran network dee ikk caarn samajh pardan kardi haii. deco varatman witch aapne unnat ee. aar. see. grant witch inhan khoj parshanan dee jaanch qarr riha haii "manukkhi munn dee gunjhalta daa gatishil atey dhanchagat adharao dimag witch jankari atey prakiriaa daa vakkh karna atey ekikaran". aapni khoj witch, deco neey vadde paddhar dey cartical maadlan dee varton keeti haii jitthe network asthirta dey kandhe 'teey hunn. iss sathiti witch, karajsheel network ghatt firing sathir sathiti witch hunn jadon kii uh lagatar kaee horr sanrachnavan vall khiche jaande hunn. chhote baahari gadbadi kaaraj naal sabandhat network gatishilta noon aakaar dey sakde hunn, jadon kii andruni shore toon gadbadi upalbadh karajsheel network dee seema noon darsaundi sair-spaate paida kardi haii. ih network gatishilta atey gatee laee vishesh taur 'teey labhdaik haii. iss tarahan, aaram dee avastha dimag deeaan gatishil samrathavan noon darsaundi haii, joe samein atey sathaan dee mahattavpuran persper prabhav utte zor dindi haii. chall rahee khoj computational neurocychiatry daa ikk navaan anushasana banaun dey drishtikon naal sihat atey bimari witch inhan karajsheel atey dhanchagat network noon visheshta denh 'teey kendrat kardi haii. pustak-suchi. saare parkashanan dee suchi sarot. computational neuroscience group

gustaavo deko gustaavo deko ityeshah argentina-deshasya italian-deshasya cha pradhyapakaha vaidnyaanikah cha asti. saha shodha-unnata-adhyayan-hetuhu catalan-samsthaayaam shodha-praadhyaapakatven, pompyoo-fabra-vishvavidyaalaye poorna-praadhyaapakatven (ketedraatiko) cha karyam karoti, yatra saha mastishka-sangyaana-kendrasya nirdeshaka, computational-neurosains-samuhasya pramukhah cha asti. 2001 tame varshe, saankhyikeey-shikshanasy, drushya-bodha-pratirupanam, nyooro-sachiatric-roganam ef. emm. aar. aii. aadhaarit-nidanasya cha krute, deko-samsthaayaah seamens-samsthaayaah "aavishkartuh varshasya" antaaraashtriyapuraskaar pradatta.. prashikshanam. deko-samsthaayaah antarasambandhit-vishayeshu trayah doctorate-padavyaah santi. pi. ech.dee. raashtriyawishwawidyaalay (argentina) (1987) bhautikashaastre, munich-vishvavidyaalayaat (1997) ganakayantravidnyaanasya adhivaasah, ludwig-maximilian-university aaf munich (2001) ityatah manovidnyaanasya pi. ech. dii. cha. ete padavyaah anekeshu shodha-padeshu karyam kurvan praaptaani. 1987 tame varshe saha bordo-vishvavidyaalaye post-doctorate-phehlowship-upaadhim avaapnot. 1988 tame varshe 1999 tame varshe cha saha jarmaneedeshasy geesen-vishvavidyaalayasya alexander vaan humbolt-pratishtaanasya postdock-phelo aasit. saha jarmaneedeshasy myunich-nagare sthitasya seamens-corporate-shodhakendrasy neural-computing-vibhaagasya computational-neurosains-samuhasya netrutvam akarot. deko-samsthaa rosario, frankfurt, myunich ityeteshu bhashaneshu padeshu karyam nirvahati, 2001 tamaat varshaat myunich-nagarasya ludwig-maximilian-vishvavidyaalaye vyakhyata pade aamantritavatee. saha 1998 tame varshe myunich-nagarasya takaneekeevishvavidyaalaye sahapradhyaapakah, rosario-vishvavidyaalaye manadapradhyapakaha cha aasit. 2001-2009 taha, saha oxford-vishvavidyaalayasya sandnyaanaatmak-neurosains-kendre mcdonnell-pyoo-atithi-sahapravartakah aasit. shaikshanikam yogadanam. computational neurosains, neurocycology, sacolinguistics, biological-networks, neural-networks ityasya statistical-formulation, araajakataavidnyaanam ityadini vishayaani cha deeko ityasya mahattvapoornaani yogadanani santi. tasya atyantam uddhrutam samshodhanam vishraant-avasthaayaah jaalasamooheshu prachalite swaprerita-kriyaakalaapasy poorna-ganakee-pratiroopane kendreekrutam asti, tathaa cha swaasthya-rogayoho mahattvapoorna-jalanam kaaran-bodham cha pradadaati. deko samprati swasya unnata-arc-anudaane "maanavamanasya jatilataayaah gatisheel-samrachanaatmak-adharaha mastishke suchananam ekeekaranam cha, prakriyayaha cha ekeekaranam" iti eteshaam shodha-prashnanam anveshanam karoti. swasya samshodhane, deko-varyaha bruhad-stareeyam cartical-pratiroopaani upayujyate yatra jaalaputaani asthirataayaah praante vyaakulante. asmin avasthaayaam kriyatmakajalani nyoon-dahan-sthira-avasthaayaam santi, tathaapi nirantaram anyaan anekaan vinyaasaan prati aakarshitaah santi. laghavah baahya-vikshobhah kaaryasambaddh-jaala-gatishilatam roopayitum shaknuvanti, parantu aantarik-dhwanyaah vikshobhah upalabhyamananam karyatmaka-jalanam vyaaptim pratiphalippikkunn bhramanaani janayati. jaalasy parichaalanasy dakshataayaah, vegasya cha krute etat visheshatayaa labhadayakam asti. evam, vishraantiroopen mastishkasya gatisheel-kshamatam pratiphalishyati, yat samayasya sthanasya cha mahattvapoorna-parasparakriyayaha mahattvam nirdhaarayati. vartamaan-anusandhaanah gananayukta-neurosaikiyaatri ityasya nootan-vishayasya nirmanartham swaasthya-rogayoho karyatmaka-samrachanaatmak-jalanam lakshananirdharanam prati kendreekrutah asti. granthasuchi. sarve prakashananam soochee srotah. ganana-tantrikaa-vijnaana-samoohah

gustavo tego gustavo tego oru argentinian mattrum itaaliya paeraasiriyar mattrum vinjnaani aavaar. avar aaraaichi mattrum maempatta aaivugalukkaana cadalon niruvanaththil aaraaichi paeraasiriyaraagavum, bambe fabra palkalaikkazhagaththil muzhu paeraasiriyaraagavum (cadetratico) paniyaattrukiraar, angku avar moolai mattrum arivaattral maiyaththin iyakkunaraagavum, kanakeettu narambiyal kuzhuvin thalaivaraagavum ullaar. 2001 aam aandil tegovuku pullivivara karral, kaatchi karuththin maathirigal mattrum narambiyal mananala noaikalin ifmr adippadaiyilaana noayarithal aagiyavattril avarathu pankalippukalukkaaka seamens "aandin kandupidippaalar" endra sarvadesa parisu vazhangkappattathu.. payirchi. tego oruvarukkoruvar thodarpudaiya pirivugalil moontru doctor pattangalai vagikkiraar. oru pii. ech.dii. rosario thaesiya palkalaikkazhagaththil (argentina) (1987) iyarpiyalil pattam, munich thozhilnutpa palkalaikkazhagaththil (1997) kanini ariviyalil oru vaazhvidamum, ludwick-maximilian-university off munich (2001) ill ulaviyalil pht pattamum pettranar. inththa pattangkal pala aaraaichi padhavigalai vagikkum poathu perapattana. 1987 aam aandil, avar portiaux palkalaikkazhagaththil munaivar pattaththirkup pinththaiya uthaviththogai pettraar. 1988 mattrum 1999 aam aandugalil, avar germanyil ulla keysen palkalaikkazhagaththil alexander vaan humbold arakkattalaiyil oru pinththaiya munaivar saga uuzhiyaraaka irunthaar. 1993-2003 ill irunthu avar germanyin munichchil ulla seamens corporate aaraaichi maiyaththin narambiyal kanini pirivil kanakeettu narambiyal kuzhuvai vazhinadaththinaar. tego rosario, frankfurt mattrum munich aagiya idangkalil virivuraip padhavigalai vagiththu varukiraar, maelum 2001 muthal, ludwick-maximilian-palkalaikkazhagaththil virivuraiyaalar padhaviyai alaiththaar. avar munich thozhilnutpa palkalaikkazhagaththil inai paeraasiriyaraagavum, 1998 aam aandil rosario palkalaikkazhagaththil kavurava paeraasiriyaraagavum irunthaar. 2001-2009 ilirunththu, avar oxpordu palkalaikkazhagaththil arivaattral narambiyal maiyaththil mcdonnell-beau varukaiyaalaraaka irunthaar. kalvip pankalippukal. compudational neuro sayins, neuro saikkaalaji, cycolicvistics, uyiriyal netvorkkugal, narambiyal netvorkkugalin pullivivara uruvaakkam mattrum kuzhappam koatpaadu ullitta pala thalaippukalil tego mukiya pankalippukalaich seithullathu. avarathu migavum maerkoal kaattapatta aaraaichi oaivedukkum-maanila netvorkkugalil nadanthu varum thannichaiyaana seyalpaattin muzhu-kanini maathiriyil kavanam seluththukirathu, ithanaal sugaathaaram mattrum noaikalil inththa mukkiyamaana netvorkkugalaip pattriya kaarana purithalai valangkukirathu. tego tharpoothu inththa aaraaichi kaelvigalai thanathu maempatta erk maaniyaththil "manitha mana sikkalin iyakkaviyal mattrum kattamaippu adippadai moolaiyil thagaval mattrum seyalaakkaththin prippu mattrum orunginaippu". thanathu aaraaychchiyil, tego periya alavilaana cardical maathirigalaip payanpaduththiyullaar, angku netvorkkugal sthiraminmaiyin vilimbil ullana. inththa nilaiyil, seyalpaattu netvorkkugal kuraindha-thuppaakkich soodu nilaiyaana nilaiyil ullana, athae neraththil avai thodarnthu pala pira ullamaivugalai noakki izhukkappadugindrana. siriya velippura idaiyoorugal panii thodarpaana network iyakkaviyalai vadivamaikka mudiyum, athae neraththil ullaarntha saththathilirunthu aerpadum idaiyoorugal kidaikkakoodiya seyalpaattu netvorkkugalin varambai pirathipalikkum payanangkalai uruvaakkukintrana. network anithirattalin seyalthiran mattrum vaekaththirku idhu kurippaaga saathakamaanathu. ivvaaru, oaivedukkum nilai moolaiyin iyakkath thirankalaip pirathipalikkirathu, idhu neram mattrum idaththin mukiya ontroadondru thodarbukolvathai valiyuruththukirathu. kanakeettu narambiyal mananala maruththuvaththin oru puthiya privai uruvaakkum noakkil sugaathaaram mattrum noaikalil inththa seyalpaattu mattrum kattamaippu netvorkkugalai vagaippaduththuvathil tharpoothaiya aaraaichi kavanam seluththukirathu. nooliyal. anaitthu veliyeedugalin pattiyal aathaarangkal. kanakeettu narambiyal kuzhu

gustavo deco gustavo deco oka argentine mariyu italian professor mariyu shaastravetta. athanu parisoedhana mariyu adhunaatana adhyayanala kosam catalan samsthalo parisoedhanaa professorga mariyu pompue fabra vishwavidhyaalayamlo puurti professor (catedratico) gaa panicheestaadu, akkada athanu medadu mariyu cognition center director mariyu ganana naadii shaastra samuuhaaniki adhipati. ganaanka abhyasam, drushya avagahana namuunaalu mariyu neurocychiatric vyaadhula fmri aadhaarita rooga nirdhaaranalo ayana chesina krushiki 2001loe dekoku antarjaateeya bahumati "inventor off dhi iyar" labhinchindi.. sikshana. deco paraspara sambandhita vibhagalalo moodu doctoratelanu kaligi undhi. oka pihech.dii. national university off rosario (argentine) (1987) nundi bhouthika saastramlo, munich (1997) saanketika vishwavidyaalayam nundi computer sainslo nivaasam, mariyu ludwig-maximilian-university off munich (2001) nundi manastatvasaastramlo Phd. aneka parisoedhanaa postulanu kaligi undagaa eee degreelu pondabaddaayi. 1987loe ayana bordo vishwavidhyaalayamlo post-doctoral pheloshipnu nirvahinchaaru. 1988 mariyu 1999loe, athanu germanyloni geisen vishwavidhyaalayamlo alegzander vaan humbolt foundationlo post dock pheloga unnadu. 1993-2003 nundi athanu germanyloni myoonichlooni seamens corporate research centerloni neural computing vibhaagamlo ganana neurosines samuuhaaniki naayakatvam vahinchaadu. deco rosario, frankfurt mariyu munich vadda upanyaasa padavulanu nirvahinchindi mariyu 2001 nundi, ludwig-maximilian-university off munich loe lecturer postunu aahvaaninchindi. athanu munich saanketika vishwavidhyaalayamlo associate professor mariyu 1998loe rosario vishwavidhyaalayamlo gourava professorga panicheesaaru. 2001-2009 nundi, athanu oxford vishwavidhyaalayamlo cognitive neurosines centerlo mcdonnell-pyuu visiting phelo. vidyaaparamaina sahakaralu. ganana naadii shaastram, naraala manastatvasaastram, manasika bhaashaashaastram, jeevasambandhamaina netvarklu, naadii networkla ganaanka suutreekarana mariyu gandaragolam siddhaantam vanti aneka vishayaalapai deco mukhyamaina rachanalu chesindi. ayana atyanta ekkuvagaa udaharinchina parisoedhana vishraanti-rashtra networklalo konasagutunna aakasmika karyakalapala yokka mottam-ganana namuunaapai drushti pedutundi, tadwara aarogyam mariyu vyaadhiloo eee mukhyamaina networkla gurinchi kaarana avagahananu andistundi. deco prastutam thana adhunaatana arc grant loe eee parisoedhana prasnalanu parisoedhistunnaaru "maanava manassu sanklishtata yokka dynamic mariyu nirmaanaatmaka aadharamh medadulo samacharam mariyu prosessing yokka vibhajana mariyu ekikarana". thana parisoedhanaloo, deco pedda ettuna cartical namuunaalanu upayoginchaaru, ikkada netvarklu asthirata anchuna unnaayi. eee sthithilo, kriyaatmaka netvarklu takkuva-kaalpula sthiramaina sthithilo untaayi, ayithe avi nirantaram aneka itara aakruteekaranala vaipu laagabadataayi. chinna bahya bhangimalu pani-sambandhita network dynamicsnu roopondinchagalavu, ayithe antargata sabdam nundi bhangam anedi andubaatulo unna kriyaatmaka networkla paridhini pratibimbimchae vihaarayaatralanu utpatti chestundi. network sameekarana saamarthyam mariyu vaegaaniki idhi mukhyamgaa prayojanakaramgaa untundi. anduvalla, vishraanti sthithi medadu yokka dynamic saamardhyaalanu pratibimbistumdi, idhi samayam mariyu sthalam yokka mukhyamaina paraspara charyanu nokki chebutundi. ganana neurosykiatry yokka kotta vibhaganni srushtinche drushtitoe aarogyam mariyu vyaadhulalo eee kriyaatmaka mariyu nirmaanaatmaka netvarklanu vargeekarinchadampai konasagutunna parisoedhana drushti pedutundi. grandha pattika. anni prachuranala jabita muulaalu. ganana naadii shaastra samuuham

gistawo ddiko gistawo ddiko eek argentine aur atalvi professor aur sciencedan haine. wah ketlan insity teut faar recerch aind advanced studies mein recerch professor aur pompeo fabra university mein fill professor (catedratico) kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam deetay haine jehaan wah center aaf brain aind cognation kay director aur computational neuro science grop kay sarbarah haine. 2001 mein ddiko kuu shumariyati taleem basri adraak kay namunon aur neuro cycatric beemariyon kii aif ayem aar aayee parr mubni tashkhis mein inn kii sharakat kay liye seamons "mojad aaf dee aiyar" kay beenn alaqwami anaam say nawaza gayaa.. tarbiyat. ddiko bahami taaluq rakhnay waalay mazamin mein teen doctorate kii digri rakhta hay. eek pee aich.ddee. national university aaf rozario (argentina) (1987) say tabiyat mein meunakh kii takniki university (1997) say computer science mein rehaish aur meunakh kii ladweg-maximaline-university say nafsiyaat mein pee aich ddee (2001). yaha dagriyan mutadid tehqiqi ahadon parr faiz rehtay hoay haasil kii gayein. 1987 mein inhon nay bordo university mein post doctorate felowship haasil kii. 1988 aur 1999 mein wah germani mein geesan university mein alegzender waan humbolt foundation mein post ddaak filo thay. inhon nay maneech germani mein seamons corporate recerch center kay neural computing section mein computational neuro science grop kii qayadat kii. ddiko nay rozario frankfurt aur meunakh mein lecturing kay ahadon parr kaam kiyaa hay aur 2001 say meunakh kii ladweg-maximaline-university mein lecturer kay ahday parr madau kiyaa gayaa hay. wah meunakh kii takniki university mein aisosi aett professor aur 1998 mein rosario university mein aizazi professor thay. 2001-2009 say wah oxford university mein center faar kogneto neuro science mein mcdonal piyo kay wizting filo thay. taleemi sharakat. ddiko nay mutadid mozuaat parr aham taawan kiyaa hay jinn mein computational neuro science neuro cycology cycolingostics hayatiyati neet wark neural neet wark kii shumariyati tashkeel aur afratafri kaa nazariyah shaamil haine. inn kii sabb say ziyadah hawalah dee gayee tehqeeq aaraam dhah riyasat kay neet wark mein jaari bay saakhta srgarmi kay makmal computational modeling parr markoz hay aur iss tarah sehat aur bemari mein inn aham neet wark kii wajah say tafheem farahim karti hay. ddiko phee alhaal inn tehqiqi sawalat kii tehqiqat apnay advanced ayee aar see grant mein kirr rehaa hay "insani dimagh kii paicheedgi kii mutharik aur saakhti bunyaad: dimagh mein malumat aur processing kii alaihadgi aur inzamam". apnee tehqeeq mein ddiko nay baday paimanay parr courtical maadal istemaal kiye haine jehaan neet wark adam istehkaam kay kinaray parr haine. iss haalat mein faal neet wark kumm firing waali mustahkam haalat mein haine jabkah inhein muslisil mutadid deegar tartibaat kii taraf kheencha jaataa hay. chhotay beruni khalal kaam say mutaliq neet wark kii harkiyaat kii tashkil kirr saktay haine jabkah androni shoar say khalal dastiyaab faal neet wark kii hadd kii akaasi kartay hoay seer paida kartay haine. yaha neet wark kuu mutharik karnay kii karkardgi aur raftaar kay liye khaas toor parr fayedah mund hay. iss tarah aaraam kii haalat dimagh kii mutharik salahiyaton kii akaasi karti hay juu waqat aur jagah kay aham bahami taamil parr zoor deeti hay. jaari tehqeeq computational neuro cycatery kaa eek neeya shobah takhliq karnay kay maqsad say sehat aur bemari mein inn faal aur saakhti neet works kii khususiyat parr taujah markoz karti hay. kitabcha. tamaam ashaaton kii fehrist zaraye. computational neuro science grop

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=27492140

List of School for Creative and Performing Arts people

List of School for Creative and Performing Arts people This is a list of people associated with the School for Creative and Performing Arts (SCPA), a magnet arts school in Cincinnati, Ohio and part of the Cincinnati Public Schools. It includes all notable alumni who attended and all of the principals and artistic directors since the founding of the school. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

sristixil aaru poriwexon kolar lukoxokolor baabe bidyaloyor talika eikhon skool for creative endo performing arts (ess. chi. pi. e.), sinchinati, uhiur ekhon sumbok kolaa bidyaloy aaru sinchinati rajohuwa bidyaloyor ongxor xoite jorito lukoxokolor ekhon talika. iyat uposthito thoka xokolu ullekhjugyo prakton saatro-chatri aaru bidyaloikhon protistha huwar pisor poraa xokolu odhyokhyo aaru kolatmok porisalok ontorbhukto aase.

sarjanatmak aneey pradarshan qalaa dharaavtaa loko maate shaalaani yaadee aaa sarjanatmak aneey pradarshan qalaa (aesa. see. pii. aee.) maate shaala saathe sankalaayela lokonee yaadee chhe, jeey cincinati, oheeyoma aek chumbak qalaa shaala chhe aneey cincinati jaaher shaalaaono bhaag chhe. temaa haajari aapnara tamaam nondhpaatra bhutpurv vidhyarthio aneey shaalaani sthaapnaa pachhinaa tamaam aachaary aneey kalaatmak nirdeshakono samaavesh thaay chhe.

rachanaatmak aur pradarshan kalaa key logon key liye vidyalaya kii soochi yeh rachanaatmak aur pradarshan kalaa (aiss. see. pee. aeye.) key liye school seey judey logon kii ack soochi haye, joe sinsinati, ohiyo mein ack chumbak kalaa school haye aur sinsinati saarvajanik schools kaa hissa haye. isamen school kii sthaapana key baad seey sabhi ullekhaniya poorv chhaatr aur sabhi pracharya aur kalaatmak nideshak shamil hain.

srujanasheela mattu pradarshana kalegala janara shaleya patti idu ohiyoda sinsinnaatiyalliruva magnet arts shaale mattu cincinnati saarvajanika shalegala bhaagavaada school phaar creative und performing arts (ess. sii. pii. aa) ge sambandhisida janara pattiyagide. idaralli shaalege haajaraada ellah gamanarha haleya vidyaarthigalu mattu shaleya sthapaneya nantara ellah praamshupaalaru mattu kalaatmaka nirdeshakaru seriddaare.

sargaathmakavum kalaparavumaaya aalukalkkayulla skoolukalude pattika ohaayoyile sinsinnaattiyile maagnett arts school sinsinnatti public skoolukalude bhagavumaaya school phoor creative aandu perfoming arts (ezz. sii. pii. eiii) yumayi bandhapetta aalukalude pattikayaanith. skoolinte sthaapanathinushesham pankeduttha ellah pramukha poorvva vidyaarthikalum prinsippalmaarum kalaa directormaarum ithil ulppedunnu.

sarjansheel aanee qalaa sadar sadar lokansathichya shalanchi yadee hii sarjansheel aanee pradarshan qalaa (ess. see. pii. aii.), cincinnati, ohayo yetheel chumbak qalaa shaala aanee cincinnati sarvajanik shalancha bhag yanchyashi sambandhit lokanchi yadee aahe. yaat shalechya sthapanepasun upasthit asalele serve ullekhaneey majee vidyarthi aanee serve pracharya aanee kalatmak sanchalak yancha samavesh aahe.

srujanashila ebong pradarshan kalaa paain bidyalajara talika ehaa heuchhi skula phara creative anded parafarming arts (ess. sii. pii. aii.), ohiora sinsinatira eka chumbaka kalaa bidyalaja ebong cincinati public schooler eka ansha sahita jadita lokanka eka talika . ethire bidyalajara pratistha paratharu upasthita thiba samasta ullekhaneeah purbatana chhatra ebong samasta adhyakhya ebong kalatmaka nirdeshaka antarbhukta .

rachnatmak atey pardarshan qalaa dey lokan laee school dee suchi ih school phaar creative aind performing arts (aiss. see. pee. aii.), sinsinati, ohio witch ikk chumbak qalaa school atey sinsinati public schoolan dey hisse naal jude lokan dee ikk suchi haii. iss witch school dee sathapana toon baad toon saare pramukh sabka vidiaarthi atey principle atey kalatmak director shamal hunn.

rachanatmakanam pradarshanakalnam cha krute vidyaalayaanaam suchim eshaa ohiyo-nagarasya cincinnaati-nagarasya magnet-arts-vidyaalayen, cincinnaati-saarwajanik-vidyaalayaanaam bhagena cha, rachanaatmak-pradarshana-kalaa-vidyaalayen (ess. sii. pi. e.) sambadhaanaam jananam soochee asti. asmin vidyaalayasya sthapanakalat aarabhy, sarve vidyamaanaah poorvavidyaarthinaha, sarve mukhyadhyapakaha, kalatmakanirdeshakaha cha santi.

padaippaattral mattrum nigazhththu kalaikalukkaana pallikalin pattiyal idhu cincinati, ohiyoavil ulla kaanthak kalaip palliyum cincinati podhup pallikalin oru paguthiyum, padaippu mattrum nigazhththuk kalaikalukkaana palliyudan (ess. chii. pii. aee) thodarpudaiya nabarkalin pattiyal aagum. idhil palli niruvappattathilirunthu kalandhu konda anaitthu kurippidatthakka munnaal maanavargalum, anaitthu athiparkalum kalai iyakkunarkalum adangkuvar.

fffabd7b1174ba43e64d087ee2612ba8a4662f95d919c7145a8eeadb0266313a

https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki?curid=1326338

गोल

गोल Sanskrit. Etymology. According to Pokorny, from , from . Supposed cognates would include , and . Has also been compared to . However, Mayrhofer considers derivations such as the above to be suspect and prefers to take this as a Dravidian borrowing, comparing with and .

gul xongoskrito. byutpotti. poo 'kornir mote, poraa, poraa. onumito xongyaxomuh ontorbhukto hoh 'bob, aaru. tulonau koraa hoise. obosye, merhufare uporor dore byobohar koraa bostuburok xondehjonok buli bibesona kore aaru iyak dravidian rino hisape lo "boloi posondo kore, aaru iyar xoite tulona kore.

goal sangaskrito. byutpatti. pokornir motey, theke, theke. anumito gyan antarbhukta hobey, ebong. tulnao koraa hoyeche. tobey, mayerhofer uporer moto byutpottigulike sondehojonok boley money corren ebong err saathe tulna korey etike ekti dravidian rino hisabe nitey pochondo corren.

goal sanskrut. vyutpatti. pokorni anusaar, thee, thee. manvama aavtaa gnyanma, aneey saamel hashe. tenee sarkhaamani pann karvaamaa aavee chhe. jooe keey, mayerhofer uparokt jevee vyutpattione shankaspad maane chhe aneey aanee sarkhaamanimaa aneey tenee sarkhaamanimaa aaney dravidiyan udhaar tareeke levaanu pasand karey chhe.

goal sanskrit. vyutpatti. pocorney key anusaar, seey, seey. maanaa jaataa haye kii sangyanatmak mein shamil hoga, aur. isaki tulanaa bhee kii gaee haye. halanki, mayerhofer uparokt jaisi vyutpattiyon koo sandigdh maanate hain aur isaki tulanaa aur key saath karate hue ise ack dravid udhaar key roop mein lena pasand karate hain.

gull samskruta. vyutpatti. pocarnia prakara, ninda, ninda. bhaavisalaada kagnitgalu olagondiruttave, mattu. adannoo hoolisalaagide. aadaagyoo, marehofer melinantaha vyutpattigalannu anumaanaaspadavendu pariganisuttaare mattu idannu dravida saalavaagi tegedukollalu bayasuttaare, mattu holisi.

goal samskritham. padavyuthpathishaasthram. pocorni parayunnathanusarichu, muthal, muthal. kognettukal ulppedumennu karuthappedunnu, oppam. ithum thaarathamyam cheythittundu. ennirunnaalum, melpparanjava polulla derivetteshanukal samshayaaspadamaanennu mayerhofer kanakkaakkukayum ithu oru dravida vaaypayaayi edukkaan ishtappedukayum cheiyunnu.

goal sanskrut. vyutpatti. pocorninusar, pasoon, pasoon. manalya jaananya sandnyanmadhye samavisht asel, aanee. tyachi tulanahi kelee gelee aahe. tathapi, mayerhofer varilsarkhya vyutpattinna sanshayaspad manatat aanee aanee yachyashi tulana karoon heey eka dravidian karj mhanoon ghene pasant karatat.

goal sanskrit. wyutpatti. pokornika anusar, batt, dekhi. manne sangyanatmakharule samawesh gardacha, rar. tulana pani garieko chha. yadyapi, meyarhoferle mathika wyutpattilai sandigdha thanchhan rar yasalai ड्rarाइभिडियन udharoko rupma lyne ruchaunchhan, rar sanga tulana gardai.

goal sanskruta. byutpatti. pokarninka anujai, ru, ru. anumita sangyagudika antarbhukta heba, ebong. ehaaku madhya tulana karajaichi. tebe, merhofer uparokta pari jyutpattigudiku sandigdha bolly bibechana karanti ebong ehaaku ebong sahita tulana curry eka dravidian runa bhabare nebaku pasanda karanti .

goal sanskrit. shabdawali. pocorni dey anusar, toon, toon. manne jaanh vaale sanketan witch shamal honge, atey. iss dee tulna vee keeti gaee haii. halanki, mairhofer uppar ditte derivationan noon shakki mannada haii atey iss dee tulna atey naal karde hoye iss noon ikk dravidian udhaar vajon laina pasand karda haii.

goal-samskrutam. vyutpattih. pokornee ityasya mate, taha, taha. anumita-sandnyaasu antarbhavati, tathaa. api tu tulanam krutam. parantu, merhofer ityeshah upari ullikhitaani vyutpannaani shankaaspadaani iti manyante, tathaa cha evam ityetaih saha tulanam krutvaa, etat dravid-runaroopena sweekartum icchati.

cole samasgirudham. sorpirappiyal. pogorniyin koottruppadi, irunthu, irunthu. arivaattral endru karudhappadum ulladakkum, mattrum. athanudan oppidavum seiyappattullathu. iruppinum, marehofer maerkooriyavai poantra vazhiththoantralgalai santhegaththirkuriyavai endru karudhugiraar, maelum idhai oru travidian cuddon vaangkuvathaaka eduththuk kolla virumbukiraar, oppidugaiyil mattrum.

goal samskrutam. vyutpatti. pokarni prakaram, nundi, nundi. bhaavinche cognits loe untaayi, mariyu. dheenini kooda poolchaaru. ayithe, marehofer paina perkonna vaati vanti utpannaalanu anumanaspadamga bhaavistaadu mariyu mariyu thoo polchinappudu dheenini dravida runamgaa teesukoovadaaniki ishtapadataadu.

goal sanskrit. siftiyat. pokoran kay mutabiq say say. maanaa jaataa hay kahh elmi mein shaamil hoan gay aur. iss kaa mawaznah bhee kiyaa gayaa hay. tahim mehrofer mandarjah baala jeesay mushtaqat kuu mushtabah samajhta hay aur iss kaa mawaznah kartay hoay asay drewdeen qarz kay toor parr leena pasand kartaa hay.

fffac25218fd902f80ecafdcaa3a2123cc7c0a7d8e4e842ca9874909147430bb

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=25286963

National Register of Historic Places listings in Miami

National Register of Historic Places listings in Miami This is a list of the National Register of Historic Places listings in Miami, Florida. This is intended to be a complete list of the properties and districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Miami, Florida, United States. The locations of National Register properties and districts for which the latitude and longitude coordinates are included below, may be seen in an online map. There are 193 properties and districts listed on the National Register in Miami-Dade County, including 6 National Historic Landmarks. Miami is the location of 79 of these properties and districts, including 5 National Historic Landmarks; they are listed here, while the remaining properties and districts are listed separately. One property, the Venetian Causeway, is split between Miami and Miami Beach, and is thus included on both lists. Another 3 sites were once listed, but have been removed. "This National Park Service list is complete through NPS recent listings posted December 15, 2023." References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

mayamit oitihaxik sthanor talikar rastriyo ponjiyon eitu fluoridar mayamit thoka oitihaxik sthanxomuhor rastriyo ponjiyonor talika. eitu aamerika juktorastror flo "ridaar mayamir oitihaxik sthanxomuhor rastriyo ponjiyonot thoka xompoti aaru jilaxomuhor xompurno talika huwar uddesyo aase. rastriyo ponjiyon xompoti aaru jilaar owosthan jaar baabe okhyangxo aaru draghimangxo sthanangko tolot ontorbhukto koraa hoise, online manchitrot dekha jaabo paare. mayami-dead countyt rastriyo ponjiyonot 192taa xompoti aaru jilaa talikabhukto koraa hoise, jaar bhitorot 6taa rastriyo oitihaxik sinho aase. iyare 79taa xompoti aaru jilaar owosthan mayami, zo 'too 5taa rastriyo oitihaxik sinho ontorbhukto aase; xeibur iyat talikabhukto koraa hoise, aanhate baaki xompoti aaru jilaxomuh prithokbhabe talikabhukto koraa hoise. venesian koo 'jowe naamor etaa xompoti mayami aaru mayami bischor maajot bibhokto, aaru enedore iyak duyuta talikat ontorbhukto koraa hoise. aan 3taa sthan ebaar talikabhukto koraa hoisil, kintu aatorai diya hoise.

mayamite oitihasik sthaner jatiya talika etty floridara mayamite oitihasik sthangulir jatiya nibondhoner ekti talika. etty markin juktorashtrer floridara miamite oitihasik sthangulir jatiya registere sampatti ebong jelagulir ekti sampurna talika howar uddeshye koraa hoyeche. jatiya nibondhito sampatti ebong jelagulir abosthan jaar jonno okkhangsho ebong draghimangsher sthanangko neeche antarbhukta koraa hoyeche, ekti online manchitre dekha jete paare. miami-deeda kauntite 6tii jatiya oitihasik landmark soho 192tii sampatti oo zela jatiya registere talikabhukto royeche. mayamite 5tii jatiya oitihasik landmark soho 79tii sampatti oo zela royeche; seguli ekhane talikabhukto koraa hoyeche, bucky sampatti oo jelaguli aladabhabe talikabhukto koraa hoyeche. ekti sampatti, venesian sethupath, mayami ebong mayami saikater modhye bivokto ebong eibhabe ubhoy talika antarbhukta koraa hoyeche. arow 3tii saita ekbar talikabhukto koraa hoyechilo, kintu sariye fela hoyeche.

meeyamima aitihasik sthaloni yaadinun raashtriy register aaa miyami, fluoridama aitihasik sthaloni raashtriy nondhanini yaadee chhe. aano hetu united statesnaa miyami, fluoridama aitihasik sthaloni raashtriy nondhani parnee meelakato aneey jeellaoni sampoorn soochi banaavvaano chhe. raashtriy nondhani meelakato aneey jeellaona sthaano keey jenaa maate akshansh aneey rekhansh coordinates neeche samavvama aavyaa chhe, teey online nakshaamaa joee shakaay chhe. miyami-deeda kaauntimaa raashtriy register parr 192 meelakato aneey jeellaao soochibaddh chhe, jemaa 6 raashtriy aitihasik simachinho saamel chhe. miyami aamathi 79 meelakato aneey jillaaonu sthaan chhe, jemaa 5 raashtriy aitihasik simachinho saamel chhe; teo aheen soochibaddh chhe, jyaare baakini meelakato aneey jeellaao alagthi soochibaddh chhe. aek meelkat, veneshiyan kozve, miyami aneey miyami beach vachche vahenchaayeli chhe, aneey aama teey banne soochima saamel chhe. anya 3 sites aekvaar soochibaddh karvaamaa aavee hatee, parantu tene door karvaamaa aavee chhe.

miyami mein aitihaasik sthaanon kii soochi kaa rashtriya register yeh miyami, florida mein aitihaasik sthaanon kii soochi key rashtriya register kii soochi haye. iska uddeshya sanyukt raajya america key miyami, florida mein aitihaasik sthaanon key rashtriya register parr sampattiyon aur jilon kii poori soochi banaana haye. rashtriya register sampattiyon aur jilon key sthaan jinake liye akshansh aur deshantar nirdeshank neeche shamil hain, ack online maanchitra mein dekhe jaa sakate hain. miyami-dade county mein rashtriya register parr 192 sampattiyan aur jile soochibaddh hain, jinamen 6 rashtriya aitihaasik sthal shamil hain. miyami inn sampattiyon aur jilon mein seey 79 kaa sthaan haye, jisamen 5 rashtriya aitihaasik sthal shamil hain; way yahaan soochibaddh hain, jabaki shesh sampattiyan aur jile alag seey soochibaddh hain. ack sampatti, vanician coseway, miyami aur miyami samudra tata key beach vibhajit haye, aur iss prakaar donon soochiyon mein shamil haye. ack baar anya 3 saiton koo soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa, lekin unhein hataa diyaa gayaa haye.

miyamiyallina aitihaasika sthalagala rashtriya nondani patti idu floridada miyamiyallina aitihaasika sthalagala rashtriya daakhaleya pattiyagide. idu americada floridada miyaamiyalliruva aitihaasika sthalagala rashtriya daakhaleyalliruva aastigalu mattu jillegala sampoorna pattiyagalu uddeshisalaagide. akshaamsha mattu rekhaamsha nirdeshaankagalannu ee kelage serisalaagiruva rashtriya nondani aastigalu mattu jillegala sthalagalannu anline naksheyalli kaanabahudu. miami-dayed kountiyalli 6 rashtriya aitihaasika heggurutugalu seridante 192 aastigalu mattu jillegalu rashtriya nondaniyalli patti madalpattive. 5 rashtriya aitihaasika heggurutugalu seridante ee 79 aastigalu mattu jillegala sthalavu miyaamiyaagide; avugalannu illi patti maadalaagiddu, ulida aastigalu mattu jillegalannu pratyekavagi patti maadalaagide. ondu aasti, venetian casway, miami mattu miami kadalatirada naduve vingadisalaagide, mattu aaddarinda eradoo pattigalalli serisalaagide. mattondu 3 taanagalannu omme patti maadalaagiddaru avugalannu tegeduhaakalaagide.

miyamimadhil aitihasik sthalanchya rashtriy nondani hii florida yetheel miyami yetheel aitihasik sthalanchya rashtriy nondanichi yadee aahe. americetil florida rajyatil miyami yetheel aitihasik sthalanchya rashtriy nondanivaril malmatta aanee jilhyanchi sampoorn yadee banavanyacha haah hetu aahe. jyaa jilhyansathi akshansh aanee rekhansh nirdeshank khalee samavisht kele aahet, tyaa rashtriy nondani malmattanchi aanee jilhyanchi thikane online nakashat pahata yeteel. miyami-deed countymadhye rashtriy nondanivar 192 malmatta aanee jilhe soochibaddha aahet, jyat 6 rashtriy aitihasik khuna aahet. yapaiki 79 malmatta aanee jilhyanche sthan miyamimadhye aahe, jyat 5 rashtriy aitihasik khuna samavisht aahet; tyaa yethe soochibaddha aahet, tarr urvarit malmatta aanee jilhe swatantrapane soochibaddha aahet. eka malmatta, venesian codgeway, miyami aanee miyami miyami vibhagali gelee aahe aanee asha prakare donhi yadeet samavisht aahe. aanakhi 3 sthale ekada soochibaddha karnyat aalee hotee, parantu tee kadhoon taknyat aalee aahet.

miyamima aitihasik sthanharuko suchiko rashtriya darta yo miyami, floridama aitihasik sthanharuko rashtriya rajistarko suchi how. yo miyami, florida, sanyukta rajya americaka aitihasik sthanharuko rashtriya registerma sampatti rar jillaharuko purna suchi hune uddeshyale garieko how. rashtriya darta sampatti rar jillaharuko sthanharu jaska lagi akshansh rar deshantar nirdeshankharu tall samawesh garieko chha, unline naksama dekhna sakinchha. miyami-dead countyma 6 wata rashtriya aitihasik sthalharu sahit rashtriya registerma 192 wata sampatti rar jillaharu suchibadha chhan. miyami 5 wata rashtriya aitihasik sthalharu sahit yee sampattiharu rar jillaharu madhye 79 ko sthan how; tiniharu yahan suchibadha chhan, jabki baanki sampattiharu rar jillaharu chhuttai suchibadha chhan. euta sampatti, bhenisian kaswe, miyami rar miyami samudra tatako bichma vibhajit chha, rar yasari duwai suchima samawesh garieko chha. anya 3 siteharu ek patak suchibadha thie, tara hataieka chhan.

miamithare aitihasika stanagudikara jatiah panjika talika ehaa heuchhi floridara miamithare thiba aitihasika stanagudikara jatiah panjikara eka talika. ehaa americara floridara miamithare thiba aitihasika stanagudikara jatiah panjikare thiba sampatti ebong jillagudikara eka sampurna talika heba paain uddista. jatiah panjika sampatti ebong jillagudikara abasthana, jeungudika paain akhyansha ebong draghima sthananka nimnare antarbhukta karajaichi, eka unline manachitrare dekhajaipare. miami-dead kauntire jatiah panjikare 192tii sampatti ebong zillah talikabhukta hoichhi, jeunthire 6tii jatiah aitihasika sthala rahichhi. miami heuchhi ehi sampatti ebong zillah madhyaru 79tii sthana, jeunthire 5tii jatiah aitihasika sthalachinha antarbhukta; segudika ethaare talikabhukta hoithibabele abasista sampatti ebong jillagudika alga bhabare talikabhukta hoichhi. gotie sampatti, venecian kajwe, miami ebong miami belabhumi madhyare bibhakta, ebong ehipari ubhaja talikare antarbhukta . anya 3tii sthana thare talikabhukta hoithila, kintu segudiku hatai diajaichhi.

miaami witch itihasak sathanan dee suchi daa rashtari register ih miaami, florida witch itihasak sathanan dee suchi dey rashtari register dee suchi haii. iss daa udesh miaami, florida, sanyukat raaj amrica witch itihasak sathanan dey rashtari register utte jaidadan atey zilhiaan dee ikk puurii suchi banauna haii. rashtari register propertiaan atey zilhiaan dey sathaan jinhan laee akshansh atey deshantar nirdeshank hethan shamal keete gaye hunn, ikk online nakshe witch vekhe jaa sakde hunn. miaami-dade kaoonti witch rashtari register utte 192 sampatiaan atey zilhe suchibadh hunn, jinhan witch 6 rashtari itihasak nishan shamal hunn. miaami inhan vicchon 79 sampatiaan atey zilhiaan daa sathaan haii, jiss witch 5 rashtari itihasak nishan shamal hunn; uh itthe suchibadh hunn, jadon kii baaki sampatiaan atey zilhe vakkhre taur 'teey suchibadh hunn. ikk jaidad, venesian coseway, miaami atey miaami beach dey vichkaar vandee gaee haii, atey iss tarahan dovan suchiaan witch shamal keeti gaee haii. horr 3 saitan noon ikk vaar suchibadh keeta giaa see, parr hataa ditta giaa haii.

miyami-nagare aitihasikasthananam rashtriya-soocheeh eshaa florida-deshasya miyaami-nagare aitihasikasthananam rashtriya-panjikaayaah soochee asti. amerikaadeshasy florida-rajyasya miyaami-nagare sthitanam aitihasikasthananam rashtriya-panjikaayaam sthitanam sampatti-mandalanam cha purnasuchim bhavitum asya uddesha asti. rashtriya-panjee-sampattayah, mandalaani cha sthanani, yasyaah krute akshaamsha-rekhaamshah-nirdeshaamkah adhah samaavishtaah santi, tatt antarjaaleey-maanachitre drashtum shakyate. miyaami-dead-kauntee-nagare rashtriya-panjee-madhye 192 sampattih, mandalaani cha soochibaddhaani santi, yeshu 6 rashtriya-aitihaasika-sthalaani santi. miyami-nagare 79 sampattih mandalaani cha santi, yeshu 5 rashtriya-aitihaasika-sthalaani santi; taani atra soochitaah santi, shesh-sampattih mandalaani cha pruthak soochibaddhaani santi. ekaha sampattih, venesian-setuhu, miyaami-miyaami-samudratatayoh vibhaktaa asti, evam cha dwayoh soochayoh antarbhavati. anyaah 3 sthalaani ekadaa suchim dattaani, parantu apasaaritaani santi.

miyaamiyil ulla varalaattru idangkalin thaesiyap pattiyal idhu ploaridaavin miyaamiyil ulla varalaattru idangkalin thaesiya pathivaettin pattiyal aagum. idhu americavin ploaridaavin miyaamiyil ulla varalaattru idangkalin thaesiya pathivaettil ulla sothukkal mattrum maavattangkalin muzhumaiyaana pattiyalaaka irukka vaendum. thaesiya pathivu sothukkal mattrum maavattangkalin iruppidangkal, atcharaekai mattrum theerkkarekai aayaththaraekai keezhae serkkappattullana, oru anline varaipadaththil kanalaam. miami-dade kavundiyil 6 thaesiya varalaattru adaiyaalangkal udpada 192 sothukkal mattrum maavattangkal thaesiya pathivaettil pattiyalidappattullana. 5 thaesiya varalaattruch sirappumikka adaiyaalangkal udpada, ivatrtril 79 sothukkal mattrum maavattangkal miyaamiyil ullana; avai ingkae pattiyalidappattullana, meethamulla sothukkal mattrum maavattangkal thaniththaniyaaga pattiyalidappattullana. oru soththaaga, veneshiya pulveli, miami mattrum miami kadarkaraikku idaiyil pirikkappattullathu, enavae idhu irandu pattiyalkalilum serkkappattullathu. maelum 3 thazhangal oru kaalaththil pattiyalidappattana, aanaal avai agatrtrappattullana.

mayamiloni chaaritraka pradaesaala jaateeya register jabita idhi floridaloni mayamiloni chaaritraka pradaesaala jabita yokka jaateeya register jabita. idhi united states looni floridaloni mayamiloni chaaritraka pradaesaala jaateeya registerloni aastulu mariyu jillaala puurti jabitaga uddesinchabadindi. akshaamsam mariyu rekhansha akshaamsaalu krinda cherchabadina jaateeya register aastulu mariyu jillaala sthaanaalanu online maplo chudavachu. mayami-dade counteeloo 6 jaateeya chaaritraka mailuraallatoe sahaa 192 aastulu mariyu jillaalu jaateeya registerlo jabita cheyabaddaayi. 5 jaateeya chaaritraka mailuraallatoe sahaa veetilo 79 aastulu mariyu jillaalu mayamilo unnaayi; avi ikkada jabita cheyabaddaayi, migilina aastulu mariyu jillaalu vidigaa jabita cheyabaddaayi. oka aasti, venetian kajwe, mayami mariyu mayami beach madhya vibhajinchabadindi, anduvalla rendu jaabitaalalo cherchabadindi. maroe 3 saitlu okasari jabita cheyabaddaayi, conny tolaginchabaddaayi.

miyami mein tarikhi maqamat kii fehrist kaa qomi register yaha miyami fluoreda mein tarikhi maqamat kii fehrist kay qomi register kii fehrist hay. iss kaa maqsad miyami fluoreda riyasathaye muthadah mein tarikhi maqamat kay qomi register parr mojud jayedadon aur azlaa kii makmal fehrist banana hay. qomi register properties aur azlaa kay maqamat jinn kay liye araz albald aur tool albald kay nqat zeel mein shaamil haine aann line naqshe mein dekhay jaa saktay haine. miyami deed county mein qomi register parr 192 jayedadein aur azlaa darj haine jinn mein 6 qomi tarikhi nishanaat shaamil haine. miyami inn mein say 79 jayedadon aur azlaa kaa maqaam hay jinn mein 5 qomi tarikhi nishanaat shaamil haine vovo wah yahaan darj haine jabkah baaqi jayedadon aur azlaa kuu alg say darj kiyaa gayaa hay. eek property wens kaa kaazwe miyami aur miyami beach kay darmiyan taqsim hay aur iss tarah donon fehriston mein shaamil hay. mazeed 3 sights eek baar darj kii gayee thein leakin inhein hataa diyaa gayaa hay.

fffacfd9009b4d60b01e31e4e22fad4a96cd20f93a10a4432bb94f463622bef9

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68376265

Marvin Mariche

Marvin Mariche American soccer player Marvin Mariche (born July 1, 2004) is an American soccer player who plays as a winger for USL Championship club North Carolina FC via the North Carolina FC academy. Club career. Mariche joined the North Carolina FC academy in 2018, where he played before signing an academy contract with the club's USL League One side for the 2021 season. He made his debut on July 21, 2021, appearing as an injury-time substitute during a 4–0 win over Richmond Kickers. Mariche also appeared for North Carolina FC U23 in the USL League Two during the 2021 season. "As of match played October 30, 2022" References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

marvin maris marvin maris (jonmo 1 july, 2004) egoraki aamerikan football kheluwoi ji northo kerulina efsi academyr joriyote usl championswip club northo kerulina efsir baabe winger hisape khele. clubber keriyar. merisiye 2018 sonot northo kerulina efsi academyt jugdan korisil, zo 'too teu 2021 sonor sijonor baabe clubber usl leegor etaa pokhyor xoite academy sukti swakhyor korar aagote khelisil. 2021 sonor 21 julyte teu rismond kikarxokolor biruddhe 4-0 ror joyor xomoyot aaghat-xomoyor bikolpo hisape aatmoprokax korisil. 2021 sonor sijonor xomoyot usl leeg tu-too northo kerulina efsi eu23-ror babeu maris uposthito hoisil.

marvin mariche marvin mariche (jonmo julai 1,2004) ekjon markin football kheload jini north carolina fc academyr madhyome usl championship club north carolina fc-rawr hoye winger hisabe khelen. club carrier. mariche 2018 saale north carolina fc academyte jog deena, jekhane tini 2021 morshumer jonno cluber usl liger eka pokkher saathe ekti academy chukti swakkhar korar agey khelechilen. 2021 saaler 21shhey julai tini richmond kikarder biruddhe 4-0 byabodhane joyer somoy injurir somoy bikalpa hisabe abirbhuto hohn. 2021 morshume usl ligg too-teey north carolina fc eu23-err hoyeo mariche uposthito chhilen.

marvin merishe marvin marishe (janm 1 julai, 2004) aek american sokara khelaadi chhe jeey yuu. aesa. aela. championship club north kerolina aef. see. maate north kerolina aef. see. academy dwara winger tareeke ramey chhe. club karkirdi. merishe 2018 maan north kerolina aef. see. academyma jodaya hataa, jyaan teo 2021 season maate clubney yuu. aesa. aela. leag aek baaju saathe academy karaar parr hastakshar kartaa pahelaa ramyaa hataa. tene 21 julai, julai roj tenee sharuaat curry hatee, jeey richmond kickers parr 4-0 thee jeet darmiyan ijaanaa samaye aveji tareeke dekhaayo hato. hato season darmiyan yuu. aesa. aela. leag bemaa north kerolina aef. see. yuu. 23 maate pann merishe dekhaaya hataa.

marvin marishe marvin mariche (janm 1 julaai, 2004) ack americi football khilaadi hain joe north carolina aff. see. akadami key madhyam seey yuu. aiss. ell. championship club north carolina aff. see. key liye ack winger key roop mein khelate hain. club carrier. mariche 2018 mein north carolina aff. see. akadami mein shamil hue, jahan unhone 2021 key satra key liye club key yuu. aiss. ell. leag ack paksh key saath ack akadami anubandh parr hastakshar karane seey pahale khela. unhone 21 julaai, 2021 koo richmond kickers parr 4-0 seey jeet key dauran chot key samay key vikalp key roop mein apani shuruat kii. marriche 2021 key satra key dauran usl leag dou mein north carolina fc yuu23 key liye bhee dikhaai diye.

marvin mariche marvin mariche (janana julai 1,2004) obba american saakar aatagararagiddu, avaru uttara carolina effsey academy moolaka yuu. ess. ell championship club uttara carolina effsigaagi winger aagi aduttare. club vrattijeevana. mariche 2018 ralli uttara kerolina effsey akaademige seridaru, allie avaru 2021 rahra rtuvinalli clubna yuu. ess. ell leigh one saidnondige academy oppandakke sahi haakuva modalu aadidaru. avaru 2021rahra julai julai, richmond kikkargala viruddha 4-0 antarada geluvina samayadalli gaayada-samayada paryaya atagaranagi kanisikondaru. 2021rahra rtuvinalli yuu. ess. ell leigh eradaralli uttara kerolina eff. sii. sii tandakkoo mariche kanisikondaru.

marvin marishe north carolina effsy akkadami vazhi usl chaambyanshippu club north carolina effsiyude vingaraayi kalikkunna oru american football kalikkaranaanu marvin marishe (jananam juulai 1,2004). club currier. 2018 ll north carolina effsy academyil chernna marishe, 2021 seasonil klabbinte yuu. ezz. ell leag vann saidumaayi akkadami karar oppidunnathinu munbu kalichu. 2021 juulai 21 nuu richmond kikkarmarkkethiraaya 4-0 vijayathil parikk samaya pakarakkaranaayi addeham arangettam kurichu. 2021 seasonil yuu. ezz. ell leag randil north carolina eph. sii. yuu 23-num marishe prathyakshappettu.

marvin marishe marvin mariche (janm 1 julai 2004) haah eka american football kheladu aahe joou north carolina eff. see. akadameedvare yuu. ess. ell. championship club north carolina eff. see. sathee winger mhanoon khelato. club karkird. marishe 2018 madhye north carolina eff. see. akadamimadhye sameel jhaala, jithe too 2021 chya hangamasathi clubchya yuu. ess. ell. leegchya eka bajoone akadami kararavar swakshari karnyapurvi khelala. tyane 21 julai 2021 roji padarpan kele, jevha tyane richmond kickerswer 4-0 assa vijay midavala tevha dukhapatichya velee paryayi kheladu mhanoon khelala. 2021 chya hangamat yuu. ess. ell. leag donmadhye north carolina eff. see. yuu. 23 sathee dekhil marishe disala.

marwin mariche marwin mariche (janma july 1,2004) ek americi football kheladi hun jasle north carolina fc ekedemy marfat usl championship club north carolina fcko lagi wingerko rupma khelchhan. club currier. mariche sann 2018 maa north carolina fc ekedemyma samel bhae, jahaan unle sann 2021 ko sijanka lagi clubko usl ligg ek pakshsanga ekedemy samjhautama hastakshar garnu aghi khele. unle 21 july 2021 maa richmond kikarharumathi 4-0 ko jitko kramama chotpatak-samayako wikalpako rupma dekha pare. mariche sann 2021 ko sijanma usl ligg duima north carolina fc yu 23 kaa lagi pani dekha pare.

maravin mariche maravin mariche (janma july 1,2004) jane americae football khelali jie jayu. ess. ell. championship club north carolina aif. sii. paain wingara bhabare khelanti. club kyariyara. mariche 2018 ray uttara carolina effsy ekademire joga deithile, jeunthare shay 2021 sijin paain clubber usl ligg waan side sahita eka ekademy chuktinama swakhyara kariba purbaru khelithile. shay 21 july, 2021 ray nijara debyu karithile, richmond kikarsanka upare 4-0 bijai samajare aaghata-samaira bikalpa bhabare upasthita hoithile. mariche 2021 sijinare usl ligg duire north carolina effsy effsy paain madhya upasthita hoithile.

marwin mariche marwin mariche (janam 1 julai, 2004) ikk amriki football khidari haii joe uttri carolina eff. see. academy raahin yuu. aiss. aill. championship club uttri carolina eff. see. laee winger vajon khedada haii. club carrier. mariche 2018 witch uttri carolina eff. see. academy witch shamal hoiaa, jitthe uh 2021 dey season laee club dey yuu. aiss. aill. leeg ikk paase naal academy dey ikrarname 'teey hastakhar curran toon pahilan khediaa. uss neey 21 julai, 2021 noon aapni shuruat keeti, jiss witch uh richmond kikkaran utte 4-0 naal jitt dauran satt dey samein dey badal vajon dikhai ditta. mariche 2021 dey season dauran usl leeg doou witch uttri carolina fc yuu 23 laee vee dikhai ditta.

maarvin maariche maarvin maariche (janma julai 1,2004) ekaha amerikiya-saakar-kreedakah asti yah uttar-carolina-ef. sii.-akademi-dwara yoo. ess. ell.-championship-club-naarth-carolina-ef. sii. krute vingar-rupena kreeditavaan. club-vruttihi. maariche 2018 tame varshe naarth carolina ef. sii. akadami ityasmin sammilitah, yatra saha 2021 tame varshe club-ityasya yoo. ess. ell. leag-ekapakshena saha akadami-anubandham kartum praak kreeditavaan. saha 2021 julai 21 dinaanke, richmond-kikkar-ityeteshaam upari 4-0 ityanena vijayasya samaye, aaghaat-samayasya vikalparupena abhyanayt. maariche 2021 tame varshe yoo ess ell leag-dwitaye naarth carolina ef see yoo 23 krute api abhyanayt.

maarvin marishe maarvin marishe (prappu juulai 1,2004) oru america kaalpandhu veerar aavaar, avar yuu. ess. ell saambiyanship kilap north carolina eff. chii. kku vinkaraaga vilaiyaadugiraar. kilap thozhil. marishe 2018 aam aandil vadakku carolina eff. chii akaadamiyil saernthaar, angku avar 2021 paruvaththirku kilappin yuu. ess. ell leak oru pakkaththudan akaadami oppanthaththil kaiyezhuththiduvadharku munbu vilaiyaadinaar. avar juulai 21,2021 andru arimugamaanaar, richmond kikkarkalukku ethiraana 4-0 vettriyin poathu kaayam naera maattraaka thoantrinaar. 2021 paruvaththil yuu. ess. ell leak irandil vadakku carolina eff. chii. yuu 23 kkaagavum marishe thoantrinaar.

marvin marishe marvin maariche (jananam juulai 1,2004) oka american sacker aatagadu, athanu uttara carolina effsy academy dwara yuu. ess. ell championship club uttara carolina effsy kosam vingarga aadataadu. club kereer. marishe 2018loe north carolina effsy academylo cheraadu, akkada athanu 2021 season kosam club yokka usl leag vann side thoo academy oppandampai santakam cheyadaaniki mundu aadadu. athanu 2021 juulai 21naa, richmond kickers paie 4-0thoo vijayam saadhinchinappudu gaayam-samayam pratyamnaayamgaa kanipinchaadu. 2021 seasonlo yuu. ess. ell leag toolo north carolina effsy yuu23 kosam kooda marishe kanipinchindi.

maarun maariche maarun maariche (paidaish yakam jolayi 2004) eek americi fitt baal khilaadi hay juu naarth carolina aif see academy kay zariye yuu aiss eel champine ship kalb naarth carolina aif see kay liye wangar kay toor parr kheelta hay. kalb carrier. maariche nay 2018 mein naarth carolina aif see academy mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii jehaan wah 2021 kay seezan kay liye kalb kii yuu aiss eel leeg winn side kay saath academy kay muahide parr dastakhat karnay say pehley khelay. inhon nay 21 jolayi 2021 kuu apnaa debio kiyaa richard kakarz parr 4-0 say jeeth kay doraan anjari tyme muthbadil kay toor parr nazar aayey. maariche 2021 kay seezan kay doraan yuu aiss eel leeg tuu mein naarth carolina aif see yuu 23 kay liye bhee nazar aayey.

fffad7d93f4cce20adf784b7aefa3aeb78e9c7525f0611d04654e02834b37e50

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=61420402

2019 Western Illinois Leathernecks football team

2019 Western Illinois Leathernecks football team American college football season <templatestyles src="Standings table start/styles.css" /> The 2019 Western Illinois Leathernecks football team represented Western Illinois University in the 2019 NCAA Division I FCS football season. They were led by second-year head coach Jared Elliott and played their home games at Hanson Field. They were a member of the Missouri Valley Football Conference (MVFC). They finished the season 1–11, 1–7 in MVFC play to finish in a two-way tie for ninth place. Preseason. MVFC poll. In the MVFC preseason poll released on July 29, 2019, the Leathernecks were predicted to finish in eighth place. Preseason All–MVFC team. The Leathernecks had one player selected to the preseason all-MVFC team. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

2019 western ilinoy samora nex football doll 2019 sonor western ilinoy 'cho ledarneks football dole 2019 sonor eno. chi. e. e. dibhijon aai. ef. chi. ess football sijonot western ilinoy biswobidyaloyok protinidhitwo korisil. teulukor netritwo disil dwitiyo bosoror mukhyo proxikhyok jared eliyote aaru teulukor ghoruwa khelbur henson khelpotharot khelisil. teuluk misouri upotyoka football xonmilonor (mvfc) xodosyo aasil. teuluke mvfc khelot sijon 1-11,1-7 xomapto kori nowom sthanor baabe dwimukhi taait xomapto korisil. purbor sijon. samorar neke 2018 sonor sijon 5-6,4-4 mvfc khelot ponchom sthanot xex korisil. praak ritu. mvfcr poo 'lo. 2019 sonor 29 julyte prokaxito mvfc prisijon joripot samorar dingy ostom sthanot xex huwar purbanuman koraa hoisil. prisijon ol-mvfc doll. ledarnekor ejon kheluwoi prisijon ol-mvfc dololoi nirbasito hoisil. oporadh clint ratkuvis-ef. bi.

2019 western ilinoy lethernex football doll 2019 western ilinoy lethernex football doll 2019 ncaa dibhishana aaee fcs football morsume western ilinoy bishwobidyaloyer protinidhitto korechilo. dwitiya borsher prodhan coach jared elioter netritte taaraa hanson maathe taader ghorer khela khelechilo. taanra misauri valley football conferencer (mvfc) sadasya chhilen. taaraa mvfc plete 1-7 diye nobom sthaner jonno dwimukhi taiye shesh korar jonno morsumti 1-11 shesh korey. ager morshum. chamdar ghadguli 2018 morshumti mvfc plete 5-6,4-4 diye shesh korey pancham sthane shesh korey. praka-ritu. mvfc poola. 29shhey julai, 2019-ayee prokashito mvfc praka-morshumer joripe, chamdar ghaad ashtam sthane shesh korar purbabhas deoa hoyechilo. praka-morshumer oll-mvfc doll. lethernexer ekjon kheload praka-morshumer oll-mvfc doley nirbachito hoyechilo. aporadh clint ratkovic-efbi

2019 westarn eleanois lathernax football team 2019 westarn eleanois lathernax football teame 2019 ncaa division aaee fcc football seasonma westarn eleanois universitynu pratinidhitva karyoo hatoo. teo beeja varshnaa mukhya coach jared elliot dwara netrutva karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey henson fieldma temnee gharaanganaani ramato ramee hatee. teo misauri velii football parishad (mvfc) naa sabhy hataa. teoae mvfc ramatmaa season 1-11,1-7 samaapt kareene navmaa sthaan maate dhvee-maargiy taaima samaapt karyoo. agaauni season. chaamadaani garadanae mvfc ramatmaa 2018 season 5-6,4-4 samaapt kareene paanchmaa sthaane samaapt curry. purv rutu. mvfc poola. 29 julai, 2019naa roj bahaar padvama aavela mvfc precision polmaa, chaamadaani gardan aathma sthaane rahevani aagaahi karvaamaa aavee hatee. precision ola-mvfc team. chaamadaani garadanmaa aek khelaadini pasandagi precision ola-mvfc team karvaamaa aavee hatee. apraadh clint ratcovic-aef. bii.

2019 paschimi ilinois chamade kii gardan football team 2019 paschimi ilinois lethernex football team ney 2019 ncaa division aaee fcs football season mein paschimi ilinois vishvavidyalaya kaa pratinidhitva kiya. unakaa netritva dusare varsh key mukhya coach jared elliot ney kiya aur unhone apane gharelu khel hanson feeled mein khele. way misauri ghaati football sammelan (aim. vee. aff. see.) key sadasya they. unhone season 1-11, aim. vee. aff. see. mein 1-7 seey samaapt kiya aur nauvein sthaan key liye dou-tarfa barabari mein samaapt kiya. pichla satra. chamade key galey ney 2018 key season koo 5-6,4-4 mvfc play mein samaapt kiya aur paanchven sthaan parr rahey. poorv ritu. aim. vee. aff. see. poul. 29 julaai, 2019 koo jaari aim. vee. aff. see. precision poul mein, chamade key galey aathven sthaan parr rahane kii bhavishyavani kii gaee thee. pree-season aul-aim. vee. aff. see. team. chamade key galey mein ack khilaadi koo precision aul-aim. vee. aff. see. team key liye chunaa gayaa thaa. aparaadh clint ratkovic-aff. bee.

2019 western ileanois lethernex football tanda 2019 rahra paschima ileanois lethernex football tandavu 2019 rahra enn. sii. aa. aa vibhaga aii eff. sii. ess football rtuvinalli paschima ileanois vishvavidyaalayavannu pratinidhisitu. eradane varshada mukhya tarabetudaara jared elliot avara netrutvadalli avaru tamma tavaru pandyagalannu hanson maidaanadalli aadidaru. avaru misauri valley football conferencen (mvfc) sadasyaraagiddaru. avaru mvfc aatadalli 1-7 rinda rtuvannu 1-11 nalli konegolisi ombattane sthanakke dwimukha tainalli mugisidaru. hindina season. lethernex 2018rahra rtuvannu mvfc aatadalli 5-6,4-4 rinda mugisi aidane sthana galisitu. purvabhavi. mvfc samikshe. julai 29,2019 randu bidugadeyaada mvfc precesion samiksheyalli, charmada kuttigegalu entane sthaanadalliruttave endu uhisalaagittu. purva rtuvina aall-mvfc tanda. lethernexnalli obba aatagaaranannu purva rtuvina aall-mvfc tandakke ayke maadalaayitu. aparadha clint ratkovic-efby

2019 vestten illinois lethernex football team 2019 leeii vestten illinois lethernex football team 2019 ncaa division aii effsy football seasonil vestten illinois sarvakalashalaye prathinidheekarichu. randaam varsha mukhya pariseelakan jared eliot avare nayikkukayum haansan feeldil avarude hoome geyimukal kalikkukayum cheythu. avar misauri vaali football konfaransil (mvfc) amgamaayirunnu. avar mvfc kaliyil season 1-11,1-7 enniva poortthiyaakki onpathaam sthaanathekku iruvashathum samanilayil avasaanippichu. kazhinja season. 2018 leeii season mvfc playil 5-6,4-4 enna nilayil avasaanippicha lethernekkukal anchaam sthaanathethi. pree season. mvfc votteduppu. 2019 juulai 29 nuu puratthirakkiya mvfc pree season votteduppil lethernekkukal ettaam sthaanathethumennu pravachichirunnu. pree season ool-mvfc team. lethernekkukalkku pree season ool-mvfc teamilek oru kalikkaarane thiranjedutthu. kuttakrithyam klint raatkovich-efby

2019 western eleanoy lethernex football sangh 2019 western eleanoy lethernex football sanghane 2019 aine. see. aii. aii. vibhag aay. eff. see. ess. football hangamat western eleanoy vidyapithache pratinidhitva kele. tyanche netrutva dviteey varshache mukhya prashikshak jared elliot yanni kele aanee tyanni tyanche gharche samne hanson maidanavar khelale. teey misauri valley football conferenceche (emm. vhee. eff. see.) sadasya hote. tyanni emm. vhee. eff. see. khelat hangam 1-11,1-7 assa sampavoon navvya sthanasathi dwimukh barobari sadhali. mageel hangam. chamadyachya galyanni emm. vhee. eff. see. khelat 2018chaa hangam 5-6,4-4 assa sampavoon pachve sthan midavale. purv hangam. emm. vhee. eff. see. chey matdan. 29 julai 2019 roji prasiddha jhalelya emm. vhee. eff. see. purv hangam sarvekshanat, chamadyache gala aathvya sthanavar rahanyacha andaj vartavanyat aala hota. purv hangamatil serve-emm. vhee. eff. see. sangh. chamadyachya galyanvar eka kheladu hota joou purv-hangamatil serve-emm. vhee. eff. see. sanghat nivadala gela hota. aparadh clint ratkovic-eff. bii.

2019 paschimi eleanois lethernex football tolly 2019 paschimi eleanois lethernex football tolile 2019 nca division aie fcs football sijanma paschimi eleanois wishwawidyalayako pratinidhitwa गऱ्यो।. dosro warshaka mukhya prashikshak jared aliotko netritwama uniharule hanson maidanma afno gharelu khel khele. uniharu misauri bhyali football sammelan (mvfc) kaa sadasya thie. uniharule sijan 1-11, mvfc khelma 1-7 samapta garera nawaun sthanka lagi dui-tarafa barabarima samapta gare. aghillo sijan. lethernexle mvfc khelma 2018 sijan 5-6,4-4 samapta gari panchaun sthanma samapta garyo. purva ritu. mbfcko sarwekshan. july 29,2019 maa jaari garieko mvfc precision polma, chhalako ghaanti athaun sthanma samapta hune bhavishyavani garieko thiyo. precision sabai-mvfc tolly. lethernexma ek kheladilai precision all-mvfc tolima chayan garieko thiyo. aparadh clint ratkovich-fb

2019 westarna eleanois lethernex football dala 2019 westarna eleanois lethernex football dala 2019 ncaa divijana aai effsy football sijanare westarna eleanois biswabidyalajaku pratinidhitwa karithila. dwiteeja barshar mukhya prashikhyaka jared elijatnka netrutware semane hanson padiaare niz gharoi match khelithile. semane misauri upatyaka football sammilani (emm. bhi. aif. sii.) rahr sadasya thile. semane emm. bhi. aif. sii. khelare sijan <aai. dii. 1>, 1-7 ray samapta curry nabam sthana paain dwimukhee taire samapta karithile. purba rutu. chamdar ghaa '2018 sijin 5-6,4-4 ray mvfc khela shesh curry pancham sthanare samapta karithila. rutu purba. emm. bhi. aif. sii. sarbhe. july 29,2019 ray prakashita emm. bhi. aif. sii. pri-sijan matadanare, chamada ghaa 'astama sthanare shesh hebara purbanumana karajaithila. pri-sijan all-emm. bhi. aif. sii. dala. chamdar galare jane khelalinku pri-sijan all-emm. bhi. aif. sii. dalaku chayan karajaithila. aparadha clint ratakovich-aif. bii.

2019 pachmi eleanois chamde dee gardan football team 2019 pachmi eleanois lathernex football team neey 2019 ncaa division aaee fcs football season witch pachmi eleanois university dee numaindagi keeti. unhan dee agvai dooje saal dey mukkh coach jared eliot neey keeti atey unhan neey hanson feeled witch aapne gharelu match khede. uh misauri valley football conferences (aimm. vee. eff. see.) dey member sunn. unhan neey season noon khatam keeta 1-11, mvfc play witch 1-7 naal nauven sathaan laee doou-pakkhi tyee witch khatam keeta. pichle season. chamde dey galey neey 2018 dey season noon 5-6,4-4 naal mvfc play witch panjven sathaan 'teey khatam keeta. pree-season. aimm. vee. eff. see. pole 29 julai, 2019 noon jaari keete gaye aimm. vee. eff. see. precision pole witch, chamde dey galey athven sathaan 'teey rahinn dee bhavikhbani keeti gaee see. pree-season aal-aimm. vee. eff. see. team. chamde dee gardan witch ikk khidari noon precision aal-aimm. vee. eff. see. team laee chunhiaa giaa see. apradh clint ratkovic-eff. bee.

2019 western ileanois lethernex football-dalam 2019 tamavarshasya western-ileanois-lethernex-football-dalah 2019 enn. see. e. e.-vibhaga-aii. ef. see. ess. football-creedaa-rutau western-ileanois-vishvavidyaalayasya pratinidhitvam krutavaan. dviteeyavarshasya mukhyaprashikshakah jaird aliot ityanena te netrutvam krutvaa hanson-kshetre swagruhakreedaah kreeditavantah. te misauree-upatyakaa-football-sammelanasy (emm. vee. ef. see.) sadasyaah aasan. te ema. vee. ef. see. kridaayaam <aii. dee. 1>, 1-7 iti satram samapya navamasthaanam praaptum dvimukha-sama-samaapanam krutavantah. poorvatamam rutuhu. lethernex-dalah 2018 tamavarshasya satram 5-6,4-4 emm. vee. ef. see. kridaayaam samapya panchame sthaane samapitavan. poorva-rutuhu. emm. vee. ef. see. matanuyayanam. 2019 julai 29 dinaanke prakashitasya emm. vee. ef. see.-poorva-rutu-samikshayam, lethernex-ityetaani ashtame sthaane samaaptaani bhavishyanti iti poorvaanumekhitam aasit. poorva-rutu-aal-emm. vee. ef. see. dalam. lethernex-kridaayaam ekaha kreedakah poorva-rutu-aal-emm. vee. ef. see. dalasya krute chitah aasit. aparaadhah. clint ratakovich-feb

2019 merkaththiya illinoys lethernex kaalpandhu anii 2019 maerku illinoys lethernakes kaalpandhu anii 2019 enn. chii. aee. aee pirivu aii eff. chii. ess kaalpandhu paruvaththil maerku illinoys palkalaikkazhagaththai pirathinithiththuvappaduththu. avarkal irandaam aandu thalaimai payirchiyaalar jarette eliot thalaimaiyil haansan kazhaththil thangal sontha aattangkalai vilaiyaadinar. avarkal mizori pallatthaakku kaalpandhu maanaatil (emm. vii. eff. chii) uruppinargalaaga irunththanar. avarkal emvfc vilaiyaattil 1-7 endra kanakkil seesanai mudiththu onbathaavathu idaththirku iru vazhi samanilayil mudiththanar. munththaiya season. 2018 seesanai emvfc vilaiyaattil 5-6,4-4 endra kanakkil mudiththu ainthaavathu idaththil mudiththathu. munkoottiya paruvam. emm. vii. eff. chii. karutthuk kanippu. juulai 29,2019 andru veliyidappatta emm. vii. eff. chii precesion vaakkeduppil, thoal kazhuththugal ettaavathu idaththil irukkum endru kanikkappattathu. anaitthu emm. vii. eff. chii. kalukku munththaiya anii. lethernexil oru veerar anaitthu emvfc anikku thernthedukkappattaar. kuttram clint radgovich-epp. pii.

2019 westran illinais lethernex football jattu 2019 paschima illinais lethernex football jattu 2019 NCAA division i fcs football seasonlo paschima illinais vishwavidhyaalayaaniki praatinidhyam vahinchindi. vaaru rendava samvatsaram pradhana coach jared elliot netrutvamlo hanson maidaanamlo tama sonta atalu aadaru. vaaru missauri valley football conferences (mvfc) loe sabhyuluga unnaaru. vaaru season nuu 1-11, mvfc aatalo 1-7 thoo muginchi tommidava sthaanam kosam dwaipaakshika tailo muginchaaru. gatha season. lether nex 2018 seejannu mvfc aatalo 5-6,4-4thoo muginchi aidava sthaanamlo nilichindi. prii season. mvfc pole. juulai 29,2019naa vidudala chesina mvfc prii season pole loe, tholu medalu enimidava sthaanamlo untaayani anchanaa veyabadindi. prii season aall-mvfc jattu. lether nex loe oka aatagadu prii season aall-mvfc jattuku empika cheyabaddaadu. neerapuurita clint ratkovic-fb

2019 western aleenwaye leathernex fitt baal team 2019 western aleenwaye leathernex fitt baal team nay 2019 aine see aey aey devision aayee aif see aiss fitt baal seezan mein western aleenwaye university kii numaindagi kii. inn kii qayadat dosray saal kay head coach jaird elite nay kii aur inhon nay hanson feld mein apnay gharilo kheel khelay. wah mesori veeli fitt baal conference (ayem wee aif see) kay rakan thay. inhon nay seezan 1-11yee ayem wee aif see play mein 1-7 say khatam kiyaa aur nawein maqaam kay liye duu tarfah tayee mein khatam kiyaa. pichla seezan. chamday kii gardanon nay 2018 kay seezan kuu 5-6yee 4-4 say ayem wee aif see play mein khatam kiyaa aur panchwen maqaam parr rahay. paree seezan. ayem wee aif see poul. 29 jolayi 2019 kuu jaari honay waalay ayem wee aif see paree seezan sarway mein chamday kii gardanon kay aathwein maqaam parr khatam honay kii paish goyee kii gayee thee. paree seezan aal ayem wee aif see team. chamday kii gardanon mein eek khilaadi thaa jasay paree seezan aal ayem wee aif see team kay liye muntakhib kiyaa gayaa thaa. jarm clint ratkovach-aif bee

fffadae58779fded65cdeebaee959d184e877daa02ae63ffcb589aafff3ca87a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60983923

Mandy Morgan

Mandy Morgan New Zealand feminist psychology academic Catherine Amanda Morgan is a New Zealand feminist psychology academic, as of 2019 is a full professor at the Massey University. Academic career. After a 1992 PhD titled" 'Strange attractions : discourse, narrative and subjectivity in social psychology' " at Murdoch University, Morgan moved to the Massey University, rising to full professor in 2013. Morgan was an adviser to the Glenn Inquiry, but resigned from the troubled group in 2013. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

mendi morgan ketherin amanda morgan hoise newzealandor egoraki naribadi monubigyanor xikhyabid, 2019 sonoloike teu mesi biswobidyaloyor egoraki xompurno odhyapok. academic keriyar. mordok biswobidyaloyot 1992 sonot 'odbhut aakorxonoh xamajik monubigyanot boktrita, aakhyan aaru byoktigotota' xirxok paisdi korar pisot, morgone mesi biswobidyaloyoloi yaay, 2013 sonot xompurno odhyapokoloi unnit hoy. morgan glain todontor egoraki upodesta aasil, kintu 2013 sonot xomosyagrosto guttur poraa podotyag korisil.

mandy morgan cathryn amanda morgan ekjon newzealand naribadi monobigganer shikkhabid, 2019 saal porjonto tini massie bishwobidyaloyer ekjon purno adhyapak. academic karmajiban. 1992 saale mardock bishwobidyaloye 'adbhuto akarshanah samajik monobiggane boktrita, akhyan ebong visayagatata' shironame paechd korar porr, morgan massie bishwobidyaloye choley zaan, 2013 saale purno adhyapak hohn. morgan glena todonter ekjon upodeshta chhilen, kintu 2013 saale samasyajukta gosthi theke podotyag corren.

mendy morgan kethrin amanda morgan newzealandna narivadi manovigyanna shaikshanik chhe, 2019 sudhimaa teo messie universityma sampoorn prophesara chhe. shaikshanik karkirdi. merdock universityma 'vichitra aakarshanoh saamaajik manovigyanma pravachan, kathaa aneey vyaktilakshita' shirshakvali 1992 piaech. dii. pachhi, morgan messie universityma gayaa, 2013 maan sampoorn prophesara banyaa. morgan glain tapasna salaahkaar hataa, parantu 2013maan temane mushkeleemaa mukaayela juthmathi raajinaamu aapyu hatoo.

mandy morgan catherine amanda morgan ack naee zeeland nariwadi manovigyaan akaadamik hain, 2019 taka way massie vishvavidyalaya mein ack poorna professor hain. akaadamik carrier. merdock vishvavidyalaya mein 1992 mein 'ajib aakarshanah samajik manovigyaan mein pravachan, kathaa aur vyaktiparakta' sheershak seey ack phd key baad, morgan 2013 mein poorna professor key roop mein ubharate hue massie vishvavidyalaya mein chaley gaye. morgan glain jaanch key salaahkaar they, lekin 2013 mein pareshan samooh seey istifa dey diyaa.

mandy morgan catherine amanda morgan avaru newzealandna strisamaanataavaadi manovignanada shikshanatagnaraagiddu, 2019 rahra hottige avaru massie vishvavidyaalayadalli purna pradhyapakaragiddare. shaikshanika vrutti. mardok vishvavidyaalayadalli vishvavidyaalayadalli 'vichitra akarshanegaluh pravachana, niroopane mattu samajika manovignaanadalli vyaktinishthate' emba shirshikeya phd nantara, morgan avaru massi vishvavidyaalayakke teralidaru, aadare purna praadhyaapakaraadaru. morgan avaru glen vichaaraneya salahegararagiddaru, aadare aadare tondaregolagaada gumpige rajiname niididaru.

mandy morgan catherine amanda morgan oru nyoosilaand feminist saikkolaji academic aanu, 2019 leeii kanakkanusarichu massie sarvakalaashaalayile phul professoraanu. academic currier. mardok sarvakalaashaalayile 'vichitramaaya aakarshanangal saamoohika manashaasthratthile prabhashanam, vivaranam, athmanishtatha' enna thalakkettilulla 1992 piechdikkushesham, morgan massie sarvakalaashaalayilekk maari, 2013 ll poornna professoraayi uyarnnu. glen anweshanathinte upadeshtaavaayirunnu morgan, ennaal 2013 ll prashnamulla groupil ninnu raajivachu.

mandy morgan catherine amanda morgan hii newzealandchi strivadi manasshastrachi shikshik aahe, 2019 paryant tee massie vidyapithat purn pradhyapak aahe. shaikshanik karkird. merdock vidyapithat 'vichitra akarshaneh samajik manasshastratil pravachan, kathan aanee vyaktinishthata' yaa shirshakachya 1992 chya ph. dii. nantar, morgan massie vidyapithat gele, 2013 madhye purn pradhyapak jhaale. morgan heey glain chaukashiche sallagar hote, parantu 2013 madhye tyanni ashant gatatoon rajinama deela.

mandy morgan catherine amanda morgan newzealandky nariwadi manovigyan shikshawid hun, sann 2019 samma uni maisi vishwavidyalayama purna pradhyapak hun. shaikshik jiwan. mardok vishwavidyalayama 'anautho akarshanah samajik manovigyanma prawachan, katha rar wyaktiparakta' shirshakko 1992 phd pachhi, morgan 2013 maa purna pradhyapakma badhdai, maisi vishwavidyalayama sare. morgan glen inquireeka sallahakar thie, tara sann 2013 maa samasyagrasta samuhabata rajinama die.

mandi morgan catherine amanda morgan jane nyujilanda naribadi manobigyana academic, 2019 suddha shay massi biswabidyalajare jane purna professor atanti. academic kyariyara. mardoka biswabidyalajare 'adbhuta aakarshanah samajika manobigyanare alochana, barnanatmakata ebong bisajagatata' sheershakare 1992 ph. dii. parey, morgan 2013 ray purna professor bhabare brudhi paai massi biswabidyalajaku jaithile. morgan glen anusandhanara jane paramarshadata thile, kintu 2013 ray samasyagrasta gostheeru istafa deithile.

maindi morgan catherine amanda morgan ikk newzealand narivadi manovigiaan akadamik haii, 2019 takk maisi university witch ikk pooran professor haii. akadamik carrier. merdock university witch 'ajib aakarshan smajik manovigiaan witch bhashan, birtant atey viaktigatta' sirlekh vaali 1992 dee ph. dee. toon baad, morgan maisi university witch chaley gaye, 2013 witch poore professor bann gaye. morgan glain jaanch dey salahkar sunn, parr 2013 witch unhan neey iss preshan samooh toon astifa dey ditta.

mandy morgan catherine amandaa morgan ityeshaa newjeelyaand-deshasya narivadi-manovijnaana-shikshaavidyaa asti, 2019 tamavarshaparyantam massie-vishvavidyaalaye poornapradhyaapakah asti. shaikshanikam vruttihi. mardok-vishvavidyaalaye 1992 tame varshe "vichitra-aakarshanaah-samajika-manovidnyaanasya pravachanam, akhyanam, vyaktinishtataa" iti shirshakena pee. ech. dee.-adhyayananantaram morgan, 2013 tame varshe poorna-praadhyaapakatven vardhayitvaa, massie-vishvavidyaalayam prati gatavaan. morgan glain-inquary ityasya sallahakaraha aasit, parantu 2013 tame varshe samasyaayukta-samuhat nishkaasayat.

maandi morgan keththarin amanda morgan oru newsilaandhu penniya ulaviyal kalviyaalar, 2019 aam aandu nilavarappadi massie palkalaikkazhagaththil muzhu paeraasiriyaraaga ullaar. kalvit thozhil. murtok palkalaikkazhagaththil 'visithiramaana eerppukal sorpozhivu, kadhai mattrum samooga ulaviyalil aganilai' endra thalaippil 1992 pht padippukkup piragu, morgan massie palkalaikkazhagaththirkuch sentraar, 2013 aam aandil muzhu paeraasiriyaraaga uyarnthaar. morgan clen visaaranaiyin aaloachakaraaka irunthaar, aanaal 2013 ill sikkalaana kuzhuvil irunthu rajinama seithaar.

mandy morgaon catherine amanda morgan newzealand feminist psychology academic, 2019 natiki massie vishwavidhyaalayamlo puurti professor. vidya vrutti. mardok vishwavidhyaalayamlo 'vintha aakarshanhalu saamaajika manastatvasaastramlo upanyaasam, kathanam mariyu aatmaasrayatvam' anae paerutoe 1992loe PhD chesina taruvaata, morgaon massie vishwavidhyaalayaaniki vellaaru, 2013loe puurti professorga edigaaru. morgaon glen vichaaranaku salahadaruga unnaaru, conny 2013loe samasyaatmaka samuuham nundi rajinama chesaaru.

mendy morgan catherine amanda morgan newzi lend kii haqoq naswan nafsiyaat kii maahir taleem haine 2019 takk wah meesi university mein makmal professor haine. taleemi carrier. mardok university mein 1992 mein pee aich ddee kay anwaan say 'ajeeb kashash: samaji nafsiyaat mein guftagu daastaan aur sapekshit' kay baad morgan meesi university mein muntaqil how gayey 2013 mein makmal professor bunn gayey. morgan gleen inquiree kay masheer thay leakin inhon nay 2013 mein preshan kunn grop say istefi day diyaa.

fffadb0a9212fd4413cb63c4d22ea0ec8ef53b95e5a708bfe5bcd63273c8ea56

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=52622909

Pinot simple flic

Pinot simple flic Pinot simple flic is a French crime-comedy film directed by Gérard Jugnot and released in 1984. Plot. The film starts in the 13th arrondissement of Paris in 1984. Robert Pinot is a police officer as ordinary as clumsy. One day, he stops a certain Josyane, a young drug addict who is also doubled as a pickpocket, nicknamed Marylou. Having discovered that she comes from the same village, Nanteuil, then him, he takes compassion for the young girl and decides to take her under his wing to keep her away from Tony, a dangerous dealer with whom she is in love.

pinot xorol flick pinot chimple flick hoise gerard jogonutor dwara porisalito aaru 1984 sonot mukti puwa ekhon forasi crime-comedy sobi. plot. sobikhon 1984 sonot perisor 13tomo arondismentot aarombho hoy. robert pinot ejon xadharon aarokhyi bixoya. edin teu ejon nirdisto juchenok rokhai diye, ejon juwo drugs aaxokto jaak pickopket hisapeu dugun koraa hoy, jaak maryluu buli daknam diya hoy. taai eketa gaonr poraa ohaa buli gom puwar pisot, nanduil, taar pisot, xi jubotijonir proti xohanubhuti dekhuway aaru taik tonir poraa aatorai rakhiboloi nijor xakhar tolot loi juwar xiddhanto loy, jijonor xoite taai premot porise.

pinot sahaj flick pinot simple flick gerard jognot porichalito ebong 1984 saale mukti pawa ekti farasi aporadh-comedy cholochchitro. plot. cholochchitroti 1984 saale pyariser pyariser arrondicemente shuru hoy. robbert pinot ekjon pulish officer, jini sadharonbhabe ekjon abadhya. ekdin, seey ekjon torun madokasokto, jaake dwigun korey pickopcate hisebeo daca hoy, jaake marilou ducknum deoa hoy, taake thamay. jokhon seey abishkar korey jey seey ekoi grama theke eseche, nantuil, tarpor seey alpavayasi meyetir proti sahanubhuti dekhay ebong taake tonir kachh theke doore rakhar jonno taake taar dunner niche niye yawar siddhanta neyo, jey bipojjonok byabasayi jaar saathe seey preme poreche.

pinot saral flick pinot simple flick aee gerard jugnot dwara nirdeshit aneey 1984maan rajoo thayelee french crime-komedi film chhe. plooat. aaa film 1984maan perisnaa 13maa arrandicementmaa sharoo thaay chhe. roobert pinot aek police adheekari chhe jeey saamanya reete anghad chhe. aek divas, teey aek yuvan drugg vyasnee, jeey poqeta tareeke bamano thaee jaay chhe, jene marylou upnaam aapvama aavyu chhe, tene chokkas josenne atkaave chhe. jyaare tene khabar puddy keey teey aek jaj gaammaanthi aave chhe, pachhi teey yuvan chhokari maate karunaa anoobhave chhe aneey tene aek khatarnaak vepaari tonithi door raakhvaa maate tene tenee paankh hethal levaanu nakki karey chhe, jenee saathe teey premmaa chhe.

pinot simpal flick pinot simpal film ack francisi aparaadh-comedy film haye jiska nirdeshan gerard jugnot ney kiya haye aur yeh 1984 mein release hui thee. plot. film 1984 mein peris key 13vein arrondicement mein shuru hoti haye. robbert pinot ack pulis adhikaari hain joe sadharan key roop mein anaadi hain. ack dinn, vaha ack yuva nashedi, joe ack pockett key roop mein doguna hoe jaataa haye, jise marylou upnaam diyaa jaataa haye, koo rokta haye. jaba usey pataa chalaa kii vaha usee gaanv seey aatee haye, tou vaha usa yuva ladki key liye karuna kartaa haye aur usey tonny seey door rakhane key liye usey apane pankh key neeche leey jaane kaa faisala kartaa haye, ack khatarnak vyaapaari jisake saath vaha pyaar mein haye.

saralavaada pinot pinot simpal flick embudu gerard jagnat nirdeshisida mattu 1984ralli bidugadeyaada french crime-kamidi chalanachitravagide. kathaavastuvu. ee chitravu 1984ralli parisna 13neey arondismentnalli praarambhavaaguttade. robbert pinot obba police adhikaariyaagiddu, vichitravaadante saamaanya vyaktiyagiddare. ondu dina, aata obba maadaka vyasaniyaada yuva josain nannu nillisuttaane, aatanige merilo emba addahesaru iruva pick pockett kooda duppattu aagiruttade. avalu adhe halliyinda bandalu endu tilida nantara, nontule, nantara avanu, aaa yuvatiya bagge sahanubhooti honduttaane mattu avalu pritiyalliruva apayakari vyapari toney yinda duraviralu avalannu tanna rekkeya adiyalli tegedukollalu nirdharisuttaane.

pinode lalithamaaya flick jerard jagganot samvidaanam cheyth 1984ll purathirangiya oru franch crime-komadi chithramaanu pinode simple flick. plott. 1984ll paareesile 13-aamm arontismentilaanu chithram aarambhikkunnath. roobert pinot oru saadhaarana police udyogasthanaanu. oru divasam, marillo ennu vilipperulla oru pokkattaayi erattiyaayi marria oru yuva mayakkumarunnin adimayaaya oru josaine avan nirtthunnu. aval athe graamatthil ninnaan varunnathennu kandethiya avan, pinne avan, aaa penkuttiyodu anukamba kaanikkukayum aval pranayikkunna apakadakariyaaya vyaapaariyaaya toniyil ninnu avale akattinirthaan avale thante chirakinu keezhil kondupokaan theerumaanikkukayum cheiyunnu.

pinot sadhee flick pinot simple flick haah gerard jagnot digdarshit aanee 1984 madhye pradarshit jhalela eka french gunhegari-vinodi chitrapat aahe. plot. haah chitrapat 1984 madhye parisachya 13 vya arondicementmadhye suru hoto. robbert pinot haah eka samanya police adhikari aahe. eke divashi, too eka tarun josen, madak padarthanche vyasani, jyala marylou asey topananav asalelya pickpocket mhanoon dekhil duppat kele jaate, tyala thambavato. tee tyach gavatoon yete heey lakshat aalyanantar, nantiyul, nantar too, too tyaa tarun mulibaddal dayaa karato aanee teela toney yaa dhokadayak vikretyapasun door thevanyasathi teela aaplya pankhyakhali ghenyache tharvato, jyachyashi tee premat aahe.

pinot saral flick pinot simple flick gerard jaganotdwara nirdeshit rar sann 1984 maa rilij bhaeko francelli aparadh-kamedi chalchitra how. plut. film sann 1984 maa perisko 13 aun aerondicementma suru hunchha. robert pinot ek police adhikari hun jo samanya rupma anadi pani hun. ek dina, usale ek nishchit josenlai rokchha, ek yuwa laguaushadh wyasani jo pani pikatko rupma dobbar hunchha, jaslai marilou upanam diieko chha. uni tyahi gaunbata aeki hun bhanne thaha paepachi, nanteuil, tyasapachhi usalai, usale jawan ketiprati karuna rakhchha rar unlai tonibata tadha rakhna afno pakshamuni line nirnaya gardacha, ek khatarnak wyapari jassanga uni premma chhin.

pinut simple flick pinot simple flick heuchhi gerard jagnatnka nirdeshita ebong 1984 ray muktilabha karithiba eka farasi aparadha-kamedi chalachitra . plut. ehi chalachitrati 1984 masihare pyarisra 13tama arandisamentare arambha hoithila. robert pinot jane sadharana police adhikari, jahanka bhali shay madhya jane anadambara. dine, shay jane nishasakta jubaka josenanku atakai dianti, jieki eka pickpocket bhabare madhya dwigunita, marilou daknam . shay sehi ekaa gaanru aasichhi bolly janibaku paai, nantuil, taa 'parey shay, shay jubateeti paain sahanubhuti prakash kare ebong tanku tonny thaaru doorare rakhiba paain tanku taanka pakhya tale nebaku nishpatti nie, jane bipajjanaka byabasajee jahanka saha shay premare achanti .

pinot sadharan flick pinot simple flick ikk francisi crime-kamedi film haii jiss daa nirdeshan gerard jugnot neey keeta haii atey ih 1984 witch rileez hoee see. plaat. ih film 1984 witch paris dey 13ven arondicement witch shuru hundi haii. robert pinot ikk pulis adhikari haii joe aam taur utte anakh vaala haii. ikk dinn, uh ikk naujwan josain noon rokada haii, ikk naujwan nashile padarath daa aadee, jiss noon ikk pick paket vajon vee duggna qarr ditta jaanda haii, jiss noon marillo upnam ditta jaanda haii. jadon uss noon pataa lagga kii uh use pind toon aaundi haii, taan uh uss naujwan ladki laee hamdardi karda haii atey uss noon ikk khatarnak dealer tonny toon door rakkhan laee uss noon aapne khambh heth lainn daa faisla karda haii, jiss naal uh piaar kardi haii.

pinat-saralam flick pinot simple flick iti gerard jagnat ityanena nirdeshitam, 1984 tame varshe pradarshitam cha, french-aparaadh-haasyachalacchitram asti. plut. 1984 tame varshe 13 tame arandisment aaf pyaris-nagare chalacchitrasya aarambhah bhavati. rabert pinot ityeshah samanyaha api anacharaha arakshakah asti. ekasmin dine, saha madakadravyanam vyasanee yuvaam josain ityenam pratibandhayati, yah dwigunitah pickpet iti api asti, yasya upanaama maarilo iti asti. saa nanteyil iti gramat aagacchati iti dnyaatvaa, tatah saha, yuvikaayaah prati karunaam sveekrutya, taan, taani priyam bipajjanak-vyaapaareem toney ityatah doore sthaapayitum swapakshasya adhah netum nirdhaarayati.

eliya pinat pinat simble flick enbathu jerard jagnat iyakkiya oru pirenchu kuttra-nagaichchuvai thiraippatamaagum, idhu 1984 ill veliyidappattathu. sathi. padam 1984 aam aandil paarisin 13 vadhu aurondicementil thodangukirathu. robbert pinat oru saathaarana bolees adhigaari. oru naall, avar oru kuripitta josein, oru ilam poathaikku adimaiyaanavarai niruththukiraar, avar oru pikpaakkettaaka irattippaakiyullaar, avarukku marillo endru punaippeyar. aval athae kiraamaththilirunthu vanthirukkiraal enbathaik kandupidittha piragu, avar antha ilam pennukku irakkam kaattukiraar, maelum aval kaathalikkum oru aabaththaana vyaapaari doniyidamirunthu avalaith thavirkka avalai thanathu pirivin keezh alaiththuch sella mudivu seikiraar.

pinot simple flick pinot simple flick anedi gerard jagganat darsakatvam vahinchina mariyu 1984loe vidudalaina french crime-comedy chitram. plaatlu. eee chitram 1984loe paris yokka 13va arrondicement loe praarambhamavutundi. robbert pinot oka saadhaarana pooliisu adhikari. okaroju, athanu oka yuva maadakadravyaala baanisa ayina oka josainnu aapivestaadu, athanu kooda oka pick paketga rettimpu cheyabaddaadu, ataniki maarilo anae maaruperu pettaru. aame adhe graamam nundi vachindani telusukunna taruvaata, athanu aaa chinnari patla karuna chuupi, aamenu premalo unna pramaadakaramaina dealer ayina toney nundi dhooramgaa unchadaaniki aamenu thana rekka kindaku teesukellaalani nirnayinchukuntaadu.

pint saadah fluck panot sampal fluck eek francisi karaem comedy film hay jiss kii hidayat kaaree jairard jagnot nay kii hay aur yaha 1984 mein release hoyee thee. plaat. film 1984 mein peers kay 13 wein araundesment mein sharoo hoti hay. raabart panot eek police afsar hay juu atnaa hyee aam hay jitna kahh bay hayayi waala. eek dunn wah eek naujawan joseen juu eek manshiyaat kaa aadi hay kuu rokta hay jasay dogna pukk paakat bhee kahaa jaataa hay jasay marilo kaa arfi naam diyaa jaataa hay. jabb asay patah chalaa kahh wah asee gaaon say aatee hay naantel phir iss kay baad wah naujawan ladki kay liye humdardi kaa izhaar kartaa hay aur asay tony say door rakhnay kaa faislah kartaa hay juu eek khatarnaak dealer hay jiss say wah mohabat karti hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=55430361

Larry Keel

Larry Keel Larry Dwayne Keel (born November 25, 1968) is an American bluegrass musician from Southwest Virginia who has been performing since 1976. He was a founding member of Magraw Gap in 1990. He also performs with his wife, bassist Jenny Keel, in The Larry Keel Experience. He has released over a dozen albums. Early life. Larry Keel was born in Manassas, Virginia in 1968. He was taught guitar by his father James Keel, who played banjo. His brother Gary, who played guitar — and was twelve years older – bought him one when he was seven. He began playing seriously in 1975. Between 1976 and 1985 he performed bluegrass music in a number of "semi-professional situations", e.g., bluegrass and fiddler conventions, community events, barbecues, etc. In 1986 was hired by Disney as a contract musician to perform at Tokyo Disneyland when he was 18. Returning to the United States, he met bluegrass musicians John Flower and Mark Vann in Fauquier County, Virginia in 1989 and together they began exploring "progressive string music" in a band they formed named Farmer's Trust. In 1990, Mark Vann (1963–2002) moved to Telluride, Colorado to help found the "Cajun-influenced jam band" Leftover Salmon. Career. In 1990, Keel and his long-time friend Will Lee – son of guitarist Ricky Lee from Ralph Stanley's band in the 1970s – founded a "progressive string band" named Magraw Gap. Through 1993 the group traveled throughout the Shenandoah Valley competing in bluegrass competitions. In 1993, Keel entered the guitar competition at Telluride Bluegrass Festival and won first place. In 1994, Magraw Gap began touring regularly. Keel won the guitar competition again in 1996. Keel met Jennifer Newmark when she came to see Gary Ruley play in March 1994. When Keel got up on stage with Gary to pick a tune," she was "blown away" by his musicianship, particularly by their take on the David Grisman tune "Eat My Dust". Although Jenny played piano by ear and sang, had never played a stringed instrument before she met Keel. She got together with Keel, and quickly began learning the bass. In September 1996, Keel split with Magraw Gap and formed the Larry Keel Experience, made up of himself on guitar, Jenny on bass, and other musicians he'd worked with over the years. Over the next several years the group recorded a number of albums. In January 2005, Keel created a new band, Larry Keel & Natural Bridge — consisting of himself on guitar, Jenny on bass, Mark Schimick on mandolin, and Will Lee on banjo. They have toured and recorded extensively. Recordings. Starting in 1996, when Keller Williams recorded "Buzz" with Magraw Gap as supporting musicians – and the group released their self-titled CD – Keel has been active recordings. The Larry Keel Experience's 1997 CD "Miles & Miles" featured 20 special guests. In 1998, Keel worked with Curtis Burch, recent Grammy Award-winner for "The Great Dobro Sessions". Larry Keel Experience released "Larry Keel, Curtis Burch & the Experience" with Billy Constable in 2002. Keel's 2004 "Journey" CD, recorded at his home in Natural Bridge, included guest artists David VanDeventer, Danny Knicely, Will Lee, Gary Ruley, John Flower, Robert Mabe, Slinky Cobblestone, and Morgan Morrison. In 2009, Larry Keel and Natural Bridge released an almost entirely original "Backwoods", co-produced by Keller Williams and mastered by Bill Wolf. The Wounded Messenger noted, "Perhaps no song better encapsulates the group's sound than the constantly shifting "Crocodile Man", which meanders through steep, jazzy terrain often explored by progressive acoustic acts but perfected here." Larry and Jenny Keel's second album with Keller Williams, performing as Keller and the Keels, "Thief" went No. 1 on Billboard Charts and stayed there for several weeks in a row. Touring. Larry Keel tours actively with one of his many musical act combos, and with other musical acts – making appearances at major festivals across the US. In 2002, Larry Keel Experience played numerous shows with Vassar Clements and Tony Rice, including at Suwannee Springfest and MerleFest. In 2008, Larry Keel and Natural Bridge toured and collaborated with Rice, Yonder Mountain String Band, Fred Tackett, Paul Barerre, Keller Williams, Hot Tuna, and Davisson Brothers Band. In the winter of 2009, Keel joined Adam Aijala of Yonder Mountain String Band on a tour of Washington, Oregon, and Northern California. Keller and the Keels performed on Jam Cruise 10 in the Caribbean in 2012. Larry Keel and Natural Bridge performed on Steep Canyon Rangers' "Mountain Song at Sea" cruise in the Bahamas in 2013. Larry and Jenny Keel collaborated with Jeff Austin of Yonder Mountain String Band and Danny Barnes on tours throughout the US, including two appearances on the Mumford & Sons "Gentlemen of the Road" tour in Ohio and Oklahoma in 2013. In 2013, Larry and Jenny Keel appeared as the opening act at The String Cheese Incident's "Hulaween" festival in Live Oak, Florida. In 2014, The Keels appeared at the Lockn' Festival with New Grass Revival founder, Sam Bush. That same year, the Larry Keel Experience played a sold-out show at the "Bluegrass Underground" concert series in a cave in 33 feet below McMinnville, Tennessee. Larry Keel Experience hosted a 2014 New Year's Eve show at the Oskar Blues Brewery in Brevard, North Carolina. Major acts involved in the show included the Jon Stickley Trio, Jeremy Garrett and Travis Book of the Infamous Stringdusters, Steve McMurry of Acoustic Syndicate, and Mike Guggino of Steep Canyon Rangers. In July 2015, Keller and the Keels toured through the Deep South with Dangermuffin. Keel also performed in collaboration with Darol Anger, Sam Grisman, and Scott Law that year, adding three sets at FloydFest in Virginia. Musical style. In 2013, NPR noted, "Keel leads a band dedicated to taking fiery, authentic bluegrass around the world." Brian Paul Swank from "Bluegrass Today" said in 2016, "Larry is a unique artist in that he never settled as just being a guitar wizard, as so many young virtuosos do, but instead, he created his musical identity through his own personal vision". Personal. Keel is married to his bassist, Jennifer "Jenny" (née Newmark) Keel. He has a passion for fishing and has developed a number of related enterprises, including a website dedicated to sport fishing and bluegrass called Fishinandpickin.com and retreat workshops that combine these two interests. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

leri kill leri dowein kill (jonmo 25 novembor, 1968) dokhyin-poschim bharjiniyar egoraki aamerikan bluegrass xongitogyo jiye 1976 sonor poraa poriwexon kori aahise. teu 1990 sonot megor 'gaper protisthapok xodosyo aasil. teu teur potni basisto jeni kilor xoite leri kilor obhigyotat poriwexon korisil. teu ek dojonoru odhik elbam mukoli korise. prarombhik jiwan. 1968 sonot bharjiniyar monasasot leri kilor jonmo hoisil. teuk teur pitri james kilor dwara gitter xikuwa hoisil, ji benju bojuwa korisil. teur bhatri geree, ji gitter bojaisil-aaru baar bosor dangor aasil-teu xaat bosor boyoxot etaa kinisil. 1975 sonot teu guruttoxohokare bojuwa aarombho korisil. 1976 sonor poraa 1985 sonor bhitorot teu keibatau "ordho-pesadari poristhiti" too bluegrass xongit poriwexon korisil, jene.ji., bluegrass aaru fiddlor convension, xamuhik onusthan, barbikyu aadi. 1986 sonot dijoneeye 18 bosor boyoxot tokio 'degenalandot poriwexon koriboloi ejon suktibhittik xongitogyo hisape nijukti laabh korisil. aamerikaloi ubhoti aahi teu 1989 sonot bharjiniyar fakuiyar countyt bluegrass xongitogyo john flower aaru mark venok log paisil aaru teuluke ekeloge krixokor nyax naamor etaa bendot "progotixil string xongit" onwexon koriboloi aarombho korisil. 1990 sonot mark bhen (1963-2002) "kejun-probhabito jaam bendo" ror oboxisto salmon bisari uliuwat xohay koriboloi koll "radur teluraidoloi sthanantorito hoisil. keriyar. 1990 sonot kill aaru teur dirghodiniya bondhuwe 1970-ror doxokot ralf stanlyr bendor guiteraster riki leer putro-lee-ye megor 'gape naamor etaa "progotixil string bendo" protistha korisil. 1993 sonoloike doltuwe bluegrass protijugitat ongxogrohon kori xomogro swenandua upotyoka bhromon korisil. 1993 sonot keele telluride bluegrass mohutxowot gitter protijugitat prowex korisil aaru prothom sthan laabh korisil. 1994 sonot megor 'gapey niyomitbhabe bhromon aarombho korisil. 1996 sonot keele punor gitter protijugitat joylabh korisil. 1994 sonor march maahot geree rulir naatok saboloi ohaar xomoyot keele jenifer newmarkok log paisil. jetiya keele gerir xoite etaa xur lo "boloi monchot uthe," teu teur xongitor dwara "uri goisil", bixexkoi teuluke david grissman xurtu grohon korar folot "mur dhuli khauk". jodiu jeniye kanore piyanu bojuwa aaru gaisil, tothapiu kilok log puwar aagote ketiyau taaror badyojontro bojuwa nasil. taai kilor xoite ekeloge milito hoisil, aaru xunkalei bes xikiboloi aarombho korisil. 1996 sonor septembor maahot, kill megor 'gaper xoite bibhokto hoi pore aaru leri kilor obhigyota gothon kore, ji gitarot nijoke, besot jeni, aaru bosor bosor dhori teur xoite kaam koraa onyanyo xongitogyoxokolor dwara gothito. poroborti keibosormanor bhitorot doltuwe keibatau elbam record korisil. 2005 sonor januaryt keele etaa notun bendo, leri kill endo nesarel breej sristi korisil-zo 'too teu gitarot, besot jeni, mendulinot mark simik, aaru benjut lo' bob. teuluke bhromon korise aaru byapokbhabe record korise. recording. 1996 sonor poraa aarombho kori, jetiya kelor uiliyame xohayok xongitogyo hisape megor 'gaper xoite "boj" record korisil-aaru doltuwe teulukor swo-xirunamor chidi-kill mukoli korisil, tetiya xokriyo recording hoi aahise. leri kilor obhigyotar 1997 sonor chi. di. "maail endo maail" too 20 john bixex otithi aasil. 1998 sonot keele "dyo great dobro" sesonor "baabe xehotiya gremi botaa bijoyi cartis barchor xoite kaam korisil. leri kilor obhigyotai 2002 sonot billy constabler xoite "leri kill, cartis barch endo dyo experience" mukoli korisil. prakritik dolongro ghorot record koraa kilor 2004 sonor "trave" chi. di. too otithi xilpi david vendeventer, danny nightly, uil lee, geree ruli, john flower, robert meb, slinky koo 'blestun aaru morgan morison ontorbhukto aasil. 2009 sonot, leri kill aaru nesarel brije kelor uiliamsor xoho-projujona aaru bill wolfor dwara ayotto koraa pray xompurnorupe mool "backood" mukoli korisil. aahot bartabahokjone ullekh korisil, "hoyotu kunu geetoi dolor xobdok nirontor sthanantorito" ghoriyal manuh "tokoi bhalbhabe xamori noloy, ji praye progotixil dhwonigoto karjyor dwara onwexon koraa thiyo, jeji bhukhondor maajere ghuri fure kintu iyat nikhut hoy." kelor uiliamsor xoite kelor aaru kelis hisape obhinoy koraa leri aaru jeni kilor dwitiyo elbam "thiph" naamor elbamtur kunu prokax huwa nasil. 1 bilobo 'rd chartot aase aaru ekerahe keiba xoptah dhori taat aase. bhromon kore. leri kill teur bohutu xongitor obhinoyor kombur aaru onyanyo xongitor obhinoyor xoite xokriyobhabe bhromon kore-aamerikar prodhan utxobxomuhot uposthito hoy. 2002 sonot leri kilor obhigyotai bhasar clements aaru tonny raisor xoite oxongkhyo swo 'khelisil, jaar bhitorot aase suwani springfest aaru marlefest. 2008 sonot leri kill aaru nesarel brije saul, yondor mountain string bendo, fred teket, poll berere, kelor uiliams, hott tunaa aaru debhison braders bendo bhromon kori xohojugita korisil. 2009 sonor xitkalot, keele waswington, oreg 'noo aaru uttor california bhromon kori yondor mountain string bendor edaam aijalat jugdan korisil. kelor aaru kilse 2012 sonot keribiyanor zem kruj 10-too poriwexon korisil. 2013 sonot bahamat leri kill aaru nesarel brijor stip keniyon rangersor "mountain song ett chi" krujot poriwexon korisil. leri aaru jeni kiloi eonder mountain string bendor jeff oh 'stein aaru barnesor xoite xomogro aamerika juktorastrot bhromon korisil, jaar bhitorot 2013 sonot uhiu aaru ukolahumat momford aaru sans "gentleman owo dyo road" bhromonot dutaa uposthiti aasil. 2013 sonot, fluoridar live ukot string seej ghotonar "hulawin" utxowot udwudhoni obhinoy hisape uposthito hoisil leri aaru jeni kill. 2014 sonot notun ghaah punorujjibito protisthapok chem buswor xoite lokon utxowot kilbur dekha goisil. xei bosorote, leri kilor obhigyotai tenchesir mcminvillor 33 fut tolot thoka etaa guhat "bluegrass underground" concert sirijot ek bikri huwa swo "poriwexon korisil. leri kilor obhigyotai uttor kerulinar braverdor oskar blues bruwerit 2014 sonor noboborxor praak muhurtot ek onusthan aayujon korisil. ei onusthanor xoite jorito mukhyo karjyoxomuhor bhitorot aasil john stickly troyi, kukhyat stringdastersor jeremi geret aaru travis book, acoustic sindiketor steve makemary, aaru stip keniyon renjaror maik gaginu. 2015 sonor july maahot kelor aaru kilse bipodjonok mafinor xoite gobhir dokhyinor maajere bhromon korisil. xei bosor kill-e darol krudh, chem grissman aaru scott lo "ror xohojugitat bharjiniyar floyedfestot tinita set jug kori poriwexon korisil. xongit xoili. 2013 sonot eno. pi. aar.-e ullekh korisil, "kill-e xomogro biswote jwolonto, prokrito bluegrass luwar baabe utxorgikrito etaa bendor netritwo diye."" "bluegrass tude" "ror briyan poll swengke 2016 sonot koichil," "leri ejon ononyo xilpi zo 'too teu ketiyau kewol ejon gitter wizard hisape sthayi huwa nasil, jenekoi bohutu juwo gunijone kore, kintu iyar poriworte, teu nijor byoktigoto dristir joriyote teur xongit porisoy sristi korisil. byoktigoto. kill teur besbadok jenifer "jeni" (nee newmark) kilor xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoy. teur maach dhorar proti aagroh aase aaru teu keibatau xomporkito udyug bikoxito korise, jaar bhitorot aase maach dhora aaru bluegrasor baabe utxorgikrito website, jaak fishwinendpikin buli kuwa hoy.komm aaru retreat kormoxala jiye ei dutaa aagrohok ekotrito kore.

lerry kill larry doain kill (jonmo 25 navembar, 1968) dakkhin-poschim virgineer ekjon markin bluegrass sangitagya jini 1976 saal theke sangeet poribeshon korchen. tini 1990 saale magro gyaper protisthata sadasya chhilen. tini taanr stree bassist zennie kiler satheo larry kiler obhiggotai sangeet poribeshon corren. tini eka dozonero beshi album prakash korechen. prathomik jeebon. 1968 saale virgineer manasase jonmogrohon corren larry kill. taanr baba james kill taanke gitter shikhiyechilen, jini banzo bajaten. taar bhai gyari, jini gitter bajaten-ebong taar cheye barro bochor borh chhilen-shaat bochor boyse taake ekti kiney deena. 1975 saale tini gurutto sahokare bajano shuru corren. 1976 theke 1985 saaler modhye tini besh koyekti "adha-peshadar poristhitite" bluegrass sangeet poribeshon corren, jemon.zii., bluegrass ebong fidler sommelon, community event, barbicue ityadi. 1986 saale disney kortrik 18 bochor boyse tokio disneylande perform korar jonno ekjon chukti sangitagya hisabe niyog koraa hoy. markin juktorashtre firey eshe 1989 saale virgineer faquier kauntite bluegrass sangitshilpi john flower ebong marqa bhyaner saathe taanr dekha hoy ebong taaraa eksathe firmers trust naame ekti bande "progotishil string sangeet" anweshan shuru korey. 1990 saale, marqa vyana (1963-2002) "cazoon-probhabito jyama banned" aboshishto sammon khunje petey sahajyo korar jonno colorador telluride choley zaan. pesha. 1990 saale, kill ebong taar dirghodiner bondhu uil ly-1970-err doshke ralf stanlyr bander guiterbadok rickie ly-err chhele-magro gyapa naame ekti "progotishil string banned" protistha corren. 1993 saal porjonto dolti bluegrass protijogitai ongshogrohon korey shenandoa upottoka judey bhromon korey. 1993 saale, kill telluride bluegrass utsabe gitter protijogitai probesh corren ebong prothom sthan orjon corren. 1994 saale, magrer byabodhan niyomitovabe bhromon shuru korey. 1996 saale kill abar gitter protijogita jitechilen. 1994 saaler march maase gyari rulir bajna dekhte eley kelifer newmarker sange taar dekha hoy. jokhon kill gyari-rawr sange ekti soor tulte monche uthhe danda, tokhon taar sangitagyatay, bishesh korey david grissmaner "itt maai dust" surti shune seey "udhao" hoye yaay. jodio zennie kaane piano bajaten ebong gaan korten, tobuo kiler sange dekha howar agey kokhono taarer jontro bajanani. tini kiler saathe ekotrito hohn ebong druto bases shikhte shuru corren. 1996 saaler septembore, kill magro byabodhaner saathe bivokto hoye yaay ebong gitter, bejer zennie ebong anyanno sangitagyader niye gothito larry kiler obhiggota toiri korey jaa bochorer porr bochor dhorey taar saathe kaaj koreche. poroborti koyek bochore dolti besh koyekti album record korey. 2005 saaler januaryte, kill ekti notun banned, larry kill anned natural brij toiri corren-jaar modhye gitter bajano, beze zennie bajano, mandoline marqa simic bajano ebong banzo bajano thakbe. taaraa byapokbhabe ghurechen ebong record korechen. recording. 1996 saale shuru hoye, jokhon kelara uilliams sahayak sangitshilpi hisabe magro byabodhaner saathe "baaz" record korechilen-ebong dolti taader swa-shironam seedy-kill prakash korechilo jaa sakriya recording chhilo. larry kill obhiggotar 1997 seedy "miles anned miles"-ayee 20 john bishesh atithi chhilen. 1998 saale, kill cartis barcher saathe kaaj corren, jini samprotik grammy puraskar vijayi "dya greta dobro seshana"-err jonno. 2002 saale billy constabler saathe larry kill, cartis barch anned dya experience mukti paay. kiler 2004 saaler "jatra" seedy, jaa prakritik bridge taanr barite record koraa hoyechilo, etey atithi shilpi david vandeventer, danny nightly, uil ly, gyari rule, john flower, robbert meb, slinky cobblestone ebong morgan morrison antarbhukta chhilen. 2009 saale, larry kill ebong natural brij ekti pray sampurna mool "backoud" prakash korey, jaa kelara uilliams soho-prajojana corren ebong bill olpha dwara ayatta corren. ahoto bartabahok ullekh corren, "kromagoto poribortito" kumirer manush "-err cheye sombhoboto konao gaanyi doler shobdoke arow bhalbhabe dharon korey naa, jaa prayashai progotishil dhonigoto criacollup dwara anweshan koraa khada, jhanjhalo bhukhander modhyo diye ghure bedaay tobey ekhane nikhunt." kelara uiliamser saathe lerry ebong zennie kiler dwitiya album, kelara ebong kills hisabe abhinoy korey, "chore" naa yaay. billboard charte 1 nambar ebong sekhane porpor koyek saptaha abosthan corren. bhromon. larry kill taanr anekguli sangitdharmi abhinoy samanwayer saathe sokriyobhabe bhromon corren ebong anyanno sangitdharmi abhinoy corren-markin juktorashtro judey prodhan utsabe uposthito hohn. 2002 saale, larry kill obhiggota vasar clements ebong tonny raiser saathe asankhya shoe khelechilo, jaar modhye royeche suwani springfest ebong marlefest. 2008 saale, larry kill ebong natural brij raisa, iyandara mountain string banned, freda tackett, poll byare, kelara uilliams, hott tuna ebong davison brothers bander saathe sofor korey ebong sahojogita korey. 2009 saaler shitkale, kill washington, oregon ebong uttor california sofore iyandara mountain string bander adam aizala jog deena. kelara ebong kills 2012 saale carribeaner jyama kruz 10-ayee perform korechilen. 2013 saale bahamate stipa canyon rangerder "mountain song ayata shee" kruz-ayee larry kill ebong natural brij perform korechilen. larry ebong zennie kill iyandara mountain string bander jeff austin ebong barneser saathe markin juktorashtro judey sofore sahojogita korechilen, jaar modhye 2013 saale ohio ebong oklahoma momford ebong chheleder "gentleman off dya road" sofore duti uposthiti chhilo. 2013 saale, floridara live oka-ayee string ponir ghotonar "hulauin" utsabe udwodhoni abhinoy hisabe uposthito hohn larry ebong zennie kill. 2014 saale, notun ghas punorujjiboner protisthata syama busher saathe lockon utsabe kilguli uposthito hoyechilo. ekoi bochor, larry kiler obhiggota tennessi-rawr mcminviller 33 foot niche ekti guhay "bluegrass bhugorbhostho" concert sirije ekti bikri hoye yawa shoe khelechilo. uttor caroliner braverede askar blues bruaryte 2014 saaler noboborsher prakkale ekti anusthaner ayojan korey larry kill obhiggota. eyi anusthaner sange jorito prodhan abhinaygulir modhye chhilo john stickley trayi, kukhyato stringdasterder jeremi garrett ebong travis book, acoustic syndicater stibha mcmurry ebong stipa canyon rangerder maik gugino. 2015 saaler julai maase kelara ebong kills bipojjonok muffin niye govir dakkhine bhromon korey. kill seii bochor darol raag, syama grissman ebong scott lawl-err sahojogitai virgineer floydfeste tinti seeta jog korey abhinoy korechilen. sangeet shaili. 2013 saale, enn. pii. arr ullekh korey, "kill vishwajude jolonto, khanti bluegrass neoar jonno nibedito ekti bandke netritto deyo."" "bluegrass toode" "-err bryan poll soank 2016 saale bolechilen," "larry ekjon ananya shilpi, kaaron tini kokhono cable gitter wizard hisabe sthir hononi, jemon onek torun gunee manush corren, borong poriborte, tini taanr byaktigato drishtibhongir madhyome taanr sangeet porichoy toiri korechilen. byaktigato. kill taar bassist jennifer "zennie" (nee newmark) kilke biye korechen. machh dhorar proti taanr anurag royeche ebong tini besh koyekti somporkito uddog gadey tulechen, jaar modhye royeche fishinandopkin naame krida machh dhora ebong bluegrasser jonno nibedito ekti website.qama ebong retreat karmashala jaa eyi duti agrohoke ekotrito korey.

lerii keel lerii dwayne keel (janm 25 november, 1968) dakshinpashchim virginia aek american bluegrass sangeetkaar chhe, jeey 1976thee pradarshan curry rahyaa chhe. teo 1990maan megro gepnaa sthaapak sabhy hataa. teo temnee patnee, bassist jenee keel saathe pann lerii keelnaa anoobhavma pradarshan karey chhe. temane aek dozenthi vadhu albums bahaar paadya chhe. praarambhik jeevan. lerii keelno janm 1968maan virginia manasasma thayo hato. temne temnaa pitaa james keel dwara gitaar shikhvavama aavyu hatoo, jeo benjo vagaadtaa hataa. temnaa bhaai geree, jeey gitaar vagaadtaa hataa-aneey baar varsh motaa hataa-jyaare teo saat varshnaa hataa tyaare temne aek gitaar khareedhyu hatoo. temane 1975maan gambhirtathi vagaadvaanu sharoo karyoo. 1976 aneey 1985nee vachche temane sankhyaabandh "ardh-vyaavsaayik paristhitiomaa" bluegrass sangeet rajoo karyoo, jaim keey.jee., bluegrass aneey fiddler sammelno, saamudaayik kaarykramo, barbecue vagere. 1986maan disney dwara 18 varshnee ummare tokyo disonyland khaate pradarshan karvaa maate karaar sangeetkaar tareeke niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. united states parat fartaa, teo 1989maan virginia faukviar kaauntimaa bluegrass sangeetkaar john flower aneey marqa vaanane malyaa hataa aneey saathe maleene teoae khedoot trust naamnaa bendamaa "pragatisheel taar sangeet" nee shodh sharoo curry hatee. 1990maan, marqa vaan (1963-2002) "kejun-prabhaavit jaam benned" bachela selmonne shodhvaamaa madad karvaa maate coloradona telluridemaa rahevaa gayaa. karkirdi. 1990maan, keel aneey tenaa laambaa samaynaa mitra 1970naa daykama ralf stanlyna bendnaa gitaarvaadak rickie leana putra leeae megro gape naamnaa "pragatisheel string benned" nee sthaapnaa curry hatee. 1993 sudhimaa aaa juthe bluegrass spardhaoma bhaag letaa shenandoh kheenma pravaas karyo hato. 1993maan, keele telluride bluegrass festivalmaa gitaar spardhama pravesh karyo aneey pratham sthaan melavyu. 1994maan, megro gepe niyameet pravaas karvaanu sharoo karyoo. keele 1996maan fareethi gitaar spardhaa jeetee hatee. march 1994maan jyaare teey geree ruleenun naatak jovaa aavee tyaare keel jennifer newmarkne malee hatee. jyaare keel aek suur levaa maate geree saathe munch parr uthee tyaare, "teey tenee sangitvadhythi" udaadi "gaee hatee, khaas kareene david grissmanni" eat maay dust "soorne laeene. joke jenee kaanthee piyaano vagaadati hatee aneey gaatee hatee, tema chhataa tenee keelne maley teey pahelaa kyaarey taarvaalu vaadhya vagaadyu naa hatoo. teneeae keel saathe maleene zadapthi baas shikhvaanu sharoo karyoo. september 1996maan, keel megro gape saathe alag thaee gaee aneey lerii keelno anoobhav banaavyo, jemaa gitaar parr, baas parr jenee aneey anya sangeetkaaro keey jaimnee saathe temane varshothi kaama karyoo hatoo. aagaami ketlaak varshomaa juthe sankhyaabandh albums reqorda karyaa. january 2005maan, keele aek navoo benned, lerii keel aneey natural brij banaavyu-jemaa gitaar parr potaani jaatne, baas parr jenee, mandolin parr marqa schemic aneey benjo parr leeno samaavesh thaay chhe. teoae pravaas karyo chhe aneey vyaapakpane reqordina karyoo chhe. recordings. 1996 maan sharoo kareene, jyaare qelara viliyamse sahayak sangeetkaaro tareeke megro gape saathe "buzz" reqorda karyoo-aneey juthe temnee swa-sheershak seedee-keel rajoo curry hatee, teey sakreey recordings rahee chhe. lerii keel anoobhavni 1997 seedee "mile anned mile" maan 20 vishesh mahemaano hataa. 1998maan keele curtis berch saathe kaama karyoo hatoo, jeo taajetarma grammy award vijeta "dhaa greta dobro sations" maate hataa. 2002maan biilii constable saathe 'lerii keel, curtis berch anned dhaa experience' prakashit thayo hato. keelnee 2004nee 'journey' seedee, jeey natural brijmaan temnaa ghare reqorda karvaamaa aavee hatee, temaa maheman kalakaro david vendeventor, denny nicely, will lii, geree rulee, john flower, roobert meb, slinky cobblestone aneey morgan morrisonno samaavesh thaay chhe. 2009maan, lerii keel aneey natural brije lagbhag sampurnpane mool "backwood" rajoo karyoo, jenu saha-nirmaan qelara williams dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey bill wolf dwara nipunta praapt thaee hatee. ghaayal sandeshvaahake nondhyu hatoo keey, "satat badalaata" mugger maanas "karataa kadaach koee geet juthanaa avaajne vadhu saaree reete samavisht karatu nathee, jeey ghanivaar pragatisheel acoustic krutyo dwara shodhaayelaa parantu aheen paripurn aevaa teevra, zazoomi bhupradeshmathi pasaar thaay chhe." qelara aneey keyles tareeke pradarshan kartaa qelara williams saathe lerii aneey jenee keelnaa beeja album, "theef" noow number aavyo. 1 billboard chaart parr aneey tyaan satat ketlank athvadiya sudhee rahyaa. pravaas. lerii keel temnaa ghanaa sangeetnaa abhinayna sanyojanomathi aek saathe aneey anya sangeetnaa kaaryo saathe sakreey pravaas karey chhe-jeey samagr yuu. aesa. maan mukhya tahevaroma haajari aape chhe. 2002maan, lerii keele suvani springfest aneey merlefest saheet vaasar clements aneey tonny chokha saathe asankhya shho ramyaa hataa. 2008maan, lerii keel aneey natural brije pravaas karyo aneey chokha, yandara mountain string benned, phreda tackett, poola barrer, qelara williams, hooat tunaa aneey davison bradhars benned saathe sahyog karyo. 2009naa shiyaalaamaa, keele washington, oregon aneey uttareey keliforniyana pravaas parr yondara mountain string bendnaa aadam aijalama jodai hatee. qelara aneey keelse 2012maan kerebiyanmaa jaam cruze 10 parr pradarshan karyoo hatoo. lerii keel aneey natural brije 2013maan bahamasma steep kenyon rangersnaa "mountain song aeta see" cruze parr pradarshan karyoo hatoo. lerii aneey jenee keele yondara mountain string bendnaa jeff ostin aneey samagr yuu. aesa. naa pravasoma danies saathe sahyog karyo hato, jemaa 2013maan oheo aneey oklahomama mumford aneey putronaa "rodnaa sajjano" pravasma beey dekhaavno samaavesh thaay chhe. 2013 maan, floridana jivant okmaa string chizni ghatanana "hulavin" utsavma lerii aneey jenee keel praarambhik abhinay tareeke dekhaaya hataa. 2014 maan, navaa ghaas punrutthaan sthaapak, same busch saathe locan festivalmaa keyles dekhaaya hataa. teey jaj varshe, lerii keelnaa anoobhave tenesinaa mcminvillethi 33 foot neeche aek gufaamaa "bluegrass bhugarbh" concert shreneema vechai gayelo shho bhajavyo hato. lerii keel experience uttar keroleena brewardmaan oskar blues bruary khaate 2014 naa navaa varshnee purvasandhyaae shho hoosta karyo hato. aaa karykrama saamel mukhya kaaryoma joona stickly triputi, kukhyaat stringdustersnee jerimi geret aneey travis book, acoustic sindiketnaa steve mcmurry aneey steep kenyon rangersnaa mike guggino saamel hataa. julai 2015maan, qelara aneey keelse khatarana muffin saathe dakshinna undanma pravaas karyo hato. keele teey varshe derol krodh, same grissman aneey sqota lonna sahyogthi pann pradarshan karyoo hatoo, jemaa virginiama floydfestmaa trana seeta umervaamaa aavyaa hataa. sangeet shailee. 2013maan, aena. pii. aar. aee nondhyu hatoo keey, "keel vishvbharma salagata, adheekrut bluegrassne levaa maate samarpeet bendnu netrutva karey chhe."" "bluegrass toode" "naa bryan poley 2016 maan kahyoo hatoo keey," "lerii aek ananya kalakar chhe, jemaa teey kyaarey maatra gitaar wizard tareeke sthaayi thayo nathee, jaim keey ghanaa yuvan kooshal kalakaro karey chhe, parantu tenaa badale, tene potaani vyaktigat drashti dwara tenee sangeetni odakh banaavi". vyaktigat. keele tenaa bassist, jennifer "jenee" (nee newmark) keel saathe lagna karyaa chhe. temne maachhimaareeno shokh chhe aneey temane sankhyaabandh sambandhit saahso vikasavya chhe, jemaa ramatgamat machhimari aneey bluegrassne samarpeet website fishinendupkinno samaavesh thaay chhe.qoma aneey retreat workshop jeey aaa beey rucheeone jode chhe.

lairi keel lairi dwayne keel (janm 25 navambar, 1968) dakshin-paschim virginia key ack americi bluegrass sangeetkaar hain joe 1976 seey pradarshan curr rahey hain. way 1990 mein magra gap key sansthaapak sadasya they. way apani patni, bassist jannie keel key saath bhee lairi keel key anubhav mein pradarshan karate hain. unhone ack darjan seey adhik album jaari kiye hain. praarambhik jeevan. lairi keel kaa janm 1968 mein manasas, virginia mein huaa thaa. unhein unake pitaa james keel dwara gitar sikhaaya gayaa thaa, joe bainjo bajaate they. unake bhaai gairi, joe gitar bajaate they-aur baarah saal badey they-ney unhein saat saal kii umr mein ack gitar kharida thaa. unhone 1975 mein gambhirta seey bajaana shuru kiya. 1976 aur 1985 key beach unhone kaee "ardh-peshevar sthitiyon" mein bluegrass sangeet kaa pradarshan kiya, jaise.jee.bluegrass aur fiddler sammelan, samudayik karyakram, barbecue aadi. 1986 mein disney dwara 18 saal kii umr mein tokyo disneyland mein pradarshan karane key liye ack anubandh sangeetkaar key roop mein kaam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. sanyukt raajya america lautate hue, vaha 1989 mein fockwear county, virginia mein bluegrass sangeetkaar johnn flover aur maark vaine seey mille aur unhone milkar ack baind mein "pragatisheel string sangeet" kii khoj shuru kii, jise unhone kisan trust naam diyaa. 1990 mein, maark vaine (1963-2002) "kaijun-prabhaavit jaim baind" bache hue salmon koo khojane mein madad karane key liye telluride, colorado mein chaley gaye. carrier. 1990 mein, keel aur unake lambe samay key dost 1970 key dashak mein ralf steinley key baind seey gitarvadak rickie lii key bete lii ney magro gap naamak ack "pragatisheel string baind" kii sthaapana kii. 1993 key madhyam seey samooh ney bluegrass pratiyogitaon mein pratispardha karate hue poore shanandoh ghaati mein yatra kii. 1993 mein, keel ney telluride bluegrass festival mein gitar pratiyogita mein pravesh kiya aur pahala sthaan jeetaa. 1994 mein, magra antaral ney niyamit roop seey daura karna shuru kiya. keel ney 1996 mein phir seey gitar pratiyogita jeeti. keel kii mulakat jennifer neumark seey hui jaba vaha march 1994 mein gairi rule key naatak koo dekhane aaee thee. jaba keel ack dhuna lene key liye gairi key saath munch parr uthee, tou "vaha unake sangeet seey" uda gaee ", vishesh roop seey david grissman kii dhuna" merrie dhool khaao "parr unake lene seey. halanki jannie ney kaana seey piano bajaaya aur gaaya, lekin keel seey milane seey pahale kabhi bhee taar vaalaa vaadya naheen bajaaya thaa. vaha keel key saath mill gaee, aur jaldi seey baas seekhana shuru curr diyaa. sitambar 1996 mein, keel ney magra antaral key saath vibhajan kiya aur lairi keel anubhav kaa gathan kiya, joe gitar parr khud seey banaa thaa, jannie baas parr, aur anya sangeetkaron key saath unhone varshon seey kaam kiya thaa. agale kaee varshon mein samooh ney kaee album record kiye. janwari 2005 mein, keel ney ack nayaa baind, lairi keel aur natural brij banaaya-jisamen gitar parr khud, baas parr jannie, mandolin parr maark schemic aur bainjo parr lii shamil hain. unhone daura kiya aur badey paimaane parr record kiya. recording. 1996 mein shuru huaa, jaba keller williams ney sahayak sangeetkaron key roop mein magra antaral key saath "buzz" record kiya-aur samooh ney apane swayam key sheershak cd-keel koo jaari kiya, joe sakriya recording rahee haye. lairi keel anubhav key 1997 cd "meal aind meal" mein 20 vishesh mehmann shamil they. 1998 mein, keel ney curtis berch key saath kaam kiya, joe haal hii mein grammy puraskar vijeta they. 2002 mein billy constable key saath jaari kiye gaye lairi keel key anubhav "lairi keel, curtis berch aind dha experience". keel kii 2004 kii "jarni" cd, joe unake praakritik pull mein ghar parr record kii gaee thee, mein atithi kalakar david vandenter, danny nicely, will lii, gairi rule, johnn flover, robbert mebe, slinky cobblestone aur morgan maurison shamil they. 2009 mein, lairi keel aur praakritik pull ney lagbhag poori tarah seey mool "backwood" jaari kiya, jise keller williams dwara saha-nirmit kiya gayaa aur bill wolf dwara mahaarat hassil kii gaee. ghayal doot ney kahaa, "shayed koee bhee geet samooh kii aavaaz koo lagaatar badalate" magarmachcha aadami "kii tulanaa mein behtar roop seey shamil naheen kartaa haye, joe aksar pragatisheel dhwanik krityon dwara khoje jaane vaale, jhamele ilaake seey gujarta haye, lekin yahaan paripurna haye." keller aur keyles key roop mein pradarshan karate hue, keller williams key saath lairi aur jannie keel kaa doosara album, "chor" naheen gayaa. billboard chart parr 1 aur lagaatar kaee hafton taka vahaan rahey. bhraman. lairi keel apane kaee sangeetmay abhinay sanyojanon mein seey ack key saath sakriya roop seey paryatan karate hain, aur anya sangeetmay krityon key saath-poore america mein pramukh tyohaaron mein dikhaai dete hain. 2002 mein, lairi keel key anubhav ney wasser clements aur tonny rais key saath kaee show khele, jinamen suwani springfest aur merlefest shamil hain. 2008 mein, lairi keel aur natural brij ney chawal, yonder mountain string baind, fred tackett, paul baire, keller williams, hott toona aur davison brothers baind key saath daura kiya aur sahyog kiya. 2009 kii sardiyon mein, keel washington, oregan aur uttari california key daure parr yonder parvat string baind key adam aijalaa mein shamil hoe gaye. keller aur keyles ney 2012 mein carribean mein jaim cruze 10 parr pradarshan kiya. lairi keel aur praakritik pull ney 2013 mein bahamas mein khadee ghaati rangers key "samudra mein parvat geet" cruze parr pradarshan kiya. lairi aur jannie keel ney poore america mein yaatraon parr yonder parvat string baind aur barnus key jeff austin key saath sahyog kiya, jisamen 2013 mein ohiyo aur oclahoma mein mumford aur beton key "sadak key sajjan" daure parr dou upasthiti shamil thee. 2013 mein, lairi aur jannie keel live oak, florida mein string cheez ghatana key "hulaveen" utsav mein udghaatan kaary key roop mein dikhaai diye. 2014 mein, nae ghaas punruddhar sansthaapak, saim busch key saath lock 'festival mein keel dikhaai diye. usee varsh, lairi keel key anubhav ney mcminville, tenacy key 33 feat neeche ack gufa mein "bluegrass bhoomigat" sangeet karyakram shrinkhala mein ack bick gayaa show khela. lairi keel anubhav ney bravered, uttari carolina mein auskar blues bruary mein 2014 key nae saal kii poorv sandhya parr ack show kii mejbani kii. show mein shamil pramukh krityon mein johnn stickley tikadi, jeremi garrett aur kukhyaat stringdusters kii travis book, dhwanik syndicate key steve mcmurry aur khadee ghaati rangers key mike guggino shamil they. julaai 2015 mein, keller aur keyles ney khatare key saath gahare dakshin kaa daura kiya. keel ney usa varsh darol krodh, saim grissman aur scott low key sahyog seey bhee pradarshan kiya, jisamen virginia mein floydfest mein teen sett jode gaye. sangeet shally. 2013 mein, aine. pee. aar. ney nott kiya, "keel duniya bhar mein aag, pramanik bluegrass lene key liye samarpit ack baind kaa netritva kartaa haye."aaj key bluegrass key bryan paul swank ney 2016 mein kahaa," "lairi ack advitiya kalakar haye jisamen vaha kabhi bhee sirf ack gitar jadugar key roop mein basane mein safal naheen huaa, jaisa kii kaee yuva gunee loga karate hain, lekin isake bajaay, unhone apani vyaktigat drishti key madhyam seey apani sangeet pehchaan banaai. vyaktigat. keel ney apane bassist, jennifer "jannie" (nee neumark) keel seey shaadi kii haye. unhein machhali pakadane kaa shauk haye aur unhone kaee sambandhit udyam vikasit kiye hain, jinamen machhali pakadane aur bluegrass key khel key liye samarpit ack website shamil haye jise fishinandupkin kahaa jaataa haye.comm aur retreat kaaryashaalaaen joe inn donon ruchiyon koo jodati hain.

laurie keel larry dwayne keel (janana november 25,1968) nairtya varjiniyaada american bluegrass sangeetagaararaagiddu, avaru 1976 rinda pradarshana niiduttiddaare. avaru 1990 ralli magra gapna sthapaka sadasyaraagiddaru. avaru tamma patni bassist jennie keel avarondige larry keel anubhavadalli pradarshana niiduttaare. avaru ondu dajangoo hecchu aalbangalannu bidugade maadiddaare. arambhika jeevana. larry keel 1968ralli varjeeniyaada manassasnalli janisidaru. avarige banzo nudisuttidda avara tande james keel avaru guitar kalisidaru. hanneradu varsha doddavanagidda avana sahodara gyaari, avanu elu varshadavanagiddaga guitar nudisidanu. avaru 1975ralli gambhiravagi nudisalu praarambhisidaru. 1976rinda 1985rahra naduve avaru halavaaru "arey-vruttipara sandarbhagalalli" bluegrass sangeetavannu pradarshisidaru, udaaharanege.zii., bluegrass mattu fiddler samaveshagalu, samudaaya kaaryakramagalu, barbecugalu ityaadi. 1986ralli disniyu 18 varshadavanagiddaga tokio disneylandnalli sangeetavannu pradarshisalu guttige sangeetagaaranaagi nemakagondanu. united statesge hindirugida nantara, avaru 1989ralli varjeeniyaada faukveer kountiyalli bluegrass sangeetagaararaada zaan flover mattu maark wyaan avarannu bhetiyaadaru mattu avaru ottaagi formers trust emba bandnalli "pragatipara string sangeeta" vannu anveshisalu praarambhisidaru. 1990ralli, maark wyaan (1963-2002) ulidiruva "cazune-prabhaavita jaam byaand" salmon annu kanduhidiyalu sahaaya maadalu koloradoda telluridege sthalaantaragondaru. vrattijeevana. 1990ralli, keel mattu avana deerghakaalada sneehita 1970rahra dasakadalli ralf stanly bandna guitar vaadaka rickie lea avara maga will lea avaru magra gap emba "pragatipara string byaand" annu sthaapisidaru. 1993rahra hottige ee tandavu bluegrass spardegalalli spardhisuttaa shenandoh kaniveyaadyanta prayanisitu. 1993ralli, keel avaru telluride bluegrass utsavadalli guitar spardheyannu praveshisidaru mattu modala sthaanavannu geddaru. 1994ralli, magra antaravu niyamitavagi pravaasa maadalu praarambhisitu. keel 1996ralli matte guitar spardheyannu geddaru. march 1994ralli gyaari ruliya naatakavannu nodalu bandaaga keel jennifer neumark avarannu bhetiyaadalu. keel gyaari jote vedikeya mele ondu ragavannu tegedukollalu eddaaga, avara sangeetagaarikeyinda, visheshavaagi avaru david grissman avara "eet mye dust" ragavannu svikarisuvudarinda "avalu haarihodalu". jennie kiviyinda piano nudisuttiddaroo mattu haaduttiddaroo, avalu keel annu bhetiyaguva modalu tanti vaadyavannu endigoo nudisiralilla. avalu keelnondige serikondalu mattu shighravagi baas annu kaliyalu praarambhisidalu. 1996rahra septembernalli, keel avaru magra antaradinda berpattaru mattu guitar, basnalli jennie mattu avaru varshagala kaala kelasa maadida itara sangeetagaararinda madalpatta laurie keel anubhavavannu roopisidaru. mundina halavaaru varsagalalli ee tandavu halavaaru aalbangalannu dhwanimudrana maaditu. janavari 2005ralli, keel avaru guitarnalli swatah, basnalli jennie, mandolinnalli maark skimic mattu banjodalli lea annu olagondiruva hosa byaand, larry keel & natural bridge annu rachisidaru. avaru pravaasa kaigondiddaare mattu vyaapakavaagi dhwanimudrana maadiddaare. recording. 1996ralli aarambhavaada keller villiams avaru magra gap annu bembalisuva sangeetagaararaagi "bajh" annu dhwanimudrisidaaga-mattu tandavu tamma swayam-shirshikeya cd-keel annu bidugade madidaga, idu sakriya dhwanimudranawaagide. 1997rahra cd "miles & miles" nalli 20 vishesha atithigalu iddaru. 1998ralli, keel avaru "dhii grate dobro sessions" gaagi ittichina grammy prashasti vijeta curtis barchrondige kelasa maadidaru. 2002ralli billi constabalnondige "laurie keel, curtis burch & dhii experience" annu bidugade maadida laurie keel anubhava. naisargika setuveyalliruva avara maneyalli dhwanimudrisalaada keelna 2004rahra "jarni" cd, atithi kalaavidaraada david vandeventor, danny naisli, will lea, gyaari rule, zaan flover, robbert mabe, slinky coblestone mattu morgan marison avarannu olagondittu. 2009ralli, carrie keel mattu naisargika setuveyu bahuteka sampoornavaagi moolavaada "hinnale maragalu" annu bidugade maaditu, idannu keller villiams saha-nirmisidaru mattu bill wolf avarinda karagatavaayitu. gaigonda sandeshavaahakanu, "nirantaravagi badalaaguttiruva" mosale manushya "ginta uttamavaada gumpina dhwaniyannu bahushah yaavude haadu olagondilla, idu kadidaada, mojina bhoopradeshada moolaka tiruguttade, idannu samanyavagi pragatipara accoustic kriyegalinda anveshisalaaguttade aadare illi paripoornavaagide." keller villiams jotegina keller mattu keelsna eradane album, "theaf" namm. jaahiraatu phalakada pattiyalli 1 sthana padediddu, satatavagi halavaaru vaaragala kaala alliye ulidukondittu. pravaasa. laurie keel tanna aneka sangeeta samyojanegalalli ondaada sangeeta samyojaneyondige mattu itara sangeeta samyojanegalondige sakriyavagi pravaasagalannu kaigolluttaane-idu americadaadyantada pramukha utsavagalalli kaanisikolluttade. 2002ralli, larry keel anubhavavu wasser clements mattu toney raisnondige halavaaru pradarshanagalannu needitu, idaralli suwani springfest mattu merlefest serive. 2008ralli, laurie keel mattu natural bridge pravaasa kaigondu rais, yander mountain string byaand, fred tackett, paul barrere, keller villiams, hott tuna meenu mattu davison brothers byandgalondige sahakarisidavu. 2009rahra chaligaaladalli, keel avaru washington, oregon mattu uttara californiada pravaasadalli yonder parvata string bandna aadam aijaalaavannu seridaru. keller mattu keals 2012 ralli keribiyannalli jaam croose 10 ralli pradarshana niididaru. 2013 ralli bahamasnalli stip canyon renjargala "mountain saang aut sea" krusnalli larry keel mattu natural bridge pradarshana niididaru. larry mattu jennie keel avaru yonder mountain string bandna jeff austin mattu yuu. ess. naa pravaasagalalli barnies jote sahakarisidaru, idaralli 2013 ralli oheo mattu oklahomaadallina mumford mattu suns "gentlemen off dhii road" pravaasadalli eradu pradarshanagalu seriddavu. 2013ralli, floridada live oknalli nadeda string cheesna ghataneya "hulaveen" utsavadalli larry mattu jennie keel arambhika patradalli kanisikondaru. 2014ralli, hosa hullu punarujjeevanada samsthaapaka samm bush avarondige lockn utsavadalli keelgalu kanisikondavu. adhe varsha, laurie keel anubhavavu tenessia mcminvilleginta 33 addi kelagiruva guheyalli "bluegrass bhoogata" sangeeta kachheri saranialli maaratavaada pradarshanavannu needitu. uttara kerolinada brewardnalliruwa oskar blues madya tayaarikeyalli 2014rahra hosa varshada munnaadinada pradarshanavannu larry keel anubhavavu ayojisitu. pradarshanadalli olagondiruva pramukha karyagalalli zaan stickly trayam, kukhyaata string dustergala jeremi garrett mattu travis book, accoustic sindiketina steve mcmurry mattu kadidaada kaniveya rangern mike guggino serive. julai 2015 ralli, keller mattu keals apaayada muffin jote aalavaada dakshinada moolaka pravaasa maadidaru. keel aaa varsha darol kopa, samm grissman mattu scott laa sahayogadondige pradarshana niididaru, varjeeniyaada floydfestinalli mooru setgalannu serisidaru. sangeeta shaili. 2013ralli, enn. pii. aarr. gamanisidante, "keel vishvadaadyanta uriyuva, adhikrutavaada bluegrass annu tegedukollalu misalaagiruva byaand annu munnadesuttade."" "bluegrass today" "naa brian paul swank 2016 ralli helidaru," "larry obba vishishta kalaavidanaagiddu, avaru aneka yuva kalavidarante kevala guitar maantrikaraagi endigoo nelegollalilla, aadare badalige, avaru tamma vaiyaktika drashtiya moolaka tamma sangeetada gurutannu srushtisidaru". vaiyaktika. keel tanna baas vaadaka jennifer "jennie" (nee neumark) keel avarannu vivaahavaadaru. aata meenugaarikeyalli asakti hondiddaare mattu creeda meenugaarike mattu bluegrassge misalaagiruva fishin und pickin emba jaalataanavannu olagondante halavaaru sambandhita udyamagalannu abhivraddhipadisiddare.ee eradu asaktigalannu samyojisuva com mattu retreat kaaryaagaaragalu.

larry keel larry dwayne keel (janm 25 november 1968) haah nairutya vharjiniyamadhil eka american bluegrass sangitkar aahe joou 1976 pasoon sadarikaran karat aahe. too 1990 madhye magrau gapcha sansthapak sadasya hota. too tyachi patni, bassist jeanny kilsobat dekhil larry keelchya anubhavat sadarikaran karato. tyane dazanbharahun adhik album prakashit kele aahet. prarambhik jeevan. larry keelcha janm 1968 madhye virginia yetheel manasas yethe jhaala. tyala tyache vadil james keel yanni gitar shikavale, jeey banjo vajavat asat. tyacha bhau garry, joou gitar vajavat hota-aanee baaraa varshanni motha hota-tyane tyala saat varshancha asatana eka vikat ghetale. 1975 madhye tyanni gambhirpane vajavayala suruvat kelee. 1976 teey 1985 darmyan tyanni anek "ardh-vyavsayik paristhitinmadhye" bluegrass sangeet sadar kele, udaa.jee.bluegrass aanee fiddler sammelane, samudayik karyakram, barbecue ii. 1986 madhye disney vayachya 18 vya varshi tokio disneland yethe sadarikaran karnyasathi kantrati sangitkar mhanoon niyukt kele hote. americet paratalyanantar, too 1989 madhye vharjiniyatil fockvear countymadhye bluegrass sangitkar johnn flover aanee marqa vanne yanna bhetala aanee tyanni ekatra miloon tyanni tayar kelelya farmers trust navachya bandmadhye 'progressive string music' chaa shodh ghenyas suruvat kelee. 1990 madhye, marqa vanne (1963-2002) uralela salmon shodhanyat madat karnyasathi koloradochya telluride yethe gela. karkird. 1990 madhye, 1970 chya dashakat ralf stanlychya bandmadhil gitarvadak rickie leecha mulga, keel aanee tyacha dirghakalin mitra lii yanni magrau gap navachya 'progressive string band' chee sthapana kelee. 1993 paryant yaa gatane bluegrass spardhanmadhye bhag ghet sampoorn shenandoh shenandoh pravas keela. 1993 madhye, keelane telluride bluegrass mahotsavat gitar spardhet pravesh keela aanee pratham sthan patkavale. 1994 madhye, magrau gap niyamitpane firayala suruvat jhaali. 1996 madhye keelane punha gitar spardha jinkley. march 1994 madhye jevha tee garry ruliche natak pahanyasathi aalee tevha keel jennifer newmarkla bhetali. jevha keel garries eka dhun ghenyasathi manchavar uthali, tevha visheshtah tyanni david grissmanchya 'eat maay dust' yaa dhunvar kelelya tyanchya sangeetane tee 'udaleli' hotee. jaree jeanny kananni piano vajavat aanee gaat asali, taree tee kilala bhetnyapurvi kadhihi taryukt vadya vajavat navhati. tee kilsobat ekatra aalee aanee patkan baas shiku lagali. september 1996 madhye, keel magrauchya antarane vibhakt jhaala aanee tyane gitarvar, basvar jeanny aanee tyane varshanuvarshe kaam kelelya itar sangitkaranni banalela larry keelcha anubhav tayar keela. pudhil kahee varshant yaa gatane anek dhwanimudrit dhwanimudrit kele. janewari 2005 madhye, keelane eka naveen band, larry keel aanee natural brij tayar keela-jyat gitarvar, basvar jeanny, mandolinavar marqa schemic aanee banjover lii yancha samavesh hota. tyanni daura keela aanee mothya pramanat dhwanimudran kele. nondi. 1996 pasoon, jevha keller vilyamsane sahayyak sangitkar mhanoon magrau gaps 'buzz' reecord kele-aanee gatane tyanchi swayam-shirshak seedee-keel prakashit kelee, tevha sakriy recording hote. larry keel anubhavatil 1997 see. dii. 'mails andd mails' madhye 20 vishesh atithi hote. 1998 madhye, keelane 'daad gret dobro sessions' sathee alikadil grammy puraskar vijetya curtis barchsobat kaam kele. 2002 madhye biilii constablesobatchya larry keelchya anubhavane 'larry keel, curtis berch andd daad experience' prakashit kele. naisargik pulavaril tyachya gharee reecord kelelya keelchya 2004 chya 'journey' sidimadhye atithi kalakar david vandeventor, danny nasley, will lii, garry rully, johnn flover, robbert meb, slinky cobblestone aanee morgan maurison yancha samavesh hota. 2009 madhye, larry keel aanee natural brij yanni keller williams yanni saha-nirmit aanee biil wolf yanni prabhutva midavalele jawaljawal purnapane mool 'backwoods' prakashit kele. jakhami sandeshavahakane namood kele, "satat badalat asalelya" magarichya manasan "peksha kadachit konatehi gaane gatachya aavajala adhik changlya prakare samavisht karat nahee, jeey anekada purogami dhwanik krutindware shodhale jaanare parantu yethe paripoorn asalelya khadkal, zagmagatya bhubhagatoon valate." keller aanee keyles mhanoon kaam karnara, keller vilyamsbarobarcha larry aanee jeanny keelcha dusra album, 'theaf' nahee jhaala. 1 jahiratpatrachya taktyavar aanee salag anek aathvade tethe rahile. pravas. larry keel tyachya anek sangitmay abhinay sanyojananpaiki ekasah aanee itar sangitmay krutyansah sakriyapane pravas karato-yuu. ess. madheel pramukh utsavanmadhye upasthit rahato. 2002 madhye, larry keelchya anubhavane vassar clements aanee toney rices anek shhow khelale, jyat suvani springfest aanee merlefestcha samavesh aahe. 2008 madhye, larry keel aanee natural brij yanni pravas keela aanee tandul, yonder mounton string band, fred tackett, paul barrere, keller williams, hott tuna aanee davison brothers bands sahkarya kele. 2009 chya hivalyat, keel washington, oregon aanee uttar californiachya californiachya yonder mounton string bandchya aadam aijalashi sameel jhaali. keller aanee keelsney 2012 madhye caribeanmadhil jamm cruze 10 varr sadarikaran kele. 2013 madhye bahamasmadhil steep canyon rangerschya 'mounton song ett see' kroozvar larry keel aanee natural brij sadar kele. larry aanee jeanny keel yanni yonder mounton string bandchya jeff austin aanee daniges sampoorn yuu. ess. chya chya sahyog keela, jyat 2013 madhye ohayo aanee oklahoma yetheel mumford aanee mulanchya 'gentlemen auph daad road' road' done vela hajeri lavali. 2013 madhye, floridatil live okmadhil string cheej ghatanechya "hulavin" mahotsavat larry aanee jeanny keel heey salamiche kalakar mhanoon disale. 2014 madhye, naveen gavat punarujjivan sansthapak, samm busch yanchyasobat locken mahotsavat keyles disu lagale. tyach varshi, larry keelchya anubhavane tenacy yetheel mcminvillechya 33 phoot khalee asalelya guhet "bluegrass bhoomigat" maifilichya maliket eka vikri-aaoot shhow sadar keela. larry keel experiencene uttar carolinatil bravered yetheel auskar blues bruary yethe yethe naveen varshachya purvasandhyela karyakram aayojit keela. yaa karyakramat sameel asalelya pramukh kamanmadhye johnn stickley trie, jeremi garrett aanee travis book auph daad kuprasiddha stringdusters, acoustic syndicateche steve mcmurry aanee steep canyon rangersche mike guggino yancha samavesh hota. julai 2015 madhye, keller aanee keelsney dhokyachya muffins khol dakshinecha daura keela. keelane tyaa varshi daroll ragg, samm grissman aanee scott low yanchya sahkaryane dekhil sadarikaran kele, vharjiniyatil floidfestmadhye teen sanch jodale. sangeet shaili. 2013 madhye, aine. pii. aar. neey namood kele, "keel jagbharat agnimay, assal bluegrass ghenyasathi samarpit asalelya bandche netrutva karate."bluegrass tude madheel bryan paul swankney 2016 madhye mhatale hote qee," "larry haah eka adviteey kalakar aahe, jyamadhye too anek tarun kalavid lokanpramane keval gitar jadugar mhanoon kadhich sthiravala nahee, parantu tyaeivaji tyane tyachi vaiyaktik drushti vaparoon tyachi sangeet olakh nirman kelee". vaiyaktik. keelche lagn tyachya bassist, jennifer "jeanny" (nee newmark) keelshi jhaale aahe. tyala masemarichi aavad aahe aanee tyane fishinondupkin navachya creeda masemari aanee bluegrassathi samarpit sanketsthalasaha anek sambandhit udyog vikasit kele aahet.com aanee retreat karyashala jyaa yaa done aavadi ekatra karatat.

leri kill leri dwayne kill (janma november 25,1968) dakshinapashchim bharjiniyaka ek americi bluegrass sangitkar hun jasle 1976 dekhi pradarshan gardai aeka chhan. uni 1990 maa magro gapka sansthapak sadasya thie. unle afnie patni, bassist jeny kilsanga pani leri kill anubhawma pradarshan gare. unle ek darjanbhanda badhi album sarvajanik garisakeka chhan. prarambhik jiwan. leri kilko janma sann 1968 maa bharjiniyako manasasma bhaeko thiyo. unlai unka buba james kille gitar sikeka thie, jasle byanjo bajaunthe. unka bhai gyari, jasle gitar bajaunthe-rar bahra warsha jetha thie-unle saat warshako hunda unlai euta kineka thie. unle sann 1975 maa gambhirtaka sath bajauna thale. sann 1976 rar 1985 ko bichma unle dherai "ardha-wyawasayik paristhitiharu" maa bluegrass sangit prastut gare, jastai.zee., bluegrass rar fiddler sammelanharu, samudayik karyakramharu, barbekyuharu, adi. sann 1986 maa disneyle 18 warshako umerma tokiyo disnelandma pradarshan garna anubandha sangitkarko rupma niyukta gareka thie. sanyukta rajya america farkiepachhi, unle sann 1989 maa bharjiniyako faquiyar countyma bluegrass sangitkar john flower rar mark bhyanlai bhete rar sangai uniharule farmers trust namak bandma "pragatishil string sangit" anweshan garna thale. sann 1990 maa, mark bhyan (1963-2002) telluride, koloradoma sareka thie taaki "kyajun-prabhawit jyam banned" baanki raheko salmon fela parne maddat garna sakinchha. currier. sann 1990 maa, kill rar unko lamo samayadekhiko sathile lea-sann 1970 ko dashakma ralf stanleko bandka gitarwadak ricky lika chhora-ley magro gap namak "pragatishil string banned" sthapana gare. sann 1993 samma samuhale bluegrass pratiyogitaharuma pratispardha gardai senando ghatibhari yatra record. sann 1993 maa, kill telluride bluegrass festivalma gitar pratiyogitama prawesh gare rar pahilo sthan jite. sann 1994 maa, magro gapley niyamit rupma bhraman garna thalyo. kille sann 1996 maa feri gitar pratiyogita jiteka thie. kille jennifer nyumarklai bhete jab uni march 1994 maa gyari ruliko natak hern aeki thiin. jab kill gyarisanga dhuna lyne manchama uthin, "uni unko sangitkaritale" udieki "thiin, vishesh gari uniharule devid grissman dhuna" mai dust eat mai dust "ley. yadyapi jenile kanle piano bajaunthin rar gaunthin, tara unle killai bhetnu aghi kahilyai taryukta wadya bajaeki thiinan. uni kilsanga bhela bhain, rar chaandai bases sikna thalin. september 1996 maa, kill magro gyapsanga vibhajit bhayo rar guiterma afulai, basma jeny, rar anya sangitkarharusanga unle warshaunsamma kaam gareka thie. pachhilla dherai warshaharuma samuhale dherai albumharu record record. janawari 2005 maa, kille euta nayan banned, leri kill rar prakritik brij sirjana gare-jasma guiterma uni, basma jeny, mandolinma mark simik, rar byanjoma lea hunechhan. tiniharule bhraman gareka chhan rar wyapak rupma record gareka chhan. recording. sann 1996 maa suru bhaeko, jab keller williamsle sahayak sangitkarharuko rupma magra gapko sath "buzz" record gare-rar samuhale uniharuko swa-shirshak cd jaari garyo-kill sakriya recording bhaeko chha. leri kill anubhawko 1997 cd "mile rar mile" maa 20 zana vishesh atithiharu thie. sann 1998 maa, kille curtis barchasanga kaam gare, halaiko graimi puraskar vijeta "da great dobro sessions" kaa lagi. leri kilko anubhawle sann 2002 maa billy constablesanga "leri kill, curtis berch anned da experience" jaari garyo. kilko 2004 ko "journey" cd, prakritik pulma unko gharma record garieko thiyo, jasma atithi kalakarharu devid vandeventor, denny naisli, will lea, gyari ruli, john flower, robert meb, slinky cobblestone, rar morgan morison samawesh thie. sann 2009 maa, leri kill rar prakritik pulle lagbhag purna rupma maulik "backwod" jaari garyo, jaslai keller williamsle saha-nirman gareka thie rar bill wolfle yasama maharat hasil gareka thie. ghaite sandeshwahakle bhane, "sambhawatah kunai pani gitle samuhako awajlai nirantar sarne" magarmachcha manis "bhanda ramro sametdaina, june prayaha pragatishil dhwanik karyaharudwara anweshan garieko thado, ziddi bhubhagbata ghumchha tara yahan siddha hunchha." keller rar kilko rupma pradarshan gardai, keller williamssanga leri rar jeny kilko dosro album, "chor" hoina gayo. 1 billboard chartma rar tyahan lagatar dherai haptasamma rahyo. bhraman gardai. leri kille afno dherai sangitik abhinaya sanyojanharu madhye ekko sath sakriya rupma bhraman gardacha, rar anya sangitik karyaharu-sanyukta rajya america bharika pramukh chadaparwaharuma dekha pardachha. sann 2002 maa, leri kilko anubhawle wasser clements rar tony raisaka sath dherai karyakramharu khelyo, jasma suwani springfest rar merlefest samawesh chha. sann 2008 maa, leri kill rar prakritik pulle rais, yonder mountain string banned, fred tacket, pall byare, keller williams, hutt tuna rar devision brothers bandko bhraman rar sahakarya gare. sann 2009 ko jadoma, kill wassington, oregon rar uttari californiako bhramanma yonder mountain string bandko adam aijalama samel bhae. keller rar kilharule 2012 maa caribeanma zam kruj 10 maa pradarshan gare. leri kill rar prakritik pulle 2013 maa bahamasma stip canyon renjarsko "mountain song att see" krujma pradarshan gare. leri rar jeny kille yonder mountain string bandka jeff astin rar barnessanga sanyukta rajya americabhari bhramanharuma sahayog gare, jasma 2013 maa ohiyo rar oklahomama mumford rar chhoraharuko "gentleman aff da road" bhramanma dui upasthiti samawesh thiyo. sann 2013 maa, floridako laibh okma string cheej ghatanako "hulawin" mahotsavma leri rar jeny kill udghatan karyaka rupma dekha pare. sann 2014 maa, nayan ghaans punarutthan sansthapak, saam busasanga lakan festivalma kilharu dekha pare. sohi warsha, leri kilko anubhawle tenesiko mcminbhilbhanda 33 fitt talko gufama "bluegrass bhumigat" concert shringkhalama bikri bhaeko karyakram khelyo. leri kill experiencelay breward, uttari carolinako oskar blues bruaryma 2014 nayan warshako purwasandhyama karyakram ayojana gareko thiyo. karyakramma sanlagna pramukh karyaharuma john stickly trayi, jeremi gyaret rar kukhyat stringdstersko travis book, dhwanik sindiketko steve mcmurry, rar stip canyon renjarsko mick guggino samawesh thie. july 2015 maa, keller rar kilharule khatarama parne mafinko sath gahiro dakshinko bhraman gare. kille tyas warsha darol krodh, saam grisman rar scott lako sahakaryama pani pradarshan gare, bharjiniyako floidfestma tinn setharu thape. sangit shaili. sann 2013 maa, enn. pie. arr. ley ullekha gare, "kille vishwabhari ago, pramanik bluegrass lyne samarpit bandko netritwa gardacha."bluegrass tudeka bryan pall swankle sann 2016 maa bhane," "leri ek adwitiya kalakar hun jasma uni kahilyai gitar wizardko rupma basain sareka chhainan, jasto kii dherai yuwa kalakarharule garchhan, tara yasako satta, unle afnai wyaktigat drishtikonbata afno sangitik pahichan sirjana gare. wyaktigat. kille afno bassist, jennifer "jeny" (nee neumark) kilsanga vivaha gareka chhan. unisanga machha marney jununa chha rar unle khelkud machha marney rar bluegraslai samarpit website fishinandopkin sahit dherai sambandhit udyamharu vikas gareka chhan.cum rar retreat karyashalaharu jasle yee dui ruchiharu sanyojan gardacha.

lerry kill lyari dawen kill (janma navember 25,1968) dakhina-paschima bharjiniara jane americae bluegrass sangeetagya jie 1976 masiharu pradarshan kariasuchhanti. shay 1990 ray magro gyapra pratisthata sadasya thile. shay taanka patni bassist jeny kilnka saha madhya lyari kill abhigyatare pradarshan karanti . shay eka dajanaru adhika album prakash karichanti. prarambhika zeeban. 1968 masihare bharjiniara manasasare lyari kill janmagrahana karithile. taanka pita james kill tanku gitara sikhya deithile, jie benzo bajaithile. taanka bhai gaari, jie gitara bajaithile-ebong baara barsha budd thile-tanku saata barsha bajasare gotie kinithile. shay 1975 ray gambhiratara saha bajaiba arambha karithile. 1976 ru 1985 madhyare shay aneka "ardha-bruttigata paristhiti" ray bluegrass sangeeta paribeshana karithile, jathaa.jii., bluegrass ebong fiddler sammilani, gosthi karjyakram, barbekyu ityadi . 1986 masihare disneenka dwara 18 barsha bajasare tokio disnilyandare pradarshan kariba paain jane chuktibhittika sangeetagya bhabe nijukta hoithile. america feriba parey shay 1989 masihare bharjiniara phakwijara kauntire bluegrass sangeetagya zohn flawara ebong marck bhyananku bhetithile ebong semane ekathi 'farmers trust' namaka eka byandare 'pragatiseela string music' anweshana arambha karithile. 1990 masihare, marck bhaan (1963-2002) "kejan-prabhabita zaam banned" abasista salmon khojibare sahajya kariba paain colorador telluride ku chalijaithile. kyariyara. 1990 masihare, kill ebong taanka dirgha dinara bandhu-1970 dashakare ralf stanalinka bander guiterbadaka ricky linka pua-magro gap namaka eka "pragatiseela string banned" pratistha karithile. 1993 masiha parjyanta ehi dala bluegrass pratijogitare bhaga nei shenandoa upatyakare jatra karithila. 1993 masihare, kill telluride bluegrass mahostabare gitara pratijogitare prabesha karithile ebong pratham sthana adhikara karithile. 1994 masihare, magra byabadhana nijamita bhabe bhraman kariba arambha karithila. 1996ray kill punithare gitara pratijogita jitithile. march 1994 ray geri ruli nataka dekhibaku asiba parey kill jennifer nyumarkanku bhetithile. jetebele kill eka suit nebaku gerinka saha manchaku uthithile, "shay taanka sangeeta dwara" udijaithile ", bisesh curry devid grissman sunku grahan curry" more dhuli khaantu ". jadio jeny kaanare piano bajaithile ebong geeta gaithile, shay kilku bhetiba purbaru kebe kaunasi tarajukta badyajantra bajai nathile . shay kill sahita ekathi hoithile, ebong shighra baasa shikhiba arambha karithile . september 1996 ray, kill magro byabadhana sahita bibhakta hoithile ebong lyari kill abhigyata gathan karithile, jaahaa gitaarare, jeny baasare, ebong anya sangeetagyamananka sahita shay barsha barsha dhari karjya karithile . parabarti kichhi barsha madhyare ehi gosthi aneka album record karithila . januari 2005 ray, kill eka nutan banned, lyari kill ebong prakrutika brij srusti karithile-gitaarare nijaku, baasare jeny, mandolin upare marck schemic, ebong benzo upare ly karibe . semane bhraman karichanti ebong byapaka recording karichanti. recording. 1996 masihare arambha curry, jetebele keller williams sahajaka sangeetagya bhabare magro byabadhana sahita "buzz" record karithile-ebong gosthi semanankara swa-shirshaka sidi-kill jaari karithile jaahaa sakriya recording hoichhi . lyari kill abhigyatara 1997 sidi "mile anded mile" ray 20 john swatantra atithi thile. 1998 ray, kill cortis barchanka saha kaama karithile, nikatare grammy puraskara bijeta "daa great dobro session" paain . 2002 masihare billy kanestabalanka saha 'lyari kill, cortis berch anded dee experiences' lyari kill experiences releases karithila. prakrutika seture thiba taanka ghare record karajaithiba kilnka 2004 masihar 'jatra' sidi ray atithi kalakara devida bhandeventara, daani naisli, wil ly, gaari ruli, zohn flawara, robert meb, slinki coblestone ebong morgan morrison antarbhukta thile. 2009 ray, lyari kill ebong prakrutika setu eka sampurna moola "backoud" prakash karithila, jaahaa keller wilijamsanka dwara saha-nirmita ebong bill walphanka dwara aajatta karajaithila . ahata doota ullekha karithile, "kramagata bhabe gatishila heuthiba" kumbhir manish "thaaru bodhahue kaunasi geeta dalara dhwaniku bhal bhabe dhaaran karinathae, jaahaa prajatah pragatiseela dhwani kriya dwara anweshana karajauthiba, tikhna, jhalamale bhubhaga dei gati karithae, kintu ethaare ehaa sampurna bhabe paripurna hoithae." keller ebong kills bhumikare abhinai karuthiba keller wilijamsanka saha lerry ebong jeny kilanka dwiteeja album 'thiff' naah thila. billboard chartre 1 ebong sethare lagatara aneka saptaha rahithile. bhraman. laari kill tankara aneka sangeeta abhinai mishran madhyaru gotie sahita sakriya bhabare bhraman karanti, ebong anyanya sangeeta abhinai sahita-americara pramukh mahostabare upasthita huanti . 2002 masihare, lyari kill abhigyata bhasar clements ebong tony chaula sahita aneka shoe khelithila, jeunthire suwani springfesta ebong merlefest antarbhukta . 2008 masihare, lyari kill ebong natural brij gasta karithile ebong chaula, younder mountain string banned, fred tackett, pull baarere, keller william, hutt tuna ebong devision brothers banned sahita sahjog karithile. 2009rahr sheeta ruture, washington, oregon ebong uttara california gastare thiba younder mountain string bander adam aijalanka saha kill joga deithile. keller ebong kills 2012 ray caribean ray zaam kruj 10 ray pradarshan karithile. 2013 ray bahamare stip canyon renjarmananka "mountain sant aata sii" kruj ray laaree kill ebong prakrutika setu pradarshan karithile. laaree ebong jeny kill younder mountain string bander jeff astin ebong barnisnka saha milita bhabare samagra america gastare sahjog karithile, jeunthire 2013 ray ohio ebong oklahomare mumford ebong puamananka "gentleman off daa road" gastare duiti upasthiti antarbhukta . 2013 ray, floridara live oak ray string chiz ghatanara "hulawin" mahostabare leri ebong jeny kill udaghatani abhinai bhabare upasthita hoithile . 2014 ray, nutan ghasa punaruddhara pratisthata, saam bushnka saha lakn mahostabare kills dekhajaithila . sehi barsha, lyari kill abhigyata tenasinka mcminville tale 33 phuta tale eka gumphare "bluegrass bhutala" concert sirijare eka bikri hoithiba shoe khelila . lyari kill abhigyata uttara carolinara brevardare thiba oskara blues bruwereere 2014 nutan barshar purba sandhyare eka shoe ayojan karithila . ehi shoe 'ray samil thiba pramukh abhinajagudika madhyare zohn stickly trai, jerimi garrett ebong travis book off daa kukhyata strindsters, acoustic syndicator stibh mcmurry ebong stip canyon renjarmanankara mick gugino antarbhukta . july 2015 ray, keller ebong kills bipada muffin sahita gabhira dakhinare bhraman karithile . kill sehi barsha darol krodha, saam grissman ebong scott laal 'sahajogare madhya pradarshan karithile, bharjiniaare floedfestre tinoti sett joga karithile . sangeeta sailee. 2013 ray, enn. pii. aarr. ullekha karithile, "kill eka bander netrutwa neuchhanti jaahaa saaraa bisware agnimai, pramanika bluegrass neba paain utsargeekruta ."" "bluegrass tude" "rahr brian pull swank 2016 ray kahithile," "leri jane ananya kalakara je shay kebe bii kebala eka gitara wijarda bhabare sthira karinathile, jepari aneka juba bharchuoso karanti, kintu ehaa paribarte, shay niz byaktigata drusti madhyamare nijara sangeeta parichai srusti karithile. byaktigata. kill taanka bassist jennifer "jeny" (nee numark) kilnku bibaha karichanti. tankara maacha dhariba prati agraha rahichhi ebong shay aneka sambandhita udyoga bikashita karichanti, jeunthire maacha dhariba ebong bluegrass paain utsargeekruta eka website antarbhukta jaahaa fishinandpikin namaka .comm ebong retreat karmasala jaahaa ehi duiti aagrahaku ekatra kare .

lairi keel lairi dwayne keel (janam 25 navambar, 1968) dakkhan-pachmi virginia daa ikk amriki bluegrass sangeetkar haii joe 1976 toon pardarshan qarr riha haii. uh 1990 witch magra gap daa sansthapak member see. uh aapni patni bassist jaini keel naal lairi keel dey tajrabe witch vee pardarshan karda haii. unhan neey ikk darjan toon vaddh ailabman jaari keetiaan hunn. mudhla jeevan. lairi keel daa janam 1968 witch manasas, virginia witch hoiaa see. uss noon uss dey pitaa james keel neey gitar sikhaiaa see, joe benjo vajaunde sunn. uss dey bharaa gairi, joe gitar vajaunde sunn-atey baaran saal vadde sunn-neey satt saal dee umar witch uss noon ikk gitar kharidiaa. unhan neey 1975 witch gambhirta naal vajauna shuru keeta. 1976 atey 1985 dey vichkaar unhan neey kaee "aradh-peshevar sathitiaan" witch bluegrass sangeet pesh keeta, jiven kii.jee., bluegrass atey fiddler sammelanan, community programan, barbicuse, aadi. sann 1986 witch disney neey 18 saal dee umar witch tokio disneyland witch pardarshan curran laee ikk theka sangeetkar vajon kamm keeta see. sanyukat raaj amrica waps aaa keey, uh 1989 witch virginia dey fockier kaoonti witch bluegrass sangeetkaran jauhan flower atey maarak vain noon miliaa atey unhan neey mill keey ikk baind witch "pragtishil satar sangeet" dee padchol curney shuru keeti jiss daa naam uhanan neey kissan trust rakkhiaa see. 1990 witch, maarak vain (1963-2002) "kaijun-prabhavit jaim baind" bache hoye saiman noon labbhan witch madad curran laee telluride, colorado chaley gaye. carrier. 1990 witch, keel atey uss dey lambe samein dey dosat neey 1970 dey dahake witch ralf stanley dey baind toon gitarvadak rickie lee dey puttar neey magro gap naam dey ikk "pragtishil satar baind" dee sathapana keeti. 1993 takk samooh neey poore shenandoh ghaati witch yaatra keeti atey bluegrass mukabaliaan witch hissa liaa. sann 1993 witch, keel neey telluride bluegrass festival witch gitar mukabale witch pravesh keeta atey pahila sathaan jittiaa. sann 1994 witch, magra gap neey niyamit taur utte daura karna shuru qarr ditta. keel neey 1996 witch firr toon gitar mukabala jittiaa. keel dee mulakat jennifer newmark naal hoee jadon uh march 1994 witch gairi rule noon khedade hoye dekhan aaee see. jadon keel ikk dhun chukkan laee gairi naal stage utte utthi, taan uh uss dee sangitkarita toon "ubbhari" gaee, khaskar david grissman dee dhun "eet myee dust" noon lae keey. halanki jaini neey qann naal piano vajaiaa atey gaaiaa, parr keel noon milann toon pahilan kadey vee taar vaala saaz naheen vajaiaa see. uh keel naal mill gaee, atey jaldi hii baas sikkhna shuru qarr ditta. satambar 1996 witch, keel magro paade naal vakkh hoow gaee atey lairi keel daa tajraba banaiaa, jiss witch uh gitar, jaini baas atey horr sangeetkaran naal baniaa jiss naal usne saalan toon kamm keeta see. agle kaee saalan witch samooh neey kaee ailabman ricard keetiaan. janwari 2005 witch, keel neey ikk navaan baind, lairi keel atey natural brij banaiaa-jiss witch uh gitar utte, jaini baas utte, maarak shimik mandolin utte, atey benjo utte lee karange. unhan neey daura keeta atey viaapak taur utte ricard keeta haii. recording. 1996 witch shuru hoiaa, jadon caller villiams neey sahaik sangeetkaran dey roop witch magro gap dey naal "buzz" ricard keeta-atey samooh neey aapni sway-sirlekh cd-keel jaari keeti joe sargaram recording rahee haii. lairi keel dey tajrabe dey 1997 cd "meal atey meal" witch 20 vishesh mehmann sunn. 1998 witch, keel neey "mahaan dobro saishanan" laee haal hii witch grammy puraskar jetu curtis berch naal kamm keeta. 2002 witch billie constable naal lairi keel, curtis berch aind dha experience jaari keeta giaa. keel dee 2004 dee "yaatra" cd, joe kudrati pull witch uss dey gharr witch ricard keeti gaee see, witch mehmann kalakar david vandventor, danny nikkili, will lee, gairi rule, john flower, robbert meb, slinky cobleston atey morgan maurison shamal sunn. saal 2009 witch, lairi keel atey kudrati pull neey lagbhag puurii tarahan mool "backwods" jaari keeta, jiss noon caller villiams duaara sahi-nirmit keeta giaa atey bill wolf duaara muharat haasal keeti gaee. zakhmi sandeshvahak neey nott keeta, "shayed koee vee geet samooh dee aavaaz noon lagatar badalde" magarmachh aadmi "naalon bihtar dhang naal naheen darsaunda, joe kii aksar pragtishil dhuni kaarjan duaara khoj keete jaande hunn parr itthe sampuran hunde hunn." caller villiams naal lairi atey jaini keel dee duji album, caller atey keels vajon pardarshan karde hoye, "chor" naheen giaa. billboard chaart utte 1 atey lagatar kaee haftiaan takk utthe riha. sair-spata. lairi keel aapne bahut saare sangeetak acting combo vicchon ikk dey naal atey horr sangeetak kamman dey naal-naal amrica bharr dey pramukh tiuharan witch pesh hunda haii. 2002 witch, lairi keel dey tajrabe neey vaasar clements atey tonny chawal dey naal kaee shoa khede, jiss witch suvani springfest atey merlefest shamal hunn. saal 2008 witch, lairi keel atey natural brij neey chawal, yunder mountain sturring baind, fred tackett, paal baire, caller villiams, hott toona atey davison brothers baind daa daura keeta atey unhan naal sahiyog keeta. 2009 dee sardiaan witch, keel washington, oregan atey uttri california dey daure utte yonder mountain sturring baind dey aadam aijla witch shamal hoow gaee. caller atey keels neey 2012 witch caribean witch jaim cruze 10 utte pardarshan keeta. lairi keel atey kudrati pull neey 2013 witch bahamas witch khadee ghaati rangers dey "samunder witch pahadi geet" cruze utte pardarshan keeta. lairi atey jaini keel neey us dey tour utte yonder mountain sturring baind atey barnes dey jaif austin naal sahiyog keeta, jiss witch 2013 witch ohio atey oklahoma witch mumford atey puttran dey "sadak dey sajjan" tour utte doou peshkariaan shamal sunn. saal 2013 witch, lairi atey jaini keel live oak, florida witch sturring panir dee ghatna dey "hulavin" tiuhar witch shuruati kaaraj vajon dikhai ditte. 2014 witch, keels navein ghaah punar-surjiti sansthapak, saim bush dey naal laakan festival witch dikhai ditte. use saal, lairi keel dey tajrabe neey mcminville, tensi toon 33 futt hethan ikk gufa witch "bluegrass bhumigat" sangeet luddy witch ikk vikiaa hoiaa shoa khediaa. lairi keel dey tajrabe neey uttri carolina dey breward witch oskar blues baruri witch 2014 dey navein saal dee purav sandhiaa dey shoa dee mezbani keeti. shoa witch shamal pramukh kamman witch john stickley tikdi, badnam stringdusters dee jairemi garrett atey travis book, dhuni syndicate dey steve mcmurry atey steep canyon rangers dey mike guggino shamal sunn. julai 2015 witch, caller atey keels neey dorsomphin naal dunghe dakkhan daa daura keeta. keel neey uss saal darol regg, saim grissman atey scott laa dey sahiyog naal vee pardarshan keeta, virginia witch floidfest witch tinn sett jode. sangeet shaili. 2013 witch, ainn. pee. aar. neey nott keeta, "keel dunia bharr witch agg, pramanik bluegrass lainn laee samarpit ikk baind dee agvai karda haii."" "bluegrass ajj" "dey bryne paal swank neey 2016 witch kiha see," "lairi ikk vilakkhan kalakar haii jiss witch uh kadey vee ikk gitar wizard vajon settle naheen hoiaa, jiven kii bahut saare naujwan kalatmak karde hunn, parr iss dee bajaae, usne aapni sangeetak pachanh aapni nijji drishti duaara banayi. nijji. keel daa viaah uss dey bassist, jennifer "jaini" (nee newmark) keel naal hoiaa haii. uss noon machhi fadan daa janoon haii atey uss neey kaee sabandhat uddman daa vikas keeta haii, jiss witch khed machhi fadan atey bluegrass noon samarpit ikk website shamal haii jiss noon fishinandapkin kiha jaanda haii.com atey retreat workshopan joe inhan dovan ruchiaan noon jodadiaan hunn.

laaree keel laaree dwayne keel (janma 25 november 1968) dakshinapashchim-virginia-deshasya american bluegrass-sangeetajnah asti yah 1976 tamaat varshaat sangeetapradarshanam kurvan asti. saha 1990 tame varshe magra-gyap ityasya samsthaapakah sadasyah aasit. saha swapatnyaa bassist jenee keel ityanaya saha cha laaree keel-anubhavasya pradarshanm karoti. saha ekadashebhyah adhikaani aalbam-aalbam-aalbam-prakashitavan. praarambhikajeevanam. lairee keel 1968 tame varshe virginia-nagarasya manassas-nagare ajayata. tasya pitaa james keel ityanena, yah benjo-vaadanam karoti, saha gitaar-vaadanam shikshitah. tasya bhrata gyaaree, yah gitaar vaayati sma-dwaadashawarshebhyah varishtah cha aasit-saha saptavarshebhyah ekam krinaat. saha 1975 tame varshe gambhirataya vaadanam aarabdhavaan. 1976 taha 1985 paryantam saha anekeshu "ardhavyaavasaayik-paristhitishu" bluegrass-sangeetam abhyanayt, yathaa.jii.bluegrass tathaa fiddler-sammelanaani, samudayika-kaaryakramaah, barbecue ityadini. 1986 tame varshe disney ityanena 18 varshe tokyo disneyland-nagare pradarshanartham anubandha-sangeetajnaroopena niyuktah. america-desham pratyaagatya, saha 1989 tame varshe virginia-deshasya phaukveer-kauntee-nagare bluegrass-sangeetajnaan jaan flover tathaa maark vyaan ityetaan militavaan, tathaa cha te militvaa krushakaa-nyaasah iti namna nirmitasya vaadyavrundasya "pragatisheel-string-sangeetam" anveshayitum aarabhant. 1990 tame varshe maark vyaan (1963-2002) ityeshah "kejan-prabhaawit-jaam-bend" iti avashishtam salmon ityasya anveshanaartham colorado-nagarasya tellurad-nagaram prati gatavaan. vruttihi. 1990 tame varshe keel, tasya dirghakalam yaavat mitrah cha will lee-ityanena saha 1970 tame dashake ralf stanly ityasya vaadyavrundasya gitaar vaadakah ricky lee ityasya putrah, magra gyap iti "pragatisheel-string-vaadyavrundam" samsthaapayat. 1993 tame varshe ayam samoohah bluegrass-spardhaasu spardhaam kurvan sampoorne shenandoh-upatyakayam pravaasam krutavaan. 1993 tame varshe keel tellurad bluegrass-utsavasya gitaar-spardhayam pravesham krutvaa prathamastham praapnot. 1994 tame varshe magra-gyap niyamitaroopen paryatanam aarabdham. keel ityayam 1996 tame varshe punah gitaar-spardhayam vijayam praapnot. keel, jennifer nyumaark ityanena saha militavatee yadaa saa 1994 tame varshe maarch-maase gairee rulee-ityasya naatakam drashtum aagatavatee. yadaa keel, gyaaree ityanena saha ekam raagam sweekartum mancham utthaapayat, tadaa tasya sangeetadnyataayaah, visheshatah david-grissman-ityasya "eet mai dust" iti ragasya grahanasya karanat "saa" prajjwalitaa "abhavat. yadyapi jennie-varyaha kanadwara piano-vaadanam gaatoh, tathaapi keel-ityanena saha militum poorvam kadaapi tankaar-vaadyam naa vaayat. saa keel ityanena saha militvaa sheeghramev baas-bhasham shikshayitum aarabhat. 1996 september-maase keel-varyaha magra-gyap ityanena saha vibhajya, gitaar-vaadane, jennie-baas-vaadane, anyaih sangeetadnyaih cha saha, saha varshaanuvarshebhyah saha karyam krutavaan, lairee-keel-anubhavam asthaapayat. agrimeshu katipayeshu varsheshu samoohah anekeshaam aalbam-granthaanaam dhwanimudranam krutavaan. 2005 janavaree-maase keel-varyaha, gyaaree keel tathaa natural bridge iti nootanam vaadyavrundam nirmitavaan-yasmin gitaar-vaadane, jennie-baas-vaadane, maark schemic-vaadane, benjo-vaadane cha saha sammilitah. te pravaasam krutvaa vistrutaroopena dhwanimudranam cha krutavantah. abhilekhanam. 1996 tame varshe aarabhy, yadaa keller viliums samarthan-sangeetajnaroopena magra-gyap ityanena saha "buzz" iti dhwanimudranam krutavaan-tathaa cha samoohah swa-sheershakam sii. dii.-keel iteedam prakashitavan, tatt sakriya-dhwanimudranam vartate. da-lairee-keel-anubhavasya 1997 see. dee. "mails and mails" ityasmin 20 vishesha-atithayah aasan. 1998 tame varshe keel ityayam "da gret dobro sessions" ityasya krute sadyah eva gryaamee-puraskaravijetaya curtis barcha ityanena saha karyam krutavaan. 2002 tame varshe bilee-constable ityanena saha "laaree-keel, curtis-barch end-da-experience" iti lairee-keel-anubhavasya vimochanam jaatam. keel-ityasya 2004 tame varshe "journey" iti sidi iti, praakrutika-setuhu ityatra tasya gruhe abhilekhitam, atithi-kalakaraha david-vaandeventar, danny-naislee, will-lee, gairee-roole, jaan-flover, rabert-meb, slinky-coblestone, morgan-morrison cha aasan. 2009 tame varshe, laaree keel tathaa natural bridge ityetabhyam praayah sampurnataya mulasya "backwoods" ityasya vimochanam krutam, yat keller viliums ityanena saha-nirmitam, bill wolf ityanena cha praaveenyam avaapnot. aahatah sandeshavaahakah avadat yat, "nirantaram parivartate" kumbhirapurushasya "apekshayaa sambhawatah samuhasya dhwaneem uttamm kimapi geetam naa sankalitam, yat praayah pragatisheel-dhvanika-kriyaamdwaaraa anveshite, parantu atra paripurnataya, utkeern-zanzaavistruta-bhubhagam prati bhramanam karoti." keller-viliums ityanena saha, keller-end-keels iti rupena pradarshanm kurvan, lairee-jenee-keel-ityetayoho dwiteeyam aalbam, "theef" iti naa jaatam. 1 iti vidnyaapanaphalak-suchishu, tatra anekasaptahaha yaavat nirantaram avasat. bhramanam. laaree keel ityayam swasya aneka-sangeeta-abhinaya-samyojan-karyakrameshu ekena saha, anyaih sangeeta-karyakrameshu cha sakriyaroopen pravaasam karoti-sampoorne america-deshasya pramukheshu utsaveshu upasthitah bhavati. 2002 tame varshe, laaree keel anubhawah vaasar clements, toney rais ityetaih saha anekaani pradarshanani abhyanayt, yeshu suvani springfest, merlefest cha antarbhavanti. 2008 tame varshe, laaree keel tathaa natural bridge ityetabhyam tandulaihi, yonder maunten string bend, fred tackett, paal berre, keller viliums, haat tunaa, devison brothers bend ityetaih saha pravaasam krutvaa sahayogam dattam. 2009 tame varshe shitakale keel, yonder-parvata-string-vaadyavrundasya aadam-aijaala ityanena saha washington-oregon-nagarasya, uttar-california-pradeshasya cha pravaase sammilitah. keller tathaa keels 2012 tame varshe caribean-deshe jaam-cruze 10 ityasmin pradarshite. 2013 tame varshe bahamas-nagare lairee keel tathaa praakrutika-setuhu cha, stip-kenyan-rangers ityasya "maunten-song-att-see" cruze ityasmin pradarshite. lairee tathaa jenee keel ityetaah, yonder-maunten-string-bend ityasya jeff-austin ityanena saha tathaa denies ityanena saha sampoorne amerikaadeshasy paryatankshetre sahayogam akurvan, 2013 tame varshe ohiyo-oklahomaa-nagare mumford-putrayoho "gentlemen-aaf-da-road" iti yatrayam dwau pradarshanau api aasan. 2013 tame varshe floridaadeshasya laiv ok-nagare string-chees-ghatanaayaah "hulavin" utsavasya udghatana-kaaryakrame laaree tathaa jenee keel cha abhyanayt. 2014 tame varshe, nutanena truna-punarujjeevan-samsthaapakena syaam-bush ityanena saha laak-utsavasya samaye keels ityete drushyante sma. tasmin eva varshe, tennessy-nagarasya mcminville-nagarasya 33 feet-adhah sthitasya guhaayaam "bluegrass-bhugarbha-" sangeeta-shrunkhalaayaam, lairee-keel-anubhawah vikrayanam pradarshanm abhyanayt. lerry keel anubhawah uttar-carolina-rajyasya breward-nagarasya oskar-blues-broovery-nagare 2014 tame varshe nootanavarshasya purvasandhyayam pradarshanasy aatitheyatvam krutavaan. asmin kaaryakrame samlagnaah pramukhah abhinayaah jaan stickly trayam, kukhyaatasy stringdusters ityasya jeremi gyaaret tathaa travis book, acoustic syndicate ityasya steve myakamari, stip-kenyan-rangers ityasya maik guggino cha aasan. 2015 julai-maase keller tathaa keels ityetau despermaphin ityanena saha dakshinadishi gabheeram paryatan. keel-varyaha tasmin varshe darol-krodhena, syaam-grissman ityanena, scott-low ityanena saha cha saha pradarshanm krutavaan, virginia-nagarasya floyd-fest-madhye treeni sets yojayan. sangeetashailee. 2013 tame varshe, enn. pi. aar. ityanena soochitam, "keel ityayam jagati agnimayam, pramanikam bluegrass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass-grass -"toodey bluegrass" ityasya bryan paal swaank ityeshah 2016 tame varshe uktavaan, "laaree ekaha vishishtah kalakaraha asti, yasmin saha kadaapi kevalam gitaar-wizard iti naa sthirah abhavat, yathaa bahavah yuvakaah kushaagradnyaah kurvanti, parantu tasya sthaane saha swakeeya-vyaktigata-drushtyaa swasangeeta-parichayam nirmitavaan. vyaktigatam. keel ityayam swasya bassist-gayakena jennifer "jenee" (nee nyumaark) keel ityanena saha vivaahitah asti. tasya matsyapaalanasy vishaye utkatata asti, api cha creedaa-matsyapaalanasy krute, bluegrass-kreedaayaah krute cha fishinindpikin iti jalaputam sahitam anekaan sambaddhaan udyamaan cha vikasitavaan.kaam tathaa retreat-karyashalasu ete dwe abhiruchihi samyojitaah santi.

laurie keel laurie dwayne keel (prappu navambar 25,1968) thenmaerku varjeeniyavaich saerntha oru america blue gross isaikkalainar aavaar, avar 1976 muthal isai nigazhchchigalai nadaththi varukiraar. avar 1990 aam aandil magra capin niruvana uruppinaraaga irunthaar. avar thanathu manaivi bassist jennie keel udan laurie keel anubavaththil isai nigazhchchigalai nigazhththinaar. avar oru dajanukkum athigamaana aalbangkalai veliyittullaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. laurie keel 1968 aam aandil varjeeniyaavin manasaasil piranthaar. avarukku avarathu thanthai james keel kittar karpitthaar, avar bango vaasiththaar. kittar vaasiththa avarathu cakootharar kaarii, avarukku aezhu vayathaaka irunththapoathu avarukku ontrai vaankinaar. 1975 aam aandil theeviramaaga isaikkath thodangkinaar. 1976 mattrum 1985 kku idaiyil avar pala "arai thozhilmurai soozhnilaigalil" neelakattai isaiyai nigazhththinaar, athaavathu.jii., neelakattai mattrum fitler maanaadugal, samooga nigazhvugal, paarpikyookkal poantravai. 1986 aam aandil dysniol 18 vayathaaka irunththapoathu tokyo disneylandle paaduvatharkaaga oru oppantha isaikkalainaraaka paniyamarthappattaar. amerikkaavirkuth thirumbiya avar, 1989 aam aandil varjeeniyaavin faggier kavundiyil bluegrass isaikkalainarkalaana john flower mattrum maark vaanai sandhiththaar, maelum avarkal ontraaka vivasaayigalin arakkattalai endra peyaril oru isaikkuzhuvil "murpoakkaana saram isai" aii arayat thodangkinar. 1990 aam aandil, maark vaan (1963-2002) "kajoon-paathikkappatta jaam paent" enjchiya saalmanaik kandupidikka uthavuvatharkaaka kolaradovin dellurideuku kudipeyarnthaar. thozhil. 1990 aam aandil, keel mattrum avarathu neendakaala nanbar liie-1970 kazhil ralf stanlyin isaikkuzhuvaich saerntha kittar kalaignar rickie leeyin magan-makra cape endra "murpoakkaana saram isaikkuzhuvai" niruvinar. 1993 aam aandu varai inththa kuzhu blue gross poattikalil pankettru shenando pallatthaakku muzhuvathum payanam seithathu. 1993 aam aandil, keel tellurite blue gross vizhaavil kittar poattiyil nuzhainthu muthal idaththaip pidiththaar. 1994 aam aandil, magra idaiveli thavaraamal suttruppayanam seiyath thodangiyathu. keel 1996 ill meendum kittar poattiyil ventraar. maarch 1994 ill carrie ruliyin naadagaththaip paarkka vanthapoathu keel jennifer neumarkai sandhiththaar. keel oru paadalai edukka carrie udan maedaiyil ezhunththapoathu, avarathu isaikkalainarkalaal, kurippaaga davit grissman paadalai avarkal eduththathaal "aval uuthivittaal". jennie kaathaal biano vaachiththu paadiyirunthaalum, avar keelaich santhippatharku munbu oru saram konda karuviyai orupoathum vaachiththathillai. aval keel udan ontrinainththaal, viraivaaga baas kattrukkollath thodangkinaal. septumber 1996 ill, keel makra idaiveliyudan pirinthu, kittar, baas mattrum pala aandugalaaka avar paniyaattriya pira isaikkalainarkalaal aana laurie keel anubavaththai uruvaakkinaar. aduththa pala aandugalil kuzhu pala aalbangkalai pathivu seithathu. janavari 2005 ill, keel oru puthiya isaikkuzhuvai uruvaakkinaar, laurie keel & natural bridge-kittar meethu thannaik konda, baas meethu jennie, maandalin meethu maark skimic, mattrum banjo meethu liie. avarkal suttruppayanam seithu virivaaga pathivu seithullanar. pathivukal. 1996 aam aandu thodangi, keller villiams makra idaiveliyai thunai isaikkalainarkalaaka "buss" pathivu seithapoathu-mattrum kuzhu avarkalin suya-thalaippu sidi-keelai veliyittathu seyalil ulla pathivukalaaka ullathu. laurie keel anubavaththin 1997 sidi "miles & miles" 20 sirappu virunththinargalaik kondirundhadhu. 1998 aam aandil, keel "thii grade tobro amarvugal" kkaana sameepathiya kirami viruthu ventra curtis parchudan paniyaattrinaar. laurie keel anubavam 2002 aam aandil billie constabludon "laurie keel, curtis burch & thii experience" endra thiraippataththai veliyittathu. keelin 2004 "jarni" sidi, iyarkai baalaththil ulla avarathu veettil pathivu seiyappattathu, idhil virunththinar kalaignargal davit vaandevendar, danny nikkili, will liie, carrie rulie, john pilavar, robbert maep, slinky coblestone mattrum morgan morrison aagiyoar adangkuvar. 2009 aam aandil, laurie keel mattrum iyarkai paalam kittatthatta muttrilum asal "backwoods" aii veliyittathu, idhu keller villiams inainthu thayaariththathu mattrum pill oonaayaal therchchi pettrathu. kaayamadaindha thoothar kuripittaar, "thodarnthu maarivarum" muthalai manithanai "vida kuzhuvin oliyai sirappaaga inaikkakoodiya paadal ethuvum illai, idhu sengkuththaana, negizhchchiyaana nilaparappu vazhiyaaga suzhalgirathu, idhu perumpaalum murpoakkaana olii seyalgalaal aaraayappadukirathu, aanaal ingkae muzhumaiyadaigirathu." keller villiams udan laurie mattrum jennie keelin irandaavathu aalbam, keller mattrum keals vaedaththil nadiththathu, "theef" illai. vilambarap palagai varaipadangkalil 1 mattrum thodarchchiyaaga pala vaarangkal angkaeyae thangiyirunthaar. suttruppayanam. laurie keel thanathu pala isai nadippu kalavaigalil ondrudanum, pira isai seyalkaludanum theeviramaaga suttruppayanam seikiraar-america muzhuvathum ulla mukiya thiruvizhaakkalil thoandrugiraar. 2002 aam aandil, laurie keel anubavam vaasar clements mattrum donny raise aagiyavattrudan aeraalamaana nigazhchchigalai nadaththiyathu, idhil swani springfest mattrum merlefest adangkum. 2008 aam aandil, laurie keel mattrum natural bridge aagiyavai suttruppayanam seithu arisi, yonder mavundan string paent, fred tackett, paal paarar, keller villiams, hott duna mattrum davison prathars isaikkuzhuvudan oththulaiththana. 2009 aam aandin kulirkaalaththil, keel washington, oorigaan mattrum vadakku california suttruppayanaththil yonder malai saram isaikkuzhuvin aadam aijaalaavudan saernthaar. keller mattrum keals 2012 aam aandil caribean paguthiyil jaam groose 10 ill nigazhththinar. 2013 aam aandil bahaamaasil sengkuththaana canyon raencharkalin "mavundan saang add chee" payanaththil laurie keel mattrum iyarkai paalam nigazhththappattana. laurie mattrum jennie keel aagiyoar yonder mavundan string isaikkuzhuvin jeff austin mattrum danis paarnisudan inainthu america muzhuvathum suttruppayanangkalil oththuzhaiththanar, idhil 2013 aam aandil oohiyoa mattrum ooklahoamaavil mumford mattrum magangalin "gentleman off thii road" suttruppayanaththil irandu thoattranggal adangkum. 2013 aam aandil, laariyum jennie keelum ploaridaavin neradi ookkil nadantha string sease sambavaththin "hulaaveen" thiruvilaavil thodakka nadigaraaga thoantrinar. 2014 aam aandil, puthiya puul marumalarchi niruvanar saam pushshudan puuttu vizhaavil keelgal thoantrina. athae aandu, laurie keel anubavam dennessy, mcminvillukku 33 addii keezhae ulla oru kugaiyil "blue gross nilaththadi" kacheri thodaril virkapatta nigazhchchiyai nadaththiyathu. vadakku carolinavin brewardil ulla ooskar blues madhubaana aalaiyil 2014 putthaandu eev nigazhchchiyai laurie keel anubavam nadaththiyathu. nigazhchchiyil eedupattulla mukiya seyalgalil john stickly moovarum, pirabalamattra stringtestergalin jeremi carett mattrum travis puththagamum, olii cindicatine steve megamari mattrum sengkuththaana canyon raencharkalin maik kukkinoavum adangkum. juulai 2015 ill, kellarum keelsum aabaththaana mafinudan aalamaana therkil suttruppayanam seithanar. antha aandu darol koopam, saam grissman mattrum scott laa aakiyoarudan inainthu keel nigazhchchiyai nigazhththinaar, varjeeniyaavil ulla floydfestil moontru settugalaich serththaar. isai paani. 2013 aam aandil, enn. pii. aarr kuripittaar, "keel ulagengkilum neruppu, unmaiyana blue grazai eduththuch selvatharku arppanikappatta oru isaikkuzhuvai vazhinadaththukiraar."" "bluegrass dude" "endra noolil irunthu praiyan paal swank 2016 aam aandil koorinaar," "laurie oru thaniththuvamaana kalaignar, avar oru kittar mandhiravaathi endru orupoathum kudiyaeravillai, pala ilam kalaignargal seivathu poal, maaraaga, avar thanathu sontha thanipatta paarvai moolam thanathu isai adaiyaalaththai uruvaakkinaar". thanipatta muraiyil. keel thanathu bassist jennifer "jennie" (nee neumark) keelai mananthaar. avar meenpidiththalil aarvam kondavar mattrum vilayaattu meenpidiththal mattrum blue gross aagiyavattrirku arppanikappatta fishinandpickin endra valaiththalam udpada pala thodarpudaiya niruvanangalai uruvaakkiyullaar.inththa irandu aarvangkalaiyum inaikkum kaam mattrum retread pattaraikal.

laurie keel laurie dwayne keel (jananam november 25,1968) nairuti virginiaku chendina oka american bluegrass sangeetakaarudu, athanu 1976 nundi pradarsana istaadu. athanu 1990loe magra gyap vyavasthaapaka sabhyudu. athanu thana bhaarya bassist gennie keel thoo kalisi laurie keel anubhavamlo kooda pradarsana istaadu. ayana dozenuku paiga albumlanu vidudala chesaaru. prarambha jeevitam. laurie keel 1968loe varjeeniyaaloni manassaslo janminchaadu. ataniki athani tandri james keel guitar neerpinchaaru, athanu banzo vaayinchaadu. pannendu samvatsaraalu peddavaadaina guitar vaayinche athani sodarudu gyaarii ataniki edu samvatsaraala vayasulo okadaanni konnadu. athanu 1975loe teevramgaa vaayinchadam praarambhinchaadu. 1976 mariyu 1985 madhya athanu aneka "pakshika-vruttiparamaina paristhitulalo" bluegrass sangeetaanni pradarsinchaadu, udhaa.zii., bluegrass mariyu fiddler samavesalu, community eeventlu, barbeculu modalainavi. 1986loe disney 18 samvatsaraala vayassulo tokyo disneylandlo pradarsana ivvadaaniki contract sangeetakaarudigaa niyaminchabaddaadu. united statesku tirigi vacchina taruvaata, athanu 1989loe varjeeniyaaloni foukveer counteeloo bluegrass sangeetakaarulu zaan flover mariyu maark vaannu kalusukunnadu mariyu vaaru kalisi formers trust anae bandlo "pragatiseela string sangeetam" nuu anveshinchadam praarambhinchaaru. 1990loe, maark vaan (1963-2002) "kazun-prabhaavita jaam byaand" migilipoyina salmon nuu kanugonadamlo sahaayapadataaniki kolarado looni tellurideku vellaaru. vrutti. 1990loe, keel mariyu athani deerghakaala snehitudu 1970laloe ralf stanley byaandku chendina guitarist rickie lii kumarudu-magra gyap anae "pragatiseela string byaand" nuu sthaapinchaaru. 1993 varaku eee brundam bluegrass pootiilaloo paalgontuu shenandoh loya antataa paryatinchindi. 1993loe, keel telluride bluegrass festivallo guitar pootiiloo pravesinchi modati sthaanaanni geluchukundi. 1994loe magra gyap kramam tappakunda paryatinchadam praarambhinchindi. keel 1996loe mallee guitar pootiiloo gelichaadu. marchi 1994loe gyaarii ruulii vaayidyaanni chuudataaniki vachinappudu keel gennifer newmarknu kalusukunnaru. oka tune teeyadaaniki gyaareetho vedikapaiki vachinappudu, "aame athani sangeeta naipunhyam valla, mukhyamgaa david grissman tune" eet mye dust "nuu teesukovadam dwara" egiripoyindi ". gennie chevitho piano vaayinchi, padinappatiki, aame keelnu kalise mundu eppuduu theega vaayidyaanni vaayinchaledu. aame keel thoo kalisi, twaragaa baas neerchukoevadam praarambhinchindi. septembaru 1996loe, keel magra gapto vidipoyi, guitarpy, baspai gennie mariyu athanu samvatsaraalugaa panichesina itara sangeetakaarulato kuudina laurie keel anubhavanni yerparachukunnadu. taruvaati konni samvatsaraalalo eee brundam aneka albumlanu record chesindi. janavari 2005loe, keel oka kotta byaand, laurie keel & natural bridgenu srushtinchaadu-indulo guitar meeda, baspai gennie, mandolin meeda maark skimic, mariyu banzo meeda lii untaaru. vaaru vistrutamgaa paryatinchi record chesaaru. recordinglu. 1996loe praarambhinchi, kellar villiams sahayaka sangeetakaarulugaa magra gapto "buzz" nuu record chesinappudu-mariyu samuuham vaari sweeya-perunna sidi-keelnu vidudala chesindi, idhi kriyaaseela recordingluga undhi. laurie keel anubhavam yokka 1997 sidi "miles & miles" loe 20 mandhi pratyeka atithulu unnaaru. 1998loe, keel "dhi grate dobro sessions" kosam iteevala grammy avaardu graheeta curtis barchtho kalisi panicheesaaru. laurie keel anubhavam 2002loe billie constabletho kalisi "laurie keel, curtis burch & dhi experience" nuu vidudala chesindi. keel yokka 2004 "jarnee" sidi, sahaja vantenalooni athani intlo record cheyabadindi, indulo athidhi kalaakaarulu david vandeventor, daanii naisley, will lii, gyaarii rule, zaan flover, robbert mabe, slinky coblestone mariyu morgaon morrison unnaaru. 2009loe, laurie keel mariyu sahaja vantena daadaapu puurtigaa asalu "byaak woods" nuu vidudala chesaayi, dheenini kellar villiams saha-nirmaatagaa mariyu bill wolf praaveenyam pondaaru. gayapadina dhootha ilaa paerkonnaadu, "nirantaram maarutunna" mosali manishi "kante samuuham yokka dhwanini yea paata kooda baga ponduparachadu, idhi nitaruga, sunnitamaina bhuubhaagam gundaa tirugutundi, tarachugaa pragatiseela dhwani charyalatho anveshinchabadutundi, conny ikkada paripuurnamgaa untundi." kellar villiams thoo kalisi kellar und dhi keyles gaa natinchina laurie mariyu gennie keel yokka rendava album, "theaf" ledhu. 1 billboard chaartulalo mariyu varusalo aneka vaaraala paatu akkade undipoyindi. paryatana. laurie keel thana aneka sangeeta pradarsanala mishramaalalo okadaanitoe mariyu itara sangeeta kaaryakramaalato churukuga paryatistaadu-us antataa pradhana utsavaalalo kanipistaadu. 2002loe, laurie keel anubhavam wasser clements mariyu toney raisto paatu, suvanni spring fest mariyu merley festto sahaa aneka pradarsanalanu pradarsinchindi. 2008loe, laurie keel mariyu natural bridge rais, yonder mountain string byaand, fred tacket, paal barrey, kellar villiams, hott tuna mariyu davison brothers bandto kalisi paryatinchi sahakarinchaayi. 2009 sheethaakaalamlo, keel washington, oregon mariyu uttara california paryatanalo yonder mountain string byaandku chendina aadam aijalalo cheraaru. kellar mariyu keyles 2012loe carabianlo jaam cruiz 10loe pradarsinchaaru. 2013loe bahamaslo stip canyon rangers 'mountain sang ett sea cruiz' loe laurie keel mariyu natural bridge pradarsinchaaru. laurie mariyu gennie keel united states antataa paryatanalalo ander mountain string byaand mariyu barneysku chendina jeff austin thoo kalisi panicheesaaru, 2013loe oheo mariyu oklahomaalo mumford & suns 'gentlemen off dhi road' paryatanalo rendu pradarsanalatoe sahaa. 2013loe, floridaloni live oklo jarigina string cheej sanghatana yokka "hulaveen" utsavamlo laurie mariyu gennie keel prarambha pradarsanalo kanipinchaaru. 2014loe, kotta gaddi punaruddharana vyavasthaapakudu saam bushto lockn festivallo keyles kanipinchaayi. adhe samvatsaram, laurie keel anubhavam mcminville, tenniseeki 33 adugula diguvana unna oka guhalo "bluegrass bhoogarbha" kacheri siriisloo ammudupoyina pradarsananu pradarsinchindi. uttara karolinaloni brewardloni oskaar blues saaraabatteelo 2014 noothana samvatsara vedukala pradarsananu laurie keel anubhavam nirvahinchindi. eee pradarsanalo palgonna pradhana karyakramalalo zaan stickley trayam, aprasiddha string dusters yokka jeremi garrett mariyu travis book, acoustic syndicate yokka steve mcmurry mariyu stip canyon rangers yokka mike guggino unnaayi. juulai 2015loe, kellar mariyu keyles pramaadakara muffin thoo lothaina dakshinam gundaa paryatinchaaru. keel aaa samvatsaram darol kopam, saam grissman mariyu scott laa sahakaaramtho kooda pradarsana icchaadu, varjeeniyaaloni floydfestlo moodu setlanu jodinchaadu. sangeeta shaili. 2013loe, enn. pii. aarr. ilaa perkondi, "prapanchavyaaptamgaa mandutunna, praamaanikamaina bluegrassnu teesukelladaaniki ankitamaina byaandku keel naayakatvam vahistaadu."" "bluegrass tude" "kuu chendina brian paal swank 2016loe ilaa annadu," "laurie oka pratyaekamaina kalakarudu, athanu chaalaa mandhi yuva kalaakaarula vale guitar mantrikudiga ennadoo sthirapadaledu, conny badulugaa, athanu thana vyaktigata drushti dwara thana sangeeta gurtimpunu srushtinchaadu". vyaktigatam. keel thana bassist gennifer "gennie" (nee newmark) keelnu vivaham chesukunnadu. aayanaku chepalu pattadam patla makkuva undhi mariyu fishing mariyu bluegrass anae fishingku ankitamaina website sahaa aneka sambandhita samsthalanu abhivruddhi chesaaru.eee rendu aasaktulanu kalipe com mariyu retreat varkshaaplu.

leeri keell leeri daween keell (paidaish 25 nomber 1968) janub maghrabi warjiniya say taaluq rakhnay waala eek americi blue graas mausiqar hay juu 1976 say perform kirr rehaa hay. wah 1990 mein megra gape kay baanee rakan thay. wah apnee bewi baasist jeanny keell kay saath bhee leeri keell kay tajarbay mein perform kartay haine. inhon nay eek darjan say ziyadah albumz jaari kiye haine. ibtadayi zindagi. leeri keell 1968 mein manasas warjiniya mein paida hoay. inhein inn kay waalid jaims keell nay gataar sikhaya juu benjo bajatay thay. iss kay bhayee gairee juu gataar bajatay thay-aur baarah saal baday thay-nay asay saat saal kii amar mein eek kharida. inhon nay 1975 mein sanjeedgi say bajana sharoo kiyaa. 1976 aur 1985 kay darmiyan inhon nay kayee "neem paishah waranah halaat" mein blue graas mausiqi paish kii jeesay.jee.yee blue graas aur fuddler convention community avents barbecuse waghairah. 1986 mein dazni nay 18 saal kii amar mein tokiyo dazni lend mein perform karnay kay liye eek contract mausiqar kay toor parr khidmaat haasil kein. america waps aakar wah 1989 mein warjiniya kay focare county mein blue graas mausiqar jaan flawar aur maark ween say milay aur inhon nay mill kirr formers trust kay naam say tashkil shadah bend mein "progresso string music" kii talaash sharoo kii. 1990 mein maark ween (1963-2002) "keejan say mutasir jaam bend" kay baqiyah salman kuu talaash karnay mein madad kay liye teloride colorado muntaqil how gayaa. carrier. 1990 mein keell aur iss kay derinah dost 1970 kii dahayi mein raalif steenlay kay bend say gtarst rakee lee kay betay nay megra gape kay naam say eek "progresso string bend" kii bunyaad rakhee. 1993 takk iss grop nay blue graas muqabilon mein hasah leetay hoay waadi shinandwah mein safar kiyaa. 1993 mein keell nay teloride blue graas festival mein gataar muqabilay mein hasah liyaa aur pehli position haasil kii. 1994 mein megra kay waqfe nay baqayedgi say dorah karnaa sharoo kiyaa. keell nay 1996 mein dobarah gataar kaa muqabilah jeeta. keell kii mulaqat genifer neo maark say iss waqat hoyee jabb wah maarch 1994 mein geeri rolee kaa dramah dekhnay aayee. jabb keell geeri kay saath eek dhann leenay kay liye stage parr uthay thoo "wah inn kii mausiqi say" adaa dee gayee "yee khaas toor parr dude graceman kii dhann" meeri dhol khaa low "parr inn kay amal say. agarcha jeanny kaan say pyano bajati thee aur gaati thee leakin keell say milnay say pehley iss nay kabhi taar waala aalah nahein bajaya thaa. wah keell kay saath mill gayee aur jaldi say baas seekhna sharoo kirr diyaa. satambar 1996 mein keell megra kay farq say alg how gayaa aur iss nay leeri keell kaa tajarbah tashkil diyaa juu khood gataar parr jeanny baas parr aur deegar mausiqaron say banaa thaa jinn kay saath iss nay barson say kaam kiyaa thaa. aglay kayee saalon mein grop nay kayee albumz record kiye. januri 2005 mein keell nay eek neeya baind leeri keell aind natural barj banaya-jiss mein wah gataar parr jeanny baas parr maark schemic mendolan parr aur benjo parr lee karein gay. inhon nay baday paimanay parr dorah kiyaa aur record kiyaa. recording. 1996 mein sharoo honay waalay jabb caller waleems nay maawan mausiqaron kay toor parr megra kay farq kay saath "buzz" record kiyaa-aur grop nay apnee khood anwaan see ddee jaari kii-keell faal recording rahee hay. leeri keell kay tajarbay kii 1997 see ddee "mails aind mails" mein 20 khususi mahmanon kuu shaamil kiyaa gayaa. 1998 mein keell nay crits birch kay saath kaam kiyaa juu "dee great dobro sessions" kay liye haaliyah greemi aiward yaaftah haine. leeri keell kay tajarbay nay 2002 mein bully constable kay saath "leeri keell crits birch aind dee assurance" jaari kiyaa. keell kii 2004 kii "travel" see ddee juu qadarti pull mein inn kay gahar mein record kii gayee thee mein mahman fankaar dude vendiventor deaney naisli will lie geeri rolee jaan flower raabart maib slanky coblestone aur morgan morison shaamil thay. 2009 mein leeri keell aur natural barj nay taqriba makmal toor parr asl "beek wode" jaari kiyaa jasay caller waleems nay mushtarkah toor parr tayaar kiyaa aur bull walaf nay iss mein maharat haasil kii. zakhmi paigham rasaan nay nott kiyaa "shayed koyee bhee gaana grop kii aawaz kuu muslisil badaltay hoay" magarmach waalay aadmi "say behatar nahein banaata juu aksar tarqi pasand suutee aamaal say driyafat kiye jaanay waalay teez parr josh elaqay say guzarta hay leakin yahaan kaamil hay." caller waleems kay saath leeri aur jeanny keell kaa dosra album caller aind dee cales kay toor parr perform kartay huay "choor" nahein gayaa. 1 bull board chaart parr aur lagatar kayee hafton takk wahaan rehaa. toring. leeri keell apnay behat say musical aikat kamboz mein say eek kay saath aur deegar musical aikat kay saath-america bhar kay baday tehwaron mein sharkat kartay hoay faal toor parr doray kartay haine. 2002 mein leeri keell kay tajarbay nay waasar clements aur tony raais kay saath mutadid shoz khailay jinn mein sawani spring fest aur marli fest shaamil haine. 2008 mein leeri keell aur natural barj nay chawal younder mountain string baind fried tecket paal barrery caller waleems hott tonaa aur deoson baradarz bend kaa dorah kiyaa aur inn kay saath taawan kiyaa. 2009 kay mosam sarma mein keell nay washington auregon aur shamali california kay doray parr younder mountain string bend kay aadam aijala mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii. caller aur cales nay 2012 mein caribean mein jaam karoz 10 parr perform kiyaa. leeri keell aur natural barj nay 2013 mein bahamon mein khadee waadi kay rengers kay "mountain swing aett see" karoz parr perform kiyaa. leeri aur jeanny keell nay younder mountain string bend kay jaif auston aur denies kay saath puray america kay dooron mein taawan kiyaa jiss mein 2013 mein auhaiyo aur oklahooma mein mumford aur beton kay "gentleman aaf dee road" kay doray parr duu paishi bhee shaamil haine. 2013 mein leeri aur jeanny keell fluoreda kay laiyo ook mein string cheez kay waaqiye kay "holavin" festival mein iftatahi adakari kay toor parr nazar aayey. 2014 mein cales gahaas kay ahya kay nayey baanee seem bash kay saath laak festival mein namodar hoay. asee saal leeri keell kay tajarbay nay tenneesi kay mcman will kay neechey 33 fitt kay ghaar mein "blue graas zeer zameen" concert seerez mein eek seiled aaot show kheela. leeri keell kay tajarbay nay breward shamali carolina mein oskar blues brewari mein 2014 kay nayey saal kay moqaa parr show kii mezbani kii. show mein shaamil aham adakariyon mein jaan stuckly trave badnaam zamanah stringdisters kii gerimi garriot aur traves buck suutee sandiket kay steve macmurry aur khadee waadi kay rengers kay mayik gagino shaamil thay. jolayi 2015 mein caller aur cales nay respermfen kay saath gehrey janub kaa dorah kiyaa. keell nay iss saal droll reegar seem gracemen aur scott laa kay taawan say bhee perform kiyaa jiss mein warjiniya mein floyd fest mein teen seet shaamil kiye gayey. mausiqi kaa andaaz. 2013 mein aine pee aar nay nott kiyaa "keell eek bend kii qayadat kartaa hay juu duniya bhar mein aatish gair mustand blue graas leenay kay liye waqaf hay."" "blue graas tuday" "say taaluq rakhnay waalay brine paal swank nay 2016 mein kahaa" "leeri eek manfard fankaar hay jiss mein wah kabhi bhee sarf gataar kay jadogar kay toor parr aabaad nahein hawaa jaisa kahh behat say naujawan maahir alam kartay haine leakin iss kay bajaye iss nay apnee mausiqi kii shanakhat apnay zaati wazan say paida kii. zaati. keell nay apnay baasist genifer "jeanny" (nee neo maark) keell say shaadi kii hay. asay maahi geeri kaa shoq hay aur iss nay mutadid mutaliqah karobari idaarey tayaar kiye haine jinn mein kheel maahi geeri aur blue graas kay liye waqaf eek waib saait shaamil hay jasay fash anend pakeen kahaa jaataa hay.kaam aur retrait workshops juu inn donon dilchaspiyon kuu yakja karti haine.

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https://en.wikisource.org/wiki?curid=105341

Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Johann Pistorius

Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Johann Pistorius <templatestyles src="Header/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Header/main block/styles.css" />← Diocese of Pistoia and Prato Pierre Pithou → <includeonly></includeonly> A controversialist and historian, born at Nidda in Hesse, 14 February, 1546; died at Freiburg, 18 July, 1608. He is sometimes called Niddanus from the name of his birthplace. His father was a well-known Protestant minister, Johann Pistorius the Elder (died 1583 at Nidda), who from 1541 was superintendent or chief minister of Nidda, and took part in several religious disputations between Catholics and Protestants. Pistorius the Younger studied theology, law, and medicine at Marburg and Wittenberg 1559-67. He received the degree of Doctor of Medicine, and in 1575 was appointed court physician to the Margrave Karl II of Baden-Durlach, who frequently sought his advice in political and theological matters. In search of more consistent beliefs, Pistorius turned from Lutheranism to Calvinism; through his influence the Margrave Ernst Friedrich of Baden-Durlach made the same change. As time went on, however, Pistorius became dissatisfied with Calvinism also. In 1584 he became a privy councillor of Margrave James III of Baden-Hochberg at Emmendingen; after further investigation he entered the Catholic Church in 1588. At his request the Margrave James brought about the religious disputations of Baden, 1589, and Emmendingen, 1590. After the second disputation the court preacher Zehender and the margrave himself became Catholics. James III, however, died on 17 August, 1590, and being succeeded by his Protestant brother Ernst Friedrich, Pistorius was obliged to leave. He went to Freiburg, became a priest in 1591, then vicar-general of Constance until 1594; after this he was an imperial councillor, cathedral provost of Breslau, Apostolic prothonotary, and in 1601 confessor to the Emperor Rudolph II. After his death his library came into the possession of the Jesuits of Molsheim and later was transferred to the theological seminary at Strasburg. Pistorius published a detailed account of the conversion of Margrave James III: "Jakobs Marggrafen zu Baden . . . christliche, erhebliche und wolfundirte Motifen" (Cologne, 1591). His numerous writings against Protestantism, while evincing clearness, skill, and thorough knowledge of his opponents, especially of Luther, are marked by controversial sharpness and coarseness. The most important are: "Anatomia Lutheri" (Cologne, 1595-8);"Hochwichtige Merkzeichen des alten und neuen Glaubens" (Münster, 1599); "Wegweiser vor alle verführte Christen" (Münster, 1599). Pistorius was attacked violently by the Protestants; e. g., by Huber, Spangenbert, Mentzer, Horstius, and Christoph Agricola. Replies to the "Anatomia Lutheri" were written by the Protestant theologians of Wittenberg and Hesse. Pistorius also busied himself with cabalistic studies, and published "Artis cabbalisticæ, h. e. reconditæ theologiæ et philosophiæ scriptorum tomus unus" (Basle, 1587). As court historiographer to the Margrave of Baden, he investigated the genealogy of the princely house of Zahringen; he also issued two works on historical sources: "Polonicæ historiæ corpus, i. e. Polonicarum rerum latini veteres et recentiores scriptores quotquot exstant" (Basle, 1582), and "Rerum Germanicarum veteres jam primum publicati scriptores aliquot insignes medii ævi ad Carolum V" (Frankfort, 1583-1607). FRIEDRICH LAUCHERT.

ketholik biswokux (1913)/juhann pisto 'riyas pisto 'yoy aaru pratur daay "sis pire pithou → ejon bitorkitobadi aaru itihaxbid, 14 february, 1546-too heser niddat jonmogrohon korisil; 1608 sonor 18 july, freibergot mrityu hoisil. ketiyaba teur jonmosthanor naamor poraa teuk nidanas buli kuwa hoy. teur pitri ejon xuporisito protestant montri aasil, jyestho john pisto "riyas (1583 sonot niddat mrityu hoisil), ji 1541 sonor poraa niddar odhikhyok baa mukhyomontri aasil, aaru ketholik aaru protestantxokolor maajot keibatau dhormiyo bibadot ongxogrohon korisil. konistho pisto "riyaxe marberg aaru wittenbergot dhormobigyan, aain aaru sikitsa bigyan odhyoyon korisil. teu sikitsokor degree laabh korisil, aaru 1575 sonot beden-darlasor margev carl dwitiyor aadalotor sikitsok hisape nijukto hoisil, ji xoghonai rajnoitik aaru dhormotatwik bixoyot teur poramorxo bisarisil. odhik xuxongot biswaxor xondhanot, pistoriyaxe lutheranismor poraa kelvinijomoloi ghuri aahisil; teur probhawor joriyote beden-darlasor margev arnsto freidrise eke poriworton korisil. xomoy juwar loge loge, obosye, pistorius calvinismor uporotu oxontusto hoi porisil. 1584 sonot teu amendanot beden-hosbergor margrave james tritiyor prevy councilor hoisil; odhik todontor pisot 1588 sonot teu ketholik girjat prowex korisil. teur onurudhot marewe jamese 1589 sonor beden aaru 1590 sonor amendanor dhormiyo bitorkor sristi korr baabe aahban jonaisil. dwitiyo bitorkor pisot dorbaror prokaror pro prosarok jehender jehender aar aar aaru maare nijei ketholik hoi porisil. obosye 1590 sonor 17 aagostot james tritiyor mrityu hoy aaru teur protestant bhatri arnsto freidrise teur uttoradhikari huwar baabe pisto "riyas jaboloi badhyo hoy. teu freibergoloi goisil, 1591 sonot puruhito hoisil, taar pisot 1594 sonoloike constanceor bhikar-general hoisil; iyar pisot teu ejon xamrajyik councilor, breslaur cathedral probhusto, apostolic prothun 'turry, aaru 1601 sonot xomrat ruddlof dwitiyor usorot swikar korr korok aasil. teur mrityur pisot teur puthibhoral mulsimor jesuitor dokhololoi aahisil aaru pisot stresbergor dhormiyo xikhyarthoniloi sthanantorito koraa hoisil. pisto "riyaxe margrave james tritiyor rupantoror ek bixod biboron prokax korisiloh" jacobos margrephen ju beden. . . christolise, erehelise ungdo ulfundirte mutifen "(kolun, 1591). protestantobador biruddhe teur oxongkhyo lekhai teur birudhixokolor, bixexkoi lutharor bixoye spostota, dokhyota aaru xompurno gyan prokax korar logote bitorkito tikhnota aaru kothurotar dwara sinhito. ataitkoi guruttopurnobur hoh "loh" anatomia lutheri "(kolun, 1595-8);" hosuistige merkjeisen des elten ungdo niuyen glubbens "(monster, 1599);" wegweijar bhor el ververte christen "(monster, 1599). protestantxokole pistoriyosok hingxatmokbhabe aakromon korisil; udaa. ji., hubar, spengjenbert, mentjar, horstius aaru christof egorik 'laar dwara. enat 'miya lutheri" ror uttorxomuh wittenberg aaru heser protestant dhormototwobidxokole likhisil. pisto "riyaxeu cabelistic odhyoyonot byosto hoi porisil, aaru" artis cabalistic, eis "prokax korisil. ee. recondite theology ett philosophie scripturum tomas byowoharjugyo nohoy "(besol, 1587). bedenor margrevor rajxobhar itihaxbid hisape, teu jahoringenor rajokiyo grihor bongxobrittantor todonto korisil; teu oitihaxik utxor uporot dukhon gronthou jaari koreh "polunik histo" riya korpas, orthat. ee. polunikram reram letini veterance ett holicidures scripturs kutkut extent "(bejol, 1582), aaru" reram germanykaram veterus jaam praimam pabolikati scrt "ror lipirs elikut sinho medi ebhi aid kerulam bhi" (frankfort, 1583-1607). freidrik loucert.

catholic biswakosh (1913)/johann pistorius pistoa ebong prator diosis piyere pithu  ekjon bitorkito ebong itihasbid, 14ee february, 1546 saale hesse-err nidda jonmogrohon corren; 1608 saaler 18ee julai freiberge maaraa zaan. kokhono kokhono taanr jonmosthaner naam theke taanke niddanas bolla hoy. taanr baba chhilen ekjon suporichito protestant montri, jyestho johann pistorius (1583 saale nidda maaraa zaan), jini 1541 saal theke niddar tottabodhayok baa mukhyamantri chhilen ebong catholic oo protestantder modhye besh koyekti dharmiya bitorke ongsho niyechilen. pistorius dya eor marberg ebong wittenberg-ayee dhormototto, aain ebong chikitsashastro niye padashona corren. tini daktarer degree orjon corren ebong 1575 saale beden-darlacher dwitiya margrave carler dorbare chikitsak nijukto hohn, jini prayashai rajnaitik oo dhormotattik bishoye taanr poramorsho niten. arow samanjasyapurna biswaser sondhane, pistorius lutheranism theke calvinismer dike firey zaan; taanr probhaber madhyome badden-darlacher margrave earnst friedrich ekoi poriborton korechilen. somoyer saathe saathe pistorius calvinismer protio asantushta hoye paden. 1584 khristabde tini emmendene badden-hochberger tritiya margrave jameser ekjon prevy councillor hohn; arow todonter porr tini 1588 khristabde catholic girja probesh corren. taanr anurodhe margrave james 1589 khristabder badden ebong 1590 khristabder emmenden-err dharmiya bitorker srishti corren. dwitiya bitorker porr adaloter procharok jehender ebong margrave nijei catholic hoye zaan. james tritiya, tobey, 1590 saaler 17ee august maaraa zaan ebong taanr protestant bhai ernest friedricher dwara uttoradhikari howar porey, pistoriuske choley jete badhyo koraa hoy. tini freeberge zaan, 1591 saale ekjon purohito hohn, tarpor 1594 saal porjonto constancer vicker-general hohn; err porey tini ekjon rajakiya councillor, breslauer cathedral provost, apostolic prothonotary ebong 1601 saale samrat dwitiya ruddloffer kachhe swikarokti prodankari chhilen. taanr mrityur porr taanr gronthagarti molsheimer jesuitgulir dokhole aase ebong porey strasburge dhormotattik seminare sthanantorito hoy. pistorius margrave james tritiya-err rupantarer ekti bistarito biboron prakash korechenoh "jacobs marggraphen joo badden. . . christoliche, erhabliche undo olfundirte motifen "(colone, 1591). protestantbader biruddhe taanr asankhya lekha, taanr birodhider, biseshoto luther somporke sposhtota, dokkhota ebong punkhanupunkha gyan prakash korar pashapashi bitorkito tikhnata ebong motaa dwara chinnito. sabcheye guruttopurno holl "anatomia lutheri" (colone, 1595-8); "hochwichtige markjeichen days alten undo neun glubbens" (monster, 1599); "oyegaoyejara vore aley verfurte christen" (monster, 1599). protestantra pistoriuske hingosrobhabe akraman korechilo; udaa. zii., huber, spangenbert, mentzer, horsteus ebong christoph agricola dwara. sharirbrittiya lutherir" uttorguli wittenberg ebong heser protestant dhormotottobidra likhechilen. pistorius cablistic studdy niye byasto chhilen ebong "artis cablistic, eich" prakash korechilen. ee. dhormototto ebong darshonik lippy-gono tomas abyabohrito "(bessel, 1587). baddener rajsabhar itihasbid hisabe, tini zahringener rajporibarer bongshobrittanto todonto korechilen; tini oitihasik utser upor duti kaajo jaari korechilenoh "polonic histori corpus, i. ee. polonicarom reram latiny vetories ebong samprotiktomo scriptores kotkot extant (bessel, 1582), ebong reram germanicarum vetories jyama primum publicti scriptores alikote chinno meddy αvi ayada carolum vee (frankfort, 1583-1607). friedrich louchart.

ketholik gnyankosh (1913)/johann pistorius pistoia aneey praatonu diosis pier pithau  aek vivadaspad aneey itihaaskaar, 14 februari, 1546naa roj hesemaa nidda khaate janmela; 18 julai, 1608naa roj freeberg khaate avsaan pamya. temne kyarek temnaa janmsthalnaa naam parthee nidanus kahevama aave chhe. temnaa pitaa jaanita protestant mantree, johann pistorius dhaa elder (1583maan nidda khaate mrutyu pamya) hataa, jeo 1541thee nidaanaa adhikshak athavaa mukhyamantri hataa aneey ketholik aneey protestant vachchena ghanaa dhaarmik vivaadomaa bhaag letaa hataa. naana pistoriuse marberg aneey wittenbergma dharamshastra, kaayado aneey davaano abhyaas karyo hato. temane doctor off medicinni degree melvee hatee, aneey 1575maan beden-darlechnaa margrave carle II maate darbari chikitsak tareeke nimanook karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeo vaaramvaar raajkeey aneey dhaarmik babatoma temnee salah letaa hataa. vadhu susangat manyataoni shodhamaa, pistorius lutheranismthi calvinism taraf valyo; tenaa prabhaav dwara beden-darlechnaa margrave earnst friedriche samaan ferfar karyo. joke, jaim jaim samay pasaar thato gayo tema tema, pistorius pann calvinismthi asantusht thato gayo. 1584maan teo emmenden khaate beden-hochbergnaa margrave james trijaanaa prevy councillar banyaa; vadhu tapaas pachhi teo 1588maan ketholik churchma praveshyaa. temnee vinanti parr margrave jamese beden, 1589 aneey emmenden, 1590naa dhaarmik vivaado laavya. beeja vivaad pachhi darbaarnaa updeshak zendara aneey margrave pote ketholik banyaa. joke, james triju 17 august, 1590naa roj mrutyu pamya hataa aneey temnaa protestant bhaai earnst friedrich dwara anugaamee banataa, pistoriusne tyaanthi chaalvaa maate bandhaayela hataa. teo freeberg gayaa, 1591maan paadari banyaa, pachhi 1594 sudhee constancenaa wicker-general banyaa; aaa pachhi teo aek shaahee councillar, breslaauna cathedral provost, apostolic prothonotary aneey 1601maan samrat rudolph beejaane kaboolaat karnaar hataa. temnaa mrutyu pachhi temnu pustakaalay molshemnaa jesuitnaa kabajaama aavyu aneey baadmaa tene strasberg khaatena dhaarmik seminaryma sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aavyu. pistoriuse margrave james III naa rupaantaranno vigatvaar ahewal prakashit karyoh "jacobs marggraphen zhoo beden. . . chrystalliche, erhablich unda wolfundirte motifen "(collon, 1591). protestantvaad viruddh temnaa asankhya lakhaano, temnaa virodheeo, khaas kareene luther vishe spashtata, kaushalya aneey sampoorn gyaan darshaave chhe, jeey vivadaspad tikshnataa aneey baradpanu dwara chinhit thayel chhe. sauthee mahatvapurn chheh "anatomia lutheri" (collon, 1595-8); "hochwichies merczechan days alten aneey nyun glubens" (munster, 1599); "vegvisor voora all worfuhert christen" (munster, 1599). protestanto dwara pistorius parr hinsak humalo karvaamaa aavyo hato; ee. jee., huber, spangenbert, mentzer, horstius aneey christoff agricola dwara. anatomia lutheri" naa javaabo wittenberg aneey hesnaa protestant dharamshastrio dwara lakhvaamaa aavyaa hataa. pistoriuse pann cabalistic abhyasoma vyast rahee hatee aneey "artis cabalistic, aech. ee. dharamshastra aneey filosoofi scriptrum tomus binaupyogi chhe (baseley, 1587). bedennaa rajdarbarna itihaaskaar tareeke, temane zaharingenna rajvadani vanshavalini tapaas curry; temane aitihasik stroto parr beey kruteeo pann bahaar paadih "polonic histree corpus, etale keey. ee. polonikaram reram leteeni vetaran aneey taajetarnaa scripter kotkot extent "(baseley, 1582), aneey" reram germanicarum vetaran jaam primum publicuty scripter elikot ignace medee εvi aeda kerolam vee "(frankfort, 1583-1607). friedrich loacher.

catholic vishvakosh (1913)/johann pistorius pistoia aur prato kaa diosis piyare pithou  ack vivadaspad aur itihaaskaar, jinka janm nidda, hese mein 14 farwari, 1546 koo huaa thaa; 18 julaai, 1608 koo freeberg mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee. unhein kabhi-kabhi unake janmasthan key naam seey nidnas kahaa jaataa haye. unake pitaa ack prasiddh protestant mantri, johann pistorius dha elder (1583 mein nidda mein mrityu) they, joe 1541 seey nidda key adheekshak yaa mukhyamantri they, aur catholics aur protestants key beach kaee dhaarmik vivaadon mein bhaag lete they. chhote pistorius ney marberg aur whittenberg mein dharamshastra, kaanoon aur chikitsa kaa adhyayan kiya. unhone doctor off medicine kii degree praapt kii, aur 1575 mein beden-derlack key margrave carle dwiteeya key liye darbari chikitsak niyukt kiye gaye, joe aksar raajneetik aur dhaarmik mamalon mein unaki salah lete they. adhik susangat maanyataon kii talash mein, pistorius ney luthranwad seey calvinism kii or rukh kiya; apane prabhaav key madhyam seey beden-derlack key margrave ernst friedrich ney vahee badalaav kiya. haalaanki, jaise-jaise samay beetata gayaa, pistorius bhee calvinism seey asantusht hoe gayaa. 1584 mein way ammenden mein beden-hochberg key margrave james III key ack privy paarshad bunn gaye; aage kii jaanch key baad unhone 1588 mein catholic church mein pravesh kiya. unake anurodh parr margrave james ney beden, 1589 aur ammenden, 1590 key dhaarmik vivaadon koo laaya. dusare vivaad key baad darbar key upadeshak zehender aur margrave khud catholic bunn gaye. haalaanki, james III kii mrityu 17 agast, 1590 koo hui, aur unake protestant bhaai ernst friedrich dwara uttaradhikari honey key kaaran, pistorius koo jaane key liye majboor honah padaa. vaha freeberg gayaa, 1591 mein ack pujari banaa, phir 1594 taka constance kaa wicker-general banaa; isake baad vaha ack shaahi paarshad, bracelou kaa cathedral provost, apostolic prothonotary aur 1601 mein samrat rudolf dwiteeya key liye kabulkarta thaa. unaki mrityu key baad unakaa pustakalaya molshem key jesuits key kabje mein aaa gayaa aur baad mein ise stresberg mein dharamshastriya madarse mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. pistorius ney margrave james III key roopaantaran kaa ack vistrit vivaran prakaashit kiyaah "jacobs margaraphen juu beden. . . chrystalliche, erhablicae unda wolfundirte motifen "(collon, 1591). protestantwad key khilaf unake kaee lekhan, apane virodhiyon, vishesh roop seey luther key baare mein spashtata, kaushal aur gahan gyaan koo prakat karate hue, vivadaspad teekhipan aur motepan seey chihnit hain. sabse mahatvapurna hainh "anatomia lutheri" (collon, 1595-8); "hochwichige merczichen days elton unda nyun globbens" (munster, 1599); "vegvaaizar vore all worfuhert christen" (munster, 1599). protestants dwara pistorius parr hinsak hamla kiya gayaa thaa; ee. jee., huber, spangenbert, mentzer, horstius aur christophe agricola dwara. anatomia lutheri" key jawab whittenberg aur hese key protestant dharmshastriyon dwara likhe gaye they. pistorius ney bhee cablistic adhyayan mein khud koo vyast kiya, aur "artis cablistic, aich." prakaashit kiya. ee. dharamshastra aur darshan shaastra tomus anupayogi "(besley, 1587). beden key margrave key darbari itihaaskaar key roop mein, unhone zahrinjen key shaahi gharaane kii vanshavali kii jaanch kii; unhone aitihaasik sroton parr dou kaary bhee jaari kieh "polonic histry corpus, i. ee. polonikaram reram latini veteran aitt lestiores scriptorus kotkot extent "(bessel, 1582), aur" reram germanicarum veteran jaim primum publicati scriptorus elikote ignus medai avy aid carollum vee "(frankfort, 1583-1607). taley hue laucher.

catholic vishvakosha (1913)/johann pistorius pistoya mattu praatoda diasis pier pithou  vivaadavaadi mattu itihaasakaara, 1546rahra phebravari 14randu hesseya niddaadalli janisidaru; 1608rahra julai 18randu freeburgnalli nidhanaraadaru. aatana janmasthalada hesarininda kelavomme avanannu niddanus endu kareyalaaguttade. avana tande prasiddha protestant mantriyagidda johann pistorius dhii elder (1583 ralli nidhanaraadaru), avaru 1541 rinda niddaada superintendent athawa mukhyamantriyagiddaru mattu catholic mattu protestantgala naduvina halavaaru dharmika vivaadagalalli bhagavahisidaru. kiriya pistorius marberg mattu whittenberg nalli devatashastra, kaanoonu mattu vaidyakeeyavannu adhyayana maadidaru. avaru vaidyashaastrada padaviyannu padedaru, mattu 1575 ralli badden-darlakna margrave carle II ge asthaana vaidyaraagi nemakagondaru, avaru rajakiya mattu devataashaastrada vishayagalalli aagaagge avara salaheyannu koridaru. hecchu sthiravaada nambikegala hudukaatadalli, pistorius lutheranisanninda calvinisange tirugidaru; avana prabhaavada moolaka badden-darlakna margrave ernst friedrich adhe badalaavaneyannu maadidaru. aadaagyoo, kaala kaledante, pistorius calvinismna baggeyoo asamaadhaanagondanu. 1584ralli aata emmendennalli badden-hatchbergn margrave james IIIrahra prevy councillar aadanu; hecchina tanikheya nantara aata 1588ralli catholic churchge praveshisidanu. aatana korikeya merege margrave james 1589rahra baden mattu 1590rahra emmenden dharmika vivaadagalannu tandanu. eradane vivaadada nantara aasthaanada bodhaka jhendar mattu margrave swatah catholic aadaru. aadaagyoo, james III, 1590rahra august 17randu nidhanaraadaru mattu avara protestant sahodara earnst friedrich avara uttaradhikariyada nantara, pistorius horatuhogabekaayitu. avanu freeberge hodanu, 1591ralli paadriyaadanu, nantara 1594ravarege constansen vikar-general aadanu; idara nantara avanu saamraajyashahi councillar, breslavn cathedral provost, apostolic prothonotary mattu 1601ralli chakravarty rudolph IIge tappoppigeyagiddanu. avana maranada nantara avana granthaalayavu molsheemna jesyootgala swadhinakke banditu mattu nantara strasbergnalliruva devataashaastrada seminarige vargaayisalaayitu. margrave james III rahra mataantarada vivaravaada vivaraneyannu pistorius prakatisidanuh "jacobs margraphen juu baden. . . christlitch, erhabliche und wolfundirte motifen "(colone, 1591). protestantism viruddha avara halavaaru barahagalu, tamma virodhigala bagge, visheshavaagi luther bagge spashtate, kaushalya mattu sampoorna gnaanavannu torisuttave, idu vivaadaatmaka tikshnate mattu oratutanadinda gurutisalpattide. atyanta pramukhavaadavugalendareh "anatomia luthery" (collon, 1595-8); "hochvichtige merczychen dess alton und neunen gloubans" (munster, 1599); "vegvisor vore aall verfurte christen" (munster, 1599). protestantgalu pistorius mele himsaatmakavaagi daali maadidaru; udaa. zii., huber, spangenbert, mentzer, horsteus mattu christophe agricola avarinda. anatomia lutheri" ge uttaragalannu whittenberg mattu heseya protestant devataashaastragnaru barediddaare. pistorius kooda cabalistic adyayanagalalli niratanagiddanu mattu "artis cabalistic, etch. ii. dharamshastra mattu tatvashaastrada scriptorum tomus annu anupayuktavagi maruparisheelisi (basal, 1587). badden margrevge aasthaanada itihaasakaararaagi, avaru jhahringen rajamanetanada vamshaavaliyannu tanikhe maadidaru; avaru aitihaasika mulagala mele eradu krutigalannu saha bidugade maadidaruh "polonica historiye corpus, i. ii. polonikaram rerum latiny pashuvaidyaru mattu ittichina scriptorgalu uddarana extant "(basel, 1582), mattu" rerum germanicarum pashuvaidyaru jaam primum pablikati scriptores alikat chihnegalu medi εvi aud carolum vii "(frankfort, 1583-1607). friedrich louchert.

catholica vijnjaanakoshangal (1913)/johann pistoriyas pistoyayudeyum praattoyudeyum roopatha piyar pitthou  1546 februvari 14nuu hesseyile niddayil janicha oru vivaadavaadiyum charitrakaaranumaaya addeham 1608 juulai 18nuu freebergill vachu antharichu. addehathinte janmasthalathinte peril ninnu chilappol niddanas ennu vilikkappedunnu. addehathinte pithaav ariyappedunna oru protestant manthriyaayirunnu, mootha johann pistoriyas (1583 ll nidayil vachu marichu), 1541 muthal nidayude superento mukhyamanthriyo aayirunnu, koodaathe catholicar protestantumaarum thammilulla niravadhi mathaparamaya tharkkangalil pankedutthu. marbergilum vittanbargilum daivashaasthram, niyamam, vaidyashaasthram enniva padicha pistoriyas 1575-ll rashtreeya, daivashaasthra vishayangalil idaykkide upadesham thedunna baden-darlaakkile margrave kaal randaamante kodathi vaidyanaayi niyamithanaayi. kooduthal sthirathayulla vishwaasangalkkaayi, pistoriyas lutheranisathil ninnu kaalvinisamilekku thirinju; addehathinte swaadheenathiloode badden-darlaakkile margrave ernst friedrich athe maattam varuthi. ennirunnaalum, kaalam chellunthorum pistoriyas kaalvinisatthilum asamthripthanaayi. 1584-ll addeham emmenden-hochbergile margrave jaims moonnaamante oru privy kaunsilaraayi. kooduthal anweshanathinu sesham 1588-ll addeham catholica palliyil praveshichu. addehathinte abhyarthanaprakaaram margrave jaims 1589-leeii badden, 1590-leeii emmenden ennee mathaparamaya tharkkangal konduvannu. randaamathe tharkkathinu sesham kodathi prasangakan sehender margrave thanne catholicaraayi. ennirunnaalum, jaims moonnaaman 1590 august 17 nuu marichu, addehathinte protestant sahodaran ernst friedrich pingamiyaayathinaal pistoriyas pookaan nirbandhithanaayi. addeham freebergilekku pooyi, 1591-ll oru purohithanaayi, 1594 vare konsttansinte vikar generalayi; athinusesham addeham oru imperial kaunsilarum, breslauvinte cathedral provostum, apostolica prothonotary, 1601-ll rudolph randaaman chakravartthiyude kanfesarum aayirunnu. addehathinte maranashesham addehathinte library molshame jesyoottukalude kaivashappeduthukayum pinneedu strasbergile daivashaasthra seminariyilekku maattukayum cheythu. margrave jaims III-nte parivarthanathekkurichu pistoriyas oru vishadamaaya vivaranam prasidheekarichu "jacobs margraphen suu baden. . . christlishe, erheblishe undu wolfundirte motifen "(koloon, 1591). protestantisathine addehathinte niravadhi rachanakal, athiraalikalekkurichulla, prathyekichu lutherinekkurichulla vyakthathayum naipunyavum samagramaya arivum prakadamaakkumbol, vivaadaparamaaya moorchayum parukkan adayaalappeduthunnu. ettavum pradhaanappettava ivayaanu "anatomia lutheri" (koloon, 1595-8); "hochwichtige merxichen dess alton undu newan glowbens" (mansttar, 1599); "vegvisor voor aall verfurte kristhan" (mansttar, 1599). protestants pistoriyasine akramaasakthamaayi aakramichu; udha. jii., huber, spangenbert, menzer, horstiyas, christoph agricola ennivar. anatomia lutheri" ykku nalkia marupadikal ezhuthiyathu vittanbargileyum hesseyileyum protestant daivashaasthranjaraanu. pistoriyas kabaalistik padanangalil svayam thirakkukoottukayum "artis kabaalistik, echu. iii. daivashaasthravum thathwachinthayum skripttoram tomas upayogashoonyamaanu (basley, 1587). badente maargrevinte kottaaracharithrakaaranenna nilayil, addeham sahringan naatturaajyatthinte vamshavali anweshichu; charitra srothassukalekkurichu addeham rund kruthikal puratthirakki "polonic historiya corpus, i. iii. polonicarum rerum laattini vettarans ettu lesteeniyaras scriptorers kottu eksattant "(bassel, 1582)," rerum germanicaram vettarans jaam primum pablikkatti skriptooras alikote chinnangal meddy εvi aadu karolam vii "(frankfort, 1583-1607). friedrich lochart.

catholic vishvakosh (1913)/johann pistorius pistoya aanee pratoche bishop piyare pithou  eka vadgrast aanee itihaskar, 14 februwari 1546 roji hese yetheel nidda yethe janmalela; 18 julai 1608 roji freeberg yethe nidhan jhaale. tyala tyachya janmasthalachya navavarun kadhikadhi nidnus mhatale jaate. tyache vadil eka suprasiddha protestant mantri, johann pistorius daad elder (1583 madhye nida yethe nidhan jhaale) hote, jeey 1541 pasoon nidache adhikshak kinwa mukhyamantri hote aanee tyanni catholic aanee protestant yanchyatil anek dharmik vadanmadhye bhag ghetala. lahan asalelya pistoriusne marberg aanee whittenberg yethe dharamshastra, kayada aanee vaidyakshastracha abhyas keela. tyala vaidyakshastrachi padvi midali aanee 1575 madhye badden-derlackchya margrave carl II sathee darbari vaidya mhanoon niyukt karnyat aala, joou rajkiy aanee dharmik babinmadhye varanvar tyacha sallah magat asey. adhik susangat vishvasanchya shodhat, pistorius luthernismpasoon calvinismkade valala; tyachya prabhavamule badden-derlackchya margrave ernst friedrichnehi toch badal keela. matra, jasjasa kaal jaat gela tasatase pistorius calvinismbaddalhi asamadhani jhaala. 1584 madhye too emmenden yetheel badden-hotchbergchya margrave james tisaracha prevy councillar banala; pudhil tapasanantar tyane 1588 madhye catholic charchmadhye pravesh keela. tyachya vinantivarun margrave jamesney 1589 madheel badden aanee 1590 madheel emmendenche dharmik vaad aanale. dusya vadanantar darbari upadeshak zender aanee swatah margrave catholic jhaale. james tisra, tathapi, 17 august 1590 roji maran pavala aanee tyacha protestant bhau ernst friedrich yachya jaagi, pistoriusla nighun jaane bhag padale. too freebergla gela, 1591 madhye pujari jhaala, nantar 1594 paryant constanscha vikar-general jhaala; tyanantar too eka shahee parshad, breslaucha cathedral provost, apostolic prothonotary aanee 1601 madhye samrat rudolph dusra yachyakade kabulidar hota. tyachya mrutyunantar tyache granthalay molshemchya jesuitschya tabyat aale aanee nantar teey strasberg yetheel dharamshastriy madarshamadhye hastantarit karnyat aale. pistoriusne margrave james tisarachya dharmantaravishayi tapshilvar vrutt prakashit keleh "jacobs marggraphen jhu badden. . . khristaliche, erhabliche und wolfundirte motifen "(collon, 1591). protestantvadachya virodhat tyanni lihilele asankhya lekhan, tyanchya virodhkambaddal, visheshtah lutherbaddal spashtata, kaushalya aanee sakhol dnyan darshavitana, vadgrast tikshnata aanee khadbaditpana darshavate. sarvat mahattvache aaheth "anatomia lutheri" (collon, 1595-8); "hochavichige merczechen days alton und neumen globbens" (munster, 1599); "wegwiser vore all worfuhert christen" (munster, 1599). protestantanni pistoriyasvar hinsak hallah keela; udaa. jee., huber, spangenbert, mentzer, horstius aanee christophe agricola yanni lihilele. anatomia lutheri' laa uttare whittenberg aanee hesechya protestant dharmashastradnyanni lihili hotee. pistoriusne dekhil cablistic abhyasat swatahla guntavale aanee 'artis cablistic, etch.' prakashit kele. eae. dharamshastra aanee tattvadnyan yaa vishayanvar bhashya karane heey granthsangrah tomus nirupayogi aahe (besley, 1587). baddenchya margraveche darbari itihaskar mhanoon, tyanni zahringenchya sansthanachya vanshavalicha tapas keela; tyanni aitihasik strotanvar done kaame dekhil jaaree keleeh polonic histree corpus, i. eae. polonikaram reram latini veteran aanee alikadache scripter kotkot extent (besale, 1582), aanee reram germanicarum veteran jaam primum publicatti scripter alikote chinh medai avy edd carolum vhee (frankfort, 1583-1607). talalele laucher.

catholic vishwakosh (1913)/johann pistorius pistoia rar pratoko diocese piyare pithau â ek vivadaspad rar itihaskar, 14 february, 1546 maa heseko niddama janmeka; 18 july, 1608 maa freibergma mrityu bhayo. unlai kahilekaahin unko janmasthalko nambata निडानस bhaninchha. unka buba ekjana prasidha protestant mantri johann pistorius da alder (niddama 1583 maa mrityu) thie, jo sann 1541 dekhi niddaka adhikshak wa mukhyamantri thie, rar catholic rar protestantharu bichka dherai dharmik vivadharuma bhag lieka thie. pistorius da yanarle marberg rar whittenbergma dharmashastra, kanuna rar medicineko adhyayan gare. unle doctor aff medicineko degree prapta gare, rar 1575 maa beden-darlaka margrebh carle dwitiyaka lagi darbari chikitsak niyukta bhae, jasle prayaha rajnitik rar dharmik mamilaharuma unko sallaha magthe. adhik susangat wishwasharuko khojima, pistorius luthernismbata calvinismma farkie; unko prabhawko madhyambata beden-darlyako margrebh ernst friedrichle uhi pariwartan gare. samaya bitdai jaanda, tathapi, pistorius calvinismsang pani asantushta bhae. sann 1584 maa uni ammendenma beden-hochbergka margrebh james III kaa prevy councillar bane; thap anusandhanpachhi uni sann 1588 maa catholic charchama prawesh gare. unko anurodhma margrebh jamesle beden, 1589 rar ammenden, 1590 ko dharmik vivadharu lyae. dosro vivad pachhi darbarka pracharak jehender rar margrebh afai catholic bane. james III, tathapi, 17 august, 1590 maa mrityu bhayo, rar unko protestant bhai ernst friedrichdwara uttaradhikari bhaepachi, pistorius chhodna badhya bhae. uni freeberg gae, 1591 maa pujari bane, tyasapachhi 1594 samma constanska vikar-general bane; yasapachhi uni ek shahi councillar, breslauko cathedral probhosta, apostolic prothonotary, rar 1601 maa samrata rudolf dwitiyalai swikarkarta thie. unko mrityupachhi unko pustakalaya molsaimko jesuitharuko kabjama ayo rar pachhi strasbergko dharmik semineryma sthanantaran gariyo. pistoriusle margrebh james III ko rupantaranko wistrit vivaran prakashit gareh "jacobs marggraphen ju baden. . . crystallyche, erhablike anned wolfundirte motifen "(colone, 1591). protestentwadko viruddhama unka dherai lekhharu, spashtata, kaushal, rar unka wirodhiharuko, vishesh gari lutharko gahan gyan prakat garda, vivadaspad tikshnata rar kathoratale chihnit chhan. sabaibhanda mahatwapurna hunh "anatomia lutheri" (colone, 1595-8); "hochawichatige merczichen days alten und nyun glabens" (monster, 1599); "wegwiser warr all bharfuharta christen" (monster, 1599). protestentharule pistoriyaslai hinsatmak rupma akraman gare; uda. zee., huber, स्प्याङ्गेनबrar्ट, mentger, horsteus, rar christof agricola dwara. anatomia lutheri" kaa jawafharu whittenberg rar heseka protestant dharmashastriharule lekheka thie. pistorius pani cablistic adhyayanma wyasta thie, rar "artis cablistic, etch" prakashit gare. ei. dharmashastra rar darshanshastra scriptorum tomus anupayogi "(besley, 1587). bedenko margrebhka lagi darbari itihaskarko rupma, unle jahringenko riyasatko wanshawaliko anusandhan gare; unle aitihasik srotharuma dui kritiharu pani jaari gareh "polonic historie corpus, i. ei. polonikaram reram latiny bhetarharu rar halaika scripterharu uddharan extant "(besley, 1582), rar" reram germanicarum bhetarharu zam primum pablikati scripterharu elikote chinhaharu medi εvi aid carolum v "(frankfort, 1583-1607). friedrich lachert.

catholic encyclopedia (1913)/johann pistorius pisotoa ebong pratore diocese pier pithou  jane bibadiah ebong aitihasika, 14 februari, 1546 ray hesere nidda thaare janmagrahana karithile; frybergre, 18 july, 1608 ray mrutyubarana karithile. tanku belebele taanka janmasthana namaru nidanus kuhajae . taanka pita jane janashuna protestant mantri thile, johann pistorius dee elder (1583ray niddathare mrutyubarana karithile), jieki 1541ru nida adhikhyaka kimba mukhyamantri thile, ebong catholic ebong protestantmananka madhyare aneka dharmika bibaadare anshagrahana karithile. pistorius daa yunar marberg ebong wittenbergre dharmatwa, ine ebong chikitsa adhyajana karithile. shay doctor off medicine degree hassel karithile, ebong 1575 ray baden-derlacher margrave carle dwiteejanka paain court physician nijukta hoithile, jie rajanaitika ebong dharmatwa sambandheeah prasangare barambar tankara paramarsha magithile. adhika susangata biswasa khojiba paain, pistorius lutheranismaru kalvinijam aadaku gati karithile; taanka prabhaba madhyamare baden-darlakra margrave arnst friedrich samaana paribartana karithile. samai gadiba sahita, pistorius madhya kalvinijam upare asantusta hoithile. 1584 masihare shay emmendenre baden-hutchbergra margreva james truteejanka eka priyee kaunasilara hoithile; adhika anusandhana parey shay 1588 masihare catholic charchare prabesha karithile. taanka anurodhare margreva james baden, 1589 ebong emmenden, 1590rahr dharmika bibada aanithile. dwiteeja bibada parey darbar pracharaka jehender ebong margreva nije catholic hoithile. tebe 1590 masiha august 17 tarikhare james truteejanka dehant hoithila ebong taanka protestant bhai arnst fridrichnka dwara uttaradhikari heba parey, pistorius jibaku badhya hoithile. shay freeberg jaithile, 1591 ray jane purohita hoithile, 1594 parjyanta constancer bhikara-general hoithile; ehaa parey shay jane imperial councillor, breslaunka cathedral provosta, apostolic prothonotary ebong 1601 ray samrat rudolf dwiteejanka nikatare swikarokti thile. taanka mrutyu parey taanka library molsim rahr jesuit dakhalaku asithila ebong parey strasburgre thiba dharmatwa seminariku sthanantarita hoithila . pistorius margrave james truteejanka rupantarana bishajare eka bistruta bibaranee prakash karithileh "jacobs margraphen ju baden. .. .. khristalich, erbhilich und walfundirte motifen "(colone, 1591). protestantabada biruddhare tankara aneka lekhare, taanka birodheenka bishajare, bisesh curry lutharanka bishajare spastata, dakhyata ebong punkhanupunkha gyaana prakash kariba sahita, bibadiah tikhnata ebong kathorata dwara chinhita . sabutharu gurutwapurna heuchhih "anatomia luthery" (colone, 1595-8); "hochawichije merczeichen dosses alten und neon glabens" (monster, 1599); "wegaweijara bhora all verfuhert christen" (monster, 1599). protestantmananka dwara pistorijasnku hinsatmaka bhabare aakraman karajaithila; nan. jii., huber, spangenbert, mentzer, horsteus ebong christoff agrikolanka dwara. anatomia luthery" rahr uttaragudika wittenberg ebong hesra protestant dharmatwabitmananka dwara lekhajaithila. pistorius madhya cabalistic adhyajanare byasta thile, ebong "artis cabalistic, etch" prakash karithile. ee. dharmatwa ebong darshanika scriptrom tomes byarta "(basel, 1587). badener margrebhnka darbar itihasakara bhabare, shay jahringenka princely houser banshabali anusandhana karithile; shay aitihasika utsa upare duiti karjya madhya jaari karithileh "polonic historia corps, i. ee. polonicarum reram latini veterus ebong sampratikatama scriptores kotkote extant "(basel, 1582), ebong" reram germanicarum veterus zaam primum pablikati scriptores alikote chinha medi εvi aada carolum bhi "(frankfort, 1583-1607). friedrich lachart.

catholic encyclopaedia (1913)/johann pistorius pistoa atey prato daa diocese piare pithou  ikk vivadvadi atey itihaskar, jiss daa janam nidda, hese, 14 farvari, 1546 witch hoiaa see; 18 julai, 1608 noon freeberg witch usdi maut hoow gaee. uss noon kaee vaar uss dey janam sathaan dey naam toon niddens kiha jaanda haii. uss dey pitaa ikk prasidh protestant mantri, johann pistorius dii elder (maut 1583 witch nidda vikhe) sunn, joe 1541 toon nidda dey superdent jaan mukkh mantri sunn, atey catholican atey protestantan darmiaan kaee dharmik vivadan witch hissa liaa. pistorius neey marberg atey whittenberg witch dharam shastar, kanoon atey dawai dee padahi keeti. uss neey doctor aaf maddison dee digri prapat keeti, atey 1575 witch badden-durlach dey margrave carle II laee adalati doctor niyukat keeta giaa, joe aksar rajneetik atey dharam shastari mamlian witch uss dee salaah lainda see. vadhere iksaar vishvasan dee bhaal witch, pistorius luthrenism toon calvinism vall mudiaa; aapne prabhav raahin badden-durlach dey margrave ernst friedrich neey uhee tabdili keeti. parr jiun jiun samaan beetda giaa, pistorius calvinism toon vee asantusht hoow giaa. 1584 witch uh amendendon vikhe badden-hochberg dey margrave james III daa ikk privi councelor bann giaa; agleri jaanch toon baad uh 1588 witch catholic church witch dakhal hoiaa. uss dee benati 'teey margrave james neey badden, 1589 atey amenden, 1590 dey dharmik vivadan noon liaaiaa. dooje vivaad toon baad adalat dey updeshak zehander atey khud margrave catholic bann gaye. halanki, james III dee 17 agast, 1590 noon maut hoow gaee atey uss dey protestant bharaa ernst friedrich duaara uss dey baad, pistorius noon jaanh laee majbur keeta giaa see. uh freeberg giaa, 1591 witch ikk padri baniaa, firr 1594 takk constains daa wicker-general baniaa; iss toon baad uh ikk shaahi consular, braislaoo daa cathedral provost, apostolic prothonotary atey 1601 witch samrat rudolf II noon kabulat curran vaala see. uss dee maut toon baad uss dee library molshim dey jesuitan dey kabze witch aaa gaee atey baad witch strasberg vikhe dharam shastari madrasse witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa. pistorius neey margrave james III dey parivartan daa ikk vistrit birtant prakashit keetaau "jacobs margrefen zuu badden. . . crystleach, erhablich und wolfunderte mothifan "(colone, 1591). protestantism dey virudh uss deeaan kaee likhtan, aapne virodhiaan, khaas karke luther dey sapshatata, hunar atey change giaan noon darsaundiyan hunn, vivadpuran tikkh atey motepan duaara darsaiaan gaeeaan hunn. sabh toon mahattavpuran hann "anatomia lutheri" (colone, 1595-8); "hochwichtige merczechain days alton und newen globance" (munster, 1599); "vegvisor varr all verfuherte christon" (munster, 1599). pistorius utte protestantan duaara hinsk hamla keeta giaa see; e. jee., hoober, spangenbert, mentzer, horsteus atey christoff agricola duaara. anatomia lutheri" dey jawab whittenberg atey hese dey protestant dharam shastariaan duaara likhe gaye sunn. pistorius neey aapne aap noon cablistic adhiaenan witch vee rujhiaa, atey "artis cablistic, aich. prakashit keeta. ee. dharam shastar atey falsafe dey scriptorum tomes noon bekaar "(besley, 1587). badden dey margrave dey darbari itihaskar vajon, usne zahringan dey shaahi gharr dee vanshavali dee jaanch keeti; usne itihasak sarotan 'teey doou rachnavan vee jaari kitiaan "polonic itihaas corps, i. ee. polonicarum reeram latini veterans atey holidiores scriptores kotkot extent "(besley, 1582), atey" reeram germanicarum veterans jaim primum publicity scriptores alikot incinos maddy εvi aidd carollum vee "(frankfort, 1583-1607). friedrich lachart.

kaitholik vishvakoshaha (1913)/johann pistorius pistoyaa tathaa praato ityasya diocese piyare pithou a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a. a vivaadavaadee itihaasakaarah cha, hesse-nagarasya niddaa-nagare 14 februvari 1546 tame varshe janma praapnot; freeberg-nagare 18 julai 1608 tame dine mrutah. saha kadaachit swasya janmasthalasy naamnah nidanus iti namna prasidhah asti. tasya pitaa prasidhah protestant-mantree aasit, johann pistorius da elder (1583 tame varshe niddaa-nagare mrutah), yah 1541 tame varshe nidaa-nagarasya adheekshakah athavaa mukhyamantree aasit, catholic-protestant-jananam madhye anekeshu dhaarmikavivaadeshu cha bhaagam agruhnaat. kanishtah pistorius marberg-wittenberg-nagare tathaa vaidyashaastre, vidhishaastre cha adhyanam akarot. saha vaidyashaastrasya upaadhim praptavan, 1575 tame varshe beden-darlaak-nagarasya maargrev-carl-dwiteeyasya krute nyayalaya-vaidyah niyuktah, yah raajanaitik-dharmashaastreey-vishayeshu cha praayah swasya upadesham yachat. adhika-sthiravishvaasaanaam anveshanaartham, pistorius-varyaha luthrenisam-taha calvinism-prati pravruttah, tasya prabhaawen beden-darlaak ityasya maargrev-ernst-friedrich-varyaha api tathaiva parivartanam krutavaan. kalantare, pistorius ityeshah calvinism ityatah api asantushtah abhavat. 1584 tame varshe saha emmendon-nagarasya beden-hochberg-nagarasya maargrev-james-truteeyasya privee-councillar abhavat; adhika-anveshanaanantaram saha 1588 tame varshe catholic-charch-madhye pravishtah. tasya anurodhena maargrev-james ityeshah 1589 tame varshe beden-ityasya, 1590 tame varshe emmendon-ityasya cha dhaarmik-vivaadaan aanayat. dwiteeya-vivaadasya anantaram sabhaa-upadeshaka zender, maargrev-varyaha cha svayameva catholic-mataan sveekrutavaan. james III, tathaapi, 1590 august 17 dinaanke mrutah, tasya protestant-bhrata arnst friedrich ityasya uttaraadhikaari bhutva, pistorius-varyaha desham gantum baadhyah abhavat. saha freeberg-nagaram gatavaan, 1591 tame varshe purohitah abhavat, tatah 1594 paryantam constance-ityasya vikaar-general abhavat; tadanantaram saha samrajyika-councillar, bresla-ityasya ketheedral-provost, apostolic-prothonotary, 1601 tame varshe samraat rudolf-dwiteeyasya prati pratijnaapatrah cha aasit. tasya mrutyoho anantaram tasya pustakaalayam molshaim ityasya jesuits ityasya adhikaram avaapnot, anantaram strasberg-nagarasya dharmashaastreey-seminary-krute sthanantaritam. pistorius-varyaha maargrev-james-III ityasya roopaantaranasy vistrutam vivaranam prakashitavan-"jacobs margraphen zu baaden" iti. . . crystlich, erhablic and wolfundirte motifen "(collon, 1591). protestantavaadasya viruddham tasya anekaani lekhanani, tasya virodhinaam, visheshatah luther ityasya vishaye, spashtatam, kaushalam, samagram gyaanam cha prakatayanti, te vivaadaaspadaah tikshnata, sthulata cha lakshayanti. anatomia luthery" (collon, 1595-8); "hochwichtige merczichen days alten and newen globens" (monster, 1599); "vegveesar vore aal worfurte christen" (monster, 1599) iti mahattvapoornaani santi. proteston-janaihi pistorius-ityasya upari himsaatmakah akramanam krutam; udaa. jii., huber, spongenbert, mentzer, horsteus, christoff agricola cha. anatomia luthery" ityasya uttaraani wittenberg tathaa hess ityasya protestant-dharmashaastradnyaih likhitaah aasan. pistorius api kebali-adhyayanavishaye vyagrah aasit, "artis kebali-sticke, ech" iti cha prakashitavan. ee. dharmashaastrasy tathaa tatvajnaanasya shastrasya punaraaweshah, tomas ityasya upayogah anupayogee asti (besley, 1587). beden-nagarasya maargrev-ityasya asthana-itihaasalekhakatven saha zahringen-ityasya raajagruhasya vamshaavruttasya anveshanam krutavaan; aitihaasikasrotaam vishaye dwau krutiau api saha prakashitavan-"polonic-histori-carpus, i. ee. polonikaram reeram latiny veterus ett lestiores scriptores kwot extant (besal, 1582), tathaa "reeram germanikaram veterus jaam praimam pablikaati scriptores alikote ignace medi εvi edd kairolam vi" (frankfort, 1583-1607) iti. friedrich-lachart.

catholica kalaikkalanjchiyam (1913)/johann pistorius bistoya mattrum brado maraimaavattam piyarae piththou  oru sarchaikkuriya mattrum varalaattraasiriyar, pipravari 14,1546 andru hessil ulla nitta endra idaththil piranthaar; 1608 juulai 18 andru freeferkil iranthaar. avar pirantha idaththin peyarilirunthu sila nerangalil nitanus endru azhaikkappadugiraar. avarathu thanthai nanku ariyapatta prodestant amaichcharaaga irunthaar, mooththa johann pistorius (1583 ill nitta nagaril iranthaar), avar 1541 muthal nitta kankaanippaalaraaga allathu muthalamaichcharaaka irunthaar, maelum catholickerkalukkum prodestandugalukkum idaiyilaana pala madha sarchchaigalil pankettraar. ilaiya pistorius marberg mattrum whittenberkil iraiyiyal, sattam mattrum maruthuvam padiththaar. avar maruththuva doctor pattam pettraar, maelum 1575 aam aandil paedan-turlockin margrave carle II kku neethimandra maruththuvaraaga niyamikkappattaar, avar arasiyal mattrum iraiyiyal vishayangkalil adikkadi avarathu aaloasanaiyaip pettraar. innum nilaiyaana nambikkaikalaith thaedi, pistorius lutheranisaththilirunthu kaalvinisaththirkuth thirumbinaar; avarathu selvaakkin moolam paedan-turlockin margrave ernst frietrich athae maattraththai aerpaduththinaar. iruppinum, neram sellach sella, pistorius calvinism kuriththum athirupthi adainthaar. 1584 aam aandil avar emandenil paedan-hockberkin margrave james III inn preevi kavunchilaraaga aanaar; maelum visaaranaikkup piragu avar 1588 aam aandil catholica thevaalayaththirkul nuzhainthaar. avarathu vaendukoalin paeril margrave james paedan, 1589 mattrum emanden, 1590 inn madha sarchchaigalai kondu vanthaar. irandaavathu sarchchaikkup piragu neethimandra poathakar jehender mattrum margrave thaanae kaththoalikkarkalaaga maarinar. iruppinum, james III august 17,1590 andru iranthaar, avarukkup piragu avarathu protestant cakootharar ernst frietrich pathaviyaettraar, pistorius veliyaera vaendiya kattaayam aerpattathu. avar freeferkirkuch sendru, 1591 ill oru paathiriyaaraakavum, pinnar 1594 varai constance vikaar-jenaralaagavum aanaar; idharkup piragu avar oru aekaathipaththiya kavunchilaraagavum, brezlavin cathetral proavoastaagavum, aposthalic proaththanoadariyaagavum, 1601 aam aandil paerarasar rudaalp II kku opputhalaagavum irunthaar. avarathu maranaththirkup piragu avarathu noolagam molsheimin jesuitgalaik kaippattriyathu, pinnar strasburkil ulla iraiyiyal karuththarangaththirku maattrappattathu. margrave james III inn maattram pattriya virivaana pathivai pistorius veliyittaar "jagobs margraphen juu paedan. . . christlich, erheblich andd wolfunderde motifen "(colone, 1591). protestantisaththirku ethiraana avarathu ennattra ezhuththukkal, avarathu ethirigalaip pattriya thelivaana thanmai, thiramai mattrum muzhumaiyaana arivai velippaduththukintrana, kurippaaga lutheraip pattriya, sarchaikkuriya koormai mattrum karadumuradaana thanmaiyal kurikkappadugindrana. avattril miga mukkiyamaanavai "udarkooriyal lutheri" (colone, 1595-8); "hochvitchtij merxisen tess alton andd neuyan clabbons" (munster, 1599); "vekvaisar voar aall verfuhard christon" (munster, 1599). pistorius protestantugalaal vanmuraiyil thaakkappattaar; eeyee. jii.hoobar, spongeonbird, mentser, horstius mattrum christophe agrigola aakiyoaraal ezhuthappattathu. udarkooriyal lutheri" kku pathilkal whittenberg mattrum hessin protestant iraiyiyalaalargalaal ezhuthappattana. pistorius caplistic aaivugalil thannai eedupaduththik kondaar, maelum "ardis caplistic, ech. ii. iraiyiyal mattrum thaththuvagnaana scriptorum tomas payanpaduththappadavillai (paesal, 1587). paedanin margravin arasavai varalaattraasiriyaraaka, avar jahringan samasthaanaththin vamsaavaliyai aaraaynthaar; avar varalaattru aathaarangkalil irandu padaippugalai veliyittaar "polonicae histoori corbus, i. ii. polonicarum rerum latini vators mattrum sameepathiya scriptores maerkoal extand (paesil, 1582), mattrum "rerum jermanikaram vators jaam primum publicati scriptores alighat kuriyeedugal medi εvi add karoalam vii" (frankford, 1583-1607). frietrich lachard.

catholic encyclopedia (1913)/johann pistorius dioces off pistoya und prato piere pithou  vivaadaaspadavaadi mariyu charitrakaarudu, 14 fibravari, 1546naa hesseloni niddaalo janminchaaru; 1608 juulai 18naa freeberglo maraninchaaru. athani janmasthalam paeru nundi konnisaarlu niddanus anie pilustaaru. athani tandri prasiddha protestant mantri, johann pistorius dhi elder (1583loe niddaalo maraninchaadu), athanu 1541 nundi nidda superintendent ledhaa mukhyamantrigaa unnadu mariyu kaathalikkulu mariyu protestantla madhya aneka mataparamaina vivaadaalalo palgonnadu. chinnavadu pistorius marberg mariyu whittenberg vadda vedaantasaastram, chattam mariyu vaidyaanni abhyasinchaadu. athanu vaidyasaastramlo doctorate pondaadu, mariyu 1575loe baden-durlatch yokka margrave carle IIకి kortu vaidyudigaa niyaminchabaddaadu, athanu tarachugaa raajakeeya mariyu vedaanta vishayaalalo athani salahanu korukunnadu. marinta sthiramaina nammakaala kosam, pistorius lutheranism nundi calvinism vaipu tirigaadu; athani prabhavam dwara baden-durlock yokka margrave ernst friedrich adhe maarpu chesaadu. ayithe, samayam gadichekoddi, pistorius calvinism patla kooda asantrupti chendaadu. 1584loe athanu emmenden vadda baden-hatchbergku chendina margrave james III yokka prevy councillar ayyadu; tadupari daryaaptu taruvaata athanu 1588loe catholic charchiloki pravesinchaadu. athani abhyardhana meraku margrave james baden, 1589 mariyu emmenden, 1590 mataparamaina vivaadaalanu teesukuvacchaadu. rendava vivaadam taruvaata aasthaana bodhakudu jehender mariyu margrave swayamgaa kaathalikkulu ayyaru. ayithe, james III 1590 augustu 17naa maraninchaadu, athani protestant sodarudu ernst friedrich athani taruvaata, pistorius vellipovalsi vachindi. athanu freebergku velli, 1591loe poojaari ayyadu, taruvaata 1594 varaku constance yokka vikar-general ayyadu; dheeni taruvaata athanu imperial councillar, breslou yokka cathedral provost, apostolic prothonotary mariyu 1601loe chakravarthy rudolph IIకి confessorga unnadu. ayana maranam taruvaata ayana library molshime jesuitla swaadheenamloki vachindi, taruvaata strasbergloni vedaanta seminareeki badilee cheyabadindi. pistorius margrave james III yokka marpidi gurinchi vivaranaatmaka kathanaanni prachurinchaaduh "jacobs margraphen juu baden. . . christlitch, erhablich und wolfundirte motifen "(colone, 1591). protestantisanku vyatiraekamgaa ayana raasina aneka rachanalu, thana pratyarthula gurinchi, mukhyamgaa luther gurinchi spashtata, naipunhyam mariyu samagra gnaanaanni vyaktam chestu, vivaadaaspada padunu mariyu mutakatvamtho gurtinchabaddaayi. atyanta mukhyamainavih "anatomia lutheri" (colone, 1595-8); "hochwichtige merczeachen dess alton und neunen gloubens" (munster, 1599); "vegvisor vore aall werfuhert christen" (munster, 1599). protestantlu pistorius paie himsaatmakamgaa daadi chesaaru; udhaa. zii., huber, spongenbert, mentzer, horsteus mariyu christophe agricola. anatomia lutheri" kuu samaadhaanaalanu whittenberg mariyu hessey yokka protestant vedantavettalu raasaaru. pistorius kooda cabalistic adhyayanaalalo nimagnamai, "artis cabalistic, hetch. ii. siddhaantam mariyu tatvasaastram scriptorum tomus nirupayogamgaa undhi (basley, 1587). baden yokka margrave kuu aasthaana charitrakaarudigaa, athanu jahringen raacharika gruham yokka vamsapaaramparyaanni parisoedhimchaadu; athanu chaaritraka vanarulapai rendu rachanalanu kooda vidudala chesadu "polonike historiye corpus, i. ii. polonikaaram reram laatini pasuvula mariyu iteevali lipulu coat coat extant (basil, 1582), mariyu "reram jermenikaram pasuvula jaam primum pablikati lipulu alikwat chihnalu medi εvi yaad karolam vii" (frankfort, 1583-1607). friedrich latchert.

catholic encyclopaedia (1913)/johaan pastorius ddaisis aaf pistoya aind prato paiyar patho  eek mutnazah aur morakh 14 faroori 1546 kuu needa haisey mein paida hoay. 18 jolayi 1608 kuu freeberg mein inteqal kirr gayey. inhein baaz auqaat inn kii jaaye paidaish kay naam say neadens kahaa jaataa hay. inn kay waalid eek maruf protestant wazeer johaan pastorius dee elder (1583 mein needa mein inteqal kirr gayey) thay juu 1541 say needa kay sprintendent yaa wazeer aalee thay aur inhon nay catholic aur protestant kay darmiyan kayee mazhabi tanazaat mein hasah liyaa. chhotay pastorius nay marberg aur watenberg mein alhiyaat qanoon aur tabb kii taleem haasil kii. inhon nay doctor aaf medison kii digri haasil kii aur 1575 mein beaden-darlaach kay margario carle dom kay liye adalati mualij muqarar kiyaa gayaa juu aksar seyasi aur mazhabi muamilat mein inn kaa mashurah leetay thay. ziyadah mustaqil aqayed kii talaash mein pestorace lothernism say calonism kii taraf maail how gayaa. iss kay asar woo rasokh kay zariye beaden-drilch kay margario arnist frederch nay bhee yahee tabdili kii. tahim jeesay jeesay waqat guzarta gayaa pestorace calovenism say bhee nakhush how gayaa. 1584 mein wah ammonden mein beaden-hochberg kay margario jaims III kaa eek pariyoi councillor bunn gayaa. mazeed taftish kay baad wah 1588 mein catholic charch mein daakhil hawaa. iss kii darkhwast parr margario jaims nay beaden 1589yee aur ammenden 1590 kay mazhabi tanazaat kuu janam diyaa. dosray tanazah kay baad darbaar kay mubligh zender aur khood margario catholic bunn gayey. tahim jaims III kaa 17 agast 1590 kuu inteqal how gayaa aur iss kay protestant bhayee arnist frederch kay jansheen honay kay baad pestorace kuu wahaan say chalay jaanay parr majbur honaa padaa. wah freeberg gayaa 1591 mein eek pajaari banaa phir 1594 takk vekar general aaf constance banaa. iss kay baad wah eek shaahi councillor breslao kaa cathedral provost rasooli prothonotary aur 1601 mein shahanshah rudolf dom kaa iqraar kanandah thaa. inn kii moth kay baad inn kii library molshim kay jesots kay qabze mein aaa gayee aur baad mein asay stresberg mein mazhabi madarse mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa. pestorace nay margario jaims III kii tabdili kaa eek tafsili biyaan shaye kiyaa: "jacobus margarifin zoo beaden. . . crustlich airhableach aind wolfenderte mofifan "(coloon 1591). protestant azm kay khalaaf inn kii mutadid tehreerein apnay mukhalifen khaas toor parr lothar kay baaray mein wazahat maharat aur makmal alam kuu zahir kartay huay mutnazah teez aur motapay kii taraf asharah karti haine. sabb say aham haine: "anatomia lautheri" (coloon 1595-8) vovo "hochwechtage markazichan ddais altan aind neween globenz" (minister 1599) vovo "veguisor warr aal warfortay chryston" (minister 1599). pestorace parr protistanton nay pratashdad hamlah kiyaa. jee.yee bazariah huber spengenbert mentzer horsteos aur christof agrecola. anatomia lautheri" kay jawabat watenberg aur haisey kay protestant mazhabi mahireen nay likhay thay. pestorace nay khood kuu cablistic studies mein bhee masruf kiyaa aur "arts cablistic aich" shaye kiyaa. ayee. nazariyah aur falsafah scriptorum toms ghair istemaal shadah "(besli 1587). beaden kay margario kay darbari morakh kay toor parr iss nay zahrangan kay shaahi gharanay kii nasb kii tehqiqat kii. iss nay tarikhi zaraye parr duu kaam bhee jaari kiye: "poloniki histry corps i. ayee. polonkaram rerum letiny veteranz aur haaliyah loag scriptors kuu coat extent "(talsi 1582)yee aur" rerum germanicarm veteranz jaam prime publecti scriptors aleekot asharay meady εvi aidd carolum v "(frankfort 1583-1607). frederk lachart.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=60054796

Hall Mark (horse)

Hall Mark (horse) Australian Thoroughbred racehorse Hall Mark (1930−1953) was a versatile chestnut Thoroughbred stallion. He performed in Australia, trained by Australian Racing Hall of Fame trainer Jack Holt. He raced from a two-year-old to a five-year-old, recording 18 wins from 6 furlongs to 2 miles. Ridden mostly by champion jockeys Bill Duncan and Frank Dempsey. Hall Mark was inducted into the Australian Racing Hall of Fame in 2019. Breeding. Hall Mark was bred by his owner Charles Kellow at Tarwyn Park stud Rylstone, New South Wales by Heroic (AUS) a leading sire and classic winner of major races in Australia was purchased for 16,000 guineas. Dam Herowinkie (AUS) a failure on the racetrack was purchased for 800 guineas by Charles Kellow. Breeder, Charles Brown Kellow born in Sutton Grange, Victoria in 1871 originally exploited the bicycle boom of the 1890s as a racing cyclist and salesman and in 1910 began importing a range of expensive motor cars under Kellow Motor Co. In his forties then diversified into sheep grazing and horse racing ownership notables being Heroic, Hall Mark and Nuffield 1938 AJC Derby & VRC Derby winner. Racing career. Hall Mark raced between 1932 and 1935 over four seasons and is best known for winning the 1933 Melbourne Cup a dual classic winner of the 1933 AJC Derby & VRC Derby in the same year with success in signature W.F.A and Handicap races in Sydney and Melbourne, wins in the 1934 VATC Caulfield Stakes defeating Chatham and the 1935 VRC Kings Plate defeating Rogilla confirming his ability in a vintage era. In recognition of past success each year the Hall Mark Stakes is run at Randwick Racecourse. Standing at stud his best horse was Hall Stand 1942 AJC Sires Produce Stakes, 1942 Hobartville Stakes and 1942 Rosehill Guineas. On his owner Kellow's death in 1944, Hall Mark was sold to Burnside Stud in Ingham, Queensland. For the next nine years, he was predominantly used to sire working horses. In this capacity he had an enduring influence as a progenitor of the emerging specialist breed, the Australian Stock Horse. Hall Mark died in 1953 aged 23. Hall Mark's racing colours: Gold, green sleeves and cap. Hall Mark's racing record: 52 starts for 18 wins, 16 seconds, 9 thirds and 9 unplaced runs. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

holl mark (ghura) holl mark aasil ek bohumukhi sestnut tho "robrade stelion. australian resing holl owo femor proxikhyok jek holtor dwara proxikhyonprapto teu australiat poriwexon korisil. teu dubosoriyar poraa paas bosoriyar bhitorot dourisil, 6 taa farlongor poraa 2 mailoloi 18 taa joy record korisil. besibhagei champion jokee bill dunken aaru frank dempsei solaisil. 2019 sonot australier resing holl owo femot holl mark ontorbhukto koraa hoisil. projonon. teur maalik charls kell "ye taruin park stud rilest" noto holl mark projonon korisil, niu sauth wels baai birotwopurno (australia) ejon aagxarir chir aaru australier mukhyo resor classic bijoyik 16,000 ginir baabe kroy koraa hoisil. dame heruwinki (e. eu. ess) restrekor etaa bifolota charls kell "ye 800 ginir binimoyot kroy korisil. 1871 sonot victoriyar saaton grenjot jonmogrohon koraa charls braun kell "ror projononkariye mulotoh 1890-ror doxokor saikelor utthanok ejon resing saikel salok aaru bikreta hisape byobohar korisil aaru 1910 sonot kell" motor companyr odhinot bibhinno dhoronor byoybohul motor gaari aamdani koriboloi aarombho korisil. teur sollixor doxokot bhera sorai aaru ghura douror malikanar khetrot boisitryor sristi hoisil, ullekhjugyoxokol aasil birotwopurno, holl mark aaru nofield 1938 e. je. chi. darbi endo bhi. aar. chi darbi bijoyi. resing keriyar. 1932 sonor poraa 1935 sonor bhitorot sarita sijonor bhitorot holl marke protijugita solaisil aaru 1933 sonor melborno kaap joy korar baabe ataitkoi besi porisito, ji eke bosorote 1933 e. je. chi. darbi endo bhi. aar. chi. darbir dwoito classic bijoyi aasil aaru sigenar dobliu-too xofolota laabh korisil.ef.sidney aaru melbornot e aaru handicape res, 1934 sonor bhatok colfield stackot sethamok porasto kori joylabh kore aaru 1935 sonor bhi. aar. chi. kings plate rugilak porasto kori ek vintage jugot teur xamorthyo nischito kore. bigoto xofolotar swikriti sworupe proti bosore rendwick rescoursot holl mark stake soluwa hoy. stadot thiyo hoi thoka teur xorbosrestho ghura aasil holl stend 1942 e. je. chi. sairs prodouse stakes, 1942 hobertville stakes aaru 1942 ror 'johil ginis. 1944 sonot teur maalik kell 'ror mrityur pisot, ranibhumir ingamot thoka bernside stadoloi holl mark bikri koraa hoisil. poroborti noo bosor dhori teu prodhankoi kaam koraa ghurar soritrot obhyosto hoi porisil. ei khyomotat udiyoman bixexogyo projati australier stock ghurar purbopurux hisape teur ek sthayi probhab aasil. 1953 sonot 23 bosor boyoxot holl markor mrityu hoy. holl markor resing rongxomuhoh xun, xeujiya haata aaru tupee. holl markor resing recordoh 18taa joy, 16taa sekendo, 9taa tritiyangxo aaru 9taa sthanhin raanor baabe 52taa aarombho hoy.

holl chinno (ghoda) holmark chhilo ekti bahumukhi badamer sampurna jaater stallion. tini australia abhinoy corren, australian racing holl off phema proshikkhok jack holt dwara proshikkhito. tini dui bochor vayasi theke panch bochor vayasi porjonto daude 6 farlong theke 2 myle porjonto 18tii joy record corren. beshirbhag champion jockie bill duncan ebong franc dempsy dwara chaalito. holmark 2019 saale australian racing holl off feme antarbhukta koraa hoyechilo. prajanan. taar malik charles kelor dwara taar park stud rillstone holmarkti prajanan koraa hoyechilo, neu south oyelasa dwara birottopurno (australia) ekjon shirshosthaniyo syara ebong australier prodhan reser classic vijayike 16,000 ginny diye kenaa hoyechilo. dyama hiroinki (australia) restracker ekti byarthota charles kelor dwara 800 ginir binimoye kenaa hoyechilo. breeder, charles braun kello 1871 saale victoria sutton grange jonmogrohon corren, jini mulat 1890-err doshoker saikeler utthanke ekjon racing cyclist ebong selsman hisabe kaaje lagan ebong 1910 saale kello motor koo-err adhine byabahul motor gaadi amdani shuru corren. taanr challisher doshke bheda charon ebong ghoddouder malikana bishishto byaktider modhye boichitromoy hoye othe jaaraa birottopurno, holl marqa ebong nuffield 1938 ayee. jeey. shee darby ebong vee. arr. shee darby vijayi. racing carrier. holl marqa 1932 theke 1935 saaler modhye chaar morshume protijogita korey ebong 1933 saaler melborn cup jetar jonno sabcheye beshi porichito, ekoi bochore 1933 saaler ayee. jeey. shee darby oo vee. arr. shee darbir dwaito classic vijayi ebong swakkhar dablu-ayee safalya orjon korey.eff.sidney ebong melbourne ayaa ebong handicap reesa, 1934 saaler vatock colfield stakese chyathamke porajito korey ebong 1935 saaler vee. arr. shee kings plate rojilake porajito korey ekti vintage juge taar khomota nischito korey. bigoto safalyer sikritiswarup proti bochor randwick rescourse holmarker ongshoguli chalano hoy. studde dandiye thaka taanr sera ghoda holl stanned 1942 ayee. jeey. shee. sears producks stakes, 1942 hobertville stakes ebong 1942 rosehill ginny. 1944 saale taanr malik kelor mrityur porr, holmarkti queenslander ingame bernside studder kachhe bikri koraa hoy. poroborti noy bochor dhorey tini mulat kaaj koraa ghodagulite kaaj korte abhyasta chhilen. eyi podey udiyaman biseshoggo jaat, australian stock ghodar purbopurush hisabe taanr sthayi prabhab chhilo. holl marqa 1953 saale 23 bochor boyse maaraa zaan. holl marker racing rangah soona, sobuj haataa ebong tupi. holl marker racing record 18tii joy, 16 second, 9 tritiyangsho ebong 9tii sthanhin raner jonno 52tii shuru hoy.

holl marqa (ghodo) holl marqa aek bahumukhi chestnut sampoorn jaatno steliyana hato. temane australiyama pradarshan karyoo hatoo, jene australian racing holl off phema trainer jeeka holt dwara taaleem aapvama aavee hatee. temane beey varshnaa baadakthi paanch varshnaa baadak sudhee dodmaa bhaag leedho hato, jemaa 6 furlongthi 2 mile sudhee 18 jeet melvee hatee. mote bhaage champiyan jokey bill dunken aneey frank dempsy dwara savaari karvaamaa aave chhe. holl markne 2019maan australian racing holl off femamaa saamel karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. samvardhan. holl markno uchher tenaa maaleek charles kelo dwara tarvin paark stud rilestone khaate karvaamaa aavyo hato, nyu south wells baay veerochit (oo. aesa.) australiyama mukhya resnaa agranee surr aneey classic vijetaane 16,000 ginizma khareedvama aavyaa hataa. dame hirovinki (aee. oo. aesa.) reesa track parnee nishfalta charles kelo dwara 800 ginizma khareedvama aavee hatee. 1871maan viktoriyaanaa sutton grangemaa janmela breeder charles braaun keloae mulroope 1890naa daykama racing cycle savaar aneey salesman tareeke cycleni tejeeno upyog karyo hato aneey 1910maan kelo motara kampani hethal monghi motara kaarnee shreneeni aayaat karvaanu sharoo karyoo hatoo. temnaa chaalisna daykama ghetaa charaavvaa aneey hoars racing malikima vividhataa aavee, jemaa veerochit, holl marqa aneey nuffield 1938 aee. jeey. see. derby anned vee. aar. see. derby vijeta hataa. racing karkirdi. holl marqa 1932 aneey 1935nee vachche chaar seasonma dodaayu hatoo aneey teey 1933 mailborne cup jeetva maate jaanitu chhe, jeey 1933 aee. jeey. see. derby aneey vee. aar. see. derbyno bevado classic vijeta hato aneey teey jaj varshe doubleu.aef.sidnee aneey mailbornemaa aee aneey handicap reesa, 1934nee vetasi coalfield staxma chethamne haraaveene jeete chhe aneey 1935nee vrc kings platte rogilaane haraaveene vintage yugmaa tenee kshamataani pushti curry hatee. bhutkaalni safalataane maanyata aapvaa maate darr varshe randwick rescourse khaate holl markno hisso chalavvama aave chhe. stud parr oobho temno shreshth ghodo holl stenned 1942 aee. jeey. see. sires produce stacks, 1942 hobartville stacks aneey 1942 rosehill ginniz hato. 1944maan temnaa maaleek kelonu mrutyu thayu tyaare, holl markne quinslandnaa ingham bernside studne vechvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aagaami nava varsh sudhee, teo mukhyatve kaama kartaa ghodaaone surr karvaa maate tevaayela hataa. aaa kshamtama, ubhartaa nishnaat jaatee, australian stock horsenaa purvaj tareeke temno kaayamee prabhaav hato. holl marqa 1953maan 23 varshnee vaye mrutyu pamya hataa. holl marknaa racing rangoh sonoo, lealy sleeves aneey topee. holl markno racing reqordah 52 18 jeet, 16 second, 9 trutiyaansh aneey 9 biin-sthaanit ranthee sharoo thaay chhe.

holl maark (ghodaa) holl maark ack bahumukhi chestnut poori nasl kaa stellion thaa. unhone australia mein pradarshan kiya, jise australiyai racing holl off fame trainer jack holt dwara prashikshit kiya gayaa thaa. unhone dou saal key bachche seey paanch saal key bachche taka daud lagaai, 6 farlong seey 2 meal taka 18 jeet darj kii. jyaadaatar champion jockey bill dunken aur frank dempsy dwara chalaaya jaataa haye. holl maark koo 2019 mein australiyai racing holl off fame mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa. prajanan. holl maark koo unake malik charles kelo dwara tarvin park stud rylestone mein paida kiya gayaa thaa, nyu south wells dwara veertapurna (aus) ack pramukh surr aur australia mein pramukh daud key classic vijeta koo 16,000 ginny key liye kharida gayaa thaa. restrack parr ack viphalata dame hirovinki (aus) koo charles kelo dwara 800 ginny key liye kharida gayaa thaa. breeder, charles braun kelo, joe 1871 mein victoria key sutton grange mein paida hue they, ney mool roop seey 1890 key dashak key saikil boom kaa ack racing saikil chaalak aur salesman key roop mein shoshan kiya aur 1910 mein kelo motor company key tahat mahangi motor kaaron kii ack shrinkhala kaa ayaat karna shuru kiya. apane chaalees key dashak mein bhed charaane aur ghode kii daud key swaamitva mein vividhata laane vaale ullekhaniya naayak, holl maark aur nuffield 1938 aeye. jey. see. derby aind vee. aar. see. derby vijeta they. racing carrier. holl maark 1932 aur 1935 key beach chaar satron mein daud lagaa aur 1933 melburn cup jeetane key liye jaanaa jaataa haye, joe usee varsh 1933 aeye. jey. see. derby aur vee. aar. see. derby kaa dohra classic vijeta thaa.aff.sidney aur melburn mein aeye aur handicap races, 1934 mein vaitak colfield stakes mein chaitham koo harakar jeetate hain aur 1935 mein vee. aar. see. kings plate ney rogila koo harakar ack puraane yug mein unaki kshamata kii pushti kii. pichhali safalata kii maanyata mein harr saal holl maark stakes randwick rescourse mein chalaaya jaataa haye. stud parr khade hocker unakaa sabse achchha ghodaa holl stand 1942 aeye. jey. see. sayars production stakes, 1942 hobartville stakes aur 1942 rosehill gineej thaa. 1944 mein unake malik kii mrityu parr, holl maark koo ingam, queensland mein bernside stud koo betch diyaa gayaa thaa. agale nau varshon taka, way mukhya roop seey kaam karane vaale ghodon koo sambhaalane key aadee they. iss kshamata mein unakaa ubharate visheshagya nasl, australiyai stock horse key poorvaj key roop mein ack sthaayi prabhaav thaa. holl maark kii 1953 mein 23 varsh kii ayu mein mrityu hoe gaee. holl maark key racing rangah sonaa, hurry baju aur topi. holl maark kaa racing recordh 52 18 jeet, 16 sekand, 9 tihai aur 9 unplaced runn key liye shuru hotaa haye.

haal maark (kudure) haal maark ondu bahumukha chestnut sampoorna tali stallion aagittu. aastreliyaada racing haal off fame tarabetudaara jack holt avarinda tarabeti padeda aata aastreliyaadalli pradarshana niididaru. avaru eradu varshada maguvininda aidu varshada maguvavarege odidaru, 6 farlanggalinda 2 mailigalavarege 18 geluvugalannu daakhalisidaru. champiyan jakigalada bill dunken mattu fraank dempsey avaru hechchaagi sawari maadidaru. haal markannu 2019ralli aastreliyaada racing haal off famegay serisalaayitu. santanotpatti. haal markannu avana maaleeka charles kello avaru tarvin park stud railstonnalli belesidaru, nyoo south wales bye veerochita (aasees) aastreliyaada pramukha surr mattu pramukha resgala shreshtha vijetarannu 16,000 giniyagalige khareedisalaayitu. dyaam herovinki (aasees) emba otada haadiyalli viphalavaada aatavannu charles kello 800 giniyagalige khareedisidaru. 1871ralli viktoriyaada sutton grangenalli janisida breeder charles braun kello moolatah 1890rahra dashakada bicycle utkarshavannu racing cyclist mattu salesman aagi balasikondaru mattu 1910ralli kello motor koo adiyalli dubari motaru karugala shreniyannu aamadu madikollalu praarambhisidaru. nantara aatana nalavattara dasakadalli kuri meyisuvike mattu kudure otada malikatvakke vaividhyamayavaada veerochita, haal maark mattu nafield 1938 ajc durby & vrc durby vijetaraagiddaru. racing vrutti. haal maark 1932 mattu 1935rahra naduve naalku rtugalalli spardhisitu mattu 1933rahra melburn cup annu geddukonditu, adhe varshadalli 1933rahra ajc durby mattu vrc derbigala dual classic vijetaraagiddaru mattu signature doubleu nalli yashasviyaadaru.eff.sidani mattu melburn nalli nadeda aa mattu handicap resgalu, 1934 rahra watk calfield stakesnalli chatham avarannu solisi mattu 1935 rahra vrc kings platenalli rogillaarannu solisi vintage yugadalli avara saamarthyavannu drudhapadisuttave. kaleda yashassannu gurutisi prati varsha randwick rays korsnalli haal maark stakegalannu nadesalaaguttade. studnelly nintiruva avara atyuttama kudure haal stand 1942 ajc sairs produx stakes, 1942 hobartville stakes mattu 1942 rose hill giniyagalu. 1944ralli aatana maalikaraada kello avara maranada nantara, queenslandna ingamnalli haal maark annu bernside studge marata maadalaayitu. mundina ombattu varshagala kaala, aata pradhaanavaagi kuduregalannu kooruva abhyasa hondiddaru. ee saamarthyadalli avaru udayonmukha tagna taliyaada australian stock harsna purvajaragi shaashvata prabhaavavannu hondiddaru. haal maark 1953ralli tamma 23neey vayassinalli nidhanaraadaru. haal markna racing bannagalu chinna, hasiru tolugalu mattu cap. haal markna racing daakhaleh 18 geluvugalu, 16 sekendugalu, 9 moorane mattu 9 sthaanavillada rangaligaagi 52 praarambhavaaguttade.

haal maarkk (kuthira) hallmark oru vaividhyamaarnna chestnut kuthirayaayirunnu. australian racing haal oof faim pariseelakanaaya jacq holtil ninnu pariseelanam nediya addeham austreliyayil prakadanam nadatthi. 6 furlong muthal 2 mile vare 18 vijayangal rekhappeduthikkondu addeham rund vayassukaaran muthal anchu vayass vare oodi. chaambyan jokkikalaaya bill dunken frank dempsyumaanu kooduthalum sawari cheythath. 2019ll australian racing haal oof faimil haal maarkk ulppeduthi. prajnana. haal maarkk addehathinte udama chaals kello tarvin paarkk stad railstonil valarthi, nyoo southu weils bye veero (austreliya) australiyayile pramukha sarr, pradhana resukalil classic vijayiyaya 16,000 giniyaykk vaangi. rays trackile oru parajayamaaya daam herowinki (australian oolroundar) 800 giniyaykk chaals kello vaangi. 1871ll victoriyayile sattan granchil janicha breeder chaals braun kello kello saikkil kuthichuchaattatthe oru racing saikkil thaaramayum salesman aayum upayogikkukayum 1910ll kello motor qoo. kku keezhil vilakoodiya motor kaarukal irakkumathi cheyyaan thudangukayum cheythu. naalpathukalil, veerochithavum haal maarkk, nafield 1938 ejesi derby & vrc derby jethaavumaaya pramukhar pinneedu aadukale meyikkunnathilekkum kuthirappanthaya udamasthathayilekkum vaividhyavalkkarikkappettu. racing currier. currier 1932num idayil naalu seasonukalilaayi nadanna haal maarkk 1933 leeii melbone kapp nediyathil prashasthamaan, athe varsham thanne 1933 ejesi derby & vrc derbyude eratta classic vijayiyaya haal maarkk signature dablyu.eph.sidneyilum melbornilum nadanna eiii, handicap raceukal, 1934-leeii vaatt coalfield steksil chaadattheyum 1935-leeii vii. aarr. sii kings plettineyum paraajayappeduthi vijayikkukayum oru vinteju kaalaghattatthil rogillayude kazhivu sthireekarikkukayum cheythu. munkaala vijayangalude amgeekaaramaayi ellah varshavum randwick rescoursil haal maarkk stekkukal nadathunnu. haal staand 1942 ejesi siyezhs produx stakes, 1942 hobartville stakes, 1942 rossil ginias ennivayaayirunnu addehathinte ettavum mikacha kuthira. 1944ll addehathinte udama kelloyude maranashesham, kweenslandile ingaamile benzide stadinu hallmark vittu. adutha onpathu varshakkalam addeham pradhaanamaayum kuthirakale jolie cheyyaan sheelichirunnu. eee padaviyil valarnnuvarunna specialist inamaaya australian stokku hozhsinte poorvvikan enna nilayil addehathinu shaashvathamaaya swaadheenamundaayirunnu. 1953ll 23-aamm vayassil hallmark antharichu. haal maarkkinte racing nirangal svarnnam, pacha sleeve, thoppi. haal maarkkinte racing recorda 18 vijayangal, 16 secondukal, 9 moonnaam bhagam, 9 sthaanamillaatha runs ennivaykku 52 aarambikkunnu.

holl marqa (ghoda) hallmark haah eka ashtapailu chatnutcha sampoorn jaaticha stallion hota. austreliyan racing holl auph fame prashikshak jacq holt yanni prashikshit kelelya tyane austreliyamadhye sadarikaran kele. tyane done varshanchya mulapasoon paach varshanchya mulaparyant sharyat kelee, 6 furlongpasoon 2 mailanparyant 18 vijay nondavale. vijete jockey biil dunken aanee phrank dempsy yanni mukhytah gaadee chalavali. hallmarkcha 2019 madhye austreliyan racing holl auph femmadhye samavesh karnyat aala. prajnan. holl markcha janm tyacha malak charles kelo yane tarvin park stud rilestone yethe keela hota, nyu south wells buy veer (austreliya) haah austreliyatil pramukh surr aanee pramukh sharyatincha abhijat vijeta 16,000 ginijala kharedi karnyat aala hota. damm hirovinki (austreliya) heey restrackvaril apayash charles kelone 800 ginila vikat ghetale. 1871 madhye victoriyatil sutton grange yethe janmalelya charles braun kelo yaa prajanankartyane 1890 chya dashkatil cyclechya tejicha eka sharyatitil cycleswar aanee vikreta mhanoon vapar keela aanee 1910 madhye kelo motor company antargat mahagadya motargadyanchi shreni aayat karnyas suruvat kelee. tyanantar tyachya chalisachya dashakat mendhya charavane aanee ghodyanchya sharyatichya malkimadhye vaividhyapurn jhaale, veer, holl marqa aanee nuffield 1938 aii. jeey. see. derby aanee vhee. aar. see. derby vijete heey ullekhaneey hote. sharyatitil karkird. holl marqa 1932 aanee 1935 darmyan chaar hangamanmadhye sharyat bharala aanee 1933chaa melburn cup jinkanyasathi prasiddha aahe, joou tyach varshi 1933 aii. jeey. see. derby aanee vhee. aar. see. derbycha duheri abhijat vijeta hota aanee doubleu.eff.sidney aanee mailburnmadhil aii aanee handicap sharyati, 1934 chya vatak colfield stakesmadhe chathamla parabhoot karoon jinktat aanee 1935 chya vhee. aar. see. kings plateney rogilala parabhoot karoon junya kalatil tyachya kshamatechi pushti kelee. mageel yashachya sanmanarth darvarshi randwick rescourse yethe hallmarkche bhag ghetale jaatat. studver ubha asalela tyacha sarvottam ghoda holl stand 1942 aii. jeey. see. sires product stakes, 1942 hobartville stakes aanee 1942 rosehill ginnies hota. 1944 madhye tyachya malkachya kelochya mrutyunantar, hallmark queenslandchya ingam yetheel bernside studla vikala gela. pudhil nauu varshe, tyanna pramukhyane kaam karananya ghodyanchi surr karanyachi savay hotee. yaa kshamatet, udayonmukh tadnya jaaticha, austreliyan stock horsecha purvaj mhanoon tyacha kayamswarupi prabhav hota. holl marqa 1953 madhye vayachya 23 vya varshi maran pavala. holl markche sharyatiche rangah sone, hirave bahoo aanee topi. holl markcha sharyatitil vikramah 18 vijay, 16 sekand, 9 trutiyansh aanee 9 jaaga nasalelya dhavansathi 52 dhavancha prarambh hoto.

hull mark (ghoda) hull mark ek bahumukhi chestnut throbread stellion thiyo. unle astreliama pradarshan gare, astreliyali resing hull aff fame prashikshak jack holtdwara prashikshit. unle 6 farlangbata 2 milesamma 18 wata jit record gardai dui warshaka balakbata paanch warshaka balaksamma daud gare. prayaha champion jaki bill dankan rar frank dempasidwara sawari garieko. hull marklai sann 2019 maa astreliyali resing hull aff femma samawesh garieko thiyo. prajanan. hull mark unko malik charles kelole tarwin park stud rilestonema janmaeka thie, veer (astrelia) dwara nayan south wells ek pramukh sear rar australiama pramukh daudharuko classic vijeta 16,000 ginima kharid garieko thiyo. restrackma bhaeko euta asafalata dame hiroinki (astrelia) charles kelole 800 ginima kineka thie. sann 1871 maa wictoriako sutton grenzma janmeka breeder charles brauna kelole muel rupma sann 1890 ko dashakko cycle bumlai resing cycle chalak rar selsmanko rupma shoshan gare rar sann 1910 maa kelo motor companyantargat mahango motor karharuko dayara ayat garna thale. unko chalisko dashakma bheda charaune rar ghoda daudako swamitwama vividhatapurna bhaeka ullekhaniyaharu veer, hull mark rar nafield 1938 ajc derby rar bharasi derby vijeta thie. resing currier. hull markley 1932 rar 1935 ko bichma chaar sijanharuma daudyo rar 1933 mailborne cup jitnaka lagi prasidha chha june uhi warsha 1933 ajc derby rar bharasi derbyko dohoro classic vijeta thiyo.ef.sidney rar mailbornema ae rar handicap daudharu, 1934 bhyatak colfield stakesma chathamlai haraera jitchhan rar 1935 bhiarasi kings platele rojilalai haraera purano yugma unko kshamatako pushti gardacha. wigatko safaltako manyatama pratyek warsha hull mark stackharu randwick rescoursema chalainchha. studma ubhiera unko sabaibhanda ramro ghoda hull stanned 1942 ajc sires produce stakes, 1942 hobartbhil stakes rar 1942 rosehill ginij thiyo. sann 1944 maa unko malik keloko mrityu bhaepachi, hull mark ingham, quinslandma bernside studma bechieko thiyo. arko nau warshasamma uni mukhyataya kaam garne ghodaharu sear garne banima thie. yass kshamatama udiyaman visheshagya nasla, astreliyali stock harsako purvajko rupma unko sthayi prabhawa thiyo. hull markko sann 1953 maa 23 warshako umerma mrityu bhayo. hull markko resing rangharuh suna, hariyo bahuko rar topi. hull markko resing recordah 52 ley 18 jiit, 16 second, 9 tihai rar 9 unplaced ranka lagi suru hunchha.

hull marck (ghoda) hull marck eka bahumukhi chestnut throbread stallion thila . shay astrelia resing hull off fame prashikhyaka jack holtanka dwara talim prapta astreliaare pradarshan karithile. shay dui barshar pilatharu pancha barshar pila parjyanta daudile, 6 pharlangaru 2 mile parjyanta 18 tii bijai record karithile. mukhyatah champion jaki bill dankan ebong phrank dempsinka dwara parichalita . 2019 ray astreliaara resing hull off phemare hull marck antarbhukta karajaithila . prajnan. hull marck taanka malika charles kellonka dwara tarwin park stud rilastonare prajnan karajaithila, biratwapurna (astrelia) dwara nyu south wels jane agrani sair ebong astreliaara pramukh resra classic bijetanku 16,000 gini paain kinajaithila . daam hirowinki (aii. jayu. ess.) resare eka biphalata charles kellonka dwara 800 gini paain kinajaithila. 1871 masihare victoriara sutton granjare janmita charles braun kello namaka prajananakaree 1890 dashkar cyclera utkarshaku jane resing cycle chalaka ebong cells myan bhabe byabahara karithile ebong 1910 masihare kello motor company adheenare aneka mahanga motor carr amdani kariba arambha karithile. taanka chalisha dashakare bheda charaiba ebong ghoda dauda malikanare bibidhata srusti hoithila, biratwapurna, hull marck ebong nofield 1938 aii. jay. sii. derby ebong bhi. aarr. sii. derby bijeta thile. resing kyariyara. hull marck 1932 ebong 1935 madhyare chariti ruture daudila ebong 1933 mailborne cop jitiba paain janashuna, sehi barsha 1933 aii. jay. sii. derby ebong bhi. aarr. sii. derby rahr dwita classic bijeta, swakhyara wi.aif.sidney ebong melabornare eka ebong handicap rays, 1934 bhatk colfield stekare chathamanku parasta curry jitithila ebong 1935 bhi. aarr. sii. kings plate rojilaku parasta curry eka puruna jugare taanka khyamataku nischita karithila . bigata saphalatara swekruti swaroopa pratibarsha randawik rescoursere hull marck stake parichalita hue . stadare thia hoi tankara sarbottama ghoda thila hull stand 1942 ajc sires prodox stake, 1942 hobartavil stake ebong 1942 rosehill ginij . 1944 masihare taanka malika kellonka mrutyu parey, hull marck queenslander ingamre bernside stadaku bikri karajaithila. parabarti naaa barsha parjyanta, shay mukhyatah kaama karuthiba ghodagudiku sair karibare abhyasta thile. ehi khyamatare, udiyamana bisheshagya prajati, astreliah stock ghodara purbapurusha bhabare tankara eka sthajee prabhaba thila . 1953 masihare 23 barsha bajasare hull markanka dehant hoithila. hull marker resing rangah suna, sabuja anguli ebong tupi . hull marker resing rekardah rekardah bijai, 16 second, 9 trutijansha ebong ebong sthanahina runn paain paain arambha hoithae.

haal maarak (ghoda) haal maarak ikk bahupakhi chestnut throbrade stallion see. uss neey australia witch pardarshan keeta, jiss noon australiaai racing haal aaf fame trainer jaik holt duaara sikhlai ditti gaee see. uss neey doou saal dey bacche toon panj saal dey bacche takk daud lagaai, 6 furlong toon 2 meal takk 18 jittan daraj keetiaan. ziaadaatar champion jauki bill dunken atey frank dempsy duaara swari keeti gaee. haal maarak noon 2019 witch australiaai racing haal aaf fame witch shamal keeta giaa see. prajanan. haal maarak noon uss dey maalak charles kelo duaara tarvin park stud rylestone vikhe paida keeta giaa see, nioo south wells duaara veerta (aii. yuu. aiss.) ikk pramukh sarr atey australia witch pramukh daud dey classic jetu noon 16,000 ginni witch kharidiaa giaa see. daim heroinki (aii. yuu. aiss.) restrack utte ikk asafalta noon charles kelo duaara 800 ginni witch kharidiaa giaa see. breeder, charles baraoon kelo 1871 witch victoria dey stunn grange witch paida hoiaa see, jiss neey asal witch 1890 dey dahake dey cycle boom daa ikk racing cyclist atey selzman vajon shoshan keeta atey 1910 witch kelo motor company dey tehat mahingiaan motor kaaran dee ikk shreni daramad curney shuru keeti. aapne chaali dey dahake witch firr bhed charaun atey ghode dee daud dee malki witch vibhinnta aaee, joe kii bahadari, haal maarak atey nafield 1938 aii. jey. see. derby atey vee. aar. see. derby jetu sunn. racing carrier. haal maarak neey 1932 atey 1935 dey vichkaar chaar seezanan witch daud lagaai atey 1933 daa melborne kapp jittan laee sabh toon vaddh janhiaa jaanda haii-use saal 1933 aii. jey. see. derby atey vee. aar. see. derby daa dohra classic jetu atey w.eff.sidney atey melburn witch aii atey handicap daud, 1934 witch vaetak colfield stack witch chaitham noon haraa keey jitt prapat keeti atey 1935 witch vrc kings plate neey rogila noon haraa keey ikk purane yugg witch uss dee yogta dee pushti keeti. pichli safalta dee maanta witch harr saal randwick races course witch haal maarak stack chalaiaa jaanda haii. stud 'teey khadah uss daa sabh toon vadhiaa ghoda haal stand 1942 aii. jey. see. sairas produx stack, 1942 hobartwill stack atey 1942 rosehill ginnies see. 1944 witch uss dey maalak kelo dee maut toon baad, haal maarak noon ingham, queenland witch bernside stud noon wetch ditta giaa see. agle naun saalan takk, uh mukkh taur utte ghodiaan noon sir curran daa aadee riha. iss samratha witch ubbhardi mahr nasal, australiaai stock ghode dey purvaj dey roop witch uhanan daa ikk sathayi prabhav see. haal maarak dee 1953 witch 23 saal dee umar witch maut hoow gaee. haal maarak dey racing rangao soona, hariaan sleeves atey topi. haal maarak daa racing record 52 18 jittan, 16 skintan, 9 tihai atey 9 gair-sathanit daudan naal shuru hunda haii.

haal-maark (ashwah) haal-maark iti bahumukheem chestnut-sampoorn-jaatakam stallion aasit. saha australia-deshe pradarshanm krutavaan, australia-deshasya resing haal aaf fame-prashikshakah jyaak holt ityanena prashikshita. saha varshadvayaat panchavarshaparyantam dhaavan 6 farlaang-taha 2 mail-paryantam 18 vijayaan abhilekhitavaan. praayah chaampiyan-jaakee-bill dankan tathaa frank dempsy ityetaih sawaarih krutah. haal-maark iteedam 2019 tame varshe australian-resing-haal-aaf-fame ityasmin antarbhooyat. prajananm. haal-maark ityasya prajananm tasya swami charles kelo ityanena tarvin paark stud railston ityatra krutam, nyoo sauth wells iti veerah (australia) australia-deshasya pramukhah sair tathaa pramukha-spardhaanaam shreshtah vijetah 16,000 ginee-kreedaayaah krute kreeditah. daam hirovinki (e. o. ess.) iti res-track ityasya viphalataam charles kelo ityanena 800 gini-kreedaayaah krute kreenitam. 1871 tame varshe viktoriyaadeshasya sattan-grenj-nagare janma praaptah, prajananakarta charles-braun-kelo ityeshah moolatah 1890 tame dashake dwichakrikaayaah utkarshasya upayogam resing-saclist-vikretaaroopen cha akarot, 1910 tame varshe kelo-motor-ko ityasya adheene vilyakaah motaaru-yaanaani ayatitum aarabdhavaan. tatah tasya chaturshat dashake, veerah, haal maark, nafield 1938 e. jey. see. derby & vee. aar. see. derby iti vijetaah, mesha-charanaah, ashva-spardhayaha cha svaamitvam cha iti vividhatayaa sampannaah. resing vruttihi. haal-maark 1932 taha 1935 paryantam chaturnam rutushu spardhaam krutavaan, tathaa cha 1933 tame varshe melborne-cup-kridaayaam vijayam praapnot, yat tasmin eva varshe 1933 e. jey. see. derby tathaa vee. aar. see. derby-kreedaayaah dvivaarshikavijetru aasit, tathaa doubleu. signechar-kridaayaam safalataa praapnot.cha.sidney-melborne-nagare cha e tathaa cha hendicap-spardhaasu 1934 tame varshe wyaatk-calfield-stakes ityasmin chaatm-ityenam parajayata, 1935 tame varshe vrc-kings-plate ityasmin cha rogillaa-ityenam parajayata, yat wintage-yugasya tasya kshamatam pushtam karoti. poorvasya safalataayaah manyatayai prativarsham rendwick res kors ityatra haal-maark-stakes-kreedaayaah sanchaalanam bhavati. stud ityatra sthite tasya sarwottamah ashwah haal-stand 1942 e. jey. see. sairs produs-stakes, 1942 hobartville-stakes, 1942 roseil-gineas cha aasit. 1944 tame varshe tasya swami kelro ityasya mrutyoho anantaram, queensland-nagarasya ingaam-nagare haal-maark-ityasya vikrayanam bernsad-stud-krute krutam. agrime navavarshaani yaavat saha mukhyataya karmacharinam ashvanam adhishtaataa aasit. asmin kshamatayam udayonmukhasya visheshajna-jaatyaah australian-stack-haars ityasya purvajatvena tasya sthaayeeh prabhaawah aasit. haal maark 1953 tame varshe 23 vayasi amriyata. haal-marks ityasya resing-varnaah-swarnah, harita-bahunaha, topaha cha. haal-maark ityasya resing-abhilekhah-18 vijayaihi, 16 sekendaih, 9 truteeyaamshaih, 9 sthaanarahitaih cha dhavanena 52 praarabdhaani.

haal maark (kudhirai) haal maark oru palthurai sestnut muzhu inak kudhirai. australian racing haal off fame payirchiyaalar jaak hoolt payirchiyaliththu australiavil avar nigazhchchiyai nigazhththinaar. avar irandu vayathu siruvanilirunthu ainthu vayathu siruvan varai panthayaththil eedupattaar, 6 furlang muthal 2 mile varai 18 vetrtrikalaip pathivu seithaar. saambiyan jaakkigal pill duncan mattrum frank dempsy aakiyoaraal perumpaalum sawari seiyappattathu. haal maark 2019 aam aandil australian pandhaya haal off famil serkkappattathu. inapperukkam. hallmark avarathu urimaiyaalar charles kellowal darvin paark stud railstonil valarkkappattathu, neu savuth wales veerargalaal (avustreliya) australiavil ulla mukiya panthayangkalil munnani charr mattrum classic vetrtriyaalar 16,000 kinigalukku vaangkappattaar. daam herovingi (avus) raysat trackle oru thoalviyai charles kello 800 kinigalukku vaankinaar. 1871 aam aandil victoriavin sutton kiranjil pirantha charles pravun kello, 1890 kalin cycle aetrtraththai oru pandhaya cycle oottunaraagavum virpanaiyaalaraagavum muthalil payanpaduththinaar, maelum 1910 aam aandil kello motor niruvanaththin keezh vilaiyuyarnththa motor kaarkalai irakkumathi seiyath thodangkinaar. avarathu naarpathukalil pinnar semmari aadu meichchal mattrum kudhirai pandhaya urimaikku panmugappaduththappattathu, veeram, haal maark mattrum nafield 1938 aee. jay. chii terby & vrc terby vetrtriyaalar. pandhaya vaazhkkai. haal maark 1932 mattrum 1935 kku idaiyil naanku paruvangkalil panthayaththil eedupattathu, maelum 1933 melbourne kooppaiyai ventratharkaaka migavum pirabalamaanathu, athae aandil 1933 aee. jay. chii terby & vrc terby aagiya irattai classic vetrtriyaalaraaka irunththathu.eff.sidney mattrum melbornil nadantha aee mattrum handicap panthayangkal, 1934 vaatk calfield pankukalil satham mattrum 1935 vrc kings plate thoarkadiththu roagillaavai thoarkadiththu vindej sagaapthaththil avarathu thiranai uruthippaduththukintrana. kadantha kaala vetrtriyai angkeekarikkum vagaiyil ovvoru aandum haal maark pankukal randwick rays courseil nadaththappadugindrana. stuttle nirpathu avarathu sirantha kudhirai haal stand 1942 aee. jay. chii sears thayaarippukal stakes, 1942 hoobardvil stakes mattrum 1942 rosehill kinis aagum. 1944 aam aandil avarathu urimaiyaalar kello iranththa piragu, haal maark quinslandin ingaamil ulla eriyum stadirku virkappattathu. aduththa onbathu aandugalukku, avar perumpaalum vaelai seiyum kudhiraigalai soarvaaga nadaththuvathu vazhakkam. inththa nilaiyil valarnthu varum sirappu inamaana australian pangku kuthiraiyin moothaathaiyaraaka avar neediththa selvaakkaik kondirundhaar. haal maark 1953 ill thanathu 23 vayathil iranthaar. haal markin pandhaya vannangkal thangam, pacchai sattaigal mattrum thoppi. haal markin pandhaya saathanaih 18 vetrtrikal, 16 vinaadigal, 9 moontril oru pangku mattrum 9 idamillaatha oottangkalukku 52 thodangukirathu.

haall maark (gurram) haall maark anedi bahumukha chestnut thorobread stallion. athanu australialo pradarsana icchaadu, australian racing haall off fame trainer jaak holt sikshana pondaadu. athanu rendella baludi nundi aidella baludi varaku parugettaadu, 6 furlangla nundi 2 mailla varaku 18 vijayalu saadhinchaadu. ekkuvagaa chhampian jaakeelu bill dunken mariyu fraank dempsey nadiparu. haall maark 2019loe australian racing haall off fameloki cherchabadindi. santanotpatti. haall maark nuu athani yajamani charless kello tarvin park stud railstone vadda penchaaru, nyuu south wales bye veerochita (australia) australialoni pramukha surr mariyu pradhana resula classic vijaetanu 16,000 giniyalaku konugolu chesaaru. dyaam herovinki (ausis) anae racing track vaiphalyaanni charless kello 800 giniyalaku konugolu chesaaru. 1871loe victorialoni sutton grangelo janminchina breeder charless braun kello 1890laloe saikil oogisalaatanu racing cyclist mariyu sales manga upayoginchukunnadu mariyu 1910loe kello motor koo kinda khareedaina motaru kaarlanu digumati chesukovadam praarambhinchaadu. athani nalabhailalo gorrela metha mariyu gurrapu pandem yajamanyam pramukhamgaa veerochita, haall maark mariyu nuffield 1938 ajc derby & vrc derby vijaetagaa marai. racing vrutti. haall maark 1932 mariyu 1935 madhya naalugu seasonlalo pootii chesindi mariyu 1933 melbourne kapnu geluchukunnanduku baga prasiddhi chendindi, adhe samvatsaramlo 1933 ajc derby & vrc derby yokka dwandwa classic vijaeta, signature doubleu vijayam saadhinchaadu.eff.sidney mariyu melbornelalo eah mariyu handicap resulu, 1934 watcalfield stakeslo chaathamnu oodinchi, 1935 vrc kings plate rojillaanu oodinchi, paatakaalapu yugamlo athani saamarthyaanni dhruvikarinchayi. gatha vijayaniki gurtimpugaa prati samvatsaram randwick rays courselo haall maark stakes nirvahistaaru. stud vadda nilabadi athani uttama gurram haall stand 1942 ajc sairs produx stakes, 1942 hobartville stakes mariyu 1942 rosehill gineas. 1944loe athani yajamani kello maraninchina taruvaata, haall maark queenslandloni ingamlo bernside studku vikrayinchabadindi. taruvaati tommidella paatu, athanu pradhanamgaa pani chese gurralanu surr cheyadaaniki alavaatu paddadu. eee hodaalo athanu abhivruddhi chendutunna pratyeka jaathi ayina australian stock haars yokka puurveekulugaa shaashwata prabhavanni kaligi unnadu. haall maark 1953loe 23 samvatsaraala vayasulo maraninchaadu. haall maark yokka racing rangulu bangaaram, aakupaccha sleevelu mariyu topi. haall maark yokka racing recordu 18 vijayalu, 16 sekanlu, 9 moodinta 9 vantulu mariyu 9 sthaanabhramsham laeni parugulatho 52 praarambhamavutundi.

haal maark (ghoda) haal maark eek versitile cheest nutt tharo bread stallin thaa. inhon nay australia mein perform kiyaa jiss kii tarbiyat austrailvi resing haal aaf faim trainer jeek holt nay dee thee. iss nay duu saalah bachay say paanch saalah bachay takk dodh lagayi jiss mein 6 farlang say 2 meel takk 18 jeeth record kii gayein. ziyadah tarr champine jaaki bull dunkin aur frank dempsy kay zariye chalayi gayee. haal maark kuu 2019 mein austrailvi resing haal aaf faim mein shaamil kiyaa gayaa thaa. afzaish. haal maark kuu iss kay maalik charlis keelo nay tarvin paark stud rail stone mein paaliya thaa neo saoth wells bayee veerol (australia) eek maruf sarr aur australia mein bury reeson kay classic faatah kuu 16,000 ganeez mein kharida gayaa thaa. ddaim heroinki (australia) rees track parr eek nakami kuu charlis keelo nay 800 ganeez mein kharida thaa. breader charlis brown keelo juu 1871 mein victoriah kay stunn grange mein paida huay nay asl mein 1890 kii dahayi kay cycle boam kaa batoor resing cyclist aur seils meen istehsaal kiyaa aur 1910 mein keelo motor company kay tahat mahungi motor kaaron kii eek renj daraamad karnaa sharoo kii. iss kay baad inn kii chalis kii dahayi mein bhed charanay aur ghoday kii dodh kii malkiyat mein tanoo paida hawaa wah bahaadar haal maark aur nafeeld 1938 aey jay see durby aind wee aar see durby faatah thay. resing carrier. haal maark nay 1932 aur 1935 kay darmiyan chaar seezan mein dodh lagayi aur 1933 kaa melborn cup jeetnay kay liye jaana jaataa hay juu asee saal 1933 aey jay see durby aur wee aar see durby kaa dohra classic faatah thaa aur iss nay dabliyo kay dastakhat mein kamiyabi haasil kii.aif.sudney aur melburn mein aey aur handicap rees 1934 wee aey tye see kaal feld steaks mein cheetham kuu shakast day kirr jeetati hay aur 1935 wee aar see kangaz plait nay rogla kuu shakast day kirr eek paraaney door mein iss kii salahiyat kii tasdiq kii. maazi kii kamiyabi kay aiteraf mein harr saal rendok rees kors mein haal maark steaks chalaye jaatay haine. stud parr khadaa inn kaa behtareen ghoda haal stend 1942 aey jay see sires prodios stacks 1942 hobart will steaks aur 1942 roz hail ganeez thaa. 1944 mein iss kay maalik keelo kii moth kay baad haal maark kuu england queenz lend mein burn side stud kuu farokhat kirr diyaa gayaa. aglay noow saalon takk wah bunyadi toor parr ghodon kuu sarr karnay kay aadi thay. iss salahiyat mein ubharti hoyee maahir nasal austrailvi stock haars kay paishro kii haisiyat say iss kaa payedar asar thaa. haal maark 1953 mein 23 saal kii amar mein inteqal kirr gayey. haal maark kay resing rung: sonaa sabz aasteen aur tupi. haal maark kaa resing record: 52 18 jeeth 16 second 9 tahayi aur 9 ghair jagah shadah ranoon kay liye sharoo hotaa hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=22378

OSPF

OSPF

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oh. aiss. pee. aff.

oo. ess. pii. eff

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ooo. ess. pii. eff

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=34403996

Bi-State League (1915)

Bi-State League (1915) The Bi-State League was an American baseball Class D level minor league which operated in 1915. It was the successor of the Wisconsin–Illinois League and was represented by five teams from Illinois and one from Wisconsin. The Bi-State folded during the 1915 season. History. The six–team Bi-State League was formed for the 1915 season with the Aurora Foxes, Elgin Watch Makers, Freeport Pretzels, Ottawa Indians, Racine Belles and Streator Boosters as charter members under the direction of president B.M. Parsons. The league evolved from the Wisconsin-Illinois League, which had Racine as a member and folded after the 1914 season. After beginning play on May 11, 1515, the Bi-State League disbanded on July 7, 1915 after the Elgin and Aurora franchises folded. The Streator Boosters were in 1st place in the league standings when the Bi-State League folded. With a 30–18 record, Streator was 1.0 game ahead of the 2nd place Racine Belles (30–20) in the final standings. They were followed by Elgin Watch Makers (27–26), Aurora Foxes (25–27), Freeport Pretzels (23–29) and Ottawa Indians (20–35) in the final standings. 1915 Standings & Statistics. 1915 Bi-State Leagueschedule Elgin & Aurora disbanded July 5. The league disbanded July 7. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Sources. The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball: Second Edition: This article is based on the "Bi-States League" article at Baseball-Reference.com Bullpen. The Bullpen is a wiki, and its content is available under the GNU Free Documentation License.

dwi-rajyik leeg (1915) dwi-rajyik leeg aasil 1915 sonot porisalito ek aamerikan besbol shreni di storor miner leeg. ee aasil wisconsin-ilinoy leegor uttoradhikari aaru iyak ilinoyor pasta doll aaru wisconsinor etaa dole protinidhitwo korisil. 1915 sonor sijonor xomoyot dwi-rajyotu bhaaj koraa hoisil. itihax. 1915 sonor sijonor baabe soita dolor dwi-rajyik leeg gothon koraa hoisil zo 'too oh' rura fox, elgin waas maker, freep 'rt pretzel, oh' taawa indians, resin bail aaru streeter bustarok xobhapoti bi-ror nirdexot charter xodosyo hisape gothon koraa hoisil.em. parson. ei leeg wisconsin-ilinoyos leegor poraa bikoxito hoisil, zo 'too xodosyo hisape resin aasil aaru 1914 sonor sijonor pisot iyak bhaaj koraa hoisil. 1515 sonor 11 mey 'too khel aarombho huwar pisot, 1915 sonor 7 julyte elgin aaru oh' rura frencyjibur bhangi juwar pisot dwi-rajyik leeg bhongo hoy. dwi-rajyik leegkhon bhaaj huwar xomoyot strietar bustarxomuh leeg standingsot 1moo sthanot aasil. etaa 30-18 recordor xoite, strietar suranto standingto dwitiyo sthanor resin bail (30-20) ror poraa 1-0 gemot aagbarhi aasil. teulukor pisote elgin ghori nirmata (27-26), orura fox (25-27), freep "rt pretzel (23-29) aaru oh" taawa indian (20-35) suranto sthanot aasil. 1915 sonor sthiti aaru porixongkhya. 1915 dwi-rajyik leegor xomoixusi 5 julyte elgin aaru oh 'rura bhongo hoy. 7 julyte leegtu bhongo hoy. utxoxomuh. miner leeg besbolor biswokuxoh dwitiyo xongoskoronoh ei probondhotu besbol-referenceor "dwi-rajyik leeg" probondhor uporot aadharito.komm bulpen. bulpen hoise etaa wiki, aaru iyar bixoybostu ji. eno. eu. mukto documentation onugyapotror odhinot upolobdho.

dwi-rajyo leeg (1915) dwi-rajyo leeg chhilo ekti american baseball classes dii storer minor leeg jaa 1915 saale porichalito hoyechilo. etty wisconsin-ilinoy liger uttarsuri chhilo ebong ilinoy theke panchti ebong wisconsin theke ekti doll protinidhitto korechilo. 1915 saaler morshume dwi-rashtro bhanj hoye yaay. itihas. chhoy doler dwi-rashtriya leeg 1915 saaler morshumer jonno gothito hoyechilo jaar modhye aurora fox, elgin ghadi prostutkarok, freeport pretzel, autoa indian, racine bell ebong streetor busterguli rashtrapati bii-err nirdeshe charter sadasya hisabe chhilo.emm. person. ligti wisconsin-ilinoy leeg theke bibortito hoyechilo, jaar sadasya hisabe resign chhilo ebong 1914 morshumer porey bhanj koraa hoyechilo. 1515 saaler 11ee meey khela shuru howar porr, elgin ebong aurora franchisera bhanj hoye yawar porr 1915 saaler 7ee julai dwi-rajyo leeg venge yaay. dwi-rashtriya leeg jokhon bhanj hoy tokhon streetor busterra leeg standingye 1maum sthane chhilo. ekti 30-18 record soho, streetor chudanta standingye 2yoy sthaner racine bell (30-20)-err theke 1-0 gema egiye chhilo. taader porey elgin ghadi prostutkarok (27-26), aurora shiyala (25-27), freeport pretzels (23-29) ebong autoa indians (20-35) chudanta abosthane chhilo. 1915 standing ebong porisongkhyan. 1915 dwi-rajyo leeg samayasuchi elgin oo aurora 5ee julai venge yaay. 7ee julai ligti venge yaay. sootro. dya encyclopedia off minor leeg besball dwitiya sanskaranah eyi nibondhoti baseball-referencer "dwi-rajyo leeg" nibondher upor vitti korey toiri.qama bulpen. bulpen ekti uiki, ebong err visayavastu zii. enn. eu phri documentation licenser adhine pawa yaay.

dhvee-raajy leag (1915) dhvee-raajy leag aee american baseball varg dii starnee naanee leag hatee jeey 1915maan kaaryarat hatee. teey wisconsin-eleanois leegno uttaradhikari hato aneey tenu pratinidhitva ileenoisni paanch teamo aneey wisconsinni aek team dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. 1915nee mosam darmiyan dhvee-raajy bundh thaee gayoo hatoo. itihas. chh-team dhvee-raajy leegnee rachnaa 1915nee season maate karvaamaa aavee hatee, jemaa orora sheeyal, elgin ghadiyaad utpaadako, freeport pretzels, ottava indiance, racine bails aneey strater boosters pramukh bii. naa nirdesh hethal charter sabhyo tareeke hataa.aema. parsons. aaa leag wisconsin-eleanois leegmathi vikaseet thaee hatee, jemaa sabhy tareeke racine hatee aneey 1914nee season pachhi tene jodee devaamaa aavee hatee. 11 meey, 1515naa roj ramat sharoo karyaa pachhi, elgin aneey arora franchiseeo bundh thayaa pachhi 7 julai, 1915naa roj dhvee-raajy leag vikheree nakhvama aavee hatee. jyaare dhvee-raajy leag bundh thaee tyaare streeter booster leag standingma pratham sthaane hataa. 30-18 reqorda saathe, streeter anteem standingma beeja sthaannaa racine bails (30-20) kartaa 1 ramat aagad hato. temnaa pachhi anteem kramaankoma elgin ghadiyaad utpaadako (27-26), arora sheeyal (25-27), freeport pretzels (23-29) aneey ottava bhartiyo (20-35) aavyaa hataa. 1915 sthitee aneey aankada. 1915 dhvee-raajy leegnu samaypatrak elgin aneey aurora 5 julyna roj vikheree nakhvama aavee hatee. leag 7 julyna roj vikheree nakhvama aavee hatee. stroto. dhaa encyclopaedia off minor leag baseball second editionh aaa lekh baseball-sandarbhma "dhvee-raajy leag" lekh parr aadharit chhe.qoma bulpen. bulpen aek vikee chhe, aneey tenee samagri jee. aena. yuu. mukt dastavejikaran licenses hethal uplabdh chhe.

dwi-raajya leag (1915) dwi-raajya leag ack americi baseball varg dee star kii laghu leag thee joe 1915 mein sanchaalit hui thee. yeh wisconsin-ilinois leag kaa uttaradhikari thaa aur iska pratinidhitva ilinois kii paanch teams aur wisconsin seey ack team dwara kiya gayaa thaa. 1915 key mausam key dauran dwi-raajya koo modd diyaa gayaa. itihas. chhah-teams vaali dwi-raajya leag kaa gathan 1915 key satra key liye kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen adhyaksh bee key nirdesh parr charter sadasyon key roop mein aurora fox, algin watch makers, freeport pretzels, ottawa indiance, racine bails aur streeter booster shamil they.aim. parson. leag wisconsin-ilinois leag seey vikasit hui, jisake sadasya key roop mein resign thaa aur 1914 key satra key baad ise modd diyaa gayaa. 11 maee, 1515 koo khel shuru karane key baad, algin aur arora franchisee key tootane key baad 7 julaai, 1915 koo dwi-raajya leag bhang hoe gaee. jaba dwi-raajya leag mudee tou streeter booster leag standing mein pahale sthaan parr they. ack 30-18 record key saath, streeter antim standing mein dusare sthaan kii resign bell (30-20) seey 1 game aage thaa. unake baad antim sthaan parr algin ghadee nirmaata (27-26), aurora lomdi (25-27), freeport pretzel (23-29) aur ottawa indiance (20-35) they. 1915 kii sthiti aur saankhyiki. 1915 dwi-raajya leag anusuchi algin aur aurora 5 julaai koo bhang hoe gaye. leag 7 julaai koo bhang hoe gaee. srot. dha encyclopaedia off minor leag besballh doosara sanskaranah yeh lekh baseball-sandarbh mein "dwi-raajya leag" lekh parr adharit haye.comm bulpen. bulpen ack viki haye, aur isaki samagri jee. aine. yuu. mukt pralekhan licenses key tahat upalabdh haye.

dvi-raajya leigh (1915) dvi-raajya leigh 1915ralli kaaryanirvahisida american baseball classes dii mattada mainer leigh aagittu. idu wisconsin-ileanois leagna uttaraadhikaariyaagittu mattu ileanoisn aidu tandagalu mattu wisconsin ondu tandavu idannu pratinidhisittu. 1915rahra rtuvinalli dvi-raajyavu madachikonditu. itihaasa. aaru tandagala dvi-raajya leigh annu 1915rahra kridaartuvigaagi arora narigalu, elgine watch tayaarakaru, freeport pretjelgalu, ottawa indians, racine bells mattu streater boostergalannu charter sadasyaraagi adhyaksha bii.emm. parsons. ee leigh wisconsin-ileanois leagninda vikasanagonditu, idu sadasyaraagi racine annu hondittu mattu 1914rahra kridaartuvina nantara madachitu. 1515rahra mayee 11randu aatavannu praarambhisida nantara, elgine mattu arora franchaisigalu madachihoda nantara 1915rahra julai 7randu dvi-raajya leigh annu visarjisalaayitu. dvi-raajya leigh madidaaga streater boostergalu leigh sthaanamanadalli 1neey sthaanadallive. 30-18 daakhaleyondige, antima sthanagalalli 2neey sthaanadalliruva racine gantegaliginta (30-20) 1 game mundidda stritter. avara nantara elgine watch tayaarakaru (27-26), arora narigalu (25-27), freeport pretjelgalu (23-29) mattu ottawa indians (20-35) antima sthanagalalliddare. 1915rahra anki-amshagalu mattu sthaanamaanagalu. 1915 dvi-raajya leeggala velapatti elgin & arora julai 5randu visarjisalaayitu. leigh julai 7randu visarjisalaayitu. moolagalu. dhii encyclopedia off mainer leigh baseball second edition ee lekhanavu baseball-ullekhadallina "dvi-rajyagala leigh" lekhanavannu aadhariside.com bulpen. bulpen ondu vikiyagide, mattu adara vishayavu gnu uchita daakhalaati paravaanagi adiyalli labhyavide.

dvi-rajya leag (1915) dvi-rajya leag hii eka american baseball varg dii patalichi kirkol leag hotee jee 1915 madhye chalavali gelee. tee wisconsin-eleanoy leegchi uttaradhikari hotee aanee eleanoymadhil paach sangh aanee wisconsinmadhil eka sangh pratinidhitva karat hota. 1915chya hangamat dvi-rajya dumadale gele. itihas. adhyaksh buub. yanchya nirdeshanusar, chh-sangh dvi-rajya sanghachi sthapana 1915chya hangamasathi karnyat aalee, jyat arora fox, elgin ghadyal nirmate, freeport pretzels, ottawa indiance, racine bails aanee straiter booster heey charter sadasya hote.emm. parsons. hii leag wisconsin-eleanoy leegmadhun vikasit jhaali, jyacha sadasya mhanoon racine hota aanee 1914chya hangamanantar tee dumadali gelee. 11 meey 1515 roji khel suru jhalyanantar, elgin aanee arora franchisee dumadalyanantar 7 julai 1915 roji dvi-rajya leag visarjit jhaali. jevha dvi-rajya leag dumadali tevha streeter booster sangh kramvarit pahilya sthanavar hote. 30-18 vikramabarobar, antim kramvarit dusya sthanavaril racine bails (30-20) peksha streeter 1 game pudhe hota. tyanchya pathopath elgin ghadyal nirmate (27-26), arora fox (25-27), freeport pretzels (23-29) aanee ottawa indiance (20-35) antim kramvarit hote. 1915 kramvari aanee aakadevari. 1915 dvi-rajya leagueche velapatrak elgin aanee arora 5 julai roji visarjit jhaali. 7 julai roji leag visarjit jhaali. srot. daad encyclopedia auph minor leag baseballh sekand editionh haah lekh baseball-sandarbhatil "dvi-rajya leag" lekhavar aadharit aahe.com bulpen. bulpen haah eka viki aahe aanee tyachi samagri jee. aine. yuu. mukt dastaivajikaran parvanyakhali upalabdh aahe.

dwi-rajya ligg (1915) dwi-rajya ligg ek americi baseball warga dee starko minor ligg thiyo june 1915 maa sanchalan bhaeko thiyo. yo wisconsin-eleanois ligko uttaradhikari thiyo rar ilinoiska panchwata toliharu rar wisconsinko ek tolile pratinidhitwa gareko thiyo. sann 1915 ko sijanma dwi-rajya bhaanchieko thiyo. itihas. chha-tolly dwi-rajya ligg sann 1915 ko sijanka lagi arora fucks, algin watch nirmataharu, freeport pretzels, otawa indiance, recine bails rar streeter busterharulai charter sadasyaharuko rupma rashtrapati bee ko nirdeshanma gathan garieko thiyo.emm. parson. ligg wisconsin-eleanois ligbata wiksit bhayo, jasma sadasyaka rupma resign thiyo rar 1914 sijan pachhi fold bhayo. mey 11,1515 maa khel suru garepachhi, algin rar arora franchaijiharu bhaandiepachi july 7,1915 maa dwi-rajya ligg wighatan bhayo. dwi-rajya ligg bhaanchieko bela streeter busterharu ligg standingma pahilo sthanma thie. 30-18 recordko sath, streeter antim standingma dosro sthanko resign bayle (30-20) bhanda 1 khel agadi thiyo. antim sthanma algin watch nirmataharu (27-26), arora faksharu (25-27), freeport pretjelharu (23-29) rar ottawa indianceharu (20-35) thie. sann 1915 ko sthiti rar tathyanka. sann 1915 dwi-rajya ligharu talika algin rar arora july 5 maa wighatan bhayo. ligg july 7 maa wighatan bhayo. srotharu. minor ligg besbalko vishwakoshah dosro sanskaranah yo lekh baseball-sandarbhama "dwi-rajya ligg" lekhma adharit chha.cum bulpen. bulpen euta wiki how, rar yasako samagri gnu nihshulk kagjat ijajatpatra antargat upalabdha chha.

dwi-rajya ligg (1915) dwi-rajya ligg eka americae baseball class dii starar minor ligg thila jaahaa 1915 ray parichalita hoithila . ehaa wisconsin-eleanois ligra uttaradhikari thila ebong eleanoisra panchti dala ebong wiskanasinara gotie dala dwara pratinidhitwa karajaithila . 1915 ruture ehi dui-rajya bhangi jaithila. itihas. 1915 sijan paain chhaa-dala bisista dui-rajya ligg gathan karajaithila, jeunthire arora foxes, elgine waacha maker, freeport pretzels, otawa indiance, resin bails ebong streeter bustermane rastrapati bii. nka nirdeshare charter sadasya bhabare thile.emm. parson. ehi ligg wisconsin-eleanois ligg ru bikashita hoithila, jahara sadasya bhabare resin thila ebong 1914 sijin parey bhangi jaithila . meey 11,1515 ray khela arambha kariba parey, elgine ebong arora phranchaijigudika bhangiba parey july 7,1915 ray dwi-rajya ligg bhangi jaithila. dwi-rajya ligg bhangiba samajare ligg standingre streeter bustermane 1maha sthanare thile. eka 30-18 record sahita, antim standingre standingre sthana resin bail (30-20) thaaru 1-0 game aagare thila. semananka parey elgine watch nirmata (27-26), arora foxus (25-27), freeport pretzels (23-29) ebong otowa indiance (20-35) chudanta sthanare rahithile. 1915 sthiti ebong parisankhyana. 1915 dwi-rajya ligg karjyasuchi elgin ebong arora july 5 ray bhangigala. ligg july 7 ray bhangigala . utsa. minor ligg baseball rahr biswakoshah dwiteeja sanskaranah ehi lekhati baseball-sandarbhare "dui-rajya ligg" lekha upare aadharita.comm bulpen. bulpen heuchhi eka wiki, ebong ehara bishajabastu jii. enn. jayu. free documentation licences adheenare upalabdha .

doou-raaj leeg (1915) doou-raaj leeg ikk amriki baseball class dee paddhar dee minor leeg see joe 1915 witch challdi see. ih visconsin-eleanois leeg daa uttradhikari see atey iss dee numaindagi eleanois deeaan panj teaman atey visconsin toon ikk team duaara keeti gaee see. 1915 dey season dauran doou-raaj noon modd ditta giaa. itihaas. chhe teaman dee doou-raaj leeg 1915 dey season laee arora fox, elgin vaach makers, freeport pretzels, otawa indians, racine bells atey stratter boosters naal charter memberan vajon pardhan bee dey nirdesh heth banayi gaee see.aim. parson. leeg visconsin-eleanois leeg toon vikast hoee, jiss witch ikk member dey roop witch racine see atey 1914 dey season toon baad iss noon modd ditta giaa see. 11 maee, 1515 noon khed shuru curran toon baad, elgin atey aurora franchisee dey tuttan toon baad 7 julai, 1915 noon doou-raaj leeg bhang hoow gaee. jadon doou-raaj leeg tutt gaee taan streeter booster leeg standing witch pahile sathaan 'teey sunn. ikk 30-18 ricard dey naal, streeter final standing witch dooje sathaan dee racine ghanti (30-20) toon 1 game agge see. unhan toon baad elgin ghadi nirmata (27-26), aurora fox (25-27), freeport pretzel (23-29) atey otawa indians (20-35) antim ranking witch sunn. 1915 standing atey ankade 1915 doou-raaj leeg anusuchi elgin atey aurora 5 julai noon bhang hoow gaye. leeg 7 julai noon bhang hoow gaee. sarot. minor leeg baseball daa vishwakosha dooja edition ih lekh baseball-havala 'teey "doou-raaj leeg" lekh' teey adharat haii.qaam bulpain. bulpen ikk viki haii, atey iss dee samaggari jee. ainn. yuu. mufat dastavez licences dey tehat upalbadh haii.

dwi-rajya-leag (1915) dwi-rajya-leag iti american besball-class-dee-starasya laghu-leag aasit, yat 1915 tame varshe sanchaalitam aasit. eshah visconsin-ileanois-leag ityasya uttaraadhikaari aasit, ileanois-deshasya pancha-dalaihi, visconsin-nagarasya ekena cha pratinidhidalena cha aasit. 1915 tame varshe dwi-raajyam sankeernam abhavat. itihaasah. 1915 tame varshe satrasya krute shut-dalanam dwi-rajya-leag ityasya nirmanam krutam, yatra arora-faaks, elgin-vaach-nirmataraha, freeport-pretzels, oottaavaa-indiance, resin-bails, streeter-boosters cha adhyakshasy nirdeshena charter-sadasyaroopen aasan.emm. parsons. visconsin-ileanois-leag ityatah leag ityasya vikaasah abhavat, yasya sadasyatvena resin aasit, 1914 tamavarshasya anantaram cha tasya vibhaajanam jaatam. 1515 mey 11 dinaanke kreedaayaah arambhanantaram, elgin-arora-frenchaijee-pakshanam vibhajanena 1915 julai 7 dinaanke dwi-rajya-leag-sanghah vighatitah. dwi-rajya-leag-pakshah yadaa shithilah abhavat tadaa streeter-boosters-samsthah leag-standing-madhye prathamasthaane aasan. 30-18 abhilekhayuktena, stritter antimasthaane dwiteeyasthaanasy resin bails (30-20) taha 1 kreedaayaah agre aasit. teshaam anantaram elgin-vaach-nirmataraha (27-26), arora-faaks (25-27), freeport-pretzels (23-29), oottaavaa-indiance (20-35) cha antimasthaane aasan. 1915 sthitihi tathaa saankhyikee. 1915 dwi-rajya-leag-anusuchyam elgin tathaa arora julai 5 dinaanke vighatitaani. leag julai 7 dinaanke vighatitaani. srotah. da encyclopaedia aaf mainar leag besbaalh dwiteeyasamskaranamh ayam lekhah besball-sandarbhasya "dwi-rajya-leag" lekhasya aadhaaren asti.kaam bulpen. bulpen iti vikee asti, tasya vishayavastuh cha gnu-mukta-pralekhana-anujnaapatrasya antargatam upalabhyte.

iru maanila leak (1915) iru-maanila leak enbathu oru america baseball vaguppu dii nilai siriya leak aagum, idhu 1915 ill iyangkiyathu. idhu visconsin-illinoys leakin vaarisaaga irunththathu mattrum illinoisaich saerntha ainthu anigalum wisconsinsaich saerntha oru aniyum pirathinithiththuvappaduththu. 1915 paruvaththil iru-maanilangkal madikappattana. varalaaru. aaru anigal konda iru maanila leak 1915 paruvaththirkaaga arora narigal, elkin kadikaara thayaarippaalarkal, freeford breadgels, ottawa indians, raesin bells mattrum streeter poostarkal aagiyavattrai janathipathi pii. yinn vazhikaattuthalin keezh pattaya uruppinargalaaga uruvaakkinar.emm. parsons. inththa leak visconsin-illinoys leekkilirunthu uruvaanathu, idhu oru uruppinaraaga raesainaik kondirundhadhu mattrum 1914 paruvaththirkup piragu madikkappattathu. 1515 mae 11 andru vilaiyaadath thodangiya piragu, eljin mattrum arora urimaiyaalargal madikkapatta pinnar juulai 7,1915 andru iru maanila leak kalaikkappattathu. iru maanila leak madikkappattapoathu streeter poostarkal leak tharavarisaiyil 1 vadhu idaththil irunththana. oru 30-18 saathanaiyudan, striter iruthi nilaippaadugalil 2 vadhu idaththaip pidiththa raesin bellgalai (30-20) vida 1 aattaththil munnaniyil irunthaar. avarkalaith thodarnthu eljin kadikaara thayaarippaalarkal (27-26), arora narii (25-27), freeford predsals (23-29) mattrum ottawa inththiyargal (20-35) aagiyoar iruthip pattiyalil ullanar. 1915 tharanilaikal mattrum pullivivarangkal. 1915 iru maanila leekkugal attavanai eljin & arora juulai 5 andru kalaikkappattathu. leak juulai 7 andru kalaikkappattathu. aathaarangkal. mainar leak baseball kalaikkalanjiyam irandaavathu pathippu inthak katturai baseball-kurippil ulla "iru maanila leak" katturaiyai adippadaiyaagak kondadhu.kaam bulben. bulben oru vikki, adhan ulladakkam knu ilavasa aavana urimaththin keezh kidaikkirathu.

dvi-rashtra leag (1915) dvi-rashtra leag anedi 1915loe panichesina oka american bays baall class dii sthaayi chinna leag. idhi wisconsin-illinais leag varasudu mariyu dheeniki illinais nundi aidu jatlu mariyu wisconsin nundi oka jattu praatinidhyam vahinchindi. 1915 seasonlo dvi-rashtram muduchukundi. charitra. aaru-jatla dvi-rashtra leag 1915 season kosam arora nakkalu, elgine watch makers, freeport pretzels, ottava indians, racine bells mariyu streater boosterlatho charter sabhyuluga president bii. aadesaala meraku erpadindi.emm. parsons. eee leag wisconsin-illinais leag nundi udbhavinchindi, idhi sabhyuraligaa racine kaligi undhi mariyu 1914 season tarvaata muduchukundi. 1515 mae 11naa aata praarambhamaina taruvaata, elgine mariyu arora fraanchaijeelu muduchukunna taruvaata juulai 7,1915naa dvi-rashtra leag raddu cheyabadindi. dvi-rashtra leag muduchukunnappudu leag standingslo streater boosterlu 1va sthaanamlo unnaayi. 30-18 rikaardutoe, tudi standingslo 2va sthaanamlo unna racine bells (30-20) kante stritter 1 game mundu unnadu. vaari taruvaata elgin watch makers (27-26), arora faaks (25-27), freeport pretzels (23-29) mariyu ottava indians (20-35) tudi rankingslo nilichaaru. 1915 standings & statistics. 1915 dvi-rashtra leaglu schedule elgin & arora juulai 5naa raddu cheyabadindi. leag juulai 7naa raddu cheyabadindi. muulaalu. dhi encyclopedia off mainer leag baseball second edition eee vyaasam baseball-referenceloni "dvi-raashtraala leag" vyaasam aadhaaramgaa roopondinchabadindi.com bulpen. bulpen oka vikee, mariyu daani content gnu free documentation licenses krinda andubaatulo undhi.

duu riyasati leeg (1915) duu riyasati leeg eek americi bees baal klaas ddee satah kii mamuli leeg thee juu 1915 mein chalti thee. yaha waskonsan-aleenwaye leeg kaa jansheen thaa aur iss kii numaindagi aleenwaye kii paanch teamon aur waskonsan say eek team nay kii thee. 1915 kay mosam kay doraan duu riyasatein bund how gayein. tareekh. chh teamon waali duu riyasati leeg 1915 kay seezan kay liye tashkil dee gayee thee jiss mein sadr bee kii hidayat parr charter mumbaran kay toor parr aurora faaks eljan waach mackers free port pretzel otawa indenz recine bails aur straiter boasters shaamil thay.ayem. parson. leeg waskonsan-aleenwaye leeg say tayaar hoyee jiss mein batoor rakan recine thee aur 1914 kay seezan kay baad asay joad diyaa gayaa. 11 mayee 1515 kuu kheel sharoo karnay kay baad elgan aur aurora franchise kay manhadam honay kay baad 7 jolayi 1915 kuu duu riyasati leeg tehlil how gayee. jabb duu riyasati leeg fold hoyee tuu straiter boasters leeg kii haisiyat mein pehli position parr thay. eek 30-18 record kay saath straiter final stending mein dosri position waali recine bails (30-20) say 1.1 gaim aagay thaa. inn kay baad eljan waach mackers (27-26)yee aurora faaks (25-27)yee free port pretzel (23-29) aur otawa indenz (20-35) final stending mein thay. 1915 kii haisiyat aur aidaad woo shamaar. 1915 duu riyasati leegon kaa sheedol elgan aur aurora 5 jolayi kuu tehlil how gayee. leeg 7 jolayi kuu tehlil how gayee. zaraye. dee encyclopaedia aaf minor leeg bees baal: dosra edition: yaha mazmun bees baal kay hawalay say "duu riyasati leeg" kay mazmun parr mubni hay.kaam balpeen. balpeen eek veeki hay aur iss kaa mawaad jee aine yuu free dastawezaat kay license kay tahat dastiyaab hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=37172180

William Wyatt (scholar)

William Wyatt (scholar) English scholar William Wyatt (1616 – 9 September 1685), was a scholar and friend of the cleric Jeremy Taylor. Life. Wyatt, son of William Wyat or Wyatt of ‘plebeian’ origin, was born at Todenham, near Moreton-in-the-Marsh, Gloucestershire, in 1616. He died in Nuneaton in the house of Sir Richard Newdigate on 9 Sept. 1685 Education and relationship with Jeremy Taylor. Wyatt matriculated from St John's College, Oxford, on 16 March 1637–8, but was prevented by the outbreak of the civil war from taking his degree in arts. His diligence as a scholar appears to have been noted by Jeremy Taylor while at Oxford in 1642, and at the close of 1644 he joined Taylor in Wales as an assistant teacher at his school, called Newton Hall (Collegium Newtoniense), in the parish of Llanfihangel-Aberbythych, Carmarthenshire. He seems to have spent a portion of his time with Taylor's family at Golden Grove. Later life. Subsequently Wyatt, who was much sought after as a teacher, was tutor in a school at Evesham, and then assisted Dr. William Fuller (1608–1675) in a private school at Twickenham, Middlesex. By recommendation of the chancellor he was created B.D. at Oxford on 12 September 1661, and when Fuller became bishop of Lincoln he made Wyatt his chaplain. He obtained a prebend in Lincoln Cathedral by Fuller's favour (installed on 13 May 1668, "vice William Gery, deceased"), and on 16 October 1669 was admitted precentor of Lincoln. In 1681 he exchanged this preferment with John Inett for the living of Nuneaton in Warwickshire, where he died. Works. Wyatt published "A New and Easie Institution of Grammar. In which the labour of many yeares usually spent in learning the Latine tongue is shortned and made easie. In usum Juventutis Cambro-Britannicæ. London, printed by J. Young for R. Royston … Ivie Lane", 1647. Wyatt's epistle of dedication in Latin was dated from Golden Grove, and was addressed to Sir Christopher Hatton; it was followed by one by Taylor in English, addressed to Christopher Hatton, esquire, assumed to be one of the pupils. This short work was published in Taylor's name, but was mainly the work of Wyatt, with some help from William Nicholson and Francis Gregory. A copy of Wyatt's grammar in Caius College, Cambridge, is described in detail in Bonney's "Life of Jeremy Taylor" (pp. 45 sq.). References. incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: 

uilium wayat (pondito) uilium wayat (1616-9 septembor 1685) ejon pondito aaru dhormoguru jeremi tailoror bondhu aasil. jiwan. william wiyat baa 'plabian' mulor wiyator putro wiyator jonmo hoisil 1616 sonot gloucesterswayar moreton-inn-dyo-marchor usoror todenhemot. 9 septemborot chaar rechard nudigator ghorot nunetonot teur mrityu hoisil. 1685 jeremi tailoror xoite xikhya aaru xomporko. wayate 16 marchot oxfordor saint jonos collegeor poraa metrik degree laabh korisil, kintu grihojudhor pradurbhawor folot kolar degree luwat baadha paisil. 1642 sonot oxfordot thokar xomoyot jeremi tailore ejon pondito hisape teur odhyoboxayor kotha ullekh koraa zen laage, aaru 1644 sonor xexor faale teu kermarthenswayar lunfihangel-ebarbithikor porixor newton holl (collegium newtonience) naamor teur bidyaloyot xohokari xikhyok hisape welsot tailorot jugdan korisil. teu tileror poriyalor xoite xunali upobonot xomoyor etaa ongxo otibahito koraa zen laage. poroborti jiwan. poroborti xomoyot xikhyok hisape bohu proyujoniyo wayat ibexamor ekhon bidyaloyot xikhyok aasil, aaru taar pisot dodd. middlesexor twickenhamer ekhon byoktigoto bidyaloyot uilium fular (1608-1675). aasarzor poramorxo onuxori teuk sristi koraa hoisil.di. 1661 sonor 12 septemborot oxfordot, aaru jetiya fulare linkonor bixop hoisil, tetiya teu waitok teur sappline korisil. teu fularor onugrohor dwara linkon kethedrelot etaa prebend laabh korisil (1668 sonor 13 mey 'too sthapon koraa hoisil, "bhais uilium geree, dead"), aaru 1669 sonor octoborot linkonor precenter hisape nijukti laabh korisil. 1681 sonot teu waruikswayarot nunetonor jiwanor baabe john inetor xoite ei ogradhikar binimoy korisil, zo 'too teur mrityu hoisil. kaam kore. wayate "byoboharor ek notun aaru xohoj protisthan" prokax korisil. zo 'too xadharonote letin bhaxa xikar baabe byoy koraa bohu bosoror shrom xongkhipto koraa hoy aaru xohoj kori tulaa hoy. eusum juventutis kembro '-braitenis. london, je-ror dwara print koraa. ror baabe juwo. royston... iv lena, "1647. letin bhaxat wayator xomorponor potrotu xunali upobonor poraa diya hoisil, aaru chaar christ 'faar hetnok xombudhon koraa hoisil; iyar pisot ingrajit tailore etaa korisil, ji christ' faar hetnok xombudhon korisil, eskower, jaak ejon saatro buli dhora hoy. ei suti kaamtu tailoror naamot prokaxito hoisil, kintu mulotoh wayator kaam aasil, uilium nikolson aaru francis gregurir kichu xohayot. cambridgeor kaius collegeor wayator byakoronor etaa protilipi bob 'nir "jeremi tailoror jiwan" (pri. 45 borgo kilometer.).

uilium oyyata (pondito) uilium oyyata (1616-9 septembara 1685) chhilen ekjon pondito ebong dhormojajok jeremi telor-err bondhu. jeebon. uilium oyiyat baa 'plabian' bongshodbhuto oyiater putro oyyat 1616 saale glouchestershire moreton-inn-dya-marsher kachhe todenhame jonmogrohon corren. tini 9 septembara syara richarda newdigater barite nunetone maaraa zaan. 1685 shikkha ebong jeremi telor-err sange somporko. oyyata 16 march oxforder seenta johns college theke matriculate hohn, kintu grihojuddher pradurbhaber karone tini shilpokolai degree grohon korte badha paan. 1642 khristabde oxforder somoy jeremi telor ekjon pondito hisebe taanr adhyavasayer kotha ullekh corren ebong 1644 khristabder shesher dike tini carmerthenshire lunfihangel-aberbeathycher pyarishe neuton holl (collegium neutonience) naame porichito taanr bidyalaye sahokari shikkhok hisebe wellser telore jog deena. money koraa hoy jey, tini taanr somoyer ekti ongsho sonara upobone telor poribarer sange katiechilen. poroborti jeebon. porobortikale shikkhok hisabe bahul kankhito oyyat, ebeshamer ekti bidyalaye shikkhok chhilen ebong tarpor doh watke sahayata korechilen. middlesexer tuickenhamer ekti besarkari bidyalaye uilium fuller (1608-1675). chancellorer superishe tini kho.dii. 1661 khristabder 12ee septembara oxforde ebong fuller jokhon linkoner bishop hohn, tokhon tini watke taanr dhormojajok corren. tini fooler onugroher dwara linkon cathedrale ekti prebend orjon corren (13 meey 1668 saale "vice uilium gyari, deaded" hisabe protisthito), ebong 16 octobor 1669 saale linkoner prii-centere bhorti hohn. 1681 saale tini worewickshire nunetoner jeebonjaponer jonno john ineter saathe eyi pochondoti binimoy corren, jekhane tini maaraa zaan. kaaj korey. oyyata "byakaraner ekti notun ebong sahaj protisthan" prakash corren. jekhane sadharonoto lattin bhasha shekhar jonno onek bochorer shrom byoy koraa hoy ebong sahaj koraa hoy. eusam juventutis cambro-britanike. london, jeey dwara mudrito. torun jonno arr. royston... ivy leena, "1647. latine oyyater utsargikaran potroti golden grove theke neoa hoyechilo ebong syara christopher hattonke sambodhan koraa hoyechilo; err porey ingrezite telor dwara ekti, christopher hattonke sambodhan koraa hoyechilo, esquare, jaake chhatroder modhye ekjon boley money koraa hoy. eyi chhoto kaajti telor-err naame prokashito hoyechilo, tobey mulat uilium nicholson ebong francis gregorir kichhu sahayatai oyyater kaaj chhilo. cambridger kaiyas college oyyater byakaraner ekti anulipi bonir "life off jeremi telor" (pri. 45 borgo kilometres.).

veeliyam vyaat (vidhvaan) veeliyam vyaat (1616-9 september 1685), aek vidhvaan aneey maulavi jeremi tailornaa mitra hataa. jeevan. veeliyam veeyat athavaa 'playbian' mulnaa viyatnaa putra viyatno janm janm gloucestershirena moreton-ina-dhaa-maarsh najik todenham khaate thayo hato. 9 septembernaa roj surr ritchard newdigatena ghare newntonma temnu avsaan thayu hatoo. 1685 jerimi taylor saathe shikshan aneey sambandh. 16 maarchnaa roj saint john college, oxfordmanthi metrikni pariksha paas curry, parantu gruh yuddh faatee nikalvaanaa kaarane tene kalaamaa temnee degree levaathi atkavvama aavee hatee. aek vidhvaan tarikeni temnee khantnee nondh nondh oxford khaate jeremi taylor dwara levaamaa aavee hovaanu janaay chhe, aneey aneey antamaa teo carmarthenshirena lanfihangeal-aberbythichna parganama temnee shaalaama sahayak shikshak tareeke taylor ina velsamaa jodaya hataa, jene neuton holl (collegium neutonians) kahevaay chhe. temane potaano samayno aek bhaag tailornaa parivaar saathe golden grovemaa vitaavyo hovaanu janaay chhe. pachhinu jeevan. tyarbad shikshak tareeke khoob jaj lokpreey vyat, evatiom khaateni shaalaama shikshak hataa aneey pachhi doow. veeliyam phoolar (1608-1675) midlesexna twickenham khaateni khangi shaalaama. koolpatini bhalaaman dwara temnee rachnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee.dii. 12 september september roj oxford khaate, aneey jyaare phoolar linkannaa bishop banyaa tyaare temane vyaatne potaano paadari banaavyo. temane foolerni tarfenma linken cathedralma preband melavyu (13 meey meey roj sthaapit, "wies veeliyam geree, deeda"), aneey 16 october october roj linkannaa purvakendra tareeke dakhal karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. hataa temane john inet saathe aaa pasandaginu vineemay karyoo aneey warwickshirema newntonnaa jeevan maate, jyaan temnu avsaan thayu. kaama karey chhe. vyaate "vyakaranni aek navee aneey saral sanstha" prakashit curry. jemaa saamanya reete lattin bhaasha shikhvama kharchvaamaa aavtaa ghanaa varshonaa shramne tunko karvaamaa aave chhe aneey saral banavvama aave chhe. yusam juventutis cambro-britanisma. london, jeey. dwara chhapavama aavyu. yuvan maate aar. royston... iv leena, "1647. latinma vyaatno samarpanno patra golden grovemathi hato, aneey surr christopher hettonne sambodhvama aavyo hato; teey pachhi angrejeemaa taylor dwara aek, christopher hettonne sambodhvama aavyo hato, jeey esquire, jeey vidhyarthiomana aek hovaanu manvama aave chhe. aaa tunkee krutee tailornaa naame prakashit thaee hatee, parantu mukhyatve veeliyam nicholson aneey frances gregarini thodee madad saathe teey vyaatnee krutee hatee. cambridge khaateni cayus collegemaa vyaatnaa vyakaranni nakal, boninaa "life off jeremi taylor" (pru. 45 choras kimee.).

villium vyaat (vidwan) villium vyaat (1616-9 sitambar 1685), ack vidwan aur maulavi jeremi teller key mitra they. jeevan. villium viyat yaa 'playbian' mool key viyat key bete viyat kaa janm 1616 mein moreton-inn-dha-marsh, glucestershire key paas todenham mein huaa thaa. 9 sitambar koo surr richard nudigate key ghar mein neuniton mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee. 1685 shiksha aur jeremi teller key saath sambandh. vyaat ney 16 march koo sent johns college, oxford seey matrick kii padhaai kii, lekin grih yuddh key prakop seey kalaa mein apani degree lene seey roque diyaa gayaa. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii ack vidwan key roop mein unaki parishram koo 1642 mein oxford mein jeremi teller dwara nott kiya gayaa thaa, aur 1644 key anta mein way carmarthenshire key lanfihangle-aberbithic key parrish mein apane school, jise neuton holl (collegium neutonience) kahaa jaataa haye, mein sahayak shikshak key roop mein wells mein teller mein shamil hue. aisaa lagata haye kii unhone apana kuchh samay teller key parivaar key saath golden grove mein bitaaya thaa. baad kaa jeevan. baad mein vyaat, jinaki ack shikshak key roop mein bahut maang thee, way avatiom key ack school mein shikshak they, aur phir dow. villium fuller (1608-1675) twickenham, middlesex key ack niji school mein. kuladhipati kii sifarish seey unakaa srijan kiya gayaa.dee. 12 sitambar 1661 koo oxford mein, aur jaba fuller linken key bishap baney tou unhone vyaat koo apana paadari banaaya. unhone fuller key paksh mein linken cathedral mein ack poorvavarti praapt kiya (13 maee 1668 koo sthaapit, "wies villium gerry, mrit"), aur 16 octuber 1669 koo linken key poorvavarti koo bharti kiya gayaa. 1681 mein unhone johnn inet key saath iss prathamikta kaa adaan-pradaan kiya taaki warwickshire mein neuniton kaa jeevan yapan kiya jaa sakey, jahan unaki mrityu hoe gaee. kaam kartaa haye. vyaat ney "vyaakaran kaa ack nayaa aur aasaan sansthaan" prakaashit kiya. jisamen aamtaur parr lattin bhasha seekhane mein kharch kiye gaye kaee varshon key shram koo chhota kiya jaataa haye aur aasaan banaaya jaataa haye. yousam juventuitis cambro-britannica mein. landan, jey dwara mudrit. aar key liye yuva. royston... iv laine, "1647. lattin mein vyaat kaa samarpan patra golden grove seey thaa, aur surr christopher hatton koo sambodhit kiya gayaa thaa; isake baad angreji mein teller dwara ack, christopher hatton koo sambodhit kiya gayaa thaa, jise chhatron mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye. yeh laghu kriti teller key naam seey prakaashit hui thee, lekin mukhya roop seey villium nicolson aur francis gregory kii kuchh madad seey vyaat kaa kaary thaa. kaiyas college, cambridge mein vyaat key vyaakaran kii ack prati kaa varnan bonny key "life off jeremi teller" (pri. 45 varg kii. mee.).

vilium wyaat (vidvaamsa) vilium wyaat (1616-9 september 1685), obba vidvaamsa mattu dharmaguru jeremi taylor avara sneehitaraagiddaru. jeevana. vilium wyaat athawa 'plebian' moolada wyaat avara maganaada wyaat, wyaat gloucestershiren marton-inn-dhii-marsh baliya todenhamnalli janisidaru. avaru september september surr richard nudigate avara maneyalli newnetannalli nidhanaraadaru. 1685 jeremi taylor avarondigina sikshana mattu sambandha. wyaat avaru march march oxfordn saint johns kaalejininda metriculation padedaru, aadare antaryuddhavu praarambhavaada kaarana kaleyalli padavi padeyuvudannu tadeyalaayitu. tadeyalaayitu oxfordnalliddaga jeremi taylor avaru vidvaamsaraagi avara shraddheyannu gamanisidaru mattu 1644rahra koneyalli avaru carmarthenshirena lanfihangel-aberbythicna paritionalli neuton haal (collegium neutonience) endu kareyalpaduva avara shaleyalli sahayaka shikshakaraagi walesna taylorge seridaru. aata tanna samayada ondu bhagavannu golden grove nalli taylor avara kutumbadondige kalediddaane endu toruttade. nantarada jeevana. taruvaaya, shikshakanaagi hecchu bedikeyagidda wyaat, eveshamna shaleyondaralli bodhakaragiddaru, mattu nantara daa. vilium phular (1608-1675) middlesexna twickenhamnalliruwa khasagi shaleyalli oduttiddaru. kulapatiyavara shifarasina merege avarannu bii.dii. 1661rahra september september oxfordnalli, mattu phular linkan bishop aadaga, aata wyaat avarannu tamma padriyannagi maadikondaru. aata phular avara paravagi linken cathedralnalli purvabhavi sthaanavannu padedaru (13 mayee 1668 randu sthaapisalaayitu, "vais vilium gerry, dead"), mattu 16 october 1669 randu linkan purvabhaaviyaagi serikondaru. serikondaru aatanu zaan inetnondige ee aadyateyannu vinimaya maadikondanu, allie aata marana hondida warwickshirenalli neuneton jeevanakkaagi. kelasa maaduttaane. wyaat "vyakaranada hosa mattu sulabhavaada samstheyannu" prakatisidaru. idaralli samanyavagi lattin bhasheyannu kaliyalu kharchu maaduva aneka varshagala shramavannu kadime maadalaaguttade mattu sulabhagolisalaaguttade. yusam juventutis cambro-britanikeyalli. london, zhe. avarinda mudrisalpattide. yuva aarr. royston... aivi laine, "1647. lattin bhasheyalli wyaat avara samarpaneya patravu golden groveninda bandide, mattu surr christopher hatton avarannu uddeshisi bareyalaagide; adara nantara inglishnalli taylor, christopher hatton avarannu uddeshisi barediddaare, eskire, sisyaralli obbarendu bhaavisalaagide. ee kiru krutiyannu taylor avara hesarinalli prakatisalaayitu, aadare mukhyavaagi vilium nicholson mattu francis gregori avara sahayadinda wyaat avara krutiyagittu. cambridgen kais colleginalli watna vyakaranada ondu pratiyannu bonniya "life off jeremi taylor" (putagalu. 45 chadara kii.).

vilyam vyaatt (pandithan) oru pandithanum purohithanaaya jerami taylorude suhruthumaayirunnu vilyam vyaatt (1616-9 septambar 1685). jeevitam. vilyam viyaathinte allengil plebian vamshajayaaya vyaattinte makanaaya vyaatt 1616ll gloucestershayarile morettan-inn-dhii-maarshinaduthulla todenhamilaanu janichathu. septambar 9nuu sarr richard nyoodigettinte veettil vachu addeham nyoonaattanil vachu marichu. 1685 jeremi tailerumaayulla vidyaabhyaasavum bandhavum. march 16 nuu ooksfoordile sent johns collegil ninnu matriculation poortthiyaakkiya vaatt, aabhyantharayudham pottippurappettathode kalayil birudam nedunnathil ninnu thadanju. oru pandithanenna nilayil addehathinte utsaaham 1642-ll ooksfoordil aayirunnappol jerami tailor sradhichathaayi thonnunnu, 1644-nte avasaanathode addeham kaarmaartthanshayarile lanfihanchal-abarbidhaikkinte edavakayile nyoottan haal (collegium neutonience) enna thante schoolil asisttant teacherayi tailoril chernnu. addeham thante samayathinte oru bhagam tailorinte kudumbathodoppam golden grovil chelavazhichathaayi thonnunnu. pinneedulla jeevitam. pinneedu oru adhyaapakanenna nilayil eare shradhikkappettirunna vyaatt, eveshathile oru schoolil adthyaapakanaayirunnu, thudarnnu doow. middlesexile twickenhamile oru swakaarya schoolil vilyam phular (1608-1675). chansalarude shupaarshayiloodeyaanu addeham srishtikkappettathu.dii. 1661 septambar 12nuu ooksfordilvechu, fulrer linkon bishappaayappol addeham vyaattine thante chapplinakki. fularude anugrahathaal (1668 meyy 13 nuu "vais vilyam gerry, deaded" ennu sthaapikkappettu) linkon cathedralil addeham oru prebend nedi, 1669 october 16 nuu linkaninte princentaraayi praveshippikkappettu. 1681-ll addeham eee munganana joonn inettumaayi warwickshareil nyoonaattante jeevithathinaayi kaimari, avide addeham marichu. jolie cheiyunnu. vyaatt "vyaakaranathinte puthiyathum eluppamullathumaaya sthaapanam" prasidheekarichu. ithil saadhaaranayaayi laattin bhasha padikkaan chelavazhikkunna pala varshangaludeyum advaanam hraswamaakkukayum eluppamaakkukayum cheiyunnu. yoosam juventuities cambro-britanikkeyil. lunden, jeey achadichathu. yuvathvam aarr. roysttan... aivi leyne, "1647. laattin bhaashayile vyaattinte samarppanalekhanam golden grovil ninnullathaanu, athu sarr christopher haattanine abhisambodhana cheythu; thudarnnu engleeshil tailor, kristafar haattane abhisambodhana cheythu, esquire, vidyaarthikalil oraalaanenn karuthappedunnu. eee hraswa kruthi taylorude perilaanu prasidheekarichathu, pakshe vilyam nikkolsanteyum francis gregoriyudeyum sahaayathode pradhaanamaayum vyaattinte kruthiyaayirunnu. kembridjile keys kolejile vyaattinte vyaakaranathinte oru pakarpp boniyude "life oof jeremi tailor" (pp. 45 chathurashra kilometer.).

william vyat (vidwan) william vyat (1616-9 september 1685), haah eka vidwan aanee dharmaguru jeremi tellercha mitra hota. jeevan. william viyat kinwa 'playbian' vanshacha viyat yacha mulga viyatcha janm 1616 madhye maureton-inn-daad-marsh, gloucestershirejavalil todenham yethe jhaala. 9 september roji surr richard nudigate yanchya gharee nuneton yethe tyacha mrutyu jhaala. 1685 jeremi tellersobatche shikshan aanee sambandh. 16 march roji seent johns college, auxford yethoon matrick uttirn jhalele vyat, parantu yadavi yuddh suru jhalyamule tyanna kalechi padvi ghenyapasun rokhanyat aale. eka vidwan mhanoon tyachi mehnat 1642 madhye oxfordmadhye asatana jeremi tellarne nondavali asey disate aanee 1644 chya akheris too karmarthenshirechya lanfihangel-abarbithikchya parishmadhil tyachya shalet, jyala neuton holl (collegium neutonians) mhanatat, sahayyak shikshak mhanoon velsmadhye tellermadhe sameel jhaala. tyane tyacha kahee vel tellerchya kutumbasamvet suvarn upavanat ghalavala asava asey disate. nantarche jeevan. tyanantar shikshak mhanoon khoop lokpriy asalele vyat, evesham yetheel shalet shikshak hote aanee nantar dow. william fuller (1608-1675) heey twickenham, middlesex yetheel eka khajgi shalet shikat aahet. kulpatinchya shifarshinusar tyanchi nirmiti buub.dii. 12 september 1661 roji auxford yethe, aanee jevha fuller linkencha bishop jhaala, tevha tyane vyatala aapala padari banavale. fullerchya bajoone (13 meey 1668 roji, 'vice william geree, deed' mhanoon sthapit) tyala linken cathedralmadhye eka purvaviram midala aanee 16 aktoobar 1669 roji tyala linkencha purvadhyaksh mhanoon pravesh denyat aala. 1681 madhye tyane johnn inetashi heey pradhanya badaloon, newnatonchya varvikshayarmadhil jaganyasathi ghetale, jithe tyacha mrutyu jhaala. kaam karate. vyatane 'vyakaranachi eka naveen aanee sopee sanstha' prakashit kelee. jyamadhye lattin bhasha shikanyasathi kharch kelele anek varshanche shram samanyatah qamee kele jaatat aanee tyanna sope kele jaate. yusam juventuities cambro-britanis. london, jeey. aar sathee tarun. royston... ivy laine, "1647. lattinmadhil vyatche samarpan patra golden grovepasoonche hote aanee surr khristofar hatton yanna sambodhit kele hote; tyanantar ingerjit teller yanni, khristofar hatton, eskier yanna sambodhit kele, jeey vidyarthyanpaiki eka manale jaatat. heey laghupat tellerchya navane prakashit jhaale hote, parantu pramukhyane william nicholson aanee francis gregory yanchya madatine teey vyatche kaam hote. cambridge yetheel kayas mahavidhyalayatil vyatchya vyakaranachya pratiche varnan bonichya 'life auph jeremi teller' (pru. 45 chauras qii. mea.).

william wyatt (vidwan) william wyatt (1616-9 september 1685), ek vidwan rar maulawi jeremi tellerka sathi thie. jiwan. william wiyat wa 'playbian' mulka wyatka chhora wyatko janma sann 1616 maa glocestershireko moreton-inn-da-marsh najikaiko todenhamma bhaeko thiyo. unko mrityu 9 septemberma sear richard nyudigetko gharma nyunatanma bhaeko thiyo. 1685 shiksha rar jeremi telarasangko sambandha. wyatle 16 marchma cent john college, oxfordbata matrick gare, tara grihayudhako prakople kalama afno degree linbata rokiyo. sann 1642 maa oxfordma hunda jerimi tailerle vidwanko rupma unko parishramlai ullekha gareko dekhinchha, rar sann 1644 ko antyama uni welsko tellerma unko schoolma sahayak shikshakko rupma samel bhae, jaslai neuton hull (collegium neutonians) bhaninchha, lanfiengel-aberbythic, carmarthensireko parisma. unle afno samayako ek bhag tellerko pariwarsanga golden grobhma bitaeko dekhinchha. pachhiko jiwan. pachhi shikshaka rupma dherai khojieka wyatt, ibhesamko euta vidyalayama shikshak thie, rar tyasapachhi dah. william fuller (1608-1675) twickenham, midlesexko euta niji vidyalayama. kulpatiko sifarisma uni kha-maa srishti bhaeka thie.dee. 12 september 1661 maa oxfordma, rar jab fuller linkanka bishop bane, unle wyatlai afno padari banae. unle fularko pakshama linken cathedralma euta prebend prapta gare (13 mey 1668 maa sthapit, "bhaisa william geri, dead"), rar 16 october 1669 maa linkanko precenterma bharna bhae. sann 1681 maa unle warwicksayarma nyunatanko jiwanyapanka lagi john inetsanga yo prathamikta satasata gare, jahaan unko mrityu bhayo. kaam garchha. wyatle "wyakaranko euta nayan rar sahaj sanstha" prakashit gare. jasma prayaha lattin bhasha siknama kharcha hune dherai warshako shram chhoto gari sahaj banainchha. yusam juventutis cambro-britanisma. london, jey dwara mudrit. arka lagi yuwa. roston... ibhi leine, "1647. latinma wyatko samarpan patra golden grobhbata aeko thiyo, rar sear christopher hattenlai sambodhan garieko thiyo; tyasapachhi angrejima tailerle christopher hattenlai sambodhan gare, jaslai vidyarthiharu madhye ek manincha. yo chhoto kriti tellerko namama prakashit bhaeko thiyo, tara william nicholson rar francis gregoriko kehi sahayogma mukhyataya wyatko kaam thiyo. cambridgeko kaiyas kalejma wyatko wyakaranko pratilipi, boniko "life aff jeremi taylor" (pri. 45 warga kilometer.).

william waat (bidwana) william waat (1616-9 september 1685) jane bidwana ebong dharmaguru jeremi telaranka bandhu thile. zeeban. william wajat kimba 'playbian' banshodbhaba wajatnka pua wajat 1616 masihare glochestarasajarara moreton-inn-dee-marsh nikatasta todenham thaare janmagrahana karithile. shay 9 septembarare saar richard nyudigetnka ghare nuneton thaare mrutyubarana karithile. 1685 sikhya ebong jeremi telaranka saha samparka. waat march 16 ray cent zohn college, oxfordru matrick karithile, kintu gruhajudha arambha heba dwara kalaare degree nebare baadha paithile. jane bidwana bhabe tankara parisrama 1642 masihare oxfordre thiba samajare jeremi telarnka dwara ullekha karajaithiba pari janapade, ebong 1644 masiha sheshare shay welsre thiba taanka schoolre, jaahaa karamarthenashajarara lanfihangel-aabarbithik parishre thiba neuton hull (collegium neutoniance) naamare parichita, jane sahakaree sikhyaka bhabe joga deithile. shay nijara samaira kichhi ansha telarnka paribara sahita subarna upabanare bitaithiba janapade. parabarti zeeban. parabarti samajare waat, jieki jane sikhyaka bhabare bahuta lokpriya thile, ebeshamara eka bidyalajare sikhyaka thile, ebong taa 'parey daktaranku sahajya karithile. william phular (1608-1675) midlexer tuikenham thaare eka gharoi bidyalajare. kulapatinka suparish krame tanku kha.dii. 12 september 1661 ray oxfordre, ebong jetebele phulara linkanra bishop hoithile, shay watnku nijara padri karithile. shay phularanka anugrahare linkana cathedralare eka prebend paithile (13 meey 1668 ray sthapita, "bhais william geree, mruta"), ebong 16 october 1669 ray linkananka precenter bhabare bhartti hoithile. 1681 masihare shay warawikhyajarare nunetanka jibanadharana paain zohn inetnka saha ehi pasanda binimai karithile, jeunthare shay mrutyubarana karithile. kaama kare. waat "eka nutan ebong sahaja byakarana anusthana" prakash karithile. jeunthire sadharanatah latin bhasha shikhiba paain kharcha heuthiba aneka barshar shramaku sankhipta curry sahaja karidiajae. yusam juventutis cambro-britanisere. london, jay. nka dwara mudrita. aarr paain jubaka. royston..... aaivi laine, "1647. laatinare watnka samarpana patra golden grobh ru tarikh thila, ebong saar christopher hyatanku sambodhita karajaithila; ehaa parey ingrajire telaranka dwara gotie, christopher hyatanku sambodhita karajaithila, eskwair, jane chhatra bolly anumana karajae . ehi khudra krutiti telarnka naamare prakashita hoithila, kintu mukhyatah wajatnka karjya thila, william nicholson ebong francis gregareenka kichhi sahajatare. cambridger kaiyas kalejare watnka byakaranara eka nakal boninka "jerimi telaranka zeeban" (pru. 45 berg kii. mea.).

viliam viate (vidwan) viliam viate (1616-9 satambar 1685), ikk vidwan atey maulvi jairemi teller daa dosat see. jeevan. viliam viat jaan 'playbian' mool dey viat dey puttar, viat daa janam 1616 witch morton-inn-dha-maarash, glocestershire dey nede todenham witch hoiaa see. 9 satambar noon sarr richard newdegate dey gharr witch uss dee maut hoow gaee. 1685 jairemi teller naal sikkhiaa atey sabndh. 16 march noon cent johns kaalaj, oxford toon metrik keeti, parr gharelu yuddh dey shuru honn naal qalaa witch aapni digri lainn toon roque ditta giaa. ikk vidwan dey roop witch uss dee mihnat noon jairemi teller neey 1642 witch oxford witch nott keeta see, atey 1644 dey ant witch uh wells witch teller witch ikk sahaik adhiaapak dey roop witch aapne school witch shamal hoiaa, jiss noon neuton haal (collegium neutonience) kiha jaanda haii, joe kii lanfiangal-aberbeathic, carmarthenshire dey parish witch haii. ajiha lagda haii kii uss neey aapna samaan teller dey parivaar naal golden grove witch bitaiaa see. baad dee zindagi. baad witch, ikk adhiaapak dey roop witch bahut mange jaanh vaale, vait, ivesham dey ikk school witch tiootor sunn, atey firr daa. viliam fuller (1608-1675) tweakenham, middlesex dey ikk private school witch. kulpati dee sifarash naal uss noon banaiaa giaa see.dee. 12 satambar 1661 noon oxford vikhe, atey jadon fuller linken daa bishop baniaa taan usne white noon aapna padri banaiaa. uss neey linken girjaghar witch fuller dey pakkh witch ikk preband prapat keeta (13 maee 1668 noon sathapit, "vice viliam gairi, deaded"), atey 16 aktubar 1669 noon linken dey precenter vajon dakhal keeta giaa. sann 1681 witch uss neey jauhan inet naal warwickshire witch neunaton dey rahinn laee iss tarjih daa adaan-pardan keeta, jitthe uss dee maut hoow gaee. kamm karda haii. viaat neey "viaakaran dee ikk naveen atey assan sanstha" prakashit keeti. jiss witch aam taur utte latini bhasha sikkhan witch kharach keeti gaee bahut saariaan saalan dee mihnat noon chhota keeta jaanda haii atey assan banaiaa jaanda haii. yousam juventutis cambro-britanniki witch. london, jey duaara chhapiaa giaa. aar laee naujwan roistone... iv laine, "1647. latini witch viate daa samarpan daa pattar golden grove toon see, atey sarr christopher hatton noon sambodhan keeta giaa see; iss toon baad ikk neey angrezi witch teller duaara christopher hatton noon sambodhan keeta giaa see, jiss noon esquire, vidiaarthiaan vicchon ikk manniaa jaanda haii. ih chhoti rachna teller dey naam utte prakashit keeti gaee see, parr ih mukkh taur utte viliam nicholson atey francis gregory dee madad naal viot daa kamm see. caius kaalaj, cambridge witch viate dey viaakaran dee ikk kaapi, bohn dee "life aaf jairemi teller" (peepi) witch vistaar naal varnit keeti gaee haii. 45 varag kii. mee.).

vilium vyaat (vidvaamsaha) vilium vyaat (1616-9 september 1685), ekaha vidvaamsaha, dharmaguruhu jeremi teller ityasya mitrah cha aasit. jeevati. vilium-vyaat athavaa 'playbian' mulasya vyaat ityasya putrah vyaat, 1616 tame varshe gloucestershair-nagarasya moreton-inn-da-maarsh ityasya sameepe todenham ityatra ajayata. saha 9 september dinaanke surr richard newdigate ityasya gruhe neunaton-nagare amriyata. 1685 shiksha tathaa jeramee teller ityanena saha sambandhah. vyaat, maarch 16 dinaanke, oxford-nagarasya sent-johns-mahaavidyaalayaat matrick utteernah, parantu gruhayuddhasya prakopena kalaarangasya upadhi naa sveekrutya saha vilambitah. 1642 tame varshe oxford-nagare yadaa jeremi teller ityanena vidvaamsatvena tasya parishramah lakshita iti manyate, 1644 tame varshe ante saha wells-nagarasya teller-ityanena saha newton haal (collegium neutonians) iti swasya vidyaalaye sahayakashikshakatvena sammilitah, yah karmarthenashair-nagarasya laanfihaingal-eberbithich-ityasya paadre aasit. saha swakaalasya ekam bhaagam teller ityasya kutumbena suvarna-upavanasya sameepe vyatitavaan iti bhaasate. pashchat jeevanam. tadanantaram shikshakatvena bahu prachyamanaha vyaat, evesham-nagarasya vidyaalaye shikshaka aasit, tatah daa. vilium fuller (1608-1675), midlesex-nagarasya twickenham-nagarasya ekaa svaayattavidyaalaye. kulapatehe anushamsayaa saha nirmitah.dee. 1661 september 12 dinaanke oxford-nagare, yadaa fuller ityeshah linkan-nagarasya bishap abhavat tadaa saha vyaat-ityenam swasya padriyam krutavaan. saha fuller ityasya anugrahena linkan-kethedral-madhye poorva-sthaanam avaapnot (13 mey 1668 dinaanke sthaapitah, "vais-vilium-geree, mrutah"), 16 october 1669 dinaanke linkan-ityasya poorva-kendrah iti sweekrutah. 1681 tame varshe saha vaarvikshair-nagare newneton ityasya jeevanasya krute jaan inet ityanena saha etat pradhanyam adalat, yatra saha mrutah. karyam karoti. vyaat ityanena "vyaakaranasya nootanam sulabham cha samsthaa" iti prakaashitam. yatra praayah lattin-bhashayaha adhyayanartham vyayitaah anekanam varshaanaam shramah laghutaritah, sulabhah cha bhavati. yoosam juventutis kembro-britannica iti. landan, jey dwara mudritam. yuwah aar. roston... aivee lenn, "1647. lattin-bhashayam vyaat ityasya samarpan-patrasya kaalah swarna-grove-taha aasit, surr christopher-hatton ityasmai sambodhitah aasit; tadanantaram anglabhashayam teller ityanena sambodhitah christopher-hatton ityasmai sambodhitah, esquair iti shishyeshu anyatamah iti manyate sma. etat laghu-krutihi teller ityasya namna prakaashitam aasit, parantu mukhyataya vyaat ityasya krutihi aasit, vilium nickleson tathaa francis gregory ityetayoho saahaayyen. kembridge-nagarasya kais-mahaavidyaalaye vyaat-ityasya vyaakaranasya pratilipihi bony-ityasya "laif aaf jeremi teller" (pru. 45 varga kii. mee.) iti.

villiyam vaat (arinyar) villiyam vaat (1616-9 septumber 1685), oru arinyarum, madhaguru jeremi dailorin nanbarum aavaar. vaazhkkai. villiyam viet allathu 'plabian' vamsaavaliyaich saerntha viet magan viat, 1616 aam aandil cloucestershire morton-inn-thii-marshukku arugilulla todenhamil piranthaar. avar septumber 9 andru charr richard nuticate veettil nunettanil iranthaar. 1685 jeremi dailarudden kalvi mattrum uravu. maarch 16 andru oxpordil ulla saint johns kallooriyil irunthu matriculation pattam pettraar, aanaal ullnaattup poar vediththathaal kalaikalil pattam peruvathaith thadutthaar. 1642 aam aandil oxportil irunththapoathu jeremi dailor oru arinyaraaga avarathu vidaamuyarchiyaik kurippittathaagath therikirathu, maelum 1644 aam aandin iruthiyil avar wales ill ulla dailoril neuton haal (collegium nutainience) endru azhaikkappadum avarathu pallyil udhavi aasiriyaraaga saernthaar, idhu carmardenshire lanfihanjal-aberbidhiyin thiruchchabaiyil irunththathu. avar thanathu neraththin oru paguthiyai dailorin kudumbaththinarudan thanga thoappil kazhiththathaagath therikirathu. pirkaala vaazhkkai. pinnar oru aasiriyaraaga migavum virumbappatta viat, eevaeshaththil ulla oru pallyil aasiriyaraaga irunthaar, pinnar doctor. villiyam fuller (1608-1675) middlesex, twickenhamil ulla oru thaniyar pallyil. vaenththarin parinthuraiyin paeril avar aaa.dii. 1661 septumber 12 andru oxportil, maelum fuller lingen aayaraaga aanapoathu avar vyaattai thanathu paathiriyaaraaka aakkinaar. avar lingan katheetralil fullerin aatharavudan oru munkoottiya paniyaip pettraar (mae 13,1668 andru niruvappattathu, "vais villiyam jaeri, iranththavar"), maelum october 16,1669 andru lingen munnoadiyaaga anumathikkappattaar. 1681 aam aandil avar warwickshireil nunedanin vaazhkkaikkaaga john inettudan inththa virupaththai parimaarik kondaar, angku avar iranthaar. vaelai seikirathu. viat "ilakkanaththin oru puthiya mattrum elithaana niruvanatthai veliyittaar. idhil podhuvaaga latheen mozhiyaik katrukkolvatharkaaga selavidappadum pala varudangkalin uzhaippu kurukiyathaagavum elithaanathaakavum maattrappadukirathu. usam jewendudies cambro-britanisi. lundon, jay. aarr kku ilam. reuden... aivi laen, "1647. latheen mozhiyil viaattin arppanippu kadidham colton crove kaalatthaich saernthathu, maelum charr christopher haattanukku uraiyaattrappattathu; adhaith thodarnthu aangkilaththil dailor, christopher haattanukku uraiyaattrinaar, escuvier, maanavargalil oruvaraaga karudhappattaar. inththa kurumpadam dailorin peyaril veliyidappattathu, aanaal mukkiyamaaga villiyam nicholson mattrum francis gregoriyin uthaviyudan viaattin padaippaaga irunththathu. cambridge, kaiyas kallooriyil ulla viaattin ilakkanaththin nagal, poaniyin "jeremi dailorin vaazhkkai" (puughal. 45 sathura kii. mee.).

vilium vyaat (panditudu) vilium vyaat (1616-9 september 1685), oka panditudu mariyu mataadhikaari jeremi taylor snehitudu. jeevitam. vilium viet ledhaa 'plebian' muulaaniki chendina vyaat kumarudu vyaat, 1616loe gloucestershirelo moreton-inn-dhi-marsh sameepamloni todenhamlo janminchaadu. athanu septembaru 9naa surr richard nudigate intlo newnatonlo maraninchaadu. 1685 jeremi taylortho vidya mariyu sambandham. marchi 16naa oxford looni seyint johns kalaasaala nundi matriculation puurti chesina vyaat, poura yuddham praarambhamainanduna kalalalo degree pondakunda nirodhinchabaddaadu. 1642loe oxford loe unnappudu jeremi taylor oka panditudigaa athani shraddhanu gurtinchinatlu telustondi, mariyu 1644 chivarilo athanu kaarltenshairloni lanfihangel-aberbithich paarishlooni neuton haall (collegium neutonience) anie piluvabade thana paatasaalalo sahayaka upadhyayudiga wales looni taylorloo cheraadu. athanu thana samayanni kontha bhaganni taylor kutumbamtho golden grove vadda gadipinatlu telustondi. taruvaati jeevitam. aaa taruvaata upadhyayudiga entho prachuryam pondina vyaat, evesamloni oka paatasaalalo upadhyayudiga panichesi, aapai daaktarku sahayam chesaaru. vilium phular (1608-1675) middlesexloni twickenham vadda oka private paatasaalalo chaduvutunnadu. chhaansalar sifaarasu dwara athanu srushtinchabaddaadu.dii. 1661 septembaru 12naa oxford vadda, mariyu phular linkan bishop ayinappudu athanu vyaatnu thana guruvugaa chesukunnadu. athanu linkan cathedrallo phular yokka anukuulamgaa oka puurvabhaavini pondaadu (13 mae 1668naa sthaapinchabadindi, "vais vilium gerry, deaded"), mariyu 16 october 1669naa linkan yokka purvagaamigaa cherchabaddaadu. 1681loe athanu warwickshirelo nooneton jeevinchadaaniki zaan inetto eee praadhaanyatanu marchukunnadu, akkada athanu maraninchaadu. pani chestundi. vyaat "vyaakaranam yokka kotta mariyu sulabhamaina samstha" nuu prachurinchaadu. dheenilo saadhaaranamgaa latin bhasha neerchukoevadaaniki kharchu chese aneka samvatsaraala sramanu kluptamgaa chesi, sulabhataram chestaaru. yoosam juventuitis cambro-britaniselo. london, zhe mudrinchaaru. yuvakudiki aarr. royston... iv laine, "1647. laatinlo vyaat yokka ankitabhava lekha golden grove nundi vachindi, mariyu surr christopher hatton nuu uddesinchi prasanginchabadindi; daani taruvaata aanglamlo taylor, christopher hatton nuu uddesinchi prasanginchaaru, eskire, vidyaarthulaloo okarigaa bhaavinchaaru. eee chinna rachana taylor paerita prachurinchabadindi, conny pradhanamgaa vilium nicholson mariyu frances gregori sahayamtho vyaat rachana. cambridgeloni kais kalasalalo vyaat vyaakaranam yokka coppy, boney yokka "life off jeremi taylor" (pp. 45 chadarapu kilometres.).

waleem waat (scholar) waleem waat (1616-9 satambar 1685)yee eek aalim aur aalim gerimi teller kaa dost thaa. zindagi. waleem viat yaa 'plabian' nazaad viat kaa betaa viat 1616 mein gloster shayer kay mortan inn dee maarsh kay qareeb todanham mein paida hawaa thaa. wah 9 satambar kuu sarr richard neodegate kay gahar mein neniton mein inteqal kirr gayaa. 1685 gerimi teller kay saath taleem aur taluqat. viat nay 16 maarch kuu sent jaanz college oxford say metrik kii taleem haasil kii leakin khaanah jangi kay aaghaz kii wajah say asay fanoon latifah mein apnee digri leenay say rook diyaa gayaa. aisa lagtaa hay kahh eek aalim kii haisiyat say inn kii mustaadi kuu gerimi teller nay 1642 mein oxford mein nott kiyaa thaa aur 1644 kay ikhtatam parr inhon nay wells mein teller mein assistent teacher kii haisiyat say apnay school mein shamoliyat akhtiyar kii jasay neuton haal (collegium neutonance) kahaa jaataa hay juu karmarthan shayer kay lanfi angel-aberbethik kay peerish mein hay. aisa lagtaa hay kahh iss nay apnaa kachh waqat teller kay khaandaan kay saath golden grove mein guzara thaa. baad kii zindagi. baad mein viat juu eek astaad kay toor parr behat ziyadah matlub thay ayosham kay eek school mein teuter thay aur phir doctor kii madad kartay thay. waleem fler (1608-1675) tokanham muddlesex kay eek najee school mein. chancelor kii sfarish say asay banaya gayaa.ddee. 12 satambar 1661 kuu oxford mein aur jabb fler lankan kay bashp banay tuu inhon nay viat kuu apnaa paadri banaa liyaa. inhon nay lankan cathedral mein fler kay haqh mein eek paree bend haasil kiyaa (13 mayee 1668 kuu nasb kiyaa gayaa "waais waleem gairee deaded")yee aur 16 aktobar 1669 kuu lankan kay paree center mein daakhil kiyaa gayaa. 1681 mein iss nay jaan int kay saath iss tarjih kaa tabadlah neonetan kii zindagi kay liye waarik shayer mein kiyaa jehaan iss kii moth how gayee. kaam kartaa hay. viat nay "eek neeya aur aasaan idaarah grimer shaye kiyaa. jiss mein aam toor parr laatini zabaan seekhnay mein kharch honay waali behat see saalon kii mahnat kuu mukhtasir kiyaa jaataa hay aur aasaan banaya jaataa hay. yousam joventots cambro-bertaniki mein. landan juu jay kay zariah chhaapa gayaa thaa. aar kay liye naujawan. raistan... aayivi leane "1647. laatini mein viat kaa waqafah kaa khath golden grove say thaa aur asay sarr christopher heaton say khataab kiyaa gayaa thaa. iss kay baad angrezi mein teller nay christopher heaton esquire say khataab kiyaa jasay shagirdon mein say eek samjha jaataa hay. yaha mukhtasir kaam teller kay naam say shaye hawaa thaa leakin yaha bunyadi toor parr viat kaa kaam thaa jiss mein waleem nakolsan aur frances gregori kii kachh madad haasil thee. cabus college camberge mein viat kay grimer kii eek nql bony kii "life aaf gerimi teller" (pee pee) mein tafsil say biyaan kii gayee hay. 45 marbaa.).

fffaf8a8f9c5dc1b312daeede53f4177fb009e0970f3e27f16bcbe164d53f3dd

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59572281

1879 Gladstone by-election

1879 Gladstone by-election New Zealand by-election The 1879 Gladstone by-election was a by-election held on 3 January 1879 in the Gladstone electorate during the 6th New Zealand Parliament. The by-election was caused by the death of the incumbent Frederick Teschemaker on 21 November 1878. He was replaced by John Studholme. Studholme was the only candidate, so was declared elected unopposed. Another candidate, Mr Buckingham had withdrawn. Studholme was described as a strong opponent of the Grey Ministry. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

1879 sonor gladstone upo-nirbason 1879 sonor gladstone upo-nirbason aasil 1879 sonor 3 januaryt newzealandor xostho xongxodor xomoyot voterxokolor maajot onusthito ek upo-nirbason. 1878 sonor 21 novemborot prakton frederic tesemekaror mrityur folot ei upo-nirbason onusthito hoisil. teur thait john stadhulmok nijukti diya hoisil. stadholm ekmatro prarthi aasil, xeyehe teuk binaa protidonditare nirbasito buli ghuxona koraa hoisil. aan ejon prarthi shree buckinghame proityahar korisil. stadlomok dhupro montraloyor ejon xoktixali birudhi hisape bornona koraa hoisil.

1879 saaler gladstone upo-nirbachan 1879 saaler gladstone upo-nirbachan chhilo 1879 saaler 3raa januari newzealander 6stho sangsader somoy bhotarder modhye onusthito ekti upo-nirbachan. 1878 saaler 21shhey navembar bortoman fredrick teshemaker mrityur karone eyi uponirbachon hoy. taanr stholabhishikto hohn john studholm. studholm ekmatro prarthi chhilen, taai taanke bina protidwonditay nirbachito ghoshana koraa hoy. arekjon prarthi, mih buckingham prottahar korey niyechilen. studholmke dhusar porichorjar ekjon shaktishali protipokkho hisabe bornona koraa hoyechilo.

1879nee gladstone petachuntani 1879nee gladstone petachuntani 3 january 1879naa roj 6 ththee newzealand sansad darmiyan matdaaromaa yojaayeli petachuntani hatee. 21 november 1878naa roj vartmaan fredarika teshemekarna mrutyune kaarane petachuntani thaee hatee. temnaa sthaane john studholm aavyaa hataa. studholm ekmatra umedvaar hataa, tethee temne binharif chuntaya jaaher karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. anya umedvaar shree buckingham paachha khenchee gayaa hataa. studholmne grey mantralayna majboot veerodhi tareeke varnavama aavyaa hataa.

1879 kaa gladstone upchunaav 1879 kaa gladstone upchunaav newzealand kii chhathi sansad key dauran matdaataon mein 3 janwari 1879 koo aayojit ack upchunaav thaa. 21 navambar 1878 koo nivartamaan fredrick teshemaker kii mrityu key kaaran upchunaav huaa thaa. unaki jagah johnn studholm ney lii. studholm ekmatra ummidwar they, isaliye unhein nirvirodh nirvaachit ghoshit kiya gayaa. ack anya ummidwar, shree buckingham ney apana pada chhod diyaa thaa. studholm koo dhusar mantralaya key ack majboot virodhi key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa.

1879rahra gladstone upachunaavane 1879rahra gladstone upachunaavaneyu 1879rahra janavari 3randu newzealandna 6neey samsattina sandarbhadalli nadeda upachunaavaneyaagittu. 1878rahra november 21randu haali frederic teschemaker avara maranadinda upa-chunawane untaayitu. aatana sthaanavannu zaan studholme avaru tegedukondaru. studholme ekaika abhyarthiyagiddaru, aaddarinda avarannu avirodhavagi chunaayitaraagi ghooshisalaayitu. mattobba abhyarthi, shree buckingham avaru hinde sarididdaru. boodu sachivaalayada prabala eduraali endu studholm avarannu vivarisalaagide.

1879 chee gladestone potnivadanuk 1879 chee gladestone potnivadanuk hii newzealandchya 6 vya sansadedarmyan 3 janewari 1879 roji matdaranmadhye jhaleli potnivadanuk hotee. 21 november 1878 roji vidyaman fredrick teshemekarchya mrutyunantar hii potnivadanuk jhaali. tyachya jaagi johnn studholmne padbhar swikarla. studeholm heey ekmev umedvar hote, mhanoon tyanna binvirodh nivadoon aalyache ghoshit karnyat aale. aanakhi eka umedvar, shree. buckingham yanni maghar ghetali hotee. studholmche varnan 'grey ministery' chaa eka majboot virodhak mhanoon kele gele.

sann 1879 gladstone upachunawa sann 1879 ko gladstone upachunawa 3 janawari 1879 maa chhaitaun newzealand sansadko samayama matadataharuma bhaeko upachunawa thiyo. 21 november 1878 maa wartaman fredrick teskemekarko mrityu bhaeko karan upachunawa bhaeko thiyo. unko sthanma john studholmlai rakhieko thiyo. studholm ek matra ummedwar thie, tyasaile nirvirodh nirvachit ghoshit gariyo. arka ummedwar, shree bakinghamle pachhi hateka thie. studholmlai grey sewakaiko baliyo virodhiko rupma warnan garieko thiyo.

1879 gladestone upa-nirbachana 1879rahr gladestone upa-nirbachana thila eka upa-nirbachana, jaahaa 1879 masiha januari 3 tarikhare nyujilandara shastha sansada samajare anusthita hoithila. 1878 masiha navember 21 tarikhare barttamanara fredrick teskemekaranka mrutyu jogun ehi upa-nirbachana hoithila. taanka sthanare zohn stadolmenku niajaithila. studholm ekamatra prarthi thile, tenu tanku nirdwandware nirbachita ghoshana karajaithila. anya jane prarthi, mea. buckingham pratyahara karineithile. stadaholmanku dhusara paricharjara jane shaktishali pratidwandee bhabare barnana karajaithila .

1879 gladestone upp-chonh 1879 dee gladestone upp-chonh 3 janwari 1879 noon 6veen newzealand sansad dauran votaran witch hoee see. upp-chonh 21 navambar 1878 noon maujuda fredrik tashmaker dee maut caarn hoee see. uss dee thaan jauhan studholm neey lae laee. studholm iklauta umidwar see, iss laee uss noon binan mukabala chunhiaa giaa. ikk horr umidwar sree buxingham neey aapna naan waps lae liaa see. studholm noon grey mantri mandal dey ikk mazboot virodhi vajon darsaiaa giaa see.

1879 gladstone upanirvaachanam 1879 tame varshe gladstone upanirvaachanam, 3 janavaree 1879 dinaanke 6 tame newjeelyaand-samsade nirvaachakamandale aayojitam upanirvaachanam aasit. 1878 tame varshe november-masasya 21 dinaanke vidyamaanasya fredrick teskemaker ityasya mrutyoho karanat upa-nirvaachanam jaatam. tasya sthaane jaan studholme ityeshah niyuktah. studholme ekamaatrah abhyarthihi aasit, ataha saha nirwirodhah nirwaachitah iti ghoshitah. anyah abhyarthihi shree. buckingham ityeshah apasrutavaan. studholme ityeshah dhoosar-sewaayaah prabalah pratidwandwinah iti varnitah.

1879 claudstone idaiththaerthal 1879 claudstone idaiththaerthal enbathu 6 vadhu newsilaandhu naadaalumandraththin poathu 1879 janavari 3 andru vaakkaalargalil nadaipettra idaiththaerthalaagum. 1878 navambar 21 andru pathaviyil irunththa frederic descamakerine maranatthaal idaiththaerthal aerpattathu. avarukku pathilaaka john studholeme niyamikkappattaar. studholeme mattumae vaetpaalaraaka irunthaar, enavae avar poattiyindri thernthedukkappattaar. mattroru vaetpaalar thiru. buckhingham pinvaanginaar. studholm saambal amaichchagaththin valuvaana ethiriyaaga vivarikkappattaar.

1879 gladstone upa ennika ennika jarigina gladstone upa ennika anedi 6va newzealand paarlamentu samayamlo 1879 janavari 3naa jarigina upa ennika. 1878 november 21naa prastuta frederic teshemaker maranam kaaranamgaa upa ennika jarigindi. ayana sthaanamlo zaan studholme niyaminchabaddaadu. studholme matrame abhyardhi, kabatti ayana ekagreevamgaa ennikainatlu prakatinchaaru. maroe abhyardhi mister buckingham upasamharinchukunnaaru. budidarangu paricharyaku balamaina pratyarthigaa studholm varninchabaddaadu.

1879 glade stone zamni intekhaab 1879 kaa glade stone zamni intekhaab 3 januri 1879 kuu newzi lend kii chhatti parliament kay doraan voters mein honay waala zamni intekhaab thaa. zamni intekhaab 21 nomber 1878 kuu maujudah frederk teshi macker kii moth kii wajah say hawaa. inn kii jagah jaan sadhulam nay lee. stadolam waahid amidwar thay iss liye inhein blaa muqabilah muntakhib qaraar diyaa gayaa. eek aur amidwar mister bakangham nay dastbardar how gayey thay. stadolam kuu giray ministry kay mazboot mukhalif kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa thaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=42268383

The Full Monty (play)

The Full Monty (play) Play The Full Monty is a comedy play written by Simon Beaufoy, from his original screenplay for the 1997 film "The Full Monty". It made its world premiere at the Lyceum Theatre, Sheffield in February 2013, before touring the United Kingdom. A West End production was launched at the Noël Coward Theatre in February 2014. Followed by UK Tours in 2014/15 and 2016/17. In 2023 a brand new production opened at the Everyman Theatre, Cheltenham, produced by Mark Goucher Productions and Buxton Opera House, which is currently touring the UK until April 2024. Background. "The Full Monty" is written by Simon Beaufoy and marked his first attempt at writing for theatre. It is based on his own screenplay for the 1997 film of the same name. The film itself was made on a budget of £3 million and was a sleeper hit, earning over £160 million in global box office receipts becoming the highest-grossing film in the UK at the time. It was nominated for four Academy Awards, winning Best Original Score and received eleven Bafta Award nominations, winning four, including Best Film. The film is set in Sheffield, England, and it tells the story of six unemployed men, four of them former steel workers, who decide to form a male striptease act in order to gather enough money to get somewhere else in life and for main character, Gaz, to be able to see his son. An americanised musical adaption was launched in 2000, transferring to the West End's Prince of Wales Theatre in 2002. Music in the play includes "You Sexy Thing" by Hot Chocolate, "You Can Leave Your Hat On" by Tom Jones, "I Got You (I Feel Good)" by James Brown, "Hot Stuff" by Donna Summer, "Flashdance... What a Feeling" by Irene Cara, "The Stripper" by David Rose, "Je t'aime... moi non plus" by Serge Gainsbourg and "Land of a Thousand Dances" by Wilson Pickett. The play returns the story back to its Sheffield origins, rather than the Buffalo set musical. On the move back Beaufoy said "Without Sheffield, there would be no Full Monty. It's been a long road – via Hollywood – but finally the characters are coming back home to the place it all started." Production history. Original production and tour. In May 2012, it was announced "The Full Monty" would receive its world premiere in Sheffield in 2013. The play premiered at the Lyceum Theatre, Sheffield on 2 February 2013, running until 23 February. The production was directed by Daniel Evans, with choreography by Steven Hoggett, design by Robert Jones, lighting by Tim Lutkin and original music and sound design by Max and Ben Ringham. The lead cast for the show included Kenny Doughty as Gaz, Sidney Cole as Horse, Craig Gazey as Lomper, Roger Morlidge as Dave, Kieran O'Brien as Guy and Simon Rouse as Gerald. Following its debut in Sheffield the play embarked on an eleven venue tour visiting Birmingham, Bristol, Canterbury, Aberdeen, Belfast, Edinburgh, Dublin, Salford, Southampton, Southend On Sea and Leeds. London transfer. In January 2014, the production began a short pre-West End run at the New Theatre, Cardiff, followed by the Theatre Royal in Bath. The show then transferred to the West End's Noël Coward Theatre, where it began previews on 20 February 2014, before holding its official opening night on 25 February, booking until 14 June 2014. The original tour cast stayed with the production and tickets for the previews were sold at 1990's prices. The play received a Laurence Olivier Award nomination for Best New Comedy. On 16 March, it was announced the show would close early after just five weeks on 29 March, due to poor sales. The move surprised critics and cast alike, with an online petition also being launched. The petition was signed by the shows writer Simon Beaufoy, who said of the show's producers David Pugh and Dafydd Rogers, "Why would a producer close his own show before it had any chance of finding an audience?" and "On the other hand, why would a producer never come to see his own show? Perhaps he can answer these questions. I can't because he hasn't spoken either to me or the creative team in months." The petition had no effect in terms of extending the productions run and the play closed on 29 March, to be replaced by "Good People". 2014–2017 tour. A new production embarked on a 32-week tour of the United Kingdom, commencing at the Manchester Opera House, on 11 September 2014. Featuring a new cast the show was seen in major venues throughout Britain finishing back at Sheffield's Lyceum Theatre in June 2015. A second touring production is directed by Roger Haines and casting includes Gary Lucy as Gaz, Louis Emerick as Horse, Bobby Schofield as Lomper, Martin Miller as Dave, Rupert Hill as Guy and Andrew Dunn as Gerald. A typical London performance ran two hours and 25 minutes, including one interval of 20 minutes. The tour continued in September 2015, with the same cast, mostly performing in coastal resorts. The tour continued from September 2016. Lucy, Emerick and Dunn continue in their roles, with new cast members Anthony Lewis as Lomper, Kai Owen as Dave, Chris Fountain as Guy & Fiona Skinner as Jean. The Tour was Directed by Jack Ryder, with Choreographer Ian West, Assistant Director James Robert-Moore, Designer Rob Jones, and Lighting by Tim Lutkin. 2023–2024 tour. In 2023 a brand new production of the play was produced by Mark Goucher Productions, Everyman Theatre, Cheltenham and Buxton Opera House. The show, directed by Michael Gyngell, began touring the UK in September 2023 until April 2024. The cast includes Jake Quickenden, Danny Hatchard, Bill Ward, Neil Hurst, Nicholas Prasad and Ben Onwukwe. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

dyo ful monty (play) dyo ful monty hoise 1997 sonor sobi "dyo ful monty" ror mool sitronatyor poraa saimon biufoye likha ekhon comedy naatok. ee juktorajyo bhromon korar aagote 2013 sonor february maahot swefieldor lycium theaterot iyar biswo primiyar korisil. 2014 sonor februaryt noo 'el coward theaterot etaa west endo production mukoli koraa hoisil. brihospotibare 11 septembor 2014 tarikhe manchestar opera housot etaa notun production mukoli koraa hoisil aaru 2015 sonor mey "maholoike iuke bhromon korisil. natokhonot tomm jones, hott socklet aaru james braunor xongit aase. potobhumi. "dyo ful monty" simon biufoye likhisil aaru theater baabe likhaar prothom prochesta hisape sinhito korisil. eikhon 1997 sonot eketa naamor sobir teur nijor sitronatyor uporot aadharito. sobikhon nijei 3 million poundor bajetot nirman koraa hoisil aaru biswo boxes ofisot 160 nijut poundotkoi odhik uparjon kori xei xomoyot iuker xorbadhik uparjon koraa solositro hisape porigonito hoisil. ee sarita academy botar baabe monunit hoisil, shrestho mool score laabh korisil aaru egharta bufta botar monunoyon laabh korisil, sarita laabh korisil, jaar bhitorot shrestho solositru aasil. sobikhon englandor swefieldor potobhumit nirmito aaru iyat soijon bekaar puruxor kahini bornona koraa hoise, teulukor bhitorot sarijon prakton ispat sromik, jiye jiwanor aan thait jaboloi porzapto dhon xongroho koriboloi aaru mukhyo soritro, gojor baabe, teur putrok saboloi xokhyom hoh 'boloi purux striptij act gothon korar xiddhanto loy. 2000 sonot aamerikan xongit obhijujon aarombho koraa hoisil, 2002 sonot west endor prince owo wels theateroloi sthanantorito hoisil. natokhonor xongitot aase gorom sokoletor "eu sexi thing", tomm jonsor "eu kebh lebh iuyar tupi ono", james braunor "aai get eu (aai fill good)", duna grishmokalinor "gorom bostu", flasedance... ki ek onubhob "aairen kaarar dwara," dyo stripper "david rujor dwara", moi taak chini paisilu... mui nono plas "charge gainsborgor aaru uilson picketor" haajar nrityor dex ". natokkhone moo 'horr xongitor poriworte kahinitu iyar shafield utpotisthololoi ghurai diye. ghuri ohaar xomoyot byufoye koichil, "swefield obihone kunu xompurno monty noho 'loheten. holywodor joriyote eitu etaa digholiya poth aasil-kintu owoxexot soritrobur xei thailoi ghuri aahise zo 'too ei xokolubur aarombho hoisil." utpadonor itihax. mool projujona aaru bhromon. 2012 sonor mey "maahot ghuxona koraa hoisil je" dyo ful monty "ye 2013 sonot swefieldot iyar biswo primiyar laabh koribo. natokhonor primiyar 2013 sonor 2 februaryt swefieldor lycium theaterot onusthito hoisil, ji 23 februaryloike solisil. projujonatu daniel ivanche porisalona korisil, steven hoggetor nrityo porisalona, robert jonsor design, team lutkinor laiting aaru max aaru benn ringhemor mool xongit aaru xobdo designor xoite. ei onusthanor mukhyo custburor bhitorot aasil goj hisape keni dotty, ghura hisape sidney kul, lomper hisape craig gezi, debh hisape ror 'gaar morliz, go' lo hisape kiran oh 'brain aaru gerald hisape saimon rouse. swefieldot aatmoprokax korar pisot natokkhone birmingham, bristol, kentarbari, abardine, belfast, edinberg, doublin, selford, southompton, southand ono chi aaru leads bhromon kori egharta sthan bhromon aarombho korisil. london trensfer. 2014 sonor januaryt, projujonatuwe notun theater, cardifot etaa suti praak-poschim xexor dour aarombho korisil, taar pisot snaan kori theater royel. iyar pisot onusthantuwe poschim prantor nuel coward theateroloi sthanantorito hoisil, zo 'too ee 2014 sonor 20 februaryt purbodorxon aarombho korisil, 25 februaryt iyar anusthanik udwudhoni nixa onusthito korar aagote, 14 june 2014 loike booking korisil. mool bhromon custotu projujonar xoite aasil aaru purbodorxonor baabe tikotbur 1990-ror mulyot bikri koraa hoisil. natokkhone shrestho notun comedyr baabe laurence olivier botar monunoyon laabh korisil. 16 marchot, bikri komm huwar baabe maatro paas xoptahor pisot 29 marchot onusthantu xunkale bondho koraa hoh "bob buli ghuxona koraa hoisil. ei podokhyeptuwe xomalusok aaru obhineta-obhinetrixokolok aasorit korisil, logote etaa online petitionou mukoli koraa hoisil. swo 'ror lekhok saimon byufoye ei abedonkhonot swakhyor korisil, jiye swo' ror projujok david paag aaru defid rogarsor bixoye koichil, "ejon projujoki dorxok bisari puwar kunu xujug puwar aagotei nijor swo 'kiyo bondho koribo?"aaru" aanhate, ejon projujok kiyo ketiyau nijor onusthan saboloi naahe? hoyotu teu ei prosnoburor uttor dibo paare. moi nuwaru kaaron teu mur xoite baa sristixil dolor xoite maah maah dhori kotha potaa naai."projujonar xonsalon briddhi korar khetrot abedontur kunu probhab poraa nasil aaru natokkhon 29 marchot bondho koraa hoisil, jaar thait" "bhaal manuh" "ror dwara xoloni koraa hoisil. 2014-bortomanor bhromon. 2014 sonor 11 septemborot manchestar opera housot aarombho huwa ekhon notun projujonar joriyote juktorajyor 32 xoptahor bhromon aarombho hoisil. ei onusthanot notun obhineta-obhinetrir uposthiti thoka xomogro britainor mukhyo sthanxomuhot dekha goisil, ji 2015 sonor june maahot swefieldor lycium theaterot punor xomapto hoisil. dwitiyokhon bhromon projujona ror 'gaar heinsor dwara porisalito aaru custingor bhitorot geree luchi ej goj, luis emorik ej hoh' rcho, bobi sko 'field ej lompar, martin milaar ej debh, rupert hill ej go' yoy aaru endru donn ej gerald ontorbhukto aasil. londonor etaa xadharon prodorxon dughonta 25 minute dhori solisil, jaar bhitorot 20 minutor etaa biroti aasil. 2015 sonor septembor maahot ei bhromon obyahot aasil, xei eke obhineta-obhinetrixokole besibhag upokuliyo rejortot poriwexon korisil. 2016 sonor septemboror poraa ei bhromon obyahot aasil. luchi, emorik aaru daane teulukor soritrot obyahot thaake, notun obhineta-obhinetrir xodosyo enthoni luis lompar hisape, kaai owen debh hisape, crich fountain gaai hisape aaru fiyuna skinner jinn hisape. ei bhromontu jek raidare porisalona korisil, zo "too nrityo porisalok ian west, xohokari porisalok james robert-mur, designer robo jones aaru team lutkine laiting korisil.

dya phul monty (khela) dya phul monty holl saimon beaufoy rachito ekti comedy natok, jaa 1997 saaler cholochchitro "dya phul monty"-rawr mool chitronatto theke neoa hoyeche. juktorajyo soforer agey 2013 saaler februaryte shefielder lysium theatrey etty bishwa premiere korey. 2014 saaler februaryte noel kapurush theatrey ekti oyesta enned pradakashana chaalu koraa hoyechilo. brihospotibar 11 septembara 2014-ayee manchester apera housey ekti notun pradakashana khola hoyechilo ebong 2015 saaler meey maas porjonto juktorajyo sofor korechilo. natoktite tomm johns, hott chocolate ebong james brauner sangeet royeche. patabhumi. "dya phul monty" saimon beaufoy likhechen ebong theater jonno lekhar prothom prochesta chinnito korechen. etty 1997 saale ekoi naamer cholochchitrer jonno taanr nijer chitronatter upor vitti korey nirmito. cholochchitroti nijei 3 million pound bajete nirmito hoyechilo ebong ekti slipper hitt chhilo, jaa bishwobyapi boxes offices rasidgulite 160 million poundero beshi aay korey seii somoye juktorajyer sorbochcho uparjankari cholochchitro hoye othe. etty charti academy puroskarer jonno manoneet hoyechilo, sera mool score jitechilo ebong egaroti bafta puroskarer mononoyon peyechilo, sera cholochchitro soho charti jitechilo. cholochchitroti englander shefielde seeta koraa hoyeche ebong etty chhoyjon becker purusher golpo boley, taader modhye charjan praktan ispat shromik, jaaraa jeeboner onno kothao yawar jonno ebong prodhan choritro, gyajer jonno jotheshto ortho sangraher jonno ekti purush stripties act gathoner siddhanta neyo, jaate taar chheleke dekhte sokkhom hoy. 2000 saale ekti american sangeet abhijojon chaalu koraa hoy, jaa 2002 saale oyesta ender prince off oyelasa theatrey sthanantorito hoy. natoker sangiter modhye royeche hott chocolater "eu sexi thing", tomm jonser "eu kyana libha eur tyapa ono", james braun-err "aaee geeta eu (aaee phila good)", donna samarer "hott stuff", flashdance... qee ekta anubhuti "airen carra dwara," david roze dwara stripper ", aami etaa korchi... moi nonn plasha serge gainsberger ebong willson picketer "hazar nrityer desh". natokti mohisher sangiter poriborte golpotike taar shafield utse firiye deyo. firey yawar somoy beaufoy bolechilen, "shafield chhada konao purno monty thakat naa. holywooder madhyome etty ekti deergho poth hoye geche-kintu abosheshe charitraguli jekhane shuru hoyechilo sekhane firey asche." utpadoner itihas. mool prajojana ebong sofor. 2012 saaler meey maase ghoshana koraa hoy jey, "dya phul monty" 2013 saale shefielde taar bishwa premiere paabe. natokti 23 february porjonto choley 2 february 2013-ayee shefielder lysium theatrey premiere hoy. prajojanati porichalona korechen daniel evance, choreography korechen steven hogjet, naksha korechen robbert johns, alo diyechen team lutkin ebong mool sangeet oo sound design korechen max oo beena ringham. anusthaner prodhan abhinetader modhye chhilen goj hisabe kennie dotty, ghoda hisabe sidney cole, lompor hisabe kregg gezi, debha hisabe roser morliz, looka hisabe kiaran oo 'brine ebong gerald hisabe saimon rouse. shefielde atmoprokasher porr natokti birmingham, bristol, canterbury, aberdine, belfast, edinberg, doublin, salford, southampton, southend ono shee ebong leads poridorshon korey egaroti venue sofor shuru korey. london sthanantar. 2014 saaler januaryte, prajojanati notun theater, cardife ekti sangkhipto praka-poschim pranter daud shuru korey, tarpore theater rayyal snan korey. anusthanti tarpor poschim pranter noel kapurush theatrey sthanantorito hoy, jekhane etty 20 february 2014-ayee prakdarshan shuru korey, 25 february anusthanik udwodhoni raate onusthito howar agey, 14 june 2014 porjonto booking korey. mool tour custoguli projojonar saathe theke yaay ebong prakdarshangulir jonno tikitguli 1990-err daame bikri koraa hoy. natokti sera notun comedir jonno laurence olivier puroskarer mononoyon paay. 16ee march, durbal bikrir karone matro panch saptaha porr 29shhey march shoti bondho hoye jaabe boley ghoshana koraa hoy. eyi podokkhep somalochokder ebong abhinetader ekibhabe abak korey diyeche, ekti online petitiono chaalu koraa hoyeche. petitione swakkhar corren shoyer lekhok saimon beaufoy, jini shoyer projojok david paag ebong duffied rosers somporke bolechilen, "keena ekjon projojok dorshok khunje pawar konao sujog pawar agei taar nijer shoe bondho korey deben?"ebong" onnodike, keena ekjon projojok kokhono nijer anusthan dekhte asben naa? hoyto tini eyi proshnogulir uttor ditey paren. aami paari naa kaaron seey amar sange baa srijanshil doler sange koyek maas dhorey kotha boleni."projojonar somoy badanor khettre petitiontir konao prabhab padeni ebong 29 march natokti bondho hoye yaay," "vall manush" "dwara protisthapito hoy. 2014-bortoman sofor. 2014 saaler 11ee septembara manchester apera housey shuru haoya ekti notun prajojana juktorajye 32 saptaher sofor shuru korey. ekti notun cust samanwito eyi shoti britten judey prodhan sthangulite dekha yaay jaa 2015 saaler june maase shefielder lysium theatrey shesh hoy. dwitiya touring productionty roser heins dwara porichalito ebong custingye royeche gyari luci goj hisabe, lui emeric ghoda hisabe, bobby schofield lomper hisabe, martin miller debha hisabe, rupert hill looka hisabe ebong andru dunn gerald hisabe. londoner ekti sadharan anusthan 20 minuter ekti biroti soho dui ghanta 25 minit choley. safarti 2015 saaler septembore ekoi custer saathe abyahoto chhilo, beshirbhag upokuliyo resortgulite perform korechilo. safarti septembara 2016 theke abyahoto chhilo. luci, emeric ebong dunn taader bhumikai abyahoto royeche, notun cust sadasyader saathe anthony luis lomper hisabe, kaai oyena debha hisabe, criss fountain gaai hisabe ebong fiona skinner zina hisabe. eyi safarti porichalona korechilen jack rider, choreographer iyana oyesta, sahokari porichalok james robbert-moor, designer robb johns ebong team lutkiner alo.

sampoorn montee (naatak) dhaa phul monty aee simone beaufoy dwara lakhaayelu aek komedi naatak chhe, jeey jeey film "dhaa phul monty" maate temnee mool patkathaa parthee chhe. tene united kingdamno pravaas kartaa pahelaa februari noon shefieldnaa lysium theatrema tenu vishva premiere karyoo hatoo. februari january noel kier theatrema vesta anned production sharoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. guruvaar 11 september september roj manchester opera housema aek navoo production kholvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey meey 2015 sudhee yukeno pravaas karyo hato. aaa natakma tooma johns, hooat chocolate aneey james braaunnu sangeet chhe. prushthbhumi. "dhaa phul monty" simen beaufoy dwara lakhvaamaa aavee chhe aneey theatre maate lakhvaano temno pratham prayaas hato. aaa film film aaa jaj naamnee temnee potaani film parr aadharit chhe. aaa film pote 3 million poundna budget parr banavvama aavee hatee aneey teey sleeper hita hatee, jene vaishvik booaks officeni aavakma 160 million poundthi vadhuni kamaani curry hatee, jeey teey samaye yukemaa sauthee vadhu kamaani karnari film bunny hatee. tene chaar academy puraskaaro maate namankit karvaamaa aavee hatee, jemaa shreshth mool sqora jeetyo hato aneey ageeyar bafta award namankan melvyaa hataa, jemaa shreshth film saheet chaar jeetya hataa. aaa film englandnaa shafieldma seeta karvaamaa aavee chhe aneey teey chh berojgaar purushoni vaarta kahe chhe, jemathi chaar bhutpurv steel kaamdaaro chhe, jeo jeevanma beeje kyaay javaa maate purtaa paisa aektra karvaa maate aneey mukhya paatra, gaz maate, tenaa putrane jovaa maate saksham thavaa maate purush stripties act banaavvaanu nakki karey chhe. chhe american sangeet rupaantaran sharoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jeey jeey vesta andna prince off wells theatrema sthaanaantarit thayu hatoo. natakna sangeetma hooat chocolate dwara "yuu sexi thing", tooma johns dwara "tame tamaari topee paheree shako chho", james braaun dwara "aaee geta yuu (aaee pheel good)", donaa summer dwara "hooat stuff", flashdanceno samaavesh thaay chhe... kevo ahesas "iren kaaraa dwara," david rose dwara stripper ", huun tene jaanato hato... moi none plus "saarj gansberg dwara aneey willson pickett dwara" hajaar nrutyoni bhoomi ". aaa naatak bhensnaa sangeetnaa setne badale vaartane tenaa shafield mulmaan paachhu laave chhe. paachha farvaa parr beaufoy kahyoo keey "shafield vinaa, koee sampoorn montee nahee hoya. hollywood dwara teey aek laambo rasto rahyo chhe-parantu chhevate paatro teey jagyae ghare paachha aavee rahyaa chhe jyanthi teey badhu sharoo thayu hatoo." utpaadan itihas. mool utpaadan aneey pravaas. meey meey, jaaherat karvaamaa aavee hatee keey "sampoorn montee" noon noon shafieldma tenu vishva premiere praapt thashe. aaa nataknu premiere 2 februari februari roj shefieldnaa lysium theatrema thayu hatoo, jeey 23 februari sudhee chaalyu hatoo. aaa nirmaan daniel evance dwara nirdeshit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jemaa steven hogget dwara nrutya nirdeshan, roobert johns dwara design, tima lutkin dwara lighting aneey makes aneey bayne ringham dwara mool sangeet aneey sound design hatee. aaa kaarykram maate mukhya kalakaroma gaze tareeke kennie dotty, ghodo tareeke sidnee qola, lomper tareeke craigg gazzy, dave tareeke rojar morleys, gaay tareeke kieren oo 'bryan aneey gerald tareeke simen rouseno samaavesh thaay chhe. shafieldma tenee sharuaat baad aaa naatak birmingham, bristol, canterbury, aberdine, belfast, edinberg, doublin, salford, southampton, samudra parr dakshin aneey leadsnee mulakat letaa ageeyar sthal pravaas parr aavyu hatoo. london transfer. january january, nirmanna navaa theatre, cardiff khaate tunkaa purv-pashchim antanee dod sharoo thaee, tyarbad theatre royal snaanmaa. tyarbad aaa shone vesta andna noel kier theatrema sthaanaantarit karvaamaa aavyo, jyaan tene 20 februari september roj purvavlokan sharoo karyoo, 25 februarina roj tenee sattavaar sharuaatni raat yojata pahelaa, 14 juuna 2014 sudhee booking karyoo. mool pravaas kalakaro utpaadan saathe rahyaa aneey purvavlokan maateni ticket ticket bhaave vechvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa natakne shreshth navee komedi maate laurence olivier award namankan malyun hatoo. 16 marche, nabalaa vechaanne kaarane, jaaherat karvaamaa aavee hatee keey aaa shho maatra paanch athvadiya pachhi 29 marche vahelo bundh thaee jashe. aaa paglaae vivechako aneey kalakarone eksarakha aashcharyachakit karyaa hataa, aneey online arji pann sharoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa arji parr shonaa lekhak simone beaufoy dwara hastakshar karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jemane shonaa nirmatao david pug aneey defid rosers vishe kahyoo hatoo keey, "prekshakone shodhvaani koee taka maley teey pahelaa nirmata potaano shho qema bundh karashe?"aneey" beejee taraf, nirmata kyaarey potaano shho jovaa qema nahee aave? kadaach teey aaa prashnona javaab aapee shake chhe. huun naa curry shakoo kaaran keey tene maheenaothi maaree saathe athavaa sarjanatmak team saathe vaat curry nathee."aaa arjini nirmanni kamgiri lambaavvaani drashtiae koee assar thaee naa hatee aneey naatak 29 marche bundh thayu, jenu sthaan" "saaraa loko" "dwara levaamaa aavyu". 2014-vartmaan pravaas. 11 september september roj manchester opera house khaate sharoo thayela aek navaa nirmanma united kingdamna 32 saptaahnaa pravaasnee sharuaat thaee. jemaa aek navaa kalakaro darshavvama aavyaa hataa. aaa kaarykram samagr britainma mukhya sthaloae jovaa malyo hato, jeey juuna september shefieldnaa lysium theatrema samaapt thayo hato. beeja pravaas nirmannu nirdeshan rojar hens dwara karvaamaa aavyu chhe aneey castingma gaz tareeke geree lucie, ghodo tareeke luis emrick, lomper tareeke bobby scofield, dave tareeke martin miller, chhokaro tareeke rupert hill aneey gerald tareeke andrew dunno samaavesh thaay chhe. londonma aek lakshaneek pradarshan beey kalaak aneey 25 minut chaalyu hatoo, jemaa 20 minutena aek antaraalno samaavesh thaay chhe. aaa pravaas september september chaalu rahyo, jemaa aee jaj kalakaro hataa, jeey motaabhaage dariyakanthana resortma pradarshan kartaa hataa. aaa pravaas september september chaalu rahyo. lucie, emeric aneey dunn temnee bhoomikaoma chaalu rahyaa, jemaa navaa kalakaro anthony louis lomper tareeke, kaai owen dave tareeke, criss fountain gaay tareeke aneey fiona skinner jiina tareeke hataa. aaa pravaasnu nirdeshan jeeka ryder dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jemaa choreographer ian vesta, sahayak nirdeshak james roobert-moor, designer rooba johns aneey tima lutkin dwara lighting karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.

poorna monti (khel) dha phul monti, 1997 kii film 'dha phul monti' key liye unaki mool patkatha seey, saiman beaufoy dwara likhit ack haasya naatak haye. isane united kingdam kaa daura karane seey pahale farwari 2013 mein schafield key lysium theatre mein apana vishva premiere kiya. farwari 2014 mein noel kaayar theatre mein ack west aind production shuru kiya gayaa thaa. guruwar 11 sitambar 2014 koo manchester opera house mein ack nayaa production khola gayaa aur maee 2015 taka yuke kaa daura kiya gayaa. iss naatak mein tomm johns, hott chocolet aur james braun kaa sangeet haye. prishthabhoomi. "dha phul monti" saiman beaufoy dwara likhi gaee haye aur theatre key liye likhane key unake pahale prayaas koo chihnit karati haye. yeh isi naam kii 1997 kii film key liye unaki apani patkatha parr adharit haye. yeh film swayam £3 million key bajat parr banaai gaee thee aur ack sleeper hitt thee, jisane vaishvik boxes offices praaptiyon mein £160 million seey adhik kii kamai kii, joe usa samay yuke mein sabse adhik kamai karane vaali film bunn gaee thee. ise chaar akadami puraskaron key liye namankit kiya gayaa thaa, sarvshreshth mool score jeetaa aur gyaarah bafta puraskar namankan praapt kiye, jisamen sarvshreshth film sahit chaar jeete. yeh film ingland key schafield mein sthaapit haye aur yeh chhah berojgar purushon kii kahani bataati haye, jinamen seey chaar poorv ispat shramik hain, joe jeevan mein kaheen aur jaane key liye paryaapt paisa ikattha karane key liye ack purush stripties act banaane kaa faisala karate hain aur mukhya charitra, gaaz, apane bete koo dekhane mein saksham honey key liye. ack amerikeekrit sangeet roopaantaran 2000 mein shuru kiya gayaa thaa, jise 2002 mein west aind key prince off wells theatre mein sthanantarit kiya gayaa thaa. naatak mein sangeet mein germ chocolet dwara "yuu sex cheez", tomm johns dwara "aap apani topi parr chhod sakate hain", james braun dwara "aaee gett yuu (aaee feel good)", donna summer dwara "hott stuff", flashdance shamil hain... kyaa ack bhavna "iren kaaraa dwara," david rose dwara strip ", main huun... moee none plus "serge gensberg dwara aur willson pickett dwara" ack hazaar nrityon kii bhoomi ". yeh naatak kahani koo bhains key sett sangeet key bajaay apane schafield mool mein vaapas laataa haye. vaapas jaane parr beaufoy ney kahaa, "schafield key binaa, koee poorna monty naheen hogi. hollywood key madhyam seey yeh ack lamba raasta rhaa haye-lekin anta mein paatr usa jagah parr vaapas aaa rahey hain jahan seey yeh sub shuru huaa thaa." utpaadan kaa itihas. mool utpaadan aur daura. maee 2012 mein, yeh ghoshana kii gaee thee kii "poorna monty" 2013 mein schafield mein apana vishva premiere praapt karega. naatak kaa premiere 2 farwari 2013 koo lysium theatre, schafield mein huaa, joe 23 farwari taka chalaa. nirmaan kaa nirdeshan daniel evance ney kiya thaa, jisamen steven hoggate dwara nritya nirdeshan, robert johns dwara design, time lutkin dwara prakaash aur max aur bayne ringham dwara mool sangeet aur dhwani design thaa. show key liye mukhya kalakaron mein gaaz key roop mein kenni dotty, ghode key roop mein sidney cole, lomper key roop mein kregg gaazi, dave key roop mein roser morliz, ladke key roop mein kieran oh 'bryan aur gerald key roop mein saiman rouse shamil they. schafield mein apani shuruat key baad, naatak ney birmingham, bristol, canterbury, aberdeen, belfast, edinberg, doublin, salford, southampton, samudra parr dakshin aur leads kaa daura karane key liye gyaarah sthaanon key daure kii shuruat kii. landan sthanantaran. janwari 2014 mein, nirmaan ney nae theatre, cardiff mein ack chhote seey poorv-paschim anta kii shuruat kii, jisake baad theatre shaahi snan mein. isake baad show koo west aind key noel kaayar theatre mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa, jahaan iska purvavlokan 20 farwari 2014 koo shuru huaa, 25 farwari koo apani aadhikarik udghaatan raat aayojit karane seey pahale, 14 juuna 2014 taka booking kii gaee. mool tour cast utpaadan key saath rahee aur purvavlokan key liye tikat 1990 key moolyon parr beche gaye they. iss naatak koo sarvshreshth naee comedy key liye laurence olivier puraskar namankan milaa. 16 march koo, yeh ghoshana kii gaee kii kharaab bikri key kaaran 29 march koo kewal paanch saptah key baad show jaldi bund hoe jaayega. iss kadam ney alochakon aur kalakaron koo samaan roop seey aashcharyachakit curr diyaa, ack online yachika bhee shuru kii gaee. yachika parr show key lekhak saiman beaufoy ney hastakshar kiye they, jinhone show key nirmaata david pug aur daffid rosers key baare mein kahaa thaa, "ack nirmaata darshakon koo khojane kaa koee mauka milane seey pahale apana khud kaa show kyon bund curr dega?"aur" doosari or, ack nirmaata kabhi bhee apana show dekhane kyon naheen aayega? shayed vaha inn prashnon kaa uttar dey sakata haye. main naheen curr sakata kyonki usane maheenon seey mujhase yaa rachanaatmak team seey baat naheen kii haye."yachika kaa nirmaan key vistaar key sandarbh mein koee prabhaav naheen padaa aur naatak 29 march koo bund hoe gayaa, jise" "achche logon" "dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa. 2014-vartamaan daura. 11 sitambar 2014 koo manchester opera house seey shuru honey vaale united kingdam key 32-saptah key daure parr ack nae utpaadan kii shuruat hui. jisamen ack nae kalakar koo dikhaaya gayaa thaa, joe poore britten key pramukh sthaanon mein dekhaa gayaa thaa, joe juuna 2015 mein schafield key lysium theatre mein vaapas samaapt huaa thaa. ack dusare paryatan utpaadan kaa nirdeshan roser heins ney kiya haye aur casting mein gairi lucie koo gaaz key roop mein, luis emeric koo ghode key roop mein, bobby schofield koo lomper key roop mein, martin miller koo dave key roop mein, rupert hill koo ladke key roop mein aur rune koo gerald key roop mein shamil kiya gayaa haye. ack vishisht landan pradarshan dou ghante aur 25 minut taka chalaa, jisamen 20 minut kaa ack antaral bhee shamil thaa. daura sitambar 2015 mein jaari rhaa, usee kalakar key saath, jyaadaatar tateey resorts mein pradarshan kiya. daura sitambar 2016 seey jaari rhaa. luci, emeric aur dunn apani bhoomikaon mein jaari hain, jisamen nae kalakaron mein anthony luis lomper key roop mein, kaaee owen dave key roop mein, criss fountain koo aadami key roop mein aur fiona skinner koo jeane key roop mein shamil kiya gayaa haye. iss daure kaa nirdeshan jack ryder ney kiya thaa, jisamen choreographer ian west, sahayak nirdeshak james robert-moor, designer robb johns aur time lutkin dwara prakaash vyavastha thee.

dhii phul monty (nataka) dhii phul monty embudu saiman beaufoy bareda haasya naatakavaagiddu, 1997rahra chalanachitra "dhii phul monty" yaya moola chitrakatheyinda bandide. idu united kingdamge pravaasa maaduva modalu 2013rahra phebravariyalli shefieldna lysium theaternalli tanna vishwa prathama pradarshanavannu needitu. phebravari 2014 ralli noel heditana rangamandiradalli west end nirmaanavannu praarambhisalaayitu. guruvaara 11 september 2014 randu manchester opera housenalli hosa nirmaanavannu tereyalaayitu mattu mayee 2015 ravarege yuke pravaasavannu kaigonditu. ee natakakke tomm johns, hott chocolate mattu james braun sangeeta niididdaare. hinnele. "dhii phul monty" annu saiman beaufoy barediddaare mattu rangabhoomigaagi bareyuva avara modala prayatnavannu gurutisiddaare. idu 1997ralli adhe hesarina avara swanta chitrakatheyannu aadhariside. ee chalanachitravu swatah 3 million poundgala bajetnalli tayaarisalpattitu mattu sleeper hitt aagiddu, jagatika gallapettigeyalli 160 million pound galikegalannu galisi aaa samayadalli yukeyalli athi hecchu galike maadida chalanachitravaayitu. idu naalku academy prashastigalige naamanirdeshanagonditu, atyuttama moola sangeetavannu geddukonditu mattu atyuttama chalanachitra seridante naalku prashastigalannu gedda hannondu bafta prashasti namanirdeshanagalannu padeyitu. ee chalanachitravu inglendna shefieldnalli nadeyuttade mattu idu aaru nirudyogi purushara katheyannu heluttade, avaralli naalvaru maaji ukkina kaarmikaru, avaru jeevanadalli berede padeyalu saakashtu hanavannu sangrahisalu mattu mukhya patravada gajge, tanna maganannu nodalu saadhyavaaguvante purusha strip tease act annu rachisalu nirdharisuttaare. americada sangeeta roopaantaravannu 2000 ralli praarambhisalaayitu, 2002 ralli west endna prince off wales rangabhoomige vargaayisalaayitu. naatakada sangeetadalli hott chakoletninda "yuu sexi thing", tomm jonsninda "yuu kyaan liv yuvar hyaat aun", james braun avarinda "aii gott yuu (aii pheel good)", dona summer avarinda "hott stuff", flashdons serive... david roze avara "aireen kaaraa", "dhii stripper", entha bhavane... surge gainsburg avara moyi naan plus mattu willson picket avara "savira nrutyagala bhoomi". ee naatakavu emmeya sangeetada gumpiginta hechchaagi katheyannu adara shefield moolakke hindirugisuttade. hintirugidaaga beaufoy "shefield illade, purna monty iruvudilla" endu helidaru. idu bahala deerghavaada haadiyaagide-hollywoodna moolaka-aadare antimavagi patragalu praarambhavaada stalakke maraluttive." utpaadaneya itihaasa. moola nirmaana mattu pravaasa. mayee 2012 ralli, "dhii phul monty" 2013 ralli shefieldnalli tanna vishwa prathama pradarshanavannu padeyuttade endu ghooshisalaayitu. ee naatakavu phebravari 23 ravarege chaalaneyalliruva 2 phebravari 2013 randu shefieldna lysium theaternalli prathama pradarshanagonditu. ee nirmaanavannu daniel evance nirdeshisidaru, steven hogget nrutya samyojane, robbert johns vinyasa, tim lutkin laiting mattu max mattu benn ringham moola sangeeta mattu dhwani vinyaasavannu maadidaru. ee kaaryakramada pramukha patravargadalli kenni douty gaz aagi, sidney cole kudureyagi, kraigg gase lomper aagi, roser marlidge dave aagi, kieron oo 'brian gai aagi mattu saiman rouse gerald aagi kanisikondaru. shefield nalli tanna chocchala praveshada nantara, ee naatakavu birmingham, bristol, canterbury, aberdeen, belfast, edinberg, doublin, salford, southampton, southend aun sea mattu leads ge bheti needuva hannondu sthalagala pravaasavannu praarambhisitu. london vargaavane. 2014rahra janavariyalli, nirmaanavu hosa rangamandiravaada cardifnalli purva-pashchimada ondu sanna pradarshanavannu praarambhisitu, nantara snaanagruhadalli rangamandira raayal pradarshanavannu praarambhisitu. nantara ee pradarshanavu paschima tudiya noel heditana rangamandirakke vargaavaneyaayitu, allie idu phebravari 25,2014 randu poorvavikshaneyannu praarambhisitu, phebravari 25 randu adara adhikruta udghatana ratri, zoon 14,2014 ravarege booking maaditu. moola pravaasa patravargavu nirmaanadondige uliyitu mattu purvavikshanegaagi tiketgalannu 1990 rahra belegalige marata maadalaayitu. ee naatakavu atyuttama hosa haasyakkaagi laurence olivier prashastige naamanirdeshanagonditu. march 16randu, kalape maratadindagi, march 29randu kevala aidu vaaragala nantara pradarshanavu munchitavaagi muchchalpaduttade endu ghooshisalaayitu. ee kramavu vimarshakaru mattu patravargavannu achcharigolisitu, anline arjiyannoo saha praarambhisalaayitu. kaaryakramada nirmapakaru david pug mattu doffied rosers bagge helida, "prekshakarannu hudukuva yaavude avakasha siguva modalu nirmapakaru tamma swanta kaaryakramavannu eke muchchuttare?"mattu" mattondede, nirmapakaru tamma swanta kaaryakramavannu nodalu eke baruvudilla? bahushah aata ee prashnegalige uttarisaballanu. avaru nannondige athawa srujanasheela tandadondige tingalugalinda maatanaadada kaarana nanage sadhyavaguttilla."nirmaanada avadhiyannu vistarisuva vishayadalli arjiyu yaavude parinaamavannu beeralilla mattu march 29 randu naatakavannu" "olleya janaru" "endu badalaayisalaayitu". 2014-indina pravaasa. 2014rahra september 11randu manchester opera housenalli praarambhavaagi, hosa nirmaanavu united kingdamna 32 vaaragala pravaasavannu praarambhisitu. hosa patravargavannu olagonda ee pradarshanavu britanninaadyanta pramukha stalagalalli kaanisitu, idu 2015rahra joonnalli shefieldna lysium theaternalli konegonditu. eradane pravaasa nirmaanavannu rogar heins nirdeshisiddare mattu patravargadalli gyaari loosi aus gaj, louis emeric aus haars, baabi schofield aus lamper, martin miller aus dave, ruppert hill aus gai mattu andrew dunn aus gerald serive. london ondu vishishta pradarshanavu 20 nimishagala ondu madhyantaravannu olagondante eradu gante 25 nimishagala kaala nadeyitu. pravaasavu september 2015ralli adhe patravargadondige munduvariyitu, hechchaagi karavali resortgalalli pradarshana needitu. pravaasavu september 2016rinda munduvariyitu. loosi, emeric mattu dunn tamma patragalalli munduvaredaru, hosa patravargada sadasyaraada anthony levis lomper aagi, kaii oven dave aagi, criss fountain gai aagi mattu fiona skinner zeane aagi. ee pravaasavannu jaak raidar nirdeshisidaru, nrutya samyojaka eoin west, sahayaka nirdeshaka james robbert-moor, designer robb johns mattu time lutkin laiting avarondige.

phul monty (naadakam) 1997 ll purathirangiya "dhaa phul monty" enna chithrathinu saiman beaufoy ezhuthiya yadhaartha thirakkadhayil ninnulla oru komadi naadakamaanu dhaa phul monty. yunaittad kingdom sandarshikkunnathinu munbu 2013 februvariyil shefieldile lysium thiyettaril ithu loka premiier cheythu. 2014 februvariyil noyil coward thiyettaril oru vestt end production aarambhichu. 2014 septambar 11 vyaazhazhcha maanchastar ooppara hausil oru puthiya production aarambhich 2015 meyy vare yuke paryadanam nadatthi. toom johns, hoott choklettu, jaims braun ennivarude samgeethamaanu naadakatthilullathu. pashchaathalam. "saiman beaufoy ezhuthiya 'dhaa phul monty' naadakavedikkaayi ezhuthaanulla addehathinte aadya sramamaayi adayaalappeduthi. 1997ll ithe peril purathirangiya addehathinte swantham thirakkadhaye adisthaanamaakkiyaanu chithram nirmmichirikkunnathu. 3 dasalaksham poundu bajattil nirmmicha eee chithram thanne oru sleeper hittaayirunnu, aagola boxes oafees raseethukalil 160 dasalaksham poundiladhikam nedi akkaalat yukeyil ettavum kooduthal varumanam nediya chithramaayi maari. mikacha orijinal score nedukayum mikacha chithram ulppede naalu avaardukal nedukayum cheytha eee chithram naalu akkadami avaardukalkku naamanirddesham cheyyappedukayum pathinonnu baaftta award naamanirddeshangal nedukayum cheythu. englandile shefieldil nadakkunna chithratthil, naalu muun steel thozhilaallikal ulppede aarr thozhilillaatha purushanmaarude katha parayunnu, avar jeevithathil mattevideyengilum athicheraanum pradhana kathaapaathramaaya gassinu thante makane kaanaan kazhiyunnathinum mathiyaya panam shekharikkunnathinaayi oru purusha stripties aakt roopeekarikkaan theerumaanikkunnu. 2000-ll oru american sangeetha adaptation aarambhichu, 2002-ll vestt endile prins oof weils theaterilekku maatti. naadakatthile samgeethathil hoott choklettu "yuu sexi thing", toom johns "ningalkk ningalude thoppi dharikkan kazhiyum", jaims braun "aii gaatt yuu (aii pheel good)", donna summer "hoott stuff", flash dance enniva ulppedunnu... enthoru vikaaramaan "airin kaara," david rosinte stripper ", njaan paranju... moyi noonn plus "serj gainsburgintethum vilson pikkattinte" ayiram nrithangalude naadu ". pothu samgeethathinu pakaram eee naadakam kathaye athinte shefield uthbhavathilekku thirike nalkunnu. thirichupokumbol beaufoy paranju, "shefield illaathe, poornna monty undaakilla. hollywood vazhi oru neenda yaathrayaan-pakshe oduvil kathaapaathrangal ellaam aarambhicha sthalathekku veettilekku madangukayaanu." ulppaadana charithram. yadhaartha nirmmanavum paryadanavum. 2012 meyy maasathil, "phul monty" yude loka premiier 2013 ll shefieldil labhikkumenn prakhyaapichu. 2013 februvari 2 nuu shefieldile lysium thiyettaril pradharshippicha eee naadakam februvari 23 vare neenduninnu. daniel evans samvidaanam cheytha eee chithratthinte nrithasamvidhaanam steevan hogatt, roopakalppana roobert johns, lighting timm lutkin, yadhaartha samgeethavum shabda roopakalppanayum maiks, benn ringham ennivar chernnaanu nirmmichathu. gass enna kathaapaathramaayi kenni dotty, kuthirayayi sidney kooll, lomparaayi craig ghazi, dave enna kathaapaathramaayi rogger morlidge, gaii enna kathaapaathramaayi kieran obriyaan, jerald enna kathaapaathramaayi saiman roose ennivaraanu chithratthile pradhana abhinethaakkal. shefieldil arangettam kurichathinushesham, naadakam pathinonnu vedikalilaayi birmingham, bristtol, canterbury, aberdeen, belfast, eddinberg, doublin, salford, southaamptan, southand oonn zee, leads enniva sandarshichu. lunden transfer. 2014 januvariyil, nirmmaanam puthiya theateraaya cardifil oru hraswa pree-vestt end rann aarambhichu, thudarnnu baath thiyettar royal. 2014 februvari 25 nuu audyogika udghaadana ratri nadathunnathinumumbu 2014 juun 14 vare booking nadathunnathinu munbu, 2014 februvari 20 nuu preview aarambhicha vestt endile noyil coward theaterilekku shhow pinneedu maatti. yadhaartha touur abhinethaakkal nirmmaanatthil thudarukayum previewinulla tikkattukal 1990-kalude vilaykk vilkkukayum cheythu. mikacha puthiya comedic eee naadakatthinu laurence oliviyar award naamanirddesham labhichu. march 16nuu, mosham vilppana kaaranam march 29nuu verum anchu aazhchakalkk sesham shhow neratthe avasaanikkumenn prakhyaapichu. eee neekkam vimarsakareyum abhinethaakkaleyum orupole athbhuthappeduthi, oru oonlain nivedanavum aarambhichu. shoyude nirmmaathaakkalaaya david pug, daphid rogarmarekkurichu paranjukondu shoyude ezhuthukaaranaaya saiman beaufoy harjiyil oppuvachu, "prekshakare kandethunnathinu munbu oru nirmmaathaav swantham shhow adaykkunnathu enthukondu?"maruvashathu, enthukondaanu oru nirmmaathaav orikkalum swantham shhow kaanaan varaathirikkunnath? orupakshe addehathinu eee chodyangalkku utharam nalkaan kazhiyum. maasangalaayi addeham ennodo creative teaminodo samsaarikkaathathinaal enikku kazhiyilla."nirmmaana pravartthanam neettunnathil harjik oru phalavum undaayilla, march 29 nuu naadakam avasanippikkukayum pakaram" "nalla aalukal" "sthaapikkukayum cheythu". 2014-innuvareyulla paryadanam. 2014 septambar 11 nuu maanchastar ooppara hausil ninnu aarambhicha oru puthiya nirmmaanam yunaittad kingdatthile 32 aazhchathe paryadanatthinu thudakkam kurichu. oru puthiya abhinethaakkale avatharippikkunna eee shhow brittaniludaneelamulla pradhana vedikalil 2015 juunil shefieldinte lysium thiyettaril avasaanichu. rogger hains samvidaanam cheytha randaamathe touring productionil gass aayi gaari lucie, kuthirayayi luis emeric, lomparaayi bobby scofield, dave aayi martin miller, geey aayi rupert hill, jeraldaayi andrew dunn enniva ulppedunnu. oru saadhaarana lunden prakadanam 20 minitt edavela ulppede rund manikkoor 25 minittum neenduninnu. 2015 septambaril ithe abhinethaakkalumaayi touur thudarnnu, kooduthalum theeradesha resortukalil prakadanam nadatthi. 2016 septambar muthal touur thudarnnu. lucie, emeric, dunn ennivar avarude veshangalil thudarunnu, puthiya abhinethaakkal anthoni levis lomparaayi, kaii ooven dave aayi, kriss foundan gaii aayi, pheona skinner jeane aayi. choreographer iyaan vestt, asisttant director jaims roobert-muur, designer roob johns, timm lutkin lighting ennivarodoppam jacq rider aanu touur samvidaanam cheythath.

purn monty (natak) daad phul monty heey sayman beaufoy yanni lihilele eka vinodi natak aahe, jeey 1997 chya 'daad phul monty' yaa chitrapatachya mool patkathetun aahe. united kingdamcha daura karnyapurvi februwari 2013 madhye shafield yetheel lysium theatermadhe tyacha jaagtik premiere jhaala. februwari 2014 madhye noel kier natyagruhat west end production suru karnyat aale. guruwari 11 september 2014 roji manchester aupera hausmadhye eka naveen nirmiti suru jhaali aanee meey 2015 paryant brittoncha daura keela. yaa natkat tomm johns, hott chocolate aanee james braun yanche sangeet aahe. parshvabhoomi. "daad phul monty' haah chitrapat sayman beaufoy yanni lihila aahe aanee too rangbhumisathi lihinyacha tyancha pahilach prayatna tharala aahe. 1997 madhye tyach navachya chitrapatachya tyanchya swatachya patkathevar haah chitrapat aadharit aahe. haah chitrapat swatach 30 laakh paundanchya andajpatrakavar banavanyat aala hota aanee too eka yashasvi chitrapat tharala, jyane jaagtik tikitbari praptimadhye 16 kotee paundanpeksha jaast kamai kelee aanee tyaa velee brittenmadhil sarvadhik kamai karnara chitrapat tharala. sarvotkrusht mool sangeet jinkun, tyala chaar akadami puraskaransathi namankan midale aanee sarvotkrusht chitrapatasaha chaar jinkat, akra bafta puraskar namankane midali. haah chitrapat englandmadhil shafield yethe aadharit aahe aanee tyat sahaa berojgar purushanchi katha aahe, tyapaiki chaar majee polad kamgar aahet, jeey jeevanat itaratra kuthe taree jaanyasathi purese paise gola karnyasathi aanee mukhya patra, gaz, tyachya mulala pahoo shakanyasathi purush stripties ect tayar karnyacha nirnay ghetat. 2000 saalee american sangeet rupantar suru karnyat aale, jeey 2002 saalee west endchya prince auph wells theatermadhe hastantarit karnyat aale. natkatil sangitamadhye hott chocolatedware 'yuu sexi thing', tomm jonasdware 'yuu cann leave yore hatt aun', james braundware 'aay gott yuu (aay pheel good)', donna samardware 'hott stuff', flashdance yancha samavesh aahe... kaay eka bhavna aahe "irene kaara," daad stripper "david rose, jeey 'eme... moee naun plus heey serge gensbergche aanee 'land auph aaa hazar dance' heey willson picketche aahe. heey natak mhashichya sangitik sanchapeksha katha tyachya shafield moolakade parat karate. parat jaatana beaufoy mhanala, "shafieldshivay purn monty nasel. hollywoodmadhun haah eka lambcha marg aahe-parantu shevati patre jyaa thikani heey serve suru jhaale tyaa thikani gharee parat yet aahet." nirmiticha itihas. mool nirmiti aanee daura. meey 2012 madhye, 'daad phul monty' chaa 2013 madhye shefieldmadhye jaagtik premiere honar asalyachi ghoshana karnyat aalee. yaa natakacha premiere 2 februwari 2013 roji shefieldchya lysium theatermadhe jhaala, joou 23 februvariparyant chalala. yaa nirmitiche digdarshan daniele evancene kele hote, jyat steven hoggetne nrutya digdarshan kele hote, robbert jonsane rachana kelee hotee, team lutkinane prakashyojana kelee hotee aanee max aanee baine ringhamne mool sangeet aanee dhwani rachana kelee hotee. yaa karyakramasathi mukhya kalakaranmadhye gaz mhanoon kennie dotty, ghodyasathi sidney cole, lomper mhanoon kregg ghazi, dave mhanoon rogger morleys, manus mhanoon kieran oo 'bryan aanee gerald mhanoon sayman rouse yancha samavesh hota. shefieldmadhye padarpan kelyanantar yaa natkane birmingham, bristol, canterbury, eberdeen, belfast, edinberg, doublin, salford, southampton, southend aun see aanee leads yaa 11 thikananchya thikananchya suruvat kelee. london hastantaran. janewari 2014 madhye, nirmitine cardiff yaa naveen natyagruhat purv-paschim tokavaril eka lahan dhaav suru kelee, tyanantar natyagruh shahee snangruhat. tyanantar haah karyakram west endchya noel kier theatermadhe hastantarit karnyat aala, jithe 25 februwari 2014 roji adhikrut udghatan ratri aayojit karnyapurvi, 14 juuna 2014 paryant aarakshan karnyapurvi, 20 februwari 2014 roji tyache purvavalokan suru jhaale. mool tour cast nirmitisah rahili aanee purvavalokanasathi tikite 1990 chya kimmatinvar vikali gelee. yaa natkala sarvotkrusht naveen vinodi chitrapatasathi laurence olivier puraskar namankan midale. 16 march roji, kharab vikrimule, keval paach aathvadyannantar 29 march roji haah karyakram lavkar bund hoil ashee ghoshana karnyat aalee. yaa nirnayane samikshakanna aanee kalakaranna aashcharyachakit kele, tasech eka online yachika dekhil suru karnyat aalee. yaa yachikevar karyakramache lekhak sayman beaufoy yanni swakshari kelee hotee, jyanni karyakramachya nirmatyambaddal sangitale qee, 'prekshak shodhanyachi konatihi sandhee milanyapurvi nirmata swatacha karyakram qaa bund karel?"aanee" dusarikade, nirmata kadhihi tyacha swatacha karyakram pahanyasathi qaa yenar nahee? kadachit too yaa prashnanchi uttare deu shakel. mea karoo shakat nahee kaaran too majhyashi kinwa sarjansheel sanghashi kityek mahinyanpasun bolala nahee."nirmiticha kalavadhi vadhavanyachya sandarbhat yachikecha konatahi parinam jhaala nahee aanee 29 march roji natak bund jhaale, jyachya jaagi" "changle lock" "aale". 2014-sadhyacha daura. 11 september 2014 roji manchester aupera haus yethe suru jhalelya united kingdamchya 32 aathvadyanchya aathvadyanchya eka naveen nirmiti suru jhaali. naveen kalakarancha samavesh asalela haah karyakram sampoorn brittenmadhil pramukh thikani juuna 2015 madhye shefieldchya lysium theatermadhe parat yeuun pahila gela. gela paryatan nirmitiche digdarshan roser heins yanni kele aahe aanee castingmadhye garry lucie gaz, louis emeric horse, bobby schofield lomper, martin miller dave, rupert hiill boy aanee andrew dunn gerald yancha samavesh aahe. londonmadhye eka vaishishtyapurn sadarikaran done taas 25 minite chalale, jyat 20 minitanchya eka madhyantarasah. september 2015 madhye, tyach kalakaransah, haah daura suru rahila, jyat bahutek jann kinarpattivaril resortsmadhye sadarikaran karat hote. september 2016 pasoon haah daura suru rahila. lucie, emeric aanee dunn tyanchya bhoomikanmadhye suru aahet, naveen kalakar sadasya anthany louis heey lomper, kaee owen heey dave, criss fountain heey gayee aanee fiona skiiner heey jeane mhanoon aahet. yaa yaa digdarshan jacq ryderne kele hote, jyat nrutyadigdarshak iaan west, sahayyak digdarshak james robbert-muur, designer robb johns aanee time lutkin yanni prakashyojana kelee hotee.

purna monty (play) da full monty syman beaufoydwara lekhieko kamedi natak how, june sann 1997 ko film "da full monty" kaa lagi unko muel patakathabata aeko how. yasale sanyukta adhirajyako bhraman garnuaghi february 2013 maa seyfieldko lycium thieterma yasako vishwa premiere garyo. february 2014 maa noel kier thieterma west anned prodoxon suru garieko thiyo. bihibar 11 september 2014 maa manchester opera housema nayan prodoxon kholieko thiyo rar mey 2015 samma belayatko bhraman gareko thiyo. natakma tom johns, hutt chakalet rar james braunako sangit raheko chha. prishthabhumi. "da full monty" syman beaufoydwara lekhieko how rar thieterka lagi lekhne unko pahilo prayas how. yo sann 1997 maa unko afnai yahi namko chalchitrako patakathama adharit chha. yo film afai £3 millionko budgetma baneko thiyo rar ek sleeper heat thiyo, vishwawyapi bucks office rasidma £160 million bhanda badhi kamaeko thiyo june tyas samayama belayatma sabaibhanda badhi kamaune film banyo. yo charawata ekedemy puraskarka lagi manonit bhaeko thiyo, utkrishta maulik score jityo rar egharwata bafta puraskar namangkanharu prapta गऱ्यो।, utkrishta filmsahit charawata jityo. yo film englandko sayfieldma sett garieko chha rar yasale chha zana berojgar purushharuko katha bataunchha, jasmadhye charjana purva still kamadarharu hun, jasle jiwanma anyatra janka lagi paryapta paisa jamma garna rar mukhya patra, gaj, afno chhoralai hern saksham huna purush stripties act banaune nirnaya garchhan. sann 2000 maa euta amerikikrit sangitik rupantaran suru garieko thiyo, june sann 2002 maa west endko prince aff wells thieterma sthanantaran garieko thiyo. natakko sangitma tato chakaletdwara "yu sexy thing", tom jonsdwara "yu kyan libh yore hatt unn", james braunadwara "ai gett yu (ai feel good)", dona samardwara "hutt stuff", flasdance samawesh chhan... key bhawana chha "airen cara dwara," stripper "devid rose dwara", jey tii 'eme... moi nun plus "serge gensbergdwara rar wilson picketdwara" hazar nrityaharuko bhumi ". natakle kathalai bhainsiko setko sangitikko satta yasako shafield mulma firta lyaunchha. firta sarda beaufoyle bhane "sayfieldbina, tyahan purna monty hune thiena. holywood hundai yo lamo bato bhaeko chha-tara antatah patraharu ghar farkiraheka chhan jahaan yo sabai suru bhayo." utpadan itihas. muel utpadan rar bhraman. mey 2012 maa, yo ghoshana garieko thiyo kii "purna monty" ley 2013 maa shefieldma yasako vishwa premiere prapta garnechha. natakko premiere 2 february 2013 maa lysium theater, shefieldma 23 februarysamma chalcha. nirman daniel ibhansdwara nirdeshit thiyo, steven hagagetdwara choreography, robert jonsdwara design, team lutkindwara prakash rar max rar bayne ringamdwara muel sangit rar dhwani design garieko thiyo. soka lagi mukhya kalakarharuma gajko rupma kenni doti, ghodako rupma sidney cole, lomperko rupma kregg gezi, debhko rupma roser morliz, ketako rupma kieran o 'bryan rar jeraldko rupma syman rouse thie. sayfieldma yasako suruwat pachhi natakle bermingham, bristol, canterbury, aberdine, belfast, edinberg, doublin, salford, southampton, samudrama dakshin rar lidko bhraman gardai eghar sthan bhraman suru garyo. london sthanantaran. janawari 2014 maa, nirmanle nayan theater, cardifma chhoto purva-paschim antya daud suru garyo, tyasapachhi theater royal snanma. tyasapachhi soe west endko noel kier thieterma sthanantaran bhayo, jahaan yasale 25 february 2014 maa yasako adhikarik udghatan raat ayojit garnu aghi, 14 june 2014 samma booking garna suru garyo. muel tour cast utpadansanga rahyo rar purwawalokanka lagi tikatharu 1990 ko mulyama bechieka thie. yass natakle utkrishta nayan kamedika lagi lawrence olivier award namangkan prapta गऱ्यो।. 16 marchma, kharab bikrika karan 29 marchma matra paanch haptapachhi soe chaandai banda hune ghoshana garieko thiyo. yass kadamle alochakharu rar castharulai ekaisath chakit pareko chha, ek unline yachika pani suru garieko chha. soka lekhak syman beaufoyle yachikama hastakshar gareka thie, jasle soka nirmataharu devid pug rar dafid rosersko barema bhane, "darshakharu khojne kunai mauka paunuaghi nai nirmatale afno soe kinn banda garchha?"rar" arkotarf, kinn ek nirmata afno karyakram hern kahilyai aundaina? sayed unle yee prashnaharuko jawaf dina sakchhan. mahm garna sakdinan kinbhane unle mahinaundekhi masanga wa creative tolisanga kura gareka chhainan."nivedanle prodoxon runn wistar garne sandarbhama kunai prabhawa pareko thiena rar natak 29 marchma banda bhayo," "asal manisharule pratisthapan garna. sann 2014-wartaman bhraman. 11 september 2014 maa manchester opera housebata suru bhaeko euta nayan utpadanle sanyukta adhirajyako 32 haptako bhramanma suru bhayo. june 2015 maa shefieldko lycium thieterma samapta bhaeko nayan kalakarko pradarshan dekha pareko thiyo. dosro bhraman utpadan roser hensdwara nirdeshit chha rar castingma gajko rupma gyari luci, ghodako rupma luis emrick, lomperko rupma babi schofield, debhko rupma martin miller, manchheko rupma rupert hill rar jeraldko rupma andrew dunn samawesh chhan. londonko euta wishishta pradarshan 20 minetko ek antaralsahit dui ghanta 25 minet chaleko thiyo. september 2015 maa uhi kalakarharusanga bhraman jaari rahyo, prayaha tatiya resortharuma pradarshan gardai. september 2016 dekhi bhraman jaari rahyo. luci, americ rar dunle afno bhumikama jaari rakhe, nayan cast sadasyaharu anthony luis lomperko rupma, kai owen debhko rupma, criss fountain manchheko rupma rar fiona skinner jinko rupma. choreographer ian west, sahayak nirdeshak james robert-murr, designer robe johns rar team lutkindwara prakashka sath yo bhraman jack ryderdwara nirdeshit thiyo.

purna monty (nataka) daa phul monty' heuchhi symon biophajanka dwara likhita eka kamedi nataka, jaahaa 1997 chalachitra 'daa phul monty' paain tankara moola chitranatyaru aasichhi. britten gasta kariba purbaru, februari februari, ehaa shefieldra lycium thietarare ehara biswa premiyara karithila. februari 2014 ray noel caward thietarare eka westa ended prodoxon arambha karajaithila. gurubara 11 september 2014 ray manchester apera hausare eka nutan prodoxon kholajaithila ebong meey 2015 parjyanta britten gasta karithila . ehi natakare tomm johnes, hutt chakolet ebong james braunnka sangeeta rahichhi. prusthabhumi. "daa phul monty" symon biophajanka dwara likhita ebong theatre paain lekhiba paain tankara pratham prajasaku chinhita kare . ehaa 1997 masihare taanka nijaswa chalachitrara samaana namara chitranatya upare aadharita. ehi chalachitrati nije 3 nijuta pound bajetare nirmita hoithila ebong eka slipper heat thila, jaahaa biswa bucks offices rasidare 160 nijuta paundaru adhika aaja karithila, jaahaa sehi samajare britenare sarbadhika aaja karuthiba chalachitra hoithila . ehaa charoti ekademy puraskara paain manoneet hoithila, shrestha moola score jitithila ebong shrestha chalachitra sameth charoti jiti egarati bafta puraskara namankana paithila . ehi chalachitrati englandara shefieldre sett hoichhi ebong ehaa chhaa john bekara byaktinka kahani ku kahithae, semananka madhyaru chaari john purbatana ispat sramika, jeunmane jeebanare anya keunthi paiba paain parjyapta tanka sangraha kariba paain ebong mukhya charitra, gaj, taanka puaku dekhibaku sakhyama heba paain eka purush stripties act gathan karibaku nishpatti nianti . 2000 masihare eka aamerikijakruta sangeeta rupantarana arambha hoithila, jaahaa 2002 masihare westa endra prince off wels thietaraku sthanantarita hoithila. natakare sangeetare hutt chakolet dwara "jayu sexy thing", tomm jonsanka dwara "jayu cap libh yora haap", james braunnka dwara "aai gaat jayu (aai phila good)", dona samaranka dwara "hutt stuff", flasdance antarbhukta ..... kii eka anubhaba "irene karanka dwara," devida rojnka stripper ", mun ehaa kahithili..... moe 'none plus "sarge gensburganka dwara ebong wilson piketnka dwara" hazar nrutyara bhumi ". ehi natakati kahaniku mause sett musical paribarte ehara shafield utsaku ferai die . feriba samajare beofai kahithile, "shafield bina, kaunasi purna monty naah thanta. hollywood jariaare ehaa eka lamba rasta-kintu sheshare charitramane gharaku pheruchanti jeunthare ehaa arambha hoithila ." utpadana itihas. moola utpadana ebong gasta. meey 2012 ray, ehaa ghoshana karajaithila je "purna monty" 2013 ray shefieldre ehara biswa premiyara grahan kariba. ehi nataka 2 februari 2013 ray shefieldra lycium thietarare premiyara hoithila, jaahaa 23 februari parjyanta chalithila . ehi chalachitrara nirdeshana deithile daniel evance, choreography karithile stivena hugget, design karithile robert johnes, laitinga karithile team lutkin ebong moola sangeeta oh sound design karithile max oh bayne ringahama. ehi shoe 'rahr mukhya kalakaramananka madhyare gaze bhumikare kenni doti, ghoda bhumikare sidney kole, lomper bhumikare kregg geji, debh bhumikare roser merlize, gaiah bhabe kiarn oh' brine ebong gerald bhumikare symon rouse thile. shefieldre ehara debyu parey natakati barmingahama, bristol, canterberry, aberdin, belfast, edinberg, doublin, salford, southampton, samudrare dakhina ebong leads paridarshan curry egarati sthana gasta arambha karithila. london sthanantara. januari 2014 ray, ehi prajojanati cardiff namaka nutan thietarare eka chhot pri-westa ended runn arambha karithila, jaahaa parey theatre rayal snan karithila . ehapare shoe 'tii paschima prantare thiba noel caward thietaraku sthanantarita hoithila, jeunthare ehaa 20 februari 2014 ray purbarupa arambha karithila, 25 phebruaareere ehara aanusthanika udaghatani raati anusthita kariba purbaru, 14 june 2014 parjyanta buking karithila. moola gasta cast utpadana sahita rahila ebong purbarupa paain ticket 1990 rahr moolyare bikri hoithila . ehi natakati shrestha nutan kamedi paain lawrence alibhijara puraskara paain manoneet hoithila. march 16 ray, ehaa ghoshana karajaithila je shoe kharap bikrai hetu march 29 ray maatra pancha saptaha parey shighra banda heba . ehi padakhyepa samalochaka ebong kalakaramananku samaana bhabare ashcharjya karithila, eka unline petition madhya arambha karajaithila . ehi petition shoe 'rahr lekhaka symon biophajanka dwara swakhyarita hoithila, jie shoe' rahr nirmata devida pug ebong dafid rojarsanka bishajare kahithile, "darshaka khojibara kaunasi sujoga paiba purbaru jane nirmata kahinki niz shoe 'banda karibe?"ebong" anya pakhyare, jane nirmata kahinki kebe bii niz shoe 'dekhibaku aasibe naahin? bodhahue shay ehi prasnagudikara uttara deiparibe. mun paribi naahin kaaran shay moe sahita kimba creative team sahita maasa maasa dhari kathaa hoinahanti."ehi petitioner kaunasi prabhaba padinathila, jetebele kii natakatira nirmana karjyara abadhi brudhi karajaithila ebong march 29 tarikhare natakati banda hoijaithila, jaahaa" "bhal lock" "nka dwara pratisthapita hoithila. 2014-bartamana gasta. 11 september 2014 ray manchester apera hausare arambha hoithiba eka nutan prodoxon brittener 32 saptahara gasta arambha karithila. eka nutan kalakaranku nei ehi shoe brittener pramukh sthanagudikare dekhibaku milithila jaahaa june 2015 ray shefieldra lycium thietarare samapta hoithila . eka dwiteeja bhraman prodoxon roser hensnka dwara nirdeshita ebong kastingre gyari luci gaj bhabare, louis emeric ghoda bhabare, bubby schofield lumper bhabare, martin miller debh bhabare, ruperot hill purush bhabare ebong andryu donn gerald bhabare antarbhukta . londner eka sadharana pradarshan dui ghanta 25 minute chalithila, jeunthire 20 minitor gotie birati antarbhukta . ehi gasta september 2015 ray samaana kalakaranka sahita jaari rahithila, mukhyatah upakula researtre pradarshan karithila . ehi gasta september 2016 ru jaari rahithila. luci, emeric ebong donn semanankara bhumikare jaari rakhichhanti, nutan cast sadasya anthony louis lomper bhabare, kaai owen debh bhabare, criss fountain gaiah bhabare ebong fiana skinner zin bhabare . ehi gasta jack ridernka dwara nirdeshita hoithila, choreographer ayon westa, sahakaree nirdeshaka james robert-muura, designer raba johnes ebong team lutakinka laitinga sahita .

poora monty (play) dha phul monty ikk kamedi natak haii joe saiman beofoy duaara likhiaa giaa haii, joe 1997 dee film "dha phul monty" laee uss dee asal screenplay toon haii. iss neey united kingdom daa daura curran toon pahilan farvari 2013 witch lycium theatre, shafield witch aapna vishav premiere keeta. farvari 2014 witch noel courd theatre witch ikk pachmi ant daa utpadan shuru keeta giaa see. ikk navaan utpadan veervar 11 satambar 2014 noon manchester opera haaoos witch kholhiaa giaa atey maee 2015 takk yuke daa daura keeta giaa. iss natak witch tomm jonas, hott chocolet atey james baraoon daa sangeet haii. pichokad. "dha phul monty" saiman beofoy duaara likhi gaee haii atey theatre laee likhan dee uss dee pahili koshish noon darsaundi haii. ih 1997 witch isey naam dee film laee uhanan dey aapne screenplay 'teey adharat haii. ih film aapne aap witch 30 lakkh pond dey buzzet utte banayi gaee see atey ikk sleeper hitt see, jiss neey vishav boxes offices prapatiaan witch 160 million pond toon vaddh dee kamai keeti atey uss samein yuke witch sabh toon vaddh kamai curran vaali film bann gaee see. iss noon chaar academy puraskaran laee namzad keeta giaa see, sarbottam mool sangeet jittiaa atey giaaran bafta puraskar namzadgian prapat keetiaan, jiss witch sarbottam film samet chaar jittiaan gaeeaan. ih film england dey shafield witch sathapat keeti gaee haii atey ih chhe berozgar aadmiaan dee kahani dassdi haii, jinhan vicchon chaar sabka steel kaame hunn, joe zindagi witch kitey horr prapat curran laee kaafi paisa ikkatha curran laee ikk marad stripties aikat banaun daa faisla karde hunn atey mukkh paatar, gaz, aapne puttar noon vekhan dey yog honn laee. sann 2000 witch ikk amriki sangeetak rupantaran dee shuruat keeti gaee see, joe sann 2002 witch pachmi sire dey prince aaf wells theatre witch tabdil hoow giaa see. natak witch sangeet witch hott chocolet duaara "yuu sexi cheez", tomm jonas duaara "tusin aapni topi noon chhadd sakde hoow", james baraoon duaara "main tuhanun prapat keeta (main changa mahisus karda haan)", donna summer duaara "hott stuff", flashdance shamal hunn... qee ikk bhavna haii "irene qaaraa duaara," stripper "david rose duaara", main ih mahisus karda haan... moee naan plus "saraj gensberg duaara atey wilson pickett duaara" ikk hazaar naachan dee dharti ". ih natak kahani noon majjh dey sangeet dee bajaae aapne shafield mool witch waps liaunda haii. waps jaanh 'teey beofoy neey kiha, "shafield toon binan, koee poora monty naheen hovega. hollywod raahin ih ikk lamma safar riha haii-parr ant witch paatar uss gharr waps aaa rahey hunn jitthe ih sabh shuru hoiaa see." utpadan daa itihaas. asli utpadan atey daura. maee 2012 witch, ih ailaan keeta giaa see kii "poore monty" noon 2013 witch shafield witch aapna vishav premiere prapat hovega. iss natak daa premiere 2 farvari 2013 noon lycium theatre, shafield witch hoiaa, joe 23 farvari takk challda riha. production daa nirdeshan daniel evance duaara keeta giaa see, jiss witch steven hogget duaara choreography, robbert jonas duaara design, timm lutkin duaara roshni atey maikas atey baine ringham duaara mool sangeet atey sound design see. shoa laee mukkh kalakaran witch gaz dey roop witch canny dotty, ghode dey roop witch sidney cole, lomper dey roop witch kregg gezi, dave dey roop witch rojar moralij, munde dey roop witch kieran ou 'bryne atey gerald dey roop witch saiman raaoos shamal sunn. shafield witch aapni shuruat toon baad, iss natak neey barmingham, bristol, canterbury, aberdine, belfast, edinberg, doublin, selford, southampton, samunder atey leads dey daure laee giaaran sathanan daa daura shuru keeta. london transfer janwari 2014 witch, production neey navein theatre, cardiff witch ikk chhota pree-pachmi ant dee daud shuru keeti, jiss toon baad theatre shaahi neey nahaun witch kamm keeta. iss toon baad shoa noon pachmi sire dey noel kiered theatre witch tabdil qarr ditta giaa, jitthe iss neey 20 farvari 2014 noon purvadarshan shuru keeta, 25 farvari noon aapni adhikarat udghatni raat noon aayojit curran toon pahilan, 14 juun 2014 takk booking keeti. asal tour cast utpadan dey naal rahee atey purvadarshan laee tikatan 1990 deeaan keematan 'teey vechiaan gaeeaan sunn. iss natak noon sarbottam naveen kamedi laee laurence olivier puraskar laee namzadgi millie. 16 march noon, ih ailaan keeta giaa see kii maadi vikri caarn 29 march noon siraf panj haftiaan baad shoa jaldi bnd hoow javega. iss kadam neey aalochakan atey kalakaran noon hairan qarr ditta, ikk online patishan vee shuru keeti gaee. patishan utte shoa dey lekhak saiman beofoy neey dastkhat keete sunn, jinhan neey shoa dey nirmatavan david pug atey defid rosers baare kiha see, "ikk nirmata darshakan noon labbhan daa koee mauka milann toon pahilan aapna shoa kiun bnd qarr devega?"atey" dooje paase, ikk nirmata kadey vee aapna shoa dekhan kiun naheen aavega? shayed uh inhan swalan dey jawab dey sakda haii. main naheen qarr sakda kiunki uss neey mahiniaan toon merey naal jaan rachnatmak team naal gall naheen keeti haii."patishan daa production noon vadhaun dey mamle witch koee prabhav naheen piaa atey natak 29 march noon bnd hoow giaa, jiss dee thaan" "change lock" "lae gaye. 2014-varatman daura. 11 satambar 2014 noon manchester opera haaoos toon shuru hoye ikk navein production neey united kingdom dey 32 haftiaan dey daure dee shuruat keeti, jiss witch ikk naveen cast dee visheshta vaale shoa noon poore britten dey pramukh sathanan witch dekhiaa giaa see joe juun 2015 witch shafield dey lycium theatre witch waps khatam hoiaa see. ikk dooje touring production daa nirdeshan rojar hannes duaara keeta giaa haii atey casting witch gairi luci noon gaz, luis americ noon ghode vajon, baubi scofield noon lomper vajon, martin miller noon dave vajon, rupert hill noon munde vajon atey aindrioo dunn noon gerald vajon shamal keeta giaa haii. london witch ikk aam pardarshan doou ghante atey 25 mint challiaa, jiss witch 20 mint daa ikk antral vee shamal see. ih daura satambar 2015 witch jaari riha, use cast dey naal, ziaadaatar tattvarti resortan witch pardarshan keeta. ih daura satambar 2016 toon jaari riha. luci, americ atey dunn aapniaan bhumikavan witch jaari hunn, navein cast member anthony luis noon lomper, kaaee owen noon dave, criss fountain noon munde atey fiona skinner noon jeane vajon. iss daure daa nirdeshan jaik ryder neey keeta see, jiss witch choreographer iaan west, sahaik nirdeshak james robert-moor, designer raub jonas atey time lutkin duaara lighting keeti gaee see.

poorna-monty (naatakam) da phul monty iti 1997 tame varshe "da phul monty" iti chalacchitrasya mool-chitrakathaayaah saiman beaufoy ityanena likhitam hasya-naatakam asti. unated-kingdam-pravaasaat poorvam, 2013 februvari-maase shafield-nagarasya lassium-natyashalayam asya vishva-prathamapradarshanm krutam. 2014 februvari-maase noyel-kier-natyashalayam vest-end-nirmanasya aarambhah abhavat. 11 september 2014 dinaanke guruvaasare maanchestar-operaa-house ityatra nootanam nirmaanam udghaatitam, 2015 mey-maasaparyantam yoo. key.-deshe paryatanam cha krutam. asmin naatake taam johns, haat-chocolate, james-braun ityetaih sangeetam asti. prushtabhoomau. "da phul monty" iti syman beaufoy ityanena likhitam, tathaa cha natyakalayaha krute lekhanasy tasya prathamam prayatnam aasit. 1997 tame varshe tasya eva naamnah chalacchitrasya swasyaah chitrakathaayaah aadhaaren etat nirmitam asti. etat chalacchitram £3 dashalakshasy aayavyaye nirmitam aasit, api cha sleeper hitt aasit, vaishvika-baaks-aafis-praptyam £160 dashalakshat adhikam arjayat, tatt samaye yoo. key. madhye sarvaadhikam dhanam arjamanam chalacchitram jaatam. etat chaturshu akadami-puraskaranam krute naamaankitam abhavat, sarvashreshtam moolasangeetam avaapnot, ekaadasha bafta-puraskaarasy namankanam cha praapnot, chaturnam praapnot, sarvashreshtachalachchitram cha. england-deshasya shafield-nagare sthite asmin chalachchitre shut nirudyoginah purushaah santi, teshu chatwaarah poorva-steel-karmakaraah santi, ye purusha-stripties-aakt nirmaatum nirdhaarayanti yena jeevane anyasmin sthaane gantum paryaaptam dhanam sangruheeyate, tathaa cha mukhyapaatrasya gaaz ityasya krute swaputram drashtum shakyate. 2000 tame varshe amerikaaneekrutasy sangeeta-roopaantaranasy aarambhah abhavat, 2002 tame varshe pashchim-prantasya prince aaf wells-natyashalam prati sthaanaantarah abhavat. natakasya sangeete haat-chocolate-dwara "yoo-sexy-thing", taam-johns ityanena "yoo-sweet-topi-paritah", james-braun ityanena "aii-gaat-yoo (aii-feel-good)", dona-sammar ityanena "haat-stuff", flash-dance cha antarbhavanti... airen kaaraa" ityanena, "da stripper" ityanena david rose ityanena "jey tea 'eme" iti kim anubhooyate... moy naan plus "sarj gensberg ityasya," lyand aaf e haj-dyaans "willson pickett ityasya cha. naatakam kathaam, mashyaah sangeetasy sthaane, tasya shafield-moolam prati punah pratyarpayati. punah gacchan beaufoy ityeshah avadat yat "shafield-vinaa poorna-monty naa syaat. deerghah maargah asti-hollywood-dwara-parantu ante paatraani punah gruham prati aagacchanti yatra sarvam aarabdham aasit." utpadanasya itihaasah. mulanirmanam tathaa paryatanam cha. 2012 mey-maase, "da phul monty" iti 2013 tame varshe shafield-nagare vishva-prathamapradarshanm praapsyati iti ghoshitam. 2013 februvari-masasya 2 dinaanke shafield-nagarasya lassium-natyashalayam asya natakasya prathamapradarshanm krutam, yat 23 februvari-paryantam prachalati. asya nirmanasya nirdeshanm daniel evance ityanena krutam, nrutyanirdeshanam steven hoget ityanena, vinyaasam rabert johns ityanena, prakaashah timm lutkin ityanena, moolasangeetasy dhwaninirdhaaranam cha max tathaa benn ringhaam ityanena krutam. asya kaaryakrame mukhyapatradharishu gaaz-paatratah kennie dotty, ashva-paatratah sidney kole, lomper-paatratah kregg gazi, dave-paatratah roser morlidge, gai-paatratah kieran o 'bryan, gerald-paatratah syman rous cha aasan. shafield-nagare tasya prathama-pradarshanasy anantaram, naatakam barminghaam, bristol, kenterbury, eberdeen, belfast, edinberg, doublin, salford, southampton, sauthend aan see tathaa leads ityetaani bhramanartham ekaadasha-sthala-paryatanam praarabdham. landan-nagaram sthanantaram karotu. 2014 janavaree-maase, nootan-natyashalayam, cardiff ityatra, poorva-pashchim-antima-laghu-pradarshanam aarabdham, tadanantaram natyashalayam raajagruham snaanagruham sweekrutam. tatah kaaryakramah pashchim-prantasya noyel-kier-natyashalam prati sthanantaritaha, yatra 2014 februvari-masasya 20 dinaanke purvaavalokanam aarabdham, 25 februvari dinaanke tasya aadhikaarik-udghaatan-raatrih ayojanat poorvam, 2014 joon-masasya 14 dinaankaparyantam arakshanam akarot. mool-paryatan-kalakaraha nirmaana-kaarye eva tishtata, poorvaavalokan-karyasya krute tikataani 1990 tame varshe mulyena vikreeyant. idam naatakam sarvashreshtam nava-hasya-naatakam iti puraskarartham laurence-olivier-puraskaarasy namankanam praapnot. maarch 16 dinaanke, pradarshanm kevalam panchasaptahaha anantaram maarch 29 dinaanke sheeghramev samaapyate iti ghoshitam, yatah vikrayanam nyoonam aasit. etat kaaryam vimarshakaan api cha samaanaroopen ashcharyyat, tathaa cha anlain-yachika api arabdha. karyakramasya lekhakah syman beaufoy ityanena yachanayam hastaaksharah krutah, yah karyakramasya nirmatrunam david pug tathaa dafaid rosers ityetayoho vishaye avadat, "prekshakanam anveshanasya avasaraat poorvam nirmata swakeeyam pradarshanm kimartham bandhayati?"tathaa" aparam, nirmata swapradarshanam drashtum kimartham naa aagamishyati? sambhawatah saha eteshaam prashnanam uttaraan daatum shaknoti. aham naa shaknomi yatah saha maaseshu maaseshu mahyam vaa rachanaatmakadalam vaa naa bhashitavan."nirmanasya prasarasya vishaye yachanayaha prabhaawah naa abhavat, maarch 29 dinaanke naatakam samaaptam, tasya sthaane" uttamajanaih "pratisthaapitam. 2014-vartamaanaparyatanam. 2014 september 11 dinaanke, maanchestar operaa-house-madhye aarabhy, ekam nootanam nirmaanam unated-kingdam-deshasya 32-saptahanam pravaasam aarabhat, yasmin nootanam paatravargam drushyate sma, etat pradarshanm sampoorne britten-deshasya pramukheshu sthaaneshu drushtam aasit, yat 2015 joon-maase shafield-ityasya lassium-natyashalayam punah samaapyat. dwiteeya-paryatan-nirmaanam roser heins ityanena nirdeshitam asti, tathaa cha casting ityasmin gairee-lucie-gaz, louis-emerick-ashvaroopena, baabi-scofield-lompararoopen, martin-miller-dave-rupena, ruppert-hill-gai-rupena, endroo-dunn-gerald-rupena cha antarbhavanti. landan-nagare ekaha vishishtah pradarshanah ghantaa-25 nimeshayoho yaavat prachalati sma, yasmin 20 nimeshasya ekaha viraamah api antarbhavati sma. 2015 september-maase eva eva kalaakaaraih saha, praayah tateeya-resorts-nagareshu pradarshanm kurvan, paryatanam anwawartat. 2016 september-masat pravaasaha arabdha. lucie, emeric, dunn cha swapaatreshu nirantaram pravartante, nootan-paatra-sadasyaih enthonee levis-varyaha lomper-rupena, kai oven-varyaha dave-rupena, criss-fauntain-varyaha gai-rupena, fiona-skinner-varyaha jeane-rupena cha. asya pravaasasya nirdeshanm jyaak radder ityanena krutam, nrutyanirdeshakah ian vest, sahaayakanirdeshakah james rabert-moor, vinyaasakah raab johns, latting cha timm lutkin ityanena cha krutam.

muzhu maandi (naadagam) thii phul maandi enbathu saiman beaufoy ezhuthiya oru nagaichchuvai naadagamaagum, idhu 1997 aam aandu veliyaana "thii phul maandi" thiraippataththirkaana avarathu asal thiraikkathaiyilirunthu edukkappattathu. idhu aikkiya raachchiyaththirku suttruppayanam seivatharku munbu pipravari 2013 ill shefieldil ulla lysium theateril adhan ulaga premiyarai uruvaakkiyathu. pipravari 2014 ill noel koazhai thiraiyarangkil oru maerku munai thayaarippu thodangappattathu. septumber 11,2014 viyaalakkizhamai andru monsester ooparaa havusil oru puthiya thayaarippu thirakkappattathu mattrum mae 2015 varai englaanththil suttruppayanam seithathu. inththa naadagaththil daam johns, hott sacklate mattrum james pravun aagiyoarin isai ullathu. pinnani. "thii phul maandi" saiman beaufoy enbavaraal ezhuthappattathu mattrum naadagaththirkaaga ezhuthuvatharkaana avarathu muthal muyarchiyaik kuriththathu. 1997 aam aandu idhae peyaril veliyaana avarathu sontha thiraikkathaiyai adippadaiyaagak kondadhu. 3 million pavundugal patjettil thayaarikkappatta inththa padam oru sleeper hittaanathu, ulagalaaviya backs aapis raseethugalil 160 milliyanukkum athigamaaga sambaathiththathu, antha neraththil englaanththil adhiga vasool seitha padamaaga maariyathu. idhu naanku akaadami viruthugalukku parinthuraikkappattathu, sirantha asal isaiyai ventrathu mattrum pathinoru bafta viruthu parinthuraigalaip pettrathu, sirantha padam udpada naanku vetrtrikalaip pettrathu. englaandhin shefieldil amaikkapattulla inththa padam, naanku munnaal efku thozhilaazhargal udpada aaru vaelaiyillaatha aangalin kadhaiyaich solkirathu, avarkal vaazhkkaiyil vaeru engkaavathu selvatharkum, mukiya kathaapaaththiramaana kaas, thanathu maganaip paarkkavum poathumaana panaththai sekarippatharkaaga oru aann stript tease seyalai uruvaakka mudivu seikiraargal. 2000 aam aandil oru americamayamaakkappatta isai thazhuval thodangappattathu, 2002 aam aandil maerku munaiyin wales thiraiyarangkin ilavarasarukku maattrappattathu. naadagaththil ulla isaiyil hott sacklate moolam "yuu sexi thing", daam johns moolam "neengkal ungkal thoppiyai aniya vaikkalaam", james pravun moolam "aii cott yuu (aii feel good)", doonaa sammar moolam "hott stuff", flashtons aagiyavai adangkum... enna oru unarvu "aireen kaaraa," stripper "davit roas, naan adhai seithaen... moai naan plus "serge keinsburg mattrum willson buckett ezhuthiya" aayiram nadanangalin nilam ". inththa naadagam erumaiyin isai thoguppai vida kadhaiyai adhan shefield thoattraththirkuth tiruppukirathu. thirumbich sellumpoathu beaufoy "shefield illaamal, muzhu maandi irukkaathu. idhu oru neenda paathaiyaaka ullathu-hollywood vazhiyaaga-aanaal iruthiyaaka kathaapaaththirangal anaiththum thodangiya idaththirkuth thirumbi varukintrana." urpaththi varalaaru. asal thayaarippu mattrum suttruppayanam. mae 2012 ill, "muzhu maandi" 2013 aam aandil shefieldil adhan ulaga premiyaraip perum endru arivikkappattathu. inththa naadagam pipravari 2 aam thaethi shefieldil ulla lysium theateril thiraiyidappattathu, idhu pipravari 23 varai oodiyathu. daniel eevans iyakkiya inthath thiraippataththil steven hockett nadana amaitthullaar, robbert johns vadivamaithullaar, dimm lutkin olippathivu seithullaar, makes mattrum penn ringham asal isai mattrum olii vadivamaippai uruvaakkiyullaar. inththa nigazhchchiyin munnani nadigargalil kennie totty kaas, sidney cole kudhirai, grake keisey loambaraaga, rojar morlidge dave, gearon ooo 'praiyan paiyanaaga mattrum saiman raas jeraaldaaga aagiyoar adangkuvar. shefieldil arimugamaanathaith thodarnthu, inththa naadagam birmingham, bristol, canderbury, abertein, belfast, edinburgh, dublin, salfordu, savuththaamptan, kadal mattrum leats meethu therku noakki pathinoru idam sutruppayanaththaith thodangiyathu. lundon idamaattram. janavari 2014 ill, thayaarippu puthiya thiyaettaraana cardiff ill oru kurugiya merkaththiya munaiyil oadath thodangiyathu, adhaith thodarnthu theater raayal kuliyalaraiyil irunththathu. inththa nigazhchchi pinnar maerku munaiyin noel koazhai thiraiyarangirku maattrappattathu, angku adhu pipravari 20,2014 andru munnoattangkalaith thodangiyathu, pipravari 25 andru adhan athikaarappoorva thodakka iravai nadaththuvatharku munbu, juun 14,2014 varai munbathivu seithathu. asal suttruppayana nadigargal thayaarippudan thangkinar mattrum munnoattangkalukkaana dickettukal 1990 kalin vilaiyil virkappattana. inththa naadagam sirantha puthiya nagaichchuvaikkaana laurence olivier viruthukku parinthuraikkappattathu. maarch 16 andru, moasamaana virpanai kaaranamaaga, maarch 29 andru ainthu vaarangkalukkup piragu nigazhchchi munkoottiyae moodappadum endru arivikkappattathu. inththa nadavadikkai vimarsagargalaiyum nadigargalaiyum oray maathiriyaaga aachchariyappaduththiyathu, oru anline manuvum thodangappattathu. inththa manuvil nigazhchchiyin ezhuththaalar saiman beaufoy kaiyeluththittaar, avar nigazhchchiyin thayaarippaalargalaana davit buck mattrum dafite rojars pattri, "paarvaiyaalargalaik kandupidippadharku endha vaaippum kidaippatharku munbu oru thayaarippaalar thanathu sontha nigazhchchiyai aen mooduvaar?"mattrum" marupuram, oru thayaarippaalar aen thanathu sontha nigazhchchiyaip paarkka orupoathum vara mattar? oruvaelai inthak kaelvigalukku avaraal pathilalikka mudiyum. avar ennudan allathu padaippu kuzhuvudan pala maathangkalaaka paesaathathaal ennaal mudiyaathu."inththa manuvin moolam thayaarippukalin oottam neettikkappadaamal poanathu, maarch 29 andru naadagam moodappattathu, adharku pathilaaka" "nalla nabarkal" "niyamikkappattanar". 2014-tharpoothu varai suttruppayanam. septumber 11,2014 andru monsester ooparaa havusil thodangi oru puthiya thayaarippu aikkiya raachchiyaththin 32 vaara sutruppayanaththaith thodangiyathu. oru puthiya nadigargalaik konda inththa nigazhchchi brittan muzhuvathum ulla mukiya idangkalil kaanappattathu, juun 2015 ill shefieldin lysium theateril meendum mudivadainthathu. irandaavathu suttruppayanath thayaarippai rogar heins iyakkiyullaar mattrum casting carley luci kaas, luis emric kuthiraiyaaga, baabi scofield loambaraaga, martin miller dave, rubert hiill paiyanaaga mattrum andrew dunn jeraltaaga. oru valakkamaana lundon nigazhchchi 20 nimida idaiveli udpada irandu manii neram 25 nimidangal oodiyathu. inththa suttruppayanam septumber 2015 ill thodarnthathu, athae nadikarkaludan, perumpaalum kadaloara oaivu viduthigalil nigazhththappattathu. inththa suttruppayanam septumber 2016 muthal thodarnthathu. luci, emaric mattrum dunn aagiyoar thangal paaththirangkalil thodarnthu nadiththanar, puthiya nadigargal anthoni levis loambaraagavum, kaii ovan dave aagavum, chriss funten paiyaagavum, fiona skinner jeenaagavum nadiththanar. inththa suttruppayanaththai jaak raidar iyakkiyullaar, nadana iyakkunar iyaan vest, udhavi iyakkunar james robbert-muur, vadivamaippaalar raap johns mattrum dimm lutkin liting aagiyoar inainthu nadiththullanar.

puurti monty (natakam) dhi phul monty anedi saiman beaufoy raasina haasya natakam, idhi 1997loe vacchina "dhi phul monty" chitraaniki ayana raasina asalu screen play nundi vachindi. idhi united kingdamlo paryatinchadaaniki mundu fibravari 2013loe shefield looni lysium theatres prapancha premiere chesindi. fibravari 2014loe noel piriki theatres oka west end production praarambhinchabadindi. guruvaram 11 september 2014naa manchester opera houselo oka kotta production praarambhinchabadindi mariyu mae 2015 varaku UKloe paryatinchindi. eee naatakamlo tomm johns, hott chocolate mariyu james braun sangeetam andinchaaru. nepathyam. "dhi phul monty" nuu saiman beaufoy raasaaru mariyu theatre kosam raayadaaniki ayana chesina modati prayatnamgaa gurtinchabadindi. idhi 1997loe adhe paerutoe vacchina ayana sonta screen play aadhaaramgaa roopondinchabadindi. eee chitram £3 millionla budjetto roopondinchabadindi mariyu sleeper hitga nilichindi, prapancha baxafies raseedulalo £160 millionlaku paiga sampaadinchi aaa samayamlo UKloe atyadhika vasoollu saadhinchina chitramgaa nilichindi. idhi naalugu academy avaardulaku nominate cheyabadindi, uttama original skornu geluchukundi mariyu uttama chithramtho sahaa naalugu avaardulanu geluchukunna padakondu bafta avaardu pratipaadanalanu andukundi. eee chitram inglaandlooni shefield loe jarugutundi, mariyu idhi aruguru nirudyogula kathanu chebutundi, vaarilo naluguru maajee ukku kaarmikulu, vaaru jeevitamlo ekkadainaa pondadaaniki taginanta dabbu sekarinchadaaniki mariyu pradhana paatra kosam, thana kodukunu chudagaligela purusha strip tease charyanu erpaatu cheyaalani nirnayinchukuntaaru. 2000loe oka american sangeeta roopaantaram praarambhinchabadindi, 2002loe west end yokka prins off wales theatreku badilee cheyabadindi. naatakamloni sangeetamlo hott chocolate dwara "yuu sexy thing", tomm johns dwara "yuu kerr topini vadiliveyavacchu", james braun dwara "ii gaat yuu (ii pheel good)", dona summer dwara "hott stuff", flash dance unnaayi... irene kaaraa," david roez rachinchina stripper "," neenu emi anubhooti chendaanu... moy naan plus "surge gainsburg mariyu willson picket rachinchina" veyyi nrutyaala bhoomi ". gede sangeethaaniki badulugaa eee natakam kathanu daani shefield muulaalaku tirigi istundi. tirigi velletappudu beaufoy "shefield lekunda, puurti monty undadu. hollywood dwara idhi chaalaa sudeerghamaina maargam-conny chivaraku paatralu annee praarambhamaina chotuki tirigi vastunnaayi." utpatti charitra. asalu utpatti mariyu paryatana. mae 2012loe, "dhi phul monty" 2013loe shefield loe daani prapancha premiyarnu andukuntundani prakatinchaaru. eee natakam 2 fibravari 2013naa shefield looni lysium theatres pradarsinchabadindi, idhi 23 fibravari varaku konasaagindi. eee nirmaanaaniki daniel evans darsakatvam vahinchagaa, steven hagget nrutya darsakatvam vahinchaaru, robbert johns roopakalpana, tim lutkin laiting mariyu maaks mariyu benn ringham original music und sound design chesaaru. eee pradarsanalo pradhana taaraaganamlo kennie douty gajga, sidney cole gurramgaa, craigg ghazi lamperga, roser morlidge devga, kieron oo 'brian gaiga mariyu saiman rouse geraldga natinchaaru. shefieldlo praarambhamaina taruvaata eee natakam birmingham, bristol, canterbury, aberdeen, belfast, edinberg, doublin, salford, southampton, southend aann sea und leads sandarsinchi padakondu vedika parytananu praarambhinchindi. london badilee. 2014 janavarilo, eee nirmaanam kotta theatre, cardiff vadda oka chinna prii-west end runn nuu praarambhinchindi, taruvaata theatre raayal baath loe undhi. eee karyakramam taruvaata west end yokka noel piriki theatreku badilee cheyabadindi, akkada idhi 20 fibravari 2014naa previewlanu praarambhinchindi, 25 fibravari 2014naa daani adhikaarika prarambha raatri nirvahinchadaaniki mundu, 14 juun 2014 varaku booking chesindi. asalu tour taaraaganam nirmaanamtho undipoyindi mariyu previewla kosam tikketlu 1990 dharalaku vikrayinchabaddaayi. eee natakam uttama kotta haasya chitramgaa laurence olivier avaardu pratipaadananu andukundi. marchi 16naa, paelavamaina ammakaala kaaranamgaa marchi 29naa kevalam aidu vaaraala tarvaata pradarsananu mundugaane muusivaestaanani prakatinchaaru. eee charya vimarsakulanu mariyu natulanu aascharyaparichindi, online petition kooda praarambhinchabadindi. eee petitionpy show rachayita saiman beaufoy santakam chesaaru, show nirmaatalu david pug mariyu doffied rosers gurinchi matladutu, "prekshakulanu kanugone avakaasam rakamunde nirmaata thana sonta shonu enduku muusivaestaadu?"mariyu" marovaipu, oka nirmaata thana sonta pradarsananu chuudataaniki enduku raadu? bahusha ayana eee prasnalaku samadhanam cheppagalaru. athanu naatho ledhaa srujanaatmaka brundamtho nelala tarabadi matladaledu kabatti neenu cheyalenu."eee petition nirmaanaala vyavadhini podiginche vishayamlo etuvanti prabhavam chuupaleedu mariyu marchi 29naa natakam moosiveyabadindi, daani sthaanamlo" "manchi vyaktulu" "untaaru". 2014-prastuta paryatana. 2014 septembaru 11naa manchester opera houselo praarambhamaina oka kotta utpatti united kingdamlo 32 vaaraala parytananu praarambhinchindi. kotta taaraaganam kaligina eee pradarsana britton antataa pradhana vedikalalo kanipinchindi, idhi juun 2015loe shefield yokka lysium theatres mugisindi. rendava paryatana nirmaanaaniki rogar heins darsakatvam vahinchaaru mariyu taaraaganamlo gyaarii lucie gaa gaj, luis emeric gaa gurramgaa, baabii schofield gaa lamper, martin miller gaa dave, ruppert hill gaa gai mariyu andrew dunn gaa gerald unnaayi. oka saadhaarana london pradarsana 20 nimishala viraamtho sahaa rendu gantala 25 nimishalu nadichindi. eee paryatana 2015 septembarulo adhe taaraaganamto konasaagindi, ekkuvagaa teerapraanta resortlalo pradarsanalu ichindi. paryatana september 2016 nundi konasaagindi. lucie, emeric mariyu dunn vaari paatralalo konasagaru, kotta taaraaganam sabhyulu anthony levis lomperga, kaii oven devga, criss founten gaiga mariyu fiona skinner jeenga. eee paryatanaku jaak raidar darsakatvam vahinchagaa, choreographer eoin west, assistant director james robbert-moor, designer raab johns, mariyu laiting bye tim lutkin unnaaru.

makmal monti (play) dee fill monti eek mazahiya dramah hay jasay saaiman beaufoe nay likhaa hay juu 1997 kii film "dee fill monti" kay liye inn kay asl screen play say hay. iss nay bartaniah kay doray say pehley faroori 2013 mein sheefeld kay lyzium theater mein apnaa aalimi premier kiyaa. faroori 2014 mein naveel bazdal theater mein vest aind production kaa aaghaz kiyaa gayaa thaa. jamaraat 11 satambar 2014 kuu manchister opera house mein eek nayee production kaa iftatah hawaa aur mayee 2015 takk bartaniah kaa dorah kiyaa. iss dramay mein tomm jonz hott chocolet aur jaims brown kii mausiqi hay. piss manzar. "dee fill monti" saaiman beaufoe nay likhee hay aur theater kay liye likhnay kii inn kii pehli koshish hay. yaha asee naam kii 1997 kii film kay liye inn kay apnay screen play parr mubni hay. yaha film khood 30 laakh pound kay bujjet parr banayi gayee thee aur sleeper hutt thee jiss nay aalimi baaks aafs raseedon mein 16 karod pound say ziyadah kii kamayi kii aur iss waqat bartaniah mein sabb say ziyadah kamayi karnay waali film bunn gayee. asay chaar academy ewards kay liye namzad kiyaa gayaa jiss nay behtareen asl score jeeta aur gayarah bafta aiward namzadgi haasil kein jiss mein chaar jeetay bashmol behtareen film. yaha film england kay sheefeld mein tartib dee gayee hay aur yaha chh bay rozgaar mardon kii kahaani biyaan karti hay jinn mein say chaar saabiq steel workers haine juu zindagi mein kahein aur jaanay kay liye kaafi raqam jamaa karnay aur markazi kardaar guz kay liye apnay betay kuu dekhnay kay qaabil honay kay liye mard strepties aikat bananay kaa faislah kartay haine. eek americi mausiqi kii mawafiqat 2000 mein sharoo kii gayee thee juu 2002 mein vest aind kay prince aaf wells theater mein muntaqil hoyee thee. dramay mein mausiqi mein garm chocolet kii taraf say "aap sexy cheez"yee tomm jonaz kii taraf say "aap apnee tupi pehan saktay haine"yee jaims brown kii taraf say "mein aap kuu mill gayaa (majhay achhaa lugg rehaa hay)"yee donaa summer kii taraf say "garm cheezein"yee fleesh ddaans shaamil haine... kiyaa eek ahsaas hay "bazariah ireen kaaraa" dee stripper "bazariah dude rooz" mein nay asay dekha... meeri naan puls "sarj gainzburg kii taraf say aur" eek hazaar raqs kii sarzamin "walasan pakeet kii taraf say. yaha dramah kahaani kuu bhens kay seet musical kay bajaye apnay sheefeld kii asl mein waps kartaa hay. waps jaanay parr beaufoe nay kahaa "sheefeld kay baghair koyee makmal monti nahein hogi. haali wode kay zariye yaha eek taweel safar rehaa hay-leakin aakhir kaar kirdaar iss jagah parr waps aaa rahay haine jehaan say yaha sabb sharoo hawaa thaa." paidawar kii tareekh. asl production aur torr. mayee 2012 mein yaha aalaan kiyaa gayaa thaa kahh "makmal monti" kaa 2013 mein sheefeld mein aalimi premier hoga. iss dramay kaa premier 2 faroori 2013 kuu lyzium theater sheefeld mein hawaa juu 23 faroori takk jaari rehaa. production kii hidayat kaaree denial avens nay kii thee jiss mein choreography steven hogget nay kii thee design raabart jonaz nay kiyaa thaa lighting bayee tumm latkan aur asl mausiqi aur sound design meks aur beenn rangham nay kiyaa thaa. show kay liye markazi cast mein batoor guz keenee dotee ghoday kay toor parr sudney cole lomper kay toor parr kareeg gaizi ddio kay toor parr rogar morlage ladkay kay toor parr cairan awo brine aur jairled kay toor parr saaiman raus shaamil thay. sheefeld mein apnay aaghaz kay baad iss dramay nay gayarah maqamat kay doray kaa aaghaz kiyaa jiss mein barmangham bristol canterbry aberdeen belfast edinburg doublin seilford saothampatan samandar parr saoth aind aur leads kaa dorah kiyaa gayaa. landan transfer. januri 2014 mein production nay nayey theater carduff mein eek mukhtasir paree vest aind runn sharoo kiyaa jiss kay baad theater raail baath mein thaa. iss kay baad show kuu vest aind kay noyal coward theater mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa jehaan iss nay 25 faroori 2014 kuu apnee bazabtah iftatahi raat munaqid karnay say pehley 14 joone 2014 takk bucking karnay say pehley 20 faroori 2014 kuu paish nizarah sharoo kiyaa. asl torr cast production kay saath rehaa aur paish nizarah kay liye ticket 1990 kii qeematon parr farokhat hoay. iss dramay kuu behtareen nayee comedy kay liye larns auliveer aiward kii namzadgi milly. 16 maarch cow yaha aalaan kiyaa gayaa kahh show sarf paanch hafton kay baad 29 maarch kuu naqis farokhat kii wajah say jald bund how jaaye gaa. iss aqdaam nay naqdin aur cast kuu yaksaan toor parr hairan kardiya eek aann line pateshan bhee sharoo kii gayee. iss darkhwast parr show kay masnaf saaiman beaufoe nay dastakhat kiye thay jinhon nay show kay producer dude pug aur defed rogarz kay baaray mein kahaa "eek producer saamayin kuu talaash karnay kaa koyee moqaa milnay say pehley apnaa show kiyon bund kirr day gaa?"aur" dosri taraf eek producer kabhi bhee apnaa show dekhnay kiyon nahein aayey gaa? shayed wah inn sawalon kay jawaab day saktaa hay. mein nahein kirr saktaa keunkah iss nay maheenon say majh say yaa takhliqi team say baath nahein kii hay."iss darkhwast kaa production kay runn mein tausia kay hawalay say koyee asar nahein padaa aur dramah 29 maarch kuu bund hawaa jiss kii jagah" "achhay loag" "lay lain gay. 2014-maujudah dorah. eek nayee production nay bartaniah kay 32 hafton kay doray kaa aaghaz kiyaa jiss kaa aaghaz 11 satambar 2014 kuu manchister opera house say hawaa. eek nayee cast kii khususiyat waala yaha show bartaniah bhar kay baday maqamat parr dekha gayaa juu joone 2015 mein sheefeld kay lysium theater mein khatam hawaa. dosri toring production kii hidayat kaaree rogar heinz nay kii hay aur casting mein geeri losi batoor guzz lois emerk batoor ghodaa boby scofeld batoor lomper maartan miller batoor daive repert hull batoor ladka aur andrev dunn batoor jairled shaamil haine. landan kii eek aam performans duu ghantay aur 25 mint takk jaari rahee jiss mein 20 mint kaa eek waqafah bhee shaamil thaa. yaha dorah satambar 2015 mein asee cast kay saath jaari rehaa jiss mein ziyadah tarr saahili resorts mein perform kiyaa gayaa. yaha dorah satambar 2016 say jaari rehaa. losee emerack aur dunn apnay kirdaron mein jaari haine nayey cast mumbaran anthoni leos batoor lomper kayee aween batoor daive curse fountein batoor gaaye aur feuna sikner batoor jaine. iss doray kii hidayat kaaree jeek ryder nay kii thee jiss mein coreographer ayaan west assistent director jaims raabart morr designar raab jonaz aur lighting bayee tumm latkan thay.

fffb11e1aa7a67d98949b5a57541d196e537ddec8df7cc463203dd283b8f1a6a

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=28095899

Dooriyan

Dooriyan Dooriyan was a Punjabi album by renowned singer and actor Amrinder Gill. Dooriyan became a highly successful album continuing Amrinder's success from his previous album "Ishq". Sukhshinder Shinda gave music to the album, this is the third Amrinder Gill album he has produced ("Dildarian" and "Ishq" being the other two). The music video for "Tere Bina" has been critically acclaimed, being nominated for an award. It was the first music video from the album. Later music videos for "Maar Sutya", "Punn Khat Le", "Dabbi" and "Tere Karke" were released. Awards. Dooriyan was nominated for several awards at the 2010 Punjabi Music Awards. These awards are: References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

duriyan duriyan aasil prokhyat gayok aaru obhineta omorindor gilor etaa ponjabi elbam. duriyan teur purbor elbam "ixok" ror poraa omorindoror xofolota obyahot raakhi ek otyonto xofol elbam hoi porisil. xukhoxindor xindai elbamtut xongit disil, eitu teu projujona koraa tritiyo omorindor gill elbam ("dildarian" aaru "ixok" aan dutaa). tere binaa" ror xongit video "tu xomalusokor dwara proxongxito hoise, etaa botar baabe monunit hoise. eitu elbamtur prothom music video 'aasil. pisot "maar xutya", "ponn khaat ley", "dabbi" aaru "tere karke" ror xongit video "mukoli koraa hoisil. puroskar. 2010 sonor ponjabi xongit botar keibatau botar baabe duriyan monunit hoisil. ei botaa xomuh hoh 'loh

darian darian bikhyato gayak oo abhineta amarinder giler ekti panjabi album chhilo. darian ekti atyanta sofol album hoye othe jaa taar ager album "ishqa" theke amrinder safalya abyahoto rakhe. sukhshinder shinda albumtike sangeet diyechen, etty taanr projojito tritiya amrinder gill album ("dildarian" ebong "ishqa" onno duti). terey bina"-rawr music videoti somalochokder dwara proshongshito hoyeche, ekti puroskarer jonno manoneet hoyeche. etty albumer prothom music vdo chhilo. porey "maar sutya", "ponn khaat leey", "dabbi" ebong "terey karke"-rawr music vdo mukti paay. puraskar. 2010 saaler panjabi sangeet puroskare darian besh koyekti puroskarer jonno manoneet hoyechilen. eyi puraskarguli holoh

dwaariyaan dariyaan prakhyaat gaayak aneey abhineta amarinder geelnun punjabi album hatoo. dariyan aek atyant safal album banyu, jeey tenaa agaauna album 'ishqa' maanthi amarinderni safalataane chaalu raakhyu. sukhshinder shinda aaa aalbamne sangeet aapyu hatoo, aaa temnu triju amarinder gill album chhe (anya beey 'dildadi' aneey 'ishqa' chhe). tere binaa" maatena sangeet videeyone vivechako dwara vakhanvama aavyo chhe, jene puraskar maate namankit karvaamaa aavyo chhe. aaa aalbamno pratham music videeyo hato. pachhithi "maar sutya", "punn khata leey", "dabbi" aneey "tere kaarke" maatena sangeet videeyo rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. puraskaaro. dariyanne dariyanne punjabi sangeet puraskaroma anek puraskaaro maate namankit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. aaa puraskaaro chheh

dariyan dariyaan prasiddh gaayak aur abhineta amrinder gill kaa ack panjabi album thaa. dariyan ack atyadhik safal album bunn gayaa joe unake pichhale album "ishk" seey amrinder kii safalata koo jaari rakhta haye. sukhshinder shinda ney album koo sangeet diyaa, yeh unakaa teesara amrinder gill album haye jiska unhone nirmaan kiya haye ("dildaar" aur "ishk" anya dou hain). tere binaa" key sangeet video koo sameekshakon dwara saraha gayaa haye, jise ack puraskar key liye namankit kiya gayaa haye. yeh album kaa pahala sangeet video thaa. baad mein "maar sutya", "punn khata leey", "dabbi" aur "tere karke" key sangeet video jaari kiye gaye. puraskar. dariyan koo 2010 key panjabi sangeet puraskaron mein kaee puraskaron key liye namankit kiya gayaa thaa. yeye puraskar hainh

dwarian prasiddha gayaka mattu nata amarinder gill avara punjabi album 'dwarian' aagittu. dwarian tanna hindina album "ishq" ninda amarinder avara yashassannu munduvaresida atyanta yashasvi album aayitu. sukhshinder shinda ee albange sangeetavannu niididaru, idu avaru nirmisida moorane amarinder gill album aagide ("dildarian" mattu "ishq" itara eradu). tere bina" gaagi sangeeta video vimarshaatmakavaagi mechchuge padedide, prashastige naamanirdeshanagondide. idu albumna modala music video aagittu. nantara "maar sutya", "punn khatt leey", "dabbi" mattu "tere karke" gaagi sangeeta veediyogalannu bidugade maadalaayitu. prashastigalu. 2010rahra panjabi sangeeta prashastigalalli halavaaru prashastigalige darian namanirdeshanagondiddaru. ee prashastigalu heegiveh

dorian prashastha gayakan nadanumaaya amarinder gillinte panchabi aalbamaayirunnu dwarian. amreendarinte muun aalbamaaya ishkkinte vijayam thudarnnukondu valare vijayakaramaya oru aalbamaayi dwarian maari. sukhshinder shinda aalbathin samgeetham nalki, ithu addeham nirmmicha moonnaamathe amrinder gill aalbamaan ("dildarian", "ishq" ennivayaanu mattu rund). there bina" enna gaanatthinte viidiyoo niroopaka prashamsa nedukayum awardinu naamanirddesham cheyyappedukayum cheythu. aalbathile aadyathe music viidiyoo aayirunnu ithu. pinneedu "maar suthya", "punn khathu leeii", "dabbi", "there karkke" ennee sangeetha veediyokal puratthirangi. avaardukal. avaardukal panchabi sangeetha avaardukalil niravadhi avaardukalkku darian naamanirddesham cheyyappettu. eee puraskaarangal ivayaanu

darian dariyan' haah prasiddha gayak aanee abhineta amarinder gill yancha panjabi album hota. ishq' yaa tyachya aadhichya albammadhil amarinderchya yashacha pathpurava karnara 'darian' haah eka atyant yashasvi album banala. sukhshinder shindane yaa dhwanimudrikela sangeet dile, tyane tayar kelela haah tisra amarinder gill dhvanimudrik aahe ('dildarian' aanee 'ishq' heey itar done aahet). tere biina' chya sangeet vhidioche samikshakankadun kautuk jhaale asoon tyala puraskarasathi namankan midale aahe. haah yaa dhvanimudrikatil pahila sangeet video hota. nantar 'maar sutya', 'punn khat leey', 'dabbi' aanee 'tere karke' sathee sangeet video pradarshit karnyat aale. puraskar. 2010 chya panjabi sangeet puraskaranmadhye dariyanla anek puraskaransathi namankan midale hote. heey puraskar pudhilpramane aahet.

dwarian dorian' prasidha gajaka tatha abhineta amarinder gilnka eka panjabi album thila. dworian eka atyanta saphala album palatithila jaahaa taanka purba album "ishaq" ru amarindaranka saphalata jaari rakhithila . sukhshinder shinda ehi alabamku sangeeta pradan karithile, ehaa tankara truteeja amarinder gill album ("dildarian" ebong "ishaq" anya duiti) . tere bina" rahr music bhidioti samalochakamananka dwara prashansita hoichhi, ebong eka puraskara paain manoneet hoichhi. ehaa ehi albummer pratham music bhidio thila. parey 'maara sutya ",' ponn khata leey", 'dabbi "ebong' tere karke" paain music bhidio muktilabha karithila. puraskara. 2010 panjabi sangeeta puraskarare dorian aneka puraskara paain manoneet hoithile. ehi puraskaragudika helah

daryan duriaan prasidh gaeek atey adakar amrinder gill dee ikk punjabi album see. daryan ikk bahut hii safal album bann gaee jiss neey aapni pichli album "ishaq" toon amrinder dee safalta noon jaari rakkhiaa. sukhshinder shinda neey album noon sangeet ditta, ih tiji amrinder gill album haii joe uss neey tiaar keeti haii ("dildarian" atey "ishaq" horr doou hunn). tere binaa" laee sangeet vdo noon aalochnatmak taur 'teey parshansa keeti gaee haii, ikk puraskar laee namzad keeta giaa haii. ih album daa pahila sangeet vdo see. baad witch "maar suttiaa", "punn khatt leey", "dabbi" atey "tere karke" laee sangeet vdo jaari keete gaye. puraskar. daryan noon 2010 dey punjabi sangeet puraskaran witch kaee puraskaran laee namzad keeta giaa see. ih puraskar hann

dwariya dorian iti prasiddhasy gayakasya abhinetaarah cha amarinder gill ityasya panjabi-aalbam aasit. dwaariyan ityayam atyantam saphalah aalbam abhavat, yah amarinder ityasya poorvavartee aalbam "ishk" ityasya safalataam anuvartayat. sukhashindarashinda ityayam asya aalbam-krute sangeetam adadat, etat tasya nirmitam truteeyam amarinder-gill-aalbam asti ("dildarian" tathaa "ishk" iti anyadwayam). tere binaa" ityasya sangeeta-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra-chitra - etat aalbam ityasya prathamam music-veediyo aasit. pashchat "maar-sutya", "pun-khatt-leey", "dabbi", "tere-karke" ityetayoho sangeeta-chitraani pradarshitaah. puraskaaraah. 2010 tame varshe panjabi-sangeeta-puraskaareshu anekapuraskaranam krute dorian naamanirdeshitah aasit. ete puraskaaraah santi.

durdarshan pugazhpettra paatakarum nadigarumaana amrinder kill ezhuthiya panjaabi aalbam 'thooriyaan' aagum. thooriyan avarathu munththaiya aalbamaana "ishk" ilirunththu amrinderin vetrtriyaith thodarnthu migavum vetrtrikaramaana aalbamaaga maariyathu. sukshinder shinda inththa aalpaththirku isaiyai valangkinaar, idhu avar thayaariththa moontraavathu amrinder kill aalbam ("diltarian" mattrum "ishk" mattra irandu). there pinaa" kkaana isai veediyoa vimarsana reethiyaaga paaraattapattu, viruthukku parinthuraikkappattullathu. idhu aalpaththin muthal isai veediyoa aagum. pinnar "maarr sudya", "punn cott lae", "thappi" mattrum "there karke" aagiyavattrukkaana isai veediyoakkal veliyidappattana. viruthugal. 2010 panjaabi isai viruthugalil pala viruthugalukku thooriyan parinthuraikkappattaar. inththa viruthugal pinvarumaaru

dwarian prasiddha gayakudu mariyu natudu amarinder gill roopondinchina punjabi album 'darian'. dwarian thana munupati album "ishq" nundi amarinder vijayanni konasaagistuu atyanta vijayavantamaina albumga maarindi. sukhshinder shinda eee albumku sangeetam andinchaaru, idhi ayana nirminchina moodava amarinder gill album ("dildarian" mariyu "ishq" itara rendu). there bina" kosam music veediyo vimarsakula prasamsalu andukundi, avaarduku nominate cheyabadindi. idhi album nundi modati music veediyo. taruvaata "maar sutya", "punn khath lae", "dabbi" mariyu "there karke" kosam sangeeta veediyolu vidudala cheyabaddaayi. avaardulu. 2010 punjabi sangeeta puraskaralalo aneka avaardulaku darian nominate cheyabaddaadu. eee avaardulu

daraan daryaan maruf gulukaar aur adakaar amrinder gull kaa panjabi album thaa. daryaan eek intehayi kamiyab album bunn gayaa jiss nay apnay pachlay album "ashaq" say amrinder kii kamiyabi kuu jaari rakhaa. sikhshinder shanda nay album kuu mausiqi dee yaha teesra amrinder gull album hay juu inhon nay tayaar kiyaa hay ("dildari" aur "ashaq" deegar duu haine). teeray banaa" kay music video kuu tanqidi toor parr saraha gayaa hay jasay aiward kay liye namzad kiyaa gayaa hay. yaha album kii pehli music video thee. baad mein "maar sotiya"yee "punn khatt lee"yee "dubby" aur "teeray karkay" kay music videoz jaari kiye gayey. ewards. daryaan kuu 2010 kay panjabi music ewards mein kayee ewards kay liye namzad kiyaa gayaa thaa. yaha ewards yaha haine:

fffb16e072d567e1ca18ba6e87af182181b26f54a566b694849a4e18a9e7fdff

https://en.wikisource.org/wiki?curid=177802

A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Nursery Songs/XLI. LITTLE BINGO

A Book of Nursery Songs and Rhymes/Nursery Songs/XLI. LITTLE BINGO <templatestyles src="Header/styles.css" /> <templatestyles src="Header/main block/styles.css" />← Nursery Songs/XL. LUCY LOCKET Nursery Songs/XLII. A SHIP A-SAILING <poem> A farmer's dog leapt over the stile, His name was little Bingo: There was B. with an I., and I. with an N., N. with a G., G. with an O.; There was B.I.N.G.O.; And his name was little Bingo. The farmer loved a cup of ale, And called it very good stingo. There was S. with a T., and T. with an I., N. with a G., G. with an O.; There was S.T.I.N.G.O.; And its name was jolly Stingo. The farmer loved a pretty lass, And gave her a wedding Ring-o. There was R. with an I., and I. with an N., N. with a G., G. with an O.; There was R.I.N.G.O.; She curtsied and took the Ring-o. </poem>

nursery geet aaru rim/nursery geet/ex. el. aai. ror ekhon kitap. xoru bingu nursery geet/xl. luchi locket nursery geet/ex. el. aai. ekhon jahaj e-seling ejon krixokor kukure styletur uporere uri goisil, teur naam aasil xoru binguh bi aasil. etaa aai-ror xoite., aaru moi. enor xoite., eno. etaa ji-ror xoite., ji. etaa oh 'ror xoite.; bi aasil.moi.eno.ji.oh '.; aaru teur naam aasil xoru bingu. krixokjone ek kaap el bhaal paisil, aaru iyak oti bhaal stingu buli koichil. ess aasil. ti-ror xoite., aaru ti. etaa aai-ror xoite., eno. etaa ji-ror xoite., ji. etaa oh 'ror xoite.; ess aasil.ti.moi.eno.ji.oh '.; aaru iyar naam aasil joli stingu. krixokjone etaa xundori mohila bhaal paisil, aaru taik biyar etaa aanguthi disil. aasil aar. etaa aai-ror xoite., aaru moi. enor xoite., eno. etaa ji-ror xoite., ji. etaa oh 'ror xoite.; aasil aar.moi.eno.ji.oh '.; taai sur kori ring-oh "loi go" lo.

nursery gaan ebong chhora/nursery gaan/eksa. ell. aaee-err ekti boi. chhotto bingo nursery gaan/xl. luci lockett nursery gaan/eksa. ell. aaee. ekti jahaz eka krishoker kukur paaler upor diye lafiye othe, taar naam chhilo chhotto bingoh chhilo bii. ekti aaee sange., ebong aami. ekti enn sange., enn. ekti zii sange., zii. ekti oo sange.; chhilo bii.aaee.enn.zii.oo.; ebong taar naam chhilo chhotto bingo. krishak eka cup aley pochondo koroto, ebong etike khub vall stingo boley abhihito korechen. chhilo esha. ekti tii., ebong tii. ekti aaee sange., enn. ekti zii sange., zii. ekti oo sange.; chhilo esha.tii.aaee.enn.zii.oo.; ebong err naam chhilo jolly stingo. krishokti ekti sundar striloke bhalobasoto, ebong taake biyer ekti angti-oo deyo. chhilo arr. ekti aaee sange., ebong aami. ekti enn sange., enn. ekti zii sange., zii. ekti oo sange.; chhilo arr.aaee.enn.zii.oo.; seey kanpiye ring-oo niye nill.

nursory geeto aneey jodkanaa/nursory geeto/xli noon pustak. nankadi bingo nursory geeto/xl. lucie locate nursory geeto/xlii. aek jahaaj aee-sailing aek khedutno kootaro shailee parr koodako lagaavyo, tenu naam naanu bingo hatuh bii. aek aaee saathe., aneey huun. aena saathe., aena. jee saathe., jee. aek oo saathe.; bii.aaee.aena.jee.oo.; aneey tenu naam naanu bingo hatoo. khedutne aek cup aela pasand hato, aneey tene khoob jaj saaro stingo kahe chhe. tyaan aesa. tii saathe., aneey tii. aek aaee saathe., aena. jee saathe., jee. aek oo saathe.; tyaan aesa.tii.aaee.aena.jee.oo.; aneey tenu naam jolii stingo hatoo. khedutne aek sunder stree pasand hatee, aneey tene lagnani vintee aapee. tyaan aar. aek aaee saathe., aneey huun. aena saathe., aena. jee saathe., jee. aek oo saathe.; tyaan aar.aaee.aena.jee.oo.; teneeae valaank leedho aneey vintee-oo leedhi.

nursory geeton aur tukbandi/nursory geeton/aiks. ell. aaee. kii ack pustak. chhota bingo nursory gaane/aiks. ell. luci lockett nursory geet/xlii. ack jahaaj aeye-selling ack kisan kaa kutta usa chhadi parr kood gayaa, uska naam chhota bingo thaah bee thaa. ack aaee key saath., aur aaee. ack aine key saath., aine. ack jee key saath., jee. ack oh key saath.; bee thaa.aaee.aine.jee.oh.; aur uska naam chhota bingo thaa. kisan koo ack cup ell pasand thaa, aur ise bahut achchha stingo kahaa. vahaan aiss thaa. ack tii key saath., aur tii. ack aaee key saath., aine. ack jee key saath., jee. ack oh key saath.; vahaan aiss thaa.tii.aaee.aine.jee.oh.; aur iska naam jolly stingo thaa. kisan koo ack sunder ladki pasand thee, aur usey shaadi kii angoothi dee. vahaan aar thaa. ack aaee key saath., aur aaee. ack aine key saath., aine. ack jee key saath., jee. ack oh key saath.; vahaan aar thaa.aaee.aine.jee.oh.; usane jhuk curr angoothi-oh leey lii.

narsari haadugalu mattu praasagalu/narsari haadugalu/xli pustaka. chikka bingo nursey haadugalu/exl. loosi lockett nursey haadugalu/xlii. ondu hadagu aa-sailing raitana nayiyu sailiya mele haaridalu, avana hesaru little bingo agittuhu bii iddaru. ondu aii., mattu aii. ondu enn., enn. ondu zii., zii. oo jote.; bii iddaru.aii.enn.zii.oo.; mattu avana hesaru chikka bingo aagittu. aaa raitanige ondu cup aale ishtavaayitu. mattu adannu tumba olleya stingo endu karedaru. ess iddaru. tii., mattu tii. ondu aii., enn. ondu zii., zii. oo jote.; ess iddaru.tii.aii.enn.zii.oo.; mattu adara hesaru jaali stingo aagittu. aaa raita sundaravaada kaamavannu pritisuttiddanu. mattu aakege maduveya unguravannu niididaru. allie aarr. ondu aii., mattu aii. ondu enn., enn. ondu zii., zii. oo jote.; allie aarr.aii.enn.zii.oo.; avalu monachagi unguravannu tegedukondalu.

nazhsari gaanangaludeyum praasangaludeyum/nazhsari gaanangaludeyum/xli-yude oru pusthakam. cheria bingo nazhsari ganangal/xl. lucie lokkatt nazhsari ganangal/xlii. oru kappal eiii-sailing oru karshakante naaya stail mukaliloode chaadi, addehathinte peru littil bingo ennaayirunnu. bii undaayirunnu. oru aii., oppam njaanum. oru enn., enn. oru jii., jii. oru oo.; bii undaayirunnu.aii.enn.jii.oo.; addehathinte peru littil bingo ennaayirunnu. karshakanu oru kapp aale eshtappettu. athine valare nalla stingo ennu vilikkukayum cheythu. ezz undaayirunnu. oru tii., tii. oru aii., enn. oru jii., jii. oru oo.; ezz undaayirunnu.tii.aii.enn.jii.oo.; athinte peru jolii stinko ennaayirunnu. karshakanu oru sundariyaaya kaamuki eshtappettu. avalkk oru vivaha mothiram nalki. avide aarr. oru aii., oppam njaanum. oru enn., enn. oru jii., jii. oru oo.; avide aarr.aii.enn.jii.oo.; aval marddikkukayum mothiram edukkukayum cheythu.

nursory ganee aanee tukadya/nursory ganee/ex. ell. aay. chey pustak. lahan bingo nursory ganee/ex. ell. lucie lockett nursory ganee/xlii. eka jahaj aii-selling eka shetkyachya kutryane shailivarun udee marley, tyache naav chhote bingo hoteh buub hota. eka aay., aanee mea. aine saha., aine. jee saha., jee. oo saha.; buub hota.aay.aine.jee.oo.; aanee tyache naav chhote bingo hote. shetkyala eka cup ell khoop aavadaycha, aanee tyala khoop changla stingo mhatale. ess hote. tii saha., aanee tii. eka aay., aine. jee saha., jee. oo saha.; ess hote.tii.aay.aine.jee.oo.; aanee tyache naav jolly stingo hote. shetkyala eka sunder stree aavadate, aanee teela lagnachi angathi dilee. aar hote. eka aay., aanee mea. aine saha., aine. jee saha., jee. oo saha.; aar hote.aay.aine.jee.oo.; tine angathi ghetali aanee oo.

nursory githaru rar tukbandiharu/nursory githaru/excelyko pustak. sano bingo nursory githaru/xl. luci lockett nursory githaru/xlii. euta jahaz ae-selling euta kisanko kukurle stylemathi ufryo, unko naam sano bingo thiyoh tyahan bee thiyo. ek aie sanga., rar mahm. ek enn sanga., enn. ek zee sanga., zee. ek o sanga.; tyahan bee thiyo.mahm.enn.zee.o.; anie unko naam sano bingo thiyo. kisanlai ek cup ell munn paryo, rar yasalai dherai ramro stingo bhaninchha. tyahan ess thiyo. ek tea sanga., rar tea. ek aie sanga., enn. ek zee sanga., zee. ek o sanga.; tyahan ess thiyo.tea.mahm.enn.zee.o.; anie yasako naam jolie stingo thiyo. kisanlai euta sunder stri munn paryo, anie unlai wiwahako aunthi-o die. tyahan arr thiyo. ek aie sanga., rar mahm. ek enn sanga., enn. ek zee sanga., zee. ek o sanga.; tyahan arr thiyo.mahm.enn.zee.o.; unle curts garin rar ring-o lieki thiin.

nursory geeta ebong chhanda/nursory geeta/xli rahr eka pustaka . chhot bingo  nursory geeta/xl. luci lockett nursory geeta/xlii. eka jahaz eka-nauchalana gotie krishakar kukur style upare dein padila, taanka naama thila chhot bingoh bii thila. eka aai sahita., ebong mun. eka enn sahita., enn. jii sahita., jii. eka oh sahita.; bii thila.aai.enn.jii.oh.; ebong taanka naama thila chhot bingo. krushaka janaka eka cop aaliku bhal pauthile. ebong ehaaku bahuta bhal stingo bolly kahithile. sethare ess. tii sahita., ebong tii. eka aai sahita., enn. jii sahita., jii. eka oh sahita.; sethare ess.tii.aai.enn.jii.oh.; ebong ehara naama thila jallie stingo. krushaka janaka eka sunder streelokaku bhal pauthile. ebong tanku eka bibahara mudi-oh delah. sethare aarr. eka aai sahita., ebong mun. eka enn sahita., enn. jii sahita., jii. eka oh sahita.; sethare aarr.aai.enn.jii.oh.; shay court curry ring-oh neigala.

narsari geetan atey tukan/narsari geetan/xli dee ikk kitaab. chhota bingo narsari geet/xl. luci lockett narsari geet/xlii. ikk jahaz aii-selling ikk kissan daa kutta style utte chhaal maar dinda haii, uss daa naam chhota bingo seeuuu bee see. ikk aaee dey naal., atey I. ikk n dey naal., ainn. ikk jee dey naal., jee. ikk ou dey naal.; bee see.I.ainn.jee.ou.; atey uss daa naam chhota bingo see. kissan noon ail daa piala pasand see, atey iss noon bahut vadhiaa stingo kiha. aiss see. ikk tii dey naal., atey tii. ikk aaee dey naal., ainn. ikk jee dey naal., jee. ikk ou dey naal.; aiss see.tii.I.ainn.jee.ou.; atey iss daa naam jauli stingo see. kissan noon ikk sunder aurat pasand see, atey uss noon viaah dee ring-ou ditti. aar see. ikk aaee dey naal., atey I. ikk n dey naal., ainn. ikk jee dey naal., jee. ikk ou dey naal.; aar see.I.ainn.jee.ou.; uss neey katt keey ring-ou lae laee.

nursory-gitanam, prasanam/nursory-gitanam/eksa. ell. aii. ityasya pustakam. laghu-bingo nursory-geetaani/xl. lucie lockett nursory-geetaani/xlii. naukaayaanam-e-seling krushakaanaam kutrah shailyaah upari udhwastah. tasya naam laghu-bingo iti aasit. tatra B aasit. a-aii ityanena saha.tathaa cha. ekena ena., ena. a-saha jii., jee. a ityanena saha.; tatra B aasit.a.ena.jii.o.; tasya naam laghu-bingo iti aasit. krushakaah ele ityasya kapam atyantam rochan. tathaa cha etat atyantam uttamm stingo iti namna abhinihitavaan. tatra ess aasit. a-saha tea.tathaa cha tea. a-aii ityanena saha., ena. a-saha jii., jee. a ityanena saha.; tatra ess aasit.tea.a.ena.jii.o.; tasya naam jaalee stingo iti aasit. krushakaah sundaram streem atyutsaham krutavantah. tasyaah vivaahasya angulim cha dattavaan. tatra aar aasit. a-aii ityanena saha.tathaa cha. ekena ena., ena. a-saha jii., jee. a ityanena saha.; tatra aar aasit.a.ena.jii.o.; saa curt-up krutvaa ring-o iteedam gruheetavatee.

narsari paadalkal mattrum raimgal/narsari paadalkal/xli pattriya puththagam. siriya bingo narsari paadalkal/xl. luci lockett narsari paadalkal/xlii. oru kappal oru paaimara oru vivasaayiyin naai stylene meethu kuthiththathu, avarathu peyar siriya bingo B irunththathu. oru aii udan., mattrum naan. oru n udan., enn. oru jii udan., jii. oru ooo udan.; B irunththathu.aii.enn.jii.ooo.; avarathu peyar siriya bingo. antha vivasaayikku oru kapp aall migavum pidiththirunthathu. maelum adhai migavum nalla stingo endru alaiththaar. ess irunththathu. oru dii udan., mattrum dii. oru aii udan., enn. oru jii udan., jii. oru ooo udan.; ess irunththathu.dii.aii.enn.jii.ooo.; adhan peyar jaali stingo. antha vivasaayi oru azhagaana pennaeyai nesiththaal. avalukku oru thirumana moathiraththai kodutthaar. angku aarr. oru aii udan., mattrum naan. oru n udan., enn. oru jii udan., jii. oru ooo udan.; angku aarr.aii.enn.jii.ooo.; aval surutti moathiraththai eduththaal.

nursory paatalu mariyu padyaalu/nursory paatalu/xli yokka pustakam. chinna bingo nursory paatalu/xl. lucie lockett nursory paatalu/xlii. oka ooda eah-sailing oka raitu kukka aaa shaili meedaki dookindi, athani paeru little bingoh B. oka ii thoo., mariyu I. oka n thoo., enn. oka zii thoo., zii. oka o thoo.; B.ii.enn.zii.oo.; mariyu athani paeru chinna bingo. aaa raitu oka kappu aalnu ishtapaddadu, mariyu daanini chaalaa manchi stingo anie pilicharu. S undedi. oka tii thoo., mariyu tii. oka ii thoo., enn. oka zii thoo., zii. oka o thoo.; S undedi.tii.ii.enn.zii.oo.; daani paeru jaalii stingo. aaa raitu oka andamaina kaamini ishtapaddadu, mariyu aameku vivaha ungaraanni ichindi. akkada aarr. oka ii thoo., mariyu I. oka n thoo., enn. oka zii thoo., zii. oka o thoo.; akkada aarr.ii.enn.zii.oo.; aame mondigaa petti ungaraanni teeskunnaru.

narsari gaanon aur rasiyon/narsari gaanon/aiks eel aayee kii kitaab. chhota bango narsari gaaney/aiks eel. losi locket narsari gaaney/xlii. eek jehaaz eek seeling eek kasaan kaa kitaa iss style parr chhalang lagaa iss kaa naam chhota bango thaa: bee thaa. eek aayee kay saath.yee aur mein. eek aine kay saath.yee aine. eek jee kay saath.yee jee. eek awo kay saath.vovo bee thaa.I.aine.jee.awo.vovo aur iss kaa naam chhota bango thaa. kasaan kuu eel kaa cup pasand thaa aur asay behat achhaa stingo kahaa. wahaan aiss thaa. eek tye kay saath.yee aur tye. eek aayee kay saath.yee aine. eek jee kay saath.yee jee. eek awo kay saath.vovo wahaan aiss thaa.tye.I.aine.jee.awo.vovo aur iss kaa naam jooli stingo thaa. kasaan kuu eek khubsurat ladki pasand thee aur asay shaadi kii angothi dee. wahaan aar thaa. eek aayee kay saath.yee aur mein. eek aine kay saath.yee aine. eek jee kay saath.yee jee. eek awo kay saath.vovo wahaan aar thaa.I.aine.jee.awo.vovo iss nay sarr jhakaa kirr angothi lay lee.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=68238257

Gasi Motorradwagen Gesellschaft mbH

Gasi Motorradwagen Gesellschaft mbH Gasi Motorradwagen Gesellschaft mbH was a German automobile manufacturer. One source uses the name Gasi-Motorwagen GmbH. Description. The company was based in Berlin-Dahlem. Founders were Fritz Gary and Edmund Sieloff. The motorcycle car was a three-wheeled vehicle with a single front wheel and a differential-free rear axle. It was only built in 1921. The tandem two-seater was powered by an air-cooled V2 engine, the power of which was passed on to the rear wheels by means of a chain. Another source said it was powered by a 498cc single cylinder four-stroke engine. Literature. Werner Oswald : Deutsche Autos 1920-1945 , 10th edition, Motorbuch Verlag Stuttgart (1996), ISBN 3-87943-519-7 , page 444 References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

gesi motorradwagon gazelsaft em. bi. eis gesi motorradwagon gazelsaft em. bi. eis. aasil german gaari nirmata. etaa xutroi gesi-motorwegen gmbais naamtu byobohar kore. bornona. companytu barlin-dahlemot owosthito aasil. protisthapok aasil fritz geree aaru edmund sielof. motorsaikelkhon ekhon tini-soka baahon aasil zo "too etaa xonmukhor soka aaru etaa bhinno-mukto pisfalor excel aasil. iyak kewol 1921 sonot nirman koraa hoisil. tendem dutaa aaxonor engintu etaa eyar-cooled eyar-cooled enginor dwara salit hoisil, jaar xokti etaa sainor joriyote pisfalor sakaburoloi preron koraa hoisil. aan etaa xutroi jonuwa mote ee ee ekok xilinder sarita stroke enginor dwara salit aasil. xahityo. werner oh "sowaldoh doiche otus <aai. di. 2>, doxom xongskoron, motorbus verlag stutgart (1996), aai. ess. bi. eno <aai. di. 1>-7, pristha 444

gassy motorradwagen gesselshuft mbhech gassy motorradwagen gesselshuft mbhech ekti german automobile prostutkarok chhilo. ekti utso gassy-motorwagen gmbhech namti byabohar korey. bornona. companity barlin-dalom vittik chhilo. protisthata chhilen fritz gyari ebong edmund sielof. motorcycle gaditi chhilo ekti tinn chucker gaadi jaar ekti ekok samoner chaaka ebong ekti deferential-mukto pichoner akkho chhilo. etty shudhumatra 1921 saale nirmito hoyechilo. dui asoner tandemti ekti bayu-sheetal vee2 injina dwara chaalito hoyechilo, jaar shakti ekti cheiner madhyome pichoner chakagulite preron koraa hoyechilo. arekti sootro janiyeche jey etty ekti 498 sisi ekok cylinder chaar-stroka injina dwara chaalito chhilo. sahitya. werner oswald doyeche autos 1920-1945,10maum sanskaran, motorbooch verlag stuttgart (1996), isbn 3-87943-519-7, pristha 444

gassy motorredwagen gasselshaft aema. bii. aech. gassy motorredwagen gasselshaft aema. bii. aech. german automobile utpaadak hatoo. aek srot gassy-motorwagen jee. aema. bii. aech. naamno upyog karey chhe. varnan. aaa kampani berlin-dahlemma stheet hatee. sthaapako fritz geree aneey admond sealoff hataa. motorcycle kaar trana paidavalu vaahan hatoo, jemaa aek jaj aagalnu chakra aneey vibhedak-mukt paachhalna axel hatoo. teey maatra 1921 maan banavvama aavyu hatoo. beey seaterni tendam havaa-thandu vee 2 angine dwara sanchaalit hatee, jenee shaktee saankalnaa maadhyamthi paachhalna wheels parr pasaar karvaamaa aavee hatee. anya aek sutrae janaavyu hatoo keey teey 498 seesee single cylinder phora-stroqa angine dwara sanchaalit hatoo. saahitya. verner oswald duesh autos 1920-1945,10mee aavrutti, motorbuch verleg stuttgart (1996), isbn 3-87943-519-7, paanu 444

gassy motorradwagen gasselshaft aim. bee. aich. gassy motorradwagen gasselshaft aim. bee. aich. ack german automobile nirmaata thaa. ack srot gassy-motorwagen jee. aim. bee. aich. naam kaa upayog kartaa haye. varnan. company berlin-dahlem mein sthit thee. sansthaapak fritz gairi aur admond silof they. motorcycle kaar ack teen pahiyon vaalaa vaahan thaa jisamen ack hii agala pahiya aur ack antar-mukt pichla axel thaa. yeh kewal 1921 mein banaaya gayaa thaa. dou-seater tendam ack air-cooled vee2 injan dwara sanchaalit thaa, jisaki shakti koo ack shrinkhala key madhyam seey pichhale pahiyon parr paarit kiya gayaa thaa. ack anya sootra ney kahaa kii yeh 498 cc ekal cylinder chaar-stroke injan dwara sanchaalit thaa. saahitya. werner oswaldah duesh auto 1920-1945,10vaan sanskaran, motorbuch verlag stuttgart (1996), ISbn 3-87943-519-7, prishth 444

gassy motoradwagen geselshaft mbh gassy motoradwagen geselshaft mbh german vaahana tayaaraka kampaniyagittu. ondu moolavu gassy-motorwagen gmbhech emba hesarannu balasuttade. vivarane. ee kampaniyu burlin-dahlemnalli nelegondittu. samsthaapakaru fritz gyaari mattu edmond sieloff. motorcycle kaaru mooru chakragala vaahanavaagiddu, onde mumbhagada chakra mattu bhedavillada himbhagada axal annu hondittu. idannu 1921ralli maatra nirmisalaayitu. eradu asanagala ee tandem annu air-cooled vii2 enginninda nadesalaaguttittu, idara shaktiyannu sarpaliya moolaka himbhagada chakragalige ravaanisalaaguttittu. mattondu moolavu 498 sisi single cylinder phore-stroke enginninda chaalitavaagide endu helide. sahitya. verner oswald duche autos 1920-1945,10neey aavrutti, motorubuch verlog stuttgart (1996), isban 3-87943-519-7, puta 444

gassy motorradwagen geselshaft emm. bii. etch. gassy motorradwagen geselshaft emm. bii. etch. hii german vahan utpadak company hotee. eka srot gassy-motorwagen jee. emm. bii. etch. heey naav vaparato. varnan. hii company berlin-dahlem yethe hotee. fritz garry aanee edmond syloff heey sansthapak hote. motorcycle qaar hii teen chakee vahan hotee, jyat ekach samorche chaak aanee bhinn-mukt mageel excel hote. heey keval 1921 saalee bandhanyat aale hote. done aasan asalele tandam heey vayoo-thund vhee2 injindware chalavale jaat hote, jyachi shakti sakhalidvare mageel chakanvar pathavali jaat asey. aanakhi eka sutrane sangitale qee, heey 498 cc single cylinder phoor-stroke injindware chalavale gele hote. sahitya. verner oswaldah duesh auto 1920-1945,10 vee aavrutti, motorbuch varlag stutgart (1996), isbn 3-87943-519-7, prushth 444

gassy motorradwagen geselshaft mbh gassy motorradwagen geselshaft mbh ek german automobile nirmata thiyo. euta srotle gassy-motorwagen gmbh naam prayog gardacha. warnan. company berlin-dahalema adharit thiyo. sansthapakharu fritz gyari rar admond silof thie. motorcycle carr ekal agadiko pangra rar bhinnata-mukta pachhadi excel bhaeko tean pangra gadi thiyo. yo sann 1921 maa matra nirman garieko thiyo. dui-sitko tandom air-cooled bhi 2 injindwara sanchalit thiyo, jasko shakti chenko madhyambata pachhadika pangraharuma parr garieko thiyo. arko srotle yo 498 cc ekal cylinder chaar-stroke injindwara sanchalit bhaeko bataeko chha. sahitya. werner oswaldah douches atoharu 1920-1945,10 aun sanskaran, motorbuch worlog stutgart (1996), isbn 3-87943-519-7, prishtha 444

gassie motorradwagen geselshaft emm. bii. etch. gassy motorradwagen geselshaft emm. bii. etch. eka german automobile nirmata thila. gotie utsa gassy-motorwegen jii. emm. bii. etch. naama byabahara kare. barnana. companyti berlin-dahlemthare abasthita thila. ehara pratisthata thile fritz gaari ebong admond sielof. ehi motor cycle carr eka tini chakia yaana thila, jeunthire gotie sammukh chakia ebong eka bhinna-mukta pacha akhya thila. ehaa kebala 1921 ray nirmita hoithila. dui-siit bisista tandem eka baaju-shital baaju-shital injin dwara parichalita hoithila, jahara shakti eka shrunkhala madhyamare pacha chakiaaku pathajaithila . anya eka sutra kahichhi je ehaa 498 sisi singal cylinder fore-stroke injin dwara parichalita hoithila. sahitya. werner osawaldah duche autos <aai. dii. 1>, 10maha sanskarana, motorbooch bharlag stutgart (1996), isbn <aai. dii. 2>-7, prustha 444

gassy motorradwagen geselshaft aimm. bee. aich. gassy motorradwagen geselshaft aimm. bee. aich. ikk german automobile nirmata see. ikk sarot gassy-motorwagen jee. aimm. bee. aich. naam dee varton karda haii. varnan. company barlin-dahlem witch adharat see. sansthapak fritz gairi atey admond sealof sunn. ih motor cycle qaar ikk tinn-pahiaa vaahan see jiss witch ikk single front wheel atey ikk differential-free rear aiksal see. ih siraf 1921 witch banaiaa giaa see. doou seetan vaala tandam ikk air-cooled vee 2 injan duaara sanchalit see, jiss dee shakti ikk chenn dey zariye pichle pahiaan noon ditti gaee see. ikk horr sootar neey dassiaa kii ih 498 cc single silandar chaar-stroke injan duaara sanchalit see. saahit. verner oswalled duesh autos autos edition, motorbuch verlag stuttgart (1996), ISbn 3-87943-519-7, safaa 444

gaasee motorradwegen geselshaft ema. bee. echa. gaasee motorradvyagan geselschaft emm. bee. ech. ekaha german-vaahan-nirmata aasit. ekaha srotah gaasee-motorvyaagan jii. emm. bee. ech. iti naam upayujyate. varnanam. eshaa kampanee berlin-dahlema-nagare sthitaa aasit. samsthaapakah fritz-gairee tathaa edmund-silof cha aasan. motorsackle-kaar trichakrayuktam vaahanam aasit yasya ekam agrachakram, bhinna-mukta-prushta-aksham cha aasit. 1921 tame varshe eva etat nirmitam aasit. dvisadana-yantram vayukool-yuktena vee2-yantrena chaalitam aasit, yasya shakttih shrunkhalayaa prushtachakraan prati prasaritaa aasit. anyah srotah avadat yat etat 498 sisi-eka-cylinder-fore-stroke-anginena chaalitam aasit iti. sahityam. werner oswaaldah duesh autos 1920-1945,10 tamam samskaranam, motorbuch varlaag stutgart (1996), ISbn 3-87943-519-7, prushtam 444

kaasi motor radvegan kesselshoft emm. pii. ech kaasi motor radvegan kesselshoft emm. pii. ech oru jerman vaagana urpaththiyaalar aavaar. oru aathaaram kaasi-motorwagen jii. emm. pii. ech endra peyaraip payanpaduththukirathu. vilakkam. inththa niruvanam berlin-dahlem nagarai thalamaagak kondirundhadhu. fritz kaarii mattrum edmund sealoff aagiyoar niruvanarkalaaka irunththanar. motor cycle kaarr oru moontru sakkara vaaganamaaga irunththathu, idhil ottrai muun chakkaram mattrum vaerupaadu illaatha pinpura achu irunththathu. idhu 1921 aam aandil mattumae kattappattathu. irandu irukkaikal konda inththa dandum oru kaattru-kulirchiyaana vii 2 iyanththiraththaal iyakkappadukirathu, idhan sakthi oru sangkili moolam pinpura chakkarankalukku anuppappattathu. mattroru aathaaram idhu 498 sisi ottrai silindar naanku-stroke iyanththiraththaal iyakkappadukirathu endru kooriyadhu. ilakkiyam. verner ooswald diyush autos 1920-1945,10 vadhu pathippu, moattaarpuch verlock studgard (1996), ispaen 3-87943-519-7, pakkam 444

gyasi motaru rodwagen gesselshaft embihech gyasi motaru rodwagen gesselshaft embihech oka german automobile tayaareedaaru. oka muulam gyasi-motorwagen gmbhech anae paerunu upayogistundi. vivarana. eee samstha berlin-dahlemlo undhi. sthaapakulu fritz gyaarii mariyu edmond sielof. motorcycle kaaru moodu chakraala vahanam, indulo oke mundu chakram mariyu bhedam laeni venuka irusu untundi. idhi 1921loe matrame nirminchabadindi. rendu seetla tandum air-cooled vii2 injinto saktini kaligi undhi, dheeni saktini golusu dwara venuka chakralaku pampaaru. idhi 498 sisi single cylinder phore-stroke injinto panichestundani maroka muulam telipindi. saahityam. verner oswald duesh autos 1920-1945,10va edition, motarubuch verlog stuttgart (1996), isbn 3-87943-519-7, paejee 444

geesi motorrad vigan gasselshaft ayem bee aich geesi motorrad vigan gasselshaft ayem bee aich eek german automobile bananay waali company thee. eek maakhiz gisayi motor vigan jee ayem bee aich naam istemaal kartaa hay. wazahat. company barlan-dehleem mein qayem thee. baanee fertz geeri aur admond seelof thay. motor cycle kaar teen pahiyon waali gaadi thee jiss mein eek hyee aglaa pahiyah aur eek tafriq say paak pichla mahur thaa. yaha sarf 1921 mein banaya gayaa thaa. duu nashaston waala tendam eek aiyar couled wee 2 anjan say chalta thaa jiss kii taaqat eek zanjir kay zariye pachlay pahiyon parr muntaqil kii jaati thee. eek aur zaraye nay bataya kahh yaha 498 see see sangal slunder four stroke anjan say chalta hay. adab. werner oswald: deoshay autoz 1920-1945yee 10 waan edition motor buck veerlog staat gaart (1996)yee isbn 3-87943-519-7yee safha 444

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=33198559

Frankie Jones (reggae singer)

Frankie Jones (reggae singer) Jamaican reggae singer Frankie Jones, also known as Jah Frankie Jones, is a Jamaican reggae singer best known for his recordings of the late 1970s and 1980s. Biography. Jones was born in the Greenwich Farm area of Kingston. He had his first hit in the late 1970s with "Sweeten My Coffee", recorded at Channel One Studios, and also recorded for Bunny Lee, Lee producing his debut album "Satta An Praise Jah", released in 1977. He also recorded for Bertram Brown's Freedom Sounds label in the late 1970s. In 1984 he had several hits including "Settle for Me", "Modelling Girl", and the same another album was released, a split "Showdown" with Michael Palmer. Another split album, with Patrick Andy, was released in 1985, along with the album "Settlement". In 1986 Trojan Records released a collection of earlier Keith Wignall-produced recordings as "The Best of Frankie Jones volume one". Jones also recorded for Prince Jammy, and George Phang. the latter producing his 1986 album "Old Fire Stick". Another split album was released in 1986, the "Hell in the Dance" set split with Pad Anthony, on which the singers were backed by the Roots Radics. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

franky jones (rege gayok) jaah franky jones namereu jonajat franky jones egoraki jamaikan regee gayok, ji 1970 aaru 1980-ror doxokor xexor faale recording korar baabe ataitkoi besi porisito. jiwani. kingstonor greenuis firm oncholot jonsor jonmo hoisil. 1970-ror doxokor xexor faale teur prothom hitt aasil "misten maai kofi", jitu senel waan studio 'too record koraa hoisil, aaru banni leer babeu record koraa hoisil, leeye 1977 sonot mukti puwa teur prothom elbam "xotta eno proxongxa jaah" projujona korisil. teu 1970-ror doxokor xexor faale bartrum braunor freedom sounds labelor babeu record korisil. 1984 sonot teu "setol for mii", "modeling garl" aaru xei ekekhon aan elbam mukoli korisil, jitu michael palmaror xoite bibhokto "swodauno" aasil. petrik endeer xoite aan etaa bibhokto elbam 1985 sonot "settlement" elbamor xoite mukoli koraa hoisil. 1986 sonot tro 'john recordse purbor keith wignal-projujona koraa recordingor ek xongroho "shrestho franky jonos volume ek" hisape mukoli korisil. jonose rajkumar jemee aaru jorjo fyangor babeu record korisil. pisorjone teur 1986 sonor elbam "oh 'ld fayar stick" projujona korisil. 1986 sonot aan etaa bibhokto elbam mukoli koraa hoisil, "hell inn dyo dunce" settu paded enthonir xoite bibhokto hoisil, zo 'too gayokxokolok mool radicsor dwara xomorthon koraa hoisil.

franki johns (reggy gayak) franki jones, jini jaah franki jones nameo porichito, ekjon jamican reggy gayak jini 1970 ebong 1980-err doshoker shesher dike recordinger jonno sabcheye beshi porichito. jeeboni. johns kingstoner greenwich khamar elaka jonmogrohon corren. 1970-err doshoker shesher dike channel oyana studiote record koraa "suitten maai coffey"-rawr madhyome tini prothom hitt hohn ebong 1977 saale muktiprapto taanr prothom album "sotta ayana preply jaah"-err jonno ly banir jonno record corren. 1970-err doshoker shesher dike tini bartrum brauner friedom sounds lebeler jonnou record corren. 1984 saale taanr besh koyekti hitt chhilo jaar modhye chhilo "settle phara mii", "modeling garla" ebong ekoi arekti album mukti paay, michael pamarer saathe ekti bivokto "shodauna". patrick andir sange arekti bivokto album 1985 saale "settlement" album soho mukti paay. 1986 saale trojana records ager keith uignal-projojito recordinger ekti sangraha "dya best off franki jones volume oyana" hisabe prakash korey. prince jyamir jonno ebong george fyangyer jonnou jones record korechilen. porerti taar 1986 saaler album "old fayara stick" prajojana korey. 1986 saale arekti bivokto album mukti paay, "hell inn dya dunce" setti pyada anthonir saathe bivokto hoy, jaar upor gayakder mool radic dwara somorthito chhilo.

franky johns (rege gaayak) franky johns, jene jaah franky johns tareeke pann odakhvaamaa aave chhe, teey jamaikan rege gaayak chhe, jeey 1970 aneey aneey daykana antamaa temnaa reqordina maate jaanita chhe. jivancharitra. jonsano janm kingstenna greenwich pharma vistaarmaa thayo hato. temane daykana antamaa temane chenal vana studiyomaa reqorda karaayel "sweeton maay kofee" saathe temnee pratham hita film curry hatee, aneey aneey release thayelaa temnaa pratham album "sattaa aena preply jaah" noon nirmaan kartaa, leeae bunny lii maate pann reqorda karyoo hatoo. temane temane daykana antamaa bertram braaunnaa friedam sounds label maate pann reqorda karyoo hatoo. hatoo temnee ghanee safal filmo hatee, jemaa "settle phora mee", "modelling gerl" aneey teey jaj anya album rajoo thayu hatoo, jeey michael palmer saathe vibhajit "shodaaun" hatoo. patrick endee saathenu beeju vibhajit album, "settlement" album saathe, saathe rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. karyoo trojan recordse agaauna keath vignol dwara utpaadit recordingsno sangrah "franky jonsnaa pratham khandnaa shreshth" tareeke rajoo karyo hato. jonse prince jemee aneey george feng maate pann reqordina karyoo hatoo. baadmaa temnaa 1986 naa album "old fayara stick" noon nirmaan karyoo. karyoo anya aek vibhajit album rajoo karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, 'dhaa hail ina dhaa dance' seeta paid anthony saathe vibhajit thayo hato, jenaa parr gaayakone mulnaa mulbhuto dwara teko aapvama aavyo hato.

franky johns (rege gaayak) frank johns, jinhen jaah frank johns key naam seey bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, ack jamaikan rege gaayak hain, jinhen 1970 aur 1980 key dashak key anta mein apani recording key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. jeevani. johns kaa janm kingsten key greenwich farm kshetra mein huaa thaa. unhone 1970 key dashak key anta mein channel vann studio mein record kii gaee "sweeton maaee coffey" key saath apani pahali hitt kii thee, aur 1977 mein jaari apane pahale album "satta aine pride jaah" kaa nirmaan karate hue bunny lii key liye bhee record kiya thaa. unhone 1970 key dashak key anta mein bertram braun key friedam sound label key liye bhee record kiya thaa. 1984 mein unake paas kaee hitt filmein theen jinamen "settle forr mee", "modeling gerl" aur vahee ack aur album jaari kiya gayaa thaa, joe michael palmer key saath ack vibhajit "shodown" thaa. patrick andy key saath ack aur vibhajit album, 1985 mein album "settlement" key saath jaari kiya gayaa thaa. 1986 mein trojan record ney pahale keath vignol dwara nirmit recording kaa ack sangrah "franky johns volume vann kaa sarvshreshth" key roop mein jaari kiya. johns ney prince jaimi aur george faing key liye bhee record kiya. baad vaale ney apane 1986 key album "old fayer stick" kaa nirmaan kiya. ack aur vibhajit album 1986 mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa, "narak mein nritya" sett paid anthany key saath vibhajit thaa, jiss parr gayakon koo mool mool key dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa.

franky johns (reggie gayaka) zaa franky johns endoo kareyalpaduva franky johns, jamaikaada reggie gaayakaraagiddu, 1970 mattu 1980rahra dashakada koneya bhagagala dhwanimudranagalige hesaruvasiyagiddare. jivanacharitre. johns kingston greenwich form pradeshadalli janisidaru. 1970rahra dashakada koneyalli channel one studiogalalli dhwanimudritawaada "sweeton mye kaafhi" yondige avaru tamma modala hitt annu hondiddaru mattu bunny leegaagi dhwanimudrana maadidaru, lea 1977ralli bidugadeyaada tamma modala album "satta aun priyoy zaa" annu nirmisidaru. avaru 1970rahra dashakada koneyalli bertram braunra freedam sounds labelgaagi dhwanimudrana maadidaru. 1984ralli aata "settle phaar mii", "modelling gurl" seridante halavaaru hitgalannu hondiddaru mattu adhe mattondu album bidugadeyaayitu, micheal pamar avarondige ondu vibhajita "shodown". patrick aandiyondige mattondu vibhajita album, 1985ralli "settlement" aalbamnondige bidugadeyaayitu. 1986ralli trojan records, keeth vignal nirmisida hindina dhwanimudranagala sangrahavannu "dhii best off franky johns valume one" endu bidugade maaditu. johns avaru prince jaami mattu georg fong avarigaagi dhwanimudrana maadidaru. eradaneyadu tanna 1986 rahra album "old fire stick" annu nirmisitu. 1986ralli bidugadeyaada mattondu vibhajita album, pyaad anthony sett annu "narakadalli nrutya" sett annu vibhajisitu, adara mele gayakaru mulagala radiksninda bembalitaraagiddaru.

franky johns (reggy gaayika) jaa franky johns ennum ariyappedunna franky johns 1970 kaludeyum 1980 kaludeyum avasaanathe recordingukalkku peruketta oru jamaikkan reggy gaayakanaan. jeevacharitram. kingstanile greenwich phaam eriyayilaanu johns janichathu. 1970 kalude avasaanathil chaanal vann studiyoyil record cheytha "sweettan mye coffey" enna chithratthiloode addeham thante aadya hitt nedi, koodaathe 1977 ll purathirangiya thante aadya aalbam "sathaa aan prashamsa jaa" nirmmicha liie, bunny leeykkaayi record cheythu. 1970 kalude avasaanathil bertram brouninte freedam sounds labelinaayi addeham record cheythu. 1984ll "settil phoor mii", "modeling gayle" ennivayulppede niravadhi hittukal addehathinu labhichu, athe mattoru aalbam puratthirangi, maikkal pamarumaayulla oru vibhajana "shodaun". patrick aandiykkoppam mattoru splitt aalbam 1985-ll "settilment" aalbathodoppam puratthirangi. 1986-ll trojan records "bestt oof franky johns vooliyam vann" enna peril keeth vignal nirmmicha muun recordingukalude oru shekharam puratthirakki. prins jaami, jorjju fang ennivarkkuvendiyum johns record cheythu. randaamathethu 1986 ll thante aalbam "ooldu fayar stikku" nirmmichu. 1986ll purathirangiya mattoru splitt aalbam, paadu anthoniyumaayi vibhajicha "hell inn dhaa dance" settu, athil gayakarkk verukalude radics pinthuna nalki.

franky johns (rege gayika) franky johns, jyanna jaah franky johns mhanoonahi olakhale jaate, heey jamaikan rege gayak aahet, jeey 1970 aanee 1980 chya dashakachya uttaradhatil tyanchya dhvanimudranansathi olakhale jaatat. charitra. johnscha janm kingstenchya greenwich pharm bhagat jhaala. 1970 chya dashakachya uttaradhat channell vann studiomadhye dhwanimudrit 'sweeton maay coffey' haah tyacha pahila yashasvi chitrapat hota aanee 1977 madhye pradarshit jhalelya 'satta aine stutee jaah' yaa tyachya pahilya sangrahasathi nirmiti nirmiti 'lii' yaa bunny lii 'sathee dhwanimudrit keela. 1970 chya dashakachya uttaradhat tyane bertram braunchya friedam sounds lebalsathi dhvanimudranhi kele. 1984 madhye 'settle phaur mea', 'modelling gerl' yasah tyache anek yashasvi chitrapat jhaale aanee tyach velee maykal palmarsobatcha 'shodaun' haah dusra album pradarshit jhaala. patrick andis aanakhi eka vibhajit album, 1985 madhye 'settlement' yaa albums pradarshit jhaala. 1986 madhye trojan recordsney 'daad best auph franky johns khand eka' mhanoon purvichya keath wignoll nirmit dhvanimudranancha sangrah prakashit keela. prince jammy aanee george fang yanchyasathihi jonsane dhwanimudran kele. nantarchya vyaktine tyacha 1986 chaa album 'old phayar stick' tayar keela. 1986 madhye aanakhi eka vibhajit album pradarshit jhaala, 'hail inn daad dance' haah padd anthonys vibhagala gela, jyavar gayakanna mool moolanni aadhar deela hota.

franky johns (rege gayak) franky johns, jaslai zah franky johns pani bhaninchha, ek jamaikan rege gayak hun jo 1970 rar 1980 ko dashakko uttarardhako recordingka lagi parichit chhan. jiwani. jonsko janma kingstonko greenwich farm kshetrama bhaeko thiyo. sann 1970 ko dashakko uttarardhama unle channel wann studioma record garieko "sweeten mai kafi" sanga pahilo heat gareka thie, rar banni lika lagi pani record gareka thie, lile afno pahilo album "satta enn prashansa zah" nirman gare, june sann 1977 maa rilij bhayo. unle 1970 ko dashakko uttarardhama bertram braunako friedom sound lebelka lagi pani record gare. sann 1984 maa unle "settle ferr mea", "modeling gearl" sahit dherai hitharu gare, rar uhi arko album jaari gariyo, micheal palmersanga vibhajit "shodauna". arko vibhajit album, patrick endisanga, sann 1985 maa album "settlement" sanga jaari garieko thiyo. sann 1986 maa trojan recordharule pahileka keith wignal-nirmit recordingharuko sangraha "da best aff franky johns bholyum wann" ko rupma jaari gare. jonsle rajkumar jimmy rar george fangka lagi pani record gare. pachhillole afno 1986 album "old fire stick" nirman gare. arko vibhajit album sann 1986 maa rilij bhaeko thiyo, "hayle inn da dance" sett pyad enthonisanga vibhajit bhayo, jasma gayakharulai jara mulwadiharule samarthan gareka thie.

phranki johnes (reggy gajaka) phranki johnes, jaahaa zaa phranki johnes bhabare madhya janashuna, jane jamaikan reggy gajaka jie 1970 ebong 1980 dashkar seshabhagara recording paain janashuna . jeebani. johnes kingstanara greenwich farm anchalare janmagrahana karithile. 1970 dashkar shesh bhagare shay tankara pratham heat 'suitten maai kaphi' ray karithile, jaahaa channell waan studiore record karajaithila, ebong bunny lea paain madhya record karajaithila, lea tankara pratham album "satta aan precliaces jaaha" nirmana karithile, jaahaa 1977 ray muktilabha karithila. shay 1970 dashkar shesh bhagare bertram braunnka friedom sounds lebel paain madhya record karithile . 1984 masihare tankara aneka heat thila, jeunthire "settle phara mea", "madeling gearl", ebong sehi anya eka album muktilabha karithila, jaahaa michael palmarnka saha eka bibhajita "shodauna" thila. patrick aandinka saha aau eka split album, album "settlement" sahita 1985 ray muktilabha karithila . 1986 masihare trojan records purbabarti keith wignal-nirmita rekardingudikara eka sangraha "phranki jonsanka sarbashrestha bhalium 1" bhabare prakash karithila. prince jaami ebong george phanganka paain madhya johnes record karithile. parabarteeti tankara 1986 album "old fire stick" nirmana karithila . 1986 masihare aau eka bibhajita album muktilabha karithila, "hayle inn daa dances" padd anthony sahita bibhajita hoithila, jeunthire gajakamane moola radics dwara samarthita thile .

franky jonas (rege gaeek) franky jonas, jiss noon jaah franky jonas vee kiha jaanda haii, ikk jamaekan rege gaeek haii joe 1970 atey 1980 dey dahake dey akheer witch aapniaan recordingan laee janhiaa jaanda haii. jeevani. jonas daa janam kingsten dey greenwich farm khetar witch hoiaa see. unhan neey 1970 dey dahake dey akheer witch channel vann studios witch ricard keeti gaee "mitthi merrie kaufi" naal aapni pahili hitt keeti see, atey 1977 witch rileez hoee aapni pahili album "satta ainn parshansa jaah" daa nirman karde hoye, lee neey bnni lee laee vee ricard keeta see. unhan neey 1970 dey dahake dey akheer witch bertram baraoon dey friedom sounds label laee vee ricard keeta see. sann 1984 witch uhanan deeaan kaee hitt filman sunn jinhan witch "settle phaar mee", "modeling garal" atey uhee ikk horr album rileez keeti gaee see, joe michael pammer naal ikk vandee hoee "shoadown" see. patrick aindi naal ikk horr vandee album, 1985 witch album "settlement" dey naal jaari keeti gaee see. 1986 witch trojan records neey pahilan dee cath vignal duaara nirmit recordingan daa sangrah "franky johns valiam vann daa sarbottam" vajon jaari keeta. jonas neey prince jaimi atey jaaraj faing laee vee ricard keeta. baad vaale neey aapni 1986 dee album "old fire stick" daa nirman keeta. ikk horr vandee album 1986 witch jaari keeti gaee see, "narak witch dance" sett paed ainthani naal vandiaa giaa see, jiss utte gaikan noon jadahn dey moolvadiaan duaara samarthan ditta giaa see.

franky johns (rege gaayakah) franky johns, yaa franky johns iti namna api prasidhah, ekaha jamaikan rege gaayakah asti yah 1970 tathaa 1980 dashakayoho ante dhvanimudranaartham prasidhah asti. jeevanacharitram. johns ityasya janma kingston-nagarasya greenvich-krushikshetre abhavat. 1970 tame dashake "sweeten mai kaafee" iti namna tasya prathamam hitt-geetam, chaanal-vann-studios-madhye dhvanimudritam, tathaa cha banni-lee-krute dhwanimudritam, lee-ityanena 1977 tame varshe prakashitasya "sattaa-enn-prashamsaapatram" iti swasya prathama-aalbam-ityasya nirmaanam, 1970 tame dashake saha bertram-braun-ityasya freedam-sounds-label-krute api dhwanimudranam krutavaan. 1984 tame varshe tasya "sett-farr-mii", "madeling-gearl" ityadini anekaani hitt-geetaani aasan, tathaa cha anyat aalbam api prakaashitam, yat mckell palmer ityanena saha "shodaun" iti vibhaajitam aasit. 1985 tame varshe "settlement" iti aalbam ityanena saha, petrick endee ityanena saha anyat split aalbam api pradarshitam. 1986 tame varshe trojan-abhilekhanam poorvakaalasy keeth-vignaal-nirmitanam dhvanimudrananam sangraham "da best aaf franky-johns vaalyoom-vann" iti rupena prakaashitam. johns ityeshah prince-jemee, jaarj-faang ityetayoho krute api dhwanimudranam krutavaan. uttararddhah 1986 tame varshe swasya "old-fair-stick" iti aalbam nirmaati. 1986 tame varshe anyat vibhaajitam aalbam prakaashitam, "hell inn da dyaans" iti pedd-enthonee ityanena vibhaajitam, yasmin gaayakaah mool-moolaih samarthitaah aasan.

franky johns (reke paadagar) jaa franki johns endrum azhaikkappadum franki johns, 1970 mattrum 1980 kalin pirpaguthiyil thanathu pathivukalukkaaga nanku ariyapatta oru jamaika reke paadagar aavaar. vaazhkkai varalaaru. kingsten greenvich pannaip paguthiyil johns piranthaar. 1970 kalin pirpaguthiyil saenal onn studiyoakkalil pathivu seiyappatta "sweeton maii kaapi" endra padaththin moolam avar thanathu muthal vetrtriyaip pettraar, maelum panni leekkaagavum pathivu seithaar, liie thanathu muthal aalbamaana "satha uunn blocks jaa" aith thayaaritthaar, idhu 1977 ill veliyidappattathu. 1970 kalin pirpaguthiyil pertram pravun sudhanthira olii muththiraipullikkum avar pathivu seithaar. 1984 aam aandil avar "settil phaar mee", "modeling kaerl" ullitta pala vetrtrikalaip pettraar, athae mattroru aalbam veliyidappattathu, michael paamarudan oru pilavu "moathal". mattroru pilavu aalbam, paetrik aandiyudan, 1985 ill "settlement" aalpaththudan veliyidappattathu. 1986 aam aandil trojan records munththaiya keeth vignaul thayaariththa pathivukalin thoguppai "thii best off franky johns valume onn" endru veliyittathu. ilavarasar jaami mattrum jaarj baung aakiyoarukkaakavum johns pathivu seithaar. pinthaiyavar thanathu 1986 aalbamaana "oolt fayer stick" aii thayaaritthaar. mattroru pilavu aalbam 1986 ill veliyidappattathu, "naragaththil nadanam" thoguppu paet antaniyudan pirinthathu, athil paatakarkal vaerkal raedikkugalaal aatharikkappattanar.

franky johns (rege gayakudu) zaa franky johns anie kooda piluvabade franky johns, 1970la chivara mariyu 1980la recordinglaku prasiddhi chendina jamaikan rege gayakudu. jeevita charitra. kingstenloni greenwitch vyavasaya praantamloo johns janminchaadu. 1970la chivaralo chaanal vann studiolalo record cheyabadina "sweeten mye coffey" thoo ayana thana modati vijayanni saadhinchaaru, mariyu mariyu vidudalaina thana toli album "sattaa yaan prasamsa zaa" nuu nirminchina lii, bunny lii kosam kooda record chesaaru. 1970la chivaralo bertram braun yokka friedam sounds label kosam kooda record chesaaru. chesaaru ayana "settle pharr mii", "modeling gurl" vanti aneka vijayavantamaina albumlanu andukunnaru, adhe maroka album maikhel paamartho vidipoyina "shodown" gaa vidudalaindi. patrick aanditoe kuudina maroka split album, "settlement" aalbamto paatu paatu vidudalaindi. nirminchaadu trojan recordulu munupati keeth vignal nirminchina recordingla sekarananu "dhi best off franky johns valume vann" gaa vidudala chesaayi. prins jaamee mariyu georg fong kosam kooda johns record chesaaru. taruvaati thana 1986 album "old fair stick" nuu nirminchaadu. nirminchaadu maroka split album vidudalaindi, "dhi hell inn dhi dance" sett pyaad anthonytho vibhajinchabadindi, daanipai gayakulaku muulaala radics maddatu icchaaru.

frenki jonaz (reegi gulukaar) frenki jonz jasay jehaan frenki jonaz kay naam say bhee jaana jaataa hay eek jamika kay reegi gulukaar haine juu 1970 aur 1980 kii dahayi kay aakhir mein apnee recording kay liye mashhur haine. sawanah umri. jonaz kingsten kay grain wach faarm kay elaqay mein paida hoay thay. inhon nay 1970 kii dahayi kay aakhir mein "meethi meeri kaafi" kay saath apnee pehli hutt film banayi juu chinal winn studios mein record kii gayee aur bunny lee kay liye bhee record kii gayee lee nay apnaa pehla album "sattaa aine spolace jaah" tayaar kiyaa juu 1977 mein release hawaa. inhon nay 1970 kii dahayi kay aakhir mein bertrum brown kay fredam sounds leebal kay liye bhee record kiyaa. 1984 mein inn kii kayee hutt filmein thein jinn mein "settle faar mee"yee "modeling garal"yee aur wahee eek aur album release hawaa michael palmer kay saath eek taqsim shadah "show ddaun". patrick aindi kay saath eek aur alg alg album album "settlement" kay saath 1985 mein release hawaa. 1986 mein trojan records nay pehley keeth waganal kii tayaar kardah recording kaa majmuah "frenki jonaz kay pehley hajm kaa behtareen" kay toor parr jaari kiyaa. jonaz nay prince jaimi aur jaarj feng kay liye bhee record kiyaa. moakhar alzikar nay apnaa 1986 kaa album "old fayer stick" tayaar kiyaa. eek aur taqsim shadah album 1986 mein release hawaa "hail inn dee ddaans" seet peed anthoni kay saath taqsim hawaa jiss parr gulukaron kuu jadoon kay redex kii himayat haasil thee.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=864453

Jenny Offill

Jenny Offill American writer and editor Jenny Offill (born 1968) is an American novelist and editor. Her novel "Dept. of Speculation" was named one of "The 10 Best Books of 2014" by "The New York Times Book Review". Early life. Jenny Offill is the only child of two private-school English teachers. She spent her childhood years in various American states, including Massachusetts, California, Indiana, and North Carolina, where she attended high school and received a BA degree from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and later, at Stanford University, was a Stegner Fellow in Fiction. After graduating, she worked a number of odd jobs: waitress, bartender, caterer, cashier, medical transcriber, fact-checker, and ghost-writer. "I went to UNC-Chapel Hill as an undergraduate and I studied with Doris Betts, Jill McCorkle and Robert Kirkpatrick among others. All three were great mentors to me as a young writer. Later, I got a Stegner Fellowship at Stanford. My big influence there was Gilbert Sorrentino..."<br>—Jenny Offill, to Ellen Birkett Morris Career. Writing. Offill's first novel, "Last Things", was published in 1999 by Farrar, Straus and Giroux and in the UK by Bloomsbury. It was a "New York Times" Notable book and a finalist for the "L.A Times" First Book Award. Offill's second novel, "Dept. of Speculation", was published in January 2014 and was named one of the 10 Best Books of 2014 by the "New York Times" Book Review. "Dept. of Speculation" has been shortlisted for the Folio Prize in the UK, the Pen/Faulkner Award and the "L.A. Times" Fiction Award. In 2016 Offill was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship. Her work has appeared in the "Paris Review". She is also the co-editor with Elissa Schappell of two anthologies of essays and the author of several children's books. Offill's short fiction has appeared in Electric Literature and Significant Objects. "I have always liked compressed and fragmentary forms. I trace it back to my mind being blown by John Berryman when I was nineteen."<br>—Jenny Offill, about "Dept. of Speculation" Her third novel, "Weather", was shortlisted for the 2020 Women's Prize for Fiction, and in December 2020, Emily Temple of Literary Hub reported that the novel had made 13 lists of the best books of 2020. Teaching. Offill has taught in the MFA programs at Brooklyn College, Syracuse University, Columbia University and Queens University of Charlotte. She served as Visiting Writer at Syracuse University and Sarah Lawrence College, and as Writer-in-Residence at Vassar College and Pratt University. She is currently the Writer-in-Residence at Bard College in Annandale-on-Hudson, NY. Personal life. In 2008, Offill, 39, a writer and creative writing teacher at Brooklyn College and Columbia University, and her partner, David Hirme, 37, a Web director for Channel 13, a public television station, lived in Brooklyn with their child, Theo, 3. Offill lives in the Hudson Valley. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

jeni ofil jeni ofil (jonmo 1968) ejon aamerikan ouponyaxik aaru xompadok. teur uponyax "bibhag". nework times book ribhiu"-ror dwara "2014 sonor 10khon shrestho kitap"-ror bhitorot etaa buli namakoron koraa hoisil. prarombhik jiwan. jeni ofil dujon byoktigoto bidyaloyor ingraji xikhyokor ekmatro xontan. teu xoixowor bosorbur bibhinno aamerikan rajyot otibahito korisil, zo 'too mesasusets, california, indiana aaru northo kerulina ontorbhukto aasil, zo' too teu haiskulot porhisil aaru sepol hilor northo kerulina biswobidyaloyor poraa bi. e. degree laabh korisil, aaru pisot, stanford biswobidyaloyot, kolpokahinir egoraki stagner felu aasil. snatok huwar pisot, teu keibatau odbhut sakori korisiloh weitres, bartender, ketarar, kesiyar, medical trenscriber, fakto-sekar, aaru bhut-lekhok. "moi snatok hisape aan-sepol paharoloi goisilu aaru moi doris bates, jil mccarkel aaru robert kirkopetrikor xoite odhyoyon korisilu. tiniujon juwo lekhok hisape mur baabe mohan poramorxodata aasil. pisot, moi stanfordot stagner feloswip paisilu. taat mur dangor probhab aasil gilbert cho "rentinu..."<bro>-jeni ofil, elen birket murisoloi keriyar. likhok. ofilor prothom uponyax, "lust thingso", 1999 sonot farar, strus aaru giruxe aaru eu. key.-too blomsbariye prokax korisil. eikhon "nework times" naamor ek ullekhjugyo grontho aasil aaru "el" ror suranto porzayor grontho aasil.e times "prothom kitap botaa. ofilor dwitiyo uponyax "dipt". onumanor ", 2014 sonor januaryt prokaxito hoisil aaru" nework times "gronthor porzaluchonar dwara 2014 sonor 10khon shrestho gronthor bhitorot ekhon hisape naam ghuxona koraa hoisil. "bibhag. off practution" koo eu. key.-too fulio "botaa, penn/fakonar botaa aaru" el "ror baabe basoni koraa hoise.e. times "kolpokahini botaa. 2016 sonot offilok guggenheim feloswip prodan koraa hoisil. teur kaam "peris ribhiu" too dekha goise. teu elixa swapelor xoite dutaa probondho xongkolonor xoho-xompadok aaru keibatau xixur kitapor lekhika. ofilor suti kolpokahini boidyutik xahityo aaru guruttopurno bostuxomuhot dekha goise. "moi xoday xongkusito aaru khondito rupbur bhaal paisilu. moi unix bosor boyoxot john berimene mur monot prokax korar kotha gom paisu."<bro>-jeni ofil, pray" bibhag. onumanor " teur tritiyokhon uponyax "wedar" 2020 sonor mohila xahityo botar baabe basoni koraa hoisil, aaru 2020 sonor disembor maahot emili temple owo litery haab-e prokax korisil je uponyaxkhone 2020 sonor shrestho kitapxomuhor 13 khon talika prostut korisil. xikhya. ofile brooklin kolej, sirakuj biswobidyaloy, kolombiya biswobidyaloy aaru charlotor quins biswobidyaloyot em. ef. e. karzoxusit xikhyokota korise. teu sirakuj biswobidyaloy aaru sarah lo "rains collegeot bhromonkari lekhok hisape aaru bhasar kolej aaru praat biswobidyaloyot lekhok-inn-residence hisape xewa aagborhaisil. teu bortoman niu iyorkor eno. eno. aai.-ror annandel-ono-hudsonor bird collegeot lekhok-inn-residence. byoktigoto jiwan. 2008 sonot, ofil, 39, brooklin kolej aaru kolombiya biswobidyaloyor egoraki lekhok aaru sristixil likhon xikhyok, aaru teur ongxidar, david hirme, 37, etaa rajohuwa television steson, senel 13-ror web director, teulukor xontan, thiu, 3-ror xoite brooklinot baax korisil. ofile hudson upotyokat baax kore.

zennie offil zennie offil (jonmo 1968) ekjon markin ouponyasik ebong sompadok. taanr uponyas "department". neu eork times boi porjalochona dwara "2014 saaler sera 10tii boiyer" modhye ekti "off spekashana"-err naam deoa hoyechilo. prathomik jeebon. zennie offil dui besarkari bidyalayer ingrezi shikkhoker ekmatro santan. tini massachusets, california, indiana ebong north carolina soho bivinno markin rajye taanr shaishab atibahito corren, jekhane tini uchcho bidyalaye padashona corren ebong chappel hiler north carolina vishwavidyalaya theke baa degree orjon corren ebong porey, stanford bishwobidyaloye, kolpokahinir ekjon stegner fello chhilen. snatok howar porr, tini besh koyekti adbhuto kaaj korechilenoh oyetresa, bartender, catterer, cashier, medicale transcriber, fact-checker ebong bhuto-lekhok. "aami snatok hisabe aana-chappel pahade giechilam ebong onnoder modhye dorris bates, zill mccurkell ebong robbert kirkpatriker saathe padashona korechi. tinjonyi ekjon torun lekhok hisebe amar kachhe mohan poramorshodata chhilen. porey, aami stanforde stegner fellowship peyechilam. sekhane amar borh prabhab chhilo gilbert sorentino..."<br>-zennie offil, elen barket moriser kachhe karmajiban. lekha. offiler prothom uponyas, "lust things", 1999 saale farrer, strus ebong girox ebong juktorajye blomsbury dwara prokashito hoyechilo. etty ekti "neu eork times" ullekhjoggo boi ebong "ell"-err chudanta protijogi chhilo.ayee times first book award. offiler dwitiya uponyas, "department. 2014 saaler januaryte 'off spekashana' prokashito hoy ebong 'neu eork times' boi porjalochonai 2014 saaler sera 10tii boiyer modhye ekti hisebe manoneet hoy. "bibhag. juktorajye folio puraskar, peena/fakalkar puraskar ebong "ell"-err jonno "off spekashana"-err sangkhipto talika toiri koraa hoyeche.ayee. times fiction puraskar. 2016 saale offilke ekti guggenheim fellowship pradan koraa hoy. taar kaaj "parris review"-ayee prokashito hoyeche. tini elissa scappeler saathe duti probondher sangkalan ebong besh koyekti shishuder boiyer lekhok. offiler chhotogolpo boidyutik sahitya ebong ullekhjoggo bostute prokashito hoyeche. "aami sabsamoy sangkuchito ebong khandito roop pochondo corry. aami jokhon unish bochor vayasi tokhon john berrymaner dwara udiye deoa amar money etty firey khunje paai."<br>-zennie offil, somporke" bibhag. anuman " taanr tritiya uponyas, "oyedar", 2020 saaler mohila puroskarer jonno sangkhipto talikabhukto hoyechilo ebong 2020 saaler decembere, emily temple off literature haab janiyeche jey uponyasti 2020 saaler sera boigulir 13 tii talika toiri koreche. shikkha. offil brooklin college, sirakuz vishwavidyalaya, kalambia vishwavidyalaya ebong charloter quins bishwobidyaloye mfa programe poriyechen. tini sirakus vishwavidyalaya ebong sarah laurence college atithi lekhok hisabe ebong vasar college oo prata bishwobidyaloye lekhok-inn-residence hisabe kaaj korechilen. bortomane tini newyorker anandel-ono-hudsoner bard college lekhok-inn-residence. byaktigato jeebon. 2008 saale, brooklin college ebong kalambia bishwobidyaloyer ekjon lekhok ebong srijanshil lekhar shikkhok offil, 39, ebong taar angshidar, david hirme, 37, ekti public television steshana, channel 13-err web director, taader santan, theo, 3-err saathe brookline thakten. offil hudson upottokai baas korey.

jenee ophil jenee ophil (janm 1968) aek american navalkathaakaar aneey sampaadak chhe. temnee navalkathaa "vibhag". dhaa newyork times book review' dwara 'anumaan' neey '2014naa 10 shreshth pustakomaanu aek' naam aapvama aavyu hatoo. praarambhik jeevan. jenee ophil beey khangi shaalaana angreji shikshakona ekmatra santaan chhe. temane temnaa baadpanna varsho mesatusates, california, indiana aneey north kerolina saheet viveedh american rajyoma vitaavyaa, jyaan temane uchch shaalaama abhyaas karyo aneey chappel hill khaate university off north kerolinamathi bii. aee. nee degree melvee, aneey baadmaa, stanford universityma, teo saheetyma stagner phelo hataa. snaatak thayaa pachhi, temane ghanee vichitra nokareeo kareeh waitress, bartender, catterer, cashier, medical transcriber, phekta-checker aneey bhoot-lekhak. "huun snaatak tareeke unn-chappel heelmaan gayo hato aneey meyn doris bates, jill mccorkle aneey roobert kirkpetrick saathe abhyaas karyo hato. aek yuvan lekhak tareeke traney maaraa maate mahaan maargdarshak hataa. pachhithi, maney stanford khaate stagner fellowship malee. tyaan maaro moto prabhaav gilbert sorentino hato...""-jenee ophil, elen birket morrisne karkirdi. lakhata. offilni pratham navalkathaa, "laast things", 1999maan farar, strouse aneey girox dwara aneey yukemaa blomsbury dwara prakashit karvaamaa aavee hatee. teey "newyork times" noon nondhpaatra pustak hatoo aneey "aela" maate anteem vijeta hatoo.aee times first book award. offilni beejee navalkathaa, "vibhag". off sattabaji' january 2014maan prakashit thaee hatee aneey 'newyork times' pustak samiksha dwara tene 2014naa 10 shreshth pustakomaanu aek jaaher karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. "vibhag. yukemaa folio puraskar, payne/folkner puraskar aneey "aela" maate "off sattabaji" nee pasandagi karvaamaa aavee chhe.aee. times "kaalpaneek puraskar. 2016maan offilne guggenheim fellowship enayat karvaamaa aavee hatee. temnu kaama "paris samiksha" maan dekhaayu chhe. teo elissa sheppel saathe nibandhonaa beey sangrahnaa saha-sampaadak pann chhe aneey baadakona ghanaa pustakonaa lekhak pann chhe. offilni tunkee kathaa vidhyut saahitya aneey nondhpaatra vastuoma jovaa malee chhe. "maney hammesha sankuchit aneey khandit swarupo game chhe. jyaare huun oganees varshno hato tyaare john barryman dwara udadvama aavtaa maaraa manmaa teey paachhu dekhaay chhe."<br>-jenee ophil, vibhag vishe. atkalo " temnee triji navalkathaa, "vedhar" neey 2020naa maheela saahitya puraskar maate pasand karvaamaa aavee hatee, aneey december 2020maan, emili temple off literary habae ahewal aapyo hato keey navalkathaae 2020naa shreshth pustakoni 13 yaadee banaavi hatee. shikshan. ophile brooklin college, syracuse university, kolambiya university aneey quins university off charlot khaate aema. aef. aee. karykramoma bhanaavyu chhe. temane syracuse university aneey sarah laurence collegemaa mulakati lekhak tareeke aneey vassaar college aneey praat universityma lekhak-nivas tareeke sevaa aapee hatee. teo haalmaa envaaynaa anandel-ona-hadsanma baard collegemaa lekhak-nivas chhe. angat jeevan. 2008maan, brooklin college aneey kolambiya universityma lekhak aneey sarjanatmak lekhan shikshak 39 varsheey ophil aneey temnaa saathee, 37 varsheey david hirme, jeey aek jaaher television station chenal 13naa web director chhe, brooklinma temnaa baadak theo, 3 saathe raheta hataa. ophil hudson kheenma rahe chhe.

jannie offil jannie offil (janm 1968) ack americi upanyaskar aur sampaadak hain. unakaa upanyaas "vibhaag. newyork times kii pustak sameeksha dwara "2014 kii 10 sarvshreshth pustakon" mein seey ack kaa naam diyaa gayaa thaa. praarambhik jeevan. jannie offil dou niji-school angreji shikshakon kii ekmatra santan hain. unhone apane bachpan key varshon koo massachusets, california, indiana aur north carolina sahit vibhinn americi raajyon mein bitaaya, jahan unhone hyee school mein bhaag liya aur chappel hill mein north carolina vishvavidyalaya seey bee. aeye. kii degree praapt kii, aur baad mein, steinford vishvavidyalaya mein, way kathaa mein ack stagner fellow theen. snaatak honey key baad, unhone kaee visham naukariyon mein kaam kiyaah vetress, bartender, catterer, cashier, medical transcriber, fact-checker aur bhoot-lekhak. "main ack snaatak key roop mein unn-chappel pahaadi parr gayaa aur maine doris bett, jill mccorkle aur robbert kirkpatrick key saath adhyayan kiya. ack yuva lekhak key roop mein yeye teenon merey liye mahaan maargdarshak they. baad mein, mujhe steinford mein stagner fellowship millie. vahaan meraa badaa prabhaav gilbert sorentino thaa..."<br>-jannie offil, ellen birket morris key liye carrier. likhana. offil kaa pahala upanyaas, "last things", 1999 mein farar, stross aur girox dwara aur yuke mein blomsbury dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh ack "newyork times" ullekhaniya pustak thee aur "ell" key liye ack antim thee.aeye times "first book award. offil kaa doosara upanyaas, "vibhaag. off sattebaji", janwari 2014 mein prakaashit hui thee aur "newyork times" pustak sameeksha dwara 2014 kii 10 sarvshreshth pustakon mein seey ack kaa naam diyaa gayaa thaa. "vibhaag. britten mein folio puraskar, paine/fockner puraskar aur "ell" key liye "off sattebaji" koo chunaa gayaa haye.aeye. times "fiction award. 2016 mein offil koo ack guggenheim fellowship seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. unakaa kaam "peris sameeksha" mein dikhaai diyaa haye. vaha elissa scappel key saath dou nibandhon key sanklanon kii saha-sampaadak aur kaee bachchon kii pustakon kii lekhika bhee hain. offil kii laghu kathaa vidyut saahitya aur mahatvapurna vastuon mein dikhaai dee haye. "mujhe hamesha sampeedit aur khandit roop pasand rahey hain. jaba main unnis saal kaa thaa taba johnn berryman ney mujhe udaa diyaa thaa."<br>-jannie offil, vibhaag key baare mein. atkalen " unakaa teesara upanyaas, "vedar", 2020 key mahila puraskar key liye chunaa gayaa thaa, aur disambar 2020 mein, emily temple off literature hubb ney bataaya kii upanyaas ney 2020 kii sarvshreshth pustakon kii 13 soochiyaan banaai theen. shikshan. offil ney brooklin college, syracuse vishvavidyalaya, kolambiya vishvavidyalaya aur charlot key queens vishvavidyalaya mein aim. aff. aeye. karyakramon mein padhaaya haye. unhone syracuse vishvavidyalaya aur sarah laurence college mein atithi lekhak key roop mein aur wasser college aur praat vishvavidyalaya mein lekhak-nivaas key roop mein kaary kiya. vaha vartamaan mein aine. vaaee. key aine. aine. dee. ell.-onn-hudson mein bard college mein lekhika-nivaas hain. vyaktigat jeevan. 2008 mein, brooklin college aur kolambiya vishvavidyalaya mein ack lekhak aur rachanaatmak lekhan shikshak, 39 varsheeya offil aur unake saathi, david hirme, 37, ack saarvajanik television station, channel 13 key liye ack web nideshak, brooklin mein apane bachche, theo, 3 key saath rahate they. offil hudson ghaati mein rahata haye.

jennie offil jennie offil (janana 1968) obba american kadambarikara mattu sampaadaka. avara kadambari "department. newyork timesna pustaka vimarseyu "2014rahra 10 atyuttama pustakagalalli" ondendu uhapohagalannu hesariside. arambhika jeevana. jennie offil ibbaru khasagi-shaala inglish sikshakara ekaika maguvagiddare. aake tamma baalyada varshagalannu mastusets, california, indiana mattu uttara kerolina seridante vividha american rajyagalli kaledaru, allie avaru proudhashaaleyalli vyasanga maadidaru mattu chappel hilnalliruva uttara kerolina vishvavidyaalayadinda bii. aa padaviyannu padedaru, mattu nantara, stanford vishvavidyaalayadalli, kaadambariyalli stegner phelo aagiddaru. padavi padeda nantara, aake halavaaru vichitra udyogagalalli kelasa maadidaruh parichaaraki, panagruhada parichaaraki, aahara puraikedaara, cashier, vaidyakeeya transcriber, fact-checker mattu preta-barahagara. "naanu padavipurva vidyarthiyagi ann-chappel bettakke hogidde mattu naanu doris bets, jill mccarcle mattu robbert kirkpatrick avarondige adhyayana maadiddene. ee moovaroo yuva barahagararagi nanage uttama margadarshakaragiddaru. nantara, naanu stanfordnalli stegner phelowship annu padedukonde. gilbert sorentino allie nanna dodda prabhaavavannu hondiddaru..."-jennie offil, ellen birket maarisge vrattijeevana. bareyuttaare. offil avara modala kadambari, "laust things" annu 1999 ralli farar, strass mattu giroux mattu yukeyalli bloomsbury prakatisidaru. idu "newyork times" naa gamanarha pustakavagittu mattu "ell" naa antima hantadallittu.aa timesna modala pustaka prashasti. offil avara eradane kadambari, "department. off speculation", 2014rahra janavariyalli prakatavaayitu mattu "newyork times" pustaka vimarsheyinda 2014rahra 10 atyuttama pustakagalalli ondendu hesarisalpattitu. "ilakhe. yukeyalli folio prashasti, penn/falkner prashasti mattu "ell" ge "uhapoha" vannu shortlist maadalaagide.aa. times fiction prashasti. 2016ralli aafilge guggenheim phelowship nidalaayitu. aakeya kelasavu "paris vimarshe" yalli kanisikondide. avaru elissa scappel avarondige eradu prabandhagala sankalanagala saha-sampadakaragiddare mattu halavaaru makkala pustakagala lekhakaraagiddaare. offil avara sanna kaadambarigalu vidyut sahitya mattu pramukha vastugalalli kanisikondive. "naanu yavagalu sankuchita mattu vibhajita roopagalannu ishtapaduttene. naanu hattombattane vayassinalli zaan berriymanninda uudalpatta nanna manassinalli adannu naanu pattehachchuttene."<br>-jennie offil, department bagge. uhapohagalu " avara moorane kadambari, "vether" annu 2020 rahra mahila kadambari prashastige ayke maadalaayitu, mattu 2020 rahra decembernalli, emily tempel off literary hub ee kadambariyu 2020 rahra atyuttama pustakagala 13 pattigalannu maadide endu varadi maadide. bodhane. offil avaru brooklin kaaleju, syracuse vishvavidyaalaya, columbia vishvavidyaalaya mattu queens university off charlottegalalli emm. eff. aa. karyakramagalalli kalisiddaare. avaru syracuse vishvavidyaalaya mattu saaraa laurence colleginalli sandarshaka barahagararagi mattu vassar kaaleju mattu prut vishvavidyaalayadalli barahagararagi seve sallisidaru. avaru prastuta newyork naa annandale-aun-hadsannalliruva barred colleginalli barahagarara nivasavagiddare. vaiyaktika jeevana. 2008ralli, brooklin kaaleju mattu columbia vishvavidyaalayadalli barahagara mattu srujanasheela baravanigeya shikshakiyaagidda 39 varshada offil mattu saarvajanika duradarshana kendravaada channel 13rahra web nirdeshakaraagidda aakeya paludara, 37 varshada david hirm, tamma 3 varshada maga theo jote brooklinnalli vaasisuttiddaru. offil hudson kaniveyalli vaasisuttaane.

jenni oofil oru american novelistum edittarumaanu jenni oofil (jananam 1968). avalude noval "department". newyork times book review "2014 leeii mikacha 10 pusthakangalil" onnaayi "oohaapohangal" thiranjedukkappettu. aadyakaala jeevitam. rund swakaarya school engleesh adhyaapakarude eaka makalaanu jenni oofil. masaachyusets, california, indiana, north carolina ennivayulppede vividha american samsthaanangalil avar kuttikkalam chelavazhichu, avide avar haiskoolil padikkukayum chaappal hillile north carolina sarvakalashaalayil ninnu bii. eiii birudam nedukayum cheythu, pinneedu stanford sarvakalashaalayil ninnu stegner fello aayirunnu. birudam nediya sesham, avar niravadhi vichithra jolikal cheythu veyitras, bartender, kaattarr, cashier, medical transcriber, fact checker, pretha-ezhuthukaaran. "njaan birudadhaariyaayi ann-chaappal hill pooyi, doris betts, jill mccorkle, roobert kirkpatrick ennivarodoppam njaan padichu. oru yuva ezhuthukaaranenna nilayil moovarum enikku mikacha maarganirddeshakaraayirunnu. pinneedu enikku staanfordil ninnu stegner fellowship labhichu. avide ente valia swaadheenam gilbert sorantino aayirunnu..."jenni oofillu, ellen birkkat morisinode currier. ezhuthunnu. oofilinte aadya novalaaya "laast things" 1999ll farrar, stross, girox ennivar prasidheekarikkukayum yukeyil bloomsbury prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. ithu oru "newyork times" sradheyamaaya pusthakavum "ell"-nte finalistumaayirunnu.eiii times phastt book award. oofilinte randaamathe novalaaya "department". 2014 januvariyil prasidheekaricha 'oof spekkeshan', 2014 leeii ettavum mikacha 10 pusthakangalil onnaayi 'newyork times' pusthaka avalokanam thiranjedutthu. "vakupp. yukeyile fooliyoo sammanam, penn/folkner award, "ell" ennivaykkaayi "oof speculation" shortlist cheythittundu.eiii. times fiction award. 2016ll oofilinu oru guggenheim fellowship labhichu. avarude srishtikal "paarees review" yill prathyakshappettittundu. elisa shappalinoppam rund lekhanangalude samaahaarangalude saha-edittarum niravadhi kuttikalude pusthakangalude rachayithaavumaan avar. oofilinte cherukatha vaidyutha saahithyathilum pradhanappetta vasthukkalilum prathyakshappettittundu. "njaan ellaayppozhum compress cheythathum shakalangalaayathumaaya roopangal eshtappedunnu. enikku pathonpathaam vayassil joonn berryman athu oothipparanjathaayi njaan kandethunnu."<br>-jenni oofil, departmentinekku. oohaapohangal " avarude moonnaamathe novalaaya "vethar" 2020 leeii vanita fiction puraskaaratthinaayi shortlist cheyyappettu, 2020 desemberil, emili temple oof litareri hubb eee noval 2020 leeii mikacha pusthakangalude 13 pattikakal thayyarakkiyathaayi report cheythu. padippikkal. brooklin koleju, syracuse yooniversitti, columbia yooniversitti, kweens yooniversitti oof charlot ennividangalile emm. eph. eiii prograamukalil oofil padippichittundu. syracuse sarvakalaashaalayilum saaraa laurence collegilum visitting raittaraayum vassar collegilum pratt sarvakalaashaalayilum raittar-inn-residenza avar sevanamanushtichu. avar nilavil newyorkkile annandaale-oonn-hudsonile bard kolejile raittar-inn-residence aanu. vyakthiparamaaya jeevitam. 2008-ll, brooklin collegileyum columbia sarvakalashaalayileyum ezhuthukaaranum creative raitting adthyaapikayumaaya 39 kaaranaya oofilum avarude pankaliyaaya pothu television steshanaaya chaanal 13-nte web director david hirme (37) avarude makan theo (3) yumayi brooklinil thaamasichu. hudson thaazhvarayilaanu oofil thaamasikkunnath.

jeanny auphil jeanny auphil (janm 1968) heey eka american kadambarikar aanee sampadak aahet. tichi kadambari 'vibhag'. newyork timeschya pustak samikshet 'auph sattebaji' laa '2014chya 10 sarvottam pustakanpaiki' eka mhanoon naav denyat aale. prarambhik jeevan. jeanny auphil heey done khajgi shaletil ingraji shikshakanche ektech apatya aahet. tine tichi balpanatil varshe massatusates, california, indiana aanee north carolinasah vividh american rajyanmadhye ghalavali, jithe tine highschoolmadhye shikshan ghetale aanee chappel hiill yetheel north carolina vidyapithatun bii. aii. chee padvi prapt kelee aanee nantar, stanford vidyapithat, tee kalpanik kathanakachi stegner phelo hotee. padvi ghetalyanantar tine anek vichitra nokya kelyah veterus, bartender, catterer, cashier, medical transcriber, fact-chekar aanee bhoot-lekhak. "mea padvidharak mhanoon unn-chappel hilmadhye gelo aanee mea itaranmadhye dorris bates, jeal mccorkle aanee robbert kirkpatrick yanchyasobat abhyas keela. eka tarun lekhak mhanoon heey tighehi majhyasathi mahan margdarshak hote. nantar, mallah stanford yethe stegner fellowship midali. tithe gilbert sorentinocha motha prabhav hota..."<br>-jeanny auphil, elen birket mauricela karkird. lekhan. offilchi pahili kadambari, 'last things', 1999 madhye farrar, stross aanee girox yanni aanee yukemadhye bloomsbury yanni prakashit kelee. heey 'newyork times' chey ullekhaneey pustak aanee 'ell' sathee antim feriche pustak hote.times first book award. offilchi dusari kadambari, "vibhag". auph sattebaji', janewari 2014 madhye prakashit jhaale aanee 'newyork times' pustak punaravalokanadware 2014 chya 10 sarvottam pustakanpaiki eka mhanoon tyache naav denyat aale. "vibhag. auph sattebaji' chee nivad brittenmadhil folio puraskar, paine/fockner puraskar aanee 'ell' sathee karnyat aalee aahe.aaa. times 'kalpanaramya puraskar. 2016 madhye auphilala guggenheim fellowship denyat aalee. tiche kaam 'parris review' madhye disun aale aahe. tyaa elissa shappelsobat done nibandh sankalananchya saha-sampadak aanee anek mulanchya pustakanchya lekhika dekhil aahet. offilchi laghukatha vidyut sahitya aanee mahattvapoorn vastunmadhye disun aalee aahe. "mallah nehmi sankuchit aanee khandit swarupe aavadatat. mea ekonis varshancha hoto tevha johnn berrymanne udavoon dilyache majhya manat parat yete."<br>-jeanny auphil, vibhagabaddal. andaj " tichi tisari kadambari 'vedar' hii 2020 chya mahila kalpanaramya puraskarasathi nivadanyat aalee hotee aanee december 2020 madhye emily temple auph literary habne nondavale qee yaa kadambarine 2020 chya sarvotkrusht pustakanchya 13 yadya kelya aahet. shikavane. offilne brooklin college, syracuse vidyapith, kolambiya vidyapith aanee queens university auph charlote yethe emm. eff. aii. abhyaskramat adhyapan kele aahe. syracuse vidyapith aanee saara laurence mahavidhyalayat tyanni abhyagat lekhika mhanoon aanee vassar mahavidhyalay aanee pratap vidyapithat nivasi lekhika mhanoon kaam kele. tee sadhya aine. vaay. madheel annandel-aun-hudson yetheel bard mahavidhyalayat nivasi lekhika aahe. vaiyaktik jeevan. 2008 saalee, brooklin mahavidhyalay aanee kolambiya vidyapithatil lekhak aanee sarjansheel lekhan shikshak, 39 varshiy auphil aanee ticha bhagidar, 37 varshiy david hirme, channell 13 yaa sarvajanik durchitravani vahinicha web sanchalak, brooklinmadhye tyanchya 3 varshiy mulasah rahat hote. auphil hudson khonyat rahato.

jeny afil jeny afil (janma 1968) ek americi upanyaskar rar sampadak hun. unko upanyas "vibhag. da newyork times book ribhyu" dwara "2014 ko 10 sarwashreshtha pustakharu" madhye ekko naam diieko thiyo. prarambhik jiwan. jeny afil dui niji-vidyalaya angreji shikshakharuko ek matra santan hun. unle afno balyakal massachusets, california, indiana rar north carolina lagayat vibhinna americi rajyaharuma bitae, jahaan unle hai schoolma padheki thiin rar chapel hilma raheko university aff north carolinabata bie degree prapta gareki thiin, rar pachhi, stanford universityma, kalpanik kathama stegner felo thiin. snatak garepachhi, unle dherai anautho kamharu garinh veterus, bartender, catterer, cashier, medical transcriber, tathya-janchkarta, rar bhut-lekhak. "mahm snatakko rupma unn-chapel hilma gaen rar maile doris bates, zill mccorkle rar robert kirkpyatriksanga adhyayan garen. yee tinaijana ekjana yuwa lekhakka rupma mera lagi mahan sallahakar thie. pachhi, maile stanfordma stegner fellowship paen. tyahan mero thulo prabhawa gilbert sorentino thiyo..."<br>-jeny afil, allen birket morislai currier. lekhna. afilko pahilo upanyas, "last things", 1999 maa farrar, strass rar giroksdwara rar belayatma bloomsburydwara prakashit bhaeko thiyo. yo euta "newyork times" ullekhaniya pustak thiyo rar "ell" kaa lagi finalist thiyo.ae times "pahilo pustak puraskar. afilko dosro upanyas, "vibhag. anumanko ", janawari 2014 maa prakashit bhaeko thiyo rar" nyu york times "pustak samikshadwara 2014 ko 10 sarwashreshtha pustakharu madhye ekko naam diieko thiyo. "vibhag. yukema folio puraskar, paine/fuckner puraskar rar "ell" kaa lagi "aff sattebaji" chayan garieko chha.ae. times "fixon award. sann 2016 maa afillai guggenheim felocipe pradan garieko thiyo. unko kaam "peris samiksha" maa dekha pareko chha. uni alissa scapelsanga dui nibandha sangrahako saha-sampadak rar dherai ball pustakharuko lekhika pani hun. afilko chhoto katha vidyut sahitya rar mahatwapurna wastuharuma dekha pareko chha. "malai sanpidit rar khandit rupharu sadhain munn parchha. mahm unnaisa warshako hunda john berrymanle udaeko mero dimagma mahm yasalai firta patta lagaunchhu."<br>-jeny afil," vibhagko barema. anuman " unko tesro upanyas, "vedar", katha sahityaka lagi 2020 mahila puraskarka lagi certlist garieko thiyo, rar december 2020 maa, emily temple aff literary hable report garyo kii upanyasle 2020 ko sarwashreshtha pustakharuko 13 wata suchi banaeko thiyo. adhyapan. afille brooklin college, siracuse vishwavidyalaya, columbia vishwavidyalaya rar quins university aff charlotma mfa karyakramharuma padhaeka chhan. unle syracuse vishwavidyalaya rar sarah lawrence kalejma agantuk lekhakko rupma rar wassar college rar prot vishwavidyalayama lekhak-niwasko rupma sewa garin. uni hall enwaiko annandel-unn-hadasanko bard kalejma lekhak-niwas hun. wyaktigat jiwan. sann 2008 maa, brooklin college rar columbia vishwavidyalayama lekhak rar rachanatmak lekhan shikshak 39 warshiya afil rar unko sathi, 37 warshiya devid hirme, channel 13, ek sarvajanik television stationka lagi web nirdeshak, afno bachcha thiyo, 3 sanga brooklinma basthe. afil hudson upatyakama baschhan.

jeny offil jeny offil (janma 1968) jane americae upanyasakara ebong sampadaka. taanka upenyas "bibhaga". nyujarka timeser pustaka samikhya' dwara '2014rahr '2014rahr shrestha pustaka' madhyaru 'off precusion' anyatama bolly namit hoithila. prarambhika zeeban. jeny offil heuchhanti dui gharoi-bidyalaja ingraji shikhyakanka ekamatra santan. shay tankara piladin massachusets, california, indiana ebong uttara carolina sameth bibhinna americae rajyare bitaithile, jeunthare shay haiskulare adhyajana karithile ebong chappel hilare thiba uttara carolina biswabidyalajaru bii. aii. degree hassel karithile, ebong parey stanford biswabidyalajare, kalpanikare jane stegner fello thile. snataka heba parey, shay aneka bhinna bhinna chakiri karithileh wetress, bartender, catterer, cassier, medical transcriber, fact-checker ebong bhuta-lekhaka . "mun snataka bhabare aun-chappel hill jaithili ebong anyamananka madhyare doris bates, jill make corclay ebong robert kirkapatriknka saha adhyajana colly . jane juba lekhaka bhabe ehi tinijana moe paain mahan paramarshadata thile. parey, mun stanaphordare eka stegner phelocip paili. sethare more budd prabhaba thila gilbert sorentino....."<br>-jeny offil, elen birket morisnka paain kyariyara. lekhalekhi. afilnka pratham upenyas, "last thingas", 1999 ray farrar, strass ebong giraks ebong britenare blumsbury dwara prakashita hoithila . ehaa eka "nyujarka time" rahr ullekhaneeah pustaka thila ebong "ell" rahr chudanta pratijogee thila.aii timeser pratham pustaka puraskara'. afilnka dwiteeja upenyas "department". off sapiksan', januari 2014 ray prakashita hoithila ebong 'nyujarka times' pustaka samikhya dwara 2014 rahr 10 tii shrestha pustaka madhyaru gotie bhabare namit hoithila . "bibhaga. britenare folio puraskara, paine/faknara puraskara ebong "ell" paain 'off sapiksan "ku sankhipta talikabhukta karajaichi.aii. times 'ficson puraskara. puraskara। aphilku eka guggenheim phelocip pradan karajaithila. tankara karjya "paris samikhya" ray prakash paichi . shay elissa skapelanka saha duiti prabandha sankalanare saha-sampadaka ebong aneka shishu pustakara lekhaka madhya atanti. afilnka khudra kalpanika kahani bidyuta sahitya ebong gurutwapurna basture prakashita hoichhi. "mun sarbada compressed ebong khandita roopaku pasanda karichhi. mun ehaaku moe manare trace kare jetebele mun unabinsha barsha bajasare zohn berryman dwara ujjeebita hoithila ."<br>-jeny offil, bibhaga bishajare. kalpanajalpana " tankara truteeja upenyas, "wedar" ku 2020 mahila kalpanika puraskara paain chayan karajaithila, ebong december 2020 ray, emily temple off literature hub report karithila je upanyasati 2020 rahr shrestha pustakgudikara 13 tii talika karichhi . sikhya. offil brooklin college, syracuse biswabidyalaja, kalambia biswabidyalaja ebong charlotra quins biswabidyalajare emm. aif. aii. pathyakramare sikhyadana karichanti. shay syracuse biswabidyalaja ebong saaraa lawrence kalejare paridarshaka lekhaka bhabare karjya karithile, ebong bhasara college ebong prat biswabidyalajare lekhaka-abas bhabare karjya karithile. shay bartamana nyujarka saharar annandel-aun-hudson sthita bard kalejare lekhaka-abas bhabe karjya karuchanti. byaktigata zeeban. 2008 masihare, brooklin college ebong kalambia biswabidyalajara jane lekhaka ebong srujanashila lekhalekhi sikhyaka, 39 barsha bayaska offil ebong taanka saathee, 37 barsha bayaska devida hirme, eka sarbajaneena television station channell 13 rahr web nirdeshaka, semananka pila, theo, 3 sahita brooklin ray rahuthile. offil hudson upatyakare ruhanti .

jaini aafil jaini aafil (janam 1968) ikk amriki navalkar atey sampadak haii. uss daa nawal "vibhag. sattebazi dee" noon "" newyork times dee pustak samikhiaa "duaara" "2014 deeaan 10 sarbottam kitaban" "vicchon ikk daa naam ditta giaa see. mudhla jeevan. jaini aafil doou private-school angrezi adhiaapkan dee iklauti santan haii. uss neey aapne bachpan dey saal vakkh-vakkh amriki raajan witch bitaae, jinhan witch massachusets, california, indiana atey uttri carolina shamal hunn, jitthe uss neey hyee school witch padahi keeti atey chappel hill vikhe uttri carolina university toon bee. aii. dee digri prapat keeti, atey baad witch, stanford university witch, glup witch ikk stagner failo see. graduate honn toon baad, uss neey kaee ajib-ajib naukariaan kitiaan vetress, bartender, catterer, cashier, medical transcriber, tatth-jaanch curran vaala atey bhoot-lekhak. "main ikk undergraduate vajon ann-chappel hill giaa atey main doris bates, jill mackercal atey robbert kirkpatrick samet horaan naal padahi keeti. ih tinnon ikk naujwan lekhak dey roop witch merey laee mahaan salahkar sunn. baad witch, mainoon stanford witch ikk stagner fellowship millie. meraa vadda prabhav gilbert sorentino utte see..."jaini aafil, ailan berket mauris noon carrier. likhna. aafil daa pahila nawal, "aakhri cheezan", 1999 witch farar, stross atey girox duaara atey yuke witch bloomsbury duaara prakashit keeta giaa see. ih ikk "newyork times" mahattavpuran kitaab see atey "aill" laee ikk finalist see.aii times daa pahila pustak puraskar. aafil daa dooja nawal, "vibhag. aaf spectication", janwari 2014 witch prakashit hoee see atey "newyork times" pustak samikhiaa duaara 2014 deeaan 10 sarbottam kitaban vicchon ikk daa naam ditta giaa see. "vibhag. sattebazi dee suchi noon yuke witch folio puraskar, paen/falkner puraskar atey "ail" laee chunhiaa giaa haii.aii. times fiction award. saal 2016 witch aafil noon ikk guggenheim fellowship naal sanmanit keeta giaa see. uss daa kamm "paris samikhiaa" witch pragat hoiaa haii. uh lekhan dey doou sangrahian dee elissa shapple naal sahi-sampadak atey kaee bacchiaan deeaan kitaban dee lekhak vee haii. aafil dee chhoti glup bijli saahit atey mahattavpuran vastuaan witch pragat hoee haii. "mainoon hamesha sankuchit atey tukde-tukde roop pasand rahey hunn. main iss noon aapne dimag witch waps labhda haan jadon main 19 saal daa see taan john berryman duaara udda ditta giaa see."<br>-jaini aafil, vibhag baare. atkalan " uss daa teeja nawal, "vaidar", noon glup laee 2020 mahila puraskar laee shortlist keeta giaa see, atey dasambar 2020 witch, sahitak kendra dey emily temple neey dassiaa kii nawal neey 2020 deeaan sarbottam kitaban deeaan 13 suchiaan banaiaan sunn. sikkhiaa. aafil neey brooklin kaalaj, sirakus university, columbia university atey charlot dee queens university witch aimm. eff. aii. programan witch padaiaa haii. uss neey sirakus university atey sarah laurence kaalaj witch visiting lekhak vajon atey vassar kaalaj atey pratt university witch lekhak-nivas vajon seva nibhai. uh varatman witch ainn. vaaee. dey ainn. ainn. dee. aii.-aana-hudson witch baard kaalaj witch lekhak-nivas haii. nijji jeevan. saal 2008 witch, 39 saala aafil, joe kii brooklin kaalaj atey columbia university witch ikk lekhak atey rachnatmak likhan dee adhiaapak haii, atey uss daa saathi, david hirme, 37, ikk jantak television station, channel 13 laee ikk web director, aapne bacche, theo, 3 naal brooklin witch rahinda see. aafil hudson ghaati witch rahinda haii.

jennie aafil jennie aafil (janma 1968) ekaha amerikeeyah upanyasakaraha sampaadakah cha asti. tasyaah upanyaasah "vibhaagah". da nyuyaark tams pustakasameekshe" "2014 tamavarshasya 10 shreshtapustakeshu" anyatam iti namakaranam krutam. praarambhikajeevanam. jennie aafil ityayam nijee-vidyaalayayoh aangl-shikshakabhyam ekaikah putrah asti. saa swasya baalyam amerikaadeshasy vividheshu raajyeshu, yathaa masaachusets, california, indiana, uttar-kerolina ityaadishu vyateetavatee, yatra saa ucchavidyaalaye abhyasat, chaapel-hill-nagarasya uttar-kerolina-vishvavidyaalayaat bee. e. upaadhim avaapnot, anantaram stanford-vishvavidyaalaye kathaa-saahitye stegner-phelo aasit. snaatakapadaveem praptva saa anekaani vichitraani karyani krutavateehi-paricharika, panapatrapalika, bhojanapalika, dhanapalika, chikitsaa-parivarttikaa, tathya-pareekshakah, bhuta-lekhakah cha. "aham snaatakaroopen ann-chaapel-parvatam gatavaan, dories-bates, jill-mccarcle, rabert-kirkpaatrik ityaadibhih saha adhyayanam krutavaan. trayah api yuwakalaakaaratwen mama krute mahatee maargadarshakaah aasan. pashchat, stanford-nagare aham stegner-phehloshipam avaapnot. atra mama mahatee prabhaawah gilbert sorentino aasit..."-jennie aafil, elen birket morris ityasmai. vruttihi. likhati. aafil ityasya prathamaa kathaa "laast things" 1999 tame varshe faarar, strass tathaa giroux ityanena, yooke-deshe bloomsbury ityanena cha prakashita. etat "nyuyaark tams" ityasya ullekhaneeyam pustakam, "aii" ityasya antimam cha aasit.e tams "prathama-pustaka-puraskaarah. aafil ityasya dwiteeyam upanyasam "depart" iti. aff-spekyuleshan" iti pustakam 2014 janavaree-maase prakaashitam, 2014 tame varshe "nyuyaark tams" pustakasameekshe 10 shreshtapustakeshu anyatam iti naamaankitam. "vibhaagah. yoo. key.-deshe folio-puraskaaraay, penn/falkner-puraskaaraay, "ell" iti puraskaaraay cha "aaf-spekyuleshan" iti namakaranam krutam asti.a. tams "fikshan award. 2016 tame varshe aafil-samsthaayaah krute guggenham-phehlowship iti puraskaarah pradatta. tasyaah krutihi "pyaris-samikshayam" prakashita asti. saa elisaa shepel ityanaya saha prabandha-sangrahayoho saha-sampaadikaa api asti, balanam anekanam pustakanam lekhikaa cha asti. ophil ityasya laghu-kathaa-kathaa vidyut-saahitye mahattvapoorna-vastushu cha prakashita asti. "aham sarvadaa sankeernaani khanditaani cha roopaani rochate. yadaa aham 19 varsheeyah aasit tadaa jaan berryman ityanena prajjwalitah iti mama manasi punah drushyate."<br>-jenee aafil, praayah" vibhaagah. anumaana " tasyaah truteeyam upanyasam "vedar" iti 2020 tamavarshasya mahilaa-sahityapuraskarartham chayanam krutam, 2020 december-maase emily temple aaf literature hub ityanena prativedanam dattam yat eshaa upanyaasah 2020 varshasya shreshtaanaam pustakanam 13 suchim krutavatee iti. shikshate. aafil ityayam brooklin mahaavidyaalaye, syracuse vishvavidyaalaye, columbia vishvavidyaalaye, queens vishvavidyaalaye, charlot-nagare cha emm. ef. e. karyakrameshu adhyapayat. saa syracuse vishvavidyaalaye, saara-laurence-mahaavidyaalaye cha atithi-lekhikaaroopen, vaasar-mahaavidyaalaye, prat-vishvavidyaalaye cha niwaas-lekhikaaroopen cha kaaryam akarot. saa samprati ena. vai.-nagarasya annandel-aan-hudson-nagarasya bard-mahaavidyaalaye lekhikayaha nivaasah asti. vyaktigatajeevanam. 2008 tame varshe, 39 varsheeyah aafil, brooklin mahaavidyaalaye tathaa columbia-vishvavidyaalaye lekhakah rachanaatmak-lekhan-shikshaka cha, tathaa tasyaah sahcharah 37 varsheeyah david hirme, yah saarwajanik-dooradarshan-kendrasya chaanal 13 ityasya jaalanirdeshakah aasit, brooklin-nagare swaputrena theo ityanena saha nivasati sma. aafil ityeshah hudson-upatyakayam nivasati.

jennie aafhil jennie aafhil (pirappu 1968) oru america novelasserior mattrum aasiriyar aavaar. avarathu naaval "thurai. newyorg times puththaga mathippaaivil "2014 aam aandin 10 sirantha puththagangkalil" ontraaka uukangkal peyaridappattana. aarambagaala vaazhkkai. jennie aafhil irandu thaniyar palli aangkila aasiriyarkalin oray kuzhandhai. avar thanathu kuzhandhaip paruvatthai massusets, california, indiana mattrum vadakku carolina ullitta palvaeru america maanilangkalil kaliththaar, angku avar uyarnilaip pallyil payintraar mattrum sappel hillil ulla vadakku carolina palkalaikkazhagaththil pii. aee pattam pettraar, pinnar, stanford palkalaikkazhagaththil, punaikathaiyil oru steckner saga irunthaar. pattam pettra piragu, avar pala ottraippadai vaelaigalil paniyaattrinaar paniyaalaraaga, madhubaanak kadaikkaararaaga, unavu vazhangkubavaraaga, kaasiyaraaga, maruththuva transcrapher, unmai-saripaarppavar mattrum paei-ezhuththaalar. "naan oru ilangkalai pattathaariyaaga uunn-sappel malaikkuch sentraen, doris betts, jill mccorkley mattrum robbert kirkpatrick aakiyoarudan padiththaen. oru ilam ezhuththaalaraaga moovarum enakku sirantha vazhikaattikalaaka irunththanar. pinnar, enakku stanfordil oru steckner fellowship kidaiththathu. angku gilbert sorendinovin periya selvaakku irunththathu..."<br>-jennie offville, elon birget moarisukku thozhil. ezhuthuvathu. aafilin muthal navalaana "laust things" 1999 aam aandil farar, strass mattrum crox mattrum englaanththil bloemsbury aakiyoaraal veliyidappattathu. idhu oru "newyorg times" kurippidatthakka puththagamaagavum, "ell" kkaana iruthip poattiyaagavum irunththathu.oru murai "muthal puththaga viruthu. aafilin irandaavathu naaval, "thurai. uukaththin ", janavari 2014 ill veliyidappattathu mattrum" newyorg times "puththaga mathippaaivaal 2014 aam aandin 10 sirantha puththagangkalil ontraaka peyaridappattathu. "thurai. uukaththin "englaanthu, paenaa/falkner viruthu mattrum" ell "ill folio parisukku pattiyalidappattullathu.auuu. times "punaikathai viruthu. 2016 aam aandil aafhil oru gujenheim fellowship vazhangkappattathu. avarathu padaippugal "baris mathippaaivu" ill thoantriyullana. avar elissa shahbell udan irandu katturaigalin thoguppukalin inai aasiriyaraagavum, pala kuzhandhaigal puththagangkalin aasiriyaraagavum ullaar. afhilin kurumpadam minsaara ilakkiyaththilum kurippidatthakka porutkalilum thoantriyullathu. "naan eppoathum surukappatta mattrum thundu vadiva vadivangkalai virumbukiraen. naan paththonpathu vayathaaka irunththapoathu john perrimanol uuthi enn manathil adhai meendum kandupidippaen."<br>-jennie offville, pattri" thurai. uukangkal " avarathu moontraavathu navalaana "vethar", 2020 aam aandu magalir punaikathai parisukku pattiyalidappattathu, maelum disambar 2020 ill, emily demble off literature huup naaval 2020 aam aandin sirantha puththagangkalin 13 pattiyalkalai uruvaakkiyullathaaka ariviththathu. karpiththal. brooklin kalluri, siracuse palkalaikkazhagam, kolambiya palkalaikkazhagam mattrum charlottin quins palkalaikkazhagam aagiyavattril emm. eff. aee thittangalil aafil karpitthullaar. avar siracuse palkalaikkazhagam mattrum saaraah laurence kallooriyil varugai ezhuththaalaraagavum, vaasar kalluri mattrum broad palkalaikkazhagaththil kudiyiruppu ezhuththaalaraagavum paniyaattrinaar. avar tharpoothu newyorkin annaandael-aann-hutsonil ulla paart kallooriyil raittar-inn-residence aavaar. thanipatta vaazhkkai. 2008 aam aandil, brooklin kalluri mattrum kolambiya palkalaikkazhagaththil oru ezhuththaalarum padaippu ezhuthum aasiriyarumaana 39 vayathaana aafil, mattrum avarathu banguthaarar davit hirme, 37, saenal 13, oru podhu tholaikaatchi nilaiyaththin valai iyakkunar, thangal kuzhandhaiyudan brooklinil vasiththu vanthaar, theo, 3. aafhil hutson pallaththaakkil vaazhkiraar.

gennie offill gennie offle (jananam 1968) oka american navala rachayita mariyu sampadakudu. aame navala "department. newyork times book review" "dwara" 2014 yokka 10 uttama pustakaalalo "" okarigaa oohagaanaalu perkonabaddaayi ". prarambha jeevitam. gennie offle iddaru private-school aangla upaadhyaayula ekaika santaanam. aame thana baalya samvatsaraalanu masachusets, california, indiana mariyu uttara karolinatho sahaa vividha american rashtraallo gadipindi, akkada aame unnata paatasaalaku velli chappel hill vadda uttara carolina vishwavidyaalayam nundi bii. eah degreeni pondindi, taruvaata, stanford vishwavidhyaalayamlo, kalpanalo stegner phelo. graduation taruvaata, aame aneka besi udyogaalalo panichesindihi veitress, bartender, catterer, cashier, medical transcriber, fact-checker mariyu deyyam-rachayita. "neenu under graduatega ann-chappel kondaku vellaanu mariyu neenu doris bets, jill mccorkley mariyu robbert kirkpatrick vanti vaaritho adhyayanam chesaanu. mugguru yuva rachayitalugaa naaku goppa maargadarsakulu. taruvaata, naaku stanfordlo stegner phelowship labhinchindi. akkada naa pedda prabhavam gilbert sorentino..."<br>-gennie offle, tuu ellen birket morris vrutti. vraastuu untaaru. offle yokka modati navala, "laast things", 1999loe farrar, strass mariyu giroux mariyu yukelo bloomsbury prachurinchaaru. idhi "newyork times" anae mukhyamaina pustakam mariyu "ell" kuu finalist.eah times "fust book avaardu. offle yokka rendava navala, "depart. oohagaanaala aadhaaramgaa, "2014 janavarilo prachurinchabadindi mariyu" newyork times "pustaka sameeksha dwara 2014 yokka 10 uttama pustakaalalo okatigaa empikaindi. "department. yukelo folio bahumati, penn/falkner avaardu mariyu "ell" kosam oohagaanaala "shortlist cheyabadindi.eah. times fiction avaardu. 2016loe offle kuu guggenheim phelowship labhinchindi. aame pani "paris sameeksha" loe kanipinchindi. aame rendu vyasala sankalanaala elyssa scapeltho saha-sampaadaki mariyu aneka pillala pustakaala rachayita kooda. offill yokka chinna kalpana vidyut saahityam mariyu mukhyamaina vastuvulalo kanipinchindi. "neenu ellappuduu sampeedana mariyu sakala roopaalanu ishtapadataanu. neenu pantommidi samvatsaraala vayassulo zaan berryman oodadam naa manassulo tirigi kanugonnanu."<br>-gennie offill, gurinchi" department. oohagaanaalu " aame moodava navala, "vedar", 2020 mahilala kalpana bahumati kosam shortlist cheyabadindi, mariyu december 2020 loe, emily temple off literature hub eee navala 2020 yokka uttama pustakaala 13 jaabitaalanu tayaaru chesindani nivedinchindi. bodhana. offill brooklin kalaasaala, syracuse vishwavidyaalayam, columbia vishwavidyaalayam mariyu queens university off charlot vadda mfa karyakramalalo bodhinchaaru. aame syracuse vishwavidyaalayam mariyu saaraa laurence kalasalalo sandarsaka rachayitagaa, mariyu vasser kalaasaala mariyu prut vishwavidhyaalayamlo rachayita-nivasamga panicheesaaru. aame prastutam newyorkloni annandale-aann-hudson looni barred kalasalalo raitar-inn-residensga unnaaru. vyaktigata jeevitam. 2008loe, brooklin kalaasaala mariyu columbia vishwavidhyaalayamlo rachayita mariyu srujanaatmaka rachana upadhyayudu ayina 39 yella offle, mariyu aame bhagaswamy, public television station ayina chhaanel 13kii web director ayina david hirme, 37, tama bidda theo, 3thoo brooklinlo nivasinchaaru. offle hudson loyalo nivasistaadu.

jeanny aafil jeanny aafil (paidaish 1968) eek americi naawal nigaar aur editor haine. iss kaa naawal "mohkamah". qayaas aaraiyon kay "kuu" neoyork times buck review "nay" 2014 kii 10 behtareen kitaabon "mein say eek qaraar diyaa thaa. ibtadayi zindagi. jeanny aafil najee school kay duu angrezi asatazah kii akloti aulaad haine. inhon nay apnay bachpan kay saal mukhtalif americi riyasaton mein guzaray jinn mein misachosts california indiyana aur naarth carolina shaamil haine jehaan inhon nay hayee school mein taleem haasil kii aur cheepal hull mein naarth carolina university say bee aey kii digri haasil kii aur baad mein stenford university mein fakshan mein stegner filo thein. graduation kay baad iss nay kayee ajeeb woo gharib mulazimaton parr kaam kiyaa: vetrace bartender catterer cashier medical transcriber facket cheekar aur bhoot masnaf. "mein indergraduate kay toor parr inn cheepal hull gayaa aur mein nay dors bets jall meek carcle aur raabart kirk patrick kay saath taleem haasil kii. yaha teenon eek naujawan masnaf kay toor parr miray liye behat achhay sarparast thay. baad mein majhay stenford mein stegner felowship milly. wahaan miraa badaa asar gulbert sorrentino thaa...""-jeanny aafil ailan barket moris kay liye carrier. likhna. aafil kaa pehla naawal "aakhri cheezein"yee 1999 mein firaa straas aur giroks aur bartaniah mein blomasbari nay shaye kiyaa thaa. yaha eek "neoyork times" qaabil zakar kitaab thee aur "eel" kay liye finalist thee.aey times kaa pehla kitaab aiward. aafil kaa dosra naawal "mohkamah. qayaas aaraiyon kaa "yee januri 2014 mein shaye hawaa thaa aur asay" neoyork times "kitaab kay jaizay kay zariah 2014 kii 10 behtareen kitaabon mein say eek qaraar diyaa gayaa thaa. "mohkamah. qayaas aaraiyon kaa "bartaniah mein folio anaam peen/falkner aiward aur" eel "kay liye shaart list kiyaa gayaa hay.aey. times fakshan aiward. 2016 mein aafil kuu gaganheem felowship say nawaza gayaa. iss kaa kaam "peers review" mein shaye hawaa hay. wah elisa sheepal kay saath mazamin kay duu majmuon kii shareek editor aur bachon kii kayee kitaabon kii masnafah bhee haine. aafil kaa mukhtasir afsanah barqi adab aur aham ashyaa mein shaye hawaa hay. "majhay hamishah compressed aur fragmentary shaklein pasand rahee haine. mein asay apnay zahan mein waps dhondta hoan jabb mein anees saal kaa thaa tuu jaan barry meen nay asay adaya thaa."<br>-jeanny aafil mohkamah kay baaray mein. qayaas aaraiyon kaa " inn kaa teesra naawal "waidar"yee 2020 kay khwatin kay fakshan anaam kay liye shaart list kiyaa gayaa thaa aur dasambar 2020 mein adbi markaz kay emili tempel nay atlaa dee kahh iss naawal nay 2020 kii behtareen kitaabon kii 13 fehristein banaa dee haine. taleem. aafil nay brokleen college cyracos university columbia university aur queenz university aaf charlot mein ayem aif aey programon mein padhaya hay. inhon nay cyracos university aur saarah larns college mein wizting ryter kay toor parr aur waasar college aur paraat university mein ryter inn residence kay toor parr khidmaat anjaam dain. wah phee alhaal anandale aann hudson neo yark mein baard college mein ryter inn residence haine. zaati zindagi. 2008 mein 39 saalah aafil juu brokleen college aur columbia university mein eek masnaf aur takhliqi tehreer kii astaad haine aur inn kay saathi 37 saalah dude harmee juu eek awami teeli vision station chinal 13 kay waib director haine apnay bachay thio 3 kay saath brokleen mein rehtay thay. aafil hudson waadi mein rehta hay.

fffb20cd2005d3cf3a7740636d14b84ffd2a1adbd29d44b5b881ae73e4665513

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=32341272

Fires in Edo

Fires in Edo Frequent fires in the Japanese city Fires in , the former name of Tokyo, during the Edo period (1600−1868) of Japan were so frequent that the city of Edo was characterized as the saying goes. Even in the modern days, the old Edo was still remembered as the . Edo was something of a rarity in the world, as vast urban areas of the city were repeatedly leveled by fire. The great fires of Edo were compared to the gods of fire and , and also humorously described as "autumn leaves". Frequency of fires. During the 267 years between 1601 ("Keichō" 6), the year after the , and 1867 ("Keiō" 3), the year of , Edo was struck by 49 great fires. In comparison, during the same period, great fires in Kyoto, Osaka and Kanazawa totaled only nine, six, and three, respectively, which made Edo's figure stand out from the other metropolises in Japan. According to other accounts, there were more than 85 major fires during the history of Edo. Between 1600 and 1945, Edo/Tokyo was leveled every 25–50 years or so by fire, earthquakes, tsunami, volcanic eruptions, and war. If smaller fires are also included, of the 1,798 fires that occurred in this 267 year-span, 269 were in 1601–1700, 541 in 1701–1800, and 986 in 1801–1867. As Edo's population in the late Tokugawa period increased in tandem with its growing economic prosperity, so too did the frequency of fires in the city increase proportionally to its growth. In particular, the 17 years between 1851 ("Kaei" 3) and 1867 saw 506 fires, to which unstable public order caused by the incapable administration of the Tokugawa shogunate was a major contributing factor. List of great fires. The following representative table lists some great fires in the history of Edo that caused catastrophic losses of life and material damage. The three that occurred in the eras of "Meireki", "Meiwa" and "Bunka" were called the . The Great Fire of Meireki in 1657 is considered to have been the most disastrous of the three conflagrations. Fires in Edo often quickly escalated, in large part due to the city's urban environment being characterized by inflammable wooden "machiya" buildings that were heated by charcoal-burning fireplaces. Given the limitations of firefighting technology at the time as well as the unreliability of Edo's water supply system, once a blaze in a neighborhood crammed with wooden building stock got out of hand there was little authorities could due to prevent its spread to other parts of the city. Apart from the great conflagrations, there were also intermittent small fires in this period that (taken together) caused greater damage and loss of life in Edo than any of the more singularly destructive blazes. Footnotes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Causes of fires. During the Edo period, fire was an indispensable element of daily life. It was used for cooking and lighting, which in turn gave rise to accidents. Arson, due to various motives, was another source of fires. The greater frequency of great fires in Edo compared to other cities came from various reasons, which included a dense urban layout housing a large population, existence of an impoverished social class, and Edo's unique meteorological conditions. Matsunosuke Nishiyama, a scholar who studied Edo's fires, summarized the causes of the fires as: Growth of population. After established the shogunate in Edo, "daimyōs" (vassal lords) and hatamoto (senior retainers) residences were built around Edo Castle and housed a large number of samurai. Merchants and artisans who supported the life of the samurai soon migrated to Edo in flocks and resulted in a population boom. The population of Edo grew from roughly 400,000 in 1640 ("Kan'ei" 17) to around 800,000 in 1693 ("Genroku" 6), and grew to about 1,100,000 by 1721 ("Kyōhō" 6). In contrast to the vast residential areas of the samurai, chōnin were confined to much smaller areas. The growing population pushed their population density to an extremely high degree. Their residences were densely arranged in compact areas, and shabby were common. The per capita living space, kitchen and closet included, was usually the size of six tatami mats. On top of that, the wood and paper construction materials easily became fuel for a fire. All these conditions naturally led to a high possibility of fire accidents. Arson. As a major cause of fires in Edo, burglars were recorded in great numbers. Many of the arrested arsonists were living an impoverished life due to the high cost of living of Edo and ineligibility to work as indentured servants for not having a guarantor. Some of them had had their houses burned down and had little to lose from committing crimes. Among the 102 arsonists arrested in 1723 and 1724 ("Kyōhō" 8 and 9), 41 were , and 22 had no registered permanent residences. Most of them came from the lower social classes. Motivations for arson varied, though the most prominent one was looting. Arsonists of this kind would set fire on windy days and take advantage of the ensuing disturbances to commit theft. Other than looting, frequent motives were those arising from social relationships, such as servants seeking vengeance upon their masters and grudges due to failed romantic relations. Also recorded were instances of merchants setting fire to competitors' businesses and children playing with fire, and even a case with a confession of "suddenly felt like setting fire". Since a fire would also mean business for carpenters, plasterworkers and steeplejacks in the subsequent reconstruction, some of them would delight at the occurrence and aggravation of fires. In particular, as many firefighters primarily worked as steeplejacks, some of them would intentionally spread fire for the sake of showing off firefighting skills in public or creating business opportunities for themselves. This prompted the shogunate to issue warning ordinances and execute some offending firefighters. Arrested arsonists were paraded through the streets before they were burned to death. However, in spite of the intolerant policy of the shogunate towards arson, arson-induced fires were never fully eliminated from Edo. During the bakumatsu period, public order deteriorated as administration of the shogunate grew incompetent. As a consequence, fires from arson increased drastically. Some arsonists became subjects of literature and kabuki works. These included , whom the Great Fire of Tenna of 1683 (Tenna 3), in which up to 3,500 people perished, was also named after. Oshichi was not responsible for the fire, but lost her house to it. She took shelter in a temple and fell in love with a page there. A year later, she attempted arson based on the fantasy that another fire would enable the two to meet again. She was arrested, tried, and executed by fire. Her story was the basis of Ihara Saikaku's and Tsuruya Nanboku IV's . Meteorological conditions. The strong winter monsoon from the north was a meteorological condition unique to Edo. It contributed to many winter and spring fires that occurred in dry weather brought about by prevailing northwest and north winds. In addition, strong south winds in the spring and autumn were another cause of great fires. For this reason, the four teams of established by the shogunate in 1658 ("Manji" 1) were stationed to the northwest of the Edo Castle to protect the castle from fires spreading from that direction. When the fires were counted by the month, March saw the most "great fires", followed by February, April and January. These four months accounted for 70% of all great fires. The Great Fire of Meireki, being the most catastrophic fire in the history of Edo for claiming up to 107,000 lives, occurred on March 2, 1657 (the 18th day of the first month of "Meireki" 3 in the Japanese lunisolar Tenpō calendar). Edo's "chōnin" were well aware of this fact. In winter, women were asked to leave for their parents' residences in the suburbs of Edo and return only after the fire season had passed, resulting in a seasonal population fluctuation. In 1725 ("Kyōhō" 10), the population in the sixth month was more than 10,000 larger than in the fourth month. Over 90% of the added population were females. Tokugawa shogunate's fire prevention measures. Early in the Edo period, prominent officials in the shogunate established the protection of the "shōgun" and Edo Castle as a priority on windy days, when arson was most likely to occur. In contrast, as a remnant of the Sengoku period, fire prevention measures concerning "chōnin"'s residential areas were given almost no attention. However, as "chōnin" gained social power, the shogunate's policies also evolved, as a symbol of which, , the eighth shogun, expanded the fire prevention measures to cover Edo universally as part of the Kyōhō Reforms. Firefighting organizations. In the early Edo period, firefighting was not institutionalized. However, repetition of great fires became a turning point for the establishment of the system. Firefighters under this system were classified generally into and . Within "buke hikeshi", firefighters were further divided into and . The "hikeshi"'s primary method of firefighting was to demolish buildings surrounding those already ablaze to prevent fire from spreading. During the "Meiwa" era, a type of wooden pump operated by manpower called was used, but it never became a fully viable means of firefighting due to the lack of uninterrupted water supply. Up until the Meiji Restoration, the manual demolition of buildings by professional firefighters, of which steeplejacks were a majority, remained the primary method of firefighting. "Daimyō hikeshi". The "daimyō hikeshi" was institutionalized in 1643 ("Kan'ei" 20), two years after the Fire of Oke-machi, as the form of mandatory regular firefighting service assigned to the "daimyōs". Before this, "daimyōs" were dispatched to firefighting tasks by extemporaneous orders issued after fires had broken out. Other forms of "daimyō hikeshi" included , who were responsible for locations deemed important by the shogunate such as mausoleums, shrines, and rice granaries; , who were responsible for individual subdivisions of Edo; and , who, in contrast to the self-defense firefighting bodies in the "daimyō" residences, were obliged to participate in firefighting in the surrounding areas. "Jōbikeshi". The "jōbikeshi" was institutionalized in 1658 ("Manji" 1), one year after the Great Fire of Meireki. Hatamotos were assigned responsibilities of firefighting directly under the command of the shogunate. They were stationed in houses equipped with fire lookout towers called . They also employed professional firefighters called . Four teams were initially organized. Later, their numbers fluctuated, with as many as 15 teams, to just one team towards the end of the Edo period, depending on the shogunate's financial and military statuses as well as the readiness of the "machibikeshi". Most of the time there were ten teams and therefore were also called and . "Machibikeshi". When Tokugawa Yoshimune assumed power as the eighth shogun, the firefighting tasks in Edo were distributed among "daimyō hikeshi", "jōbikeshi", and , of which the latter was "chōnin" firefighters consisting of merchants and artisans. While "daimyō hikeshi" and "jōbikeshi" were experienced firefighters, they were never really concerned about fires occurring in "chōnin"'s residential areas; in the meantime, "tanabikeshi" was nothing more than bands of amateurish firefighters who themselves would flee from intimidating fires. In 1720 ("Kyōhō" 5), Tokugawa Yoshimune institutionalized "machibikeshi" as part of the Kyōhō Reforms. He ordered to establish new firefighting units that would be truly capable of protecting "chōnin"'s residential areas. Under the "machibikeshi" system, each town was required to dispatch its "chōnin" to firefighting tasks. Ōoka accepted suggestions from town officials and organized towns' firefighting groups. Forty-eight groups were formed to the west of the Sumida River. All of them except four were designated using single hiragana letters and thus were collectively referred to as the . Sixteen other groups were formed in Honjo and Fukugawa to the east of the river. Each group had its own unique and uniform. Rapport was usual within each group, but discord between groups was common as well. In 1730 ("Kyōhō" 15), these firefighting groups were reorganized into larger groups to increase the scale and efficiency of fire-time mobilization. Although "machibikeshi" were initially only responsible for "chōnin"'s residential areas, their capabilities became recognized and were later dispatched to fight fires in locations within the samurais' residential areas, such as bridges, shrines, rice granaries, and even inside Edo Castle. By the time of the Meiji Restoration, they had become the main firefighting force of Edo, while in contrast, "buke hikeshi" were greatly reduced by that time. Anti-arson measures. As arson was a major cause of fires in Edo, the shogunate spent considerable effort in cracking down on arsonists. A new government position, , was introduced. "Chōnin" were given rewards for capturing arsonists. Arson was made a felony and punished with burning at the stake as a warning to the public. "Hitsuke tōzoku aratame". "Hitsuke tōzoku aratame" was a position introduced by the shogunate to target the felonies of arson, theft, and gambling. Although initially there were three separate posts for the three crimes, they were known to be held concurrently by military official in 1683 ("Tenna" 3). Later they were eliminated for a short time, but were re-introduced in 1703 ("Genroku" 16) and unified into a single position in 1718 ("Kyōhō" 3). Contrary to the "machi-bugyō", who were civil officials, "hitsuke tōzoku aratame" were military officials. Therefore, their interrogation strategies tended to be violent. While they had the power to arrest suspected arsonists, there was no penalty for mistaken arrests. For this reason, they often tortured the arrested suspects to force confessions, leading to a great number of false charges. This left a notorious image on the "chōnin", who nicknamed them while comparing the "machi-bugyō" and to . Rewards for capturing arsonists and execution by burning. The shogunate repeatedly issued ordinances that demanded captured arsonists be immediately turned in and offered rewards to their captors. Furthermore, outstanding crimes against someone who captured an arsonist would be pardoned. Even arsonists who played a significant role in informing against their accomplices or other arsonists were eligible for rewards on top of amnesty. In 1723 ("Kyōhō" 8), it was ordered that any person could be arrested on the grounds of suspicious behavior in the case of a fire even if he did not commit arson. As a warning to the public, arrested arsonists were paraded through the city and burned at the stake. Furthermore, charges against them were written on wooden plaques and put on public display. Execution by burning was stipulated in , the penal code of the Edo period, and was practiced until it was replaced in 1868 ("Meiji" 1) by , the provisional penal code of the Meiji government. Family members of arsonists were also implicated, and the wives and daughters reduced to indentured servitude or sent into exile. In the case of a contract arson, the person who paid for the crime was also punishable. When the arsonist was a samurai, execution by burning was inapplicable. Instead, the maximum penalty of was imposed; the condemned samurai was decapitated and the head was placed on a pedestal or platform and displayed for three days, while the body was used for sword-testing. Whoever threatened arson with written notes were initially capitally punishable, but the punishment was later reduced to exile. Although punishments were given based on the principles described above, extenuating circumstances such as unsuccessful arson attempts were also considered. Arsonists under 15 would not be executed but sent to exile or put on probation. Urban planning. Dense distribution of buildings built from flammable materials was an important factor that allowed fires to evolve from small to great. Once one building caught fire, the neighboring ones would soon ignite before any firefighters could respond. For this reason, in the aftermath of the Great Fire of Meireki, structures made with non-flammable materials were promoted in Edo to enhance the city's defense against fires. Fire barrier zones called and were set up in various places in Edo. Adoption of fire-resistant materials including tiled roofs and earthen houses became mandatory. "Hiyokechi" and "hirokōji". After the catastrophic loss in the Great Fire of Meireki, fire prevention measures received a great amount of emphasis in the reconstruction plan of Edo. Fire barrier zones were set up to prevent fires from spreading. That started with moving the primary residences of the outside of the Edo Castle and dedicating the vacated space to fire prevention. Relocation of residences belonging to other "daimyōs" and hatamotos followed. To alleviate the dense compaction of buildings inside Edo, most of the destinations were chosen to be distant from the castle. Furthermore, during the "Genroku" era, "daimyōs" were granted land for constructing their secondary and tertiary residences in the outskirts of Edo, and their tertiary residences were also used as shelters during fires. Land was reclaimed as another means of accommodating new samurai residences. Around 1661 ("Kanbun" 1), land reclamation in Honjo was completed to allow for construction of samurai residences as well as relocation of "chōnin" residences. Similar relocation orders were also issued to temples and shrines. Most of them moved outside Edo's canals while some of them found their new sites in Asakusa, Komagome and Koishikawa. The relocation of the red-light district of from the neighborhood of Nihonbashi to Asakusa also occurred in this period, although the move had been decided before the Great Fire of Meireki. The two types of fire barrier zones, and , were created from land vacated by relocation; the former were vacant plazas and the latter widened streets. Additionally, to accompany the street widening policy, houses were required to remove any eaves. The relocations resulted in an enlarged urban Edo. In 1662 ("Kanbun" 2), the areas of Ueno, Asakusa and Shiba outside the canals were brought under the administration of the "machi-bugyō". After the Great Fire of Tenna, another wave of relocation involving "daimyō" residences, temples, and shrines, and allowed for new "hiyokechi" and extended "hirokōji". Most temples and shrines were now located outside of the canals as a result. During the Kyōho Reforms, fire prevention was further strengthened starting with the institutionalization of the "machibikeshi". In the light of Tokugawa Yoshimune's enthusiasm for a non-flammable Edo, new "hiyokechi" were set up in Kanda, Hatchōbori and Ichigaya. Despite the effort to establish fire barrier zones around Edo, there were also cases where homes were built inside the "hiyokechi", and stores along the "hirokōji", which significantly reduced their efficacy, sometimes to the point where there was an even higher fire risk than before. Fire-resistant and fireproof structures. After the great fire of 1601 ("Keichō" 6), the shogunate mandated that thatched roofs be modified into shingle roofs. Later, tiled roofs became fashionable among buildings inside luxurious "daimyō" residences and were also adopted in some "chōnin" residences. However, after the Great Fire of Meireki, a policy change banned the use of tiled roofs because the fire-resistant tiles fell from roofs and caused many injuries. Instead, flammable thatched roofs were required to be covered with earth to prevent fire from spreading. In 1661 ("Kanbun" 1), the use of thatched roofs in new buildings was also banned, making shingle roofs the only permitted choice. It was not until Tokugawa Yoshimune assumed power that tiled roofs became mandatory. For samurai residences, in 1723 ("Kyōhō" 8), burned-down hatamoto residences near Banchō were required to be rebuilt with tiled roofs. Interest-free loans were also provided for this purpose. After around 1725 ("Kyōhō" 10), in limited areas, existing residences were required to adopt tiled roofs. Later, this policy became enforced in larger areas with the warning that non-compliant residences would be demolished. For "chōnin" residences, the ban on tiled roofs was overturned in 1720 ("Kyōhō" 5). After 1722 ("Kyōhō" 7), all buildings in Edo were required to have tiled roofs and be built from or covered with earth, although out of consideration of the economic burden on the "chōnin", roofs made from oyster shells were also permitted in some cases. Similar to samurai residences, exemption of public service fees and interest-free loans were available, and unmodified residences were subject to demolition. The non-flammable Edo program driven by the shogunate was carried out under the rule of Tokugawa Yoshimune, though after his death in 1751 ("Kan'ei" 4), the shogunate became less active due to its troubled financial status. The program was never fully completed, which became the main cause of various great fires before the "Meiji" era. Prohibitions and fire alert orders. In order to prevent fires, the shogunate issued all kinds of directives including prohibitions of potential causes of fires, fire alert orders during important events, and bans on specific activities during actual fires. Prohibitions targeting fire hazards were directed against public bathhouses, fireworks, , and waste burning. Most "chōnin" residences were not built with a bath to avoid being suspected as the cause in the case of a fire. As a result, public bathhouses were popular. Although the necessity of fire in the bathhouse business prevented a complete ban, in 1653 ("Jōō" 2) fire was prohibited in public bathhouses until after 6 pm. The public bathhouses were further required to keep the bath water until morning so that the water could be used for firefighting. Production of fireworks inside the city was prohibited in 1648 ("Keian" 1). Their use was also banned except at the estuaries and further restricted to only along the Sumida River in 1642 ("Keian" 5). "Sagichō" celebrations in towns and houses were banned in the "Genroku" era. Still earlier, waste burning was outlawed in 1655 ("Meireki" 1). As an exceptional instance, a ban on kites was issued in 1646 ("Shōhō" 3), two days after a burning kite fell onto the of Edo Castle. During important events such as the shogun's visit to the , a royal female's visit from Kyoto, and arrival of a Joseon delegate, ordinances demanding a raised level of fire alert were issued. Under these ordinances, the city was patrolled to prevent fires and quarrels, water-filled buckets were prepared, and the city area was cleaned up. Similar orders were also issued when rituals were being celebrated at the , and . Specific activities banned during fires included "fire sightseeing", moving tools with large-size carts called , and use and production of , all for the sake of preventing disturbances from intensifying and reducing obstacles of evacuation. "Chōnin"'s fire prevention measures. While the saying unequivocally displays the unrestrained attitude of Edo's people towards life, it also reflects their pragmatic mentality concerning the city's frequent great fires—money was better off spent soon than lost to a fire. For Edo's "chōnin", fires had become a daily routine, yet their spreading was almost unstoppable. When a fires struck their residences and businesses, the first and foremost goal was to evacuate quickly and preserve their properties. On the other hand, they also paid scrupulous attention to making sure that fires would not break out from their own residences. Provisions against fires. Fires occurred in Edo regardless of day or night. If a fire broke out while one was asleep, changing clothes and preparing lighting could spell delay in evacuation. Hence, when it entered the fire season as winter approached, as a precaution, people would place items including clothes, and next to their pillows in case of emergency. When alerted of a fire, the origin and the wind direction would first be confirmed. If the situation was deemed dangerous, valuable articles that could not be carried would be put into and , business customers would be informed, and people would climb up to the roofs to put out any sparks to prevent the fire from spreading. When the hazard became imminent, they would evacuate with only the valuables that could be taken along. To protect the valuables from fire, were used. "Yōjinkago" were a type of large bamboo basket with which one could carry on the back or shoulders. For important documents, wicker boxes called were used. Although "daihachiguruma" and "kurumanagamochi" could transport larger numbers of items, their large sizes tended to make them obstacles during evacuation. There were also instances where the transported items caught fire from flying sparks and helped spread the fire. These reasons led to their ban by the shogunate. As an additional measure, and as a forerunner to fire insurance, rich merchants would prepay wood retailers for the materials needed for building a house. If their businesses burned down, then after the debris was removed, the prepaid materials could be immediately claimed for reconstruction, so that the business could resume within a short time. "Dozō" and "anagura". "Dozō" and "anagura" were structures used for storing items that could not be transferred during fires. Rich merchants typically owned multiples of them. Due to their high costs, "dozō" were mostly built and used by merchants; in comparison, "anagura" were more affordable for the common people. "Dozō" were storehouses with thick plastered earthen walls and had tiled roofs in most cases. Fire resistance enabled by their thick walls made them ideal for storing commodities, household belongings, tools, and valuable articles. However, they could also suffer from vulnerabilities caused by substandard construction and inappropriate maintenance, letting in fires from crevices in windows and entrances as well as mouse holes, and even collapsing as a result. For this reason, rich merchants would prepare earth in a ready condition so that they could have their regular plasterers quickly seal up their "dozō" when fires occurred. There were also cases where, when they themselves were originators of fires, they would leave the doors of their "dozō" open and let them burn down as a form of public atonement. Specially fortified "dozō" for storing documents called existed but never gained popularity due to their even higher construction cost, even though they were strong enough to survive great fires. On the other hand, there were also residences and businesses called that were built to resemble storehouses. However, their fire resistance had to be more or less compromised to accommodate the necessary wide openings for business use. "Misegura" that have survived to the modern day are now mostly found in the cities of Katori (Sawara area), Tochigi and Kawagoe, giving these cities and their neighborhoods the name . "Anagura" were underground storage spaces. Unlike the small under-bed storage units, anagura had sufficient space to contain a person and were also built to store valuables. They were cheaper than the "dozō", yet remained effective against fires and theft for they had only the covers to secure. "Anagura" in Edo were first used in 1656 ("Meireki" 2) by a drapery vendor running a store named in Nihonbashi. The effectiveness of "Izumi-ya"'s "anagura" were recognized in the Great Fire of Meireki and helped popularize them. Concerning the popularity of "anagura" in Edo, Kawagoe salt merchant wrote in his memoir that one tenth of Edo had become holes. Such popularity also gave rise to the profession of . Although "anagura" in Edo were mainly built with cypress to prevent leaks caused by high groundwater levels, the underground humidity had nevertheless limited their durability. Punishments for fire accidents. Although the shogunate imposed punishments including death by burning to crack down on arson, its punishments for fire accidents were nowhere near as harsh. Those of the samurai class who caused a fire would be acquitted if they managed to extinguish it within their residences; so it was with the "chōnin" if the fire remained small. Although the council of considered proposals to impose harsh penalties including death and exile in the case of great fires, such proposals were never adopted. Anecdotal reasoning held that fire accidents at the time could befall anyone, and that the "rōjū" questioned their readiness to commit seppuku should they themselves accidentally start a great fire. Samurais' fire accidents. If a fire occurred in a "daimyō" residence, as long as the gate was preserved, the owner would not be held accountable even if the houses caught fire. Naturally, the gate became the focus of protection. Some samurai would take their sliding doors off the frames and carry them along as they escaped. Some others would shut the "machibikeshi" who rushed to the scene out, fight the fires on their own power, then claim that the smoke was merely coming from bonfires. Although there was no physical punishment, a samurai who caused a fire by accident would still need to report to the to serve a house arrest in an alternative residence; if he had let the fire spread from his residence, he would have to present a claim of responsibility to his superior. Three fire accidents would force a samurai to move his residence to the outskirts of Edo even though this was not explicitly stipulated. "Chōnin"s', temples', and shrines' fire accidents. For the "chōnin", the second volume of the "Kujikata Osadamegaki" imposed the penalty of 10, 20 and 30 days of , or strict house arrest, on those who accidentally burned down areas wider than (about ). The penalty could be prolonged to 50 days and aggravated with hand cuffing if the fire occurred on a day when the shogun set out for a visit. If the damage of a fire spread across an area wider than (about ), apart from the culprit, the head of the family, landlord and would also be subjected to 30 days of "oshikome". Members of the where he belonged would be punished with 20 days of "oshikome" as well. Furthermore, the "gachigyōji" of the six towns surrounding the fire source except in the leeward would also receive 20 days of "oshikome". For fire accidents occurring in temples and shrines, out of leniency the shogunate only penalized the firestarters with seven days of , or light house arrest, in which discrete night excursions were tolerated. Even a fire that coincided with the shogun's visit or turned great would only add another three days to the punishment. Fire accidents were also punished with much greater clemency in towns built around influential temples and shrines than in other towns. A fire burning down areas wider than would incur only three days of "oshikome". Economic impact. Every time a great fire struck, the material and monetary expenses necessitated for resurrecting a devastated Edo were tremendous. Hence, the influence of a great fire on consumer prices as well as economic prospects could ripple from Edo and affect the entire Japan. The frequent occurrence of great fires can therefore be said as a major driving factor that supported the economic growth of Edo. On the contrary, the reconstruction cost also became an enormous burden for the shogunate and contributed to its troubled financial conditions. Also suffering from the economic pressure were the "chōnin". It is not unimaginable that a merchant running a big business could be reduced to living in a "nagaya" after a great fire. When it came to the shogunate's budget, among expenditures allocated to the "chōnin", those related to fire prevention and firefighting also accounted for the largest proportions. Skyrocketing consumer prices. Each great fire meant a price surge in Edo. Foods, starting with rice, as well as construction materials required for rebuilding houses all saw their prices multiply. For instance, after the Great Fire of Meireki, the price of sake grew from per "shō" (about ) to 1000 "mon" per "shō", while that of oil jumped from 3 "mon" per shō to 2400 "mon" per "shō". The inflated workload of reconstruction in the city helped send the cost of hired artisans soaring. Besides artisans, indentured servants also enjoyed an increase in their salaries for fewer of them wishing to work in Edo out of fear of great fires. Other than these, rents rose based on the shortage of housing; so did the ferry fares due to increased demand before bridges were re-built. These were all impacts that Edo's great fires exerted on the local consumer prices. In order to control inflationary prices, the shogunate issued ordinances that outlawed price hikes, imposed upper limits on artisans' pay, and penalized the most prominent offenders. Measures that addressed the shortage of rice in Edo were put into effect. Rice was purchased directly from farmers and resold. Farmers were also permitted to come to Edo to sell rice themselves. Due to increased number of purchase orders placed from Edo to places across the country, the influence of Edo's great fires on the economic prospects was nationwide. The shogunate similarly issued warnings to wide areas against opportunistic price hikes. Nevertheless, that did not stop merchants like , who built up a fortune from wood trading and contracted construction after the Great Fire of Meireki. Financial burden on the shogunate. Expenses of rebuilding the burned-down facilities occupied a large portion of the shogunate's budget. For the Great Fire of Meireki, although the lost tenshu-keep of Edo Castle was left as destroyed, reconstruction of the inner citadel as well as the palaces recorded a total expenditure of over . For comparison, , the shogun at the time and great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu, inherited money and properties worth 4.23 million "ryō" from his ancestors. Other than reconstruction, disaster relief activities were another source of large expenditures. After the Great Fire of Meireki, hatamotos and received endowments proportional to their stipends and were allowed advanced rice payments. For "daimyōs", apart from endowments, were also given ten-year loans. About 160,000 "ryō" were spent on endowments for "chōnin", whose shares corresponded to the sizes of the facades of their residences. Furthermore, "daimyōs" were ordered to provide congee to "chōnin" who had lost their homes; "chōnin" who had their rice granaries burned down were supplied with free rice. After the Great Fire of Meireki, the shogunate continued its relief efforts whenever a great fire occurred, albeit on smaller scales owing to a deteriorating financial status. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Sources. <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

idur ognikando japanor ido jugot (1600-1868) tokur purbor naamtur ognikando imaan ghono ghono hoisil je ido sohorok probadtur dore boixistyojukto koraa hoisil. aanoki aadhunik dinburotu puroni ido etiyau smoroniyo aasil. ido prithibit ek birol ghotona aasil, kiyonu sohoror bixal nogoriya oncholbur baare baare juir dwara xomotol koraa hoisil. idur brihot juiburok ognir debotar xoite tulona koraa hoisil aaru haisyorxere "xorotkalor paat" hisapeu bornona koraa hoisil. juir probritti. 267 bosorot 1601 ("keisu" 6), taar pisor bosor, aaru 1867 ("keisu" 3), idur bosorot 49taa dangor juir folot akranto hoisil. tulonamulokbhabe, eke xomoisuwat, kiyutu, usaka aaru kanajawat xonghotit huwa brihot ognikandor xongkhya krome maatro noo, choy aaru tinita aasil, jaar folot idur xongkhya japanor aan mohanogorxomuhor poraa prithok hoi porisil. onyanyo biboron onuxori, idur itihaxot itihaxot odhik dangor ognikando xonghotit hoisil. 1600 aaru 1945 sonor bhitorot, ido/toku proti bosorot jui, bhumikompo, sunami, aagneyogiri bisfuron aaru juddhor dwara xomotol koraa hoisil. jodi xoru juiu ontorbhukto koraa hoy, ei 267 bosoriya xomoisuwat xonghotit huwa 1,798 khon juir bhitorot 269 khon 1601-1700,541 khon 1701-1800, aaru 986 khon 1801-1867 too aasil. tukugawar xexor faale idur jonoxongkhya briddhi huwar loge loge iyar bordhito orthonoitik xomridhir xoite briddhi paisil, xeyehe sohorkhonot juir xongkhyau iyar briddhir onupatot briddhi paisil. bixexkoi 1851 ("kaai" 3) aaru 1867 sonor maajor 17 bosorot 506taa ognikando xonghotit hoisil, zo "too tokugawa swogunetor okhyom proxaxonor folot sristi huwa osthitixil rajohuwa sringkhola ek prodhan obodankari kaarok aasil. brihot ognikandor talika. nimnolikhito protinidhitwomulok talikakhonot idur itihaxot xonghotit huwa kisuman brihot ognikandor talika diya hoise jiye jiwan aaru bostugot khyotir biporzoyojonok khyoti xadhon korisil. meireki", "meiwa" aaru "bunka" ror jugot xonghotit huwa tiniujonok "dyo" buli kuwa hoisil. 1657 sonot meirekir brihot jui tinita xonghorxor bhitorot ataitkoi dhongxatmok buli gonyo koraa hoy. idut jui praye drutogotit briddhi paisil, sohoror nogoriya poriwexor brihot ongxot jwolonxil kaathor "masiya" ottalikaxomuhor dwara sinhito koraa hoisil jibur koyola jwoluwa ognikundor dwara uttopto koraa hoisil. xei xomoyot ogninirbapok projuktir ximabodhotar logote idur paanee jugan byowosthar obiswostotar baabe, ebaar kaathor bhandarere bhora suburit etaa jui haator poraa ulai juwar pisot sohoror aan ongxoloi iyar xongkromon protirudh koriboloi komm kortripokhyoihe xokhyom hoisil. brihot xonghorxor uporiu, ei xomoisuwat maaje maaje xoru xoru juiu lagisil ji (ekeloge luwa) jikunu ekokbhabe dhongxatmok juir tulnat idut odhik khyoti aaru jiwanor khyoti korisil. ognikandor kaaron. ido jugot, ogni doinondin jiwanor ek oporiharzo upadan aasil. iyak rondhon aaru puhoror baabe byobohar koraa hoisil, jaar folot durghotonar sristi hoisil. bibhinno uddesyor baabe ognixongzug koratu juir aan etaa utxo aasil. onyanyo sohoror tulnat idut brihot ognikandor odhik prabonota bibhinno karonor poraa aahisil, jaar bhitorot aasil ek brihot jonoxongkhyar ghono nogoriya binyax, ek doridro xamajik shrenir ostitwo, aaru idur ononyo botorotat poristhiti. idur juir bixoye odhyoyon koraa ejon pondito matsunuxuke nixiyamawe juir karonxomuhor xarangxo eidore disiloh jonoxongkhya briddhi. idut xugunet sthapon korar pisot, "daimiyas" (xamonto lord) aaru hatamutu (jyestho rokhyonabekhyonkari) baxosthan ido durgor sariufale nirman koraa hoisil aaru iyat brihot xongkhyok xamurai aasil. xamurair jiwanak xomorthon koraa byowoxayi aaru xilpixokole oti xunkalei iduloi probrojon korisil aaru iyar folot jonoxongkhya briddhi paisil. idur jonoxongkhya 1640 sonot pray 400,000 ("kaan 'ee" 17) ror poraa 1693 sonot pray 800,000 ("jenoruku" 6) loi briddhi paisil, aaru 1721 sonor bhitorot pray 1,100,000 loi briddhi paisil ("kiyuhu" 6). xamurair bixal awaxik oncholor biporite, sunin bohu xoru oncholot ximabodho aasil. bordhito jonoxongkhyai teulukor jonoxongkhyar ghonotwok otyonto uscho storoloi theli disil. teulukor baxosthanxomuh ghonobhabe xonghot oncholot byowosthito aasil, aaru swabi xadharon aasil. jonomuri thoka thaai, pakghor aaru almari ontorbhukto aasil, xadharonote soita tatami metor aakaror aasil. iyar uporot, kaath aaru kagoj nirman xamogri xohoje juir indhon hoi porisil. ei xokolubur poristhitiye swabhabikbhabei ognikandor durghotonar uscho xombhawonar sristi korisil. ognixongzug. idut juir etaa prodhan kaaron hisape, brihot xongkhyat surangbur nothibhukto koraa hoisil. greptar huwa ognixongzugkarixokolor bohute edur jiwan dharonor uscho byoy aaru gerantor nothokar baabe suktibodho daax hisape kaam korar ojugyotar baabe ek doridro jiwan jaapon kori aasil. teulukor kisumanor ghor jwolai diya hoisil aaru oporadh korar folot komkoi heruwabo logaa hoisil. 1723 aaru 1724 sonot greptar koraa 102 john ognixongzugkarir bhitorot ("kiyu" 8 aaru 9), 41 john aasil, aaru 22 jonor kunu ponjiyonbhukto sthayi baxosthan nasil. teulukor odhikangxoi nimno xamajik shrenir poraa aahisil. ognixongzugor baabe bibhinno dhoronor uddesyo aasil jodiu ataitkoi guruttopurno aasil lutpat. ei dhoronor ognixongzugkarixokole botahor dinot jui logaisil aaru iyar folot huwa oxantir xubidha loi suri korisil. lutpator bahireu, xoghonai huwa uddesyobur aasil xamajik xomporkor poraa udbhob huwa, jene daxoxokole teulukor malikor uporot protixudh lo 'bob bisarisil aaru bifol romantik xomporkor baabe bidwex rakhisil. logote byowoxayixokole protijugixokolor byoboxai aaru xixuxokolok jui di jui logai diyar udahoronxomuh lipibodho koraa hoisil, aaru aanoki "hothate jui loguwar dore onubhob huwa" ek swikaruktir xoite etaa gusoru lipibodho koraa hoisil. jihetu ognikandor ortho hoh "lo poroborti punor nirmanot kathomistri, plasterworker aaru stipoljekor baabe byoboxai, xeyehe teulukor maajor kisumane ognikandor ghotona aaru tibrotar baabe anondito hoh" bob. bixexkoi, jihetu bohutu ogninirbapok bahiniye prathomikbhabe staplejek hisape kaam korisil, teulukor maajor kisumane rajohuwa sthanot ogninirbapok dokhyota prodorxon korar baabe baa nijor baabe byowoxayik xujug sristi korar baabe issakritobhabe jui biyopaisil. iyar folot swogunetor xotorkobani odhyadex jaari koriboloi aaru kisuman oporadhkari ogninirbapok bahinir lukor karjyokolapor baabe prerona disil. greptar huwa ognixongzugkarixokolok jwolai hotya korar aagote rastaxomuhot kuchkawaz koraa hoisil. obosye, ognixongzugor proti xugunetor oxohisnu niti thokar swotweu, ognixongzugor folot huwa jui ketiyau idur poraa xompurnorupe nirmul koraa huwa nasil. bakamatxur xomoisuwat, swogunetor proxaxonor okarjokhyom huwar loge loge rajohuwa sringkholar owonoti ghotisil. pholsworupe, ognixongzugor folot huwa juir poriman jothesto briddhi paisil. kisuman ognixongzugkari xahityo aaru kabuki rosonar bixoy hoi porisil. iyar bhitorot aasil, jaar naamere 1683 sonor tenar brihot jui (tenaa 3) ror naam diya hoisil, zo 'too 3,500 lukor mrityu hoisil. oh 'sisi ognikandor baabe dayee nasil, kintu iyar folot taair ghor heruwaisil. taai etaa mondirot aashroy loisil aaru taat etaa pristhar premot porisil. ebosoror pisot, teu ei kolponar uporot aadharito kori ognixongzugor chesta korisil je aan etaa juiye duyuke punor log hoh 'boloi xokhyom koribo. taik greptar koraa hoisil, bisar koraa hoisil aaru juire mrityudondo diya hoisil. teur kahinitu aasil ihara saikaku aaru tsuruya nanbuku IV ror aadhar. botor xombondhiyo poristhiti. uttoror poraa ohaa xoktixali xitkalin mousumi botor idur baabe ek ononyo botorotat porinot hoisil. ee prosolito uttor-poschim aaru uttor botahor folot huwa xukan botorot xonghotit huwa bohutu xeet aaru boxontokalin juir baabe orihona jugaisil. iyar uporiu, boxonto aaru xorotkalot huwa tibro dokhyin botahou brihot juir aan etaa kaaron aasil. ei karonot, 1658 sonot swogunetor dwara protistha koraa sarita doll ("manji" 1) xei dixor poraa biyopi poraa durgotuk juir poraa xurokhito koriboloi edu durgor uttor-poschim dixot owosthito aasil. jetiya maahtur bhitorot juir xongkhya gonona koraa hoisil, tetiya podojatrat ataitkoi besi "dangor jui" dekha goisil, taar pisot february, april aaru january. ei chaari maahot xonghotit huwa xokolu brihot ognikandor 70 xotangxoi ei ognikandor baabe dayee. meirekir brihot ognikando, 107,000 john lukor jiwan daabi korar baabe idur itihaxot ataitkoi bhoyongkor ognikando huwar baabe, 1657 sonor 2 marchot (japani chandri-xurjyo tenpu kelendarot "meireki" 3 ror prothom maahor 18 xongkhyok dinaa) xonghotit hoisil. idur "sunin" ei kothatur bixoye bhaldore obogoto aasil. xitkalot, mohilaxokolok idur uponogorot thoka teulukor pitri-matrir baxosthanoloi jaboloi kuwa hoisil aaru juir botor paar huwar pisothe ubhoti jaboloi kuwa hoisil, jaar folot jonoxongkhyar ek ritugoto uthanama hoisil. 1725 sonot ("kiyuhu" 10), xostho maahot jonoxongkhya soturtho maahot thoka jonoxongkhyatkoi jonoxongkhyatkoi odhik aasil. jug diya jonoxongkhyar 90 xotangxotkoiu odhik mohila aasil. tukugawa swogunetor ogni protirudh byowostha. ido jugor aarombhonite, swogunetor bixisto bixoyaxokole botahor dinot "swogun" aaru ido durgor xurokhya prathomikota hisape sthapon korisil, jetiya ognixongzug huwar xombhawona besi aasil. iyar biporite, senguku xomoyor owoxisto hisape, "sunin" ror awaxik oncholxomuhor bixoye ogni protirudh byowosthaxomuh pray kunu gurutwo diya huwa nasil. obosye, "sunine" xamajik xokti laabh korar loge loge, swogunetor nitiburu bikoxito hoisil, jaar protik hisape, ostom swogune, kiyuhu xongskaror ongxo hisape iduk xarbojoninbhabe xamori lo "boloi ogni protirudh byowosthaxomuh xomproxarito korisil. ogninirbapok xongothonxomuh. prarombhik jugor ido jugot ogninirbapok byowosthak protisthanik koraa huwa nasil. obosye, brihot juir punorabritti byowosthatu protisthar baabe ek poriworton bindu hoi porisil. ei byowosthar odhinot ogninirbapokxokolok xadharonote aar. aar. too shrenibodho koraa hoisil. buke hikesi" ror bhitorot ogninirbapok bahini aaru odhik bhagot bibhokto koraa hoisil. hikesi" ror ogninirbapokor prathomik poddhoti aasil jui biyopibo nuwarakoi itimodhye jwoluwa ottalikabur dhongxo koraa. meiwa" jugot, manobxoktir dwara porisalito ek prokaror kaathor pump byobohar koraa hoisil, kintu nirobisinno paanee juganor obhawor baabe ee ketiyau ogninirbaponor xompurnorupe byowoharjugyo madhyom hoi poraa nasil. meiji punoruddhar nuhuwaloike, pesadari ogninirbapok bahinir dwara bhowonxomuhor hostosalito dhongxo, jaar bhitorot staplejekxomuh xongkhyagoristho aasil, ogninirbaponor prathomik poddhoti hoi aasil. "daimyu hikesi. diamyu hikesi" koo 1643 sonot ("kaan 'ee" 20) protisthanik koraa hoisil, oh' key-masir ognikandor dubosoror pisot, "diamyu" koo nirdharito badhyotamulok niyomiya ogninirbapok xewar rup hisape. iyar aagote, jui jwoluwar pisot jaari koraa bohirbhut aadexor dwara "daimiyo" koo ogninirbapok kamoloi preron koraa hoisil. daimyu hikesi" ror onyanyo rupburor bhitorot aasil, jixokole xugunetor dwara guruttopurno buli gonyo koraa sthanxomuhor baabe daybodho aasil jene xomadhi, mondir, aaru dhaanor xosyora; ji idur byoktigoto mohkumar baabe daybodho aasil; aaru, ji "diamyu" baxosthanot aatmo-protirokya ogninirbapok xongsthar biporite, aaxe-paxer oncholxomuhot ogninirbapito ongxogrohon koriboloi badhyo aasil. "jubikesi. meirekir bhoyongkor ognikandor ebosoror pisot 1658 sonot ("manji" 1) "jubikexi" protisthanik koraa hoisil. hatamutuk swogunetor aadexot punpotiyakoi ogninirbaponor dayitwo diya hoisil. teulukok ogninirikhyon taware xojjito ghorburot sthapon koraa hoisil. teuluke pesadari ogninirbapokoku niyug korisil. prothomote sarita doll xongothito koraa hoisil. pisot, teulukor xongkhya 15taa dolor xoite, edu xomoyor xexor faale maatro etaa dololoi uthanama korisil, swogunetor bittiyo aaru xamorik sthitir logote "masibikesi" ror prostutir uporot nirbhor kori. besibhag xomoyot dohta doll aasil aaru xeyehe aaru buliu kuwa hoisil. "masibikesi". jetiya tukugawa iyusimune ostom swogun hisape khyomota grohon korisil, tetiya idur ogninirbapok karzoxomuh "daimyu hikesi", "jubikesi", aaru iyar bhitorot "sunin" byowoxayi aaru xilpixokolor dwara gothito ogninirbapok bahinir maajot bitoron koraa hoisil. daimyu hikesi" aaru "jubikesi" obhigyo ogninirbapok aasil jodiu "sunin" ror awaxik oncholot xonghotit huwa juir bixoye teuluke ketiyau xosakoiye sintit nasil; ifale, "tanabikesi" aasil opesadari ogninirbapokor dolor baahire aan eku nasil jixokole nijei bhoy koraa juir poraa polayon koribo. 1720 sonot ("kiyuhu" 5), tukugawa iyusimune kiyuhu xongskaror ongxo hisape "masibikesi" koo protisthanik korisil. teu notun ogninirbapok gutt sthapon korar nirdex disil ji xosakoiye "sunin" ror awaxik oncholxomuh xurokhito koriboloi xokhyom hoh 'bob. masibikesi" byowosthar odhinot, protikhon sohore ogninirbapok karzor baabe iyar "sunin" preron korar proyujon aasil. ōoka-e sohoror bixoyaxokolor poraa poramorxo grohon korisil aaru sohoror ogninirbapok gutxomuh xongothito korisil. xumida nodir poschim dixot 48taa gutt gothon koraa hoisil. saritar baahire xokoluburok ekok hiragana sithi byobohar kori monunit koraa hoisil aaru xeyehe xamuhikbhabe iyak hiragana sithi buli kuwa hoisil. nodikhonor pubo dixot hunju aaru fukugawat aan xullota gutt gothon koraa hoisil. protitu gutor nijoswo ononyo aaru uniform aasil. protitu gutor bhitorot xomporko xadharon aasil, kintu gutor maajot birudhitau xadharon aasil. 1730 sonot ("kiyuhu" 15), ei ogninirbapok gutxomuhok ogni-xomoyor xonghotkoronor poriman aaru dokhyota briddhi koriboloi brihot gutot punor xongothito koraa hoisil. jodiu "masibikesi" prothomote kewol "sunin" ror awaxik oncholor baabe daybodho aasil, teulukor xamorthyoxomuh sinakto koraa hoisil aaru pisoloi xamurair awaxik oncholxomuhor bhitorot thoka sthanxomuh, jene dolong, mondir, dhaanor xosyor xosyo, aanoki ido praxador bhitorotu juir xoite jujiboloi preron koraa hoisil. meiji punoruddharor xomoyot, teuluk idur mukhyo ogninirbapok xokti hoi porisil, aanhate iyar biporite, xei xomoyot "buke hikesi" bohut hraax paisil. anty-aarson byowostha. idut ognixongzug huwar ek mukhyo kaaron huwar baabe, xugunete ognixongzugkarixokolor uporot kothur poribortonor baabe jothesto prochesta solaisil. etaa notun sorkari podd, proborton koraa hoisil. "ognixongzugkarixokolok dhora peluwar baabe "sunin" koo puroskar diya hoisil. ognixongzugok ek oporadh hisape grohon koraa hoisil aaru jonoxadharonor baabe xotorkobani hisape jurot jwolai xasti diya hoisil. "hitche tujuku aratame. "hitsuke tujuku aratame" aasil swogunetor dwara ognixongzug, suri aaru juwar oporadhxomuhok lokhyo koriboloi proborton koraa ek sthiti. jodiu prothomote tinita oporadhor baabe tinita prithok podd aasil, tothapiu 1683 sonot xamorik bixoyaxokole eke xomoyote iyak rakhisil buli jonaa goisil ("tenaa" 3). pisoloi teulukok komm xomoyor baabe aatorai peluwa hoisil, kintu 1703 sonot ("jenoruku" 16) punor proborton koraa hoisil aaru 1718 sonot ("kiyuhu" 3) ekok sthanot ekotrito koraa hoisil. maasi-bugyu" ror biporite, jixokol oxamorik bixoya aasil, "hituke tujuku aratame" xamorik bixoya aasil. xeyehe, teulukor xudha-puchar kouxol hingxatmok huwar probonota aasil. jodiu teulukor xondehjukto ognixongzugkarixokolok greptar korar khyomota aasil, bhulkoi greptar korar baabe kunu xasti nasil. ei karonot, teuluke praye greptar koraa xondehjuktoxokolok bolpurbok swikar koriboloi otyasar korisil, jaar folot bohu xongkhyok misa obhijug utthapon hoisil. iyar folot "sunin" ror uporot etaa kukhyat sobi roi goisil, jiye "maasi-bugyu" aaru iyar xoite tulona kori teulukok daknam disil. ognixongzugkarixokolok dhora aaru jwoluwar dwara mrityudondo diyar baabe puroskar. swogunete baare baare odhyadex jaari korisil zo 'too bondi huwa ognixongzugkarixokolok totkhyonat ghurai diyar daabi jonuwa hoisil aaru teulukor bondixokolok puroskar aagborhuwa hoisil. iyar uporiu, ognixongzugkarik dhora peluwa byoktir biruddhe huwa oporadhxomuh khyoma koraa hoh "bob. aanoki ognixongzugkarixokoleu jixokole teulukor xohojugi baa onyanyo ognixongzugkarixokolor biruddhe tothyo prodan korat guruttopurno bhumika paalon korisil, teuluk khyomar uporot puroskaror baabe jugyo aasil. 1723 sonot ("kiyuhu" 8), eitu nirdex diya hoisil je jikunu byoktik ognikandor khetrot xondehjonok aasoronor bhittit greptar koribo paari jodiu teu ognixongzug koraa nasil. jonoxadharonor baabe ek xotorkobani hisape, greptar huwa ognixongzugkarixokolok sohorkhonor maajere kuchkawaz koraa hoisil aaru jurot jwolai diya hoisil. iyar uporiu, teulukor biruddhe obhijugbur kaathor folkot likha hoisil aaru rajohuwa prodorxonot rokha hoisil. purar dwara mrityudondor bidhan aasil, edu xomoyor dondobidhi, aaru 1868 sonot ("meiji" 1) meiji sorkaror osthayi dondobidhir dwara xoloni nuhuwaloike onuxilon koraa hoisil. ognixongzugkarixokolor poriyalor xodosyoxokoloku jorito koraa hoisil, aaru potni aaru konyaxokolok suktibodho daxotwoloi hraax koraa hoisil baa nirbaxonoloi preron koraa hoisil. suktir odhinot ognixongzugor khetrot oporadhor baabe dhon diya byoktigorakiku xasti diya hoisil. jetiya ognixongzugkari ejon xamurai aasil, tetiya jwoluwar dwara mrityudondo proyugjugyo nasil. iyar poriworte, xorbadhik xasti aarup koraa hoisil; duxi xamuraik xirosched koraa hoisil aaru murtu etaa aaxon baa platformot rokha hoisil aaru tini dinor baabe prodorxito koraa hoisil, aanhate xorirtu toruwal-porikhyar baabe byobohar koraa hoisil. likhito nutore ognixongzugor bhabuki diya byoktixokolok prothomote dondoniyo aasil, kintu pisot xasti nirbaxonoloi hraax koraa hoisil. jodiu uporot bornona koraa nitir uporot bhitti kori xasti diya hoisil, tothapi ognixongzugor oxofol prochestar dore poristhitir briddhir kothau bibesona koraa hoisil. 15 bosoror tolor ognixongzugkarixokolok mrityudondo diya noho 'bob kintu nirbaxonoloi pothiuwa hoh' bob baa probesyonat rokha hoh 'bob. nogor porikolpona. jwolonxil xamogrir poraa nirmito ottalikaxomuhor ghono bitoron ek guruttopurno kaarok aasil jiye jui xorur poraa dangoroloi bikoxito hoh 'boloi onumoti disil. ebaar etaa ottalikat jui laagi go "ley, kunu ogninirbapok bahiniye xohari jonuwar aagotei suburiya ottalikabur xunkale jwole. ei karonot, meirikir brihot ognikandor pisot, juir biruddhe sohoror protirokya briddhi koriboloi jwolon nuhuwa xamogrire nirmito gathonibur edut prosar koraa hoisil. idur bibhinno sthanot ogni baadha oncholxomuh aahban koraa hoisil aaru sthapon koraa hoisil. tailjukto saad aaru maatir ghoroke dhori ogni-protirudhi xamogri grohon koratu badhyotamulok hoi porisil. "hiyo 'kesi" aaru "hirukuji". meirekir brihot ognikandot huwa bidhwongxi khyotir pisot, ogni protirudh byowosthaxomuhe idur punor nirman porikolponat jothesto gurutwo laabh korisil. jui biyopibo nuwaribor baabe ogni baadha onchol sthapon koraa hoisil. ido durgor baahiror prathomik baxosthanbur sthanantor koraa aaru khaali thaikhon jui protirudhor baabe utxorgito korar xoite aarombho hoisil. iyar pisot aan "diamyu" aaru hatamut "ror ontorgoto baxosthanxomuhor sthanantoron koraa hoisil. idur bhitoror ottalikaxomuhor ghono xongkuchon hraax koriboloi, besibhag gontobyosthanok durgor poraa durot thokar baabe basoni koraa hoisil. todupori, "jenoruku" jugor xomoyot, "daimiyo" koo idur upokonthot teulukor gouno aaru tritiyo baxosthan nirmanor baabe bhumi prodan koraa hoisil, aaru teulukor tritiyo baxosthanbur juir xomoyot aasroyostholi hisapeu byobohar koraa hoisil. notun samurai baxosthanor baxosthanor aan etaa upay hisape bhumi punor dokhol koraa hoisil. 1661 sonor aaxe-paxe ("kanbun" 1), honjut xamurai baxosthan nirmanor logote "sunin" baxosthanor sthanantoronor onumoti diboloi bhumi punoruddhar xompurno koraa hoisil. mondir aaru mondirxomuholoiu ekedhoronor sthanantor aadex jaari koraa hoisil. teulukor odhikangxoi idur khaalor bahiroloi guchi goisil aanhate teulukor kisumane axakucha, kumagum aaru kuwisikawat teulukor notun sthan bisari paisil. ei xomoisuwat nihunbaxir suburiyar poraa axakuchaloi redd-light jilaar sthanantoru ghotisil, jodiu meirekir brihot ognikandor aagote ei podokhyeptu xiddhanto luwa hoisil. dui prokaror ogni baadha onchol, aaru, sthanantoronor folot khaali huwa bhumir poraa sristi koraa hoisil; prothomtu khaali plaza aasil aaru pisortu bohol rasta aasil. iyar uporiu, poth bohol koraa nitir xoite, ghorbur jikunu eve atoraboloi proyujon aasil. ei sthanantoror folot nogoriya xikhyar ek xomproxaron hoisil. 1662 sonot (kanbun 2), khalxomuhor baahiror euenu, asakucha aaru swiba oncholxomuhok "maasi-bugyu" ror proxaxonor odhinot onaa hoisil. tenar brihot juir pisot, "diamyu" baxosthan, mondir aaru mondirxomuhor xoite jorito sthanantoror aan etaa dhou, aaru notun "hiyo 'kesi" ror onumoti disil aaru "hirukuji" xomproxarito korisil. pholsworupe besibhag mondir aaru mondir etiya khaalor bahirot owosthito aasil. kiyuhu xongskaror xomoyot, "masibikesi" ror protisthanikikoronor poraa aarombho kori ogni protirudhok odhik xoktixali koraa hoisil. tukugawa iyusimuner ek jwolonhin edur proti thoka utxahor alukot, kanda, hesob "ri aaru isigayot notun" hiyo 'kesi "sthapon koraa hoisil. idur sariufale ogni baadha onchol sthaponor prochestar swotweu, "hiyo 'kesi" ror bhitorot ghor nirman korar ghotona aaru "hirukuji" ror kaxot thoka dukanburu aasil, jiye teulukor karjyokorita ullekhjugyobhabe hraax korisil, ketiyaba aagor tulnat juir xombhawonau odhik aasil. ogni-protirudhi aaru ogni-protirudhi gathoni. 1601 sonor brihot ognikandor ("keisu" 6) pisot, xugunete badhyotamulok korisil je sadbur swingel sadoloi xoloni koraa hoh 'bob. pisoloi, bilaxbohul "diamy" baxosthanor bhitoror ottalikaxomuhor maajot tailjukto sadbur feswan hoi porisil aaru kisuman "sunin" baxosthanotu grohon koraa hoisil. obosye, meirekir bhoyongkor ognikandor pisot, ek niti poriwortone tailjukto sador byobohar nixidho korisil kaaron jui-protirudhi tilebur sador poraa porisil aaru bohutu aaghat korisil. iyar poriworte, jui biyopibo nuwaribor baabe jwolonxil sadbur maatire dhaaki rokhar proyujon aasil. 1661 sonot (kanbun 1), notun ottalikat sador byoboharu nixidho koraa hoisil, jaar folot swingle sador byoboharei ekmatro onumotiprapto posondo aasil. tokugawa iyusimune khyomota grohon nokoraloike tailjukto saad badhyotamulok hoi porisil. 1723 sonot ("kiyuhu" 8) xamurair baxosthanor baabe, banchur usoror puraa-puraa hatamutu baxosthanbur tailjukto sadore punor nirman korar proyujon hoisil. ei uddesyor baabe xut-mukto rinou prodan koraa hoisil. 1725 sonor aaxe-paxe ("kiyuhu" 10) ximito oncholot, bidyoman baxosthanburok tailjukto saad grohon korar proyujon hoisil. pisot, ei niti brihot oncholot ei xotorkobanir xoite bolowot koraa hoisil je onupalona nokora baxosthanxomuh dhongxo koraa hoh 'bob. sunin" baxosthanor baabe, 1720 sonot tailjukto sador uporot nixedhagya polti diya hoisil ("kiyuhu" 5). 1722 sonor pisot ("kiyuhu" 7), idur xokolu ottalikat tailjukto saad thoka aaru maatir poraa nirman koraa baa maatire dhaaki rokhar proyujon aasil, jodiu "sunin" ror uporot orthonoitik buja bibesona korar pisot, silikar khupar poraa toiyar koraa sadburu kisuman khetrot onumoti diya hoisil. xamurai baxosthanor dore, rajohuwa xewa masul aaru xut-mukto rinor rehai upolobdho aasil, aaru oh-poribortito baxosthan dhongxor odhin aasil. xugunetor dwara porisalito jwolonhin ido karzoxusi tukugawa iyusimuner xaxonor odhinot xomponno koraa hoisil, jodiu 1751 sonot ("kaan 'ee" 4) teur mrityur pisot, xomosyapurno bittiyo owosthar baabe xugunet komm xokriyo hoi porisil. ei karzoxusi ketiyau xompurno huwa nasil, ji "meiji" jugor aagote bibhinno brihot ognikandor mool kaaron hoi porisil. nixedhagya aaru ogni nirikhyonor aadex. jui protirudh koriboloi, swogunete juir xombhabyo karonxomuhor nixedhagya, guruttopurno ghotonaxomuhor xomoyot juir xotorkotar aadex, aaru prokrito juir xomoyot nirdisto karzokolapxomuhor uporot nixedhagya aadi xokolu dhoronor nirdexona jaari korisil. ognir bipodok lokhyo kori rajohuwa snanagar, atosobaji aaru aworjona jwoluwar biruddhe nixedhagya preron koraa hoisil. besibhag "sunin" baxosthanxomuh juir ghotonar kaaron hisape xondeh korar poraa haat xariboloi snanor xoite nirman koraa huwa nasil. pholsworupe, rajohuwa snangrihoxomuh jonopriyo hoisil. jodiu snangrihor byowoxayot juir proyujoniyotar baabe xompurno nixedhagya protirudh koraa hoisil, 1653 sonot ("ju" 2) xondhiya 6 bojaloike rajohuwa snangrihot jui logaa nixidho koraa hoisil. rajohuwa snangrihoburot aaru ratipuwaloike snanor paanee rokhar proyujon aasil jaate paanee ogninirbaponor baabe byobohar koribo paari. 1648 sonot ("keiyan" 1) sohoror bhitorot atosobaji utpadon nixidho koraa hoisil. muhonar bahireu iyar byobohar nixidho koraa hoisil aaru 1642 sonot ("keiyan" 5) kewol xumida nodir kaxothe ximabodho koraa hoisil. "jenoruku" jugot sohor aaru ghorot "sagisu" udjapon nixidho koraa hoisil. iyar aagoteu, 1655 sonot ("meireki" 1) aworjona jwoluwatu nixidho koraa hoisil. ek byotikromi udahoron hisape, 1646 sonot ("swuhu" 3) silaburor uporot nixedhagya jaari koraa hoisil, ido praxador uporot jwolonto silabur poraa dudinor pisot. xugunor bhromon, kiyutur poraa egoraki rajokiyo mohilar bhromon, aaru ejon juson protinidhir aagomonor dore guruttopurno onusthanor xomoyot, ognir xotorkotar ek uscho storor daabi kori odhyadex jaari koraa hoisil. ei odhyadexxomuhor odhinot, jui aaru koloh protirudh koriboloi sohorkhonot tohol diya hoisil, paanee bhora baloti prostut koraa hoisil, aaru sohorkhon poriskar koraa hoisil. reeti-niti udjapon korar xomoyot ekedhoronor aadexou jaari koraa hoisil. juir xomoyot nixidho koraa nirdisto karzokolapburor bhitorot aasil "ognidorxon", dangor aakaror garir xoite soli thoka xojuli, aaru iyar byobohar aaru utpadon, xokolubur bisringkholak tibro korar poraa protirudh korar baabe aaru sthanantoronor baadha hraax korar baabe. "sunin" ror ogni protirudhor byowostha. ei uktituwe idur lukoxokolor jiwanor proti thoka oniyontrito monubhawok dwyorthohinbhabe prodorxon korar biporite, ee sohorkhonor xoghonai huwa brihot juir bixoye teulukor byowoharik manoxikotak protipholito kore-juir folot heruwatkoi xunkalei dhon byoy koratu bhaal aasil. idur "sunin" ror baabe, jui ek doinondin rutin hoi porisil, tothapiu xeiburor bistar pray rudh koribo nuwara aasil. jetiya teulukor baxosthan aaru byowoxayot juir pradurbhab hoisil, tetiya prothom aaru xorbosrestho lokhyo aasil teulukor xompotibur xunkale khaali koraa aaru xongrokhyon koraa. aanhate, teuluke nijor baxosthanor poraa jui jaate ulai naahe xeya nischito korar babeu xotorko monujug disil. juir biruddhe bidhan. dinn baa raati nirbixexe idut juir ghotona xonghotit hoisil. jodi ejon xui thokar xomoyot jui jwole, kapur xoloni koraa aaru puhor prostut korar folot sthanantor korat polom hoh "bob paare. xeyehe, jetiya xitkal aahi porisil tetiya juir botorot prowex korisil, xabodhanota hisape, manuhe kapuroke dhori xamogri aaru jorurikalin owosthat teulukor gaathir kaxot rakhisil. jetiya juir bixoye xotorko koraa hoy, tetiya utpotti aaru botahor dix prothome nischito koraa hoy. jodi poristhiti bipojjonok buli gonyo koraa hoy, bohon koribo nuwara mulyowan xamogrixomuh bhitorot rokha hoh 'bob aaru byowoxayik grahokxokolok obogoto koraa hoh' bob, aaru manuhe jui biyopibo nuwariboloi jikunu sfulingo ulaboloi sadoloi uthi jaabo. bipodor axongka aahi porar loge loge teuluke kewol mulyowan xamogriburhe loi jaabo parisil. mulyowan xamogrixomuh juir poraa rokhya koriboloi byobohar koraa hoisil. "yujinkagu" aasil ek prokaror dangor baahor jhuri jaar xoite pithi baa kandhot loi jaabo paari. guruttopurno nothipotror baabe, wicker bokxoxomuh byobohar koraa hoisil. jodiu "daihasiguruma" aaru "kurumanagamusi" ye brihot xongkhyok xamogri poribohon koribo parisil, tothapiu teulukor brihot aakare sthanantoronor xomoyot badhar sristi korisil. ene udahoronu aasil zo 'too poribohon koraa xamogrixomuh uri thoka sfulingor poraa jui dhori jui biyopaboloi xohay korisil. ei karonburor folot swogunetor dwara teulukor nixedhagya aarup koraa hoisil. otirikto byowostha hisape, aaru ogni beemar aagotiya hisape, dhoni byowoxayixokole ghor nirmanor baabe proyujoniyo xamogrir baabe kaathor khusura bikretaxokolok purbor poraa porixudh koribo. jodi teulukor byowoxaybur jwolai diya hoy, tetiya bhognawoxexbur atoruwar pisot, prepaid xamogrixomuh punor nirmanor baabe totkhyonat daabi koribo paari, jaate komm xomoyor bhitorote byowoxaytu punor aarombho koribo paari. "doju" aaru "enagura". "doju" aaru "enagura" aasil juir xomoyot sthanantor koribo nuwara xamogri xongrokhyonor baabe byobohrito gathoni. dhoni bonikxokolor xadharonote iyar bohubidh aasil. teulukor uscho byoyor baabe, "doju" besibhag byowoxayixokole nirman aaru byobohar korisil; tulonamulokbhabe, "anagura" xadharon lukoxokolor baabe odhik xulobh aasil. "doju" aasil daath plastarjukto maatir dewal thoka bhandar aaru besibhag khetrote tailjukto saad aasil. teulukor daath dewalor dwara xokhyom ogni protirudhoi teulukok xamogri, ghoruwa xamogri, xojuli aaru mulyowan xamogri xongrokhyonor baabe aadorxo kori tulisil. obosye, nimnomanor nirman aaru onupjukto rokhyonabexonor folot huwa durbolotar babeu teuluk akranto hoh "bob paare, khiriki aaru probexdwaror faator poraa juir logote mausor sidroburoloi theli dibo paare, aaru iyar pholsworupe aanoki bhangi poribo paare. ei karonot, dhoni bonikxokole prithibikhonok xaju owosthat prostut koribo jaate teuluke jui logar xomoyot teulukor niyomiya plasterbure teulukor "doju" drutogotit bondho koribo paare. eneu ghotona aasil zo 'too, jetiya teuluke nijei juir utpadok aasil, teuluke teulukor "doju" ror duwar mukoli kori rakhisil aaru teulukok rajohuwa protigyar ek rup hisape jwolon koriboloi disil. nothi-potro xongrokhyonor baabe bixexbhabe xoktixali "doju" naamor nothi-potroxomuhor ostitwo aasil jodiu xeiburor nirman byoy odhik huwar baabe ketiyau jonopriyota laabh koraa nasil, jodiu xeibur brihot juir poraa baasi thakiboloi jothesto xoktixali aasil. aanhate, vandaror dore nirman koraa baxosthan aaru byowoxayou aasil. obosye, byowoxayik byoboharor baabe proyujoniyo bistrito mukoli sthanxomuhor baabe teulukor ogni protirudhor xoite komm besi baa komm aapuch koribo logaa hoisil. "aadhunik dinoloike jiyai thoka "misegura" etiya besibhag kaat 'ri (sawara onchol), tusigi aaru kawaguwe sohorot puwa yaay, jaar folot ei sohorxomuh aaru teulukor suburiya oncholburok ei naam diya hoy. "anagura" aasil bhugorbhostho xongrokhyon sthan. xoru under bedd storage unitor biporite, anagurat ejon byoktik dhori rakhiboloi porzapto thaai aasil aaru mulyowan xamogri xongrokhyonor babeu nirman koraa hoisil. xeibur "doju" tokoi xosta aasil, tothapiu jui aaru surir biruddhe pholoproxu aasil kaaron teulukor usorot xurokhito koriboloi kewol aaworon aasil. "idur "enagura" prothombaror baabe 1656 sonot ("meiriki" 2) nihunbasit naamor dukan ekhon solai thoka ejon drapery bikretai byobohar korisil. ijumi-yaa" ror "anagura" ror karjyokolap meirekir mohan ognikandot sinakto koraa hoisil aaru teulukok jonopriyo korat xohay korisil. idut "enagura" ror jonopriyotar xondorbhot kawaguwe nimokh bonike teur smoronot likhisil je idur ek doxomangxo chidro hoi porisil. ene jonopriyotai ei brittiru jonmo disil. jodiu idur "enagura" mulotoh uscho bhugorbhostho panir storor folot huwa lick protirudh koriboloi cypressor xoite nirman koraa hoisil, tothapiu bhugorbhostho aardrotar folot iyar dirghosthayita ximito hoi porisil. ogni durghotonar baabe xasti. jodiu swogunete ognixongzugor uporot kothur poribortonor baabe jui logai mrityur dore xasti aarup korisil, ogni durghotonar baabe iyar xasti koo "tu imaan kothur nasil. xamurai shrenir jixokole jui logaisil teulukok jodi teuluke nijor baxosthanor bhitorot iyak nirbapon koriboloi xokhyom hoy tente mukoli kori diya hoh 'bob; xeyehe jui xoru hoi thakile ee "sunin" ror xoite aasil. jodiu mohaa ognikandor khetrot mrityu aaru nirbaxonoke dhori kothur xasti aarup korar baabe bibesona koraa porixode prostawxomuh grohon koraa nasil, tothapiu ene prostawxomuh ketiyau grohon koraa huwa nasil. upakhyanogot jukti onuxori xei xomoyot ognikandor durghotona jikunu lukore hoh "bob paare, aaru" ror "ju"-ye jodi teuluke nije bhulboxotoh etaa dangor ognikando aarombho kore tente seppuku korar baabe teulukor xaju huwar uporot prosno utthapon korisil. xamurair ognikandor durghotona. jodi "diamyu" baxosthanot jui laage, jetiyaloike duwartu xongrokhyon koraa hoisil, ghorburot jui lagiu malikok daybodho koraa noho 'bob. swabhabikbhabei, duwartu xurokhyar kendrobindu hoi porisil. kisuman samuraiye frameburor poraa nijor pisoli juwa duwarbur loi polai juwar loge loge xeibur loi jaabo. aan kisumane "masibikesi" koo bondho kori dibo, jixokole nijor xoktito juir xoite juj di drishyotut douri goisil, taar pisot daabi korisil je dhuwatu kewol bonfire poraa aahisil. jodiu kunu xaririk xasti nasil, durghotonar folot ognikandor kaaron huwa ejon xamuraiye etiyau bikolpo baxosthanot grihobondi koriboloi protibedon dibo lagibo; jodi teu nijor baxosthanor poraa jui biyopaboloi disil, tente teu nijor jyesthor usorot dayitwor daabi daakhil koribo lagibo. tinita ognikandor durghotonar folot ejon xamuraiye teur baxosthantu idur upokontholoi sthanantor koriboloi badhyo hoh 'bob jodiu eitu spostobhabe nirdharon koraa huwa nasil. "sunin", "mondir", aaru mondirxomuhor ognikandor durghotona. sunin" ror baabe, "kujikata usadamegaki" ror dwitiyo khondotuwe 10,20 aaru 30 dinor xasti baa kothur grihobondir xasti aarup korisil, jixokole durghotonakrome (pray) tokoiu bohol onchol juit jolaisil. jodi swogunjone bhromonor baabe ulai juwar dinaa juir ghotona xonghotit hoy tente penalty 50 dinoloi briddhi koraa hoh 'bob paare aaru haator kafere briddhi koraa hoh' bob paare. jodi ognikandor khyoti oporadhir baahire (pray) odhik bohol oncholot biyopi pore, tente poriyalor murobbi, maatir maalik aaru logote 30 dinor "oh" swikum "ror odhin hoh 'bob. teu zo 'too aasil xei sthanor xodosyoxokolok 20 dinor "oh" swikume "ror xastiu diya hoh' bob. iyar uporiu, juir utxor sariufale thoka soikhon sohoror "gasigiyuji" ye 20 dinor "oh" swikum "laabh koribo. mondir aaru mondirxomuhot xonghotit huwa ognikandor durghotonar baabe, xugunete kewol xaat dinor baa light house aarupor xoite ogninirbapokxokolok xasti disil, zo 'too prithok raati bhromon xohyo koraa hoisil. aanoki swogunor bhromonor xoite xonghotit huwa baa dangor hoi poraa juiye xastir xoite maatro aaru tini dinn jug dibo. aan sohorotkoi probhawxali mondir aaru mondiror sariufale nirmito sohorxomuhot ogni durghotonar xastiu odhik khyomaxil aasil. jui jwoluwar folot "oh" swikum "ror maatro tini dinhe lagibo. orthonoitik probhab. protibare jetiya etaa dangor juir pradurbhab hoisil, tetiya dhongxoprapto ido punorujjibito korar baabe proyujoniyo xamogri aaru bittiyo byoy aasil otixoy. xeyehe, grahokor mulyor uporot ek brihot ognir probhawor logote orthonoitik xombhawona idur poraa aarombho hoh 'bob paare aaru xomogro japanok probhabito koribo paare. xeyehe ghono ghono xonghotit huwa brihot ognikandok idur orthonoitik bikaxok xomorthon koraa ek prodhan salok kaarok hisape koo 'bob paari. iyar biporite, punor nirmanor byoyou swogunetor baabe ek brihot buja hoi porisil aaru iyar xomosyapurno bittiyo owosthat orihona jugaisil. orthonoitik sapor dwara akranto huwa "sunin"-u aasil. eitu okolponiyo nohoy je etaa dangor byoboxai soluwa ejon byowoxayiye etaa dangor juir pisot "nagaya" too baax koriboloi hraax paab paare. jetiya swogunetor bajetor kotha aahe, "sunin"-koo aabontit byoyor bhitorot, ogni protirudh aaru ogninirbaponor xoite xomporkito byoyburu xorbadhik onupator baabe dayee. grahokor mulyo akaxsumbi hoi porise. protitu brihot ognikandor ortho aasil idur mulyo briddhi. dhaanor poraa aarombho kori khadyo xamogrir logote ghor punor nirmanor baabe proyujoniyo nirman xamogrir mulyo bohugune briddhi paisil. udahoronsworupe, meirekir brihot juir pisot, proti "swo" (pray) ror poraa proti "swo" 1000 "monn" loi briddhi paisil, aanhate telor mulyo proti swo "3" monn "ror poraa proti" swo "2400" monn "loi briddhi paisil. sohorkhonot punor nirmanor kaamor buja briddhi huwar folot bhara koraa xilpixokolor byoy briddhi paboloi xohay korisil. xilpixokolor uporiu, suktibhukto sakorixokoleu brihot juir bhoyot idut kaam koriboloi issuk komm lukor baabe teulukor dormoha briddhi upobhug korisil. iyar bahireu, grihor obhawor bhittit bhara briddhi paisil; logote dolong punor nirmanor aagote sahida briddhi huwar baabe ferir bharau briddhi paisil. ei xokolubur probhab aasil ji idd 'ror brihot juiye sthaniyo upobhuktar mulyot probhab pelaisil. mudrasfitir mulyo niyontron koriboloi, xugunete odhyadex jaari korisil jiye mulyo briddhi nixidho korisil, xilpixokolor dormohar uporot uscho xeema aarup korisil, aaru ataitkoi bixisto oporadhixokolok xasti disil. idut saulor obhab dur koraa byowosthaxomuh karzokori koraa hoisil. dhaan punpotiyakoi krixokxokolor poraa kroy koraa hoisil aaru punor bikri koraa hoisil. krixokxokolok nije saul bikri koriboloi iduloi ohaar onumoti diya hoisil. idur poraa xomogro dexor bibhinno sthanoloi kroyor aadexor xongkhya briddhi huwar baabe, idur brihot ognikandor probhab dexjura orthonoitik xombhawonar uporot aasil. swogunete ekedhorone xubidhabadi mulyo briddhir biruddhe bistrito onsololoi xotorkobani jaari korisil. tothapiu, ee byowoxayixokolok baadha diya nasil, jixokole meirekir brihot ognikandor pisot kaathor byowoxayor poraa ek bhagyo gorhi tulisil aaru nirmanor sukti korisil. swogunetor uporot bittiyo buja. puraa-puraa xubidhaxomuh punor nirmanor byoyoi swogunetor bajetor ek brihot ongxo dokhol korisil. meirekir brihot juir baabe, jodiu ido durgor heruwa tensu-rokhyonabekhyon dhongxo hoi goisil, bhitoror durgotur logote rajpraxadburor punor nirmanot muth byoy odhik record koraa hoisil. tulonar baabe, xei xomoyot swogun aaru tukugawa aaiyaxur propoutro, teur purbopuruxxokolor poraa 42.3 laakh "ryo" mulyor dhon aaru xompoti uttoradhikari hisape laabh korisil. punor nirmanor bahireu, durjug xahajyo karzokolap brihot byoyor aan etaa utxo aasil. meirekir bhoyongkor ognikandor pisot, hatamut 'che teulukor brittir onupatot onudan laabh korisil aaru unnot saul porixudhor onumoti diya hoisil. daimiyo" ror baabe, daanor uporiu, doh bosoriya rinou diya hoisil. pray 160,000 "ryo" "sunin" ror baabe daanot byoy koraa hoisil, jaar sweyar teulukor baxosthanor xonmukhbhagor aakaror xoite mill aasil. iyar uporiu, "daimiyo" koo "sunin" koo konoji prodan koriboloi nirdex diya hoisil jiye teulukor ghor heruwaisil; "sunin" ji teulukor saulor xosyo bhandarbur jwolai disil teulukok binamuliya saul jugan dhora hoisil. meirekir brihot ognikandor pisot, xugunetoi jetiyai brihot ognikando xonghotit hoisil, tothapiu owonotixil bittiyo owosthar baabe xoru xoru porixorot iyar xahajyo prochesta obyahot rakhisil.

idote agun japaner edo juge (1600-1868) toko shohorer praktan naam aguner ghotona etotai ghono ghono ghotechilo jey edo shaharke eyi probader moto chinnito koraa hoyechilo. emonki adhunik jugeo, purano ido ekhono smaran koraa hoto. ido bishwe biral kichhu chhilo, kaaron shohorer bishal shahure anchalguli barbar aguner dwara samtal koraa hoyechilo. idor borh aguner sange aguner debotader tulna koraa hoyechilo ebong hasyokorbhabe "shorot paata" hisabeo bornona koraa hoyechilo. aguner frequency. 1601 ("keicho" 6)-err porer bochor ebong 1867 ("keio" 3)-err modhye 267 bochorer modhye, edo 49tii borh aguner dwara akranto hoyechilo. tulna, ekoi somoye, kioto, osaka ebong kanajaoai moat matro noy, chhoy ebong tinti borh agnikanda ghote, jaa japaner anyanno mahanagar theke edor sankhyake alada korey tulechilo. anyanno biboron onusare, ido-rawr itihase itihase beshi borh agnikanda ghotechilo. 1600 theke 1945 saaler modhye, ido/tokio proti bochor baa taaro beshi somoy dhorey agun, bhumikampa, sunami, agneygirir agnyutpato ebong juddher dwara samtal koraa hoto. jodi chhoto aguner ghotonao antarbhukta koraa hoy, tobey eyi 267 bochorer modhye ghote yawa 1,798tii aguner modhye 269tii chhilo 1601-1700,541 chhilo 1701-1800, ebong 986 chhilo 1801-1867. tokugaoa somoyer shesher dike edor jonosongkha taar kromobordhoman orthonoitik samriddhir saathe samanjasya rekhe briddhi peyechilo, taai shohore aguner frequencio taar briddhir saathe anupatikbhabe briddhi peyechilo. bishesh korey, 1851 ("kaai" 3) ebong 1867-err modhye 17 bochore 506tii agnikanda ghote, jaar jonno tokugaoa shoguneter akkham proshashoner karone srishto asthitishil janashrinkhala ekti prodhan abodankari kaaron chhilo. borh dabanoler talika. nimnolikhito protinidhi tabile idor itihase kichhu borh agnikander talika royeche jaa jeebon ebong bostugoto khotir viparyakar khoti korechilo. maireki", "meiwa" ebong "bunka"-rawr juge jey tinti ghotona ghotechilo, segulike bolla hoto "dya". 1657 saale mairekir bhayabaha agunke tinti sangharsher modhye sabcheye viparyakar boley money koraa hoy. idote agun prayashai druto briddhi paay, shohorer shahure poribesher borh ongshe dahyo kaather "machia" bhobon dwara chinnito howar karone jaa koyla-poda agnikunda dwara uttopto chhilo. seii somoye agninirbapan prajuktir simabaddhatar pashapashi idor joll sarbaraha byabosthar abishwastatar karone, ekbar kaather bilding stock diye bhora ekti paday agun haat theke beriye gele shohorer anyanno ongshe err bistar rodh korar jonno khub qama kortripokkhoi chhilo. borh dharaner agnikanda chharao, eyi somoye majhemadhye chhoto chhoto aguno chhilo jaa (eksange neoa) arow ekokbhabe dhongshattok aguner tulna idote beshi khoti ebong pranhanir kaaron hoyechilo. aguner kaaron. ido juge, agun daeenandin jeeboner ekti aporiharjo upadan chhilo. etty ranna ebong alor jonno byabohrito hoto, jaa palakrame durghotonar jonmo deyo. bivinno karone agnisanjog chhilo aguner arekti utso. anyanno shohorer tulna idote borh dabanoler sankhya onek beshi chhilo bivinno karone, jaar modhye chhilo ekti ghono shahure binnas, ekti borh jonosongkhar basosthan, ekti daridra samajik shrenir astitto ebong ido-rawr ananya abhawa poristhiti. matsunosuke nishiyama, ekjon pondito jini edor agun niye gobeshona korechilen, aguner karonguli sangkhipto korechenoh jonosongkha briddhi. edote shogunet protisthar porr, "daimios" (samanta prabhu) ebong hatamoto (probin anuchar) basosthan edo durger charpashe nirmito hoyechilo ebong etey prachur sankhyak samurai chhilo. byabasayi oo karigarra jaaraa samuraider jeebonke samarthan korechilen taaraa shighroi paaler modhye edote choley asen ebong err foley jonosongkha briddhi paay. idor jonosongkha 1640 saale pray 400,000 (qaana 'ee 17) theke bede 1693 saale pray 800,000 (genrocu 6) hoy ebong 1721 saaler modhye pray 1,100,000 (kioho 6)-ayee briddhi paay. samuraiyer bishal abasik elakar biporite, chonin onek chhoto elaka seemaboddho chhilo. kromobordhoman jonosongkha taader jonosongkhar ghonottoke atyanta uchcho matra thhele diyeche. taader basosthanguli ghono jaiga sajano chhilo ebong shabby sadharan chhilo. mathapichu thucker jaiga, rannaghar ebong almarir modhye sadharonoto chhoyti tatami madur akaar chhilo. taar upore, kaatth ebong kagaj nirmaner upokoronguli sahojei aguner jalani hoye othe. eyi samasta poristhiti swabhabikbhabei agnikander uchcho sombhabonar dike porichalito korey. agnisanjog. idote aguner ekti prodhan kaaron hisabe, prachur sankhyak chore nothibhukto koraa hoyechilo. greptar haoya agnisanjogkarider modhye onekei ido-err jeebonjatrar uchcho kharach ebong guaranter naa thucker karone chuktiboddho karmachari hisabe kaaj korar ajogyatar karone daridra jeebonjapon korchilen. taader modhye koyekjon taader badighar pudiye diyechilo ebong aporadh korar foley taader khub komoi khoti hoyechilo. 1723 ebong 1724 saale greptar haoya 102 john agnisanjogkarider modhye 41 john chhilen ebong 22 joner konao nibondhito sthayi basosthan chhilo naa. taader odhikangshoi nimno samajik shreni theke esechilo. agnisanjoger jonno bivinno uddeshya chhilo, jodio sabcheye ullekhjoggo chhilo lutpat. eyi dharaner agnisanjogkarira bataser dingulite agun dhoriye dito ebong poroborti bishrinkhalar sujog niye churi koroto. lutpat chhada, samajik somporko theke udbhuto uddeshyoguli chhilo ghono ghono, jemon chakarra taader malikder upor protishodh nitey chaay ebong byartho romantic somporker karone bidwesh. byabasayira protijogider byabosa-banijye agun dhoriye deoar ebong shishuder agun niye khelar udahorono record koraa hoyeche, ebong emonki "hothat agun laganor moto money" howar swikaroktir ekti mamlao record koraa hoyeche. jehetu poroborti punargathane chhutor mistri, plaster worker ebong stipple jackder jonnou agun lagar ortho byabosa, taai taader modhye keu keu aguner ghotona ebong tibrotai ananda paben. bishesh korey, jehetu onek damakalkarmi prathomikbhabe steeplejack hisabe kaaj korten, taader modhye keu keu prokashye agninirbapan dokkhota prodorshon baa nijeder jonno byabasayik sujog toiri korar jonno ichchakritobhabe agun chhoriye diten. err foley shogunet satarkatamulak adhyadesh jaari korey ebong kichhu doshi damakalkarmike karjokor korey. greptar haoya agnisanjogkarider pudiye maaraa yawar agey rastai michhilo koraa hoyechilo. tobey, agnisanjoger proti shoguneter asahishnu neeti sotteo, agnisanjog-prorochito agun kokhonyi ido theke sampurnarupe nirmul koraa yayni. bakamatsu amle shoguneter proshashon ajogya hoye othar foley janashrinkhalar abonoti ghote. falaswarup, agnisanjoger foley agun byapokbhabe briddhi paay. kichhu agnisanjogkari sahitya ebong kabuki kaajer vishay hoye othe. eder modhye 1683 saaler tenna (tenna 3)-rawr moha agni, jaar modhye 3,500 john manush maaraa giechilo, taar naamo rakha hoyechilo. oshichi aguner jonno dayee chhilen naa, tobey etey taar baditi hariechilen. tini ekti mondire ashray niyechilen ebong sekhane ekti pristhar preme porechilen. eka bochor porey, tini eyi kolponar upor vitti korey agnisanjoger chesta korechilen jey arekti agun dujonke abar dekha korte sokkhom korbe. taake greptar koraa hoy, bitcher koraa hoy ebong agune pudiye hotya koraa hoy. taar golpoti ihar saikaku ebong tsurua nanboku IV-err vitti chhilo. abhawa poristhiti. uttor theke assa probol shitkalin mousumi bayu chhilo edor jonno ekti ananya abohaoagoto abostha. etty uttor-poschim ebong uttor bataser probhabe shushko abhawa ghote yawa onek sheeto ebong bosonter agune abodan rekhechilo. echhadao, bosonto ebong sharatkale probol dakkhin batas chhilo borh dabanoler arekti kaaron. eyi karone, 1658 saale shogunet dwara protisthito charti doll ("manji" 1) durgotike seii dick theke chhoriye padaa agun theke rakkha korar jonno edo durger uttor-poschime abosthan korchilo. jokhon maaser modhye agun ganana koraa hoy, tokhon march sabcheye "borh agun" dekhe, tarpore february, april ebong januari. eyi chaar maas samasta borh aguner 70 shotangsher jonno dayee. mairekir bhayabaha agun, jaa 107,000 manusher prano kede neoar jonno idor itihase sabcheye viparyakar agun, 1657 saaler 2raa march (japani lunisolar tenpo calendare "maireki" 3-err prothom maaser maaser deane) ghotechilo. edor "chonin" eyi satyati somporke bhalbhabei abogoto chhilo. shitkale, mohilader ido shohortolite taader pitamatar basbhobone choley jete bolla hoyechilo ebong aguner morsum shesh howar porei firey aste bolla hoyechilo, jaar foley mousumi jonosongkhar othanama hoyechilo. 1725 saale ("kioho" 10), shostho maaser jonosongkha choturtho maaser tulna 10,000-err beshi chhilo. jog haoya jonosongkhar 90 shotangshero beshi chhilo mohila. tokugaoa shoguneter agni protirodh byabostha. ido juger godar dike, shoguneter bishishto kormokortara bataser dingulite agradhikar hisabe "shogun" ebong ido durger surakkha protistha korechilen, jokhon agnisanjog howar sombhabona chhilo. err biporite, sengoku juger aboshistangsho hisabe, "choniner" abasik anchal somporkito agni protirodher byabostha pray konao monojog deoa hoyney. zaihok, "chonin" samajik shakti orjon korar saathe saathe shoguneter nitigulio bikoshito hoyechilo, jaar protik hisabe, ashtam shogun, kioho sangoskarer ongsho hisabe idoke sorbojoninbhabe achchadon korar jonno agni protirodh byabostha prosarito korechilo. agninirbapan sangosthaguli. prathomik shikkha juge agninirbapanke pratisthanik koraa hoyney. tobey, borh aguner punorabritti byabostha protisthar jonno ekti sondhikkhone porinoto hoyechilo. eyi byabosthar adhine agninirbapakder sadharonoto ebong hisabe shreniboddho koraa hoyechilo. booke hikeshir" modhye, damakalkarmider arow bivokto koraa hoyechilo ebong. hikeshir" prathomik agninirbapan poddhoti chhilo agun chhoriye padaa theke biroto rakhte itimadhye jolonto bhabangulike dhongso koraa. meiwa" juge, jonobol dwara porichalito eka dharaner kaather pump byabohar koraa hoto, tobey nirobochchinno joll sorboraher abhabe etty kokhonyi agninirbapaner sampurna karjokor madhyam hoye otheni. meiji punoruddhar porjonto, peshadar damakalkarmider dwara bhabangulir manual dhongso, jaar modhye steeplejackguly sankhyagarishtha chhilo, agninirbapaner prathomik poddhoti chhilo. "daimio hikeshi. daimio hikeshi" 1643 saale ("qaana 'ee" 20), oke-machir aguner dui bochor porey, "" diameo "-derr jonno badhyotamulok niyamita agninirbapan porishebar roop hisabe pratisthanik koraa hoyechilo. err agey, agun chhoriye porar porey jaari koraa bohirmukhi adesher madhyome "diameos" gully agninirbapaner kaaje pathano hoyechilo. daimio hikeshir" anyanno rupgulir modhye antarbhukta chhilo, jaaraa shogunet dwara guruttopurno boley bibechito sthangulir jonno dayee chhilo jemon samadhi, mondir ebong dhaner shasyagar; jaaraa edor prithak upobibhager jonno dayee chhilo; ebong, jaaraa "diameo" abasgulite attorokkha agninirbapan sangosthagulir biporite, ashepasher anchale agninirbapaner kaaje ongsho nitey badhyo chhilo. "jobikeshi. meiriki aguner eka bochor porr 1658 saale ("manji" 1) "jobikeshi"-keey pratisthanik roop deoa hoy. shoguneter netritte sarasari agninirbapaner dayitto deoa hoyechilo hatamotogulike. taaraa fayara lookout tower naame porichito badigulite abosthan korchilo. taaraa peshadar damakalkarmidero niyog korechilo. prathomikbhabe charti doll sangathito hoyechilo. porey, shoguneter arthik oo samrik abosthar pashapashi "machibikeshi"-rawr prostutir upor nirbhar korey, taader sankhya 15 tii doll soho, edo perioder shesher dike cable ekti doley othanama korey. beshirbhag somoy dashti doll chhilo ebong taai tadero daca hoto. "machibaikishi. jokhon tokugaoa iyoshimune ashtam shogun hisabe khomota grohon corren, tokhon edote agninirbapaner kajguli "daimio hikeshi", "jobikeshi" ebong jaar modhye porerti chhilo "chonin" bonik ebong karigarder samanwaye gothito damakalkarmider modhye bitoron koraa hoyechilo. daimio hikeshi" ebong "jobikeshi" obhiggo agninirbapok bahini holeo, taaraa "choniner" abasik elaka agnikander bishoye sottii chintito chhilo naa; edike, "tanabikeshi" apeshadar agninirbapok bahinir doll chhada arr kichui chhilo naa jaaraa nijeder bhoy dekhanor agun theke paliye jeto. 1720 saale ("kioho" 5), tokugaoa iyoshimune kioho sangoskarer ongsho hisabe "machibikeshi" keey pratisthanik roop deyo. tini notun agninirbapan unit sthaponer nirdesh deena jaa "choniner" abasik elakaguli rakkha korte sottii sokkhom hobey. machibikeshi" byabosthar adhine, protiti shaharke agninirbapaner kaaje taar "chonin" pathate hoto. ooka shohorer kormokortader poramorsho grohon korey ebong shahargulir agninirbapan gosthigulike sangathito korey. sumida nadeer poschime atchallishti doll gothito hoyechilo. charti chhada bucky sabgulii ekok hiragana akkhar byabohar korey manoneet koraa hoyechilo ebong taai sommilitobhabe taader 'hiragana' hisabe ullekh koraa hoyechilo. nadeer purbe honzo ebong fukugaoate arow sholti doll gothito hoyechilo. protiti doler nijaswa ananya ebong uniform chhilo. protiti gosthir modhye somporko swabhabik chhilo, tobey gosthigulir modhye motobirodho sadharan chhilo. 1730 saale ("kioho" 15), eyi agninirbapan gosthigulike agni-somoy sanhatkaraner matra ebong dokkhota badanor jonno brihottor gosthite punargathan koraa hoyechilo. jodio "machibikeshi" prathomikbhabe shudhumatra "choniner" abasik elakar jonno dayee chhilo, taader sokkhomota swikrito hoye othe ebong porey samuraiyer abasik elakar modhye setu, mondir, dhaner shasyagar ebong emonki edo durger abhyantareo agun nevanor jonno pathano hoy. meiji punoruddharer somoy, taaraa edo-rawr prodhan agninirbapok bahinite porinoto hoyechilo, onnodike, seii somoyer modhye "booke hikeshi" byapokbhabe hrass peyechilo. anty-arson byabostha. jehetu aguner ekti prodhan kaaron chhilo idote, taai shogunet agnisanjogkarider domon korar jonno jotheshto prochesta byoy korechilo. ekti notun sarkari podo chaalu koraa hoyechilo. "agnisanjogkarider dhorar jonno "chonin" keey puraskar deoa hoyechilo. agnisanjogke ekti aporadh koraa hoyechilo ebong jonosadharoner jonno ekti satarkata hisabe dandito abosthai pudiye shasti deoa hoyechilo. "hituke tojoku aratame. "hitsuke tojoku aratame" chhilo shogunet dwara agnisanjog, churi ebong juar oporadhke lakkhya korar jonno probortito ekti abosthan. jodio prathomikbhabe tinti aporadher jonno tinti prithak podo chhilo, tobey 1683 saale samrik adhikarikder dwara ekjoge taader rakha hoyechilo boley jaanaa yaay ("tenna" 3). porey taaraa alpo somoyer jonno baad deoa hoy, kintu 1703 saale ("genrocu" 16) punra chaalu koraa hoy ebong 1718 saale ("kioho" 3) ekti ekok abosthane ekibhuto koraa hoy. machi-bugyo"-rawr biporite, jaaraa besamoric kormokorta chhilen, "hituke tojoku aratame" samrik kormokorta chhilen. taai, taader jigyasabader kaushalguli hingsro howar probonota chhilo. jodio taader sandehabhajan agnisanjogkarider greptar korar khomota chhilo, bhul greptarer jonno konao shasti chhilo naa. eyi karone, taaraa prayashai greptar haoya sondehobhajonder swikaroktir jonno nirjaton koroto, jaar foley prachur sankhyak mithya abhijog aanaa hoto. etty "chonin"-err upor ekti kukhyato chitro rekhe geche, jini "machi-bugyo" ebong err saathe tulna korar somoy taader ducknum diyechilen. agnisanjogkarider dhorar jonno ebong podanor madhyome mrityudander jonno puraskar. shogunet barbar adhyadesh jaari korey jeti bondee agnisanjogkarider abilambe firiye deoar ebong taader bondider puraskar deoar daabi jaanaay. echhadao, jey byakti agnisanjogkarike dhorey feleche taar biruddhe bakeya aporadh khama koraa hobey. emonki agnisanjogkarira jaaraa taader sahojogi baa anyanno agnisanjogkarider biruddhe tothyo deoar khettre guruttopurno bhumika palon korechilo tarao sadharan khama pawar upore puroskarer jogyo chhilo. 1723 saale ("kioho" 8), etty adesh deoa hoyechilo jey jey konao byaktike aguner khettre sondehojonok achoroner vittite greptar koraa jete paare, emonki jodi seey agnisanjog naa korey. jonosadharoner jonno ekti satarkabarta hisabe, greptar haoya agnisanjogkarider shohorer modhyo diye kuchkaoaz koraa hoyechilo ebong dandito abosthai pudiye fela hoyechilo. echhadao, taader biruddhe abhijogguli kaather foloker upor lekha chhilo ebong jonosadharoner jonno prodorshito hoyechilo. podanor madhyome mrityudanda karjokor koraa hoyechilo, edo somoyer dandabidhi, ebong 1868 saale ("meiji" 1) meiji sarkarer asthayi dandabidhi dwara protisthapito naa haoya porjonto anushilan koraa hoyechilo. agnisanjogkarider poribarer sadasyadero jorito koraa hoyechilo ebong stree oo konnader chuktiboddho dasotte porinoto koraa hoyechilo baa nirbasone pathano hoyechilo. chuktibhittik agnisanjoger khettre, jey byakti aporadher jonno ortho pradan korechilen tinio shastijoggo chhilen. jokhon agnisanjogkari ekjon samurai chhilen, tokhon podanor madhyome mrityudanda karjokor koraa yaay naa. poriborte, sorbochcho shasti jaari koraa hoyechilo; doshi samuraiyer shirashched koraa hoyechilo ebong mathati ekti asson baa platforme rakha hoyechilo ebong tinn diner jonno prodorshito hoyechilo, jokhon dehoti toloar-porikkhar jonno byabohrito hoyechilo. jey byakti likhito note diye agnisanjoger humki diyechilo, prothome seey shastijoggo chhilo, kintu porey shasti komiye nirbasone pathano hoy. jodio upore bornito nitir vittite shasti deoa hoyechilo, tobey byartho agnisanjoger prochestar moto teebro poristhitio bibechona koraa hoyechilo. 15 bochorer qama vayasi agnisanjogkarider mrityudanda deoa hobey naa, borong nirbasone pathano hobey baa probeshone rakha hobey. nogor parikalpana. dahyo podartho theke nirmito bhabangulir ghono bonton ekti guruttopurno kaaron chhilo jaa aguner chhoto theke borh akaar dharon korte sahajyo korechilo. ekbar ekti bhobone agun lagle, konao damakalkarmi saadaa deoar agei protibeshira shighroi jolote thaake. eyi karone, meiriki-rawr prochondo aguner porey, aguner biruddhe shohorer protirokkha badanor jonno aaa-dahyo upokoron diye toiri kathamoguli edote prochar koraa hoyechilo. aguner badha anchalguli daca hoyechilo ebong idote bivinno jaiga sthapon koraa hoyechilo. tailjukto chhaad ebong maatir baadi soho agni-protirodhi upokoron grohon badhyotamulok hoye othe. "hiyokichi" ebong "hirokozy. mairekir bhayabaha agune viparyakar khotir porr, agni protirodher podokkhepguli ido-rawr punargathan porikolponai prachur porimane jore peyechilo. agun jaate chhoriye naa porey taar jonno agninirbapok elaka sthapon koraa hoyechilo. etty edo durger bairer prathomik basosthanguli sariye ebong khaali jaigati agun protirodher jonno utsarga korar saathe shuru hoyechilo. anyanno "diameo" ebong hatamotoser abastholgulir sthanantar anusaran koraa hoy. ido-rawr abhyantare bhabangulir ghono sangkochan hrass korar jonno, beshirbhag gontobyoguli durgo theke doore thucker jonno beche neoa hoyechilo. echhadao, "genrocu" juge, "diameo" derr idor upokonthe taader gouno ebong tritiya abashsthol nirmaner jonno jommy deoa hoyechilo ebong aguner somoy taader tritiya abasthalguli ashrayasthal hisabeo byabohar koraa hoto. notun samurai abasoner jonno arekti upay hisabe jommy punoruddhar koraa hoyechilo. 1661 khristabder dike (kanbun 1), samurai abashsthol nirmaner pashapashi "chonin" abashstholer sthanantarer jonno honjote bhumi punoruddhar somponno koraa hoy. mondir oo mandirguliteo anurup sthanantarer adesh jaari koraa hoyechilo. taader beshirbhagi edo khaaler baire choley geche ebong taader modhye keu keu asakusa, komagom ebong queshiqawate taader notun sthan khunje peyeche. nihonbashir protibeshi anchal theke asakusa reeda-light jelara sthanantaro eyi somoye ghotechilo, jodio mairekir borh aguner agey eyi podokkheper siddhanta neoa hoyechilo. dui dharaner agni badha anchal, ebong, sthanantarer karone khaali jommy theke toiri koraa hoyechilo; prothomti chhilo khaali plaza ebong porerti chhilo proshosto rasta. uporontu, rasta proshostokoron nitir saathe, badigulike jey konao ivguli aposaron korte hoyechilo. sthanantarer foley ekti bordhito shahure shikkha hoyechilo. 1662 khristabde (kanbun 2) khaaler baire eueno, asakusa ebong shibar anchalgulike "machi-bugyo"-err proshashoner adhine aanaa hoy. tenna-rawr prochondo aguner porr, "daimio" basosthan, mondir ebong mandirgulir saathe jorito arekti sthanantarer taranga, ebong notun "hiyokichi"-rawr anumati deyo ebong "hirokji" prosarito korey. falaswarup beshirbhag mondir ebong mandirguli ekhon khaaler baire abosthito chhilo. kioho sangoskarer somoy, "machibikeshi"-rawr pratisthanikkoroner madhyome agni protirodh arow zordar koraa hoyechilo. ekti aaa-dahyo ido-rawr jonno tokugaoa iyoshimuner utsaher aloke, kanda, hatchboary ebong ichigaya notun "hiyokichi" sthapon koraa hoyechilo. ido-rawr charpashe agni badha anchal sthaponer prochesta sotteo, emon kichhu ghotona chhilo jekhane "hiyokechi"-rawr vitore baadi toiri koraa hoyechilo ebong "hirokozy"-rawr paashe dokanguli chhilo, jaa taader karjokarita ullekhjoggobhabe hrass korechilo, kokhono kokhono emon porjaye jekhane aguner jhunki ager cheye arow beshi chhilo. agni-protirodhi ebong agni-protirodhi kathamo. 1601 saaler borh aguner ("keicho" 6) porr, shogunet badhyotamulok korey jey chhadgulike shingle chhade rupantarita koraa hobey. porey, bilasbahul "diameo" abashstholer abhyantare bhabangulir modhye tailjukto chhaad fashionable hoye othe ebong kichhu "chonin" abasoneo grihito hoy. tobey, meiriki-rawr bhayabaha agnikander porr, ekti neeti poriborton tailjukto chhader byabohar nishiddho korey kaaron agun-protirodhi tailguli chhaad theke porey yaay ebong onek aghat korey. poriborte, agun chhoriye padaa theke biroto rakhte dahyo chhadgulike mutty diye ddheke rakhte hoto. 1661 saale (kanbun 1), notun bhabangulite chhaad byaboharo nishiddho koraa hoyechilo, jaar foley shingle chhadyi ekmatro onumodito pochondo chhilo. tokugaoa iyoshimune khomota grohon naa koraa porjonto tilesjukto chhaad badhyotamulok hoye otheni. 1723 saale ("kioho" 8) samurai abasgulir jonno, bancho-err kachhe poda-daaun hatamoto abasguli tailjukto chhaad diye punarnirman koraa prayojan chhilo. eyi uddeshye sood-mukto rino deoa hoyechilo. 1725 khristabder porr ("kioho" 10), seemit elaka, vidyaman basosthangulike tailjukto chhaad grohon korte hoyechilo. porey, eyi neeti brihottor elaka eyi sotorkobartar saathe prayog koraa hoy jey aaa-meney chola basosthanguli venge fela hobey. chonin" abasoner jonno, 1720 saale tailjukto chhader upor nishedhagga batil koraa hoyechilo ("kioho" 5). 1722 saaler porr ("kioho" 7), idote samasta bhabanke tailjukto chhaad thakte hobey ebong mutty theke toiri baa ddheke rakhte hobey, jodio "chonin"-err upor orthonoitik bojha bibechona korey, jhinuker khosa theke toiri chhadgulio kichhu khettre onumodito chhilo. samurai abasoner moto, janaseba phii ebong sood-mukto riner chhaad pawa jeto ebong oporibortito abasguli dhongser vishay chhilo. shogunet dwara chaalito aaa-dahyo ido programti tokugaoa iyoshimuner shasoner adhine porichalito hoyechilo, jodio 1751 saale ("qaana 'ee" 4) taanr mrityur porey, shogunet taar samasyajukta arthik abosthar karone qama sakriya hoye othe. eyi kormosuchiti kokhonyi sompurnobhabe somponno hoyney, jaa "meiji" juger agey bivinno borh aguner prodhan kaaron hoye uthechilo. nishedhagga ebong agni satarkata adesh. agun protirodher jonno, shogunet aguner sombhabbo karongulir nishedhagga, guruttopurno ghotonar somoy agni satarkata adesh ebong prokrito aguner somoy nirdishto kriyakalaper upor nishedhagga soho samasta dhoroner nirdeshona jaari korey. jonosadharoner snanghar, atashbazi ebong borjyo podanor biruddhe aguner bipodke lakkhya korey nishedhagga jaari koraa hoyechilo. beshirbhag "chonin" basosthanguli snaner saathe nirmito hoyney jaate aguner khettre sandeha koraa naa hoy. falaswarup, public bathouseguli janapriya chhilo. jodio snanagar byabosai aguner prayojaniyata sampurna nishedhagga protirodh korechilo, 1653 saale ("jooe" 2) sandhya 6taa porjonto public bathhouse agun nishiddho koraa hoyechilo. jonosadharoner snanagargulite sokal porjonto snaner joll rakhar prayojan chhilo jaate jolti agninirbapaner jonno byabohar koraa yaay. 1648 khristabde ("keyan" 1) shohorer abhyantare atashbazi utpadon nishiddho koraa hoy. mohna byatito taader byaboharo nishiddho koraa hoyechilo ebong 1642 saale ("keyan" 5) shudhumatra sumida nadeer teere seemaboddho chhilo. "genrocu" juge shohor oo badigulite "sagicho" udjapon nishiddho koraa hoyechilo. err agey, 1655 saale borjyo podano nishiddho koraa hoyechilo ("maireki" 1). ekti byatikrami udaharan hisabe, 1646 saale ("shoho" 3), ekti jolonto ghudi ido durger upor porar dui deane porey ghudir upor nishedhagga jaari koraa hoyechilo. shogun-err sofor, kioto theke ekjon rajakiya mohilar sofor ebong joson protinidhir agmoner moto guruttopurno ghotonagulir somoy, agni sotorkotar ekti bordhito storer daabi janiye adhyadesh jaari koraa hoyechilo. eyi adhyadesher adhine, agun oo jhagada rodh korte shaharke tohol deoa hoyechilo, joll bhora balti prostuto koraa hoyechilo ebong shohor elaka porishkar koraa hoyechilo. anusthanguli jokhon udjapito hachchilo tokhono anurup adesh jaari koraa hoyechilo. aguner somoy nishiddho nirdishto kriyakalapgulir modhye "agni darshan", borh akarer gaadi soho cholonto saranjam, ebong byabohar ebong utpadon antarbhukta chhilo, jaa samasta bishrinkhala tibrota theke protirodh ebong sariye neoar badha hrass korar jonno. "choniner" agni protirodh byabostha. jodio eyi uktiti dwyarthahinbhabe jeeboner proti edor manusher aniyantrita monovab prodorshon korey, etty shohorer ghono ghono borh aguner bishoye taader bastobbadi manosikotakeo protifolito korey-agune hariye yawar cheye shighroi ortho byoy koraa vall chhilo. edor "chonin"-err jonno, agun ekti daeenandin rutine porinoto hoyechilo, tobuo taader bistar pray abiram chhilo. jokhon taader basosthan ebong byabasayik elaka agun laage, tokhon prothom ebong sorbagre lakkhya chhilo druto taader sampatti sariye neoa ebong sanrakkhan koraa. onnodike, taaraa nijeder basosthan theke jaate agun naa laage, taa nischito korar dikeo sotorkobhabe monojog diyechilo. aguner biruddhe bidhan. deane baa raat nirbisheshe idote agun legechilo. keu ghumanta abosthai agun lagle, jamakapad poriborton koraa ebong alo prostuto koraa holey sariye nitey bilamba hotey paare. taai, sheeto aasaar sange sange jokhon aguner morshume probesh korey, tokhon satarkatamulak byabostha hisebe lokjon kapadsaha jinispatra ebong joruri abosthar khettre taader balisher paashe rakht. jokhon aguner bishoye sotorko koraa hoy, tokhon prothome utso ebong bataser dick nischito koraa hoy. poristhiti bipojjonok boley money koraa holey, bohon koraa yaay naa emon mulyaban jinispatra sekhane rakha hobey ebong byabasayik grahokder janano hobey ebong agun chhoriye padte naa deoar jonno lokjon chhade uthhe konao sphuling berr korbe. bipod jokhon asonno hoye othe, tokhon taaraa cable mulyaban jinispatra niye sariye niye jeto jaa niye yawa jeto. mulyaban jinispotroke agun theke rakkha korar jonno byabohar koraa hoyechilo. "iyojinkago" chhilo eka dharaner borh bansher jhudi jaa diye keu pittho baa kandhe bohon korte paroto. guruttopurno nothir jonno, duck koraa wicker buxguli byabohar koraa hoto. jodio "daihachiguruma" ebong "kurumanagamochi" brihottor sankhyak ponno poribohon korte paroto, taader borh akarguli taader sariye neoar somoy badha toiri korte thaake. emon udahorono chhilo jekhane poribahito jinisguli udanta sphuling theke agun dhorey agun chhoriye ditey sahayata korechilo. eyi karonguli shogunet dwara taader nishedhaggar dike porichalito korechilo. ekti atirikto porimap hisabe, ebong agni beamer agraduta hisabe, dhonee banikra ekti baadi nirmaner jonno prayojaniya upokoroner jonno kaather khuchro bikretader agrim ortho pradan koroto. jodi taader byabosa pudey yaay, tahle dhongshaboshesh aposaroner porey, prepaid upokoronguli abilambe punornirmaner jonno daabi koraa jete paare, jaate alpo somoyer modhye byabosati punra shuru hotey paare. "dojo" ebong "" anagura "". "dozzo" ebong "anagura" emon kathamo chhilo jaa aguner somoy sthanantorito hotey paare naa emon jinisguli sanrakkhaner jonno byabohrito hoto. dhonee banikra sadharonoto taader bahugun malik. taader uchcho byer karone, "dozzo" beshirbhagi bonikder dwara nirmito ebong byabohrito hoto; tulna, "anagura" sadharan manusher jonno arow sashrayi chhilo. "dojo" chhilo puru plaster koraa maatir deyal soho gudam ebong beshirbhag khettrei tailjukto chhaad chhilo. taader puru deyal dwara sokkhom agni protirodh taader ponno, grihosthalir jinispatra, saranjam ebong mulyaban jinispatra sanrakkhaner jonno adarsha korey tulechilo. tobey, taaraa nimnomaner nirman ebong onupojukto rokkhonabekkhoner karone srishto durbolotar shicker hotey paare, janala ebong probeshdware futtle theke agun lagate deyo ebong maus gorter foley emonki venge padte paare. eyi karone, dhonee banikra prostuto abosthai prithibi prostuto koroto jaate taaraa agun lagar somoy taader niyamita plasterguli druto taader "dozzo" seal korey ditey paare. emono kichhu ghotona chhilo jekhane, jokhon taaraa nijerai aguner utpadok chhilo, tokhon taaraa taader "dozo"-rawr darja khule dito ebong jonosadharoner prayashchitter ekti roop hisabe taader pudiye dito. nothi sanrakkhaner jonno biseshbhabe surokkhito "dozzo" chhilo, kintu taader nirman byer karone kokhono janapriyata orjon korte pareni, jodio taaraa borh agune benche thucker jonno jotheshto shaktishali chhilo. onnodike, emon basosthan ebong byabosao chhilo jaa gudamghar moto toiri koraa hoyechilo. tobey, byabasayik byaboharer jonno prayojaniya bistrito sujog-subidha deoar jonno taader agni protirodher khettre kambeshi ups korte hoyechilo. "misegura" jaa adhunik deane porjonto tike achhe, ekhon beshirbhagi katori (sawara elaka), tochigi ebong kawago shohore pawa yaay, jaa eyi shahargulike ebong taader ashepasher shahargulike naam deyo. "anagura" chhilo bhugorbhostho sanchayasthan. chhoto under-bedd storage unitgulir biporite, anagura ekjon byaktike dharon korar jonno porjapto jaiga chhilo ebong mulyaban jinispatra sanrakkhaner jonnou nirmito hoyechilo. eguli "dozo"-err cheye sosta chhilo, tobuo agun ebong churir biruddhe karjokor chhilo kaaron taader kachhe cable surokkhito korar jonno cover chhilo. "1656 saale ('meireki' 2) nihonbashi naame ekti dokan chaalaanor jonno ekjon poshak bikreta prothom 'anagura' byabohar corren. izumi-iyaa"-err "anagura" karjokarita meirkir mohan agune swikrito hoyechilo ebong taader janapriya korte sahayata korechilo. idote "anagura" janapriyata somporke kawago lobon byabasayi taanr smritikathai likhechen jey ido-rawr eka doshomangsho chhidro hoye geche. eyi dharaner janapriyata eyi pesharo jonmo deyo. jodio idote "anagura" mulat bhugorbhostho joler uchcho storer karone futo rodh korar jonno cyprus diye toiri koraa hoyechilo, bhugorbhostho ardrota tobuo taader sthayitto seemit korechilo. agni durghotonar jonno shasti. jodio shogunet agnisanjoger biruddhe byabostha neoar jonno podanor madhyome mrityu soho shasti arop korechilo, tobey agni durghotonar jonno err shasti eto kathor chhilo naa. samurai shrenir jaaraa agun lagiechilo taader taader basosthaner modhye etty niviye felte sokkhom holey taaraa khalas paabe; taai agun chhoto thakle "chonin"-err saathe chhilo. jodio borh agnikander khettre mrityu oo nirbasoner moto kathor shasti aroper prostab bibechona koraa hoyechilo, tobey eyi dharaner prostabguli kokhonyi grihito hoyney. upakhyangato jukti anujayi, seii somoye agnikanda jey karoi hotey paare ebong "ruzu"-raa jodi durghatanakrame nijerai ekti borh agun shuru korey tobey seppuku korar jonno taader prostutike proshnobiddho korey. samuraiser agnikander durghotona. jodi konao "diameo" basbhobone agun laage, jotokkhon porjonto getti sanrakkhito thaake, badigulite agun lagleo malikke jobabdihi koraa hobey naa. swabhabikbhabei, getti surakkhar kendrobindute porinoto hoyechilo. kichhu samurai taader sliding darja frame theke sariye niye paliye yawar somoy taader saathe niye jeto. onnora "machibikeshi" keey bondho korey dito, jaaraa ghotonasthole chhute eshe nijeder shoktite aguner biruddhe ladai koroto, tarpor daabi koroto jey dhonya cable bonfire theke aschilo. jodio konao sharirik shasti chhilo naa, durghotonajonito agun srishti koraa ekjon samuraike bikalpa basbhobone grihobondi thucker jonno report korte hobey; jodi tini taanr basbhobon theke agun chhoriye ditey diten, tobey taake taar urdhotonke dayabaddhatar daabi pesha korte hoto. tinti agnikander durghotona ekjon samuraike taar basbhobonke idor upokonthe sthanantorito korte badhyo korbe, jodio etty sposhtobhabe nirdharito chhilo naa. "chonin", "mondir", ebong mondirer agnikanda. chonin"-err jonno, "kujikata osadamegaki"-rawr dwitiya khande 10,20 ebong 30 diner jarimana baa kathor grihobondi koraa hoy, jaaraa durghatanakrame (pray) err cheyeo proshosto elaka pudiye deyo. shogun poridorshoner jonno berr howar deane jodi agun laage tobey jarimana 50 deane porjonto badano jete paare ebong haat kaafer saathe arow baadiye deoa jete paare. jodi aguner khoti aporadhi chharao (pray) brihottor elaka judey chhoriye porey, tobey poribarer prodhan, badiwalake ebong 30 diner "oshikom"-err shicker hotey hobey. tini jekhane chhilen sekhankar sadasyader 20 diner "oshikome" diyeo shasti deoa hobey. echhadao, leoard chhada aguner utser ashepasher chhoyti shohorer "gachigji" 20 diner "oshikom" paabe. mondir oo mondirgulite agnikander jonno, shogunet cable shaat diner baa halka grihobondi diye agninirbapakder shasti deyo, jekhane bichchinno raater bhromon sohyo koraa hoto. emonki shogun-err poridorshoner sange mille yawa baa borh akaar dharon koraa aguno shastite arow tinn deane jog korbe. anyanno shohorer tulna prabhabshali mondir oo mandirgulir charpashe nirmito shahargulite agni durghotonar jonno onek beshi khamashil shasti deoa hoto. ekti agun jolote thakle "oshikom"-err cheye arow beshi elaka matro tinn deane lagbe. orthonoitik prabhab. protibar jokhon ekti borh agun laage, tokhon dhongsoprapto idoke punorutthito korar jonno prayojaniya bostugoto ebong arthik byoy chhilo asadharan. taai, bhoktader daamer pashapashi orthonoitik sombhabonar upor ekti borh aguner prabhab ido theke chhoriye padte paare ebong somogro japanke probhabito korte paare. taai ghono ghono borh agnikander ghotonake ekti prodhan chalikashakti hisabe bolla jete paare jaa idor orthonoitik briddhike samarthan korechilo. onnodike, punornirmaner kharacho shoguneter jonno ekti bishal bojha hoye othe ebong err samasyajukta arthik abosthar jonno abodan rakhe. orthonoitik chaaper karoneo "chonin" bhugchilo. etaa akalpaniya noy jey, borh byabosa chaalaanor jonno ekjon bonikke borh aguner porr "nagaya" bosobas korte deoa jete paare. jokhon shoguneter bajeter kotha aase, tokhon "chonin"-err jonno baradda byer modhye, agun protirodh ebong agninirbapan somporkito byayagulio sabcheye borh onupater jonno dayee chhilo. bhoktader daam akash chhonya. protiti borh aguner ortho chhilo idote daam briddhi. dhaan theke shuru korey baadi punornirmaner jonno prayojaniya nirman samagrir daam bahugun briddhi peyeche. udahoronsorup, mairekir prochondo aguner porey, proti "shoe" (pray) theke 1000 "monn" proti "shoe"-teey briddhi paay, jekhane teler daam proti shoe-teey 3 "monn" theke lafiye 2400 "monn" proti "shoe"-teey choley yaay. shohore punargathaner kaajer chup barar foley bhadate karigarder kharach bede yaay. karigarder pashapashi, chuktiboddho chakarrao borh aguner bhoye taader modhye qama sankhyak idote kaaj korte ichchukder jonno taader beton briddhi upobhog korechilen. eguli chharao, abason ghatotir karone bhada briddhi peyeche; setu punornirmaner agey chahida briddhir karone ferir bhadao bedeche. eyi samasta probhabi sthaniya bhoktader daamer upor idor prochondo davanal srishti korechilo. mudrasfitir mulya niyantraner jonno shogunet adhyadesh jaari korey jaa mulyobriddhike nishiddho korey, karigarder betoner upor uchcho seema arop korey ebong sabcheye bishishto aporadhider shasti deyo. edote chaaler ghatoti metanor jonno byabostha neoa hoyechilo. sarasari krishakder kachh theke chaal kenaa hoto ebong punra bikri koraa hoto. krishakder nijeder chaal bikri korte idote aasaar anumatio deoa hoyechilo. saaraa deshe ido theke bivinno jaiga croy order sankhya briddhir karone, orthonoitik sombhabonar upor idor borh dabanoler prabhab deshbyapi chhilo. ekibhabe shogunet subidhabadi mulyabriddhir biruddhe bistrito anchale satarkata jaari korey. taa sotteo, etty byabosayider thamate pareni, jaaraa kaather byabosa theke ekti bhagyo toiri korechilo ebong mairekir borh aguner porey nirmaner chukti korechilo. shoguneter upor arthik bojha. pudey yawa sthaponaguli punornirmaner kharach shoguneter bajeter ekti borh ongsho dokhol korey. mairekir borh aguner jonno, jodio edo durger hariye yawa tenshu-rakkhanabekkhan dhongso hoye giechilo, abhyantarin durger pashapashi prasadgulir punornirmaner jonno moat kharach record koraa hoyechilo. tulna korar jonno, seii somoyer shogun ebong tokugaoa ayyasu-err propoutro, taanr purbopurushder kachh theke 42 lokkho 30 hazar "reo" mulyer ortho ebong sampatti uttoradhikar sutre peyechilen. punargathan chhada, durjog trano karjokrom chhilo borh byer arekti utso. meiriki-rawr prochondo aguner porr, hatamoto ebong taader upobrittir anupatik daan peyechilo ebong agrim chaal prodaner anumati deoa hoyechilo. daimios"-err jonno, daan chharao, dosho bochorer rino deoa hoyechilo. pray 160,000 "reo" "chonin"-err jonno daaner jonno byoy koraa hoyechilo, jaar shareguli taader basosthaner sommukhbhager akarer saathe samanjasyapurna chhilo. echhadao, "diameos" keey "chonin" keey konji sarbaraha korar adesh deoa hoyechilo jaaraa taader badighar hariechilo; "chonin" jaader dhaner shosyagare agun dhorey giechilo taader binamulye chaal sarbaraha koraa hoyechilo. mayerikite bhayabaha agnikander porr, shogunet jokhoni borh dharaner agun legechilo, tokhon taar trano prochesta abyahoto rekhechilo, jodio arthik abosthar abonoti howar karone chhoto mapkathite.

idomaa aag japanna ido samaygaalaa (1600-1868) darmiyan tokiyonaa bhutpurv naammaa aag aetali vaaramvaar laagtee hatee keey kahevat mujab ido shaherne lakshanikta aapvama aavyu hatoo. aadhunik divasomaa pann, junaa idone haju pann yaad karvaamaa aavto hato. ido vishvamaa aek durlabh baabat hatee, kaaran keey shahernaa vishaal shaheri vistaaro vaaramvaar aagthee gheraayela hataa. idoni mahaan aagnee sarkhaamani agneena devtaao saathe karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey hasyapurn reete tene "pankharna pandada" tareeke pann varnavama aavee hatee. aagnee aavrutti. 1601 ("keecho" 6) aneey 1867 ("keeyo" 3) vachchena 267 varsh darmiyan, edomaa 49 motee aag laagee hatee. tenee sarkhaamanimaa, teey jaj samaygaalaa darmiyan, kyoto, osaka aneey kanazavama laagelee aagnee coole sankhyaa anukrame maatra nava, chh aneey trana hatee, jenaa kaarane idoni aakruti japanna anya mahanagarothi alag puddy hatee. anya ahevaalo anusaar, idonaa itihas darmiyan 85 thee vadhu motee aag laagee hatee. 1600 aneey 1945 nee vachche, ido/tokyone aag, bhookamp, sunami, jwalamukhi faatee nikalvaa aneey yuddh dwara darr 25-50 varsh keey tethee vadhu samay darmiyan sarkhavvama aavto hato. jooe naanee aagno pann samaavesh karvaamaa aave too, aaa 267 varshnaa gaadaama laagelee 1,798 aagmathi 269 1601-1700,541 1701-1800 aneey 986 1801-1867 maan hatee. jaim jaim tokugava samaygalana antamaa idoni vastee tenee vadhati aarthik samruddhi saathe vadhee, tema tema shaherma aagnee aavartan pann tenee vruddhinaa pramanma vadhee hatee. khaas kareene, 1851 ("kaai" 3) aneey 1867 vachchena 17 varshomaa 506 aag laagee hatee, jemaa tokugava shogunetnaa asamarth vaheevatne kaarane thatee astheer jaaher vyavastha aek mukhya yogdaan pareebal hatoo. motee aagnee yaadee. neechena pratinidhi koshtakma idonaa itihaasmaa ketalik motee aagnee yaadee aapvama aavee chhe, jeey jeevan aneey bhauteek nuksaannaa vinashak nukasaannu kaaran bunny hatee. maireki", "meiva" aneey "bankaa" naa yugmaa jeey trana ghatnaa bunny hatee tene "dhaa" kahevama aavtee hatee. 1657maan mirekini bhishan aagne trana athadamanma sauthee vinashak manvama aave chhe. idomaa laagtee aag ghanivaar zadapthi vadhee jaay chhe, motaa bhagma shahernaa shaheri paryavaranne kaarane jwalansheel lakadani "machia" imaarato dwara vargikrut karvaamaa aave chhe jeey charcoal-burning fireplaces dwara garam karvaamaa aavtee hatee. teey samaye agnishaamak takneekni maryadao temaj idoni paanee purvathaa pranalini avishvasniyataane dhyanma rakheene, aekvaar lakadana makaannaa jaththaathi bharela padoshmaa aag laagee gaee tyaare shahernaa anya bhagoma teno felaavo atkaavvaane kaarane sattavalao bahoo ochha hataa. aaa samaygaalaa darmiyan motee aag upraant, tyaan pann avaaranvaar naanee aag laagee hatee, jeey (eksaathe levaamaa aavee hatee) vadhu vinashak aag karataa idomaa vadhu nuksan aneey janhani karey chhe. aag lagvana kaarano. ido samaygaalaa darmiyan, agnee aee rojinda jeevannu aneevary tatva hatoo. teno upyog rasoi aneey prakaash maate thato hato, jenaa kaarane akasmaato thataa hataa. viveedh hetuone kaarane aag lagaadvi aee aagno beejo strot hato. anya shaheroni sarkhaamanimaa idomaa motee aagnee vadhu aavartan viveedh kaaranosar aavee hatee, jemaa motee vastee dharaavtu gaadh shaheri leout, garib saamaajik vargnoo astitva aneey idoni ananya havaman paristhitiono samaavesh thaay chhe. edoni aagno abhyaas karnaar vidhvaan metsunosuke nishiyama aagnaa kaaranono saransh aaa reete aapyoh vastimaa vadhaaro. idomaa shogunetnee sthaapnaa karyaa pachhi, "demyos" (jagirdar) aneey hatamoto (varishth retainer) rahethaano ido keellani aaspaas bandhvama aavyaa hataa aneey motee sankhyama samurai rakhvama aavyaa hataa. samuraainaa jeevanne teko aapnara vepaareeo aneey kaarigaro toonk samayma tolaaomaa edomaa sthalaantar curry gayaa aneey parinaame vastimaa tejee aavee. idoni vastee 1640 ("qaana 'ee" 17) maan aashre 400,000 thee vadheene 1693 ("generoku" 6) maan aashre 800,000 thaee gaee, aneey 1721 ("kyoho" 6) sudhimaa lagbhag 1,100,000 sudhee vadhee gaee. samuraainaa vishaal rahenank vistaarothi vipareet, chonin ghanaa naana vistaaro sudhee maryadit hataa. vadhati vasteeae temnee vasteeni gichataane atyant uchch degree parr dhakeli deedhi. temnaa rahethaan saghan vistaroma gothvaayelaa hataa aneey zumpadpatti saamanya hatee. mathadith rahevani jagya, rasodu aneey kabaatno samaavesh thaay chhe, jeey saamanya reete chh tatami saadadio jetalu qada dharaavtu hatoo. tenee upar, laakadu aneey kaagalnu bandhkam samagri saraltathi aag maate balatan bunny gaee. aaa tamaam paristhitio koodarti reete aag akasmatoni uchch shakyata taraf doree gaee. aagchampi. idomaa aag lagvanun mukhya kaaran, motee sankhyama choroni nondh karvaamaa aavee hatee. dharapkad karaayela aagchampi karnaraomathi ghanaa loko edonaa jivannirvaahnaa unchaa kharch aneey banydhari aapnaar naa hovaane kaarane karaarbaddh nokro tareeke kaama karvaanee ayogyataane kaarane garib jeevan jeevee rahyaa hataa. temaanna ketlaaknaa gharo baleene khaakh thaee gayaa hataa aneey gunaao karvaathi temne ghanoo nuksan thayu hatoo. 1723 aneey 1724 ("kyoho" 8 aneey 9) maan dharapkad karaayela 102 aagchampi karnaraomathi 41 hataa, aneey 22 paase koee nondhaayel kaayamee rahethaan nahotu. temaanna motabhagna loko neechala saamaajik vargomathi aavyaa hataa. aagchampi maatena prerano viveedh hataan, joke sauthee agranee lunt hatee. aaa prakaarnaa aagchampi karnaaraao tofani divasomaa aag lagaadtaa aneey aagaami vikshepno laabh uthavine choree kartaa. lunt sivaay, vaaramvaarnaa hetuo saamaajik sambandhothi udbhavtaa hataa, jaim keey nokro temnaa maliko parr badalo levaa maangtaa hataa aneey nishfal romentic sambandhone kaarane dvesh. vepaarioae spardhakona vyavasaayo aneey baadako saathe aag saathe ramtaa aag lagadvana udaaharano pann nondhvaamaa aavyaa hataa, aneey "achaanak aag lagaadvaa jevu laagyu" tevee kaboolaat saatheno cases pann nondhvaamaa aavyo hato. aagno arth suthaar, plasterworkers aneey anugaamee punarnirmaanmaa steeplejack maate pann vyavsaay hashe, tethee temaanna ketlaak aagnee ghatnaa aneey ugrataathi khush thashe. khaas kareene, ghanaa agnishaamako mukhyatve steeplejack tareeke kaama kartaa hataa, temaanna ketlaak jaaherma agnishaamak kaushalya darshaavvaa athavaa potaane maate vyavsayni tako oobhi karvaa maate iraadaapurvak aag felaavtaa hataa. aanaathi shogunetne chetvani vatahukmo jaaree karvaa aneey ketlaak ullanghan karnara agnishaamakone chalaavvaa maate prereet karyaa. dharapkad karaayela aagchampi karnaaraaone salgavi devaamaa aave teey pahelaa temne shereeomaa cooch karvaamaa aavee hatee. jooe keey, aagajni pratye shogunetnee asahishnu neetee hovaa chhataa, aagnee aag kyaarey idomathi sampurnpane nabud thaee naa hatee. bakamatsu samaygaalaa darmiyan, shogunetno vaheevat ayogya banataa jaaher vyavastha kathalee hatee. parinaame, aagnee ghatanaoma bhaare vadhaaro thayo hato. ketlaak aagchampi karnaaraao saahitya aneey kabuki kruteeona vishhay bunny gayaa. aamaa saamel hataa, jemnaa naam parr 1683 (tenaa 3) nee mahaan aag, jemaa 3,500 loko maarya gayaa hataa, tenu naam pann rakhvama aavyu hatoo. oshichi aag maate jawabdar naa hatee, parantu tene tenu ghar gumaavyu hatoo. teneeae aek mandeerma aashray leedho aneey tyaan aek paanana premmaa puddy. aek varsh pachhi, teneeae aaa kalpanana aadhare aag lagaadvaano prayaas karyo keey beejee aag bannene fareethi malvaa maate saksham banaavshe. teneeni dharapkad karvaamaa aavee, teno prayaas karvaamaa aavyo aneey aag dwara tene faansi aapvama aavee. teneeni vaarta ihara saikaku aneey tsuruya nanboku IV noow aadhaar hatee. havaman paristhitio. uttarthi aavtaa teevra shiyaalu chomasu edo maate ananya havaman sthitee hatee. tene ghanaa sheeyala aneey vasantma laagelee aagmaa faalo aapyo hato jeey pravartmaan uttarpashchim aneey uttar pawan dwara lavvama aavela shushk havamanma aavee hatee. vadhumaa, vasant aneey pankharma dakshin tarafnaa teevra pawan bhaare aagnu beeju kaaran hatoo. aaa kaaranosar, 1658maan shogunate dwara sthaapit chaar teamo ("manjee" 1) edo keellana uttarpashchimma keellane teey dishaathi felaati aagthee bachavva maate tainaat karvaamaa aavee hatee. jyaare maheena dwara aagnee ganatari karvaamaa aavee tyaare maarchmaa sauthee vadhu "motee aag" jovaa malee, tyarbad februari, april aneey januaryma. aaa chaar maheenao tamaam motee aagnaa 70 takaa hataa. 107, 000 jetla lokonaa jeev levaanaa daavane kaarane idonaa itihaasmaa sauthee vinashkari aag tareeke ganaati mirekini aag 2 march, 1657naa roj (japanese lunisolar tanpo kelendarmaa "mireki" 3naa pratham mahinaanaa 18maa divase) laagee hatee. edonaa "chonin" aaa hakeekathi saaree reete wakef hataa. shiyaalaamaa, mahilaaone idonaa upnagaromaa temnaa matapitana rahethaan maate javaa aneey aagnee mosam pasaar thayaa pachhi jaj paachha farvaa maate kahevama aavtu hatoo, jenaa parinaame vastimaa mosamee vadhghat thatee hatee. 1725maan ("kyoho" 10), chhaththa maheenama vastee chothaa maheena karataa 10,000thee vadhu hatee. umeraayelee vastimaa 90 takaathi vadhu maheelao hatee. tokugava shogunetnaa aag nivaranna pagalaa. ido samaygalani sharuaatmaa, shogunetnaa agranee adheekarioae pavannaa divasomaa "shogun" aneey ido keellana rakshanne prathmikta tareeke sthaapit karyoo, jyaare aagajni thavaani sauthee vadhu sambhavna hatee. tenaathi vipareet, sengoku samaygalana avshesh tareeke, "chonin" naa rahenank vistaarone lagata aag nivaranna pagalaa parr lagbhag koee dhyaan aapvama aavyu naa hatoo. jooe keey, "chonin" aee saamaajik shaktee praapt curry, shogunetnee niteeo pann vikaseet thaee, jenaa prateek tareeke, aathma shogune, kyoho sudharana bhaag rupe idone saarvtrik reete aavari levaa maate aag nivaranna pagalaane vistrut karyaa. agnishaamak sansthao. praarambhik ido samaygalama, agnishaamakne sansthakeey banavvama aavyu naa hatoo. jooe keey, motee aagnu punraavartan aee vyavsthaani sthaapnaa maate aek valaank bunny gayo. aaa pranali hethal agnishaamakone saamanya reete aneey maan vargikrut karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. buke hikeshi" nee andar, agnishaamakone vadhu vibhajit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. aagne felaati atkavva maate pahelethee jaj salgelee imaaratone todee paadvaani "hikashi" nee praathmeek paddhati hatee. mevaa" yug darmiyan, manavbal dwara sanchaalit lakadana pampano upyog thato hato, parantu aveerat paanee purvathaanaa abhavne kaarane teey kyaarey agnishaamaknu sampoorn vyavhaaru saadhan banyu naa hatoo. meiji punsthaapnaa sudhee, vyaavsaayik agnishaamako dwara imaaratone jaate todee paadvi, jemathi steeplejack bahumatee hatee, teey agnishaamakni praathmeek paddhati rahee hatee. "" "daaimyo hikeshi". daaimyo hikeshi" noon 1643maan ("qaana 'ee" 20), oke-maachini aagnaa beey varsh pachhi, "daaimyo" neey sonpavama aaveli farjiyat niyameet agnishaamak sevaana swaroop tareeke sansthakiyakaran karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa pahelaa, aag faatee nikalyaa pachhi bahaarnaa aadesho dwara "demyo" neey agnishaamak kaaryo maate mokalvaamaa aavyaa hataa. demyo hikeshi" naa anya svarupomaa aevaa lokono samaavesh thaay chhe, jeo shogunate dwara mahatvapurn manvama aavtaa sthalo maate jawabdar hataa jaim keey makbaro, mandeero aneey chokhana anaajnaa bhandar; jeo idonaa vyaktigat petaa vibhago maate jawabdar hataa; aneey, jeo "demyo" rahethanoma swa-bachaav agnishaamak sansthaothi vipareet, aaspasna vistaroma agnishaamakmaa bhaag levaa maate bandhaayela hataa. "jobaikeshi". jobikeshi" noon 1658 ("manjee" 1) maan, mirkini mahaan aagnaa aek varsh pachhi, sansthakiyakaran karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. hetamotone shogunetnaa aadesh hethal seedhi agnishaamakni javabdario sonpavama aavee hatee. teo fayara lookout towersthee sajj gharomaa tainaat hataa. teoae vyaavsaayik agnishaamakone pann niyukt karyaa hataa. sharuaatmaa chaar teamonu aayojan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. pachhithi, temnee sankhyama vadhghat thaee, 15 jetali teamo saathe, edo samaygalana anta taraf maatra aek jaj team, shogunetnee nanakiy aneey lashkari sthitee temaj "machibikeshi" nee taiyari parr aadhaar rakheene. motaabhaage dass teamo hatee aneey tethee temne pann bolavvama aavtee hatee. "machibikeshi". jyaare tokugava yoshimune aathma shogun tareeke sattaa sambhaali tyaare, edomaa agnishaamak kaaryo "damyo hikeshi", "jobikeshi" aneey, jemathi baadmaa "chonin" agnishaamako hataa jemaa vepaareeo aneey kaarigaro hataa. jyaare "damyo hikeshi" aneey "jobikeshi" anoobhavi agnishaamako hataa, tyaare teo "chonin" naa rahenank vistaroma thatee aag vishe kharekhar kyaarey chintit nahota; teey darmiyan, "tanabikeshi" aee kalapremi agnishaamakonaa jooth sivaay beeju kanee nahotu jeey potaane daraavvaathi bhaagi jashe. 1720maan ("kyoho" 5), tokugava yoshimune kyoho sudharana bhaag rupe "machibikeshi" neey sansthakeey banaavyu. temane navaa agnishaamak aekamo sthaapavaano aadesh aapyo jeey kharekhar "chonin" naa rahenank vistaaroni suraksha karvaamaa saksham hashe. machibikeshi" pranali hethal, darek nagarne tenaa "chonin" neey agnishaamak kaaryo maate mokalvani jaroor hatee. ōoca aee nagarnaa adheekario pasethi soochno sweekarya aneey nagarona agnishaamak juthone sangathit karyaa. sumeeda nadeeni pashchimma 48 jutho rachaaya hataa. chaar sivaaynaa tamaamne aek jaj hiragan aksharono upyog kareene niyukt karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey tethee saamuhik reete temne hiragan akshar tareeke odakhvaamaa aavtaa hataa. nadeeni purvamaa honjo aneey fukugavama anya sola jutho rachaaya hataa. darek juthanu potaanu ananya aneey ganvesh hatoo. darek juthamaa sambandh saamanya hato, parantu jutho vachcheno matbhed pann saamanya hato. 1730maan ("kyoho" 15), aaa agnishaamak juthone motaa juthomaa punahsangathit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa jethee aag-samaynee gatishilataa aneey karykshamta vadhaari shakaay. joke "machibikeshi" sharuaatmaa maatra "chonin" naa rahenank vistaaro maate jawabdar hataa, tema chhataa temnee kshamataone maanyata malee aneey pachhithi samuraiona rahenank vistaroma, jaim keey pulo, mandeero, chokhana anaajo aneey ido keellani andar pann aag saame ladvaa maate mokalvaamaa aavee hatee. meiji punsthapanna samay sudhimaa, teo idoni mukhya agnishaamak shaktee bunny gayaa hataa, jyaare tenaathi vipareet, teey samay sudhimaa "buke hikashi" motaa pramanma ghatee gaee hatee. anty-arsen pagalaa. idomaa aag lagvanun mukhya kaaran aagajni hovathi, shogunete aagchampi karnaaraaone kaabuma levaa maate nondhpaatra prayaaso karyaa hataa. aek navee sarkari sthitee rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. "chonin" neey aagchampi karnaaraaone pakadvaa maate puraskar aapvama aavyo hato. aagne aek apraadh banavvama aavyo hato aneey jaaher jantaane chetvani tareeke daav parr salgavvani sajaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. "hituke tozoku araatme". "hitsuke tozoku aratame" aee aagchampi, choree aneey jugaarnaa gunaaone nishan banaavvaa maate shogunate dwara rajoo karaayel sthitee hatee. sharuaatmaa trana gunaao maate trana alag-alag jagyaao hovaa chhataa, teo 1683 ("tenaa" 3) maan lashkari adheekari dwara aek saathe rakhvama aavyaa hataa. baadmaa temne tunkaa samay maate door karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, parantu 1703 ("generoku" 16) maan fareethi rajoo karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey 1718 ("kyoho" 3) maan aek jaj sthitima aekeekrut karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. maachee-bugyo" thee vipareet, jeey nagrik adheekario hataa, "hituke tozoku aratame" lashkari adheekario hataa. tethee, temnee puchparachhni vyooharachnaao hinsak hovaanu valan hatoo. jyaare temnee paase shankaspad aagchampi karnaaraaoni dharapkad karvaanee sattaa hatee, tyaare bhulthi dharapkad karvaa maate koee dund nahoto. aaa kaaranosar, teo ghanivaar dharapkad karaayela shankaspadone kaboolaat karvaa maate traas aaptaa hataa, jenaa kaarane motee sankhyama khotaa aaropo laagya hataa. aanaathi "chonin" parr aek kukhyaat chhabi chhodi gaee, jemane "maachee-bugyo" aneey tenee sarkhaamani karatee vakhate temne upnaam aapyu. aagchampi karnaaraaone pakadvaa aneey salgavine faansi aapvaa maate paritoshiko. shogunete vaaramvaar vatahukmo bahaar paadya hataa jemaa pakadaayela aagchampi karnaaraaone taatkaalik parat karvaanee aneey temnaa apaharankaarone puraskar aapvani maang karvaamaa aavee hatee. vadhumaa, aagchampi karnaarne pakadnaar vyaktee saamena baakee gunaaone maaf karvaamaa aavashe. aagchampi karnaaraao keey jemane temnaa saatheeo athavaa anya aagchampi karnaaraao saame maahitee aapvama nondhpaatra bhoomika bhajvi hatee teo pann maafeeni toach parr paritoshiko maate paatra hataa. 1723maan ("kyoho" 8), aevo aadesh aapvama aavyo hato keey aagnaa kissaamaa shankaspad vartannaa aadhare koipan vyaktini dharapkad curry shakaay, bhale tene aag naa lagaavi hoya. jaaher jantaane chetvani tareeke, dharapkad karaayela aagchampi karnaaraaone shaherma cooch karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey daav parr salgavi devaamaa aavyaa hataa. vadhumaa, temnee saamena aaropo lakadani takteeo parr lakhvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey jaaher pradarshan parr mukvaamaa aavyaa hataa. salgavvani sajaa edo samaygalani dund sanhitama nakki karvaamaa aavee hatee, aneey 1868 ("mejee" 1) maan mejee sarkaarni kaamchalaau dund sanheeta dwara tene badalvama naa aavee tyaan sudhee teno amal karvaamaa aavto hato. aagchampi karnaraona parivaarnaa sabhyone pann fasavvama aavyaa hataa, aneey patneeo aneey putrione karaarbaddh gulaamimaa athavaa deshnikaalmaa mokali devaamaa aavee hatee. karaarmaa aagchampina kissaamaa, jeey vyakteeae gunaa maate chukavani curry hatee teey pann shikshapatra hatee. jyaare aagchampi karnaar samurai hato, tyaare salgavvathi faansi aapvi laagu padatee naa hatee. tenaa badale, mahattam dund ladvama aavyo hato; dosheet samuraainu shirachchhed karvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey maathu aek pada athavaa munch parr mukvaamaa aavyu hatoo aneey trana divas maate pradarshit karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, jyaare shareerno upyog talvaar-parikshan maate karvaamaa aavyo hato. jene lekheet nondho saathe aag lagaadvaani dhamki aapee hatee teey sharuaatmaa mrutyudandni sajaa hatee, parantu sajaa pachhithi deshnikaalmaa ghatadvama aavee hatee. jooe keey upar varnavel siddhaantonaa aadhare sajaa aapvama aavee hatee, tema chhataa aagchampina asafal prayaaso jevaa teevra sanjogo pann dhyanma levaamaa aavyaa hataa. 15 varshthi ochhi umarnaa aagchampi karnaaraaone faansi aapvama nahee aave parantu temne deshnikaal athavaa probation parr mokalvaamaa aavashe. shaheri aayojan. jwalansheel samagrimathi banelee imaaratoni gaadh vahenchani aee aek mahatvapurn pareebal hatoo jene aagne nanithi motee taraf vikasaavavaani manjuri aapee hatee. aekvaar aek imaaratmaa aag laagee jaay, tyaare koee pann agnishaamako javaab aape teey pahelaa padoshio toonk samayma salgee jashe. aaa kaaranosar, mairekeeni bhishan aag pachhi, aag saame shahernaa sanrakshane vadhaarvaa maate idomaa biin-jwalansheel saamgrithi banelaa maalkhaane protsaahan aapvama aavyu hatoo. idomaa viveedh sthaloae fayara barrier zoan bolavvama aavyaa hataa aneey sthaapit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. tiled chhat aneey maatinaa makaano saheet agnee pratirodhak saamgreeno sweekaar karvo farjiyat bunny gayo. "heocachy" aneey "hirokoji". mirekini bhishan aagmaa thayela vinashak nuksan pachhi, aag nivaranna pagalaane idoni punarnirmaan yojnaamaa ghano bhaar aapvama aavyo hato. aag felaati atkavva maate aag avrodhak zoan gothavvama aavyaa hataa. tenee sharuaat edo keellani bahaarnaa praathmeek rahethaanone khasedva aneey khaalee jagyaane aagnee rokthaam maate samarpeet karvaathi thaee hatee. anya "demyo" aneey hatamotos saathe jodaayela rahethaanonu sthalaantar thayu. idoni andarni imaaratona gaadh sankochanne ghatadva maate, motabhagna sthalo killamathi door rahevaa maate pasand karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. vadhumaa, "generoku" yug darmiyan, "demyo" neey idoni bahaarnaa vistaarmaa temnaa gaun aneey truteey rahethanona nirmaan maate jameen aapvama aavee hatee, aneey temnaa truteey rahethaanono upyog aag darmiyan aashraysthano tareeke pann karvaamaa aavto hato. navaa samurai rahethaanone samavvana anya saadhan tareeke jameenne punahpraapt karvaamaa aavee hatee. 1661nee aaspaas ("kanbun" 1), honjomaa jameennu punsthaapan purn thayu hatoo jethee samurai rahethanona nirmaan temaj "chonin" rahethanona sthalaantarni manjuri malee shake. mandeero aneey mandeerone pann aavaa jaj sthalaantarnaa aadesho jaaree karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. temaanna motabhagna loko edoni naheroni bahaar gayaa hataa jyaare temaanna ketalaakne asakusa, komagom aneey koisikavama temnee navee jagyaao malee hatee. nihonbashina padoshmathi asakusa taraf reeda-light jillaanu sthalaantar pann aaa samaygalama thayu hatoo, jooe keey mirkini bhishan aag pahelaa aaa pagalu nakki karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. beey prakaarnaa agnee avrodh zoan, aneey, sthalaantar dwara khaalee thayelee jameenmathi banavvama aavyaa hataa; pahelu khaalee plaza aneey pachhinu paholu shereeo hatoo. vadhumaa, sheree paholi karvaanee neetee saathe, gharone koipan eves door karvaa jaroori hataa. sthalaantarnaa parinaame shaheri shikshanma vadhaaro thayo. 1662maan ("kanbun" 2), naheroni bahaarnaa yuaeno, asakusa aneey sheebana vistaarone "maachee-bugyo" naa vaheevat hethal lavvama aavyaa hataa. tenaani bhishan aag pachhi, "demyo" rahethaano, mandeero aneey mandeerone sandovta sthalaantarni beejee laher, aneey navaa "heocachy" neey manjuri aapee aneey "hirokoji" neey vistrut curry. parinaame motabhagna mandeero aneey mandeero havey naheroni bahaar stheet hataa. kyoho sudhara darmiyan, "machibikeshi" naa sansthakiyakaranthi aag nivaaranne vadhu majboot karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. tokugava yoshimunna jwalansheel naa hoya tevaa ido maatena utsaahnaa prakashma, kaanda, hatchbory aneey ichigayama navaa "heocachy" nee sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. idoni aaspaas aag avrodh zoan sthaapit karvaanaa prayaaso chhataa, aevaa kissaao pann hataa keey jyaan "heocachy" nee andar gharo bandhvama aavyaa hataa, aneey "hirokoji" saathe stores, jene temnee asarkaraktama nondhpaatra ghataado karyo hato, ketalikvaar teey bindu sudhee jyaan aagnu jokham pahelaa karataa pann vadhaare hatoo. agnee pratirodhak aneey agneerodhak maalkhaa. 1601 ("keicho" 6) nee bhishan aag pachhi, shogunet farjiyat karyoo keey chhatna chhatone shingle chhatma badalvama aave. paachhalthi, vaibhavi "demyo" rahethanoni andarni imaaratomaa tiled chhat fationable bunny hatee aneey ketlaak "chonin" rahethanoma pann apnavvama aavee hatee. jooe keey, mirekini bhishan aag pachhi, niteema ferfar kareene tiled chhatna upyog parr pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo hato kaaran keey aag pratirodhak tiles chhat parthee puddy hatee aneey ghanee ijaao thaee hatee. tenaa badale, aagne felaati atkavva maate jwalansheel chhatna chhatne maatithi dhankvani jaroor hatee. 1661maan ("kanbun" 1), navee imaaratomaa chhatna upyog parr pann pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo hato, jenaathi shingle chhatne ekmatra manjuri aapvama aavee hatee. jyaan sudhee tokugava yoshimune sattaa dhaaran curry naa hatee tyaan sudhee tiled chhat farjiyat bunny hatee. samurai rahethaano maate, 1723maan ("kyoho" 8), baancho najik salgavi devaayela hetamoto rahethaanone tiled chhat saathe fareethi banaavvaani jaroor hatee. aaa hetu maate vyaajmukt loona pann aapvama aavee hatee. 1725nee aaspaas ("kyoho" 10), maryadit vistaroma, haalnaa rahethaanone tiled chhat apnaavavaani jaroor hatee. pachhithi, aaa neetee motaa vistaroma aaa chetvani saathe laagu karvaamaa aavee keey biin-palanwala rahethaanone todee padvama aavashe. chonin" rahethaano maate, tiled chhat parnaa pratibandhne 1720 ("kyoho" 5) maan uthalaavi devaamaa aavyo hato. 1722 ("kyoho" 7) pachhi, idomaa tamaam imaaratomaa tyle karelee chhat hovi jaroori hatee aneey teey pruthvithi bandhvama aavee hatee athavaa tenaathi dhankayeli hovi jaroori hatee, jooe keey "chonin" parnaa aarthik bhaarne dhyanma letaa, chhipthi banelee chhatne pann ketlaak kissaaomaa manjuri aapvama aavee hatee. samurai rahethanoni jaim, jaaher sevaa phii aneey vyaajmukt lonanee muktee uplabdh hatee, aneey binparivartit rahethaanone todee padvama aavyaa hataa. shogunate dwara sanchaalit biin-jwalansheel ido kaarykram tokugava yoshimunna shaasan hethal haath dharvaamaa aavyo hato, joke 1751 ("qaana 'ee" 4) maan temnaa mrutyu pachhi, tenee mushkeleemaa mukaayeli nanakiy sthiteene kaarane shogunate ochhu sakreey banyu hatoo. aaa kaarykram kyaarey sampoorn reete purn thayo naa hato, jeey "mejee" yug pahelaa viveedh motee aagnu mukhya kaaran banyu hatoo. pratibandho aneey aag chetvanina aadesho. aagne rokvaa maate, shogunete aagnaa sambhaveet kaaranona pratibandho, mahatvapurn ghatanao darmiyan aag chetvanina aadesho aneey vaastavik aag darmiyan chokkas pravruttio parr pratibandh saheet tamaam prakaarnaa nirdesho jaaree karyaa hataa. jaaher snangruh, fatakada aneey kacharo baadvaa saame aagnaa jokhamone nishan banavvana pratibandho nirdeshit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. motabhagna "chonin" rahethaano aag lagvana kissaamaa shankaspad banvaanu taalvaa maate snaan saathe bandhvama aavyaa naa hataa. parinaame, jaaher snangruh lokpreey hataa. snangruhna vyavsayma aagnee jaruriyaatne kaarane sampoorn pratibandh atkaavyo hovaa chhataa, 1653maan ("jooe" 2) sanje 6 vaagyaa sudhee jaaher snangruhma aag lagaavvaa parr pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo hato. jaaher snangruhma savaar sudhee snaannu paanee rakhvani jaroor hatee jethee paanino upyog agnishaamak maate thaee shake. 1648maan ("kian" 1) shahernee andar fatakadana utpaadan parr pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo hato. nadimukh sivaay temnaa upyog parr pann pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo hato aneey 1642 ("kian" 5) maan maatra sumeeda nadee parr jaj pratibandhit karvaamaa aavyo hato. "generoku" yugmaa nagaro aneey gharomaa "sagicho" ujavani parr pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo hato. haju pann agau, 1655maan kacharo baadvaa parr pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo hato ("mireki" 1). aek apvaadrup udaaharan tareeke, ido keellana parr salagatu patang padyana beey divas pachhi, 1646 ("shoho" 3) maan patango parr pratibandh jaaree karvaamaa aavyo hato. shogunni mulakat, kyotothi shaahee maheelani mulakat aneey josan pratinidhinaa aagman jevee mahatvapurn ghatanao darmiyan, aagnee chetvanina unchaa starnee maang kartaa vatahukmo jaaree karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. aaa vatahukmo hethal, aag aneey zaghada atkavva maate shaherma patrolling karvaamaa aavtu hatoo, paanithi bharelee doll taiyar karvaamaa aavtee hatee aneey shahernaa vistaarne saaf karvaamaa aavto hato. jyaare dhaarmik vidheeo ujavvama aavee rahee hatee tyaare pann aavaa jaj aadesho jaaree karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. aag darmiyan pratibandhit chokkas pravruttiomaa "aagnee mulakat", motaa kadnaa gaadaao saathe chaaltaa saadhno, aneey upyog aneey utpadanno samaavesh thaay chhe, jeey tamaam vikshepne tivratathi rokvaa aneey sthalaantarnaa avrodhone ghatadva maate chhe. "chonin" naa aag nivaranna pagalaa. jyaare aaa kahevat spasht reete jeevan pratye idonaa lokonaa aneeyantrit valanne darshaave chhe, tyaare teey shahernee vaaramvaar thatee aagne lagatee temnee vyavharik maansiktaane pann pratibimbit karey chhe-aagmaa gumaavvaane badale paisa toonk samayma kharchvaamaa aave teey vadhu saaru hatoo. idonaa "chonin" maate, aag rojindi dincharya bunny gaee hatee, tema chhataa teno felaavo lagbhag roqee naa shakaay tevo hato. jyaare aag temnaa rahethaano aneey vyavasaayone laagee tyaare pratham aneey agranee dhyey zadapthi khaalee karaavvaano aneey temnee meelkatoni jaalvani karvaano hato. beejee taraf, teoae temnaa potaana rahethanmathi aag naa laage tenee khaatari karvaa maate pann nishthapurvak dhyaan aapyu. aag saame jogvaaio. divas keey raatne dhyanma leedha vinaa idomaa aag laagee hatee. jooe koee vyaktee unghatee vakhate aag laagee hoya, too kapadaa badalvaa aneey prakaash taiyar karvaathi sthalaantar karvaamaa veelamb thaee shake chhe. tethee, jyaare sheeyalo najik aavto tyaare aagnee rutumaa pravesh karey chhe, tyaare savcheti tareeke, loko katokatinaa kissaamaa kapadaa saheetni vastuo aneey temnaa gaadalaani bajuma mooke chhe. jyaare aagnee chetvani aapvama aave tyaare, mool aneey pavannee dishani pratham pushti karvaamaa aave chhe. jooe paristhitine khatarnaak manvama aavtee, too mulyavaan vastuo keey jeey laee jaee shakaati naa hatee tene temaa mukvaamaa aavashe aneey vepaari graahakone jaana karvaamaa aavashe, aneey loko aagne felaati atkavva maate koee pann tikhaao bahaar kaadhvaa maate chhat parr chadhashe. jyaare jokham nikat aavyu, tyaare teo maatra teey jaj kimmatee vastuo saathe bahaar kaadhshe jeey saathe laee jaee shakaay. kimmatee chijavastuone aagthee bachavva maate teno upyog karvaamaa aavyo hato. "yojinkago" aek prakaarnee motee vaansnee topali hatee jenee saathe koee vyaktee peeth athavaa khabha parr laee jaee shake chhe. mahatvapurn dastavejo maate, wicker boxeno upyog karvaamaa aavto hato. daihachiguruma" aneey "kurumanagamochi" motee sankhyama vastuonu parivahan curry shaktaa hovaa chhataa, temnaa motaa qada temne sthalaantar darmiyan avrodho banaave chhe. aevaa kissaao pann hataa keey jyaan parivahan karaayelee vastuoma udatee tikhaaothi aag laagee hatee aneey aag felavvama madad curry hatee. aaa kaaranosar shogunate dwara temnaa parr pratibandh mukvaamaa aavyo. vadharana pagla tareeke, aneey aag vimaanaa agradut tareeke, samruddh vepaareeo ghar banaavvaa maate jaroori samagri maate lakadana chhutak vepaareeone agaauthi chukavani kartaa hataa. jooe temnaa vyavasaayo baleene khaakh thaee jaay, too pachhi kaatmaad door thayaa pachhi, purvachukavani saamgreene tarat jaj punarnirmaan maate daavo curry shakaay chhe, jethee tunkaa samayma vyavsaay pharii sharoo thaee shake. "dozo" aneey "" enagura "." "dozo" aneey "enagura" aee aevee vastuonaa sangrah maate upyogmaa levaati rachnaao hatee jeey aag darmiyan sthaanaantarit curry shakaati naa hatee. samruddh vepaareeo saamanya reete temnee malikina ghanaa hoya chhe. temnaa unchaa kharchane kaarane, "dozo" mote bhaage vepaareeo dwara banavvama aneey upyogmaa levaata hataa; tenee sarkhaamanimaa, "anagura" saamanya loko maate vadhu sastu hatoo. "dozo" jaadaa plastard maateeni diwalo saathe bhandargruh hataa aneey motabhagna kissaaomaa tiled chhat hatee. temnee jaadee diwalo dwara saksham aag pratikaar temne chijavastuo, ghargaththu vastuo, saadhno aneey mulyavaan chijavastuona sangrah maate aadarsh banaave chhe. jooe keey, teo nabalaa bandhkam aneey ayogya jaalvani, baareeo aneey praveshdvaarmaa tirado temaj mouse chhidrothi aag lagvathi thatee nabalaiothi pann pidai shake chhe, aneey parinaame tutee pann shake chhe. aaa kaaranosar, samruddh vepaareeo pruthvine taiyar sthitima taiyar kartaa jethee jyaare aag laage tyaare teo temnaa niyameet plastererone zadapthi temnaa "dozo" neey seal curry shake. aevaa kissaao pann hataa keey jyaare teo pote jaj aagnaa udbhavkartaa hataa, tyaare teo temnaa "dozo" naa darvaja khulla raakhtaa aneey temne jaaher praayshchitnaa swaroop tareeke badee javaa detaa. dastavejona sangrah maate khaas killebandhi karaayel "dozo" astitvamaa hatoo parantu temnaa bandhkamna unchaa kharchane kaarane kyaarey lokpriyataa melvee naa hatee, tema chhataa teo motee aagmaa tucky rahevaa maate purtaa majboot hataa. beejee taraf, tyaan rahethaano aneey vyavasaayo pann hataa jene bhandar jevaa bandhvama aavyaa hataa. jooe keey, temnaa agnee pratikaarne vyavsayik upyog maate jaroori vyaapak avkashne samavva maate vadhu keey ochhu samadhan karavu padyu hatoo. "misegura" jeey aadhunik divas sudhee tucky rahyu chhe teey havey mote bhaage katori (sawra vistaar), tochigi aneey kavagoi shaheroma jovaa maley chhe, jeey aaa shahero aneey temnaa padoshne naam aape chhe. "anagura" bhugarbh sangrah jagyaao hatee. naana under-bayd sangrah aekmothee vipareet, anagurama vyakteene samavva maate puratee jagya hatee aneey kimmatee chijavastuono sangrah karvaa maate pann banavvama aavee hatee. teo "dozo" kartaa sastaa hataa, tema chhataa aag aneey choree saame asarkarak rahyaa kaaran keey temnee paase suraksheet karvaa maate maatra cover hataa. "edomaa "anagurano" pratham upyog 1656 ("mireki" 2) maan nihonbashima naamnu dukan chalaavtaa aek vastra vikreta dwara karvaamaa aavyo hato. izumi-yaa" nee "anagurani" asarkaaraktaane mairekeeni mahaan aagmaa odakhvaamaa aavee hatee aneey temne lokpreey banavvama madad curry hatee. idomaa "enagurani" lokpriyataa ange, kavago mithaanaa vepaariae temnaa sansmaranomaa lakhyu hatoo keey idono dasamo bhaag chhidro bunny gayo hato. aavee lokpriyataae pann vyavsaayne janm aapyo. jooe keey idomaa "enagura" mukhyatve bhugarbhjalnaa unchaa starne kaarane thataa leekne rokvaa maate cyprus saathe banavvama aavyu hatoo, tema chhataa bhugarbh bhej temnee takaaupanu maryadit curry deedho hato. aag akasmaato maate sajaa. jooe keey shogunete aag parr kaaryvaahi karvaa maate salgavine mrutyu saheetni sajaao laadhya hataa, aag akasmaato maateni tenee sajaao kyaay aetali kathor nahoti. samurai vargnaa jeo aag lagaadtaa hataa temne jooe teo temnaa rahethanoma tene olavvaamaa safal rahyaa too mukt karvaamaa aavashe; tethee jooe aag naanee rahee too teey "chonin" saathe hatoo. jooe keey motee aagnaa kissaamaa mrutyu aneey deshnikaal saheet kathor dund laadvaani vichaarnaa karaayelee darkhastoni parishad, aavee darkhaasto kyaarey apnavvama aavee naa hatee. aek upakhyanatmak tark aevu maanato hato keey teey samaye aag akasmaato koine pann thaee shake chhe, aneey "roju" aee seppuku karvaanee temnee taiyari parr sawal uthaavyo hato jooe teo pote aakasmik reete motee aag sharoo karey. samuraiz aag akasmaato. jooe "demyo" nivassthanma aag laagee hoya, jyaan sudhee darvaajo sachavvama aavyo hoya, too gharomaa aag laagee jaay too pann malikne jawabdar theravama aavashe nahee. swaabhaavik reete, dwaar rakshannu kendra bunny gayoo. ketlaak samurai framesmanthi temnaa sliding darvaja laee jataa aneey teo bhaagi jataa temne saathe laee jataa. ketlaak anya loko "machibikeshi" neey bundh curry detaa, jeo ghatnaa sthale dodee aavtaa, potaani shaktithi aag saame ladey chhe, pachhi daavo karey chhe keey dhumaado maatra holimathi aavee rahyo hato. jooe keey koee shaaririk sajaa naa hatee, akasmaat dwara aag lagadnara samuraiae vaikalpik nivassthanma najarkedni sevaa aapvaa maate haju pann jaana karvaanee jaroor padashe; jooe tene tenaa nivassthanmathi aag felaavaa deedhi hota, too tene tenaa uparee adheekarine javabdarino daavo rajoo karvo padashe. trana aag akasmaato aek samuraaine tenaa nivaasthaanne idoni bahaarnaa vistaarmaa khasedva maate dabaan karashe, jooe keey aaa spasht reete nirdharit naa hatoo. "chonin", "mandeero" aneey mandeerona aag akasmaato. chonin" maate, "kujikata osadamegaki" naa beeja khandma, jeo akasmaate (lagbhag) kartaa vadhu paholaa vistaarone baadee naakhe chhe temnaa parr 10,20 aneey 30 divasno dund athavaa kadak najarked ladvama aavee hatee. dund 50 divas sudhee lambaavi shakaay chhe aneey jooe shogun mulakat maate nikale teey divase aag laagee hoya too haaththee cuff lagaavvaathi tene vadhaari shakaay chhe. jooe aagnu nuksan gunegaar sivaay (lagbhag) vistaar karataa vadhu paholaa vistaarmaa felaay chhe, too parivaarnaa vadaa, makaanmaaleek aneey 30 divasnaa "oshikom" neey pann aadheen raheshe. jyaan teey hato teey sabhyone 20 divasni "oshikom" nee sajaa pann aapvama aavashe. vadhumaa, leavered sivaaynaa aagnaa strotnee aaspasna chh nagarona "gachigoji" neey pann 20 divas "oshikom" praapt thashe. mandeero aneey mandeeroma thataa aag akasmaato maate, shogunete narmaithi maatra saat divasni athavaa light house arrest saathe firestartersne dund fatkaaryo hato, jemaa alag raatnaa pravaasone sahan karvaamaa aavtaa hataa. shogunni mulakat saathe athavaa mahaan bunny gayelee aag pann sajaama maatra vadhu trana divas umerashe. anya nagaroni sarkhaamanimaa prabhavshali mandeero aneey mandeeroni aaspaas bandhvama aavela nagaromaa aag akasmaatone pann vadhu dayaa saathe sajaa aapvama aavee hatee. oshikom" naa maatra trana divas karataa vadhu paholaa vistaroma aag laagee jaay chhe. aarthik assar. darr vakhate jyaare motee aag laagee tyaare, vinaash pamela idone punarjivit karvaa maate jaroori samagri aneey nanakiy kharch jabardast hataa. tethee, graahak kimmato temaj aarthik sambhavnao parr bhaare aagno prabhaav idothi faatee shake chhe aneey samagr japanne assar curry shake chhe. tethee aagnee vaaramvaarni ghatanaane mukhya prerak pareebal tareeke kahee shakaay jene idonaa aarthik vikasne teko aapyo hato. tenaathi vipareet, punarnirmaan kharch pann shogunate maate aek prachand boj bunny gayo aneey tenee mushkeleemaa mukaayeli nanakiy paristhitiomaa faalo aapyo. aarthik dabaanthi pann pidaataa "chonin" hataa. teey akalpaneey nathee keey moto vyavsaay chalaavtaa vepaareene aek mahaan aag pachhi "nagaya" maan rahevaa maate ghataadi shakaay. jyaare shogunetnaa bajetnee vaat aave chhe, tyaare "chonin" neey falavvama aavela kharchamaa, aag nivaaran aneey agnishaamak saathe sambandhit kharch pann sauthee motaa pramanma jawabdar chhe. graahakona bhaav aakashne sparshee rahyaa chhe. darek motee aagno arth aee hato keey idomaa bhaav vadhaaro thayo hato. chokhaathi sharoo kareene, temaj gharonaa punnirman maate jaroori bandhkam saamgrinaa bhaav vadhyaa. dakhala tareeke, mirekini bhishan aag pachhi, khaatarni keemat "shho" (aashre) deeth 1000 "moona" pratee "shho" sudhee vadhee, jyaare telnee keemat 3 "moona" pratee shothee vadheene 2400 "moona" pratee "shho" thaee. shaherma punnirmanna vadhelaa kaamnaa bhaaranthi bhaade rakhela kaarigaroni keematma vadhaaro karvaamaa madad malee. kaarigaro upraant, karaarbaddh nokroae pann motee aagnaa darthi idomaa kaama karvaa maangtaa ochha loko maate temnaa pagaarmaa vadhaaro karyo hato. aaa sivaay, aavasni achhatne aadhare bhaadu vadhyu; pulonu punnirman karvaamaa aavyu teey pahelaa vadhati maangne kaarane pherii bhaadu vadhyu. aaa tamaam asaro hatee keey jeey idoni motee aag sthaaneek graahak kimmato parr puddy hatee. fugavana bhaavone niyantrit karvaa maate, shogunete vatahukmo bahaar paadya hataa jemaa bhavavdharane gerkaydesar theravama aavyo hato, kaarigaronaa pagaar parr uchch maryada ladvama aavee hatee aneey sauthee agranee apradhione dund fatkarvama aavyo hato. idomaa chokhaani achhatne door karvaa maate pagalaa amalmaa mukvaamaa aavyaa hataa. kheduto pasethi seedha jaj chokha khareedvama aavtaa hataa aneey fareethi vechvaamaa aavtaa hataa. khedutone pann chokha vechvaa maate ido aavvani manjuri aapvama aavee hatee. deshbharnaa sthaloae idothi khareed orderni vadhati sankhyaane kaarane, aarthik sambhavnao parr idoni motee aagno prabhaav rashtravyapi hato. shogunete pann tevee jaj reete takvaadi bhavavdharani viruddhma vyaapak vistaroma chetvanio jaaree curry hatee. tema chhataa, teey vepaareeone rokyaa nahee, jemane lakadana vepaarthi naseeb banaavyu aneey mairekeeni motee aag pachhi baandhkaamno karaar karyo. shogunate parr nanakiy boj. badee gayelee suveedhaona punnirmanna kharchamaa shogunetnaa bajetno moto hisso hato. mirekini mahaan aag maate, jooe keey ido keellani khovayelee dash-jalvanino naash karvaamaa aavyo hato, aantarik keellana punarnirmaan temaj maheloae coole kharch nondhaavyo hato. sarkhaamani maate, teey samaye shogun aneey tokugava iyasuna prapautrane tenaa purvajo pasethi 42.3 laakh "riyo" nee sampatti aneey naanaa varsama malyaa hataa. punarnirmaan sivaay, aapatti raahat pravruttio motaa kharchanu anya aek srot hatoo. mirekini aag pachhi, hatamotos aneey temne temnaa vajifenaa pramanma daan malyun aneey temne chokhaani advance chukavanini manjuri aapvama aavee. demyo" maate, daan upraant, dass varshnee loona pann aapvama aavee hatee. lagbhag 160,000 "riyo" "chonin" maate daan parr kharchvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jemnaa shhare temnaa rahethanona mukhnaa kadane anuroop hataa. vadhumaa, "demyo" neey "chonin" neey konji aapvaano aadesh aapvama aavyo hato, jemane temnaa gharo gumaavyaa hataa; "chonin" keey jemane temnaa chokhana anaajne baadee nakhya hataa temne mafat chokha puuraa padvama aavyaa hataa. mirkini bhishan aag pachhi, jyaare pann motee aag laagee tyaare shogunate tenaa raahat prayaaso chaalu raakhyu, joke bagadati nanakiy sthiteene kaarane naana paaye.

eedo mein aag japan key edo kaal (1600-1868) key dauran tokyo key poorv naam mein aag itani baar luggy thee kii edo shahar koo ack kahawat key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa. aadhunik dinon mein bhee, puraane eedo koo abhee bhee yaad kiya jaataa thaa. eedo duniya mein ack durlabhata thee, kyonki shahar key vishal shahari kshetron mein baar-baar aag luggy thee. eedo kii mahaan aag kii tulanaa aag key devtaon seey kii gaee thee aur hasyapurna roop seey "sharad pattiyon" key roop mein bhee varnit kiya gayaa thaa. aag kii aavritti. 1601 ("keecho" 6) key beach 267 varshon key dauran, aur 1867 ("keecho" 3) key baad key varsh mein, edo mein 49 badee aag luggy thee. tulanaa mein, isi avadhi key dauran, kyoto, osaka aur kanazawa mein kull nau, chhah aur teen badee aagein lageen, jisase edo kaa aankada japan key anya mahanagaron seey alag hoe gayaa. anya vivaranon key anusaar, eedo key itihas key dauran 85 seey adhik badee aag luggy thee. 1600 aur 1945 key beach, aag, bhookamp, sunami, jwalamukhi visfot aur yuddh dwara harr 25-50 varsh mein edo/tokyo koo samtal kiya gayaa thaa. yadi chhoti aag koo bhee shamil kiya jaae, tou iss 267 varsh kii avadhi mein hui 1,798 aagon mein seey 269 1601-1700 mein, 541 1701-1800 mein aur 986 1801-1867 mein theen. jaise-jaise tokugawa avadhi key anta mein edo kii aabaadi mein isaki badhati aarthik samriddhi key saath vriddhi hui, vaise-vaise shahar mein aag kii aavritti bhee isake vikas key anupaat mein badhee. vishesh roop seey, 1851 ("kaaee" 3) aur 1867 key beach key 17 varshon mein 506 aag luggy, jisake liye tokugawa shogunet key aksham prashaasan key kaaran asthir saarvajanik vyavastha ack pramukh yogdan kaarak thee. badee aag kii soochi. nimnalikhit pratinidhi talika mein edo key itihas mein kuchh mahaan aagon koo soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye joe jeevan aur bhautik kshati key vinashkari nuksan kaa kaaran bunny. maireki", "meva" aur "banka" key yug mein joe teen ghatanaaen huin, unhein "dha" kahaa jaataa thaa. 1657 mein mireki kii mahaan aag koo teen agnikandon mein sabse vinashkari maanaa jaataa haye. eedo mein aag aksar teji seey badh jaati haye, badey hisse mein shahar key shahari vatavaran mein jwalansheel lakadi kii "machia" imaraton kii visheshta hoti haye jinhen lakadi key koyale seey jalane vaali fireplaces dwara germ kiya jaataa thaa. usa samay agnishaman praudyogiki kii seemaon key saath-saath eedo kii jall aapoorti pranali kii avishvasaniyata koo dekhate hue, ack baar jaba lakadi key bhawan key bhandar seey bharey pados mein aag lugg gaee tou shahar key anya hisson mein isake prasaar koo rokane key liye bahut cumm adhikaari they. iss avadhi mein bheeshan agnikand key alawa, rook-rook curr chhoti aag bhee luggy thee, joe (ack saath lii gaee) kissy bhee vinashkari aag kii tulanaa mein edo mein adhik nuksan aur zaan kaa nuksan karati thee. aag lagane key kaaran. eedo avadhi key dauran, aag dainik jeevan kaa ack anivarya tatva thaa. iska upayog khaana pakaane aur prakaash vyavastha key liye kiya jaataa thaa, jisase durghatanaaen hoti theen. aagajani, vibhinn uddeshyon key kaaran, aag kaa ack aur srot thaa. anya shaharon kii tulanaa mein eedo mein bheeshan aag kii adhik aavritti vibhinn karanon seey aaee, jisamen ack badee aabaadi key liye ack ghanaa shahari leout, ack garib samajik varg kaa astitva aur eedo kii anoothi mausam sambandhi sthitiyaan shamil theen. eedo kii aag kaa adhyayan karane vaale ack vidwan matsunosuke nishiyama ney aag key karanon koo sankshep mein iss prakaar bataayah jansankhya mein vriddhi. edo mein shogunet kii sthaapana key baad, edo mahal key aspas "demyos" (jagirdar) aur hatamoto (varishth anuchar) awas banaae gaye aur badee sankhya mein samurai rakhe gaye. samurai key jeevan kaa samarthan karane vaale vyaapaari aur karigar jald hii jhundon mein edo mein chaley gaye aur isake parinamswarup jansankhya mein teji aaee. edo kii aabaadi 1640 ("kaana 'ee" 17) mein lagbhag 400,000 seey badhkar 1693 ("genrocu" 6) mein lagbhag 800,000 hoe gaee, aur 1721 ("kyoho" 6) taka lagbhag 1,100,000 taka badh gaee. samurai key vishal aavaasiya kshetron key vipareet, chonin bahut chhote kshetron taka seemit they. badhati jansankhya ney unake jansankhya ghanatva koo behad uchch star taka dhakel diyaa. unake awas saghan kshetron mein saghan roop seey vyavasthit they, aur georger sthaan aam they. prati vyakti rahane kii jagah, rasoi aur almari shamil thee, joe aamtaur parr chhah tatami chataai key aakar kii hoti thee. isake oopar, lakadi aur kagaj kii nirmaan samagri aasaani seey aag key liye eendhan bunn gaee. inn sabhi sthitiyon key kaaran swabhavik roop seey aag lagane kii adhik sambhavana hoti haye. aagajani. eedo mein aag lagane key ack pramukh kaaran key roop mein, badee sankhya mein choron koo darj kiya gayaa thaa. giraftar aagajani karane vaalon mein seey kaee eedo key rahane kii uchch laagat aur guaranter naa honey key kaaran anubandhit sevakon key roop mein kaam karane kii ayogyata key kaaran ack garib jeevan jee rahey they. unamen seey kuchh key gharon koo jalaa diyaa gayaa thaa aur aparaadh karane seey unhein bahut cumm nuksan huaa thaa. 1723 aur 1724 ("kyoho" 8 aur 9) mein giraftar kiye gaye 102 aagajani karane vaalon mein seey 41 they, aur 22 key paas koee panjikrit sthaayi nivaas naheen thaa. unamen seey adhikansh nimn samajik vargon seey aae they. aagajani key liye preranaaen alag-alag theen, haalaanki sabse pramukh lootpaat thee. iss tarah kii aagajani karane vaale havaa key dinon mein aag lagaa dete they aur chori karane key liye aaney vaali gadbadi kaa laabh uthaate they. loot key alawa, aksar samajik sambandhon seey utpann honey vaale uddeshya they, jaise kii sevak apane maalikon seey badala lene kii maang karate they aur asafal romantic sambandhon key kaaran dwesh karate they. vyapariyon dwara pratiyogiyon key vyavsaayon aur bachchon koo aag lagaane aur aag seey khelane key udaaharan bhee darj kiye gaye they, aur yahaan taka kii "achaanak aag lagaane jaisa mahsoos honey" key ack sweekaarokti key saath ack mamla bhee darj kiya gayaa thaa. choonki aag lagane kaa matlab badhai, plaster workers aur steeplejack key liye bhee hoga, baad key punarnirmaan mein, unamen seey kuchh aag lagane aur badhane parr khush honge. vishesh roop seey, kyonki kaee agnishamakon ney mukhya roop seey steeplejack key roop mein kaam kiya, unamen seey kuchh jaanboojhkar saarvajanik roop seey agnishaman kaushal dikhaane yaa apane liye vyaavsaayik avsar paida karane key liye aag failaate they. isase shogunet koo chetavani adhyadesh jaari karane aur kuchh ullanghan karane vaale agnishamakon koo nishpaadit karane key liye prerit kiya gayaa. giraftar aagajani karane vaalon koo jalaakar maar daalane seey pahale sadakon parr ghumaaya gayaa. haalaanki, aagajani key prati shogunet kii asahishnu neeti key bavjood, aagajani seey prerit aag kabhi bhee edo seey poori tarah seey samaapt naheen hui. bakumatsu kaal key dauran, saarvajanik vyavastha bigad gaee kyonki shogunet kaa prashaasan aksham hoe gayaa. isake parinamswarup aagajani seey aag mein bhaari vriddhi hui. kuchh aagajani karane vaale saahitya aur kabuki karyon key vishay bunn gaye. inmein way bhee shamil they, jinake naam parr 1683 (tenna 3) kii mahaan aag kaa naam bhee rakhaa gayaa thaa, jisamen 3,500 loga maare gaye they. oshichi aag key liye jimmedaar naheen thee, lekin usane apana ghar khou diyaa. usane ack mandir mein sharan lii aur vahaan ack prishth key saath pyaar mein parh gaee. ack saal baad, usane iss kalpana key aadhar parr aagajani kaa prayaas kiya kii ack aur aag donon koo phir seey milane mein saksham banaayegi. usey giraftar kiya gayaa, mukadama chalaaya gayaa aur aag seey maar diyaa gayaa. unaki kahani ihara saikaku aur tsuruya nanboku IV kaa aadhar thee. mausam sambandhi sthitiyaan. uttar seey aaney vaalaa sardiyon kaa mansoon ack mausam sambandhi sthiti thee joe eedo key liye advitiya thee. isane kaee sardiyon aur vasant kii aag mein yogdan diyaa joe uttar-paschim aur uttari havaaon dwara laae gaye sookhe mausam mein hui thee. isake alawa, vasant aur sharad ritu mein tej dakshin havaayen badee aag kaa ack aur kaaran theen. iss kaaran seey, 1658 mein shogunet dwara sthaapit chaar dalon ("manji" 1) koo usa disha seey fail rahee aag seey mahal kii raksha key liye edo mahal key uttar-paschim mein tainaat kiya gayaa thaa. jaba maheene mein aag kii ginati kii gaee, tou march mein sabse adhik "badee aag" dekhi gaee, jisake baad farwari, aprail aur janwari mein. inn chaar maheenon mein luggy aag kaa 70 pratishat hissa thaa. 107, 000 logon kii zaan lene key liye eedo key itihas mein sabse vinashkari aag honey key kaaran, 2 march, 1657 (japani lunisolar tenpo calender mein "mireki" 3 key pahale maheene key 18vein dinn) koo mireki kii mahaan aag luggy. eedo key "chonin" iss tathya seey achchi tarah seey avagat they. sardiyon mein, mahilaaon koo eedo key upnagaron mein apane maataa-pitaa key awas key liye jaane aur aag kaa mausam beetane key baad hii lautane key liye kahaa jaataa thaa, jisake parinamswarup mausami aabaadi mein utaar-chadhaav hotaa thaa. 1725 mein ("kyoho" 10), chhathe maheene mein aabaadi chauthe maheene kii tulanaa mein 10,000 seey adhik thee. atirikt aabaadi mein seey 90 pratishat seey adhik mahilaaen theen. tokugawa shogunet key agni roktham upaay. eedo kaal kii shuruat mein, shogunet key pramukh adhikaariyon ney havaa key dinon mein "shogun" aur eedo mahal kii suraksha koo prathamikta key roop mein sthaapit kiya, jaba aagajani honey kii sabse adhik sambhavana thee. isake vipareet, sengoku avadhi key avashesh key roop mein, "chonin" key aavaasiya kshetron seey sambandhit agni roktham upaayon parr lagbhag koee dhyaan naheen diyaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, jaise-jaise "chonin" ney samajik shakti praapt kii, shogunet kii neetiyaan bhee vikasit huin, jisake prateek key roop mein, aathven shogun ney kyoho sudhaaron key hisse key roop mein eedo koo saarvbhaumik roop seey cover karane key liye agni roktham upaayon kaa vistaar kiya. agnishaman sangathan. praarambhik shiksha kaal mein, agnishaman koo sansthaagat naheen kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, bheeshan aag kii punaravritti pranali kii sthaapana key liye ack mahatvapurna modd bunn gaee. iss pranali key tahat agnishamakon koo aam taur parr aur mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa. buke hikeshi" key bheetar, agnishamakon koo aage aur mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa. hikeshi" kaa agnirodhi kaa praathamik tarika aag koo failane seey rokane key liye una imaraton koo dhwast karna thaa joe pahale seey hii jall rahee theen. meva" yug key dauran, maanav shakti dwara sanchaalit ack prakaar key lakadi key pump kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa, lekin nirbaadh jall aapoorti kii kamee key kaaran yeh kabhi bhee agnishaman kaa poori tarah seey vyavharya saadhan naheen bunn gayaa. meji bahaali taka, peshevar agnishamakon dwara imaraton kaa manual vidhvans, jinamen seey steeplejack adhikansh they, agnishaman kaa praathamik tarika banaa rhaa. "daimyo hikeshi. damyo hikeshi" koo 1643 ("kaana 'ee" 20) mein sansthaagat kiya gayaa thaa, oke-maachi kii aag key dou saal baad, "damyos" koo anivarya niyamit agnishaman seva key roop mein saunpa gayaa thaa. isase pahale, aag lagane key baad jaari kiye gaye baahya aadeshon dwara "damyos" koo agnishaman karyon key liye bheja gayaa thaa. damyo hikeshi" key anya roopon mein shamil they, joe shogunet dwara mahatvapurna maane jaane vaale sthaanon key liye jimmedaar they jaise kii makbare, mandir aur chawal key anaaj key bhandar; joe edo key vyaktigat upkhandon key liye jimmedaar they; aur, joe "damyo" aavason mein aatmaraksha agnishaamak nikaayon key vipareet, aspas key kshetron mein agnishaman mein bhaag lene key liye baadhya they. "jobikeshi. jobikeshi" koo 1658 ("manji" 1) mein sansthaagat kiya gayaa thaa, joe maireki kii bheeshan aag key ack saal baad huaa thaa. haitamoton koo seedhe shogunet kii kamaan key tahat agnishaman kii jimmedariyan saunpi gaeen. way aag kii khoj karane vaale towers seey lais gharon mein tainaat they. unhone peshevar agnishamakon koo bhee niyukt kiya. shuru mein chaar teams kaa ayojan kiya gayaa thaa. baad mein, unaki sankhya mein utaar-chadhaav aaya, 15 teams key saath, edo avadhi key anta mein kewal ack team key liye, shogunet kii vittiya aur sainya sthiti key saath-saath "mashibikeshi" kii taiyari parr nirbhar kartaa haye. adhikansh samay duss teemen theen aur isaliye unhein bhee bulaaya jaataa thaa. "machibikeshi. jaba tokugawa yoshimun ney aathven shogun key roop mein satta grahan kii, tou edo mein agnishaman karyon koo "damyo hikeshi", "jobikeshi" key beach vitarit kiya gayaa, aur jinamen seey baad vaalaa "chonin" agnishamakon mein thaa jisamen vyaapaari aur karigar shamil they. jabaki "damyo hikeshi" aur "jobikeshi" anubhavi agnishamakon they, way vaastav mein "chonin" key aavaasiya kshetron mein honey vaali aag key baare mein kabhi chintit naheen they; iss beach, "tanabikeshi" shaukiya agnishamakon key samoohon seey jyada kuchh naheen thaa joe khud aag seey daraate hue bhaag jaate they. 1720 mein ("kyoho" 5), tokugawa yoshimun ney kyoho sudhaaron key hisse key roop mein "machibikeshi" koo sansthaagat banaa diyaa. unhone naee agnishaman ikaaiyon koo sthaapit karane kaa adesh diyaa joe vaastav mein "chonin" key aavaasiya kshetron kii raksha karane mein saksham hongi. mashibikeshi" pranali key tahat, pratyek shahar koo agnishaman karyon key liye apane "chonin" koo bhejane kii aavashyakta thee. ōoca ney shahar key adhikaariyon key sujhaavon koo sweekaar kiya aur shaharon key agnishaman samoohon koo sangathit kiya. sumida nadee key paschim mein adtalis samooh banaae gaye they. chaar koo chhodkar una sabhi koo ekal hiragana aksharon kaa upayog karke naamit kiya gayaa thaa aur iss prakaar saamoohik roop seey unhein hiragana akshar key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa thaa. nadee key poorv mein honjo aur fukugawa mein solah anya samooh banaae gaye they. pratyek samooh kii apani anoothi aur vardi thee. pratyek samooh key bheetar sambandh samanya thaa, lekin samoohon key beach matbhed bhee samanya thaa. 1730 mein ("kyoho" 15), inn agnishaamak samoohon koo badey samoohon mein punargathit kiya gayaa taaki agni-samay jutaane key paimaane aur dakshata koo badhaaya jaa sakey. halanki "mashibikeshi" shuru mein kewal "chonin" key aavaasiya kshetron key liye jimmedaar they, unaki kshamataon koo pahachaana gayaa aur baad mein samurais key aavaasiya kshetron key bheetar sthaanon, jaise kii pulon, mandiron, chawal key anaaj aur yahaan taka kii edo mahal key ander bhee aag seey ladane key liye bheja gayaa. meji bahaali key samay taka, way edo kaa mukhya agnishaman bull bunn gaye they, jabaki isake vipareet, usa samay taka "buke hikeshi" bahut cumm hoe gayaa thaa. anty-arsen upaay. choonki aagajani edo mein aag lagane kaa ack pramukh kaaran thaa, isaliye shogunet ney aagajani karane vaalon parr nakel kasane mein kaafee prayaas kiya. ack naee sarkari sthiti pesh kii gaee. "chonin" koo aagajani karane vaalon koo pakadane key liye puraskar diyaa gayaa thaa. aagajani koo ack aparaadh banaa diyaa gayaa aur janata key liye ack chetavani key roop mein daanv parr jalaane kii sajaa dee gaee. "hituke tojoku aratame. "hitsuke tojoku aratame" ack sthiti thee jise shogunet dwara aagajani, chori aur juaa key apraadhon koo lakshit karane key liye pesh kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki shuru mein teen apraadhon key liye teen alag-alag pada they, lekin unhein 1683 ("tenna" 3) mein sainya adhikaari dwara samvarti roop seey aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. baad mein unhein thode samay key liye samaapt curr diyaa gayaa, lekin 1703 ("genrocu" 16) mein phir seey pesh kiya gayaa aur 1718 ("kyoho" 3) mein ack hii sthiti mein ekikrit kiya gayaa. maachi-bugyo" key vipareet, joe nagrik adhikaari they, "hituke tojoku aratame" sainya adhikaari they. isaliye, unaki poochtaachh kii ranneetiyaan hinsak theen. jabaki unake paas sandigdh aagajani karane vaalon koo giraftar karane kii shakti thee, galat giraftari key liye koee jurmana naheen thaa. iss kaaran seey, way aksar giraftar sandigdhon koo jabaran sweekaarokti dene key liye prataadit karate they, jisase badee sankhya mein jhoothe aarop lagey. isane "chonin" parr ack kukhyaat chhavi chhod dee, jisane "maachi-bugyo" aur "key saath tulanaa karate hue unhein upnaam diyaa. aagajani karane vaalon koo pakadane aur jalaakar fansi dene key liye puraskar. shogunet ney baar-baar adhyadesh jaari kiye jisamen aagajani karane vaalon koo turant vaapas karane aur unhein pakadane vaalon koo inam dene kii maang kii gaee. isake alawa, aagajani karane vaale koo pakadane vaale vyakti key khilaf bakaaya apraadhon koo maaf curr diyaa jaayega. yahaan taka kii aagajani karane vaale jinhone apane sathiyon yaa anya aagajani karane vaalon key khilaf soochana dene mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai thee, way bhee maafi key sheersh parr puraskar key liye paatr they. 1723 mein ("kyoho" 8), yeh adesh diyaa gayaa thaa kii aag key mamle mein sandigdh vyavhaar key aadhar parr kissy bhee vyakti koo giraftar kiya jaa sakata haye, bhale hii usane aagajani naheen kii hoe. janata key liye ack chetavani key roop mein, giraftar aagajani karane vaalon koo shahar mein ghumaaya gayaa aur daanv parr jalaa diyaa gayaa. isake alawa, unake khilaf aarop lakadi kii pattikaon parr likhe gaye they aur saarvajanik pradarshan parr rakhe gaye they. jalaakar nishpaadan, shiksha avadhi kii dund sanhita mein nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa, aur 1868 ("meji" 1) mein meji sarkaar kii asthaayi dund sanhita dwara pratisthaapit honey taka iska abhyaas kiya gayaa thaa. aagajani karane vaalon key parivaar key sadasyon koo bhee fansaaya gayaa thaa, aur patniyon aur betiyon koo anubandhit daasata mein yaa nirvaasan mein bhej diyaa gayaa thaa. anubandh mein aagajani key mamle mein, aparaadh key liye bhugtan karane vaalaa vyakti bhee dandaniya thaa. jaba aagajani karane vaalaa ack samurai thaa, tou jalaakar fansi denaa lagu naheen thaa. isake bajaay, adhikatam dund lagaaya gayaa thaa; doshi samurai kaa sir kaat diyaa gayaa thaa aur sir koo ack aasan yaa munch parr rakhaa gayaa thaa aur teen dinon key liye pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki shareer kaa upayog talwar-pareekshan key liye kiya gayaa thaa. jisane bhee likhit noton seey aagajani kii dhamki dee thee, vaha shuru mein dandaniya thaa, lekin baad mein sajaa koo nirvaasan mein badal diyaa gayaa. haalaanki oopar varnit siddhanton key aadhar parr dund diye gaye they, lekin aagajani key asafal prayason jaisi sthitiyon koo badhaane parr bhee vichaar kiya gayaa thaa. 15 varsh seey cumm umr key aagajani karane vaalon koo fansi naheen dee jaayegi, balki unhein nirvaasan mein bheja jaayega yaa pariveeksha mein rakhaa jaayega. shahari niyojan. jwalansheel samagri seey nirmit imaraton kaa ghanaa vitaran ack mahatvapurna kaarak thaa jisane aag koo chhote seey badey star parr vikasit karane kii anumati dee. ack baar ack imarat mein aag lagane key baad, kissy bhee agnishaamak key jawab dene seey pahale padosi jald hii prajwalit hoe jaate. iss kaaran seey, maireki kii bheeshan aag key baad, gair-jwalansheel samagri seey bunny sanrachanaon koo edo mein badhaava diyaa gayaa taaki aag key khilaf shahar kii raksha koo badhaaya jaa sakey. eedo mein vibhinn sthaanon parr aag avarodhak kshetra bulaaye gaye aur sthaapit kiye gaye. tailon vaali chhaton aur mitty key gharon sahit agni pratirodhi samagri koo apnana anivarya hoe gayaa. "hiyokechi" aur "hirokoji. maireki kii bheeshan aag mein vinashkari nuksan key baad, agni roktham upaayon koo edo kii punarnirmaan yojana mein bahut jore diyaa gayaa. aag koo failane seey rokane key liye aag avarodhak kshetra sthaapit kiye gaye they. yeh edo mahal key baahar key praathamik aavason koo sthanantarit karane aur khaali sthaan koo aag kii roktham key liye samarpit karane key saath shuru huaa. isake baad anya "damyo" aur hatamoto seey sambandhit aavason kaa sthanantaran huaa. eedo key ander imaraton key ghaney sankuchan koo cumm karane key liye, adhikansh gantavyon koo mahal seey door rahane key liye chunaa gayaa thaa. isake alawa, "genrocu" yug key dauran, "demyo" koo edo key baahari ilaake mein apane maadhyamik aur tritiyak aavason key nirmaan key liye bhoomi dee gaee thee, aur unake tritiyak aavason kaa upayog aag key dauran aashray key roop mein bhee kiya jaataa thaa. bhoomi koo nae samurai aavason koo samaayojit karane key ack anya saadhan key roop mein punah praapt kiya gayaa thaa. 1661 ("kanbun" 1) key aspas, samurai aavason key nirmaan key saath-saath "chonin" aavason key sthanantaran kii anumati dene key liye honjo mein bhoomi punarsthapana poori kii gaee thee. mandiron aur mandiron koo bhee isi tarah key sthanantaran adesh jaari kiye gaye they. unamen seey adhikansh eedo kii naharon key baahar chaley gaye, jabaki unamen seey kuchh koo asakusa, komagom aur koisikawa mein apane nae sthal mille. nihonbashi key pados seey asakusa mein redd-light jile kaa sthanantaran bhee iss avadhi mein huaa, halanki yeh kadam maireki kii badee aag seey pahale taya kiya gayaa thaa. dou prakaar key agni avarodhak kshetra, aur, sthanantaran seey khaali bhoomi seey banaae gaye they; poorv khaali plaza they aur baad vaale chaude sadakon they. isake alawa, sadak chaudikaran neeti key saath, gharon koo kissy bhee gufa koo hataane kii aavashyakta thee. sthanantaran key parinamswarup shahari shiksha kaa vistaar huaa. 1662 mein ("kanbun" 2), naharon key baahar yuno, asakusa aur sheeba key kshetron koo "maachi-bugyo" key prashaasan key tahat laaya gayaa thaa. tenna kii bheeshan aag key baad, "damyo" aavason, mandiron aur mandiron koo shamil karate hue sthanantaran kii ack aur lahar aaee, aur nae "hiyokchi" aur vistaarit "hirokoji" kii anumati dee gaee. parinamswarup adhikansh mandir aur mandir abb naharon key baahar sthit they. kyoho sudhaaron key dauran, "machibikeshi" key sansthagatkaran key saath aag kii roktham koo aur majboot kiya gayaa. ack gair-jwalansheel edo key liye tokugawa yoshimun key utsaah key aalok mein, kanda, hatchbory aur ichigaya mein nayaa "hiyokechi" sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. eedo key aspas aag avarodhak kshetra sthaapit karane key prayaas key bavjood, aise mamle bhee they jahaan "hiyokechi" key ander ghar banaae gaye they, aur "hirokoji" key saath bhandar they, jisase unaki prabhavkarita kaafee cumm hoe gaee, kabhi-kabhi usa bindu taka jahaan pahale kii tulanaa mein aag kaa khatra aur bhee adhik thaa. agni-pratirodhi aur agnirodhi sanrachanaaen. 1601 ("keecho" 6) kii bheeshan aag key baad, shogunet ney anivarya kiya kii chhatton koo shingle chhaton mein sanshodhit kiya jaae. baad mein, alishan "damyo" aavason key ander imaraton key beach tyle kii chhatein fashionable hoe gaeen aur kuchh "chonin" aavason mein bhee inhen apanaaya gayaa. haalaanki, maireki kii bheeshan aag key baad, ack neeti parivartan ney tyle kii chhaton key upayog parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa kyonki aag pratirodhi tiles chhaton seey gir gaeen aur kaee chotein aaeen. isake bajaay, aag koo failane seey rokane key liye jwalansheel chhatton koo mitty seey dhakna aavashyak thaa. 1661 mein ("kanbun" 1), naee imaraton mein chhatton key upayog parr bhee pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa, jisase kewal ack hii anumati vaali chhatein bunn gaeen. jaba taka tokugawa yoshimun ney satta grahan naheen kii taba taka tyle kii chhatein anivarya naheen hoe gaeen. samurai aavason key liye, 1723 ("kyoho" 8) mein, baancho key paas jaley hue hatamoto aavason koo tyle kii chhaton key saath phir seey banaane kii aavashyakta thee. iss uddeshya key liye byaaj mukt rinn bhee pradaan kiye gaye they. lagbhag 1725 ("kyoho" 10) key baad, seemit kshetron mein, maujooda aavason koo tyle kii chhaton koo apanaane kii aavashyakta thee. baad mein, yeh neeti badey kshetron mein iss chetavani key saath lagu hoe gaee kii gair-anupaalan vaale aavason koo dhwast curr diyaa jaayega. chonin" aavason key liye, tyle kii chhaton parr pratibandh 1720 mein palat diyaa gayaa thaa ("kyoho" 5). 1722 ("kyoho" 7) key baad, eedo mein sabhi imaraton koo chhaton kii tyle kii aavashyakta thee aur unhein prithvi seey banaaya jaanaa yaa dhaka diyaa jaanaa thaa, halanki "chonin" parr aarthik bojh koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue, seep key gole seey bunny chhaton koo bhee kuchh mamalon mein anumati dee gaee thee. samurai aavason key samaan, saarvajanik seva shulk aur byaaj mukt rinon kii chhoot upalabdh thee, aur aparivartit awas dhwast kiye jaane key adheen they. shogunet dwara sanchaalit gair-jwalansheel eedo karyakram tokugawa yoshimun key shasson key tahat kiya gayaa thaa, halanki 1751 mein unaki mrityu key baad ("kaana 'ee" 4), shogunet apani pareshan vittiya sthiti key kaaran cumm sakriya hoe gayaa. karyakram kabhi bhee poori tarah seey puuraa naheen huaa thaa, joe "meji" yug seey pahale vibhinn badee aag kaa mukhya kaaran bunn gayaa thaa. pratibandh aur aag chetavani adesh. aag koo rokane key liye, shogunet ney sabhi prakaar key nirdesh jaari kiye jinamen aag key sambhaavit karanon parr pratibandh, mahatvapurna ghatnaaon key dauran aag kii chetavani key adesh aur vaastavik aag key dauran vishisht gatividhiyon parr pratibandh shamil hain. saarvajanik snangrihon, atishbaji aur kachra jalaane key khilaf aag key khatron koo lakshit karane parr pratibandh lagaaya gayaa thaa. adhikansh "chonin" aavason koo snan key saath naheen banaaya gayaa thaa taaki aag lagane key mamle mein sandeh seey bachaa jaa sakey. natijatan, saarvajanik snanghar lokpriya they. haalaanki snan grih vyavasaay mein aag kii aavashyakta ney poorna pratibandh koo roque diyaa, 1653 mein ("joe" 2) shaam 6 baje key baad taka saarvajanik snan grihon mein aag lagaane parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa. saarvajanik snangrihon koo subah taka snan kaa paani rakhane kii aavashyakta thee taaki paani kaa upayog agnishaman key liye kiya jaa sakey. 1648 ("keyan" 1) mein shahar key ander atishbaji kaa utpaadan pratibandhit thaa. unake upayog parr bhee pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa, sivaay jwaarnadmukhon key aur 1642 mein kewal sumida nadee key kinare taka hii pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa ("keyan" 5). "genrocu" yug mein kasbon aur gharon mein "sagicho" samarohon parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa. isase pahale bhee, 1655 mein kachra jalaane koo gairkaanooni ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa thaa ("maireki" 1). ack asadharan udaaharan key roop mein, edo mahal parr ack jalati hui patang girane key dou dinn baad 1646 ("shoho" 3) mein patangon parr pratibandh jaari kiya gayaa thaa. shogun kii yatra, kyoto seey ack shaahi mahila kii yatra aur ack joson pratinidhi key aagaman jaisi mahatvapurna ghatnaaon key dauran, agni chetavani key badhe hue star kii maang karane vaale adhyadesh jaari kiye gaye they. inn adhyadeshon key tahat, aag aur jhagadon koo rokane key liye shahar mein gasht kii gaee, paani seey bharee baaltiyan taiyar kii gaeen, aur shahar key kshetra koo saaf kiya gayaa. isi tarah key adesh taba bhee jaari kiye gaye jaba anushthaanon koo manaaya jaa rhaa thaa, aur. aag key dauran pratibandhit vishisht gatividhiyon mein "aag kii drishti", badey aakar kii gaadiyon key saath chalane vaale upkaran, aur upayog aur utpaadan shamil they, joe sabhi gadbadi koo rokane key liye aur nikasi kii baadhaon koo cumm karane key liye they. "chonin" key agni roktham upaay. jabaki yeh kahawat spasht roop seey jeevan key prati edo key logon key aniyantrit ravaiye koo pradarshit karati haye, yeh shahar kii lagaatar aag key baare mein unaki vyaavhaarik mansikta koo bhee darshaati haye-aag mein khou jaane kii tulanaa mein jaldi hii paisa kharch karna behtar thaa. edo key "chonin" key liye, aag ack dainik dincharya bunn gaee thee, phir bhee unakaa prasaar lagbhag ajeya thaa. jaba unake aavason aur vyavsaayon mein aag luggy, tou pahala aur sabse mahatvapurna lakshya jaldi seey khaali karna aur unaki sampattiyon koo sanrakshit karna thaa. doosari or, unhone yeh sunishchit karane key liye bhee saavdhaanipoorvak dhyaan diyaa kii unake apane aavason seey aag naa lagey. aag key khilaf praavdhaan. dinn yaa raat kii parwah kiye binaa eedo mein aag luggy. aggar koee sote samay aag lugg jaati haye, tou kapade badalana aur roshni taiyar karna nikasi mein deree kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye. isaliye, jaba yeh aag key mausam mein pravesh kartaa haye, jaba sardi najdeek aatee haye, tou ehatiyaat key taur parr, loga kapade sahit vastuon koo aur aapaatkaaleen sthiti mein apane takiye key buggle mein rakhate hain. jaba aag lagane kii soochana dee jaati haye, tou pahale utpatti aur havaa kii disha kii pushti kii jaati haye. yadi sthiti koo khatarnak maanaa jaataa, tou moolyavaan vastuon koo rakhaa jaataa, jinhen leey jaaya naheen jaa sakata thaa, aur vyaavsaayik grahakon koo soochit kiya jaataa, aur loga aag koo failane seey rokane key liye kissy bhee chingari koo baahar nikaalane key liye chhaton parr chadh jaate. jaba khatra aasann hoe jaataa, tou way kewal una keemati vastuon key saath baahar nikaal lete jinhen saath leey jaaya jaa sakata thaa. aag seey keemati saamanon kii raksha key liye upayog kiya gayaa. "yojinkago" ack prakaar kii badee baans kii tokri thee jisake saath koee bhee peeth yaa kandhon parr leey jaa sakata thaa. mahatvapurna dastavejon key liye, bulaaye gaye wicker boxes kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. halanki "daihachiguruma" aur "kurumangamochi" badee sankhya mein vastuon kaa parivahan curr sakate they, lekin unake badey aakar unhein nikasi key dauran baadhaon kaa kaaran banate they. aise udaaharan bhee they jahan leey jaae gaye saamanon mein udatee chingari seey aag lugg gaee aur aag failaane mein madad millie. inn karanon seey shogunet dwara una parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa. ack atirikt upaay key roop mein, aur aag beema key liye ack agradoot key roop mein, ameer vyaapaari ghar banaane key liye aavashyak samagri key liye lakadi key khudra vikretaon koo poorv bhugtan karenge. yadi unake vyavasaay jall jaate hain, tou malabe koo hataane key baad, poorv-bhugtan samagri koo turant punarnirmaan key liye daavaa kiya jaa sakata haye, taaki thode samay key bheetar vyavasaay phir seey shuru hoe sakey. "dozo" aur "anagura". "dozo" aur "anagura" sanrachanaaen una vastuon koo sangraheet karane key liye upayog kii jaati theen jinhen aag key dauran sthanantarit naheen kiya jaa sakata thaa. ameer vyapariyon key paas aam taur parr kaee hotey they. apani uchch laagat key kaaran, "dozo" jyaadaatar vyapariyon dwara nirmit aur upayog kiya jaataa thaa; tulanaa mein, "anagura" aam logon key liye adhik kifayati they. "dozo" motey plaster mitty kii divaaron vaale bhandar they aur jyaadaatar mamalon mein chhaton kii tiles theen. unaki motee divaaron dwara saksham agni pratirodh ney unhein vastuon, gharelu saman, upkaranon aur moolyavaan vastuon key bhandaran key liye aadarsh banaa diyaa. haalaanki, way ghatiya nirmaan aur anuchit rakharkhaav key kaaran honey vaali kamjoriyon seey bhee peedit hoe sakate hain, khidakiyon aur pravesh dwaaron mein daraaron key saath-saath choohe key chhed seey aag lagane dey sakate hain, aur isake parinamswarup gir bhee sakate hain. iss kaaran seey, ameer vyaapaari prithvi koo taiyar sthiti mein taiyar karate they taaki jaba aag lagey tou way apane niyamit plaster koo jaldi seey apane "dozo" koo seal curr sakein. aise mamle bhee they, jaba way khud aag key udgamkarta they, tou way apane "dozo" key darwaaje khol dete they aur unhein saarvajanik praayashchit key roop mein jalane dete they. dastaavezon koo sangraheet karane key liye vishesh roop seey kileband "dozo" maujood thaa, lekin unaki aur bhee adhik nirmaan laagat key kaaran kabhi lokpriyata praapt naheen hui, bhale hii way badee aag seey bachane key liye paryaapt majboot they. doosari or, aise awas aur vyavasaay bhee they jinhen bhandargrihon key samaan banaaya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, unake agni pratirodh koo vyaavsaayik upayog key liye aavashyak vyaapak avsaron koo samaayojit karane key liye cumm yaa jyada samjhauta karna padaa. "misegura" joe aadhunik samay taka jeevit rahey hain, abb jyaadaatar katori (sawra kshetra), tochigi aur kawago key shaharon mein paae jaate hain, jisase inn shaharon aur unake pados koo naam diyaa jaataa haye. "anagura" bhoomigat bhandaran sthaan they. chhote under-bedd bhandaran ikaaiyon key vipareet, anagura mein ack vyakti koo rakhane key liye paryaapt jagah thee aur inhen keemati vastuon koo sangraheet karane key liye bhee banaaya gayaa thaa. way "dozo" kii tulanaa mein saste they, phir bhee aag aur chori key khilaf prabhaavi rahey kyonki unake paas kewal surakshit karane key liye cover they. "edo mein "anagura" kaa upayog pahali baar 1656 ("mirki" 2) mein nihonbashi mein ack dukaan chalaane vaale ack kapade pahanane vaale vikreta dwara kiya gayaa thaa. izumi-yaa" key "anagura" kii prabhavsheelta koo maireki kii mahaan aag mein pahachaana gayaa aur unhein lokpriya banaane mein madad kii. edo mein "enagura" kii lokpriyata key baare mein, cavago namak vyaapaari ney apane sansmaran mein likhaa kii edo kaa dasvaan hissa chhed bunn gayaa thaa. iss tarah kii lokpriyata ney peshe koo bhee janm diyaa. halanki eedo mein "anagura" mukhya roop seey uchch bhujal star key kaaran honey vaale risaav koo rokane key liye cyprus key saath banaaya gayaa thaa, phir bhee bhoomigat aardrata ney unake sthaayitva koo seemit curr diyaa thaa. aag durghatanaon key liye dund. haalaanki shogunet ney aagajani parr nakel kasane key liye jalaakar maut sahit dund lagaae, lekin aag durghatanaon key liye isaki sajaa kaheen bhee utani kathor naheen thee. samurai varg key joe loga aag lagaa rahey they, unhein burry curr diyaa jaayega yadi way ise apane aavason key bheetar bujhaane mein kamyab rahey; isaliye aggar aag chhoti rahee tou yeh "chonin" key saath thaa. yadyapi parishad ney badee aag key mamle mein maut aur nirvaasan sahit kathor dund lagaane key prastaavon parr vichaar kiya, lekin aise prastaavon koo kabhi bhee sweekaar naheen kiya gayaa. upakhyanatmak tark mein kahaa gayaa thaa kii usa samay aag durghatanaaen kissy parr bhee hoe sakati hain, aur "roju" ney sepuku karane kii unaki taiyari parr sawal uthaaya, aggar way khud galati seey ack badee aag lagaa dete hain. samurais kii aag durghatanaaen. yadi kissy "damyo" nivaas mein aag luggy, jaba taka kii gett sanrakshit thaa, tou gharon mein aag lagane parr bhee malik koo jawabdeh naheen thaharaaya jaayega. swabhavik roop seey, dwaar suraksha kaa kendra bunn gayaa. kuchh samurai apane fisalate hue darvaajon koo frame seey hataa dete they aur unhein saath leey jaate they kyonki way bhaag jaate they. kuchh anya loga "mashibikeshi" koo bund curr dete joe ghatnasthal parr daude, apani shakti seey aag seey ladate, phir daavaa karate kii dhuaan kewal alaav seey aaa rhaa thaa. halanki koee shaaririk sajaa naheen thee, ack samurai jisane durghatana seey aag lagaa dee thee, usey abhee bhee ack vaikalpik nivaas mein nazarbandi kii seva key liye report karane kii aavashyakta hogi; yadi usane apane nivaas seey aag failaane dee thee, tou usey apane varishth koo jimmedaari kaa daavaa prastut karna hoga. teen agni durghatanaaen ack samurai koo apane nivaas koo edo key baahari ilaake mein sthanantarit karane key liye majboor karati theen, bhale hii yeh spasht roop seey nirdhaarit naheen thaa. "chonin", "mandir" aur mandiron mein aag lagane kii durghatanaaen. chonin" key liye, "kujikata osadmegaki" key dusare khand ney una logon parr 10,20 aur 30 dinon kaa jurmana lagaaya, yaa sakht nazarbandi kii, jinhone galati seey (lagbhag) seey adhik vyaapak kshetron koo jalaa diyaa. dund koo 50 dinon taka badhaaya jaa sakata haye aur aggar aag usa dinn luggy jaba shogun ack yatra key liye nikla thaa tou haath seey cuff karke badhaa diyaa jaa sakata haye. yadi aag kii kshati aparaadhi key alawa (lagbhag) seey adhik vyaapak kshetra mein failati haye, tou parivaar key pramukh, makaan malik aur 30 dinon key "oshikom" key adheen bhee kiya jaayega. jahan vaha thaa, vahaan key sadasyon koo 20 dinon key "oshikom" key saath-saath dandit kiya jaayega. isake alawa, leeward koo chhodkar aag key srot key aspas key chhah shaharon key "gachigozi" koo bhee 20 dinon kaa "oshikom" praapt hoga. mandiron aur mandiron mein honey vaali aag durghatanaon key liye, shogunet ney narmi seey kewal saat dinon key liye firestarters koo dandit kiya, yaa light house arrest, jisamen alag raat key bhraman koo sahan kiya gayaa thaa. shogun kii yatra key saath ack aag bhee luggy yaa joe bahut badee hoe gaee, vaha sajaa mein kewal teen dinn aur jodd degi. anya shaharon kii tulanaa mein prabhaavshaali mandiron aur mandiron key aspas banaae gaye shaharon mein aag durghatanaon koo bhee bahut adhik kshama key saath dandit kiya gayaa thaa. ack aag jalane seey kewal teen dinon key liye "oshikom" kaa kharch hoga. aarthik prabhaav. harr baar jaba ack badee aag luggy, tou ack tabah hoe chuke eedo koo punarjeevit karane key liye aavashyak samagri aur maudrik kharch jabardast they. isaliye, upabhokta kimaton key saath-saath aarthik sambhaavanaon parr ack badee aag kaa prabhaav edo seey lahar sakata haye aur poore japan koo prabhaavit curr sakata haye. isaliye aag kii lagaatar ghatana koo ack pramukh prerak kaarak key roop mein kahaa jaa sakata haye jisane eedo key aarthik vikas kaa samarthan kiya. isake vipareet, punarnirmaan laagat bhee shogunet key liye ack bahut badaa bojh bunn gaee aur isaki pareshan vittiya sthitiyon mein yogdan diyaa. aarthik dabaav seey bhee peedit they "chonin". yeh akalpaniya naheen haye kii ack badaa vyavasaay chalaane vaale vyaapaari koo ack badee aag key baad "nagaya" mein rahane key liye cumm kiya jaa sakata haye. jaba shogunet key bajat kii baat aatee haye, tou "chonin" koo aavantit kharchon mein, aag kii roktham aur agnishaman seey sambandhit kharch bhee sabse badey anupaat key liye jimmedaar they. upabhokta kimaton mein aasmaan chhoo rahee haye. pratyek badee aag kaa matlab eedo mein keemat mein uchhaal thaa. chawal seey shuru honey vaale khaadya padarthon key saath-saath gharon key punarnirmaan key liye aavashyak nirmaan samagri ney unaki kimaton koo kaee gunaa badhaate dekhaa. udaaharan key liye, mireki kii bheeshan aag key baad, prati "show" (lagbhag) seey 1000 "mone" prati "show" taka badh gayaa, jabaki tail kii keemat 3 "mone" prati show seey badhkar 2400 "mone" prati "show" hoe gaee. shahar mein punarnirmaan key badhe hue karyabhar ney bhaade key kaarigaron kii laagat koo badhaane mein madad kii. kaarigaron key alawa, anubandhit sevakon ney bhee badee aag key darr seey edo mein kaam karane kii ichcha rakhane vaale cumm logon key liye apane vetan mein vriddhi kaa anand liya. inke alawa, awas kii kamee key aadhar parr kiraya badhaa; pulon key punarnirmaan seey pahale badhati maang key kaaran nauka kiraya bhee badhaa. yeye sabhi prabhaav they joe sthaaniya upabhokta kimaton parr eedo kii badee aag ney lagaae. mudrasfeeti kii kimaton koo niyantrit karane key liye, shogunet ney adhyadesh jaari kiye joe moolya vriddhi koo gairkaanooni bataate hain, kaarigaron key vetan parr oopari seemaaen lagaate hain, aur sabse pramukh apraadhiyon koo dandit karate hain. eedo mein chawal kii kamee koo door karane vaale upaayon koo lagu kiya gayaa. chawal seedhe kisaanon seey kharida jaataa thaa aur phir seey becha jaataa thaa. kisaanon koo khud chawal bechane key liye eedo aaney kii bhee anumati dee gaee thee. desh bhar mein eedo seey sthaanon parr diye gaye khareed aadeshon kii badhati sankhya key kaaran, aarthik sambhaavanaon parr eedo kii badee aag kaa prabhaav rashtravyapi thaa. isi tarah shogunet ney avasarvaadi moolya vriddhi key khilaf vyaapak kshetron mein chetavani jaari kii. phir bhee, yeh una vyapariyon koo naheen roque sakaa, jinhone lakadi key vyaapaar seey ack bhaagya kaa nirmaan kiya aur maireki kii badee aag key baad nirmaan kaa anubandh kiya. shogunet parr vittiya bojh. jalaaye gaye suvidhaon key punarnirmaan key kharch ney shogunet key bajat kaa ack badaa hissa apane kabje mein leey liya. maireki kii bheeshan aag key liye, halanki edo mahal key khoye hue duss-rakharkhaav koo nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aantarik gadh key saath-saath mahalon key punarnirmaan mein kull kharch darj kiya gayaa thaa. tulanaa key liye, usa samay key shogun aur tokugawa iyasu key prapautra koo apane poorvajon seey 4.23 laakh "riyo" moolya key dhana aur sampattiyan viraasat mein millie theen. punarnirmaan key alawa, aapada raahat gatividhiyaan badey kharch kaa ack aur srot theen. maireki kii bheeshan aag key baad, hatamotos aur unhein apane wazife key aanupaatik daan praapt hue aur unhein chawal key agrim bhugtan kii anumati dee gaee. demyo" key liye, daan key alawa, duss saal key rinn bhee diye gaye they. lagbhag 160,000 "riyo" "chonin" key liye daan parr kharch kiye gaye they, jinake share unake aavason key agrabhag key aakar key anuroop they. isake alawa, "demyos" koo "chonin" koo congie pradaan karane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa, jinhone apane ghar khou diye they; "chonin" jinake chawal key anaaj koo jalaa diyaa thaa, unhein muft chawal kii aapoorti kii gaee thee. maireki kii bheeshan aag key baad, shogunet ney jaba bhee badee aag luggy, taba bhee apane raahat prayason koo jaari rakhaa, halanki bigadati vittiya sthiti key kaaran chhote paimaane parr.

edodalli benki japanina edo avadhiyalli (1600-1868) tokio emba hindina hesarinallina benki eshtu aagaagge sambhavisuttittendare edo nagaravannu ee matinante niroopisalaagide. aadhunika kaaladallu saha, haleya edovannu egaloo nenapittukollalaagutti. nagarada vishala nagara pradeshagalu padhe padhe benkiyinda suttuhogiddarinda, edo jagattinalli aparoopada sangatiyagittu. edoda dodda benkiyannu benkiya devarugalige hoolisalaayitu mattu haasyabharitavaagi "sharatkaalada elegalu" endu vivarisalaagide. benkiya aavartana. 1601rahra nantarada varsha ("keecho" 6) mattu 1867rahra ("keo" 3) naduvina 267 varshagala avadhiyalli, edo 49 dodda benkigalinda tattarisitu. holisidare, adhe avadhiyalli, kyoto, osaka mattu kanajhaavaadalli sambhavisida dodda benkigalu kramavagi kevala ombattu, aaru mattu mooru maatra iddavu, idu japanina itara mahanagaragalinda edoda anki amshavannu pratyekisitu. itara daakhalegala prakara, edoda itihaasadalli 85kkoo hecchu dodda benkigalu sambhavisiddavu. 1600 mattu 1945rahra naduve, prati varshavoo benki, bhookampagalu, sunami, jwalamukhi spotagalu mattu yuddhagalinda edo/tokio mattavannu hechchisalaaguttittu. sanna benkigalannoo saha serisidare, ee 267 varshagala avadhiyalli sambhavisida 1,798 benkigalalli, 269 1601-1700,541 1701-1800, mattu 986 1801-1867 nallive. tokugawa avadhiya koneyalli edoda janasankhyeyu adara beleyuttiruva arthika samruddhiyondige hechchaadante, nagaradalli benkiya aavartanavoo adara belavanigege anugunavagi hechchaayitu. visheshavaagi, 1851 ("kaii" 3) mattu 1867rahra naduvina 17 varsagalalli 506 benki kaanisikonditu, idu tokugawa shogunetna asamartha aadalitadinda untaada asthira saarvajanika suvyavasthege pramukha kaaranavaagittu. dodda benkigala patti. ee kelagina pratinidhi koshtakavu edoda itihaasadalli jeeva mattu vastu haaniya duranta nashtavannu untumaadida kelavu dodda benkiyannu patti maaduttade. maireki", "maiva" mattu "banka" yugagalalli sambhavisida moorannu "dhii" endu kareyalaaguttittu. 1657ralli sambhavisida myrekia dodda benkiu mooru spotagalalli atyanta vinashakari endu pariganisalaagide. edodallina benkiu aagaagge tvaritavagi ulbanagolluttade, ekendare nagarada nagara parisaravu uriyuva marada "machia" kattadagalinda niroopisalpattide, avugalannu iddilu-suduva benkigudugalu bisimaaduttiddavu. aaa samayadalli agnishamaka tantragyaanada mitigalannu mattu edona neeru sarabaraju vevastheya vishvaasaarhateyannu gamanisidare, marada kattadada daastaanu tumbida nerehoreyalli benki kanisikondaga, adhu nagarada itara bhagagalige haraduvudannu tadeyalu kadime adhikaarigalu saadhyavaayitu. dodda spotagala horataagi, ee avadhiyalli madhyantara sanna benkigaloo saha iddavu, adhu (ottaagi tegedukondare) hecchu vinashakari benkiya yaavude spotagaliginta edodalli hecchina haani mattu jivahaniyannu untumaaditu. benkiya kaaranagalu. edo avadhiyalli, benkiu dainandina jeevanada anivarya amshavaagittu. idannu aduge mattu deepagalige balasalaaguttittu, idu apaghaatagalige kaaranavaayitu. vividha karanagalindagi benki hachchuvudu benkiya mattondu moolavaagittu. itara nagaragalige holisidare edodalli hecchina pramanada benkigalu vividha kaaranagalinda untaagive, idaralli dattavaada nagara vinyaasavu dodda janasankhyeyannu hondide, bada samajika vargada astitva mattu edoda vishishta havamana paristhitigalu serive. edona benkiyannu adhyayana maadida vidvaamsa matsunosuke nishiyama, benkiya kaaranagalannu ee reeti sankshiptagolisidaruh jansankhyeya belavanige. edodalli shogunate annu sthaapisida nantara, "diamuse" (saamanta prabhugalu) mattu hatamoto (hiriya hiduvalidaararu) nivaasagalannu edo koteya suttaloo nirmisalaayitu mattu hecchina sankhyeya samuraaygalannu irisalaagittu. samuraaygala jivanavannu bembalisida vyaapaarigalu mattu kushalakarmigalu shighradalle hindugalalli edoge valase bandaru mattu jansankhyeya utkarshakke kaaranaraadaru. edoda janasankhyeyu 1640ralli ("kaneyi" 17) sarisumaaru 400,000dinda 1693ralli ("genroku" 6) sumaru 800,000kke airitu mattu 1721rahra velege ("kyoho" 6) sumaru 1,100,000 ge airitu. samuraaygala vishala vasati pradeshagalige vyatiriktavagi, choningalu bahala sanna pradeshagalige simitavagiddavu. beleyuttiruva janasankhyeyu avara jansankhyeya saandrateyannu atyanta hecchina mattakke tallitu. avara nivaasagalu sandra pradeshagalalli dattavaagi jodisalpattavu mattu kesarina pradeshagalu saamaanyavaagiddavu. talaa vaasada sthala, adugemane mattu kapatannu olagondante, samanyavagi aaru tatami chapegala gatravannu hondittu. adara mele, marah mattu kagadada nirmaana saamagrigalu sulabhavaagi benkiya indhanavaagi maarpattavu. ee ellah paristhitigalu naisargikavagi agni apaghaatagala hecchina saadhyatege kaaranavaadavu. agnisparsha. edodalli benkiya pramukha karanavagi, kallarannu hecchina sankhyeyalli daakhalisalaagide. bandhita agni shamakagalalli anekaru edoda jeevana vechcha mattu khataridaranillada kaarana oppandada sevakaraagi kelasa maadalu anarhateyindaagi bada jivanavannu nadesuttiddaru. avaralli kelavaru tamma manegalannu suttuhaakiddaru mattu aparaadhagalannu maaduvudarinda svalpave nashtavannu anubhavisiddaru. 1723 mattu 1724ralli ("kyoho" 8 mattu 9) bandhisalaada 102 agni shamakagalalli 41 mandi iddaru mattu 22 mandi yaavude nondayita shaashvata nivaasagalannu hondiralilla. avaralli hechchinavaru kelamattada samajika vargagalinda bandavaru. agnisparshada kaaranagalu vaividhyamayavaagiddaru, avugalalli atyanta pramukhavaadaddu looty. ee reetiya agnisparsha maaduvavaru birugaaliya dinagalli benki hachchuttaare mattu nantarada galabhegala laabhavannu padedu kallatana maaduttaare. looty maaduvudannu horatupadisi, aagaagge samajika sambandhagalinda udbhavisuva uddeshagalu, udaaharanege sevakaru tamma wadeyara mele pratikaaravannu bayasuvudu mattu viphalavaada pranaya sambandhagalindaagi dveshagalu. vyaapaarigalu spardhigala vyavahaaragalige benki hachchida mattu makkalu benkiyondige aaduttidda udaaharanegalu mattu "iddakkiddante benki hachchidante bhaasavaayitu" emba tappoppigeya prakaranavoo saha daakhalaagive. benkiu badagigalu, plaastar varkargalu mattu nantarada punarnirmaanadalli steepaljaakgalige vyaapaaravannu saha arthaisikolluvudarinda, avaralli kelavaru benkiya sambhava mattu ulbanagolluvudannu anandisuttare. nirdishtavagi, aneka agnishamaka sibbandigalu prathamikavagi steepaljaakgalaagi kelasa maaduttiddarinda, avaralli kelavaru saarvajanikavaagi agnishamaka kaushalyagalannu pradarshisalu athawa tamage vyaapaarada avakaashagalannu srashtisalu uddeshapoorvakavaagi benkiyannu haraduttiddaru. idu shogunate annu echcharike sugreevaagnegalannu horadisalu mattu kelavu ullanghisuva agnishamaka sibbandiyannu kaaryagatagolisalu prerepisitu. bandhita agni shamakagalannu suttu saayisuva modalu beedigalalli meravanige maadalaayitu. aadaagyoo, agnisparshada bagge shogunetna asahishnu neetiya horataagiyoo, agnisparshadinda untaada benkiyannu edodinda sampoornavaagi nirmoolane madalagalilla. bakamutsu avadhiyalli, shogunetna aadalitavu asamarthavaguttiddante saarvajanika suvyavastheyu hadagettitu. idara parinaamavaagi, agni anaahutadinda untaaguva benki tivravagi hechchaayitu. kelavu agnisparshakararu sahitya mattu kabuki krutigala vishayagalaadaru. ivugalalli, 1683rahra tenna (tenna 3) dha dodda benkiu 3,500 janaru saavannappidavu, avara hesarannu saha idalaayitu. aaa benkige oshichi karanavagiralilla, aadare tanna maneyannu kaledukondalu. aake ondu devaalayadalli ashraya padedu, allina ondu putavannu pritisidalu. ondu varshada nantara, mattondu benki ibbarannu matte bhetiyagalu anuvu maadikoduttade emba kalpaneya aadhaarada mele aake benki hacchalu prayatnisidaru. aakeyannu bandhisalaayitu, vichaaranege olapadisalaayitu mattu benkiyinda maranadandane vidhisalaayitu. aakeya katheyu ihaara saikaku mattu tsuruya nanboku IV rahra aadhaaravaagittu. havamana paristhitigalu. uttaradinda baruva prabala chaligaalada mungaaru havaamaanada sthitiyu edoge vishishtavaagittu. idu vayuvya mattu uttarada maarutagalinda untaada ona havaamaanadalli sambhavisida aneka chaligaala mattu vasantakaalada benkigalige kaaranavaayitu. idara jotege, vasanta mattu sharatkaaladalli balavaada daksina maarutagalu dodda benkige mattondu kaaranavaagiddavu. ee karanakkagi, 1658ralli shogunetninda sthapisalpatta naalku tandagalannu ("manji" 1) aaa dikkininda haraduva benkiyinda kooteyannu rakshisalu edo koteya vaayuvyakke niyojisalagittu. tingala hottige benkiyannu enisidaaga, march atyanta "dodda benkiyannu" kanditu, nantara phebravari, april mattu janavari. ee naalku tingalugalu 70 pratishatadashtu dodda benkiyannu untumaadive. 107, 000 jivagalannu bully tegedukondiddakkagi edoda itihaasadalli atyanta durantada benkiyagidda myrekia dodda benkiu 1657rahra march 2randu (japanese lunisolar tenpo calendernalli "maireki" 3rahra modala tingala 18neey dina) sambhavisitu. eedo avara "chonin" ge ee satyada bagge chennagi tilidittu. chaligaaladalli, mahileyarannu edo upanagaragalalina tamma poshakara nivaasagalige teralalu mattu benkiya kaala kaleda nantarave maralalu kelalaayitu, idara parinaamavaagi rtumaanada jansankhyeya airilita untaayitu. 1725ralli ("kyoho" 10), aarane tingalallina janasankhyeyu nalkane tingaliginta 10,000kkinta hechchaagittu. hechchida janasankhyeyalli shekada 90rashtu mahileyaru iddaru. tokugawa shogunetna agni tadegattuva kramagalu. edo avadhiya aarambhadalli, shogunetna pramukha adhikaarigalu, benki hottikolluva saadhyate hecchu iddaaga, birugaaliya dinagalli "shogan" mattu edo koteya raksaneyannu aadyateyaagi sthaapisidaru. idakke vyatiriktavagi, sengoku avadhiya avasheshavaagi, "chonin" naa vasati pradeshagalige sambandhisida agni tadegattuva kramagalannu bahuteka yaavude gamanavannu nidalagilla. aadaagyoo, "chonin" samajika shaktiyannu galisidante, shogunetna nitigalu saha vikasanagondavu, idara sanketavagi, entane shogan, kyoho sudharanegala bhagavagi edovannu saarvatrikavaagi olagollalu benki tadegattuva kramagalannu vistarisitu. agnishamaka samsthegalu. arambhika edo avadhiyalli, agnishaamakavannu saamsthikagolisalaagalilla. aadaagyoo, dodda benkiya punaraavartaneyu vevastheya sthaapanege ondu tiruvu needitu. ee vevastheya adiyalli agnishamaka dalavannu samanyavagi mattu endu vargeekarisalaagide. buke haikeshi" yolage, agnishamaka dalavannu mattashtu vingadisalaayitu. hikeshi" yaya agnishaamakada praathamika vidhaanavendare benki haraduvudannu tadeyalu eegaagale suttuhoda kattadagalannu kedisuvudu. mewa" yugadalli, maanavashaktiyinda nadesalpaduva marada pump annu balasalaaguttittu, aadare nirantara neerina puraikeya korateyindagi idu endigoo agnishaamakada sampoorna karyasadhyavada sadhanavagalilla. meeji punahsthaapaneyavarege, vruttipara agnishamaka daladavaru kattadagalannu kaiyinda kedavihaakuvavarege, avugalalli steepaljaakgalu bahupalu, agnishaamakada praathamika vidhaanavaagi ulidavu. "diamyo hikeshi". diamyo hikeshi" yannu 1643ralli ("kaneyi" 20), oke-maachiya benkiya eradu varshagala nantara, "diamuse" ge niyojisalaada kaddaya niyamita agnishamaka seveya roopavaagi saamsthikagolisalaayitu. idakke modalu, benki kanisikonda nantara horadisalaada baahya aadeshagala moolaka "diamuse" galannu agnishamaka kaaryagalige kaluhisalaayitu. diamyo hikeshi" yaya itara rupagalalli, samadhigalu, devaalayagalu mattu bhattada kanajagalantaha shogunetninda mukhyavendu pariganisalpatta sthalagalige javaabdaararaadavaru; avaru edoda pratyeka upavibhaagagalige javaabdaararaagiddaru; mattu, "diamyo" nivaasagalallina swayam-raxana agnishamaka samsthegalige vyatiriktavagi, suttamuttalina pradeshagalalli agnishaamakadalli bhagavahisalu nirbandhitaraagiddaru. "jobaiki". jobikeshi" yannu 1658ralli ("manji" 1), myrekia dodda benkiya ondu varshada nantara saamsthikagolisalaayitu. shogunetna netrutvadalli neravagi agnishaamakada javaabdaarigalannu hatamotogalige vahisalaayitu. avaru agnishamaka gopuragalannu hondiruva manegalalli nelesiddaru. avaru kareda vruttipara agnishamaka sibbandiyannoo nemisikondaru. aarambhadalli naalku tandagalannu aayojisalaagittu. nantara, avara sankhyeyu, 15 tandagalondige, shogunetna arthika mattu military sthitigatigalu mattu "mechibikeshi" yaya sannaddhateyannu avalambisi, edo avadhiya antyada velege kevala ondu tandakke airilitagonditu. hecchina samaya hattu tandagaliddavu mattu aaddarinda avugalannu kareyalaaguttittu. "mashibikeshi". tokugawa yoshimuneyu entane shogan aagi adhikaaravannu vahisikondaga, edodallina agnishamaka kaaryagalannu "diamyo hikeshi", "jobikeshi" mattu nantaradavaru vyaapaarigalu mattu kushalakarmigalannu olagonda "chonin" agnishamaka daladavarige vitarisalaayitu. diamyo hikeshi" mattu "jobikeshi" anubhavi agnishamaka daladavaraagiddaroo, avaru "chonin" vasati pradeshagalalli sambhavisuva benkiya bagge nijavagiyoo chintisiralilla; ee madhye, "tanabikeshi" embudu tammannu taavu bedarisuva benkiyinda palayana maaduva havyasi agnishamaka dalagaliginta hecchenoo agiralilla. 1720ralli ("kyoho" 5), tokugawa yoshimuneyu kyoho sudharanegala bhagavagi "machibikeshi" yannu saamsthikagolisitu. chonin" naa vasati pradeshagalannu rakshisalu nijavagiyoo samarthavaagiruva hosa agnishamaka ghatakagalannu sthapisalu avaru aadeshisidaru. mashibikeshi" vevastheya adiyalli, prati pattanavu tanna "chonin" annu agnishamaka kaaryagalige ravaanisabekaagittu. ōoc pattana adhikaarigalinda salahegalannu sweekarisidaru mattu pattangala agnishamaka gumpugalannu sanghatisidaru. sumida nadiya paschimakke nalavattentu gumpugalu roopugondavu. naalku aksharagalannu horatupadisi avellavannoo onde hiragana aksharagalannu balasi gottupadisalaagittu mattu aaddarinda avugalannu ottaareyaagi hiragana aksharagalu endu ullekhisalaaguttittu. nadiya purvakke honzo mattu fukugaavaadalli hadinaaru itara gumpugalu roopugondavu. prati gumpu tannade aada vishishta mattu samavastravannu hondittu. prati gumpinolage saamarasyavu saamaanyavaagittu, aadare gumpugala naduvina bhinnaabhipraayavu saamaanyavaagittu. 1730ralli ("kyoho" 15), ee agnishamaka gumpugalannu dodda gumpugalaagi marusanghatisi, agnishamaka-samayada sajjugolisuvikeya pramana mattu dakshateyannu hechchisalaayitu. mashibikeshi" aarambhadalli "chonin" naa vasati pradeshagalige maatra kaaranavaagiddaru, avara saamarthyagalu gurutisalpattavu mattu nantara setuvegalu, devaalayagalu, bhattada kanajagalu mattu edo koteya olaginantaha samuraaygala vasati pradeshagalolagina stalagalalli benkiya viruddha horaadalu kaluhisalaayitu. meiji punahsthapaneya hottige, avaru edona mukhya agnishamaka shaktiyagi maarpattiddaru, aadare idakke vyatiriktavagi, aaa hottige "buke haiki" bahalavagi kadimeyaayitu. aanti-arson kramagalu. edodalli benki hachchuvudu benkiya pramukha karanavagiruvudarinda, shogunate agnisparsha maaduvavara mele kathina krama kygollalu gananeeya prayatnavannu maaditu. hosa sarkari sthaanavannu parichayisalaayitu. "agnisparsha maaduvavarannu serehidida "chonin" ge bahumaana nidalaayitu. agnisparshavannu aparadhavannagi maadalaayitu mattu saarvajanikarige echcharikeyaagi aaa angadiyalli suttuhaakuva moolaka shikshisalaayitu. "hitsuk tojoku aratame". "hitsuke tojoku aratame" embudu agnisparsha, kallatana mattu joojaatada aparaadhagalannu guriyagisalu shogunate parichayisida sthaanavaagittu. aarambhadalli mooru aparaadhagalige mooru pratyeka huddegaliveyaadaru, avugalannu 1683ralli ("tenna" 3) military adhikariyu ekakaaladalli hondiddanendu tilidubandide. nantara avugalannu alpavadhige tegeduhaakalaayitu, aadare 1703ralli ("genroku" 16) maru-parichayisalaayitu mattu 1718ralli ("kyoho" 3) onde sthanakke oggoodisalaayitu. nagarika adhikaarigalaagidda "maachi-bugyo" ge viruddhavaagi, "hitsuke tojoku aratame" military adhikaarigalaagiddaru. aaddarinda, avara vichaarane tantragalu himsaatmakavaagiddavu. shankita agni shamakagalannu bandhisuva adhikara avarige iddaroo, tappaada bandhanagalige yaavude danda iralilla. ee karanakkagi, avaru aagaagge bandhita shankitarannu balavantavagi tappoppigegaagi chitrahimsegolapadisuttaar, idu hecchina sankhyeya sullu aaropagalige kaaranavaaguttade. idu "chonin" mele kukhyaata chitravannu bittuhoyitu, avaru "maachi-bugyo" mattu "matchy-bugyo" annu hoolisuvaaga avarige addahesaru niididaru. agnisparsha maaduvavarannu serehidiyalu mattu suttuhaakuva moolaka maranadandane vidhisalu pratiphalagalu. serehidida agni shamakagalannu takshanave tirugisi, avarannu bandhisidavarige bahumaanagalannu niiduvante shogunate padhe padhe sugreevaagnegalannu horadisitu. idallade, agnisparsha maadidavanannu serehidida vyaktiya viruddhada baaki iruva aparaadhagalannu kshamisalaaguttade. tamma sahachararu athawa itara agni shamakagala viruddha mahiti needuvalli mahatvada patra vahisida agni shamakaru saha kshamaadaanada mele bahumaanagalige arharaagiddaru. 1723ralli ("kyoho" 8), yaavude vyaktiyu benki hachchadiddaru saha, anumaanaaspada nadavalikeya aadhaarada mele aatanannu bandhisabahudu endu aadeshisalaayitu. saarvajanikarige echcharikeyaagi, bandhita agni shamakagalannu nagaradaadyanta meravanige maadalaayitu mattu balege haakalaayitu. idallade, avara viruddhada aaropagalannu marada daddugala mele bareyalaayitu mattu saarvajanika pradarshanakke idalaayitu. suduva moolaka maranadandaneyannu edo avadhiya danda samhiteyalli nigadipadisalaagittu mattu 1868 ralli ("meeji" 1) meeji sarkaarada taatkaalika danda samhiteyinda badalaayisuvavarege idannu abhyasa maadalaaguttittu. agnisparsha maaduvavara kutumbada sadasyarannu saha bandhisalaayitu, mattu patniyaru mattu hennumakkalannu oppandada gulaamagirige ilisalaayitu athawa gadiparu maadalaayitu. oppandada prakara benki hachchida sandarbhadalli, aparaadhakke hana needida vyaktiyoo saha shiksharhanagiruttane. agnisparsha maaduvavanu samuray agiddaga, suttuhaakuva moolaka maranadandane vidhisalaaguttittu. badalige, garishta dandavannu vidhisalaayitu; khandisalaada samuraaygala shirachchheda maadalaayitu mattu taleyannu peetha athawa vedikeya mele irisalaayitu mattu mooru dinagala kaala pradarshisalaayitu, aadare dehavannu katti-parikshege balasalaayitu. likhita tippanigalinda benki hachchuvudaagi bedarike hakidavarige aarambhadalli shiksheyaguttittu, aadare nantara siksheyannu gadiparu maadalaayitu. mele vivarisida tatvagala aadhaarada mele sikshegalannu nidalaagiddaroo, viphalavaada agnisparshada prayatnagalantaha tivravaada sandarbhagalannu saha pariganisalaayitu. 15 varshadolagina agni shamakagalannu galligerisalaaguvudilla, aadare gadiparu maadalu athawa pariveekshege kaluhisalaaguttade. nagara yojane. suduva vastugalinda nirmisalaada kattadagala dattavaada vitaraneyu benkiu chikkadaagi doddadakke vikasanagollalu anuvu madikotta ondu pramukha amshavaagittu. ondu kattadakke benki hottikonda nantara, yaavude agnishamaka sibbandi pratikriyisuva modale nereya kattadagalu uriyuttiddavu. ee karanakkagi, myrekia dodda benkiya nantara, benkiya viruddha nagarada raksaneyannu hechhisalu uriyada vastugalinda maadida ranchanegalannu edodalli uttejisalaayitu. agnishamaka tadegode valayagalannu kareyalaayitu mattu edoda vividha stalagalalli sthaapisalaayitu. tail chavanigalu mattu mannina manegalu seridante agni nirodhaka vastugalannu alavadisikolluvudu kaddaayavaayitu. "heokechi" mattu "hirokoji". myrekia dodda benkiyalli durantada nashtada nantara, agni tadegattuva kramagalu edoda punarnirmana yojaneyalli hecchina ottu niididavu. benki haraduvudannu tadeyalu agni tade valayagalannu sthaapisalaayitu. idu edo koteya horagina praathamika nivaasagalannu sthalaantarisuvudarondige praarambhavaayitu mattu khaali jagavannu benki tadegattuvikege misalittitu. itara "diamuse" mattu hatamotogalige serida nivaasagala sthalaantaravu anusarisitu. edo olage kattadagala dattavaada sankochanavannu nivaarisalu, kooteyinda duraviralu hecchina sthalagalannu ayke maadalaayitu. idallade, "genroku" yugadalli, "diamuse" ge edoda horavalayadalli tamma dvitiya mattu trutiya nivaasagalannu nirmisalu bhoomiyannu nidalaayitu, mattu avara trutiya nivaasagalannu benkiya samayadalli ashraya taanagalaagi balasalaaguttittu. hosa samuray nivaasagalige sthalavakasha kalpisuva mattondu vidhaanavaagi bhoomiyannu marupadeyalaayitu. 1661rahra sumaarige (kanbun 1), samuray nivaasagala nirmaana mattu "chonin" nivaasagala sthalaantarakke avakasha needalu honjodalli bhoo punarvasati poornagonditu. devaalayagalu mattu devaalayagalige idhe reetiya sthalaantara aadeshagalannu saha nidalaayitu. avaralli hechchinavaru edo kaaluvegala horage sthalaantaragondare, avaralli kelavaru asakusa, komagom mattu koyisikaavaadalli tamma hosa taanagalannu kandukondaru. nihonbashi nerehoreyinda asakusakke kempu-belakina jilleya sthalaantaravoo saha ee avadhiyalli sambhavisitu, aadaagyoo ee kramavannu myrekia dodda benkiya modalu nirdharisalaagittu. eradu reetiya agni tadegode valayagalannu, mattu, sthalaantaradinda khaligonda bhoomiyinda rachisalaayitu; modalaneyadu khaali plaajaagalu mattu eradaneyadu agalavaada beedigalu. hechchuvariyagi, beedi agalagolisuva nitiyondige, yaavude ivgalannu tegeduhakalu manegalu bekagiddavu. sthalaantaragalu nagara pradeshada vistaranege kaaranavaadavu. 1662ralli (kanbun 2), kaaluvegala horagina yuno, asakusa mattu shiba pradeshagalannu "maachi-bugyo" aadalitada adiyalli taralaayitu. tennada dodda benkiya nantara, "diamyo" nivaasagalu, devaalayagalu mattu devaalayagalannu olagonda mattondu sthalaantarada aleyu hosa "heokechi" ge avakasha maadikottitu mattu "hirokoji" yannu vistarisitu. idara parinaamavaagi bahuteka devaalayagalu mattu devaalayagalu eega kaaluvegala horage nelegondive. kyoho sudharanegala samayadalli, "machibikeshi" yaya saamstheekaranadondige praarambhisi benki tadegattuvikeyannu mattashtu balapadisalaayitu. hogeyaadada edoda bagegina tokugawa yoshimuneya utsaahada belakinalli, kanda, hatchboary mattu ichigayaadalli hosa "heokechi" yannu sthaapisalaayitu. edoda suttaloo benkiya tadegode valayagalannu sthaapisuva prayatnada horataagiyoo, "heokechi" yolage manegalannu nirmisida prakaranagaloo iddavu mattu "hirokoji" yaya uddakkoo maligegalu iddavu, idu avugala parinaamakaaritvavannu gamanarhavagi kadime maaditu, kelavomme modalu iddakkinta hecchina benkiya apaayavittu. agni nirodhaka mattu agni nirodhaka ranchanegalu. 1601rahra dodda benkiya nantara ("keecho" 6), shogunate hullugaavalugalannu shingle chaavanigalaagi maarpadisabekendu aadeshisitu. nantara, aisharami "diamyo" nivaasagalolagina kattadagalli tail chavanigalu fashion aadavu mattu kelavu "chonin" nivaasagalalli saha alavadisikollalaayitu. aadaagyoo, myrekia dodda benkiya nantara, neeti badalaavaneyu tail chavanigala balakeyannu nishedhisitu ekendare benki-nirodhaka anchugalu chavanigalinda biddu aneka gayagalannu untumaadidavu. badalige, benki haraduvudannu tadeyalu uriyuva hullugaavalugalannu mannininda muchchabekaagittu. 1661ralli ("conbon" 1), hosa kattadagalli hullugavalu chavanigala balakeyannu saha nisheedhisalaayitu, idarindaagi shingle chavanigalu maatra anumatisalaada aaykeyaagittu. tokugawa yoshimuneyu adhikaaravannu vahisikolluvavaregu tail chavanigalu kaddayavadavu. samuray nivasagaligagi, 1723ralli ("kyoho" 8), bancho baliya suttuhoda hatamoto nivaasagalannu tail chavanigalondige punarnirmisabekagittu. ee uddeshakkagi baddirahita saalagalannu saha odagisalaayitu. 1725rahra nantara ("kyoho" 10), seemita pradeshagalalli, astitvadalliruva nivaasagalu tail chavanigalannu alavadisikollabekagittu. nantara, ee nitiyu dodda pradeshagalalli jaariyaayitu mattu anusarisada vasatigalannu kedavalaaguvudu emba echcharikeyannu nidalaayitu. chonin" nivaasagalige, tail chavanigala melina nishedhavannu 1720ralli raddugolisalaayitu ("kyoho" 5). 1722rahra nantara ("kyoho" 7), edodalliruva ellah kattadagalu tail chavanigalannu hondirabeku mattu "chonin" melina arthika horeyannu pariganisi, chippu chippugalinda maadida chavanigalannu saha kelavu sandarbhagalalli anumatisalaagiddaroo, avugalinda nirmisabekagittu athawa mannininda muchchirabeku. samuraaygala vasatigalanteye, saarvajanika sewa shulka mattu baddirahita salagala vinayiti labhyavittu mattu maarpadisada vasatigalu dhvamsakke olapattavu. shogunetninda nadesalpatta uriyada edo kaaryakramavannu tokugawa yoshimuneya aalvikeyalli nadesalaayitu, aadaroo 1751 ralli avana maranada nantara ("qaan 'ee" 4), shogunate adara tondaregolagaada arthika sthitiyindaagi kadime sakriyavaayitu. ee kaaryakramavu endigoo poornagondiralilla, idu "meiji" yugada modalu vividha dodda benkigalige mukhya kaaranavaayitu. nishedhagalu mattu agni echcharikeya aadeshagalu. benkiyannu tadegattuva saluvaagi, shogunate benkiya sambhaavya karanagala nishedhagalu, pramukha ghatanegala samayadalli benkiya echcharikeya aadeshagalu mattu nijavaada benkiya samayadalli nirdishta chatuvatikegala mele nishedha seridante ellah reetiya nirdeshanagalannu needitu. saarvajanika snaanagruhagalu, patakigalu mattu tyajyavannu suduvudara viruddha benkiya apayagalannu guriyagisuva nishedhagalannu nirdeshisalaayitu. hecchina "chonin" nivaasagalannu benkiya sandarbhadalli shankeyannu tappisalu snaanadondige nirmisalaagilla. idara parinaamavaagi, saarvajanika snaanagruhagalu janapriyavagiddavu. snaanagruhada vevahaaradalli benkiya agatyavu sampoorna nishedhavannu tadegattidaroo, 1653ralli ("zoo" 2) saarvajanika snaanagruhagalalli sanje 6 ganteyavarege benkiyannu nisheedhisalaayitu. saarvajanika snaanagruhagalu snaanada neerannu belaginavaregoo ittukollabekaagittu, idarindaagi neerannu agnishamakakke balasabahudu. 1648ralli ("kean" 1) nagaradolage patakigala utpaadaneyannu nisheedhisalaayitu. nadimukhagalannu horatupadisi avugala balakeyannu nisheedhisalaayitu mattu 1642ralli ("kean" 5) sumida nadiya uddakkoo maatra simitagolisalaayitu. "genroku" yugadalli pattanagalu mattu manegalalli "sagicho" aacharanegalannu nisheedhisalaayitu. innoo modalu, tyajyavannu suduvudannu 1655ralli ("maireki" 1) nisheedhisalaagittu. ondu asadharana udaharaneyagi, edo koteya mele suduva gaalipatavu bidda eradu dinagala nantara, 1646ralli ("shoho" 3) gaalipatagala mele nishedhavannu vidhisalaayitu. shogan avara bheti, kyotodinda rajamanetanada mahileya bheti mattu josen pratinidhiya agamanadantaha pramukha ghatanegala samayadalli, agnishamaka echcharikeya mattavannu hechchisabekendu ottaayisuva sugreevaagnegalannu horadisalaayitu. ee sugreevaagnegala adiyalli, benki mattu jagalagalannu tadeyalu nagaravannu gastu tirugisalaayitu, neeru tumbida baketgalannu siddhapadisalaayitu mattu nagara pradeshavannu svachchagolisalaayitu. aacharanegalannu acharisuvaga idhe reetiya aadeshagalannu saha horadisalaayitu. benkiya samayadalli nisheedhisalaada nirdishta chatuvatikegalalli "agnishamaka drushyavikshane", dodda gatrada bandigalannu kareyuva chalisuva upakaranagalu mattu sthalaantarisuvikeya adetadegalannu tivragolisuvudannu mattu kadime maaduvudannu tadegattuva saluvaagi avugala balake mattu utpaadane serive. "chonin" naa agni tadegattuva kramagalu. ee matinalli edona janara jeevanada bagegina aniyantrita manobhavavannu nissandigdhavagi pradarshisalaaguttadeyaadu, idu nagarada aagaagge sambhavisuva dodda benkiya bagge avara prayogika manasthitiyannu saha pratibimbisuttade-benkiyalli kaleduhoguvudakkinta hanavannu shighradalle kharchu maaduvudu uttama. edo avara "chonin" ge, benkiu dainandina dinachariyagi maarpattittu, aadaroo avugala haraduvikeyu bahuteka tadeyalaagadantittu. avara nivaasagalu mattu vyavahaaragalige benki taguliddaaga, modala mattu agraganya guriyendare tvaritavagi sthalaantarisuvudu mattu avara aastigalannu samrakshisuvudu. mattondede, avaru tamma swanta nivaasagalinda benki haradadante nodikollalu saha jaagarookateyinda gamana harisidaru. benkiya viruddha nibandhanegalu. hagalu athawa ratri ene irali, edodalli benki kaanisikonditu. obbaru nidde maduvaga benki kanisikondare, battegalannu badalaayisuvudu mattu deepagalannu siddhapadisuvudu sthalaantarisuvalli vilambavannu untumaadabahudu. aaddarinda, chaligaala sameepisuttiddante adhu benkiya rtuvannu praveshisidaaga, munnechcharikeyaagi, janaru battegalu seridante vastugalannu mattu turtu paristhitiyalli tamma dimbugala pakkadalli iduttiddaru. benkiya bagge echcharisidaaga, moola mattu gaaliya dikkannu modalu drudhikarisalaguttade. paristhitiyannu apayakari endu pariganisidare, sagisalu saadhyavaagada amoolya vastugalannu olage haakalaaguttade mattu, vyapara grahakarige tilisalaaguttade mattu benki haraduvudannu tadeyalu janaru yaavude kidigalannu horahakalu chavanigalavarege hattuttaare. apaayavu sannihitavaadaaga, avaru tegedukondu hogabahudaada belebaaluva vastugalannu maatra tegedukondu hoguttiddaru. benkiyinda belebaaluva vastugalannu rakshisalu balasalaayitu. "yojinkago" embudu ondu reetiya dodda bidirina buttiyagiddu, adarondige obbaru himbhaga athawa bhujagala mele saagisabahudu. pramukha daakhalegaligaagi, kareyalaaguva wicker pettigegalannu balasalaaguttittu. daihachiguruma" mattu "kurumanagamochi" hecchina sankhyeya vastugalannu saagisabahudaadaru, avugala dodda gatragalu sthalaantarisuva samayadalli avugalannu adetadegalannagi maaduttave. sagane maadalaada vastugalu haaruva kidigalinda benkigaahutiyaagi benkiyannu haradalu sahaaya maadida nidarshanagaloo iddavu. ee kaaranagalu shogunetninda avara nishedhakke kaaranavaadavu. hechchuvari kramavagi, mattu agni vimeya munchooniyalli, srimanta vyaapaarigalu maney nirmisalu agatyavaada vastugaligaagi marada chillare vyaapaarigalige mungadavagi paavatisuttiddaru. avara vyavahaaragalu suttuhodare, nantara avasheshagalannu tegeduhaakida nantara, purvapavati vastugalannu takshanave punarnirmanakkagi korabahudu, idarindaagi alpavadhiyalliye vevahaaravannu punaraarambhisabahudu. "dojo" mattu "" anagura "." "dojo" mattu "anagura" galannu benkiya samayadalli vargaayisalaagada vastugalannu sangrahisalu balasalaaguttittu. srimanta vyaapaarigalu samanyavagi avugalalli anekavannu hondiddaru. hecchina vechchadindaagi, "dojo" annu hechchaagi vyaapaarigalu nirmisidaru mattu balasuttiddaru; holisidare, "anagur" saamaanya janarige hecchu kaigetukuvantiddavu. "dojo" dattavaada mannina godegalannu hondiruva ugraanagalaagiddavu mattu hecchina sandarbhagalalli tail chavanigalannu hondiddavu. avugala dattavaada godegalinda untaada agni nirodhaka shaktiyu avugalannu sarakugalu, maneya vastugalu, upakaranagalu mattu amoolya vastugalannu sangrahisalu suktavagisitu. aadaagyoo, avu kalape nirmaana mattu suktavallada nirvahaneyinda untaaguva doshagalindaloo balalabahudu, kitakigalu mattu praveshadvaaragalallina birukugalinda mattu iligala randhragalinda benki hattalu avakasha maadikodabahudu mattu parinaamavaagi kusiyabahudu. ee karanakkagi, srimanta vyaapaarigalu siddha sthitiyalli bhoomiyannu siddhapadisuttiddaru, idarindaagi avaru tamma niyamita plaastargalannu benki sambhavisidaaga avara "dojo" annu tvaritavagi muchchabahudu. avaru swatah benkiya mulavaagiddaaga, avaru tamma "dojo" dha bagilugalannu teredu saarvajanika prayashchittada roopavaagi sudalu biduttidda sandarbhagaloo iddavu. astitvadallidda daakhalegala sangrahakkagi visheshavaagi bhadrapadisalaada "dojo", aadare avu dodda benkiyannu tappisikolluvashtu balavagiddaroo, avugala nirmaana vechchadindaagi endigoo janapriyateyannu galisalilla. mattondede, ugraanagalannu holuvante nirmisalaada vasatigalu mattu vyavahaaragalu saha iddavu. aadaagyoo, vyaapaarada balakege agatyavaada vishala avakaashagalannu odagisalu avara agni pratirodhavu hecchu kadime raaji maadikollabekaagittu. "aadhunika dinadavaregu ulidukondiruva "mysegura" eega hechchaagi katori (sawara pradesha), tochigi mattu kawago nagargalalli kandubaruttade, idu ee nagaragalige mattu avugala nerehoregalige hesarannu niiduttade. "anagur" bhoogata shekharana sthalagalaagiddavu. sanna bedd-adiyalli shekharana ghatakagaliginta bhinnavagi, anaaguraadalli obba vyaktiyannu hidididalu saakashtu sthalaavakaashavittu mattu belebaaluva vastugalannu sangrahisalu saha nirmisalaagittu. avu "dojo" ginta aggavagiddaroo, benki mattu kallatanada viruddha parinaamakaariyaagiddavu, ekendare avu surakshitavaagiralu kavargalannu maatra hondiddavu. "edodalli "anagura" vannu modala baarige 1656ralli ("meeriki" 2) nihonbashi emba hesarina angadiyannu nadesuttiruva vastra maaraatagaararinda balasalaayitu. ijhumi-yaa" naa "anagura" dha parinaamakaaritvavannu myrekia dodda benkiyalli gurutisalaayitu mattu avugalannu janapriyagolisalu sahaaya maaditu. edodalli "anagura" dha janapriyateya bagge, kawago uppina vyapari tanna aatmacharitreyalli edoda hattane ondu bhagavu randhragalaagiddavu endu barediddaane. antaha janapriyateyu ee vrattiyannoo huttuhaakitu. edodallina "anagur" vannu mukhyavaagi hecchina antarjala mattadinda untaaguva sorikeyannu tadeyalu cypressiondige nirmisalaagiddaroo, bhoogata tevaamshavu avugala baalikeyannu simitagolisittu. agni apaghaatagalige shikshegalu. agnisparshavannu tadeyalu shogunate suttuhaakuva moolaka maranadandane seridante sikshegalannu vidhisidaroo, agni apaghaatagalige adara shikshegalu elliyoo ashtu kathinavagiralilla. benkiyannu untumaadida samuray vargadavaru tamma nivaasagalalli adannu nandisuvalli yashasviyaadare avarannu khulaasegolisalaaguttade; aaddarinda benkiu chikkadaagiddare adhu "chonin" nondige iruttade. dodda benkiya sandarbhadalli saavu mattu gadiparu seridante kathina dandanegalannu vidhisuva prastapagalannu pariganisida council, antaha prastapagalannu endigoo angeekarisalilla. aaa samayadalli agni apaghaatagalu yaarigaadaru sambhavisabahudu mattu avaru aakasmikavaagi dodda benkiyannu praarambhisidare seppuku maadalu avara siddhateyannu "roju" prashnisiddare endu upaakhyaanada tarkavu helitu. samurays agni apaghaatagalu. diamyo" nivaasadalli benki sambhavisidare, gate annu samrakshisuvavarege, manegalige benki taguliddaroo saha malikarannu honegararannagi madalaguvudilla. svabhavikavagi, dwaarawu raksaneya kendrabinduvaayitu. kelavu samuraaygalu tamma jaaruva bagilugalannu chaukattugalinda tegeduhaki, tappisikolluvaga avugalannu oyyuttiddaru. itararu "mechibikeshi" yannu muchchuttare, avaru stalakke dhavisi, tamma swanta shaktiyinda benkiyannu edurisuttaare, nantara hoge kevala deepotsavadinda baruttide endu heluttaare. yaavude daihika shiksheyilladiddaru, apaghaatadinda benkiyannu untumaadida samuraaygalu paryaya nivaasadalli gruhabandhanakke olagaagalu varadi maadabekaaguttade; avaru tamma nivaasadinda benkiyannu haradalu bittiddare, avaru tamma meladhikaarige javabdariya hakkannu prastutapadisabekagutte. mooru agni apaghaatagalu samuraaygalannu tanna nivaasavannu edoda horavalayakke sthalaantarisalu ottaayisuttaveyaadaru idannu spashtavagi nigadipadisalagilla. "chonins", "devaalayagalu", mattu devaalayagala "agni apaghaatagalu. chonin" gaagi, "kujikata osadamegaki" yaya eradane samputavu aakasmikavaagi (sumaru) vistaaravaada pradeshagalannu suttuhaakidavarige 10,20 mattu 30 dinagala danda athawa kattunittaada gruha bandhanavannu vidhisitu. shogan bhetige horata dinadandu benki kanisikondare dandavannu 50 dinagalavarege vistarisabahudu mattu kaikoladinda ulbanagolisabahudu. benkiya haniyu aparaadhiginta (sumaru) agalavaada pradeshadalli haradidare, kutumbada mukhyastha, jameenudaara mattu 30 dinagala "oshikom" ge olapattiruttaane. aatanu serida sthalada sadasyarige 20 dinagala "oshikom" shiksheyu vidhisalaaguttittu. idallade, leavered horatupadisi benkiya moolavannu suttuvarediruva aaru pattangala "gachigoji" yuu 20 dinagala "oshikom" annu saha padeyuttade. devaalayagalu mattu devaalayagalalli sambhavisuva agni apaghaatagalige, soumyateyinda shogunate agnishaamakarige elu dinagala kaala athawa laghu gruha bandhanadondige danda vidhisitu, idaralli pratyeka ratri vihaaragalannu sahisalaaguttittu. shogan bhetiyondige hondikeyaada athawa doddadaagi marpatta benkiu saha shikshege innoo mooru dinagalannu maatra serisuttade. itara pattanagaliginta prabhavi devaalayagalu mattu devaalayagala suttaloo nirmisalaada pattanagalli agni apaghaatagalige hecchina kshamaadaanada siksheyannu nidalaaguttittu. kevala mooru dinagala "oshikom" ge kaaranavaaguvashtu agalavaada pradeshagalannu suduva benkiu. arthika parinama. prati baari dodda benki hottikondaaga, dhvamsagonda edovannu punarujjeevanagolisalu agatyavaada vastu mattu hanakasina vechchagalu prachandavagiddavu. aaddarinda, grahaka belegala mele mattu arthika bhavishyada mele dodda benkiya prabhaavavu idee japan mele parinama beerabahudu. aaddarinda aagaagge sambhavisuva dodda benkigalannu edoda arthika belavanigeyannu bembalisida pramukha preraka amshavendu helabahudu. idakke viruddhavaagi, punarnirmaanada vechchavu shogunetge agaadhavaada horeyaayitu mattu adara tondaregolagaada arthika paristhitigalige koduge needitu. arthika ottadadinda balaluttiddavaru "chonin" aagiddaru. dodda vyaapaaravannu nadesuttiruva vyapariyu dodda benkiya nantara "nagaya" dalli vaasisalu saadhyavaagabahudu embudu uhisikollaloo sadhyavilla. shogunetna bajetge bandaaga, "chonin" ge nigadipadisida vecchagalalli, agni tadegattuvike mattu agnishamakakke sambandhisida vechchagalu saha atidodda pramaanavannu hondiddavu. grahaka belegalu gaganakkeruttive. prati dodda benkiu edodalli bele erikeyannu soochisitu. akkigalinda praarambhisi, manegala punarnirmanakke agatyavaada nirmaana saamagrigalellavu avugala belegalannu hechchisidavu. udaaharanege, myrekia dodda benkiya nantara, prati "show" (sumaru) ninda 1000 "mone" prati "show" ge bele hechchaayitu, aadare tailada bele prati shoge 3 "mone" ninda 2400 "mone" prati "show" ge airitu. nagaradalli hechchida punarnirmaanada kelasada horey, baadige kushalakarmigala vechchavannu hechhisalu sahaaya maaditu. kushalakarmigala jotege, oppandada sevakaru saha dodda benkiya bhayadinda edodalli kelasa maadalu bayasuva kadime janarige tamma sambaladalli hechchalavannu anubhavisidaru. ivugalannu horatupadisi, vasati korateya aadhaarada mele baadigegalu hechchaadavu; setuvegalannu punarnirmisuva modalu hechchida bedikeyindaagi dooni daragalu hechchaadavu. ivellavoo sthaliya grahaka belegala mele edoda dodda benkiya parinaamagalaagiddavu. hanadubbarada belegalannu niyantrisuva saluvaagi, shogunate bele hechchalavannu kaanunubaahiragolisida, kushalakarmigala vetanada mele hecchina mitigalannu vidhisida mattu atyanta pramukha aparaadhigalige danda vidhisida sugreevaagnegalannu horadisitu. edodalli akkiya korateyannu pariharisuva kramagalannu jaarige taralaayitu. raitarinda neravagi akkiyannu khareedisi marumarata maadalaaguttittu. raitaru taavu akkiyannu marata maadalu edoge baralu saha anumati nidalaayitu. edodinda deshadaadyantada sthalagalige hechchida khareedi aadeshagala kaaranadindaagi, arthika bhavishyada mele edoda dodda benkiya prabhaavavu rashtravyapi ittu. idhe reeti shogunate avakaashavaadi bele erikeya viruddha vyapaka pradeshagalige echcharikegalannu needitu. aadaagyoo, marah vyaapaaradinda sampattu nirmisida mattu myrekia dodda benkiya nantara nirmaanavannu guttige maadidantaha vyaparigalannu adhu nillisalilla. shogunate mele arthika horey. suttuhoda soulabhyagala punarnirmaanada vechchagalu shogunetna budgetna dodda bhagavannu aakramisikondavu. myrekia dodda benkige, edo koteya kaleduhoda hattoo-nirvahaneyannu naashapadisalaagiddaru, olagina koteya punarnirmana mattu aramanegalu ottu sumaru 100 koti vechchavannu daakhalisive. hoolikegaagi, aaa samayadalli shogan mattu tokugawa iyaasuvina mommaga, tanna purvajarinda 4.23 laksha moulyada hana mattu aastigalannu aanuvamshikavaagi padedaru. punarnirmaanavannu horatupadisi, vipattu parihara chatuvatikegalu dodda vecchagala mattondu moolavaagiddavu. myrekia dodda benkiya nantara, hatamotogalu mattu avara vetanakke anugunavagi dattigalannu padedaru mattu munduvarida akki pavatigalannu anumatisalaayitu. diamuse" gaagi, dattigala horataagi, hattu varshagala saalagalannu saha nidalaayitu. sumaru 160,000 "ryo" galannu "chonin" gaagi dattigaagi kharchu maadalaayitu, avara sherugalu avara nivaasagala mumbhagagala gatrakke anugunavagiruttave. idallade, tamma manegalannu kaledukondidda "chonin" ge kanji odagisalu "diamuse" ge aadeshisalaayitu; tamma bhattada kanajagalannu suttuhaakida "chonin" ge uchita akkiyannu sarabaraju maadalaayitu. mirekiya dodda benkiya nantara, kshinisuttiruva arthika sthitiyindaagi sanna pramanada mele aadaroo, dodda benki sambhavisidaagalellaa shogunate tanna parihara prayatnagalannu munduvarisitu.

edoile theepiduttham jappaanile edo kaalaghattatthil (1600-1868) tokkiyoyude munnamamaaya theepidutthangal pathivayi sambhavichirunnathinaal edo nagaratthe pazhanchollukal parayunnathanusarichu visheshippichirunnu. aadhunika kaalath polum pazhaya eedo ippozhum oormmikkappettirunnu. nagaratthinte vishalamaaya nagarapradeshangal aavarthichu theepidutthatthil mungiyathinaal edo lokath apoorvamaayirunnu. edoile mahaa theeye agnidevanmaarumaayi thaarathamyam cheyyukayum "sharatkaala elakal" ennum haasyathode visheshippikkukayum cheythu. theepidutthangalude aavruthi. 1601 ("keecho" 6), athinusheshamulla varsham, 1867 ("keeyo" 3) ennee 267 varshangalil, edo 49 valia theepiduthangalaal baadhichu. thaarathamyappeduthumbol, ithe kaalayalavil, kyotto, osakka, kanasawa ennividangalile valia theepidutthangal yathaakramam ombathu, aarr, moonnu ennam maathramaan, ithu jappaanile mattu metropolisukalil ninnu edoyude roopam verittunilkkunnu. mattu vivaranagal anusarichu, edoyude charithratthil 85 ladhikam valia theepidutthangal undaayi. 1600 num 1945 num idayil, thee, bhookambam, sunami, agniparvvatha spodanangal, yuddham ennivayaal oro varshavum edo/tokkiyo samanilayakki. cheria theepiduthangalum ulppeduthiyaal, eee 267 varshathe kaalayalavil sambhavicha 1,798 theepiduthangalil 269 ennam 1601-1700,541 1701-1800,986 1801-1867 ennivayaayirunnu. tokugawa kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathil edoyude janasamkhya vardhichuvarunna saambathika samrudhikkoppam vardhichathinaal, nagaratthile theepidutthatthinte aavruthiyum athinte valarchaykku aanupaathikamaayi vardhichu. 1851 num 1867 num edayilulla 17 varshangalil 506 theepidutthangal undaayi, tokugawa shogunettinte kazhivillaatha bharanam moolamundaaya asthiramaaya pothu kramam oru pradhana sambhavana nalki. valia theepidutthangalude pattika. thaazhepparayunna prathinidhi pattika edoyude charithratthile vinashakaramaaya jeevahani bhauthika nashavum varuthiya chila valia theepidutthangal pattikappedutthunnu. maireki", "maiwa", "banka" ennee kaalaghattangalil sambhavicha moonnennathe "dhaa" ennu vilichirunnu. 1657-leeii meyrekiyile vann theepidithamaanu moonnu samgharshangalil ettavum vinaashakaramaayathenn kanakkaakkappedunnu. nagaratthile nagaraanthareeksham curry kathikkunna aduppukalaal choodaakkappetta kathunna thadi "maachiya" kettidangalude savisheshatha kaaranam edoile thee palappozhum athivegam vardhichirunnu. akkaalathe agnishamana saankethikavidyayude parimithikalum edoyude jalavitharana samvidaanathinte vishwaasyathayum kanakkiledukkumbol, thadi kettida stokku niranja oru ayalpakkathu theepidittham kaivittukazhinjaal, nagaratthinte mattu bhaagangalilekku athu vyaapikkunnath thadayaan adhikaarikalkk kazhinjilla. valia samgharshangalkku purame, eee kaalayalavil edaykkideyulla cheria theepiduthangalum undaayi, athu (orumichu eduthaal) edoyil kooduthal naashanashtangalum jeevahani varuthi. theepidutthatthinte kaaranagal. edo kaalaghattatthil, dainamdina jeevithathinte anivaarya gadakamaayirunnu thee. paachakatthinum velichathinum ithu upayogichirunnathinaal ithu apakadangalkk kaaranamaayi. vividha kaaranangalal theevechathu theepidutthatthinte mattoru uravidamaayirunnu. mattu nagarangale apekshichu edoyil valia theepidutthangalude kooduthal aavruthi vividha kaaranangalal undaayi, athil valia janasamkhyayulla idathoornna nagara leauttu, daridraraaya oru saamoohika varggathinte nilanilpp, edoyude savisheshamaaya kalavastha saahacharyangal enniva ulppedunnu. edoyude theepidithathekkurichu padicha pandithanaaya maatsunosuke nishiyama theepidithatthinte kaaranagal ingane sangrahichu janasamkhyayude vardhanavu. edoyil shogunett sthaapichathinushesham, "diamyos" (saamanta prabhukkanmaar), hadamoto (muthirnna nilanirthalkkaar) nivaasangal edo kottaykku chuttum nirmmikkukayum dhaaraalam samuraikal thaamasikkukayum cheythu. samuraay jeevithathe pinthunacha vyaapaarikalum karakaushalathozhilaalikalum taamasiyaathe attin koottamaayi edoilek kudiyerukayum janasamkhya vardhikkaan kaaranamaakukayum cheythu. edoyude janasamkhya 1640-ll ekadesham 400,000 ("kaani" 17) ll ninnu 1693-ll ekadesham 800,000 aayi ("jenroku" 6) vardhichu, 1721-oode ("kyoho" 6) ekadesham 1,100,000 aayi valarnnu. samuraayude vishalamaaya paarppida pradeshangalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, chonin valare cheria pradeshangalil othungi. vardhichuvarunna janasamkhya avarude janasaandrathaye valare uyarnna nilayilekku nayichu. avarude thaamasasthalangal othukkamulla sthalangalil idathoornna reethiyil krameekarichirunnu, koodaathe cheenjupovukayum cheythu. aalohari thaamasasthalam, adukkala, alamara enniva ulppede, saadhaaranayaayi aarr tatami paayakalude valuppamaayirunnu. athinupurame, maravum kadalas nirmmikkunna vasthukkal eluppathil theepiduthatthinu indhanamaayi maari. eee saahacharyangalellam swaabhaavikamaayum theepidithangalkkulla saadhyatha vardhippichu. theekoluthal. edoile theepidutthatthinte pradhana kaaranamenna nilayil, moshtaakkal valia thothil rekhappeduthiyittundu. arast cheyyappetta theeveppukaar palarum edoyude uyarnna jeevithachelavum guarander illaathathinaal karar cheytha sevakar aayi jolie cheyyaanulla ayogyathayum kaaranam daridra jeevitam nayikkukayaayirunnu. avaril chilar avarude veedukal kathikkukayum kuttakrithyangal cheiyunnathil ninnu nashtappedaan kuravaayirunnu. 1723lum 1724lum ("kyoho" 8,9) arasttilaaya 102 theeveppukaarkkidayil 41 perr rajisttar cheytha sthira thaamasasthalangalonnum undaayirunnilla. avaril bhooribhaagavum thaazhnna saamoohika vibhagangalil ninnullavaraayirunnu. theepiduthatthinulla prachodanangal vyathyasthamaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum ettavum pradhaanappettath kollayaayirunnu. itharathilulla theeveppukaar kaattil divasangalil theevekkukayum thudarnnulla aswasthathakal muthaleduthu moshanam nadathukayum cheyyum. kollayadikkal ozhike, saamoohika bandhangalil ninnu uthbhavikkunna, athaayath bhrithyanmaar thangalude yajamaananmarodu prathikaram cheiyunnathum parajayappetta pranayabandhangal moolam vidvesham prakadippikkunnathum aayirunnu pathiv uddeshyangal. vyapaarikal athiraalikalude bisinasukalkkum kuttikalkkum theevechu kalikkunnathinte udaaharanangalum "pettennu theevechathupole thonni" enna kuttasammatham nadatthiya oru kesum rekhappeduthiyittundu. thudarnnulla punarnirmmaanatthil oru theepidittham marappanikkarkkum plaasttar workermark steppiljaakkukalkkumkum bisinesses aayirikkumennathinal, avaril chilar theepidithatthinte sambhavathilum vardhanavilum santhoshikkum. prathyekichum, pala agnishamana senaamgangalum praadhamikamaayi steeppiljaakkukalaayi pravarthichirunnathinaal, avaril chilar pothusthalathu agnishamana vaidagdhyam prakadippikkunnathino thangalkk bisinesses avasarangal srishtikkunnathino vendi manappoorvvam thee padartthumaayirunnu. ithu munnariyipp oordinansukal purappeduvikkaanum kuttakrithyam cheytha chila agnishamana senaamgangale vadhikkanum shogunettine prerippichu. arasttilaaya theeveppukaarkku theeyitt kollunnathinu munbu theruvukaliloode paredu nadatthi. ennirunnaalum, theepiduthatthodulla shogunettinte asahishnuthayulla nayam undaayirunnittum, theepiduttham moolamundaakunna theepidutthangal orikkalum edoyil ninnu poornnamaayum illaathaakkaanaayilla. bakumatsu kaalaghattatthil, shogunettinte bharanam kazhivillathathaayi maariyathode pothu kramam vashalayi. thalphalamaayi, theepidutthatthil ninnulla theepidithangal ganyamaayi vardhichu. chila theeveppukaarikal saahithyathinteyum kabuki kruthikaludeyum vishayangalayi maari. ithil 3,500 perr vare kollapetta 1683 leeii tennayude (tenna 3) valia theepidutthatthinum avarude peru nalki. theepidithatthinu ooshichi utharavaadiyallengilum athil avalude veedu nashtappettu. aval oru kshethrathil abhayam praapikkukayum avide oru pejumaayi pranayathilaakukayum cheythu. oru varshathinusesham, mattoru thee avare veendum kandumuttaan praptharaakkumenna bhaavanayude adisthaanathil avar theekoluthaan shramichu. avale arast cheyyukayum vichaarana cheyyukayum theekoluthukayum cheythu. avalude katha ihaara saikkakkinteyum tsuruya nanboku naalaamanteyum adisthaanamaayirunnu. kalavastha saahacharyangal. vadakku ninnulla sakthamaaya shaityakaala kaalavarsham edoic savisheshamaaya oru kalavastha avasthayaayirunnu. vadakkupadinjaaran, vadakkan kaatt moolamundaakunna varanda kaalaavasthayil sambhavicha niravadhi shaityakaala, vasanthakala theepiduthangalkku ithu kaaranamaayi. koodaathe, vasanthakaalathum sharathkaalathum sakthamaaya thekkan kaatt valia theepiduthatthinu mattoru kaaranamaayirunnu. ekkaaranathaal, 1658-ll shogunett sthaapicha naalu teamukal ("manji" 1) kottaye aaa dishayil ninnu padarunna theeyil ninnu samrakshikkunnathinaayi edo kottayude vadakkupadinjaraayi nilayurappichu. maasathil thee enniyappol, maarchil ettavum valia theepiduttham undaayi, thudarnnu februvari, epril, januvari maasangalil. eee naalu maasangal motham valia theepidutthatthinte 70 sathamaanavum undaakki. 107, 000 perr vare jeevan apaharicha edoyude charithratthile ettavum vinashakaramaaya theepidithamaaya meyrekiyude mahaa theepiduttham 1657 march 2 nuu (japanese lunisolar tenpo kalandarile "maireki" 3-nte aadya maasatthinte 18-aamm divasam) sambhavichu. edoyude "choninu" eee vastutha nannayi ariyamaayirunnu. shaithyakaalath, sthreekalodu edoyude praanthapradeshangalile maathaapithaakkalude vasathikalilekku pookaanum theepidittha season kazhinjathinushesham maathrame madangaanaakoo ennu aavasyappettirunnathinaal janasamkhyayil kaalaanusrithamaaya ettakkurachilukal undaayi. 1725ll ("kyoho" 10) aaram maasatthile janasamkhya naalam maasathekkaal 10,000 kavinju. kootticherttha janasamkhyayude 90 sathamaanathiladhikam sthreekalaayirunnu. tokugawa shogunettinte theepidittha prathirodha nadapadikal. edo kaalaghattatthinte thudakkathil, theepiduttham sambhavikkaan saadhyathayulla kaattil "shogan", edo kotta ennivayude samrakshanam mungananayai shogunettile pramukha udyogasthar sthaapichu. ithinu vipareethamaayi, sengoku kaalaghattatthinte avashishtamenna nilayil, choninte paarppida pradeshangalekkurichulla theepidittha prathirodha nadapadikalkku mikkavarum oru shradhayum nalkiyilla. ennirunnaalum, "chonin" saamoohika shakti nediyathode, shogunettinte nayangalum vikasichu, athinte pratheekamaayi, ettaamathe shogan, kyoho parishkaarangalude bhaagamaayi edo saarvathrikamaayi ulkkollunnathinayi thee prathirodha nadapadikal vipuleekarichu. agnishamana samghadanakal. aadyakaala edo kaalaghattatthil agnishamana senaye sthaapanavalkkarichirunnilu. ennirunnaalum, valia theepidithangalude aavarthanam eee samvidaanam sthaapikkunnathinulla oru vazhithirivayi maari. eee samvidaanathinu keezhilulla agnishamana senaamgangale pothuve aandu enningane tharamthirichittundu. book hikeshi" yill, agnishamana senaamgangale "aandu" enningane veendum vibhajichu. thee padarunnathu thadayunnathinaayi ithinakam kathikkarinja kettidangal polikkuka ennathaayirunnu "hikeshiyude" praadhamika agnishamana reethi. maiwa" kaalaghattatthil, manushyashakthi upayogichu pravartthikkunna oru tharam thadi pump upayogichirunnuvenkilum thadassamillaatha jalavitharanathinte abhavam kaaranam ithu orikkalum thee anaykkaanulla poornnamaayum praayogikamaaya maargamaayi maariyilla. meiji punasthaapanam vare, steeppiljaakkukalil bhooribhaagavum undaayirunna professional agnishamana senaamgangal kettidangal kaikondu polikkunnath agnishamanathinte praadhamika reethiyaayi thudarnnu. "dayimyo hikeshi". diamyo hikkeshi" 1643-ll ("kaneyi" 20), oke-maachi theepiduthatthinu rund varshathinu sesham, "dimyosinu" nalkiyirikkunna nirbandhitha pathiv agnishamana sevanathinte roopamaayi sthaapanavalkkarikkappettu. ithinumumbu, theepidithatthe thudarnnu purappeduvicha extemporanius utharavukaliloode "diamyos" agnishamana pravarthanangalkkaayi ayachirunnu. shavakudeerangal, aaraadhanaalayangal, arrie dhaanyashaalakal thudangiya shogunett pradhaanamenn karuthunna sthalangalude utharavaadithamullavarum edoyude vyakthigatha upavibhaagangalude utharavaadithamullavarum "diamyo" vasathikalile svayam prathirodha agnishamana samghangalkku vipareethamaayi chuttumulla pradeshangalil agnishamanathil pankedukkaan baadhyastharumaayavarumaaya "diamyo hikeshi" yude mattu roopangal ulppedunnu. "jobikeshi". myrekkiyile vann theepiduthatthinu oru varshathinu sesham 1658-ll (manji 1) "jobikeshi" sthaapanavalkkarikkappettu. shogunettinte neethrthwathil nerittu agnishamanathinte utharavaadithangal hatamotosinu nalki. fayar lukkoutt towerukal ulla veedukalil avare nilayurappichirunnu. avar vilicha professional agnishamana senaamgangaleyum niyamichu. thudakkathil naalu teamukale samghadippichirunnu. pinneedu, shogunettinte saambathika, sainika nilavaaratheyum "mashibikeshi" yude sannadhathayeyum aashrayich edo kaalaghattatthinte avasaanathode 15 teamukalulla avarude ennam oru teamaayi maari. mikka samayathum patthu teemukalundaayirunnu, athinaal avare vilikkukayum cheythu. "mashibikeshi". ettaamathe shoganaayi tokugawa yoshimun adhikaaramettappol, edoile agnishamana pravartthanangal "diamyo hikeshi", "jobikeshi" ennivaykkidayil vitharanam cheythu, athil randaamathethu vyaapaarikalum karakaushalathozhilaalikalum adangunna "chonin" agnishamana senaamgangalaayirunnu. diamyo hikeshi", "jobikeshi" ennivar anubhavaparichayamulla agnishamana senaamgangalaayirunnuvengu, "choninte paarppida pradeshangalil sambhavikkunna theepiduthathekkurichu avar orikkalum sarikkum aashankappettirunnilla; athinidayil," tanabikeshi "bhayappeduthunna theepidutthatthil ninnu svayam rakshappedunna amachwarish agnishamana senaamgangalude samghangalallaathe mattonnumayirunnilla. 1720ll ("kyoho" 5), tokugawa yoshimoon kyoho parishkaarangalude bhaagamaayi "mashibikeshi" sthaapanavalkkarichu. choninte paarppida pradeshangal samrakshikkaan yadhaarthathil kazhivulla puthiya agnishamana unitukal sthaapikkaan addeham utharavittu. mashibikeshi" sanbradaayathinu keezhil, oro pattanavum athinte "chonin" agnishamana pravarthanangalkkaayi ayaykkendathundu. taunn udyogastharil ninnulla nirddeshangal ookka sweekarikkukayum pattanangalude agnishamana samghangale samghadippikkukayum cheythu. sumida nadiyude padinjaaru naalppathiyettu grouppukal roopeekarichu. naalu ozhikeyullavayellaam orotta hiragana aksharangal upayogichaanu nirddeshikkappettathu, athinaal avaye mothatthil 'dhii' ennu vilikkunnu. nadiyude kizhakk honjoylum fukugaavayilum mattu pathinaar grouppukal roopeekarichu. oro groupinum avarudethaaya savisheshavum unifom undaayirunnu. oro groupilum bandham saadhaaranamaayirunnu, ennaal grouppukal thammilulla abhipraayavyathyaasavum saadhaaranamaayirunnu. 1730ll ("kyoho" 15), eee agnishamana samghangale valia samghangalaayi punasamghadippichu fayar-time mobilisationte vyapthiyum kaaryakshamathayum vardhippichu. mashibikeshi" thudakkathil "choninte paarppida pradeshangalkk mathramaayirunnu utharavaadithamenkilum, avarude kazhivukal amgeekarikkappedukayum pinneedu paalangal, aaraadhanaalayangal, arrie daanyangal, edo kottaykkullil polum samuraikalude paarppida pradeshangalkkullile sthalangalil thee anaykkaan ayaykkappedukayum cheythu. meiji punasthaapana samayat, avar edoyude pradhana agnishamana senayaayi mariyirunnu, athesamayam vipareethamaayi, "booke hikeshi" akkaalat valareyadhikam kuranju. kaiyetta virudha nadapadikal. edoile theepiduthatthinu theepiduttham oru pradhana kaaranamayathinaal, theepiduthakkaare adichamarthaan shogunett ganyamaaya sramam nadatthi. oru puthiya sarkkar sthaanam avatharippichu. "theeveppukaarkku "chonin" enna peril prathiphalam nalki. theeveppu oru kuttakrithyamaakki maattukayum pothujanagalkkulla munnariyippayi thookkumaratthil kathichu shikshikkukayum cheythu. "hitsuke tosoku araattame". "theeveppu, moshanam, choothaattam thudangiya kuttakrithyangal lakshyamidunnathinaayi shogunett avatharippicha oru nilapaadaayirunnu hitsuke tosoku araattem. thudakkathil moonnu kuttakrithyangalkku moonnu vyathyastha tasthikakal undaayirunnuvenkilum 1683ll sainika udyogasthar oresamayam avare niyamichathaayi ariyappettirunnu ("tenna" 3). pinneedu avaa churungiya samayathekku illaathaakkappettu, pakshe 1703-ll ("jenroku" 16) veendum avatharippikkukayum 1718-ll ("kyoho" 3) orotta sthaanathekku samyojippikkukayum cheythu. sivil udyogastharaaya "maachi-bugyo" kku vipareethamaayi, "hitsuke tosoku araattame" sainika udyogastharaayirunnu. athinaal, avarude chodyam cheyyal thanthrangal akramaasakthamaayirunnu. theeveppukaar ennu samshayikkunnavare arast cheyyaan avarkk adhikaaramundaayirunnuve thettaaya arasttukalkk shikshayillaayirunnu. ekkaaranathaal, kuttasammatham nadatthaan nirbandhikkunnathinaayi avar palappozhum arasttilaaya prathikale peedippikkukayum ithu dhaaraalam vyaja aaropanangalilekku nayikkukayum cheythu. ithu "maachi-bugyo" yeei thaarathamyam cheyyumbol avarkk vilipperu nalkia "chonin" enna peril oru kuprasiddha chithram avasheshippichu. theeveppukaarkku sikshayum theekoluthiyum vadhasikshayum. pidikoodiya theeveppukaar udan thanne thirichayaykkanamennum avare thattikkondupoyavarkku prathiphalam nalkanamennum aavashyappedunna oordinansukal shogunett aavarthichu purappeduvichu. koodaathe, theevekkunnayaale pidikoodiya oralkkethiraaya kuttakrithyangalkku mapp nalkum. thangalude koottaalikalkko mattu theeveppukalkko ethire vivaram nalkunnathil nirnaayaka punk vahicha theeveppukalkku polum pothumaapp nalkunnathinu mukalil prathiphalam labhikkaan arhathayundaayirunnu. 1723ll ("kyoho" 8) theepidithamundaayaal theepidithamundaayaal polum samshayaaspadamaaya perumaattatthinte adisthaanathil aareyum arast cheyyaamennu utharavittu. pothujanagalkkulla munnariyippayi, arasttilaaya theeveppukaar nagaratthiloode aninirannu thookkumaratthil kathikkappettu. koodaathe, avarkkethiraya kuttangal thadi falakangalil ezhuthi pothu pradarshanatthinu vekkukayum cheythu. edo kaalaghattatthile shiksha niyamathil nirddeshikkappettirunna kathikkal vadhasiksha 1868ll ("meiji" 1) meiji sarkkaarinte thaalkkaalika shiksha niyamathaal maattisthaapikkunnathuvar nadappaakkiyirunnu. theeveppukaarkku kudumbamgangalum ulppeduthukayum bharyamaareyum penmakkaleyum karar adimakalaakkukayo naadukadatthukayo cheythu. karar theeveppu kesil, kuttatthinu panam nalkia vyakthiyum shikshikkappedum. theeveppukaar oru samuraay aayirunnappol, kathichu vadhikkal prayogayogyamallaayirunnu. pakaram, paramavadhi shiksha vidhikkapettu; sikshikkappetta samuraay shirachhedam cheyyappedukayum thala oru peedatthilo platfomilo vaykkukayum moonnu divasathekku pradarshippikkukayum cheythu, athesamayam mrithadeham vaal parishodhanaykk upayogichu. rekhaamoolamulla kurippukal upayogichu theevekkumennu bheeshanippeduthiyavarkku thudakkathil shiksha labhikkumenkilum pinneedu shiksha naadukadatthalaayi churukki. mukalil vivaricha thathwangalude adisthaanathilaanu shikshakal nalkiyittundenkilum, theeveppu sramangal paraajayappeduka polulla saahacharyangalum pariganichu. 15 vayassil thaazheyulla theeveppukaar vadhikkappedaathe naadukadatthappedukayo vichaarana cheyyappedukayo cheyyum. nagaraasoothranam. kathunna vasthukkalil ninnu nirmmicha kettidangalude saandramaaya vitharanam thee cheruthum valuthumayi parinamikkaan anuvadicha oru pradhana gadakamaayirunnu. oru kettidatthinu theepidichukazhinjaal, agnishamana senaamgangalkk prathikarikkaan kazhiyunnathinumumbu ayal kettidangal kathikkum. ekkaaranathaal, meyrekiyile valia theepiduthatthetthudarnnu, theepidutthatthil ninnu nagaratthinte prathirodham vardhippikkunnathinaayi kathatha vasthukkal upayogichu nirmmicha gadanakal edoyil prothsaahippichu. edoile vividha sthalangalil fayar barrier sonukal vilikkukayum sthaapikkukayum cheythu. tyle melkkoorakalum manveettukalum ulppedeyulla thee prathirodhasheshiyulla vasthukkal sweekarikkunnathu nirbandhamaayi. "heokechi", "hirokoji". meyrekkiyile vann theepidutthatthil undaaya vinashakaramaaya nashtatthinu sesham, agni prathirodha nadapadikalkku edoyude punarnirmmaana padhathiyil valia oonnal labhichu. thee padarunnathu thadayaan fayar barrier sonukal sthaapichu. edo kottayude purambhaagatthe praadhamika thaamasasthalangal maattunnathiloodeyum ozhinjukidakkunna sthalam theepidittha prathirodhatthinaayi neekkivekkunnathiloodey athu aarambhichu. mattu "diamyo" kaludeyum hatamotosinteyum thaamasasthalangal maattippaarppichu. edoikkullil kettidangalude idathoornna sankeernnatha laghookarikkunnathinu, mikka lakshyasthaanangalum kottayil ninnu akaleyayirikkaan thiranjedutthu. koodaathe, "jenroku" kaalaghattatthil, "diamyo" kalkk edoyude praanthapradeshangalil avarude dvitheeya, thritheeya thaamasasthalangal nirmmikkaan bhoomi anuvadikkukayum avarude thritheeya thaamasasthalangal theepidittha samayat abhayakendrangalaayi upayogikkukayum cheythu. puthiya samuraay vaasasthalangalkkulla mattoru maargamaayi bhoomi veendeduthu. 1661 oode ("kanbun" 1), samuraay vasathikal nirmmikkunnathinum "chonin" vasathikal mattunnathinum honjoyle bhoomi veendedukkal poortthiyaayi. kshethrangalilum kshethrangalilum samanamaaya sthalammaatta utharavukal purappeduvichu. avaril bhooribhaagavum edoyude kanaalukalkk puratthekku neengumbol avaril chilar asakusa, komagome, koishikawa ennividangalil avarude puthiya sittukal kandethi. meyrekiyude valia theepiduthatthinu munbaanu eee neekkam theerumaanichathenkilum, nihanbaashiyude ayalpakkathu ninnu asakusayilekku redu-laitt jillayude maattavum eee kaalayalavil sambhavichu. rund tharatthilulla fayar barrier sonukal, koodaathe, sthalammaattam moolam ozhinjukidakkunna bhoomiyil ninnaan srishtichathu; aadyathethu ozhinjukidakkunna plaasakalum randaamathethu veethikuracha theruvukalumaayirunnu. koodaathe, theruvu veethikoottal nayathodoppam, veedukal eathenkilum ives neekkam cheyyendathundu. sthalammaattangal oru vipuleekritha nagara vidyaabhyaasathinu kaaranamaayi. 1662ll (kanbun 2) kanaalukalkk purathulla yuveno, asakusa, shiba ennee pradeshangal maachi-bugyoyude bharanathin keezhil konduvannu. tennayile valia theepiduthatthinu sesham, "diamyo" thaamasasthalangal, shethrangal, aaraadhanaalayangal enniva ulppedunna mattoru sthalammaatta tharamgam puthiya "heokechi" anuvadikkukayum "hirokoji" vipuleekarikkukayum cheythu. thalphalamaayi mikka shethrangalum shethrangalum ippol kanaalukalkk puratthaayirunnu. kyoho parishkaarangalude samayat, "mashibikeshi" yude sthaapanavalkkaranathode theepidittha prathirodham kooduthal shakthippeduthi. kathatha oru edoyodulla tokugawa yoshimooneyude aaveshathinte velichathil, kaanda, hatchobori, ichigaya ennividangalil puthiya "heokechi" sthaapichu. edoic chuttum thee thadassam srishtikkaanulla sramangal nadannittum, "heokechi" ykkullil veedukalum "hirokoji" ykkaduthulla storukalum nirmmicha kesukalum undaayirunnu, ithu avayude falaprapti ganyamaayi kurachu, chilappol mumbathethinekkaal uyarnna theepidithasaadhyathayundaayinu. thee prathirodhasheshiyullathum thee prathirodhasheshiyullathumaaya gadanakal. 1601leeii valia theepiduthatthinu sesham ("keicho" 6), melkkoorakal shinkle melkkoorakalayi parishkarikkanamenn shogunett nirddeshichu. pinneedu, adambara "diamyo" vasathikalkkullile kettidangalkkidayil tyle cheytha melkkoorakal fasionabilaayi maarukayum chila "chonin" vasathikalil avaa sweekarikkukayum cheythu. ennirunnaalum, meyrekiyile valia theepiduthatthinu sesham, thee prathirodhikkunna tailukal melkkoorayil ninnu veezhukayum niravadhi perkku parikkelkkukayum cheythathinaal oru nayaparamaaya maattam tyle cheytha melkkoorakalude upayogam nirodhichu. pakaram, thee padarunnathu thadayaan kathunna melkkoorakal mannu kondu moodanam. 1661ll ("kanbun" 1) puthiya kettidangalil melkkoorakalude upayogavum nirodhichu, ithu shinkle melkkoorakale anuvadaneeyamaaya eaka choisaayi maatti. tokugawa yoshimoon adikaaram ettedukkunnathuvare tyle cheytha melkoora nirbandhamaayi. 1723ll ("kyoho" 8) baanchoykkaduthulla kathikkarinja hattamoto vasathikal tyle melkkoorakal upayogichu punarnirmmikkendathund. ithinaayi palisarahitha vaaypakalum nalki. 1725 nuu sesham ("kyoho" 10), parimithamaaya pradeshangalil, nilavilulla thaamasasthalangal tyle cheytha melkkoorakal sweekarikkendathundu. pinneedu, paalikkaatha thaamasasthalangal polichuneekkumenna munnariyippode eee nayam valia pradeshangalil nadappaakki. chonin" vasathikalkkayi, tyle cheytha melkkoorakalkulla nirodhanam 1720-ll ("kyoho" 5) raddaki. 1722 nuu sesham ("kyoho" 7), edoile ellah kettidangalkkum tyle melkkoorakal undaayirikkukayum avaa mannil ninnu nirmmikkukayo moodukayo cheyyendathundaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum "chonin" ennathinte saambathika bharam kanakkiledukkumbol, chippi shellukal kondu nirmmicha melkkoorakalum chila sandarbhangalil anuvadichirunnu. samuraay thaamasasthalangalkk samaanamaayi, pothu sevana fease palisarahitha vaaypakalum ozhivaakkukayum parishkkarikkappedaathu thaamasasthalangal polikkaan vidheyamaakkukayum cheythu. 1751ll ("kaani" 4) addehathinte maranashesham, prasnakaramaaya saambathika sthithi kaaranam shogunett sajeevamaayillengilum, shogunett nayikkunna kathatha edo prograam tokugawa yoshimooneyude bharanathilaanu nadappilaakkiyathu. meiji" kaalaghattatthinu munbu vividha valia theepidutthangalude pradhana kaaranamaayi marria eee paripadi orikkalum poorthiyaayittilla. nirodanangalum agnibaadha munnariyipp utharavukalum. theepidittham thadayunnathinaayi, theepiduthatthinu saadhyathayulla kaaranangalekkurichulla nirodhanam, pradhana sambhavangalil thee alert utharavukal, yadhaartha theepiduttha samayat nirddishta pravarthanangalkkulla nirodhanam ennivayulppede ellaatharam nirddeshangalum shogunett purappeduvichu. pothu kulimuri, vedikkettu, maalinyangal kathikkal ennivaykkethireyaanu theepidithangal lakshyamidunna nirodhanangal earppeduthiyathu. theepidithatthinu kaaranam ennu samshayikkaathirikkaan mikka "chonin" vasathikalum kulimuri upayogichalla nirmmichathu. thalphalamaayi, pothu kulimuri janapriyamaayi. baath house bisinessil theepidutthatthinte aavasyakatha poornna nirodhanam thadayiyenkilum, 1653-ll ("joou" 2) vaikunneram 6 munny vare pothu baath houseukalil theepiduttham nirodhichu. pothu kulimuri vellam raavile vare sookshikkendathundu, athinaal vellam agnishamanathinaayi upayogikkaam. 1648ll nagarathinullil vedikkettu nirmmaanam nirodhichu ("keeyan" 1). azhimukhangalilozhike avayude upayogavum nirodhikkukayum 1642ll ("keeyan" 5) sumida nadiyude theerathu maathram parimithappedutthukayum cheythu. "jenroku" kaalaghattatthil pattanangalilum veedukalilum "saagicho" aakhoshangal nirodhichirunnu. athinumumbum 1655ll ("meyarekki" 1) maalinyangal kathikkunnathu nirodhichirunnu. oru asaadhaarana udaaharanamaayi, edo kottayil kathunna pattam veenu rund divasathinu sesham 1646-ll ("shoho" 3) pattangalkk nirodhanam earppeduthi. shoganinte darsanavelayil, kyottoyil ninnulla oru rajakeeya vanithayude sandarshanam, josan prathinidhiyude varavu thudangiya pradhana sambhavangalil, uyarnna thothilulla agni munnariyipp aavasyappettu oordinansukal purappeduvichu. eee oordinansukal prakaram, theepidutthavum kalahangalum thadayunnathinaayi nagaram patrolling nadathukayum vellam niracha bakkattukal thayyarakkukayum nagara pradesham vrithiyaakkukayum cheythu. chadangukal aaghoshikkumbozhum samanamaaya utharavukal purappeduvichu. theepidittha samayat nirodhicha prathyeka pravarthanangalil "theeyude kazhchakal", valia valippathilulla vandikalulla upakaranangal neekkuka, ozhippikkunnathinulla thadassangal vardhippikkunnathum kuraykkunnathumaaya thadassangal thadayunnathinaayi avayude upayogavum ulppaadanavum enniva ulppedunnu. "choninte theepidittha prathirodha nadapadikal. eee pazhanchollu jeevithathodulla edoyude janangalude aniyanthrithamaaya manobhaavam vyakthamayum pradharshippikkumbol, nagaratthile pathiv valia theepidithathekkurichu avarude praayogika maanasikaavasthayum ithu prathifalippikkunnu-theepidutthatthil nashtappedunnathinekkaal panam vegathil chelavazhikkunnathaanu nallath. edoyude "chonin" enna shabdathinu thee oru dainamdina dinacharyayaayi maariyirunnuvenkilum avayude vyaapanam eathaandu thadayaanaavaathathaayirunnu. avarude vasathikalum bisinessukalum theepidithatthil akappettappol, aadyathethum pradhaanavumaaya lakshyam vegathil ozhippikkukayum avarude swathukkal samrakshikkukayum cheyyuka ennathaayirunnu. maruvashathu, swantham veedukalil ninnu theepiduttham undakaathirikkaan avar shradhaapoorvvam shradhichu. theepidithangalkkethiraaya vyavasthakal. ravum pakalum pariganikkathe edoilaanu theepidithamundaayathu. oraal urangumbol theepidithamundaayaal, vasthrangal mattunnathum lighting thayyarakkunnathum ozhippikkunnathinulla kaalathamasam undaakkum. athinaal, shaithyakaalam adukkumbol theekkaalathekku praveshikkumbol, munkaruthal enna nilayil, aalukal vasthrangal ulppedeyulla vasthukkalum adiyanthira saahacharyangalil avarude thalayinakalkk aduthum vaykkumaayirunnu. theepidithathekkurichu munnariyipp nalkumbol, uthbhavavum kaattinte dishayum aadyam sthireekarikkum. sahacharyam apakadakaramaanennu kanakkakkiyaal, kondupokaan kazhiyaatha vilayeriya vasthukkal akathu vaykkukayum bisinus upabhokthaakkale ariyikkukayum thee padarunnathu thadayaan theepporikal anakkaan aalukal melkkoorayilekku kayarukayum cheyyum. apakadam aasannamaakumbol, kondupokaan kazhiyunna vilayeriya vasthukkal maathram avar ozhippikkum. vilapidippulla vasthukkale theeyil ninnu samrakshikkaan upayogichu. "oraalkk purakilo tholilo kondupokaan kazhiyunna oru tharam valia mulla kottayayirunnu "yojingago". pradhanappetta rekhakalkkayi vilikkunna wicker boxukal upayogichirunnu. daihachigurma", "kurumaanagamochi" ennivaykku kooduthal saadhanangal kondupokaan kazhiyumenkilum, avayude valia valippangal ozhippikkal samayat thadassamundaakkunnu. charakkukalilninnu konduvanna saadhanangalkk theepidutthatthil ninnu thee pidikkukayum thee padaraan sahayikkukayum cheytha sambhavangalum undaayittund. eee kaaranagal shogunett avare nirodhikkan kaaranamaayi. oru adhika nadapadiyenna nilayilum, insurance theevekkunnathinulla mungamiyenna nilayilum, sambannaraaya vyapaarikal oru veedu nirmmikkunnathin aavashyamaaya vasthukkalkkaayi thadi chillara vyaapaarikalkk munkootty nalkum. avarude bisinasukal kathikkappettaal, avashishtangal neekkam cheytha sesham, prepaid metteeriyalukal udan thanne punarnirmmaanatthinaayi avakashappedaam, angane churungiya samayathinullil bisinesses punaraarambhikkaan kazhiyum. "dasso", "anagura". "theepidittha samayat kaimaran kazhiyaatha vasthukkal sambharikkunnathin upayogikkunna gadanakalaayirunnu "dasso", "anagura" enniva. sambannaraaya vyaapaarikalkk saadhaaranayaayi avayude gunithangal undaayirunnu. uyarnna chelavu kaaranam, "dasso" kooduthalum nirmmikkukayum upayogikkukayum cheythath vyaapaarikalaanu; thaarathamyappeduthumbol, "anagura" saadhaaranakkaarkku kooduthal thaangavunna vilayullathaayirunnu. "kattiyulla plaasttar cheytha manmathilukalulla storhousukalaayirunnu "dasso", mikka kesukalilum tyle cheytha melkkoorakalaayirunnu avaa. kattiyulla mathilukal shakthippeduthiya thee prathirodham charakkukal, veettupakaranangal, upakaranangal, vilayeriya vasthukkal enniva sambharikkunnathin anuyojyamaakki. ennirunnaalum, nilavaaramillaatha nirmmanavum anuchithamaya attakuttappanikalum moolamundaakunna kedupaadukal, janalukalileyum praveshana kavaadangalileyum villalukalil ninnu theepiduttham, elikalude dwaarangal enniva moolam avarkk budhimuttundaakam, athinte falamaayi avaa thakaruka polum cheyyaam. ekkaaranathaal, sambannaraaya vyapaarikal theepiduttham undaakumbol avarude pathiv plaastarukal vegathil avarude "dasso" adaykkaan kazhiyunna vidhathil orungiya avasthayil bhoomi thayyarakkum. avar thanne theeyude thudakkaaraayirunnappol, avar avarude "dasso" yude vaathilukal thurannitt pothu praayashchithatthinte oru roopamaayi kathikkaan anuvadikkunna kesukalum undaayirunnu. nilavilundennu vilikkunna rekhakal sookshikkunnathinaayi prathyekamaayi kottakettya "dasso" valia theepidutthatthe athijeevikkaan paryaapthamaanenkilum avayude nirmmaanachelavu ithilum kooduthalaayathinaal orikkalum janapreeti nediyilla. maruvashathu, sambharanasaalakalodu saamyamulla thaamasasthalangalum bisinessukalum undaayirunnu. ennirunnaalum, bisinesses upayogathinu aavashyamaaya vishalamaaya thurappukal ulkkollunnathin avarude thee prathirodham erekkure vittuveezhcha cheyyendivannu. "aadhunika kaalam vare nilanilkkunna "misegura" ippol kooduthalum kaanappedunnath kattori (sawara pradesham), thochigi, kawago ennee nagarangalilaanu, ithu eee nagarangalkkum avayude ayalpakkangalkkum peru nalkunnu. "anagura" bhoogarbha sambharana sthalangalaayirunnu. cheria under bedd storeju yoonittukalil ninnu vyathyasthamayi, oru vyakthiye ulkkollaan mathiyaya sthalamundaayirunnu, koodaathe vilayeriya vasthukkal sambharikkaanum avaa nirmmichirunnu. avaa "dasso" yekkaal vilakuranjavayaayirunnuve theepidithatthinum moshanathinum ethire phalapradamaayirunnu, kaaranam avaykku surakshithamakkaan kavarukal maathrame undaayirunnulloo. "1656ll (meyarekki 2) nihanbaashiyil oru store nadathunna oru druppery vendaraanu edoile "anagura" aadyamaayi upayogichathu. isumi-yaya" yude "anagura" yude falaprapti myrekkiyile valia theepidutthatthil amgeekarikkappedukayum avaye janapriyamakkaan sahayikkukayum cheythu. edoile "anagura" yude janapreethiyekkurichu, edoyude patthilonnu dwaarangalaayi maariyenn kawago uppu vyaapaari thante oormmakkurippil ezhuthi. atharam janapreeti eee thozhilinu kaaranamaayi. uyarnna bhoogarbha jalanirapp moolamundaakunna chorcha thadayunnathinaayi edoile "anagura" pradhaanamaayum cypress upayogichaanu nirmmichathenkilum bhoogarbha eerppam avayude eerppam parimithappedutthiyirunnu. theepidithangalkkulla shikshakal. theepiduttham thadayunnathinaayi shogunett theekoluthikkondu vadhasiksha ulppedeyulla shikshakal earppeduthiyenkilum theepidithangalkkulla shiksha athra kadinamaayirunnilla. theepidithatthinu kaaranamaaya samuraay vibhaagakkaare avarude vasathikalkkullil athu anakkaan kazhinjaal veruthe vidum; thee cheruthaayi thudarukayaanenkil "chonin" upayogichirunnathupole. vann theepidithatthil maranavum naadukadatthalum ulppede kadinamaaya shikshakal earppeduthaanulla kaunsil oof kansartt nirddeshangal orikkalum amgeekarikkappettilla. akkaalat theepidithangal arcum sambhavikkamennum abadhathil oru valia theepiduttham nadathukayaanenkil seppuku cheyyaanulla avarude sannadhathaye "roju" chodyam cheythuvennum upakhyaanaparamaaya nyaayavaadam nireekshichu. samuraisinte theepidithangal. oru "diamyo" vasathiyil theepidittham sambhavikkukayaanenkil, gettu samrakshikkunnidatholam kaalam, veedukalkku theepidichaalum udama utharavaadiyaayirikkilla. swaabhaavikamaayum, gettu samrakshanathinte kendramaayi maari. chila samuraikal rakshappedumbol avarude sliding vaathilukal frameukalil ninnu eduthu kondupokum. mattullavar sambhavasthalathekku oodiyethiya "mashibikeshi" adaykkukayum swantham shakthiyil thee anaykkukayum thudarnnu theepidutthatthil ninnaan puka varunnathennu avakaashappedukayum cheyyum. shaareerika shikshayonnum undaayirunnillengilum, aakasmikamaayi theepidithatthinu kaaranamaaya oru samuraay oru badal vasathiyil veettuthadankalilaakkaan report cheyyendathundu; addeham thante vasathiyil ninnu thee padaraan anuvadichirunnenkil, addeham thante meludyogasthanodu utharavaaditham avakaashappedanam. moonnu theepidithangal oru samurayi thante vasathi edoyude praanthapradeshathekku maattaan nirbandhithanaakkum, ithu vyakthamaayi nirddeshichittillenge. "chonins, shethrangal, shethrangal ennivayude theepidithangal. chonin" ennathinu, "kujikata osadamegakki" yude randaamathe vaalyam abadhathil (ekadesham) kooduthal vishalamaaya pradeshangal kathichavarkku 10,20,30 divasathe pizha allengil karsanamaaya veettuthadakkam earppeduthi. shogan sandarshanathinu purappetta oru divasam theepidittham undaayal shiksha 50 divasathekku neettukayum kaikondu kattikondu vashalaakkukayum cheyyaam. theepidutthatthinte kedupaadukal kuttavaaliye koodaathe (ekadesham) kooduthal vishalamaaya oru pradeshathu vyapichaal, kudumbathalavan, bhoovudama, koodaathe 30 divasathe "ooshikoomi" nuu vidheyanaakum. addeham undaayirunna sthalathe amgangalkku 20 divasathe "oshikkom" sikshayum labikkum. koodaathe, leaward ozhikeyulla agni srothasinu chuttumulla aarr pattanangalile "gachigyoji" kku 20 divasathe "oshikom" labikkum. kshethrangalilum aaraadhanaalayangalilum nadakkunna theepidithangalkku, dayayode shogunett agnishamana senaamgangale ezhu divasathe allengil laitt house arast kondu shikshichu, athil prathyeka ratri vinodangal sahikkapettu. shoganinte sandarshanathodanubandhicha valuthayi mariatho aaya oru theepiduttham polum shikshaykk moonnu divasam koodi koodi nalkum. mattu pattanangale apekshichu swaadheenamulla shethrangalkkum aaraadhanaalayangalkkum chuttum nirmmicha pattanangalil theepidithangalkku valare kooduthal daya nalki sikshikkappettu. moonnu divasathe "oshikom" maathrame vendivarikayulloo ennathinekkaal vishalamaaya pradeshangal kathikkunna oru thee. saambathika aaghaatham. oro thavanayum oru valia theepidittham undaakumbol, thakarnnupoya oru edo punarujjeevippikkunnathi aavashyamaaya bhouthikavum saambathikavumaaya chelavukal valare valuthaayirunnu. athinaal, upabhokthru vilakalilum saambathika saadhyathakalilum valia theepidutthatthinte swaadheenam edoyil ninnu uyarukayum jappan muzhuvan baadikkukayum cheyyum. athinaal idaykkide valia theepidutthangal undaakunnath edoyude saambathika valarchaye pinthunacha oru pradhana preraka gadakamaayi parayaam. neremarichu, punarnirmmaanachelavum shogunettinu valia bhaaramaayi maarukayum athinte prasnakaramaaya saambathika saahacharyangalkk kaaranamaakukayum cheythu. saambathika sammarddam anubavikkunna "chonin" yum undaayirunnu. oru valia bisinesses nadathunna oru vyaapaariye oru valia theepiduthatthinu sesham oru "nagaya" yill jeevikkaan kazhiyumennu sangalppikkaan kazhiyilla. shogunettinte bajattinte kaaryam varumbol, "choninu" anuvadicha chelavukalil, theepidittha prathirodhavum agnishamanavumaayi bandhappettathum ettavum valia anupathamaayirunnu. upabhokthru vila kuthichuyarunnu. oro valia theepidutthavum edoile vilakkayattathe ardhamaakkunnu. ariyil ninnu aarambhich veedukal punarnirmikkaan aavashyamaaya nirmmaana saamagrikalum avayude vila vardhichu. udaaharanathinu, meyrekiyile valia theepiduthatthinu sesham, seik vila oru "shhow" (ekadesham) ll ninnu "shhow" nuu 1000 "moonn" aayi uyarnnu, athesamayam ennayude vila oru shoyk 3 "moonn" ll ninnu "shhow" nuu 2400 "moonn" aayi uyarnnu. nagaratthile punarnirmmaanatthinte vardhicha jolibharam vaadakaykkedutha karakaushalathozhilaalikalude chelavu uyaran sahayichu. karakaushalathozhilaalikalkk purame, karar cheytha sevakarkkum valia theepidutthatthe bhayann edoyil jolie cheyyaan aagrahikkunnavaril kurachuperkku avarude shambalathil vardhanavu undaayi. ivayozhike, bhavanangalude abhaavathe adisthaanamaakki vaadakayum vardhichu; paalangal punarnirmmikkunnathin munbu vardhicha demand kaaranam ferry nirakkum vardhichu. ivayellaam edoyude valia theepidithangal praadeshika upabhokthru vilakalil cheluthiya prathyaaghaathangalaayirunnu. panapperuppa vila niyantrikkunnathinaayi, vilavardhanavu niyamavirudhamaakkukayum karakaushalathozhilaalikalude shambalathinu uyarnna paridhikal earppeduthukayum ettavum pramukharaaya kuttavaalikale shikshikkukayum cheiyunna oordinansukal shogunett purappeduvichu. edoile ariyude kuravu pariharikkunna nadapadikal praabalyatthil vannu. karshakaril ninnu nerittu arrie vaangukayum veendum vilkkukayum cheythu. karshakarkk arrie svayam wilkan edoilek varanum anuvaadamundaayirunnu. raajyathudaneelamulla sthalangalilekku edoyil ninnu vaangunna oordarukalude ennam vardhichathinaal, saambathika saadhyathakalil edoyude valia theepidutthatthinte swaadheenam raajyavyaapakamaayirunnu. avasaravaadaparamaaya vilavardhanavinethire shogunett samanamaaya munnariyippukal nalki. ennirunnaalum, marakkachavadatthil ninnu sambathu kettippadukkukayum meyrekiyude valia theepiduthatthinu sesham nirmmaana karar undaakkukayum cheytha vyaapaarikaleppolullavare athu thadanjilla. shogunettinte mail saambathika bharam. kathikkarinja soukaryangal punarnirmmikkunnathinulla chelavukal shogunettinte bajattinte valiyoru bhagam ulkkollunnu. myrekkiyile valia theepidutthatthil, edo kottayude tenshu paripalanam nashtappettathayi avasheshichenkilum, akathe kottayudeyum kottarangaludeyum punarnirmmaanatthinu motham chelavukal rekhappeduthiyittundu. thaarathamyathinu, akkaalathe shogan tokugawa iyaasuvinte cherumakanum thante poorvvikaril ninnu 4.23 laksham "ryoo" vilamathikkunna panavum swathukkalum paarambaryamaayi nedi. punarnirmmaanatthinupuram, duranta nivaarana pravartthanangal valia chelavukalude mattoru srothassaayirunnu. myrekkiyile valia theepiduthatthinu sesham, hatamotos avarude staippandin aanupaathikamaaya endovementukal sweekarikkukayum avarkk munkooraayi arrie adaykkaan anuvadikkukayum cheythu. diamyos" ennathinu, endovementukalkku purame, patthu varshathe vaaypakalum nalki. avarude vasathikalude munvashangalude valuppavumayi poruthappedunna oharikalulla "chonin" enna peril ekadesham 160,000 "ryoo" endovementukalkkaayi chelavazhichu. koodaathe, veedukal nashtappetta "choninu" konchi nalkaan "diamyos"-nodu utharavittu; arrie daanyangal kathicha "choninu" soujanya arrie vitharanam cheythu. myrekkiyile valia theepiduthatthinu sesham, saambathika sthithi vashalayathinaal cheria thothilaanengilum valia theepidittham undaakumbozhellaam shogunett durithaashwaasa pravartthanangal thudarnnu.

idomadhye aag japanchya ido kalat (1600-1868) tokiyoche purviche naav asalelya ido shaharat aag lagane itake varanvar hote qee, mhan mhananyapramane ido shaharache vaishishtya hote. aadhunik kalatahi, juna eedo ajunahi 'daad. eedo hii jagaat durmil gosht hotee, kaaran shaharatil vishal shahari bhag varanvar aagine jaloon khaq jhaale hote. eedochya mothya aagichi tulana agnichya devanshi kelee gelee aanee tyanche vinodi varnan 'sharad rututil paaney' asey dekhil kele gele. aagichi varanvarta. 1601 ("keicho" 6) aanee 1867 ("keio" 3) yaa 267 varshandarmyan, idola 49 mothya aagee lagalya. tyaa tulanet, yach kalat kyoto, osaka aanee kanazawa yetheel mothya aagichi ekoon sankhya anukrame fakt nauu, sahaa aanee teen hotee, jyamule idochi aakruti japanmadhil itar mahanagaranpeksha vegali hotee. itar vruttannusar, idochya itihasat 85 hoon adhik mothya aagee lagalya hotya. 1600 teey 1945 darmyan, aag, bhookamp, tsunami, jwalamukhi udrek aanee yuddhamule ido/tokiyola darr 25-50 varshanni samatolit kele gele. jarr chhotya aagichahi samavesh keela tarr yaa 267 varshanchya kalavadhit jhalelya 1,798 aagipaiki 269 1601-1700,541 1701-1800 aanee 986 1801-1867 madhye hotya. tokugavachya uttaradhat eedochi loksankhya tyachya vadhatya aarthik samruddhishi susangat vadhali, tasech shaharatil aagichi varanvarta dekhil tyachya vadhichya pramanat vadhali. visheshtah, 1851 ("kaee" 3) aanee 1867 darmyanchya 17 varshant 506 aagee lagalya, jyasathi tokugawa shogunetchya asamarth prashasanamule nirman jhaleli asthir sarvajanik suvyavastha haah eka pramukh yogdan denara ghatak hota. mothya aagichi yadee. khaleel pratinidhi taktyat idochya itihasatil kahee mothya aagichi yadee aahe, jyamule jeev aanee bhautik haniche vinashkari nuksan jhaale. maireki', 'meva' aanee 'banka' yaa yugat ghadalelya teen goshtinna 'daad' asey mhatale jaat asey. 1657 madheel mayarekichi mothee aag hii teen danglipaiki sarvat vinashkari manali jaate. idomadhil aag byavachada vegane vadhali, kaaran shaharachya shahari vatavarnamadhye jwalansheel lakadi "machia" imarati aahet jyaa kolasa-jalananya shekotidware garam kelya jaat hotya. tyaa kalatil agnishaman tantradnyanachya maryada tasech idochya panipurvatha pranalichi avishvasaniyata lakshat gheta, ekada lakadi imaratinchya sathyane bharalelya parisarat lagaleli aag hatabaher gelee qee, shaharachya itar bhaganmadhye ticha prasar rokhanyasathi farse adhikari navhate. mothya sphotanvyatirikt, yaa kalat adhunmadhun chhotya aagihi lagalya, jyamule (ektritpane) idomadhye konatyahi ekapeksha jaast vidhvansak aagipeksha jaast nuksan aanee jivitahani jhaali. aagichi karane. eedo kalat, agni haah dainandin jivanacha eka apariharya ghatak hota. tyacha vapar swayampak aanee prakashasathi keela jaat asey, jyamule apghat jhaale. vividh karananmule jhaleli jaalpol heey aagiche aanakhi eka kaaran hote. itar shaharanchya tulanet idomadhye mothya aagichi varanvarta vividh karananmule aalee, jyat mothya loksankhyeche ghandat shahari mandani, garib samajik vargache astitva aanee idochi adviteey hawaman paristhiti yancha samavesh hota. idochya aagicha abhyas karnare vidwan matsunosuke nishiyama yanni aagichya karanancha saransh assa dilah loksankhyechi vaadh. edomadhye shogunet sthapan kelyanantar, edo killyabhovati "demyos" (jagirdar) aanee hatamoto (varishtha snrakshak) nivassthane bandhali gelee aanee mothya sankhyene samurai thevanyat aale. samurayanchya jivanas aadhar denare vyapari aanee karagir lavkarach kalpanmadhye ido yethe sthalantarit jhaale aanee parinami loksankhyet vaadh jhaali. idochi loksankhya 1640 madheel andaje 4,00,000 varoon ('kanai' 17) 1693 madhye sumare 800,000 paryant ('generocu' 6) vadhali aanee 1721 paryant ('kyoho' 6) sumare <id1 paryant vadhali. samuraichya vishal nivasi kshetranchya ulat, chonin khoopach lahan kshetrapurate maryadit hote. vadhatya loksankhyene tyanchi loksankhya ghanata atyant uchch patalivar dhakalali. tyanchi nivassthane ghatt bhagat datpane bandhali gelee hotee aanee asvachchata samanya hotee. dardoi rahanyachi jaaga, swayampakghar aanee kapat yancha samavesh, sahasa sahaa tatami chatayanchya aakaracha hota. tyavyatirikt, lakud aanee kagadache bandhkam sahitya sahajpane aagisathi indhan banale. yaa serve paristhitinmule naisargikaritya aag lagnyachi shakyata jaast asate. jaalpol kelee. idomadhye aagiche pramukh kaaran mhanoon, mothya sankhyene choranchi nond jhaali. atak kelele anek jaalpol karnare eedochya rahnimanacha uchch kharch aanee hamidar naslyamule kararbaddha sevak mhanoon kaam karanyachi apatrata yamule garib jeevan jagat hote. tyanchyapaiki kahinchi ghare jaalanyat aalee hotee aanee gunhe kelyane tyanna farse kahee gamvave lagale navhate. 1723 aanee 1724 madhye atak karnyat aalelya 102 jaalpol karnanyanpaiki ("kyoho" 8 aanee 9) 41 jann hote aanee 22 janankade konatihi nondanikrut kayamswarupi nivassthane navhati. tyapaiki bahutansh nimn samajik vargatoon aale hote. jaalpol karnyachya prerana vegvegalya hotya, jaree sarvat pramukh lootmar hotee. asha prakarchi jaalpol karnare vaayachya divasant aag lavtat aanee tyanantarchya ashantatecha fayda ghet choree karatat. lutmari vyatirikt, varanvar honare hetu samajik sambandhanmule udbhavnare hote, jase qee sevak tyanchya malakacha suud gheu ichchitat aanee ayashasvi jhalelya pranayramya sambandhanmule dvesh karatat. vyapanyanni pratispardhyanchya vyavasayanna aanee mulanna aag lavalyachi aanee 'achanak aag lavalyache' kaboolname denari prakaranehi nondavali gelee. tyanantarchya punarbandhanit aag lagane mhanje sutar, plaster kamgar aanee steeplejack yanchyasathi vyavasay dekhil asel, tyamule tyanchyapaiki kahinna aagichya ghatanecha aanee tivratecha anand hoil. visheshtah, anek agnishamak pramukhyane steeplejack mhanoon kaam karat asalyane, tyanchyapaiki kahijan sarvajanik thikani agnishaman kaushalya dakhavanyasathi kinwa swatahsathi vyavasayachya sandhee nirman karnyasathi jaanunbujun aag pasarvat asat. yamule shogunetala ishara denare adhyadesh jaaree karnyas aanee kahee aaksheparh agnishamkanna fashi denyas pravrutt kele. atak kelelya jaalpoli karnanyanna jaalanyapurvi rastyanvar firavale gele. tathapi, jaalpolibabat shogunetche asahishnu dhoran asoonahi, jaalpolamule nirman jhalelya aagicha eedomadhun kadhihi purnapane naynat jhaala nahee. bakumatsu kalat, shogunetche prashasana aksham jhalyamule sarvajanik suvyavastha bighadali. parinami, jaalpolamule lagalelya aagimadhye lakshaniy vaadh jhaali. kahee jaalpol karnare sahitya aanee kabuki granthanche vishay banale. yamadhye 1683 chya tennachya (teena 3) mothya aagiche naav dekhil hote, jyamadhye 3,500 lock mrutyumukhi padale hote. oshichi aagisathi jababdar navhati, parantu tyat tiche ghar gele. tine eka mandirat aashray ghetala aanee tethil eka panachya premat padali. eka varshanantar, aanakhi eka aag doghannahi punha bhetu deil yaa kalpanevar aadharit tine jaalpol karnyacha prayatna keela. teela atak karnyat aalee, khatala chalavanyat aala aanee agnidware fashi denyat aalee. tichi katha ihara sayakaku aanee tsuruya nanboku IV chaa aadhar hotee. hawaman paristhiti. uttarekadun yenara jordar hiwali mansoon hii idosathi eka adviteey hawaman sthitee hotee. vayavya aanee uttar vanyanmule nirman jhalelya koradya havamanat udbhavalelya anek hiwala aanee vasant rututil aagimadhye yache yogdan hote. yavyatirikt, vasant rutoo aanee sharad rututil jordar dakshin vaare heey mothya aagiche aanakhi eka kaaran hote. yaa karanastav, 1658 madhye shogunetne ("manji" 1) sthapan kelelya chaar pathake, tyaa dishene pasarana aagipasoon killyache sanrakshn karnyasathi ido killyachya vayvyes tainat karnyat aalee hotee. jevha mahinyapramane aagichi ganana kelee gelee, tevha marchmadhye sarvat jaast "mothee aag" lagali, tyanantar februwari, april aanee janewari. yaa chaar mahinyant 70 takke mothya aagee lagalya. 107, 000 paryant jeev gamavalyabaddal idochya itihasatil sarvat vinashkari aag asaleli mairekichi mothee aag 2 march 1657 roji (japani lunisolar tenpo dindarshiketil "maireki" 3 chya pahilya mahinyachya 18 vya divashi) lagali. eedochya 'chonin' laa yaa vastusthitichi changli jaaniv hotee. hivalyat, mahilanna idochya upnagaratil tyanchya palakanchya nivassthani jaanyas aanee aagicha hangam samplyanantarach paratanyas sangitale jaat asey, parinami loksankhyet hangami chadh-utaar hott asat. 1725 madhye ("kyoho" 10), sahavya mahinyatil loksankhya chauthya mahinyachya tulanet 10,000 peksha jaast hotee. atirikt loksankhyepaiki 90 takkyanhun adhik mahila hotya. tokugawa shogunetche aag pratibandhatmak upay. ido kalachya suruvatila, shogunetmadhil pramukh adhikaanyaanee vaayachya divasant, jevha jaalpol honyachi shakyata jaast hotee, tevha pradhanya mhanoon "shogun" aanee ido killyache sanrakshn sthapit kele. yaulat, sengoku kalacha avashesh mhanoon, "chonin" chya nivasi kshetranshi sambandhit aag pratibandhatmak upayankade jawaljawal laksh dile gele nahee. tathapi, "chonin" neey samajik shakti midavalyane, shogunetchi dhorane dekhil vikasit jhaali, jyache prateek mhanoon, aathvya shogunane, kyoho sudharanancha bhag mhanoon idola sarvatrikpane cover karnyasathi agni pratibandhatmak upayancha vistar keela. agnishaman sanstha. idochya suruvatichya kalat agnishaman sansthatmak navhate. tathapi, mothya aagichi punaravrutti haah vyavasthechya sthapanesathi eka nirnayak tappa banala. yaa pranaliantargat agnishamkanche samanyatah aanee asey vargikaran kele gele. book hikeshi" madhye, agnishamkanchi pudhil vibhagani aanee ashee karnyat aalee. aag pasaru naye mhanoon aadhich jalalelya imaratinchya sabhovatalachya imarati padane hii 'hikeshi' chee agnishaman karanyachi prathamik paddhat hotee. meva' yugat, manushyabaladvare chalavala jaanara lakadi pump vaparla jaat asey, parantu akhandit panipurvatha naslyamule too agnishamak yantrasathi kadhihi purnapane vyavharya sadhan banala nahee. mejichya jirnoddharaparyant, vyavsayik agnishamkankadun imarati hatane padane, jyapaiki steeplejack bahusankhya hote, hii agnishaman dalachi prathamik paddhat rahili. "" "daimyo hikeshi". oke-machichya aaginantar done varshanni 1643 madhye ('kanai' 20) 'demyo hikeshi' chey sansthatmakakaran karnyat aale, jeey 'demyos' laa niyukt kelelya anivarya niyamit agnishaman seveche swaroop hote. yapurvi, aag laglyanantar jaaree kelelya atirikt aadeshandvare "demyos" agnishamak karyasathi pathvanyat aale hote. daimyo hikeshi" chya itar prakaranmadhye, jeey shogunetne mahattvachya manalya gelelya thikanansathi jababdar hote, jase qee samadhi, mandire aanee tandalachya dhanye; jeey eedochya vaiyaktik upavibhagansathi jababdar hote; aanee, jeey "daimyo" nivassthananmadhil swayam-sanrakshn agnishaman sansthanchya ulat, aaspaschya bhagat agnishamanat bhag ghenyas bandhil hote. "jobikeshi". mirekchya bhishan aaginantar eka varshanantar 1658 madhye (manji 1) 'jobikeshi' sansthatmak karnyat aale. thet shogunetchya netrutvakhali hatamotonna agnishaman dalachya jababdanya sopavanyat aalya hotya. tyanna phayar lookout towers asalelya gharanmadhye tainat karnyat aale hote. tyanni vyavsayik agnishamak dalala dekhil niyukt kele. suruvatila chaar sanghanche aayojan karnyat aale hote. nantar, shogunetchya aarthik aanee lashkari sthitivar tasech "machibikeshi" chya sajjatevar avalambun, 15 sanghansah, tyanchya sankhyet chadh-utaar houn, ido kalavadhichya akheris fakt eka sanghat badal jhaala. bahutansh vela daha sangh asat aanee mhanoon tyanna 'aanee' asehi bolavanyat aale. "machibikeshi". jevha tokugawa yoshimunne aathva shogun mhanoon satta sweekarli, tevha eedomadhil agnishaman karye "daimyo hikeshi", "jobikeshi" aanee jyapaiki nantarche "chonin" agnishamak hote jyat vyapari aanee karagir hote. daimyo hikeshi" aanee "jobikeshi" anubhavi agnishamak hote, parantu tyanna "chonin" chya nivasi bhagat honanya aagichi kharokhar kadhich chinta navhati; darmyan, "tanabikeshi" heey haushi agnishamkanchya gatapeksha adhik kahee navhate jeey swatah bhitidayak aagipasoon paloon jaatil. 1720 madhye ("kyoho" 5), tokugawa yoshimunene kyoho sudharanancha eka bhag mhanoon "machibikeshi" sansthatmak kele. tyanni naveen agnishaman pathake sthapan karnyache aadesh dile jeey kharokharach "chonin" chya nivasi bhaganche sanrakshn karnyas saksham asateel. machibikeshi' pranaliantargat, pratyek shaharala agnishaman karyansathi tyanche 'chonin' pathvane aavashyak hote. ōoka yanni shaharachya adhikadhyanchya soochana swikarlya aanee shaharanchya agnishamak gatanna sanghatit kele. sumida nadichya paschimela aththavis gut tayar jhaale. chaar vagalata tyaa sarvanna ekach hiragan akshare vaparoon niyukt kele gele aanee mhanoon tyanna ektritpane hiragan akshare mhanoon sambodhale gele. nadichya poorves honjo aanee phukugawa yethe itar sola gut tayar jhaale. pratyek gatachi swatachi anokhi aanee ganvesh hotee. pratyek gatamadhye sambandh nehamiche hote, parantu gatanmadhil matbhed dekhil samanya hote. 1730 madhye ("kyoho" 15), agnishamak dalanchi mothya gatanmadhye punarrachana karnyat aalee jenekarun agnishamak-velechya jamvajamvinche praman aanee karyakshamta vadhavta yeil. jaree 'machibikeshi' suruvatila keval 'chonin' chya nivasi bhagansathi jababdar hote, taree tyanchya kshamatanchi olakh jhaali aanee nantar samurayachya nivasi bhagat, jase qee pool, mandire, tandalachya dhanye aanee agadi ido killyachya aatahi aagishi ladhanyasathi pathvanyat aale. mejichya jirnoddharaparyant, teey eedoche mukhya agnishaman dall banale hote, tarr yaulat, tyaa veleparyant 'book hikeshi' mothya pramanat qamee jhaale hote. shastravirodhi upay. idomadhye aag lagnyache eka pramukh kaaran mhanje jaalpol asalyane, shogunetne jaalpol karnanyanvar karvai karnyasathi barech prayatna kele. eka naveen sarkari padd, sadar karnyat aale. "jaalpol karnanyanna pakadalyabaddal 'chonin' laa bakshise denyat aalee. jaalpol karane haah gunha banavanyat aala aanee janatela ishara mhanoon tyala dandivar jaalun shiksha karnyat aalee. "hitsuke tozoku aratame". "hitsuke tozoku aratame" hii eka sthitee hotee jee shogunetne jaalpol, choree aanee jugar yaa gunhyanna lakshya karnyasathi suru kelee hotee. suruvatila yaa teen gunhyansathi teen swatantra padey asali taree, 1683 madhye lashkari adhikaone ('teena' 3) tee ekach velee thewali hotee. nantar teey thodya kalasathi baad karnyat aale, parantu 1703 madhye ("generocu" 16) punha sadar karnyat aale aanee 1718 madhye ("kyoho" 3) ekach sthiteet ekikrut karnyat aale. nagri adhikari asalelya "machee-bugyo" chya ulat, "hitsuke tozoku aratame" heey lashkari adhikari hote. tyamule tyanchi chaukashichi dhorane hinsak hotee. jaree tyanna sanshayit jaalpol karnanyanna atak karnyacha adhikar hota, taree chukichya atkesathi konatahi dand navhata. yaa karanastav, teey anekada atak kelelya sanshayitanna jabardastine kabulijbab denyasathi chhalayache, jyamule mothya sankhyene khote aarop kele jaatat. yamule 'chonin' varr eka kukhyat pratima rahili, jyane 'machee-bugyo' aanee 'chonin' chee tulana kartana tyanna topananav dile. jaalpol karnanyanna pakadanyasathi aanee jaalun fashi denyasathi bakshise. shogunetne varanvar adhyadesh jaaree kele jyat pakadalya gelelya jaalpol karnanyanna twarit parat karanyachi aanee tyanna apaharan karnanyanna bakshise denyachi magani kelee gelee. shivay, jaalpol karananya vyaktila pakadana vyaktiviruddhachya thakbakidar gunhyanna maaf kele jaeel. jyaa jaalpol karnanyanni tyanchya sathidaranviruddha kinwa itar jaalpol karnadhyanviruddha mahitee denyat mahattvapoorn bhoomika bajavali hotee, teey dekhil mafichya varr bakshisasathi patra hote. 1723 madhye ("kyoho" 8), konatyahi vyaktine jaalpol kelee nasali tarihi aagichya babatit sanshayaspad vartanachya aadhare tyala atak kelee jaau shakate asey aadesh denyat aale hote. janatela ishara mhanoon, atak kelelya jaalpol karnanyanna shaharat firavale gele aanee tyanna jaalun taknyat aale. shivay, tyanchyaviruddhache aarop lakadi falkanvar lihile gele aanee sarvajanik pradarshanasathi thewale gele. ido kalatil dand sanhitet jaalun fashichi tartud karnyat aalee hotee aanee 1868 madhye (meji 1) meji sarkarchya tatpuratya dand sanhitene tyachi jaaga gheiparyant tee palali jaat hotee. jaalpolichya aaropinchya kutumbatil sadasyannahi doshi tharvanyat aale aanee patni aanee mulinna kararbaddha gulamgirit kinwa haddapar karnyat aale. kantrati jaalpolichya babatit, jyane gunhyasathi paise dile tyaa vyaktila dekhil shiksha hote. jaalpol karnara samurai asatana jaalun takane lagoo hott navhate. tyaeivaji, jastit jaast dand thothavanyat aala; doshi samuraicha shirachhed karnyat aala aanee doke eka payathyavar kinwa vyaspithavar thewale gele aanee teen divas pradarshit kele gele, tarr mrutdeh talvarichya chachanisathi vaparla gela. jyanni lekhee notanni jaalpolachi dhamki dilee hotee, tyanna suruvatila dandaniy hote, parantu nantar shiksha haddapar karnyat aalee. varr varnan kelelya tattvanchya aadhare shiksha denyat aalya asalya taree, jaalpol karnyache ayashasvi prayatna yasarkhya tivra paristhitincha dekhil vichar karnyat aala. 15 varshankhalil jaalpol karnanyanna fashi dilee jaanar nahee, tarr tyanna haddapar kele jaeel kinwa tyanna prabationvar thewale jaeel. shahari niyojan. jwalansheel samgripasoon bandhalelya imaratinche ghandat vitaran haah eka mahattvacha ghatak hota jyamule aag lahan teey mothya pramanat vikasit houu shakali. ekada eka imaratila aag lagali qee, agnishaman dalache jawan pratisad denyapurvich shejarchya imaratila aag lagali. yaa karanastav, mairekichya bhishan aaginantar, aagipasoon shaharache sanrakshn vadhavanyasathi jwalansheel nasalelya samagreene banavalelya sanrachananna idomadhye protsahan denyat aale. idomadhye vividh thikani aag avarodhak kshetranna bolavanyat aale aanee teey ubharanyat aale. farshidar chhappar aanee matichi ghare yasah agnirodhak samagricha avalamb karane anivarya jhaale. "hyokechi" aanee "hirokoji". mayarekichya bhishan aagit jhalelya vinashkari nukasananantar, idochya punarrachana yojnet aag pratibandhatmak upayayojananvar mothya pramanat bharr denyat aala. aag pasaru naye yasathi aag rokhanyache kshetra ubharanyat aale hote. yachee suruvat ido killyachya bahereel prathamik nivassthane halavoon aanee rikt jaaga aag rokhanyasathi samarpit karoon jhaali. tyanantar itar "demyo" aanee hatamotosashi sambandhit nivassthananche sthalantar jhaale. idochya aateel imaratinche daat aakunchan qamee karnyasathi, bahutek gantavye killyapasoon door thevanyasathi nivadali gelee. shivay, 'generocu' yugat, 'demyo' laa idochya bahereel bhagat tyanchi duyyam aanee trutiyak nivassthane bandhanyasathi jameen denyat aalee hotee aanee aagichya velee tyanchi trutiyak nivassthane dekhil aashraysthan mhanoon vaparali jaat hotee. naveen samurai nivassthananna samavoon ghenyache aanakhi eka sadhan mhanoon jameen parat midvanyat aalee. 1661 chya sumaras (kanbun 1), samurai nivassthananche bandhkam tasech "chonin" nivassthananche sthalantar karnyasathi honjomadhil jameen punarbandhani purn jhaali. mandire aanee tirthkshetranna dekhil ashach prakarche sthalantar karnyache aadesh jaaree karnyat aale hote. tyanchyapaiki bahutekjan eedochya kalvyambaher gele tarr kahinna tyanchi naveen thikane askusa, komagome aanee koshikawa yethe sapadali. nerekichya bhishan aagipurvi heey paul uchalale gele asale taree, nihonbashichya shejarchya reed-light jilhyache asakusamadhye sthalantar dekhil yach kalat jhaale. done prakarche agni avarodhak kshetra, aanee, sthalantaramule rikt jhalelya jaminivarun tayar kele gele hote; pahile rikt plaza hote aanee nantarche rund raste hote. yavyatirikt, rastyanchya rundikaranachya dhoranasah, gharanna konatyahi aadvya vastoo kadhoon takane aavashyak hote. sthalantaramule shahari shikshanat vaadh jhaali. 1662 madhye (kanbun 2), kalvyambaheril yueno, asakusa aanee shiba heey kshetra 'machee-bugyo' chya prashasanakhali aanale gele. tennachya bhishan aaginantar, 'daimyo' nivassthane, mandire aanee tirthkshetrancha samavesh asalelya sthanantaranachi aanakhi eka laat aalee aanee naveen 'hyokechi' laa parvanagi dilee aanee 'hirokoji' chaa vistar keela. parinami bahutek mandire aanee mandire aata kalvyanchya baher hotee. kyoho sudharanandarmyan, 'machibikeshi' chya sansthatmakatepasun agnisuraksha aanakhi majboot karnyat aalee. tokugawa yoshimunchya jwalansheel nasalelya idochya utsahachya prakashat, kanda, hatchboary aanee ichigaya yethe naveen "hyokechi" sthapan karnyat aalee. idochya aaspas aag avarodhak kshetre sthapit karnyacha prayatna karoonahi, ashee prakarane dekhil hotee jithe 'hyokechi' chya aat ghare bandhali gelee hotee aanee 'hirokoji' chya bajoone dukane hotee, jyamule tyanchi parinamkarakta lakshaniyaritya qamee jhaali, kadhikadhi asha tappyavar jithe aag lagnyacha dhoka purvipeksha jaast hota. agnirodhak aanee agnirodhak sanrachana. 1601chya bhishan aaginantar ("keicho" 6), shogunetne farasbandichya chhapparanna shingle chhapparanmadhye badalane anivarya kele. nantar, vilasi "demyo" nivassthananmadhil imaratinmadhye farasbandiche chhappar fashionable jhaale aanee kahee "chonin" nivassthananmadhye dekhil teey sweekarle gele. tathapi, mairekichya bhishan aaginantar, dhoranat badal karoon tilechya chhatanchya vaparavar bandee ghalanyat aalee kaaran aag-pratirodhak farsha chhatavarun padalya aanee tyamule anek jann jakhami jhaale. tyaeivaji, aag pasaru naye mhanoon jwalansheel chhappar matine jhakane aavashyak hote. 1661 madhye (kanbun 1), naveen imaratinmadhye chhapparanchya vaparavar dekhil bandee ghalanyat aalee, jyamule shingle chhappar haah ekmev parvanagi asalela paryay banala. tokugawa yoshimunene satta swikarlyashivay farshidar chhappar anivarya jhaale. samurai nivassthanansathi, 1723 madhye ("kyoho" 8), banchojavalil jalalelya hatamoto nivassthananchi tilechya chhatanni punarbandhani karane aavashyak hote. yasathi vyajmukt karjahi denyat aale hote. 1725 chya sumaras ("kyoho" 10), maryadit bhagat, vidyaman nivassthananna tileche chhappar swikarane aavashyak hote. nantar, heey dhoran mothya bhagat lagoo karnyat aale aanee palan naan keleli ghare padali jaatil assa ishara denyat aala. chonin" nivassthanansathi, 1720 madhye ("kyoho" 5) farshidar chhapparanvaril bandee uthavanyat aalee. 1722 nantar ("kyoho" 7), idomadhil serve imaratinna farshidar chhappar asane aanee teey matine bandhane kinwa jhakane aavashyak hote, jaree "chonin" vareel aarthik oze lakshat gheta, shimpadyachya kavchapasoon banavalelya chhapparanna dekhil kahee prakarananmadhye parvanagi hotee. samurai nivassthananpramanech, sarvajanik seva shulk aanee vyajmukt karjatoon suut upalabdh hotee aanee aparivartit nivassthananchi nasadhus kelee jaat hotee. shogunetdware chalavala jaanara jwalansheel nasalela ido karyakram tokugawa yoshimunchya rajvatit rabavala gela, jaree 1751 madhye ('kanai' 4) tyachya mrutyunantar, tyachya ashant aarthik sthitimule shogunet qamee sakriy jhaale. haah karyakram kadhihi purnapane purn jhaala nahee, jeey "meji" yugachya aadhi vividh mothya aagiche mukhya kaaran banale. pratibandh aanee agni satarkateche aadesh. aag rokhanyasathi, shogunetne aagichya sambhavya karananvar bandee, mahattvachya ghatananmadhye aag chetavani aadesh aanee pratyaksh aagichya velee vishisht kriyakalapanvar bandee yasah serve prakarche nirdesh jaaree kele. sarvajanik snangruhe, fatake aanee kachara jaalanyavar aagichya dhokyanna lakshya karnyasathi pratibandh karnyat aale hote. aagichya babatit sanshayaspad kaaran asoo naye mhanoon bahutek "chonin" ghare snangruhasaha bandhali gelee navhati. parinami, sarvajanik snangruhe lokpriy jhaali. snangruh vyavasayat aagichi garaj asali taree sampoorn bandee rokhali gelee, 1653 madhye ("joou" 2) sarvajanik snangruhanmadhye sandhyakali 6 vajeparyant aag lavnyas bandee ghalanyat aalee. sarvajanik snangruhanna aangholiche paanee sakalparyant thevane aavashyak hote jenekarun panyacha vapar agnishamanasathi keela jaau shakel. 1648 madhye ("keyan" 1) shaharat fatake banavnyavar bandee ghalanyat aalee hotee. nadimukh vagalata tyanchya vaparavar dekhil bandee ghalanyat aalee aanee 1642 madhye ("keyan" 5) keval sumida nadichya kathapurate maryadit karnyat aale. "generocu" yugat shahare aanee gharanmadhye "sagicho" utsavanvar bandee ghalanyat aalee hotee. tyahipurvi, 1655 madhye kachara jaalanyavar bandee ghalanyat aalee hotee ("maireki" 1). eka apavadatmak udaharan mhanoon, ido killyavar jalat asalela patang padlyanantar done divasanni 1646 madhye ("shoho" 3) patanganvar bandee ghalanyat aalee. shogunchi damanala bhet, kyotohoon eka shahee mahilechi bhet aanee josan pratinidhiche aagman yasarkhya mahattvachya ghatananmadhye, agnicha ishara vadhavanyachi magani karnare adhyadesh jaaree karnyat aale. yaa adhyadeshannusar, aag aanee bhandane talhanyasathi shaharat gast ghalanyat aalee, paanee bharalelya badalya tayar karnyat aalya aanee shaharacha parisar swachchh karnyat aala. yethe vidhee sajare kele jaat asatana dekhil asech aadesh jaaree karnyat aale hote. aagichya velee bandee ghatalelya vishisht upkramanmadhye "aag prekshaniy sthale pahane", mothya aakarachya gadyansah halvinari sadhane aanee tyancha vapar aanee utpadan, heey serve adthale tivra honyapasoon rokhanyasathi aanee nirvasanatil adthale qamee karnyasathi samavisht hote. "choninche aag pratibandhatmak upay. hii mhan eedochya lokanchi jivanabaddalchi aniyantrit vrutti spashtapane darshavate, tarr shaharatil varanvar honanya bhishan aagivishayichi tyanchi vyavharik mansikta dekhil pratibimbit karate-aagit haravalyapeksha lavkar kharch karane changle hote. eedochya "chonin" sathee, aag hii dainandin dincharya bunley hotee, tarihi tyancha prasar jawaljawal thambavata yet navhata. jevha tyanchya gharanna aanee vyavasayanna aag lagali, tevha tyanche pahile aanee sarvat mahattvache uddisht twarit rikame karane aanee tyanchya malmatteche jatan karane heey hote. dusarikade, tyanni tyanchya swatachya nivassthanatun aag vizanar nahee yachee kalji ghenyakadehi barkaine laksh dile. aagiviruddhachya tartudi. divas asso vaa ratra, eedomadhye aag lagali. jarr ekhadi vyakti zopet asatana aag lagali tarr kapade badalane aanee prakashyojana karane yamule baher kadhanyat vilamb houu shakato. tyamule, hiwala jawal yet asatana jevha aagicha hangam suru jhaala, tevha khabardaricha upay mhanoon, lock kapadyansah vastoo aanee aapatkalin paristhitit tyanchya ushijaval thevayache. jevha aagichi mahitee dilee jaeel tevha mool aanee vaachee disha pratham nishchit kelee jaeel. jarr paristhiti dhokadayak manali gelee, tarr vahoon neuu naan shakananya maulyavan vastoo tyat takalya jaatil aanee vyavsayik grahakanna kalavali jaatil aanee aag pasaru naye yasathi konatihi kiddy vizavanyasathi lock chhatavar chadhatil. jevha dhoka jawal aala, tevha teey fakt sobat gheuun jaau shakananya maulyavan vastoonsah baher kadhat asat. maulyavan vastunche aagipasoon sanrakshn karnyasathi, tyancha vapar keela gela. "yojinkago" haah bambuchya mothya topalicha eka prakar hota jyadvare ekhadi vyakti pathivar kinwa khandyavar thevu shakat asey. mahattvachya kagadpatransathi, wicker boxes vaparale jaat asat. jaree "daihachiguruma" aanee "kurumangamochi" mothya sankhyene vastunchi vahtook karoo shakat asale, taree tyanchya mothya aakaramule tyanna baher kadhatana adthale nirman jhaale. asha kahee ghatana dekhil hotya jyat vahtook kelelya vastoonna udananya kiditoon aag lagali aanee aag pasaravanyas madat jhaali. yaa karananmule shogunetne tyanchyavar bandee ghatali. atirikt upay mhanoon aanee agnivima ghenyachya agradoot mhanoon, shrimant vyapari ghar bandhanyasathi aavashyak asalelya sahityasathi lakud kirkol vikretyanna aagau paise dett asat. jarr tyanche vyavasay jalale, tarr avashesh hatavalyanantar, purv-dey samagri punarbandhanisathi tabadtob dawa keela jaau shakato, jenekarun alpavadhitach vyavasay punha suru houu shakel. "dozo" aanee "" anagura "." "dozo" aanee "anagura" yaa bandhkamancha vapar aagichya velee hastantarit karata naan yenanya vastoonchya sathavanukisathi keela jaat asey. shrimant vyapanyankade samanyatah tyanchya anekanchi malki asate. tyanchya uchch kharchamule, "dozo" bahutek vyapari bandhat aanee vaparat asat; tyaa tulanet, "anagura" samanya lokansathi adhik parvadanare hote. "dozo" hii jaad plaster kelelya matichya bhinti asaleli bhandare hotee aanee bahutek prakarananmadhye tyavar tileche chhappar hote. tyanchya jaad bhintinmule saksham jhalelya agnirodhaktemule teey vastoo, gharguti vastoo, sadhane aanee maulyavan vastoo sathavanyasathi aadarsh banale. tathapi, tyanna nikrusht bandhkam aanee ayogya dekhbhalimule, khidakya aanee praveshdvaratil fatyanmule tasech undaranchya chhidranmule aag lagane aanee parinami kosalane yamule honanya asurakshitatecha dekhil samna karava lagoo shakato. yaa karanastav, shrimant vyapari pruthvi tayar sthiteet tayar karayache jenekarun aag lagali tevha tyanche niyamit plasterers tyanche "dojo" twarit seal karoo shaktil. ashee prakarane dekhil hotee, jevha teey swatah aagiche nirmate asat, tevha teey tyanchya 'dojo' chee daare ughadi thevayache aanee sarvajanik prayashchitt mhanoon tyanna jaloo dyayache. astitvat asalelya kagadpatranchya sathavanukisathi vishesh tatbandi asalele "dozo", parantu teey mothya aagitoon vachanyaitake majboot asale taree tyanchya bandhkam kharchamule kadhihi lokpriyata midvu shakale naheet. dusarikade, ashee nivassthane aanee vyavasay dekhil hote jyanna bhandarasarkhe bandhale gele hote. tathapi, vyavsayik vaparasathi aavashyak vyapak sandhee samavoon ghenyasathi tyanchya agnirodhak kshamateshi qamee-adhik pramanat tadjod karavi lagali. "aadhunik kalaparyant tikoon rahilele 'misegura' aata bahutek katori (savra kshetra), tochigi aanee kawagoi yaa shaharanmadhye aadhaltat, jyamule yaa shaharanna aanee tyanchya parisarala heey naav midale aahe. "anagura" hii bhoomigat sathavanukichi jaaga hotee. khatakhalil lahan sathavan yantranpramane, anaguramadhye vyakti thevanyasathi pureshi jaaga hotee aanee maulyavan vastoo sathavanyasathihi tee bandhanyat aalee hotee. teey "dozo" peksha swast hote, tarihi aag aanee choriviruddha prabhavi rahile kaaran tyanchyakade surakshit karnyasathi fakt aavarane hotee. "edomadhil 'anagura' pahilyanda 1656 madhye ('mirki' 2) nihonbashi yethe eka dukan chalavanaya eka vastra vikretyane vaparla hota. izumi-yaa" chya "anagurachi" parinamkarakta mayarekichya bhishan aagit olakhali gelee aanee tyanna lokpriy karnyat madat jhaali. idomadhil "anagur" chya lokpriyatebaddal, kawago meeth vyapanyane aaplya aatmacharitrat lihile qee idocha dahava bhag chhidra banala hota. asha lokpriyatemule yaa vyavasayalahi janm jhaala. jaree idomadhil "anagura" pramukhyane bhujal patali jaast asalyamule honanya galatee rokhanyasathi cypruses bandhale gele asale, taree bhoomigat aardratemule tyanche tikaupan maryadit jhaale hote. aag apghatansathi dand. jaree shogunetne jaalpol rokhanyasathi jaalpol karoon mrutyudandasaha shiksha ladali asali, taree aag apaghatansathichya tyachya shiksha itakya kathor asalyachya jawalpas kuthehi navhatya. samurai vargatil jyanni aag lavali tyanna tyanchya nivassthanat tee vizavanyat yash aale tarr tyanchi nirdosh muktata kelee jaeel; tyachpramane aag lahan rahili tarr 'chonin' chya babatitahi jhaali. jaree mothya aagichya babatit mrutyu aanee haddapar yasah kathor shiksha thothavanyache vicharpurvak kelele prastav asale, taree asey prastav kadhihi sweekarle gele naheet. upakhyanatmak tark asey hote qee tyaa velee aag apghat konavarhi houu shakatat aanee jarr tyanni swatah chukun mothee aag lavali tarr 'roju' neey seppuku karnyachya tyanchya tayarivar prashnachinh upasthit kele. samuraijache aag apghat. joparyant darvaja jatan keela jaat asel toparyant 'demyo' nivassthani aag lagali tarr gharanna aag lagali taree malak jababdar rahnar nahee. swabhavikach, dwar sanrakshanache kendra banale. kahee samurai tyanchi sarkanari daare chaukatitun kadhoon ghetat aanee teey paloon jaatana tyanna sobat gheuun jaatat. kahee itar lock "machibikeshi" laa bund karatat jeey ghatanasthali dhaav ghetat, tyanchya swatachya samarthyane aagishi ladhatat, nantar dawa karatat qee dhoor fakt holitoon yet hota. jaree sharirik shiksha nasati, taree apghatane aag lavana samuraila paryayi nivassthani najarkaidet thevanyasathi ajunahi ahwal dyava lagel; jarr tyane aaplya nivassthanatun aag pasaravu dilee asatee tarr tyala aaplya varishthansamor jababdaricha dawa sadar karava lagel. teen aag apaghatanmule samuraila tyache nivassthan eedochya bahereel bhagat halvave lagel, jaree heey spashtapane nishchit kele gele navhate. "chonin', mandire aanee mandire 'aag apghat. chonin" sathee, "kujikata osadamegaki" chya dusya khandane, jyanni chukun (sumare) peksha vistirn bhag jaalala, tyanchyavar 10,20 aanee 30 divasancha dand kinwa kadak nazarqaid lagoo kelee. shogun bhetisathi nighala tyaa divashi aag lagali tarr dand 50 divasanparyant vadhavala jaau shakato aanee hatala khilake lavoon aanakhi vadhavta yeu shakato. jarr aagiche nuksan gunhegaravyatirikt (sumare) vistirn bhagat pasarale tarr kutumbacha pramukh, gharmalak aanee 30 divasansathi 'oshikom' dekhil lagoo kele jaeel. too jyaa thikani hota tyaa sadasyanna 20 divasanchi 'oshikom' chee shiksha dekhil dilee jaeel. shivay, leavered vagalata agnichya strotachya sabhovatalachya sahaa shaharanmadhil 'gachigyoji' laa dekhil 20 divas 'oshikom' milel. mandire aanee tirthkshetranmadhye honanya aagichya apghatansathi, saumyatemule shogunetne agnishamkanna keval saat divasancha dand kinwa light haus arrest deela, jyamadhye ratrichi swatantra sahal sahan kelee jaat asey. shogunchya bhetichya velee lagaleli kinwa mothee jhaleli aagahi shikshet aanakhi teen divasanchi bharr ghalel. itar shaharanchya tulanet prabhavshali mandire aanee mandiranchya bhovati bandhalelya shaharanmadhyehi aag apghatanna khoop jaast dayechi shiksha dilee jaat asey. keval teen divas "oshikom" sathee lagananya aagipeksha jaast vistirn bhagat aag lagate. aarthik parinam. pratyek velee jevha mothee aag lagali, tevha uddhvast jhalelya idochya punarutthanasathi aavashyak asalela bhautik aanee aarthik kharch prachand hota. tyamule grahakanchya kimmatinvar tasech aarthik sambhavyatevar mothya aagicha prabhav idopasoon pasaru shakato aanee sampoorn japanvar parinam karoo shakato. tyamule mothya aagichya varanvar honanya ghatananna idochya aarthik vikasala aadhar denara eka pramukh prerak ghatak mhatale jaau shakate. yaulat, punarbandhanicha kharch dekhil shogunetsathi eka prachand oze banala aanee tyachya ashant aarthik paristhitimadhye yogdan dile. aarthik dabavane dekhil grast asalele "chonin" hote. motha vyavasay chalavanara vyapari mothya aaginantar 'nagyamadhye' rahnyaparyant qamee houu shakato heey akalpaneey nahee. jevha shogunetchya arthsankalpacha vichar keela jaato, tevha "chonin" laa vatap kelelya kharchanpaiki, agnirodhak aanee agnishaman yanchyashi sambandhit kharch dekhil sarvat jaast pramanat hote. grahakanchya kimmati gaganala bhidalya aahet. pratyek mothya aagicha arth idomadhye kimmatit vaadh assa hota. tandalapasun suru houn, tasech gharanchya punarbandhanisathi aavashyak asalelya bandhkam sahityachya kimati vadhalya. udaharanarth, mayarekichya bhishan aaginantar, sachechi kimmat prati "shhow" (sumare) varoon 1000 "moone" prati "shhow" paryant vadhali, tarr telachi kimmat prati shhow 3 "moone" varoon 2400 "moone" prati "shhow" paryant vadhali. shaharatil punarrachanechya vadhiv kamacha bhaar yamule bhadyane ghetalelya karagirancha kharch vadhanyas madat jhaali. karagiranvyatirikt, mothya aagichya bhitine eedomadhye kaam karoo ichchinanya qamee karmchanyansathi kararbaddha nokarannihi tyanchya pagarat vaadh kelee. yashivay, gharanchya kamataratemule bhade vadhale; tasech pool punha bandhanyapurvi vadhalelya maganimule feriche bhade vadhale. eedochya bhishan aagiche sthanik grahakanchya kimmatinvar jhalele heey serve parinam hote. chalanvadhichya kimmatinvar niyantran thevanyasathi, shogunetne adhyadesh jaaree kele jyat kimmatinmadhye vaadh bekaydeshir tharavali gelee, karagiranchya vetanavar uchch maryada ladalya gelya aanee sarvat pramukh gunhegaranna dand thothavala gela. eedomadhil tandalachi kamatarata door karnyasathi upayayojana amalat aananyat aalya. thet shetkyankadun tandul kharedi karoon punha vikala jaat asey. shetkyanna swatah tandul vikanyasathi eedo yethe yenyachi parvangihi denyat aalee hotee. deshbharatil thikani eedokadun kharedichya maganichya vadhatya sankhyemule, eedochya mothya aagicha aarthik sambhavyatevar deshbharat prabhav padala. shogunetne ashach prakare sandhisadhu darvadhivirodhat vyapak bhaganna ishara deela. tathapi, yamule lakadachya vyaparatoon sampatti ubharananya aanee mairekichya bhishan aaginantar bandhkam karar kelelya vyapanyansarkhe vyapari thambale naheet. shogunetvar aarthik bhaar. jalalelya suvidhanchya punarbandhanicha kharch shogunetchya arthsankalpacha motha bhag vyapat hota. mayarekichya bhishan aagisathi, jaree ido killyachi dash-dekhbhal nasht jhaali asali taree, aateel killyachi tasech rajvadyanchi punarbandhani karnyasathi ekoon kharch sumare eka laakh kotee rupaye nondavala gela. tulanesathi, tyaa kalatil shogun aanee tokugawa iyasucha panajo, tyachya purvajankadun 42.3 laakh "riyo" kimatichi sampatti aanee malmatta varshane midala. punarrachanevyatirikt, aapatti nivaran upkram heey mothya kharchache aanakhi eka srot hote. mayarekichya bhishan aaginantar, hatamotos aanee tyanna tyanchya pagarachya pramanat dengya midalya aanee tyanna tandalachya aagau deyakanchi parvanagi denyat aalee. demyos" sathee, dengyanvyatirikt, daha varshanche karj dekhil dile gele. chonin" sathee dengivar sumare 160,000 "riyo" kharch karnyat aale, jyanche sambhag tyanchya nivassthanachya agrabhagachya aakarashi sambandhit hote. yavyatirikt, "demyos" laa tyanchi ghare gamavalelya "chonin" laa kanji denyache aadesh denyat aale; "chonin" jyanna tyanche tandalache dhanya jaalale hote tyanna mofat tandul puravale jaat hote. mayarekichya bhishan aaginantar, bighadaleli aarthik sthitee lahan pramanat asali taree, jevha jevha mothee aag lagali tevha shogunetne aapale madatkarya suru thewale.

idoma ago japanko ido awadhi (1600-1868) maa tokiyoko purva naam, ago yati barambar thiyo kii ido saharlai bhaninchha. adhunik dinma pani, purano idolai ajhai pani smaran garieko thiyo. ido sansarma durlabh thiyo, kinki saharko vishal sahari kshetraharu barambar agole samatal thie. idoko thulo agolai agoka dewataharusanga tulana garieko thiyo rar hasyapurna rupma "sharad patharu" bhanera warnan garieko thiyo. agoko awritti. sann 1601 ("keicho" 6), sann 1867 ("keio" 3) ko warsha, bichka 267 warshama, ido 49 wata thulo agole prabhawit bhaeko thiyo. yasako tulanama, sohi awadhima, kyoto, osaka rar kanajawama thulo ago kramashah nau, chha rar tean matra thiyo, jasle idoko akriti japanka anya mahanagarharubata alag banayo. anya wiwaranharuka anusar, idoko itihasma 85 bhanda badhi thulo agalagi bhaeko thiyo. sann 1600 rar 1945 ko bichma, ido/tokiyolai pratyek 25-50 warsha wa tyobhanda badhi samayama ago, bhukampa, sunami, jwalamukhi wisfot rar yuddhadwara samatal garieko thiyo. yadi sano ago pani samawesh gariyo bhane, yass 267 warshako awadhima bhaeko 1,798 agoharu madhye 269 1601-1700,541 1701-1800, rar 986 1801-1867 maa thie. tokugawa awadhiko antyama idoko janasankhya yasako badhdo arthik samridhisangasangai badheko thiyo, tyasaile saharma agoko awritti pani yasako wridhiko anupatma badhyo. vishesh gari, sann 1851 ("kai" 3) rar 1867 ko bichko 17 warshama 506 wata ago lageko thiyo, jasma tokugawa sogonetko asamartha prashasanka karan bhaeko asthira sarvajanik wyawastha ek pramukh yogdan karak thiyo. thulo agoko suchi. nimna pratinidhi talikale idoko itihasma kehi thulo agoharu suchibadha gardacha jasle jiwan rar bhautik kshatiharuko vinashkari kshati nimtyayo. maireki", "meiwa" rar "bungka" ko yugma bhaeka tinlai "da" bhaninchha. sann 1657 maa mairekiko thulo ago tinawata dwandwaharu madhye sabaibhanda vinashkari manieko chha. idoma ago prayaha chhito badhcha, dherai jaso saharko sahari watawaranma jwalanshil kathko "machia" bhawanharu chhan jaslai koila-jalaune fireplaceharule tato gareko thiyo. tyas samayama agnishaman prawidhiko simaharu rar idoko pani apurti pranaliko awishwasaniyatalai dhyanma rakhdai, kathko bhawan stokle bharieko chhimekma ago hatbata bahira niskiepachhi saharka anya bhagharuma yasako failawata roknaka lagi thorai adhikariharu thie. thulo dwandwaka atirikta, yass awadhima bitch-bichma sanah agoharu pani lage jasle (sangai liera) adoma kunai pani vinashkari agoko tulanama badhi kshati rar jyan gumaeko thiyo. ago lagne karan. ido awadhima, ago dainik jiwanko apariharya tatwa thiyo. yasalai khana pakauna rar prakashka lagi prayog garinthyo, jasle garda durghatanaharu nimtyayo. vibhinna uddeshyaka karan ago lagaunu arko agoko srota thiyo. anya saharharuko tulanama idoma thulo agoko thulo awritti vibhinna karanharubata aeko thiyo, jasma thulo janasankhya bhaeko ghana sahari leaut, garib samajik wargako astitwa, rar idoko adwitiya mausam vigyanko awastha samawesh thiyo. idoko agoko adhyayan garne vidwan matsunosuke nishiyama, agoka karanharuko saransh yasari dieh janasankhya wriddhi. idoma sogonet sthapana garepachhi, "demyos" (jagirdarharu) rar hatamoto (warishtha sanrakshakharu) niwasharu ido mahalko waripari nirman gariyo rar thulo sankhyama samuraiharu rakhieko thiyo. samuraiko jiwanlai samarthan garne wyapari rar karigarharu chaandai bheda-bheda adoma basain sare rar yasako parinamswarup janasankhya badhyo. idoko janasankhya 1640 ("caan 'eae" 17) maa lagbhag 400,000 batt badhera 1693 ("genroku" 6) maa lagbhag 800,000 bhayo, rar 1721 ("kyoho" 6) samma lagbhag 1,100,000 maa badhyo. samuraiko vishal awasiya kshetraharuko viparit, chonin dherai sanah kshetraharuma simit thiyo. badhdo janasankhyale uniharuko janasankhya ghanatwalai atyanta uccha starma dhakelyo. tiniharuko niwasharu saghan kshetrama wyawasthit thie, rar kharab samanya thie. pratiwyakti basne thaaun, bhansakotha rar almariko akar samanyataya chhawata tatami chatanharu barabar thiyo. yasako mathi, kath rar kagaj nirman samagri sajilaisanga agoko indhan banyo. yee sabai awasthaharule swabhawik rupma ago durghatanako uccha sambhawana nimtyayo. agnidaha. idoma agalagiko pramukh karanka rupma, chorharu thulo sankhyama record garieko thiyo. giraftar garieka dherai agninirbapakharu idoko uccha jiwanyapan lagat rar guarantor nabhaeko karan anubandhit sewakharuko rupma kaam garna ayogyataka karan garib jiwan bitaundai thie. timadhye kehile afna gharharu jalaeka thie rar aparadh garda thorai nai gumaunupareko thiyo. sann 1723 rar 1724 ("kyoho" 8 rar 9) maa pakrau pareka 102 zana agnibhediharu madhye 41 zana thie, rar 22 janasanga kunai darta garieko sthayi niwas thiena. timadhye adhikansh nimna samajik wargabata aeka thie. ago lagaune uddeshya vibhinna thiyo, yadyapi sabaibhanda pramukh lutpata thiyo. yass prakarka agnipraharkartaharule hawako dinma ago lagaunchhan rar tyasapachhiko wikshobhko faida uthaera chori garchhan. lutpata bahek, barambarka uddeshyaharu samajik sambandhaharubata utpanna huneharu thie, jastai sewakharule afna malikharumathi pratishodh lyne khojchhan rar asafal romantic sambandhaharuko karan ghrina garchhan. wyapariharule pratispardhiharuko wyawasaya rar agosanga kheliraheka bachchaharulai ago lagaeko udaharanharu pani record garieko thiyo, rar "achanak ago lagaeko jasto mahasus bhayo" bhanne swikarokti bhaeko mamla pani thiyo. agoko artha tyasapachhiko punarnirmanma suthar, plaster kamdar rar stiplejackharuka lagi pani wyawasaya hune hunale, tiniharumadhe kehile agoko ghatana rar badhdo awasthama khusi hunechhan. vishesh gari, dherai agnishamakharule mukhyataya stipple jacko rupma kaam gare, tiniharu madhye kehile janajani sarvajanik rupma agnishaman kaushal dekhauna wa afna lagi wyaparka awasarharu sirjana garna ago failaune garthe. yasale sogonetlai chetawani adhyadesh jaari garna rar kehi apattijanak agnishamakharulai karyanwayan garna prerit maddat. giraftar garieka agnipraharkartaharulai jalaera marnuaghi sadakma pared garieko thiyo. yadyapi, agopratiko sogonetko asahishnu nitika bawajud, ago-prerit ago kahilyai idobata purna rupma unmulan bhaena. bakumatsu awadhima, sogonetko prashasana aksham hundai jaanda sarvajanik wyawastha bigrio. falaswarup, agobata agoma thulo wriddhi bhayo. kehi agniprahar garneharu sahitya rar kabuki karyaharuko vishaya bane. yee pani thie, jasko namama 1683 (tena 3) ko tenako thulo ago, jasma 3,500 janasamma manisharu marie. osichi agalagika lagi jimmewar thienan, tara unle afno ghar gumaeki thiin. unle euta mandirma sharan lie rar tyahan euta prishthako premma pare. ek warshapachhi, unle arko agole duwailai feri bhetne kalpanako adharma ago lagaune prayas garin. unlai giraftar gariyo, mudda chalaiyo rar agole mrityudanda diiyo. unko katha ihara saikaku rar tsuruya nanaboku IV ko adhar thiyo. mausam sambandhi awastha. uttarbata aeko tiwra jado mansun idoka lagi adwitiya mausam vigyanko awastha thiyo. yasale uttarapashchim rar uttari hawadwara utpanna bhaeko sukhkha mausamma lageko dherai jado rar wasantama agoma yogdan diyo. yasabahek, wasanta rar sharad rituma tiwra dakshin hawa thulo agoko arko karan thiyo. yass karanle garda, sann 1658 maa sogonetdwara sthapit chaar toliharu ("manji" 1) tyo dishabata failine agobata mahallai jogauna ido mahalko uttarapashchimma tainath garieko thiyo. jab mahinaanusar ago ganana gariyo, marchle sabaibhanda "thulo ago" dekhyo, tyasapachhi february, april rar janawari. yee chaar mahinaharule sabai thulo agoko 70 pratishat ogateka thie. mairekiko thulo ago, 107,000 janako jyan lieko karan idoko itihasma sabaibhanda vinashkari ago bhaeko thiyo, march 2,1657 maa (japani lunisolar tenpo calenderma "myreki" 3 ko pahilo mahinako 18 aun dina) bhayo. idoka "chonin" yass tathyabata ramrari parichit thie. jadoma, mahilaharulai idoko upanagarma afna amababuko niwasma zahn rar agoko mausam bitisakepachi matra farkan bhanieko thiyo, jasko parinamswarup mausami janasankhyama utar chadhawa bhayo. sann 1725 maa ("kyoho" 10), chhaitaun mahinako janasankhya chautho mahinako tulanama 10,000 bhanda badhi thiyo. thap garieko janasankhyako 90 pratishatbhanda badhi mahila thie. tokugawa sogonetko ago rokatham upayaharu. ido awadhiko suruma, sogonetka pramukh adhikariharule hawako dinma prathamiktaka rupma "shogun" rar ido mahalko suraksha sthapit gare, jab ago lagne sambhawana dherai thiyo. yasako viparit, sengoku awadhiko awasheshko rupma, "chonin" ko awasiya kshetraharu sambandhi ago rokatham upayaharuma lagbhag kunai dhyan diieko thiena. yadyapi, "chonin" ley samajik shakti prapta garesangai, sogonetka nitiharu pani wiksit bhae, jasko pratikko rupma, athaun sogunle kyoho sudharharuko bhagko rupma vishwawyapi rupma idolai sametna ago rokatham upayaharu wistar maddat. agnishaman sangathanharu. prarambhik ido awadhima, agnishamanlai sansthagat garieko thiena. yadyapi, thulo agoko punarawritti pranaliko sthapanaka lagi euta mode banyo. yass pranaliantargat agnishamakharulai samanyataya rar maa wargikrit garieko thiyo. book hikesi" bhitra, agnishamakharulai thap rar maa vibhajit gariyo. hikesi" ko agni niyantranko prathamik vidhi ago failinbata roknaka lagi pahile nai jaleka bhawanharu dhwasta parnu thiyo. mewa" yugma, manawashaktidwara sanchalit ek prakarko kathko pampa prayog garieko thiyo, tara nirbadh pani apurtiko abhawaka karan yo kahilyai pani agnishamanko purna rupma wyawaharya madhyam banna sakena. meji punarsthapana nabhaesamma, wyawasayik agnishamakharudwara bhawanharuko manual vidhwansa, jasmadhye stipple jackharu bahumat thie, agni niyantranko prathamik vidhi rahyo. "daimyo hikeshi. demyo hikesi" lai sann 1643 ("caan 'eae" 20) maa, oke-machiko agoko dui warshapachhi, "demyos" lai tokieko aniwarya niyamit agnishaman sewako rupma sansthagat garieko thiyo. yass aghi, ago lagepachhi jaari garieko bahya adeshharudwara "demyos" lai agnishaman karyama pathaieko thiyo. demyo hikesi" kaa anya rupharu samawesh thie, jo makbara, mandirharu, rar dhanko anna bhandarharu jasta shogunetdwara mahatwapurna manine sthanharuka lagi jimmewar thie; jo idoko wyaktigat upawibhagharuka lagi jimmewar thie; rar, jo, "demyo" niwasharuma atmaraksha agnishamak nikayaharuko viparit, warparka kshetraharuma ago nibhaunama bhag lyne badhya thie. "jobikeshi. merikiko bhishan ago lageko ek warshapachhi sann 1658 ("manji" 1) maa "jobikesi" lai sansthagat garieko thiyo. hatamotoharulai sidha sogonetko commandma ago nibhaune jimmewari diieko thiyo. tiniharu fire lookout tawarharu bhanine gharharuma tainath thie. uniharule wyawasayik agnishamaklai pani niyukta gare. suruma charawata toliharu wyawasthit garieko thiyo. pachhi, uniharuko sankhyama utar-chadhawa bhayo, 15 wata toliharu, edo awadhiko antyatira kewal euta tolima, sogonetko wittiya rar sainya sthitika sathai "machibikesi" ko tayariko adharma. dheraijaso samaya dasawata toliharu thie rar tyasaile pani bhaninchha rar. "machibikeshi". jab tokugawa yosimunle athaun shogunko rupma satta grahan gare, idoma agnishamak karyaharu "daimyo hikesi", "jobikesi", rar jasmadhye pachhillo "chonin" agnishamakharu thie jasma wyapariharu rar karigarharu thie. jabki "daimyo hikesi" rar "jobikesi" anubhavi agnishamakharu thie, tiniharu "chonin" ko awasiya kshetraharuma hune agoko barema kahilyai wastawmai chintit thienan; yasaibich, "tanabikesi" shaukia agnishamakharuko banned bahek aru kehi thiena jo afailai daraune agobata bhagne thie. sann 1720 maa ("kyoho" 5), tokugawa yoshimunle kyoho sudharharuko bhagko rupma "machibikesi" lai sansthagat banayo. unle nayan agnishaman ekaiharu sthapana garne adesh die june sanchchai "chonin" ko awasiya kshetraharuko raksha garna saksham hunechha. machibikesi" pranaliantargat, pratyek saharle afno "chonin" lai agnishaman karyaharuma pathauna awashyak thiyo. ōoka ley saharka adhikariharu rar sangathit saharharuko agnishaman samuhaharubata sujhawaharu swikar gare. sumida nadiko paschimma adtalis samuhaharu banaiyo. chaar bahek tee sabailai ekal hiragan aksharharu prayog garera tokieko thiyo rar tyasaile samuhik rupma bhaninchha. nadiko purvama honjo rar fukugawama anya sohra samuhaharu gathan gariyo. pratyek samuhako afnai adwitiya rar wardi thiyo. pratyek samuhbhitra sambandha samanya thiyo, tara samuhaharu bichko matabhed pani samanya thiyo. sann 1730 maa ("kyoho" 15), yee agnishamak samuhaharulai ago-samaya parichalanko matra rar dakshata badhaunaka lagi thula samuhaharuma punargathan garieko thiyo. yadyapi "machibikesi" suruma "chonin" ko awasiya kshetraharuka lagi matra jimmewar thiyo, tiniharuko kshamataharu pahichan gariyo rar pachhi samuraisako awasiya kshetraharu, jastai pull, mandira, dhanko anna bhandar, rar ido mahal bhitra pani agosanga ladna pathaieko thiyo. meji punarsthapanako samaya samma, tiniharu idoko mukhya agnishamak ball baneka thie, jabki yasako viparit, "buke hikesi" tyas samayasamma dherai cum bhaeko thiyo. anty-arsen upayaharu. idoma ago lageko pramukh karan ago lageko hunale, shogunetle ago lagauneharulai daman garna paryapta prayas maddat. nayan sarkari pada,, prastut gariyo. "chonin" lai agniprahar garneharulai samatnaka lagi puraskar diieko thiyo. ago lagaunu euta aparadh banaieko thiyo rar janatalai chetawaniko rupma dagoma jalaera sajaya diieko thiyo. "hitsuke tojoku aratame. "hitsuke tojoku aratame" ago, chori rar juwako aparadhlai laxit garna sogonetdwara prastut garieko sthiti thiyo. suruma tinawata aparadhka lagi tinawata chhuttai padaharu bhae tapani, tiniharulai sann 1683 ("tenna" 3) maa sainya adhikaridwara ekaisath rakhieko thiyo. pachhi tiniharu chhoto samayaka lagi hataiyo, tara 1703 ("genroku" 16) maa punah prastut gariyo rar 1718 ("kyoho" 3) maa ekal sthitima ekikrit gariyo. machi-bugyo" ko viparit, jo nagarik adhikariharu thie, "hitsuke tojoku aratame" sainya adhikariharu thie. tasartha, tiniharuko sodhpuchha rananitiharu hinsatmak thie. uniharusanga sandigdha agniprahar garneharulai pakrau garne shakti bhae tapani galat giraftarika lagi kunai danda thiena. yass karanle garda, uniharule prayaha giraftar garieka sandigdhaharulai swikarokti garna badhya parne yatana dinthe, jasle garda dherai sankhyama jhuto aropharu lage. yasale "chonin" maa ek kukhyat chhawi chhodeko chha, jasle "machi-bugyo" rar tulana garda tiniharulai upanam die. ago lagauneharulai samatne rar jalaera mrityudanda dine puraskar. sogonetle barambar adhyadesh jaari garyo jasle pakrau pareka agnibhediharulai turuntai firta garna rar uniharulai apharan garneharulai puraskar dina mag garyo. yasabahek, ago lagaune wyaktilai samatne wyakti wiruddhako bakaya aparadhlai maff garinechha. afna sahayogiharu wa anya agnipraharkartaharu viruddha suchana dina mahatwapurna bhumika khelne agnipraharkartaharu pani mafiko shirshama puraskarka lagi yogya thie. sann 1723 maa ("kyoho" 8), ago lageko awasthama kunai pani wyaktile ago napare pani sandigdha wyawaharko adharma pakrau garna adesh diieko thiyo. janataka lagi chetawaniko rupma, giraftar garieka agnibhediharulai saharbhari pared gariyo rar dagoma jalae. yasabahek, tiniharu wiruddhako aropharu kathko falakharuma lekhieka thie rar sarvajanik pradarshanma rakhieka thie. jalaera mrityudanda, ido awadhiko danda sanhitama nirdharit garieko thiyo, rar yasalai 1868 ("meji" 1) maa meji sarkarko asthayi danda sanhitadwara pratisthapan nabhaesamma abhyas garieko thiyo. agniprahar garneharuka pariwarka sadasyaharulai pani sanlagna garieko thiyo, rar patni rar chhoriharulai anubandhit dasatama wa nirvasanma pathaiyo. samjhautama ago lagaiema aparadhko bhuktani garne wyaktilai pani sajaya diinchha. jab agnibhedi samurai thiyo, jalaera mrityudanda lagu garna sakindaina. yasako satta, adhikatam danda lagaieko thiyo; doshi samuraiko shiracched gariyo rar taukolai adhar wa platformma rakhieko thiyo rar tinn dinasamma pradarshan garieko thiyo, jabki sharirlai tarwar-parikshanka lagi prayog garieko thiyo. jasle likhit notele ago lagaune dhamki dinthe suruma mrityudandayogya thiyo, tara pachhi sajayalai nirvasanma ghataieko thiyo. yadyapi mathi warnan garieka siddhantaharuko adharma sajaya diieko thiyo, tara asafal agniprahar prayasharu jasta wistarit paristhitiharu pani vichar gariyo. 15 warsha munika agniprahar garneharulai mrityudanda diine chhaina tara nirvasanma pathainechha wa parikshanma rakhinechha. sahari yojana. jwalanshil samagribata baneka bhawanharuko ghana witaran euta mahatwapurna karak thiyo jasle agolai sanobata thuloma wiksit huna anumati diyo. ek patak euta bhawanma ago lagepachhi, kunai pani agnishamakle pratikriya dinaghi chhimekiharu chaandai prajwalit hunechhan. yass karanka lagi, mairekiko thulo agopachhi, ago viruddha saharko raksha badhauna gaira-jwalanshil samagrile baneka sanrachanaharulai idoma badhawa diieko thiyo. idoma vibhinna thaunma fire barrier jonharu bolaiyo rar sthapana gariyo. tyle garieko chhat rar matoka gharharu sahit ago pratirodhi samagriharu apanaunu aniwarya bhayo. "hiyokechi" rar "hirokoji". mairekiko thulo agoma vinashkari kshati pachhi, ago rokatham upayaharule idoko punarnirman yojanama thulo matrama jode diyo. ago failin nadin ago rokne kshetraharu sthapana garieko thiyo. tyo edo mahalko bahiri prathamik niwasharu sarna rar khali thaaun ago rokathamka lagi samarpit garera suru bhayo. anya "demyos" rar hatamotosasanga sambandhit niwasharuko sthanantaran pachhi bhayo. ido bhitraka bhawanharuko ghana compactionlai cum garna, adhikansh gantawyaharu mahalbata tadha huna chhanauta garieko thiyo. yasabahek, "genroku" yugma, "demyos" lai idoko bahiri bhagma uniharuko madhyamik rar tritiyak niwasharu nirman garna jagga diieko thiyo, rar tiniharuko tritiyak niwasharu pani agoko samayama ashrayako rupma prayog garinthyo. nayan samurai niwasharu samayojan garne arko madhyamko rupma jamin punah prapta gariyo. sann 1661 ("kanbun" 1) ko waripari, samurai niwasharuko nirmanka sathai "chonin" niwasharuko sthanantaranko lagi honjoma bhumi sudhar pura bhaeko thiyo. mandira rar mandirharuma pani yastai sthanantaran adesh jaari garieko thiyo. tiniharumadhe adhikansh idoko naharharu bahira sareka thie bhane tiniharumadhe kehile asakusa, komagome rar koisikawama afna nayan siteharu fela parey. nerekiko thulo agoaghi nai nirnaya garieko bhae tapani nihonbasiko chhimekbata asakusama redd light jillako sthanantaran pani yasai awadhima bhaeko thiyo. dui prakarka ago awarodh kshetraharu, rar, sthanantarandwara khali garieko jaminbata sirjana garieko thiyo; pahilo khali plaza thie rar pachhillo farakilo sadakharu thie. thap rupma, sadak chaudai nitisangai, gharharule kunai pani ibhaharu hatauna awashyak thiyo. sthanantaranko parinamswarup sahari shiksha wistar bhayo. sann 1662 ("kanbun" 2) maa nahar bahirko yueno, asakusa rar shibaka kshetraharulai "machi-bugyo" ko prashasanma lyaieko thiyo. tennako thulo agopachhi, "demyo" niwasharu, mandirharu rar mandirharu samawesh bhaeko sthanantaranko arko lahar, rar nayan "hiyokechi" lai anumati diyo rar "hirokoji" wistar maddat. falaswarup adhikansh mandira rar mandirharu ahile nahar bahira awasthit thie. kyoho sudharharuko samayama, "machibikesi" ko sansthagatkaranbata suru garera ago rokathamlai thap baliyo banaieko thiyo. tokugawa yosimunko gaira-jwalanshil idoko utsahako prakashma, kanda, hatchbory rar ichigayama nayan "hiyokechi" sthapana gariyo. ido warpar ago awarodh kshetraharu sthapana garne prayasko bawajud, tyahan "hiyokechi" bhitra gharharu nirman garieka ghatanaharu pani thie, rar "hirokoji" sanga pasalharu, jasle tiniharuko prabhawkaritalai ullekhaniya rupma cum maddat, kahilekaahin agoko jokhim pahilebhanda badhi thiyo. agni pratirodhi rar agnirodhi sanrachanaharu. sann 1601 ("keicho" 6) ko thulo agopachhi, sogonetle chhana bhaeka chhatharulai single chhatharuma parimarjan garna aniwarya banayo. pachhi, vilasi "demyo" niwasharu bhitraka bhawanharuma tyle garieko chhatharu fasion bhae rar kehi "chonin" niwasharuma pani apanaieko thiyo. yadyapi, mairekiko thulo agalagipachhi, niti pariwartanle tyle garieko chhatko prayogma pratibandha lagayo kinbhane ago pratirodhi tileharu chhatbata khasyo rar dherai ghaite bhayo. yasako satta, ago failinbata rokna jwalanshil chhana chhana matole dhakieko awashyak thiyo. sann 1661 ("kanbun" 1) maa, nayan bhawanharuma chhana chhana prayog garna pani pratibandha lagaieko thiyo, jasle single chhana matra anumati diieko vikalpa banayo. tokugawa yosimunle satta grahan nagaresamma tyle garieko chhat aniwarya bhaeko thiena. samurai niwasharuka lagi, sann 1723 ("kyoho" 8) maa, bancho najikai jaleka hatamoto niwasharulai tyle garieko chhatle punarnirman garna awashyak thiyo. yass uddeshyaka lagi byaj mukta rina pani pradan garieko thiyo. sann 1725 ("kyoho" 10) pachhi, simit kshetraharuma, awasthit niwasharule tyle garieko chhatharu apanauna awashyak thiyo. pachhi, yo niti gaira-anupalan niwasharu dhwasta hune chetawanika sath thula kshetraharuma lagu bhayo. chonin" niwasharuka lagi, tyle garieko chhatharuma lagaieko pratibandha sann 1720 ("kyoho" 5) maa kharez garieko thiyo. sann 1722 pachhi ("kyoho" 7), idoka sabai bhawanharuma tyle garieko chhatharu hunu awashyak thiyo rar "chonin" maa arthik bojhlai dhyanma rakhdai, sipko kholaharubata baneka chhatharulai pani kehi awasthama anumati diieko thiyo. samurai niwasharu jastai, sarvajanik sewa shulk rar byaj-mukta rinko chhuta upalabdha thiyo, rar apariwartit niwasharu dhwasta hune vishaya thiyo. sogonetdwara sanchalit gaira-jwalanshil ido karyakram tokugawa yosimunko shasanma garieko thiyo, yadyapi sann 1751 ("kanai" 4) maa unko mrityupachhi, sogonet yasako samasyagrasta wittiya sthitika karan cum sakriya bhayo. yo karyakram purna rupma kahilyai sampanna bhaena, june "meji" yugaaghi vibhinna thulo agalagiko mukhya karan banyo. nishedh rar ago chetawani adeshharu. ago roknaka lagi, sogonetle agoko sambhawit karanharuko nishedh, mahatwapurna ghatanaharuko samayama ago chetawani adeshharu, rar wastawik agoko samayama wishishta gatiwidhiharuma pratibandha sahit sabai prakarka nirdeshanharu jaari garyo. agoko khataralai laxit garne pratibandhaharu sarvajanik snanagharharu, atishbaji, rar fohor jalaune viruddha nirdeshit garieko thiyo. adhikansh "chonin" niwasharu agoko mamalama karanko rupma shanka hunbata bachna snanko sath nirman garieko thiena. falaswarup, sarvajanik snanagrihaharu lokpriya bhae. snangrihako wyawasayama agoko awashyaktale purna pratibandha rokeko bhae tapani sann 1653 ("jo" 2) maa sanjha 6 bajepachhi sarvajanik snanagrihaharuma ago lagauna nishedh garieko thiyo. sarvajanik snanagrihaharuma pani bihansamma snanko pani rakhna awashyak thiyo taaki panilai agnishamanka lagi prayog garna sakiyos. sann 1648 ("keyan" 1) maa saharbhitra atishbaji utpadan garna pratibandha lagaieko thiyo. tiniharuko prayoglai jwaranadmukhharu bahek pani pratibandha lagaieko thiyo rar sann 1642 maa sumida nadiko kinarma matra pratibandhit garieko thiyo ("keyan" 5). "genroku" yugma sahar rar gharharuma "sagicho" utsabharu pratibandhit thie. ajha pahile, sann 1655 maa fohor jalauna gairakanuni banaieko thiyo ("maireki" 1). euta asadharan udaharanko rupma, sann 1646 ("soho" 3) maa changama pratibandha jaari garieko thiyo, ido mahalko mahalma jaliraheko changa khasyo tyasko dui dina pachhi. shogunko bhraman, kyotobata ek shahi mahilako bhraman, rar joson pratinidhiko agaman jasta mahatwapurna ghatanaharu garda, agoko chetawaniko star badhauna mag gardai adhyadeshharu jaari gariyo. yee adhyadeshharuantargat, ago rar jhagada rokna saharma gasti garieko thiyo, pani bharieka baltiharu tayar garieko thiyo, rar saharko khetra safa garieko thiyo. anushthanharu manairaheko bela pani yastai adeshharu jaari gariyo, rar. agoko samayama pratibandhit vishesh gatiwidhiharuma "agoko drishyaharu", thula akarka cartharu bhanine upkaranharu sarne, rar prayog rar utpadan, sabai awyawasthalai tiwra hunbata rokna rar nikasiko awarodhharu cum garnaka lagi samawesh thiyo. "chonin" ko ago rokatham upayaharu. jabki ukta bhanaile spashta rupma idoka manisharuko jiwanpratiko aniyantrit manowrittilai pradarshan gardacha, yasale saharko barambar thulo agoko barema uniharuko wyawaharik manasikta pani pratibimbit gardacha-agoma haraeko bhanda chaandai paisa kharcha garnu ramro thiyo. idoko "chonin" kaa lagi, ago dainik dincharya baneko thiyo, taipani tiniharuko failawata lagbhag rokna sakindaina. jab tiniharuko niwas rar wyawasayaharuma ago lagyo, pahilo rar sabaibhanda mahatwapurna lakshya chaandai khali garnu rar uniharuko sampattiharu sanrakshan garnu thiyo. arkotarf, uniharule afnai gharbata ago najaune kurama pani sawadhanipurwak dhyan die. ago viruddha prawadhan. dina wa raat jastosukai bhae pani idoma ago lageko thiyo. yadi kohi sutiraheko bela ago lagyo bhane, luga pariwartan rar batti tayar garnale nikasima dhilai huna sakchha. tyasaile, jado najikindai jaanda agoko mausamma prawesh garda, sawadhanika rupma, manisharule kapadaharusahitka wastuharu rar apatkalin awasthama afno takiyaharu chheuma rakhthe. jab agoko chetawani diinchha, utpatti rar hawako disha pahile pushti hunchha. yadi sthiti khatarnak manieko thiyo bhane, laijan nasakne bahumulya wastuharu bhitra rakhine thiyo rar wyaparik grahakharulai suchit garine thiyo, rar manisharule ago failinbata rokna kunai pani sparkharu nikalna chhatma chadhne thie. jab khatara sannikat bhayo, tiniharule sath laijan sakine bahumulya samanharu matra nikalchhan. agobata bahumulya wastuharu bachauna prayog gariyo. "yojingkago" ek prakarko thulo baansko tokari thiyo jasbata pitho wa kandhama bokna sakinchha. mahatwapurna kagajatharuka lagi, cull garieko wicker buxharu prayog garinthyo. yadyapi "daihachiguruma" rar "kurumanagamochi" ley thulo sankhyama wastuharu dhuwani garna sakthe, tiniharuko thulo akarle uniharulai nikasiko samayama awarodhharu banauna thalyo. tyahan pani udaharanharu thie jahaan dhuwani garieka wastuharule udiraheko sparkharubata ago samatyo rar ago failauna maddat maddat. yee karanharule garda uniharulai sogonetdwara pratibandha lagaieko thiyo. atirikta upayako rupma, rar ago bima garne agradutko rupma, dhani wyapariharule ghar nirmanka lagi awashyak samagrika lagi kath khudra vikretaharulai purva bhuktani garne garthe. yadi tiniharuko wyawasaya jaleko chha bhane, taba bhagnawashesh hataepachhi, purva-bhuktan samagriharu turuntai punarnirmanka lagi davi garna sakinchha, taaki chhoto samaya bhitra wyawasaya punah suru garna sakinchha. "dojo" rar "" enagura "". "dojo" rar "enagura" agoko samayama sthanantaran garna nasakne wastuharu bhandaran garna prayog garine sanrachanaharu thie. dhani wyapariharule samanyataya tiniharuka gunakharu swamitwama rakhthe. tiniharuko uccha lagatka karan, "dojo" prayaha wyapariharudwara nirman rar prayog garieko thiyo; yasako tulanama, "anagura" samanya manisharuka lagi badhi kifayati thiyo. "dojo" baklo plaster garieko matoka parkhalharu bhaeka bhandargrihaharu thie rar dherai jaso awasthama tyle garieko chhatharu thie. tiniharuko baklo parkhalharule saksham gareko ago pratirodhle tiniharulai wastuharu, gharayasi samanharu, upkaranharu rar bahumulya wastuharu bhandaran garna adarsha banayo. yadyapi, tiniharu nimnamanko nirman rar anuchit marmatka karan hune kamajortaharubata pani pidit huna sakchhan, jhyal rar praweshdwarharuma fatharu rar maus pwalharubata ago lagna dina sakchhan, rar parinamswarup dhalne pani huna sakchha. yass karanle garda, dhani wyapariharule prithwilai tayar awasthama tayar parchhan taaki uniharule ago lagepachhi afno niyamit plasterharu chaandai afno "dajo" lai banda garna sakun. tyahan yasta ghatanaharu pani thie, jab tiniharu afai agoko udgamkarta thie, uniharule afno "dajo" ko dhoka khula rakhthe rar tiniharulai sarvajanik prayashchitko rupma jalauna dinthe. kagajatharu bhandaran garnaka lagi vishesh rupma sudridha "dojo" astitwama thiyo tara tiniharuko uccha nirman lagatko karan kahilyai lokpriyata prapta bhaena, yadyapi tiniharu thulo agobata bachna paryapta baliyo thie. arkotarf, tyahan gharharu rar wyawasayaharu pani thie jaslai bhandarharu jastai banaieko thiyo. yadyapi, wyapar prayogka lagi awashyak wyapak udghatanharu samayojan garna tiniharuko ago pratirodh cum wa badhi samjhauta garnuparyo. "misegura" june adhunik dinasamma bancheka chhan ab prayaha katori (sawara khetra), tochigi rar kawagoi saharharuma painchhan, jasle yee saharharu rar tiniharuka chhimekharulai naam dinchha. "anagura" bhumigat bhandaran sthanharu thie. sanah ochhyan munika bhandaran ekaiharuko viparit, anagurama ek wyaktilai rakhna paryapta thaaun thiyo rar bahumulya wastuharu bhandaran garna pani nirman garieko thiyo. tiniharu "dajo" bhanda sasto thie, tara tiniharusanga surakshit garna matra kabharharu thie bhanera ago rar chori viruddha prabhawkari rahe. "idoma "anagura" pahilo patak 1656 ("mirki" 2) maa nihonbasima namko store chalaune ek kapada vikretale prayog gareka thie. izumi-yaa" ko "anagur" ko prabhawkaritalai mairekiko thulo agoma pahichan gariyo rar tiniharulai lokpriya banauna maddat garyo. idoma "enagur" ko lokapriyatako barema, kawago nun wyaparile afno sansmaranma lekheka chhan kii idoko dashaun bhag pwal bhaeko thiyo. yasto lokapriyatale yass pesalai pani janma diyo. yadyapi idoma "enagura" mukhyataya uccha bhujal starka karan hune chuhawata rokna saiprassanga nirman garieko thiyo, bhumigat ardratale tiniharuko sthayitwa simit gareko thiyo. ago durghatanaka lagi danda. yadyapi sogonetle ago lagaunu roknaka lagi jalaera mrityudandasahitka sajayaharu lagaeko thiyo, tara ago durghatanaka lagi yasako sajayaharu tyati kathora katai thiena. samurai wargaka jasle ago lagae uniharulai yadi uniharule afno niwasabhitra yasalai nibhauna safal bhae bhane nirdosh mukta garinthyo; tyasai gari ago sano rahema "chonin" sanga thiyo. yadyapi thulo agoko mamalama mrityu rar nirwasansahit kathora sajaya lagaune prastawharuko parishadle vichar garyo, tyasta prastawharu kahilyai apanaieko thiena. upakhyanatmak tarkale tyo samayama ago durghatanaharu jo kohi pani huna sakchha, rar "roju" ley yadi tiniharule afai galtile thulo ago suru gare bhane seppuku garne uniharuko tayarimathi prashna uthae. samuraisako ago durghatana. yadi "demyo" niwasma ago lagyo bhane, jabasamma gett sanrakshit garieko thiyo, gharharuma ago lagyo bhane pani maliklai jawafdehi hune thiena. swabhawik rupma, gett surakshako kendra banyo. kehi samuraiharule framebata afno sliding dhoka linchhan rar uniharu bhagda tiniharulai sathama laijanchhan. aru kehile "machibikesi" lai banda garchhan jo ghatanasthalma hatar bhae, afnai shaktima agosanga ladchan, tyasapachhi dhuwaan kewal alawabata aaundai gareko dabi garchhan. yadyapi tyahan kunai sharirik sajaya thiena, durghatanabata ago lagaune samuraile vaikalpik niwasma nazarband garna report garna awashyak chha; yadi usale afno niwasbata ago failauna dieko thiyo bhane usale afno warishthalai jimmewariko davi prastut garnuparne thiyo. tinawata ago durghatanaharule samurailai afno niwas idoko bahiri bhagma sarna badhya parchha yadyapi yo spashta rupma nirdharit garieko thiena. "chonin", "mandirharu", rar mandirharuma ago durghatanaharu. chonin" kaa lagi, "kujikata osadamegaki" ko dosro khandale galtile (lagbhag) bhanda farakilo kshetraharu jalauneharulai 10,20 rar 30 dinko sajaya, wa kada nazarband lagaeko chha. yadi ago lageko dina sagan bhramanka lagi bahira niskieko thiyo bhane danda 50 dinasamma badhauna sakinchha rar hatko kafle yasalai ajha badhauna sakinchha. yadi agoko kshati aparadhi bahek (lagbhag) bhanda farakilo kshetrama failiyo bhane, pariwarka pramukh, gharmalik rar 30 dinko "oshikom" ko adhinma hunechha. uni jahaan thie tyahan raheka sadasyaharulai 20 dinko "oshikom" ko sajaya pani diinechha. yasabahek, leeward bahek agoko srota warparka chhawata saharharuko "gachigyoji" ley pani 20 dinko "oshikom" prapta garnechha. mandira rar mandirharuma hune ago durghatanaharuka lagi, udartaka karan shogunetle firestarterharulai saat dinko wa light house arestako sajaya matra diyo, jasma prithak ratko bhramanharu sahan gariyo. shogunko bhramanko sath mail khane wa thulo bhaeko agole pani sajayama thap tean dina matra thapnecha. anya saharharuko tulanama prabhawashali mandira rar mandirharu warpar baneka saharharuma ago durghatanaharulai dherai badhi kshamako sajaya pani diieko thiyo. oshikom" ko tean dina matra lagne bhanda farakilo kshetraharuma ago jaleko chha. arthik prabhawa. pratyek patak thulo ago lagepachhi, vinashkari idolai punarutthan garna awashyak parne bhautik rar arthik kharchaharu thulo thie. tasartha, upabhokta mulya rar arthik sambhawanaharuma thulo agoko prabhawa idobata chhirna sakchha rar sampurna japanlai asar garna sakchha. tyasaile thulo agoko barambar ghatanalai idoko arthik wriddhilai samarthan garne pramukh chalak karakko rupma bhanna sakinchha. yasako viparit, punarnirman lagat pani sogonetka lagi thulo bojha banyo rar yasako samasyagrasta wittiya awasthama yogdan diyo. arthik dababbata pidit "chonin" pani thie. thulo wyawasaya chalaune wyaparilai thulo agopachhi "nagaya" maa basna sakinchha bhanne akalpaniya kura hoina. jab yo sogonetko bajetko kura aunchha, "chonin" lai tokieko kharchaharu madhye, ago rokatham rar agnishamansanga sambandhitharu pani sabaibhanda thulo anupatka lagi jimmewar thie. upabhoktako mulya akash chhodeko chha. pratyek thulo agoko artha idoma mulya wriddhi thiyo. dhanbata suru hune khadya padartha, sathai ghar punarnirmanka lagi awashyak nirman samagri sabaile tiniharuko mulya dherai badheko dekhe. udaharanka lagi, mairekiko thulo agopachhi, sarko mulya prati "soe" (lagbhag) dekhi badhera 1000 "mone" prati "soe" bhayo, jabki telko mulya 3 "mone" prati sobata badhera 2400 "mone" prati "soe" bhayo. saharma punarnirmanko badhdo kamko bojhle bhadama lieka karigarharuko lagat badhauna maddat maddat. karigarharu bahek, kararbadha sewakharule pani thulo agoko darle idoma kaam garna chahane cum manisharuka lagi uniharuko talabma wridhiko ananda uthae. yee bahek, awasko abhawaka adharma bhada badhyo; pulharu punarnirman hunuaghi badhdo magka karan dungako bhada pani badhyo. yee sabai prabhawharu thie june idoko thulo agole sthaniya upabhokta mulyaharuma pareko thiyo. mudrasfiti mulya niyantran garna, sogonetle adhyadeshharu jaari garyo jasle mulya wriddhi gairakanuni banayo, karigarharuko talabma uccha sima lagaeko thiyo, rar sabaibhanda pramukh aparadhiharulai dandit garyo. idoma dhanko abhawalai sambodhan garne upayaharu lagu gariyo. dhaan sidhai kisanharubata kharid gari punah bechinthyo. kisanharulai pani khud chamal bechna ido auna anumati diieko thiyo. idobata deshbharka sthanharuma rakhieko kharid arderharuko badhdo sankhyaka karan, arthik sambhawanaharuma idoko thulo agoko prabhawa rashtrawyapi thiyo. sogunetle pani awasarwadi mulyawriddhika viruddha wyapak kshetraharuma chetawani jaari garyo. jey hose, yasale wyapariharu jastai rokeko thiena, jasle kathko wyaparbata bhagya nirman gare rar mairekiko thulo ago pachhi nirman samjhauta gare. sogonetma arthik bojha. jaleka suwidhaharuko punarnirmanko kharchale sogonetko bajetko thulo hissa ogateko thiyo. merikiko thulo agoka lagi, yadyapi ido mahalko haraeko tenshu-marmat nashta bhaeko thiyo, bhitri citadelko punarnirmanka sathai darbarharule kull kharcha record gare. tulanaka lagi, tyas samayaka shogun rar tokugawa iyasuka prapautrale afna purkhaharubata 42 lakh 30 hazar "riyo" mulyaka paisa rar sampattiharu virasatma paeka thie. punarnirman bahek, vipad rahat gatiwidhiharu thulo kharchako arko srota thie. mairekiko bhishan agopachhi, hatamotoharu rar uniharuko wazifako anupatik danharu prapta gare rar uniharulai agrim chamal bhuktaniko anumati diiyo. demyos" kaa lagi, daan bahek, das warshako rina pani diieko thiyo. lagbhag 160,000 "riyo" "chonin" kaa lagi danma kharcha garieko thiyo, jasko seyar uniharuko niwasko agrabhagko akarsanga mail khanchha. yasabahek, "demyos" lai ghar gumaeko "chonin" lai kangi pradan garna adesh diieko thiyo; "chonin" jasle afno dhanko anna bhandar jalaeka thie uniharulai nihshulk chamal apurti garieko thiyo. mairekiko thulo agopachhi, bigrindai gaeko arthik sthitika karan sanah tahaharuma bhae tapani, jab pani thulo ago lagyo, sogonetle afno rahat prayasharu jaari rakhyo.

idore niaan japanara edo samajare (1600-1868) tokio namaka eka puruna naamare niaan ete thara lagithila je, edo saharaku eka prabada anusare barnita karajaithila. adhunika jugare madhya, puruna idoku ebe bii smarana karajauthila. edo bisware eka birala bishai thila, kaaran saharar bishala saharanchal barambar nianre jali jaithila . edo 'rahr mahan nianku agni debatanka saha tulana karajaithila ebong hasyaspada bhabare "sharat patra" bhabare barnana karajaithila . agnikandara barambarata. 1601 ("keicho" 6), ebong 1867 ("keio" 3), madhyare 267 barsha madhyare, edo 49 tii budd agnikanda dwara prabhabita hoithila. tulanatmaka bhabe, sehi samajare, kioto, oshaka ebong kanajaware mote maatra naaa, chhaa ebong tiniti agnikanda ghatithila, jaahaa idonka aakruti japanara anya mahanagargudika thaaru alga karithila. anya bibaranee anujai, edo itihasare 85ru adhika budd agnikanda ghatithila. 1600 ru 1945 masiha madhyare, edo/tokio prati <aai. dii. 1> barshare niaan, bhumikampa, sunami, agnejagiri bisphorana ebong juddha dwara samatulya hoithila. jadi chhot agnikandaku madhya antarbhukta karajae, tebe ehi 267 barsha madhyare ghatithiba 1,798 agnikanda madhyaru 269 tii 1601-1700,541 tii 1701-1800, ebong 986 tii 1801-1867 ray thila. jehetu tokugawa samaira shesh bhagare idonka janasankhya brudhi paithila ehara bardhita arthika samruddhi sahita, sehipari saharare agnikandara barambarata madhya ehara abhibruddhi sahita aanupatika bhabare brudhi paithila . bisesh curry, 1851 ("kaai" 3) ebong 1867 madhyare 17 barsha madhyare 506tii agnikanda ghatithila, jaahaa paain tokugawa shogunator akhyama prashasana dwara srusta asthira sarbajaneena byabastha eka pramukh yogdan karaka thila . budd agnikandara talika. nimnalikhita pratinidhi saaraneere edo itihasare keteka budd agnikandara talika diajaichhi jaahaa zeeban ebong bhautika khyatira biparjya srusti karithila . maireki", "meiwa" ebong "bunka" jugare ghatithiba tinoti bishajaku "daa" kuhajauthila. 1657 masihare meirikire ghatithiba bhajankara agnikandaku tinoti sangharsha madhyaru sabutharu bhajankara bolly bibechana karajae. idore niaan prajatah shighra brudhi paithila, saharar saharanchal paribeshare jwalanta kaath "machia" kotha dwara chinhita hoithila jaahaa kaath koila jaluthiba agnikunda dwara uttapta hoithila . sehi samajare agni nirbapaka prajuktibidyara seemitata tatha edo jala jogaana byabasthara abiswasaneejataaku drustire rakhi, kaath building stock dwara bhartti eka padoshire niaan haataru baharigala parey saharar anya anshaku ehara bistaraku rokiba paain kartrupakhya comm thile . ehi samajare, budd dharanara agnikanda byatita, madhyantarare chhot chhot agnikanda madhya hoithila, jaahaa (ekatra) kaunasi ekatmaka binashakaree agnikanda tulanare idore adhika khyati ebong jeebanahani ghataithila. agnikandara kaaran. edo samajare, agni dainandina jeebner eka apariharjya upadan thila . ehaaku roshei ebong alokikarana paain byabahara karajauthila, jaahaa phalare durghatana ghatithila. bibhinna uddeshya jogun agnikanda, agnikandara anya eka utsa thila. anya sahara tulanare idore adhika agnikanda bibhinna karanaru hoithila, jeunthire eka ghana saharanchal binyas, eka gariba samajika berger astitwa ebong edo rahr ananya panipaga sthiti antarbhukta thila . idonka agnikanda bishajare adhyajana karithiba jane bidwana matsunosuke nishiyama agnikandara karanagudiku sankhyepare ehipari barnana karichantih janasankhya brudhi. idore shogunet pratistha kariba parey, edo durga charipakhare "diameos" (samanta prabhu) ebong hatamoto (baristha rakhyanashila) abas nirmana karajaithila ebong bahu sankhyaka samurai rahithile. samurainka jeebanaku samarthan karuthiba byabasajee ebong karigaramane shighra idoku palajana karithile ebong ehara phalaswaroopa janasankhya brudhi paithila . edo janasankhya 1640 ("kaana 'ee" 17) ray pakhapakhi 400,000 ru 1693 ("jenaroku" 6) ray pakhapakhi 800,000 ku brudhi paithila, ebong 1721 ("kioho" 6) suddha pakhapakhi 1,100,000 ku brudhi paithila. samuraimanankara bishala abasic anchala tulanare, chonin bahuta chhot anchalare seemita thila . bardhita janasankhya semananka janasankhya ghanatwaku atyanta uccha staraku theli deithila. semananka aabasagudika ghana bhabe compact anchalare sajjit thila, ebong kalankita thila sadharana. munda pichha rahiba sthana, roshei ghara ebong almari antarbhukta, sadharanatah chhaa tatami matra aakaar thila . ehaa upare, kaath ebong kagaja nirmana samagri sahajare niaan paain indhan hoigala . ehi samasta paristhiti swabhabika bhabare agnikanda durghatanara uccha sambhabana srusti karithila . niaan lagaidele. idore agnikandara eka pramukh kaaran bhabare, bahu sankhyare chore record karajaithila . girapha hoithiba agnisanjogakareemananka madhyaru aneka idonka jeebanadharanara uccha mulya ebong guarantor nathiba karanaru chuktinamadhari sebaka bhabare karjya karibaku ajogyata hetu eka gariba zeeban bitauthile. semananka madhyaru keteka semananka ghara podi deithile ebong aparadharu kichhi khyati hoinathila. 1723 ebong 1724 masihare girapha hoithiba 102 john agnisanjogakaree ("kioho" 8 ebong 9) nka madhyaru 41 john thile, ebong 22 jananka kaunasi panjikruta sthajee basasthana nathila. semananka madhyaru adhikansha nimna samajika bargaru aasithile. agnikandara uddeshya bhinna bhinna thila, jadio sabutharu pramukh thila lute. ehi prakarara agnisanjogakareemane pabanare dinagudikare niaan lagaibe ebong parabarti bishrunkhalara faida uthai chori karibe. lunthan byatita, barambar samajika samparkaru utpanna uddeshya thila, jepariki sebakamane semananka malikanka upare pratisodha nebaku chahunthile ebong biphal romantic samparka hetu ghruna karithile . byabasajeemane pratidwandinka byabasai ebong pilamananka nianre niaan lagaibara udaharana madhya record karajaithila, ebong epariki "hathat niaan lagaibaku anubhaba" rahr eka sweekara sahita eka mamla madhya record karajaithila . jehetu parabarti punahnirmanare eka agnikandara artha badhei, plaster sramika ebong stiplejack paain byabasai madhya heba, semananka madhyaru keteka agnikandara ghatana ebong teebrataare khusi hebe . bisesh curry, jehetu aneka agnisham karmachari mukhyatah stiplejack bhabare karjya karuthile, semananka madhyaru keteka sarbasadharanare agni nirbapaka dakhyata pradarshan kariba kimba niz paain byabasai sujoga srusti kariba paain janishuni niaan bistara karuthile. ehaa shogunetaku chetabani adhyadesha jaari karibaku ebong kichhi ahata agnisham karmacharinku karjyakaree karibaku prabartaithila. girapha hoithiba agnisanjogakareemananku jaali hatya kariba purbaru rastagudikare shobhajatra karajaithila. tebe, agnisanjoga prati shogunator asahishnu neeti satwe, agnisanjoga-prerita agni kebe bii idoru sampurna bhabare samapta hoinathila . bakumatsu samajare, shogunetra prashasana akhyama heba sahita sarbajaneena shrunkhala kharap hoithila . phalaswaroopa, niaan lagibara kaaran byapaka bhabe brudhi paithila. keteka agnisanjogakaree sahitya ebong kabuki rachnar bishai palatithile. emananka madhyare 1683 (tena 3) rahr tena mahaa agnikanda, jeunthire 3,500 lock prana haraithile, madhya taanka naamare namit hoithila. ehi agnikanda paain oshichi daie nathile, kintu ethire shay nijara ghara haraithile. shay eka mandirare ashrai neithile ebong sethare eka prustha sahita premare padithile. eka barsha parey, shay ehi kalpana upare aadharita agnisanjoga karibaku chesta karithile je aau eka agnikanda ubhajanku punithare bhetibaku sakhyama kariba . tanku girapha karajaithila, bichara karajaithila ebong nianre fashi diajaithila. taanka kahani ihara saikaku ebong tsuria nanaboku chaturthanka kahani upare aadharita thila. panipaga sthiti. uttara digaru asuthiba prabala shitakalina mausumee baaju eka panipaga sambandheeah sthiti thila jaahaa edo paain ananya thila. ehaa aneka sheeta ebong basanta agnikandare yogdan karithila jaahaa uttara-paschima ebong uttara pabana dwara srusti hoithiba sushka pagare ghatithila . ehaa byatita, basanta ebong sharat ruture prabala dakhina pabana madhya bhishan agnikandara anya eka kaaran thila. ehi karanaru, 1658 masihare shogunet dwara sthapita charoti dala ("manji" 1) durgaku sehi digaru byapithiba nianru rakhya kariba paain edo durgara uttara-paschima digare nijojita hoithile. jetebele maasa anusare niaan ganana karajaithila, marchare sabutharu adhika "budd niaan" dekhibaku milithila, taa 'parey februari, april ebong januarire . ehi chaari maasa samasta bhajankara agnikandara 70 pratishata thila. meirikire ghatithiba bhajankara agnikanda, jaahaa edo itihasare 107,000 lokanka zeeban neijaithiba sabutharu bhajankara agnikanda thila, 1657 masiha march 2 tarikhare ghatithila (japani chandra-saura tenpo calendarare "meiriki" 3rahr pratham masser 18tama deane). edonka "chonin" ehi satya bishajare bhal bhabare abgat thile. sheeta ruture, mahilamananku edo upakanthare thiba semananka pitamatanka basabhabanaku jibaku ebong niaan rutu atibahita heba parey hinn pheribaku kuhajaithila, jahaphalare rutukaleena janasankhyare asthirata srusti hoithila. 1725 masihare ("kioho" 10), shastha maasare janasankhya chaturtha maasa tulanare 10,000ru adhika thila. joga hoithiba janasankhyara 90 pratishataru adhika mahila thile. tokugawa shogunetra agni nibarana padakhyepa. edo samaira prarambhare, shogunetra pramukh adhikarimane pabanare thiba dinagudikare prathamikata bhabare "shogan" ebong edo durgara surakhya pratistha karithile, jetebele niaan lagaibara sambhabana adhika thila . aparapakhyare, sengoku samaira abasistangsha bhabe, "chonin" rahr abasic anchala sambandhare agni nibarana padakhyepa upare praiah kaunasi dhyana diajaunathila. tebe, "chonin" samajika shakti hassel kariba sahita, shogunetra neeti madhya bikashita hoithila, jahara eka pratika bhabare, astama shogan, kioho sanskarara ansha bhabare idoku sarbajaneena bhabare antarbhukta karibaku agni pratirodha padakhyepaku bistara karithila . agni nirbapaka sangathana. prarambhika edo jugare, agni nirbapaka karjyaku sansthagata karajai nathila. tebe, budd agnikandara punarabrutti byabasthara pratistha paain eka turning paentare parinata hoithila . ehi byabastha adheenare agnisham karmacharimananku sadharanatah ebong ray bargeekruta karajaithila . book hikeshi" madhyare, agnisham bahineeku ahuri ebong ray bibhakta karajaithila . agni nirbapaka karjyara "hikeshira" prathamika paddhati thila nianku byapibaru rokiba paain purbaru jaluthiba kothagudiku dhwansa kariba. meiwa" jugare, manab sambala dwara parichalita eka prakarara kaath pump byabahruta heuthila, kintu nirabachhinna jala joganara abhaba hetu ehaa agni nirbapaka karjyara eka sampurna karjyakhyama madhyama hoiparinathila . meiji punaruddhara parjyanta, pesadara agnisham karmacharinka dwara attalika gudikar hastakruta dhwansa, jeunthiru adhikansha stiplejack thila, agni nirbapaka prathamika paddhati rahithila . "" "daimyo hikeshi. diameo hikheshi" ku 1643 masihare ("kaana 'ee" 20), oke-maachi agnikandara dui barsha parey, "diameos" ku badhyatamoolaka nijamita agni nirbapaka sebara roop bhabare sansthagata karajaithila. ehaa purbaru, niaan lagiba parey jaari karajaithiba atirikta adesh dwara "diameo" mananku agni nirbapaka karjya paain pathajaithila. daimyo hikeshi" rahr anya rupagudika madhyare antarbhukta thile, jeunmane shogunet dwara gurutwapurna bolly bibechana karajauthiba sthana paain daie thile jepariki samadhi, mandira ebong dhaana bhandara; jeunmane edo rahr byaktigata upakhand paain daie thile; ebong, jeunmane, "diamo" aabasasthalare aatmarakhya agnisham sanstha tulanare, akhpakh anchalare agni nirbapaka karjyare anshagrahana karibaku badhya thile . "jobikeshi. mirekire niaan lagibara eka barsha parey 1658 masihare ("manji" 1) "jobikeshi" ku sansthagata karajaithila. hatamotogudiku sidhasalakha sogunetanka nirdeshare agni nirbapaka dajitwa diajaithila. semananku agni nirikhyana tawarare sajjit ghare rakhajaithila. semane pesadara agnisham karmacharinku madhya nijukta karithile. prathame charoti dala gathan karajaithila. parey, semanankara sankhya, 15 tii dala sahita, edo abadhi sheshare kebala gotie dalaku, shogunetra arthika ebong samarika sthiti tatha "machibikeshi" rahr prastuti upare nirbhara kare . adhikansha samajare dashati dala thile ebong sethipain semananku madhya dakajaithila. "machibikeshi". jetebele tokugawa yoshimune astama shogan bhabare khyamata grahan karithile, edore agni nirbapaka karjya "daimyo hikeshi", "jobikeshi" ebong jaahaa madhyaru parabarteeti byabasajee ebong karigaramananku nei gathita "chonin" agnisham karmachari madhyare bunton karajaithila . daimyo hikeshi" ebong "jobikeshi" abhigya agnisham karmachari thile, semane "chonin" rahr abasic anchalare ghatuthiba agnikanda bishajare prakrutare kebe chintita nathile; iti madhyare, "tanabikeshi" kebala apeshadara agnisham karmacharinka dala thila jeunmane nije bhajankara nianru palajana karibe . 1720 masihare ("kioho" 5), tokugawa yoshimune kioho sanskarara anshabisesha bhabe "machibikeshi" ku sansthagata karithile. shay nutan agnisham unit pratistha karibaku nirdesh deithile jaahaa prakrutare "chonin" rahr abasic anchalaku surakhya debare sakhyama heba . machibikeshi" byabastha adheenare, pratyeka saharaku ehara "chonin" ku agni nirbapaka karjya paain pathaiba aabasyaka thila. ōoca saharar adhikarinka paramarsha grahan karithile ebong saharar agnisham gostheegudiku sangathita karithile. sumida nadira paschima digare 48tii gosthi gathan karajaithila. charoti byatita segudiku ekaka hiragana akhyara byabahara curry namit karajaithila ebong tenu samuhika bhabare 'daa' bhabare ullekha karajaithila. nadira purba digare honjo ebong phukugaware anya sohalati gosthi gathan karajaithila. pratyeka dalara nijaswa swatantra ebong uniform thila. pratyeka gosthi madhyare samparka swabhabika thila, kintu gosthi madhyare matabhed madhya sadharana thila . 1730 masihare ("kioho" 15), ehi agni nirbapaka gostheegudiku budd gostheere punargathana karajaithila, jahadwara agni-samai sanchajara parimana ebong dakhyata brudhi paithila. jadio "machibikeshi" prathame kebala "chonin" rahr abasic anchala paain daie thila, semanankara khyamata swekruti laabh karithila ebong parey samurainka abasic anchala madhyare thiba sthanagudikare niaan libhaiba paain pathajaithila, jepariki setu, mandira, dhaana bhandara, ebong epariki edo durga bhitare . meiji punaruddhara samai suddha, semane edor mukhya agni nirbapaka baahineere parinata hoithile, aparapakhyare, sehi samai suddha "book hikeshi" bahuta hrass paithila . arsen birodhi padakhyepa. jehetu idore agnikanda eka pramukh kaaran thila, shogunet agnisanjogakareenka upare karjyanusthana grahan karibaku yathesta prayasa karithila . eka nutan sarkari padabee, prabartana karajaithila. "agnisanjogakareenku dhariba paain "chonin" ku puraskara diajaithila. nianku eka aparadha curry janasadharananka paain eka chetabani bhabare jaliba danda diajaithila. "hitasuke tojoku aratame. "hitasuke tojoku aratame" eka sthiti thila jaahaa shogunet dwara agnisanjoga, chori ebong juaa bhali aparadhaku lakhya kariba paain prabartita hoithila. jadio prarambhare tinoti aparadha paain tinoti pruthaka padabee thila, segudika 1683 ("tena" 3) ray samarika adhikarinka dwara ekakaleena anusthita hoithiba janaa padithila . parey semananku alpa samai paain hatai diajaithila, kintu 1703 ("jenaroku" 16) ray punahprabartana karajaithila ebong 1718 ("kioho" 3) ray ekaka sthanare ekeekruta hoithila. maachi-bugio" nka bipareet, jeunmane besamarika adhikari thile, "hitasuke tojoku aratame" samarika adhikari thile. tenu, semananka pacharauchara ranneeti hinsatmaka thila. sandigdha agnisanjogakareenku girapha karibara khyamata semananka pakhare thibabele, bhul girafdari paain kaunasi danda nathila. ehi karanaru, semane prajatah girapha sandigdhamananku dosh sweekara karibaku badhya kariba paain nirjyatana deuthile, jaahaa phalare bahu sankhyaka mithya abhijoga asithila. ehaa "chonin" upare eka kukhyata pratichabi chadithila, jie "maachi-bugyo" ebong "ku" tulana kariba samajare semananku daknam deithile. agnisanjogakareenku dhariba ebong jaali fashi deba paain puraskara. shogunet barambar adhyadesha jaari karithila jaahaa bandi hoithiba agnisanjogakareemananku turanta pratyarpana karibaku ebong semananka apaharanakareenku puraskara debaku daabi karithila. ehaa byatita, jane agnisanjogakareenku dharithiba byaktinka birodhare bakeja aparadhaku khyama karajiba. epariki agnisanjogakaree jeunmane semananka sahajogee kimba anya agnisanjogakareenka birodhare suchana debare gurutwapurna bhumika grahan karithile semane khyama upare puraskara paain jogya thile. 1723 masihare ("kioho" 8), ehaa nirdesh diajaithila je jekaunasi byakti niaan lagiba ghatanare sandehajanak acharan aadhaarare girapha karajaipare, jadio shay niaan lagai nathile madhya. janasadharananka paain eka chetabani swaroopa, girapha hoithiba agnisanjogakareemananku sahara saaraa shobhajatra karajaithila ebong dandare jaali diajaithila. ehaa byatita, semananka birodhare abhijoga kaath phalaka upare lekhajaithila ebong sarbasadharana pradarshanare rakhajaithila. edo samaira danda sanhita anujai, podiba dwara fashi diajauthila, ebong 1868 masihare ("meiji" 1) meiji sarakaranka asthajee danda sanhita dwara pratisthapita heba parjyanta ehaa abhyasa karajauthila. agnisanjogakareenka paribara sadasyamananku madhya samprukta karajaithila, ebong patni ebong jhiamananku chuktibhittika dasatware parinata karajaithila kimba nirbasanaku pathajaithila. eka chuktinama agnikanda khetrare, jie aparadha paain artha pradan karithile shay madhya dandaneeah thile. jetebele agnisanjogakaree jane samurai thile, setebele jaali fashi deba laagu hoinathila. ehaa paribarte, sarbadhika dandadesh laagu karajaithila; doshi samurainku shirachheda karajaithila ebong mundaku eka aasana kimba platformre rakhajaithila ebong tini deane paain pradarshita karajaithila, jetebele shareeraku khanda-parikhya paain byabahruta hoithila . jie likhita note dwara niaan lagaibaku dhamaka deuthile prathame dandaneeah thile, kintu parey dandaku nirbasanaku hrass karajaithila. jadio upare barnita neeti aadhaarare danda diajaithila, tathapi biphal agnikanda udyama bhali jatila paristhiti upare madhya bichara karajaithila. 15 barsharu comm baisar agnisanjogakareenku fashi diajiba naahin barang nirbasanaku pathajiba kimba probesionre rakhajiba. saharanchal yojana. daahya padartharu nirmita attalikara ghana bunton eka gurutwapurna kaaran thila jaahaa nianku chhotaru badaku bikashita karibaku anumathi deithila . gotie attalikare niaan lagigala parey, kaunasi agnisham karmachari pratikrija deba purbaru padoshimane shighra niaan lagaibe. ehi karanaru, mirekira bhajankara agnikanda parey, niaan biruddhare saharar pratirakhya brudhi kariba paain idore anah-jwalanta saamagreere nirmita dhanchaku prostahita karajaithila. idore bibhinna sthanare agni pratibandhaka john dakajaithila ebong sthapana karajaithila . tyle chhatu ebong maati ghara sameth agni-pratirodhaka samagri grahan kariba badhyatamoolaka hoigala . "hijokichi" ebong "hirokoji". meirikire ghatithiba bhishan agnikandare biparjyajapurna khyajakhyati parey, edo punahnirmana jojanare agni nibarana padakhyepa upare adhika gurutwa diajaithila. niaan jepari byapinathae sethipain agni pratibandhaka john pratistha karajaithila. ehaa edo durgara bahya bhagara prathamika aabasagudiku sthanantara kariba ebong khaali sthanaku agni pratirodha paain utsarga kariba sahita arambha hoithila. ehaa parey anya "diameo" ebong hatamotonka abasasthaligudikara sthanantara karajaithila. edo bhitare attalikara ghana compactionku hrass kariba paain, adhikansha gantabyastala durgaru doorare rahiba paain chayan karajaithila . adhikantu, "jenaroku" jugare, "diameo" mananku edo upakanthare semanankara dwiteeja ebong truteeja abas nirmana paain jami diajaithila, ebong semanankara truteeja abas madhya agnikanda samajare ashrajasthala bhabare byabahruta heuthila . nutan samurai abasasthalira anya eka madhyama bhabe jami punaruddhara karajaithila. praiah 1661 ("kanbun" 1) ray, samurai abas nirmana tatha "chonin" abasasthali sthanantara paain honjore jami punaruddhara karjya sampurna hoithila. mandira ebong mandiragudiku madhya anuroopa sthanantara adesh jaari karajaithila. semananka madhyaru adhikansha edo kenal bahare sthanantarita hoithibabele semananka madhyaru keteka asakusa, komagome ebong koisikaware semanankara nutan sthana paithile. nihonabasheera padoshi anchalaru asakusa anchalaku redd-light jillara sthanantara madhya ehi samajare ghatithila, jadio mirekira mahan agnikanda purbaru ehi padakhyepa nishpatti niajaithila . dui prakarara agni pratibandhaka john, ebong, sthanantara dwara khaali hoithiba jamiku nei srusti karajaithila; prathamati khaali plaza thila ebong parabarteeti rastaku prasasta karithila . ehaa byatita, rasta prasasta kariba neeti sahita, gharagudika jekaunasi ibh apasarana karibaku aabasyaka thila . sthanantara phalare eka samprasarita saharanchal sikhya byabastha srusti hoithila. 1662 masihare ("kanbun" 2), kenal bahare thiba yueno, asakusa ebong shiba anchalaku "maachi-bugyo" prashasana adheenare anajaithila. tena agnikanda parey, "diameo" abas, mandira ebong mandira sahita jadita stanantarara aau eka taranga, ebong nutan "hijokichi" paain anumathi ebong "hirokoji" bistara karithila . phalaswaroopa adhikansha mandira ebong mandira ebe kenal bahare abasthita thila . kioho sanskara samajare, "machibikeshi" rahr sansthagatakarana sahita agni nibaranaku ahuri sudrudha karajaithila. eka anah-jwalanta edo paain tokugawa joshimunenka utsahaku alokita curry, kanda, hatchbory ebong ichigajare nutan "hijokichi" sthapana karajaithila. edo charipakhare agni pratibandhaka john pratistha karibara prayasa satwe, epari mamla madhya thila jeunthare "hijokechi" bhitare ghara nirmana karajaithila, ebong "hirokoji" sahita store thila, jaahaa semanankara prabhabaku ullekhaneeah bhabare hrass karithila, belebele jeunthare purbaru nianra bipada ahuri adhika thila . agni-pratirodhaka ebong agni-pratirodhaka sanrachana. 1601rahr bhajankara agnikanda ("keicho" 6) parey, shogunet badhyatamoolaka karithila je chhatara chhatara paribartana single chhatare karajiba. parey, bilasapurna "diameo" aabasagudika madhyare thiba attalika madhyare tyle chhaata fashion hoigala ebong kichhi "chonin" basabhabanare madhya grahan karajaithila . tebe, meirikire bhajankara agnikanda parey, eka nitigata paribartana tyle chhatara byabaharaku nishidha karithila kaaran agni-pratirodhee tyle chhataru khasi padithila ebong aneka ahata hoithila . ehaa paribarte, nianku byapibaru rokiba paain jwalanta chapara chhataku maati dwara aachadita karibara abashyakata thila . 1661 masihare ("kanbun" 1), nutan attalikare chhatara byabahara upare madhya pratibandhaka lagajaithila, jaahaa dwara single chhataku ekamatra anumodita bikalpa karajaithila. tokugawa yosimun khyamata grahan kariba parjyanta tyle chhaata badhyatamoolaka hoinathila . 1723 masihare ("kioho" 8), samurainka abas paain, bancho nikatare podihoi jaithiba hatamoto aabasagudiku tyle chapara sahita punahnirmana karibara abashyakata thila. ethipain sudhamukta runa madhya pradan karajaithila. praiah 1725 ("kioho" 10) parey, seemita anchalare, bidyamana aabasagudika tyle chhaata grahan karibaku aabasyaka hoithila . parey, ehi neeti budd anchalare ehi chetabani sahita laagu karajaithila je anupalana nakarithiba basagruhagudiku bhangi diajiba. chonin" abas paain, tyle chhaata upare pratibandhaka 1720 ray pratyahara karajaithila ("kioho" 5) . 1722 ("kioho" 7) parey, idore thiba samasta attalikara chhataku tyle kariba aabasyaka thila ebong ehaa pruthibeeru nirmana kimba aachadita heba aabasyaka thila, jadio "chonin" upare arthika bojhaku bicharaku nei, keteka khetrare sister kholaru tiari chhataku madhya anumathi diajaithila. samurai aabasagudika bhali, sarbajaneena seba shulka ebong sudha-mukta runara rihati upalabdha thila, ebong aparibartita aabasagudika dhwansa hebara bishai thila. shogunet dwara parichalita anah-jwalanta edo karjyakram tokugawa joshimunenka shasson adheenare karajaithila, jadio 1751 ray ("kaana 'ee" 4) taanka mrutyu parey, ehara samasyajukta arthika sthiti hetu shogunet comm sakriya hoigala . ehi karjyakram kebe bii sampurna bhabe sampurna hoiparinathila, jaahaa "meiji" juga purbaru bibhinna bhajankara agnikandara mukhya kaaran palatithila. nishedhadesha ebong agni satarkata adesh. nianku rokiba paain, shogunet samasta prakarara nirdeshanama jaari karithila jeunthire agnikandara sambhabya kaaran upare nishedhadesha, gurutwapurna ghatana samajare agni satarkata adesh ebong prakruta agnikanda samajare nirdista karjyakalapa upare pratibandhaka antarbhukta . sarbasadharana snanagara, atasabaji ebong barjyabastu podiba birodhare agni bipadaku lakhya curry nishedhadesha nirdeshita hoithila . adhikansha "chonin" aabasagudika snan sahita nirmita hoinathila jaahaa agnikandara kaaran bhabare sandehaku edaiba paain . phalaswaroopa, sarbajaneena snanagaragudika lokpriya hoithila. jadio snanagara byabasajare agnikandara abashyakata sampurna nishedhadeshaku rokithila, 1653 ray ("joe" 2) sandhya 6 taa parjyanta sarbasadharana snanagarare nianku nishedha karajaithila . sarbasadharana snanagarare snan jala sakaala parjyanta rakhiba aabasyaka thila, jahadwara ehi jalaku agni nirbapaka karjyare byabahara karajaipariba. 1648 masihare ("keian" 1) sahara bhitare atasabaji utpadana upare pratibandhaka lagajaithila. mohana byatita semanankara byabahara madhya nishidha karajaithila ebong 1642 ray kebala sumida nadee koolare seemita hoithila ("keian" 5) . "jenaroku" jugare sahara ebong ghare "sagicho" utsabaku nishidha karajaithila. ehaa purbaru, 1655 masihare barjyabastu podiba beaina ghoshita hoithila ("meireki" 1). eka asadharana udaharana bhabare, edo durga upare eka jalanta gudi padibara dui deane parey 1646 ("shoho" 3) ray gudi upare pratibandhaka jaari karajaithila. shoganka gasta, kiyotore jane rajkiah mahilanka gasta ebong jane josan pratinidhinka agman bhali gurutwapurna ghatana samajare, bardhita starar agni satarkata daabi curry adhyadesha jaari karajaithila. ehi adhyadesha anujai, niaan ebong jhagada rokiba paain saharare gasti karajaithila, paani bhartti balty prastuta karajaithila ebong sahara anchalaku sapha karajaithila . jetebele anusthana palana karajauthila, ebong setebele madhya samaana adesh jaari karajaithila. agnikanda samajare nishidha hoithiba nirdista karjyakalapa madhyare "agni darshan", budd akarara gaadi sahita upakarana chalaiba, ebong byabahara ebong utpadana, samasta bishrunkhalaku teebraru rokiba ebong stanantarara pratibandhakaku hrass kariba paain antarbhukta . "chonin 'rahr agni nibarana padakhyepa. ehi uktiti zeeban prati idonka lokanka anijantrita manobhabaku spust bhabare pradarshita karuthibabele, ehaa saharar barambar bhajankara agnikanda bishajare semanankara byabaharika manasikataku madhya pratiphalita kare-nianre hajiba apekhya shighra tanka kharcha kariba bhal . idonka "chonin" paain, niaan eka dainandina rutinare parinata hoithila, tathapi semanankara bistara praiah abyahata thila . jetebele semananka basagruha ebong byabasai pratisthanare niaan lagigala, setebele pratham ebong sarbagre lakhya thila turanta sthana khaali kariba ebong semananka sampatti sanrakhyana kariba. anyapakhyare, semane madhya niz gharu jepari niaan naah lagithae, shay digare jatnabana thile. niaan birodhare byabastha. deane heu kimba raati, edore niaan lagijaithila. jadi jane soithiba samajare niaan lagithae, tebe poshaka badalaiba ebong aloka prastuta kariba phalare sthanantara karjyare bilamba hoipare. tenu, jetebele sheeta rutu pakhei asuthila, setebele lokamane satarkatara saha poshaka sameth jinishpatra ebong jarureekaleena paristhitire semananka gadho pakhare rakhuthile. niaan bishajare satarka heba parey, prathame utpatti ebong pubner diga nischita heba. jadi paristhitiku bipajjanaka bolly bibechana karajae, tebe bahn karajaipariba naahin bolly mulyabana samagreegudika bhitaraku rakhajiba ebong byabasajika grahakamananku suchana diajiba, ebong nianku bistararu rokiba paain lokamane chhaata uparaku uthi kaunasi spark lagaibe . bipada jetebele asanna helah, semane kebala mulyabana jinish sahita sthanantara karuthile jaahaa sangare niajaipariba . mulyabana samagreeku nianru rakhya kariba paain byabahara karajauthila. "jojinkago" eka prakarara budd baunsha basket thila jaahaa sahita jane pithi kimba kandhare neipariba . gurutwapurna document paain, dakajaithiba wikara bucks byabahara karajauthila . jadio "daihachiguruma" ebong "kurumanagamochi" adhika sankhyaka samagri paribahana kariparile, tathapi segudikara budd aakaar semananku sthanantara kariba samajare pratibandhaka srusti karithila. epari udaharana madhya thila jeunthare paribahana karajaithiba samagreegudika udanta sphulingaru niaan dhari nianku bistara karibare sahajya karithila . ehi karanagudika jogun semananku shogunet dwara nishedha karajaithila. eka atirikta padakhyepa bhabare, ebong agni beema paain eka agradoota bhabare, dhani byabasajeemane eka ghara nirmana paain aabasyaka samagri paain kaath khuchura byabasajeenku purbaru deiah debe . jadi semananka byabasai podi hue, tebe bhagnabasesha hatajiba parey, prepaid samagri turanta punahnirmana paain daabi karajaipariba, jaahaa dwara alpa samai madhyare byabasai puni arambha hoipariba . "dojo" ebong "" anagura "". "dojo" ebong "anagura" gudika epari sanrachana thila jaahaa niaan samajare sthanantarita hoiparinathiba samagreegudiku sanrakhyana kariba paain byabahruta heuthila. dhani byabasajeemane sadharanatah semananka madhyaru aneka gunaka malikanare thile. adhika kharcha karanaru, "dojo" mukhyatah byabasajeemananka dwara nirmita ebong byabahruta heuthila; tulanatmaka bhabare, "anagura" sadharana lokanka paain adhika sulabh thila . "dojo" thila mota plastarajukta maati kanth thiba bhandaragruha ebong adhikansha khetrare tyle chhaata thila . semanankara mota kanth dwara sakhyama agni pratirodha semananku drabya, gharoi jinish, upakarana ebong mulyabana samagri sanrakhyana paain adarsha karithila . tebe, semane nimnamanara nirmana ebong anupajukta rakhyanabekhyana, jharaka ebong prabesha dwarare fatt tatha maus garttaru niaan lagaideba ebong epariki phalaswaroopa khasi padiba dwara heuthiba durbalata dwara madhya peedita hoiparanti. ehi karanaru, dhani byabasajeemane pruthibeeku eka prastuta sthitire prastuta karuthile, jahadwara niaan lagiba samajare semane semananka nijamita plastaragudiku turanta semananka "dojo" ku banda curry deiparibe. epari madhya mamla thila, jetebele semane nije nianra utsa thile, semane semanankara "dojo" rahr dwaraku khola rakhuthile ebong sarbajaneena prajaschittara eka roop bhabare semananku jalibaku deuthile . dastabijagudiku sanrakhyana kariba paain swatantra bhabe surakhita "dojo" thila, kintu segudika adhika nirmana kharcha karanaru lokaprijata hassel kariparinathila, jadio segudika bhishan agnikandaru banchiba paain yathesta shaktishali thila. anyapakhyare, sethare abas ebong byabasai madhya thila jaahaa bhandaragruha bhali nirmana karajaithila . tebe, byabasajika byabahara paain aabasyaka byapaka sujogaku samil kariba paain semanankara agni pratirodhaku comm kimba adhika aposh karibaku padithila. "misegura" jaahaa adhunika deane parjyanta banchichhi bartamana mukhyatah katori (sawara anchala), tochigi ebong kawagoe saharare dekhibaku milithae, jaahaa ehi sahara ebong semananka padosheemananku naama deichi . "anagura" thila bhutala bhandara sthana. chhot chhot shajya tale thiba storage unit tulanare, anagurare jane byaktinku rakhiba paain parjyapta sthana thila ebong mulyabana samagri sanrakhyana kariba paain madhya nirmana karajaithila. segudika "dojo" tulanare shasta thila, tathapi niaan ebong chori biruddhare prabhabasali rahithila kaaran semananka pakhare kebala surakhita kariba paain kavara thila . "edore "anagura" prathame 1656 ("miriki" 2) ray nihonabashi namaka eka store chalauthiba jane poshaka bikretanka dwara byabahruta hoithila . izumi-jaa" rahr "anagura" prabhabaku meirikira prachanda agnikandare swekruti milithila ebong segudiku lokpriya karibare sahajya karithila . idore "anagura" lokaprijata bishajare, cawago labana byabasajee taanka smrutikathare lekhithile je edo rahr eka dashamansha chhidra hoigala . ebhali lokaprijata madhya ehi brutti srusti karithila. jadio idore "anagura" mukhyatah cypros sahita nirmita hoithila jaahaa uccha bhutala jala stara dwara srusti hoithiba likku rokiba paain, bhutala ardrata tathapi semanankara sthajitwa seemita karithila . agni durghatana paain danda. jadio shogunet niaan lagaibaku niaan lagai hatya sameth danda laagu karithila, agnikanda durghatana paain ehara danda ete kathore nathila . samurai shrenira jeunmane niaan lagaile semananku dosamukta karajiba jadi semane niz ghara bhitare niaan libhaibare saphala huanti; tenu niaan chhot rahile "chonin" sahita hinn heba. jadio mahaa agnikanda khetrare mrutyu ebong nirbasana sameth kathore danda laagu kariba paain bichara karajauthiba prastaba parishad prastaba, epari prastaba kebe grahan karajai nathila . upakhyanagata juktire kuhajaichhi je sehi samajare agnikanda durghatana jekaunasi byaktinka upare hoipare, ebong "raju" maane jadi nije bhulabashatah eka budd agnikanda arambha karanti tebe sepuku kariba paain semanankara prastuti upare prashna uthaithile. samuraisara agnikanda. jadi eka "diameo" basabhabanare niaan lagithae, jeparjyanta fataka sanrakhita achhi, gharagudikare niaan lagigale madhya malika uttaradajee hebe naahin. swabhabika bhabe, dwarati surakhyara kendrabindu palatithila. kichhi samurai semananka sliding dwaraku fremaru bahara curry neijanti ebong semane palajana kariba samajare semananku sangare neijanti . anyamane "machibikeshi" nku banda karidebe, jeunmane ghatanasthalaku dhaain aasithile, niz shaktire niaan saha ladhuthile, taa "parey daabi karuthile je dhuan kebala banaphaajararu asuthila. jadio kaunasi sharirika danda nathila, durghatanajanita agnikanda ghataithiba jane samurainku eka bikalpa basabhabanare gruhabandi rahiba paain report karibaku padiba; jadi shay taanka basabhabanaru niaan bistara karibaku deithanti, tebe tanku taanka baristhanka nikatare dajitwara daabi upasthapana karibaku padiba. tinoti agnikanda durghatana jane samurainku taanka basabhabanaku edo upakanthaku sthanantara karibaku badhya kariba jadio ehaa spust bhabare nirdharita hoinathila . "chonin", "mandira", ebong mandiragudika 'agnikanda durghatana. chonin" paain, "kujikata osadamegaki" rahr dwiteeja khanda 10,20 ebong 30 dinara zarimana kimba kathore gruhabandi laagu karithila, jeunmane durghatanaru (praiah) ru adhika prasasta anchalaku jaali deithile . jadi shogan paridarshan paain baharithiba dinare niaan lagithae, tebe dandadeshaku 50 deane parjyanta brudhi karajaipare ebong haataku kafinga dwara ahuri badhajaipare. jadi agnikandara khyati aparadhinka byatita (pakhapakhi) thaaru adhika byapaka anchalare byapithae, tebe paribarara mukhya, gharamalika ebong 30 dinara "osikom" madhya heba. shay jeun sthanare thile sehi sadasyamananku 20 dinara "osikom" danda madhya diajiba. ehaa byatita, liward byatita agni utsaku gheri rahithiba chhaati saharar "gachigyoji" madhya 20 dinara "osikom" paibe. mandira ebong mandiragudikare ghatuthiba agnikanda durghatana paain, shogunet kebala saata dinara agni nirbapaka kimba light house arrest sahita dandita karithila, jeunthire bichhinna raati bhramanaku sahan karajaithila . epariki shoganka gasta sahita eka agnikanda kimba bhajankara parinata heba dandare kebala aau tini deane joga kariba . anya sahara tulanare prabhabasali mandira ebong mandira charipakhare nirmita saharagudikare agnikanda durghatanaku madhya adhika khyamapurbaka danda diajaithila. eka niaan adhika prasasta anchalaku jaluthiba bele kebala tini deane "osikom" lagiba . arthika prabhaba. pratyeka thara jetebele eka budd agnikanda ghatithila, setebele eka dhwansaprapta idoku punarjeebita kariba paain aabasyaka samagri ebong arthika kharcha atyadhika thila . tenu, upabhokta mulya tatha arthika sambhabana upare eka budd agnikandara prabhaba idoru tarangajita hoipare ebong samagra japanaku prabhabita karipare . tenu barambar ghatuthiba bhishan agnikandaku eka pramukh preraka karaka bhabe kuhajaipare, jaahaa edo 'rahr arthika abhibruddhiku samarthan karithila. aparapakhyare, punahnirmana kharcha madhya shogunet paain eka birata bojha palatithila ebong ehara sankatapurna arthika sthitire yogdan karithila. arthika chaapare madhya "chonin" peedita thile. ehaa kalpanateeta nuhen je eka budd byabasai karuthiba jane byabasajee eka budd agnikanda parey "nagaiah" ray baasa karibare hrass paipare . jetebele shogunetra budget kathaa aase, "chonin" ku aabantita byaja madhyare, agni pratirodha ebong agni nirbapaka sahita jadita kharcha madhya sarbadhika anupata paain daie . grahakanka darr aakashachhuan. pratyeka budd agnikandara artha thila idore mulya brudhi. dhanaru arambha curry, khadya samagri, ebong ghara punahnirmana paain aabasyaka nirmana samagri, segudikara mulya bahugunita hoithila. udaharana swaroopa, meiriki agnikanda parey, prati "shoe" (pakhapakhi) ru "shoe" prati 1000 "mohn" ku brudhi paithila, jetebele kii taila mulya prati "shoe" prati 3 "mohn" ru "shoe" prati 2400 "mohn" ku brudhi paithila. saharare punahnirmanara bardhita karjyabhara nijukti paithiba karigaramananka kharchaku brudhi karibare sahajya karithila. karigaranka byatita, chuktinamadhari sebakamane madhya semananka darma brudhi paibaku upavoga karuthile, kaaran semananka madhyaru alpa kichhi lock prachanda agnikandara bhajare idore kaama karibaku chahunthile. ehaa byatita, abas abhaba karanaru bhada brudhi paithila; setugudikara punahnirmana purbaru chahida brudhi hetu nauka bhada madhya brudhi paithila. egudika samasta prabhaba thila jaahaa edor bhajankara agnikanda sthaniah upabhokta mulya upare prajoga karithila. mudrasfeeti mulyaku nijantrana kariba paain, shogunet adhyadesha jaari karithila jaahaa mulya brudhiku beaina karithila, karigaranka darma upare uccha seema laagu karithila ebong pramukh aparadhimananku dandita karithila. idore chaula abhabaku doora kariba paain padakhyepa karjyakaree karajaithila. dhaana sidhasalakha krushakamanankatharu kinajaithila ebong punah bikri karajaithila. krushakamananku nije chaula bikri kariba paain edo asibaku madhya anumathi diajaithila. saaraa deshare idoru bibhinna sthanaku kraiah order sankhya brudhi paiba karanaru, arthanaitika sambhabana upare edo 'rahr budd agnikandara prabhaba deshabyapee thila. sehibhali sujogabadi mulya brudhi biruddhare shogunet byapaka anchalaku chetabani jaari karithila. tathapi, ehaa byabasajeemananku atakai parinathila, jeunmane kaath karabararu eka bhagya nirmana karithile ebong mirekira mahan agnikanda parey nirmana chukti karithile . shogunet upare arthika bojha. podi paunsha hoijaithiba subidhagudikara punahnirmana kharcha shogunetra budgeter eka budd anshaku dakhal karithila . mirekira bhishan agnikanda paain, jadio edo durgara hozzy jaithiba tenshu-rakhyanabekhyanaku dhwansa karidiajaithila, aabhyantareen durga tatha prasadagudikara punahnirmanare mote kharcha record karajaithila. tulana paain, sehi samaira shogan ebong tokugawa aaijasunka ananatuni, taanka purbapurushankatharu 42.3 lakhya "reo" mulyara artha ebong sampatti uttaradhikarare paithile. punahnirmana byatita, biparjya releaf karjyakalapa madhya byapaka kharchara anya eka utsa thila. mirekira bhajankara agnikanda parey, hatamotes ebong semananka upabrutti anupatare daana paithile ebong semananku agreem chaula pradan karibaku anumathi diajaithila. diameo" paain, daana byatita, dasha barshar runa madhya diajaithila. chonin" paain praiah 160,000 "reo" daana paain kharcha karajaithila, jahara ansha semananka aabasasthalara sammukhbhagar aakaar sahita mela khauthila . adhikantu, "diameo" mananku "chonin" nku kanji jogai debaku nirdesh diajaithila jeunmane semananka ghara haraithile; "chonin" jeunmane semananka dhaana bhandaraku jaali deithile semananku magana chaula jogai diajaithila . meirikire bhajankara agnikanda parey, jetebele bii eka budd agnikanda ghatithila, shogunet nijara releaf prayasa jaari rakhithila, jadio arthika sthiti kharap heba karanaru chhot starare.

eedo witch agg japaan dey eedo period (1600-1868) dauran tokio daa purana naam, inni aksar agg lagg jaandi see kii eedo shehar noon ikk kahawat dey anusar darsaiaa giaa see. aadhunik dinan witch vee, purane eedo noon ajey vee yaad keeta jaanda see. eedo dunia witch ikk durlabh cheez see, kiunki shehar dey vishal shahiri khetran noon vaar-vaar agg lagg gaee see. eedo dee mahaan agg dee tulna agg dey devtiaan naal keeti gaee see atey, atey haase-mazak naal "patjhad dey patte" vajon vee darsaiaa giaa see. agg dee barambarta. 1601 ("kicho" 6) dey vichkaar 267 saalan dauran, iss toon agle saal, atey 1867 ("keeo" 3), eedo dey saal witch 49 vaddiaan aggan laggiaan sunn. iss dee tulna witch, isey arse dauran, kioto, osaka atey kanazawa witch kull naun, chhe atey tinn agg laggiaan, jiss neey eedo dee ankada japaan dey horr mahanagran toon vakkhra bnaa ditta. horr birtantan dey anusar, eedo dey itihaas dauran 85 toon vaddh vaddiaan aggan laggiaan sunn. 1600 atey 1945 dey vichkaar, eedo/tokio noon agg, bhuchal, sunami, jualamukhi fatann atey yuddh duaara harr 25-50 saal jaan iss toon vaddh samein witch barabar keeta jaanda see. jey chhotiaan aggan noon vee shamal keeta jaave, taan iss 267 saal dey samein witch laggi 1,798 aggan vicchon 269 aaee. dee. 3 witch, 541 aaee. dee. 1 witch atey 986 aaee. dee. 2 witch sunn. jiven kii tokugawa dey akheer witch eedo dee aabadi witch iss dee vadhadi aarthik khushhali dey naal vaadha hoiaa, isey tarahan shehar witch agg dee barambarta vee iss dey vikas dey anupat witch vadhee. vishesh taur utte, 1851 ("kaaee" 3) atey 1867 dey vichkaar 17 saalan witch 506 agg laggiaan, jiss witch tokugawa shogunet dey asamrath parshasana caarn asthir jantak vivastha ikk pramukh yogdan paunh vaala kaarak see. vaddi agg dee suchi. heth ditti numaindi saarnee witch eedo dey itihaas witch kujh mahaan agg dee suchi ditti gaee haii jiss naal jaan-maal daa vinashkari nuksan hoiaa haii. mireki", "meiva" atey "bunka" dey yuggan witch vapariaan tinnan noon "dha" kiha jaanda see. 1657 witch mireki dee mahaan agg noon tinn aggjaniaan vicchon sabh toon vinashkari manniaa jaanda haii. eedo witch agg aksar tezi naal vaddh jaandi haii, kiunki shehar dey shahiri vatavaran witch jalanshil lakkad deeaan "machia" imaratan hunn joe charcoal-baldi agg deeaan thaavan duaara garam keetiaan jandiaan sunn. uss samein agg bujhaoo technology deeaan seemavan dey naal-naal eedo dee paanee saplai pranali dee bharoseyogta dey maddenazar, ikk vaar jadon lakkad dey imaratan dey bhandar naal bharey guaandh witch agg hatthon nickle gaee taan shehar dey horr hissiaan witch iss dey failan noon rokann laee bahut ghatt adhikari sunn. vadde aggajani toon ilava, iss samein dauran rook-rook keey chhotiaan aggan vee laggiaan joe (ikkathe lae jaanh 'teey) eedo witch kise vee vilakkhan vinashkari agg naalon vadhere nuksan atey jaan daa nuksan kardiaan sunn. agg laggan dey caarn. eedo period dauran, agg rozana jeevan daa ikk lazmi tatt see. iss dee varton khaana pakaun atey roshni laee keeti jaandi see, jiss naal hadse vaparde sunn. agg lagauna, vakkh-vakkh udeshan caarn, agg daa ikk horr sarot see. horr shahiran dee tulna witch eedo witch vaddi agg dee vaddi barambarta vakkh-vakkh kaarnan karke aaee, jiss witch ikk vaddi aabadi vaala sanghani shahiri layout, ikk garib smajik varag dee hond atey eedo deeaan vilakkhan mausam sabandhi sathitiaan shamal sunn. eedo dee agg daa adhiaen curran vaale ikk vidwan metsunosuke nishyama neey agg dey kaarnan daa sankhep iss tarahan ditta haiyav aabadi witch vaadha. eedo witch shogunet dee sathapana toon baad, eedo kilhe dey aale-duaale "demios" (jagirdar) atey hatamoto (senior retainer) rihaishan banaiaan gaeeaan sunn atey vaddi ginti witch samurai rakkhe gaye sunn. samurai dey jeevan daa samarthan curran vaale vapari atey karigar jaldi hii jhundan witch eedo chaley gaye atey natije vajon aabadi witch tezi aaee. eedo dee aabadi 1640 ("kanai" 17) witch lagbhag 400,000 toon vadh keey 1693 ("genrocu" 6) witch lagbhag 800,000 hoow gaee, atey 1721 ("kioho" 6) takk lagbhag 1,100,000 takk vadh gaee. samurai dey vishal rihaishi khetran dey ulat, chonin bahut chhote khetran takk seemat sunn. vadhadi aabadi neey unhan dee aabadi dee ghanta noon bahut ucch paddhar 'teey dhakk ditta. uhanan dey nivas sankhep khetran witch sanghane parbandh keete gaye sunn, atey kharaab aam sunn. pratee viakati rahinn dee jagha, rasoi atey almari shamal see, aam taur 'teey chhe tatami chatanan dey aakaar dee hundi see. iss toon ilava, lakkad atey kagaz dee usari samaggari asani naal agg laee baalan bann gaee. ih saariaan sathitiaan kudrati taur utte agg laggan deeaan hadsiaan dee vaddi sambhavna daa caarn baniaan. agg lagaa ditti. eedo witch agg laggan dey ikk vadde caarn vajon, choran dee vaddi ginti daraj keeti gaee see. griftar keete gaye aggajani curran vaale bahut saare lock eedo dey rahinn-sehann dee ucch laagat atey guaranter naa honn caarn ikrarname vaale naukran vajon kamm curran dee ayogta caarn garib jeevan jee rahey sunn. unhan vicchon kujh neey aapne gharan noon saad ditta see atey apradh curran naal unhan noon bahut ghatt nuksan hoiaa see. 1723 atey 1724 ("kioho" 8 atey 9) witch griftar keete gaye 102 aggajani curran valiaan vicchon 41 sunn, atey 22 cole koee registered sathayi rihaish naheen see. inhan vicchon ziaadaatar hethle smajik vargan toon sunn. aggajani dey caarn vakkh-vakkh sunn, halanki sabh toon pramukh lutt-khoh see. iss kisam dey aggajani curran vaale havaa vaale dinan witch agg lagaa dinde sunn atey aaunn valiaan gadbad daa faida uthaa keey chori karde sunn. lutt-khoh toon ilava, aksar smajik sabandhan toon paida honn vaale udesh sunn, jiven kii sevak aapne malkan naal badla lainn dee koshish karde sunn atey asfal romantic sabandhan caarn nafrat karde sunn. vapariaan vallon mukabalebazan dey karobaran atey bacchiaan noon agg lagaun atey agg naal khedan deeaan ghatnavan vee daraj keetiaan gaeeaan sunn, atey ithon takk kii "achanak agg lagaun varga mahisus hoiaa" dey ikbaal dey naal ikk case vee daraj keeta giaa see. kiunki agg daa arth agle punar nirman witch tarkhanan, plaster mazdooran atey steeplejack laee vee hovega, unhan vicchon kujh agg laggan atey vadhan toon khush honge. vishesh taur utte, jiven kii bahut saare agg bujhaun vaale mukkh taur utte steeplejack vajon kamm karde sunn, unhan vicchon kujh janbujh keey jantak taur utte agg bujhaun dey hunar noon pradarshit curran jaan aapne laee vaparak mauke paida curran laee agg failaunde sunn. iss neey shogunet noon chetavani ordinance jaari curran atey kujh naraz curran vaale agg bujhaoo amale noon fansi denh laee prerit keeta. griftar aggajani curran valiaan noon saadan toon pahilan sadkan 'teey pred keeti gaee. halanki, aggajani pratee shogunet dee asehansheel neeti dey bavjood, aggajani toon prerit agg noon kadey vee eedo toon puurii tarahan khatam naheen keeta giaa. bakamatsu qaal dauran, jantak vivastha vigad gaee kiunki shogunet daa parshasana ayog hoow giaa. natije vajon, agg laggan naal agg witch bhaari vaadha hoiaa. kujh aggajani saahit atey kabuki rachnavan daa visha bann gaye. inhan witch 1683 (tenna 3) dee mahaan agg, jiss witch 3,500 lock maare gaye sunn, daa naam vee uhanan dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa see. oshichi agg laee zimmevar naheen see, parr iss caarn uss neey aapna gharr guaa ditta. uss neey ikk mandar witch panaah laee atey utthe ikk panne naal piaar witch pae gaee. ikk saal baad, uss neey iss kalpana dey adhaar utte agg lagaun dee koshish keeti kii ikk horr agg dovan noon dubara milann dey yog bnaa devegi. uss noon griftar keeta giaa, mukaddama chalaiaa giaa atey agg naal maar ditta giaa. uss dee kahani ihaara saikaku atey tasuria nanboku IV daa adhaar see. mausam deeaan sathitiaan. uttar toon tez sardiaan daa monsoon ikk mausam vigiaan dee sathiti see joe eedo laee vilakkhan see. iss neey bahut saariaan sardiaan atey basant rutt deeaan aggan witch yogdan paaiaa joe uttar-pachmi atey uttri havavan duaara paida keete gaye khushak mausam witch vapariaan. iss toon ilava, basant atey patjhad witch tez dakkhni havavan vaddi agg daa ikk horr caarn sunn. iss caarn karke, 1658 witch shogunet duaara sathapit chaar teaman ("manji" 1) noon iss disha toon fail rahee agg toon kilhe dee rakkhiaa laee eedo kilhe dey uttar-pachham witch tayinat keeta giaa see. jadon maheene anusar agg dee ginti keeti gaee, march witch sabh toon vaddh "vaddi agg" vekhi gaee, iss toon baad farvari, aprail atey janwari witch. inhan chaar mahiniaan witch 70 pratishat agg laggi. maireki dee mahaan agg, 107,000 lokan dee jaan lainn laee eedo dey itihaas witch sabh toon vinashkari agg honn dey naate, 2 march, 1657 noon (japani lunisolar tenpo calender witch "maireki" 3 dey pahile maheene daa 18vaan dinn) vapri see. eedo dey "chonin" iss tatth toon changi tarahan jaanhu sunn. sardiaan witch, aurtan noon eedo dey upnagaran witch aapne maapiaan dey nivas sathanan laee jaanh atey agg daa mausam langhan toon baad hii waps aaunn laee kiha jaanda see, jiss dey natije vajon mausami aabadi witch utraa-chadhaa hunda see. 1725 witch ("kioho" 10), chheven maheene witch aabadi chauthe maheene naalon 10,000 toon vaddh see. 90 pratishat toon vaddh aurtan shamal keetiaan gaeeaan sunn. tokugawa shogunet dey agg dee roktham dey upaa. eedo period dey shuru witch, shogunet dey pramukh adhikariaan neey havaa vaale dinan witch tarjih vajon "shogun" atey eedo kilhe dee surakhiaa sathapat keeti, jadon aggajani honn dee sabh toon vaddh sambhavna see. iss dey ulat, sengoku period dey bakie dey roop witch, "chonin" dey rihaishi khetran naal sabandhat agg dee roktham dey upavan vall lagbhag koee dhiaan naheen ditta giaa see. halanki, jiven hii "chonin" neey smajik shakti prapat keeti, shogunet deeaan nitiaan vee vikast hoiaan, jiss dey prateek vajon, athven shogun neey kioho sudharan dey hisse vajon eedo noon vishwaviaapi taur 'teey cover curran laee agg dee roktham dey upavan daa vistaar keeta. agg bujhaoo sangathan. shuruati edo period witch, agg bujhaun noon sansthagat naheen banaiaa giaa see. halanki, vaddi agg daa duhrao pranali dee sathapana laee ikk mahattavpuran modd bann giaa. iss pranali dey tehat agg bujhaun valiaan noon aam taur utte atey witch shrenibadh keeta giaa see. book hikshi" dey ander, agg bujhaun valiaan noon agge atey witch vandiaa giaa see. agg bujhaun daa "hikshi" daa muddhala tarika agg noon failan toon rokann laee pahilan toon hii shudd rahiaan imaratan noon dhahna see. meva" yugg dauran, manukkhi shakti duaara sanchalit ikk kisam dey lakkad dey pump dee varton keeti jaandi see, parr nirvighan paanee dee saplai dee ghaat caarn ih kadey vee agg bujhaun daa ikk puurii tarahan vivharak saadhan naheen bann sakiaa. meji dee bahali takk, peshevar agg bujhaoo amale duaara imaratan noon hatthin dhahna, jinhan vicchon steeplejack bahuginti sunn, agg bujhaun daa muddhala tarika riha. "" "daimyo hikshi". demio hikeshi" noon sann 1643 ("kanai" 20) witch, oke-maachi dee agg toon doou saal baad, "demio" noon nirdharat lazmi niyamat agg bujhaun dee seva dey roop witch sansthagat banaiaa giaa see. iss toon pahilan, agg laggan toon baad jaari keete gaye asadharan aadeshan duaara "demios" noon agg bujhaun dey kamman laee bhejiaa giaa see. demio hikshi" dey horr roopan witch shamal sunn, joe shogunet duaara mahattavpuran manne jaanh vaale sathanan jiven kii makbare, mandran atey chaulan dey anaaj bhandaran laee zimmevar sunn; joe eedo dey viaktigat upp-mandalan laee zimmevar sunn; atey, joe "demio" rihaishan witch sway-rakkhiaa agg bujhaun valiaan sansthavan dey ulat, aale duaale dey khetran witch agg bujhaun witch hissa lainn laee majbur sunn. "jobikeshi. jobikeshi" noon maireki dee vaddi agg toon ikk saal baad 1658 ("manji" 1) witch sansthagat banaiaa giaa see. hetamotos noon siddhe shogunet dee command heth agg bujhaun deeaan zimmevariaan saunpiaan gaeeaan sunn. uh agg labbhan vaale toweran naal lais gharan witch tayinat sunn. unhan neey peshevar agg bujhaoo amale noon vee niyukat keeta. shuru witch chaar teaman daa parbandh keeta giaa see. baad witch, uhanan dee ginti witch 15 teaman dey naal, eedo period dey ant witch siraf ikk team witch utraa-chadhaa aaiaa, joe shogunet dee vitti atey fauji sathiti dey naal-naal "machibikeshi" dee tiaari utte nirbhar karda haii. ziaadaatar samaan dass teaman hundiaan sunn atey iss laee uhanan noon vee saddiaa jaanda see. "makkibikeshi". jadon tokugawa yoshimune neey athven shogun vajon satta sambhali, taan eedo witch agg bujhaun dey kamm "diameo hikshi", "jobikeshi" witch vande gaye sunn, atey jinhan vicchon baad vaala "chonin" agg bujhaun vaale sunn jinhan witch vapari atey karigar shamal sunn. jadon kii "demyo hikeshi" atey "jobikeshi" tajarbekar agg bujhaun vaale sunn, uh "chonin" dey rihaishi khetran witch honn vaali agg baare asal witch kadey chintat naheen sunn; iss dauran, "tanabikeshi" shukin agg bujhaun valiaan dey samoohan toon ilava horr kujh naheen see joe khud draun vaali agg toon bhajj jaange. 1720 witch ("kioho" 5), tokugawa yoshimune neey kioho sudharan dey hisse vajon "machibikeshi" noon sansthagat banaiaa. uss neey naviaan agg bujhaoo ikaiaan sathapat curran daa adesh ditta joe "chonin" dey rihaishi khetran dee rakkhiaa curran dey samrath hongiaan. machibikeshi" pranali dey tehat, harek kasbe noon aapne "chonin" noon agg bujhaun dey kamman laee bhejan dee zaroorat see. oka neey shehar dey adhikariaan atey sangathit shahiran dey agg bujhaoo samoohan dey sujhavan noon savikar keeta. sumida nadee dey pachham witch athaliaan samoohan daa gathan keeta giaa see. chaar noon chhadd keey unhan saariaan noon ikk hii hiragan akkhran dee varton naal namzad keeta giaa see atey iss laee samoohak taur 'teey uhanan noon' hiragan 'kiha jaanda see. nadee dey purab witch honjo atey fukugawa witch solan horr samooh banaae gaye sunn. harek samooh dee aapni vilakkhan atey varadi see. harek samooh dey ander sabndh aam sunn, parr samoohan darmiaan matbhed vee aam sunn. 1730 witch ("kioho" 15), inhan agg bujhaoo samoohan noon agg-samein dee gatishilta dey paimane atey kushalta noon vadhaun laee vadde samoohan witch punargathit keeta giaa see. halanki "machibikeshi" shuru witch siraf "chonin" dey rihaishi khetran laee zimmevar sunn, parr unhan deeaan samrathavan noon maanta mill gaee atey baad witch samurai dey rihaishi khetran, jiven kii pulan, mandran, chaulan dey anaaj bhandaran atey ithon takk kii eedo kilhe dey ander vee agg naal luddon laee bhejiaa giaa. meji bahali dey samein takk, uh eedo dee mukkh agg bujhaun vaali shakti bann gaye sunn, jadon kii iss dey ulat, uss samein takk "bukke hikshi" bahut ghatt hoow gaee see. ainti-arsen upaa. kiunki eedo witch agg laggan daa ikk vadda caarn agg laggna see, iss laee shogunet neey agg lagaun valiaan utte nakel kassan witch kaafi yatan keete. ikk navaan sarkari ahuda pesh keeta giaa see. "aggajani curran valiaan noon fadan laee "chonin" noon inam ditta giaa see. agg bujhauna ikk apradh banaiaa giaa see atey janata noon chetavani vajon daa 'teey saadan dee sazaa ditti gaee see. "hitsuke tozoku aratme". "hitsuke tozoku aratame" ikk sathiti see joe shogunet duaara aggajani, chori atey juye dey apradhan noon nishana banaun laee pesh keeti gaee see. halanki shuru witch tinn apradhan laee tinn vakkhariaan asamiaan sunn, parr uhanan noon 1683 ("tenna" 3) witch fauji adhikari duaara ikko samein rakkhiaa giaa see. baad witch uhanan noon thode samein laee khatam qarr ditta giaa, parr 1703 ("genrocu" 16) witch dubara pesh keeta giaa atey 1718 ("kioho" 3) witch ikk single sathiti witch ekikrit keeta giaa. maachi-bugiao" dey ulat, joe sival adhikari sunn, "hitsuke tozoku aratame" fauji adhikari sunn. iss laee, unhan dee puchgich deeaan rannitiaan hinsk hundiaan sunn. jadon kii unhan cole shakki aggajani curran valiaan noon griftar curran dee shakti see, galat griftariaan laee koee sazaa naheen see. iss caarn karke, uh aksar griftar keete gaye shakkiaan noon ikbaal curran laee tasihe dinde sunn, jiss naal vaddi ginti witch jhoothe dosh laggde sunn. iss neey "chonin" utte ikk badnam chittar chaddiaa, jiss neey "maachi-bugiaa" atey naal tulna karde hoye uhanan daa upnam ditta. aggajani curran valiaan noon fadan atey saad keey fansi denh laee inam. shogunet neey vaar-vaar adesh jaari keete jinhan witch fadey gaye aggajani curran valiaan noon turant ander lijaan atey unhan noon fadan valiaan noon inam denh dee mung keeti gaee. iss toon ilava, aggajani curran vaale noon fadan vaale viakati virudh bakaiaa apradhan noon muaf qarr ditta javega. ithon takk kii agg bujhaun vaale jinhan neey aapne sathiaan jaan horr agg bujhaun valiaan virudh jankari denh witch mahattavpuran bhumika nibhai see, uh muafi dey naal-naal inaman dey yog sunn. 1723 witch ("kioho" 8), ih adesh ditta giaa see kii kise vee viakati noon agg laggan dey mamle witch shakki vivhaar dey adhaar 'teey griftar keeta jaa sakda haii bhaven uss neey agg naheen lagaai howay. janata noon chetavani vajon, griftar aggajani curran valiaan noon shehar witch pred keeta giaa atey daa utte saad ditta giaa. iss toon ilava, unhan virudh dosh lakkad deeaan takhtiaan utte likhe gaye sunn atey jantak pardarshani utte rakkhe gaye sunn. jalaiaa jaa keey fansi dee sazaa eedo period dey dandd sanhita witch nirdharat keeti gaee see, atey 1868 witch ("meji" 1), meji sarkaar dey aarzi dandd sanhita duaara iss dee thaan lainn takk iss daa abhiaas keeta jaanda see. aggajani curran valiaan dey parivarak memberan noon vee shamal keeta giaa see, atey patniaan atey dhiaan noon ikrarname dee gulami witch paa ditta giaa see jaan jalawatni witch bhej ditta giaa see. ikrarname witch agg lagaun dey mamle witch, apradh laee bhugtan curran vaale viakati noon vee sazaa ditti jaandi see. jadon aggajani curran vaala samurai see, taan saad keey fansi denna lagu naheen see hunda. iss dee bajaae, vaddh toon vaddh sazaa ditti gaee see; doshi samurai daa sir vaddh ditta giaa see atey sir noon ikk kursi jaan munch utte rakkhiaa giaa see atey tinn dinan laee pradarshit keeta giaa see, jadon kii sareer noon talwar-jaanch laee vartiaa giaa see. jiss neey vee likhti notan naal agg lagaun dee dhamki ditti see, uss noon shuru witch sazaa ditti jaandi see, parr baad witch sazaa noon ghatt karke jalawatni qarr ditta giaa see. halanki uppar dasse gaye sidhantan dey adhaar utte sazaa ditti gaee see, parr agg lagaun deeaan asfal koshishan varge vistrit halatan utte vee vichaar keeta giaa see. 15 saal toon ghatt umar dey aggajani curran valiaan noon fansi naheen ditti javegi balki jalawatni jaan probation 'teey bhejiaa javega. shahiri yojnabandi. jalanshil samaggari toon baniaan imaratan dee sanghani vandd ikk mahattavpuran kaarak see jiss neey agg noon chhote toon vadde takk vikast curran dee aagiaa ditti. ikk vaar jadon ikk imaarat witch agg lagg jaandi haii, taan guandhi jaldi hii agg bujhaun vaale kise vee viakati dey jawab denh toon pahilan hii agg lagaa dinde hunn. iss caarn karke, mireki dee vaddi agg dey baad, agg toon shehar dee rakkhiaa noon vadhaun laee eedo witch gair-jalanshil samaggari naal baney dhanchiaan noon utshahit keeta giaa see. eedo witch vakkh-vakkh thaavan 'teey agg roku khetar bulaae gaye atey sathapat keete gaye sunn. tylan valiaan chhattan atey mitty dey gharan samet agg-rodhak samaggari noon apnauna lazmi hoow giaa. "heokechi" atey "hirokoji. mireki dee vaddi agg witch vinashkari nuksan toon baad, eedo dee punar nirman yojna witch agg dee roktham dey upavan utte bahut zor ditta giaa. agg noon failan toon rokann laee agg roku khetar sathapat keete gaye sunn. iss dee shuruat eedo kilhe dey baharle mudhle rihaishan noon tabdil curran atey khaali jagha noon agg dee roktham laee samarpit curran naal hoee. iss toon baad horr "demios" atey hatamotos naal sabandhat rihaishan daa tabadala keeta giaa. eedo dey ander imaratan dey sanghane sankuchan noon ghatt curran laee, ziaadaatar manzilan noon kilhe toon door rahinn laee chunhiaa giaa see. iss toon ilava, "genrocu" yugg dauran, "demios" noon eedo dey baahari ilaake witch aapne secondary atey teeje darje dey rihaishan dey nirman laee zameen ditti gaee see, atey unhan dey teeje darje dey rihaishan noon agg dey dauran panahgahan vajon vee vartiaa jaanda see. zameen noon navein samurai rihaishan noon rakkhan dey ikk horr saadhan vajon mudd prapat keeta giaa see. 1661 dey aas paas ("kanbun" 1), samurai rihaishan dey nirman dey naal-naal "chonin" rihaishan dey tabadale dee aagiaa denh laee honjo witch zameen dee bahali puurii keeti gaee see. mandran atey mandran noon vee isey tarahan dey tabadale dey adesh jaari keete gaye sunn. unhan vicchon ziaadaatar eedo deeaan nahiran toon bahr chaley gaye jadon kii unhan vicchon kujh noon askusa, komagom atey koishikava witch aapniaan naviaan thaavan miliaan. iss samein dauran nihonbashi dey guaandh toon asakusa witch redd-light zilhe dee tabdili vee hoee, halanki ih kadam mireki dee vaddi agg toon pahilan liaa giaa see. doou kisman dey agg roku khetar, atey, punargathan duaara khaali keeti gaee zameen toon banaae gaye sunn; pahile khaali plaza sunn atey baad witch sadkan chaudiaan keetiaan gaeeaan sunn. iss toon ilava, sadkan noon chauda curran dee neeti dey naal, gharan noon kise vee tarahan dey jhande noon hataun dee zaroorat see. tabadale dey natije vajon shahiri vikas witch vaadha hoiaa. 1662 witch ("kanbun" 2), nahiran dey bahr yuno, asakusa atey shiba dey khetran noon "maachi-bugiaa" dey parshasana adheen lianda giaa see. tenna dee vaddi agg toon baad, "demyo" rihaishan, mandran atey mandran noon shamal karde hoye, atey navein "heokechi" dee aagiaa ditti atey "hirokoji" noon vadhaiaa. natije vajon ziaadaatar mandar atey mandar hunn nahiran dey bahr sathit sunn. kioho sudharan dauran, "machibikeshi" dey sansthagatkaran naal agg dee roktham noon horr mazboot keeta giaa see. ikk gair-jalanshil eedo laee tokugawa yoshimune dey utshah dey maddenazar, kanda, hatchboary atey ichigaiaa witch naveen "heokechi" sathapat keeti gaee see. eedo dey aale-duaale agg roku khetar sathapat curran dey yatnan dey bavjood, ajihe mamle vee sunn jitthe "heokechi" dey ander gharr banaae gaye sunn, atey "hirokoji" dey naal store keete gaye sunn, jiss neey unhan dee prabhavsheelta noon kaafi ghataa ditta, kaee vaar ikk bindu takk jitthe pahilan naalon vee vaddh agg daa khatra see. agg-rodhak atey agg-rodhak dhanche. 1601 dee mahaan agg ("keicho" 6) toon baad, shogunet neey lazmi keeta kii chhattan noon shingle chhattan witch sodhiaa jaave. baad witch, tylan valiaan chhattan shandar "demio" rihaishan dey ander imaratan witch fashionable bann gaeeaan atey kujh "chonin" rihaishan witch vee apnaiaan gaeeaan. halanki, mireki dee vaddi agg toon baad, ikk neeti tabdili neey tylan valiaan chhattan dee varton 'teey pabandi lagaa ditti kiunki agg-rodhak tylan chhattan toon digg gaeeaan atey bahut saare zakhmi hoow gaye. iss dee bajaae, agg noon failan toon rokann laee jalanshil chhattan noon mitty naal dhakkan dee zaroorat see. 1661 witch ("kanbun" 1), naviaan imaratan witch chhattan dee varton utte vee pabandi lagaa ditti gaee see, jiss naal shingle chhattan noon ikko ikk aagiaa prapat wicklup banaiaa giaa see. tokugawa yoshimune dey satta sambhalan takk tylan valiaan chhattan lazmi naheen hoow gaeeaan sunn. samurai rihaishan laee, 1723 ("kioho" 8) witch, bancho dey nede saadiaan gaeeaan hatamoto rihaishan noon tylan valiaan chhattan naal dubara banaun dee zaroorat see. iss udesh laee binan viaaj dey karze vee ditte gaye sunn. lagbhag 1725 ("kioho" 10) toon baad, seemat khetran witch, maujuda rihaishan noon tylan valiaan chhattan noon apnaun dee zaroorat see. baad witch, ih neeti vadde khetran witch iss chetavani dey naal lagu keeti gaee kii gair-palna valiaan rihaishan noon dhaah ditta javega. chonin" rihaishan laee, tylan valiaan chhattan utte pabandi 1720 witch ("kioho" 5) noon hataa ditta giaa see. 1722 ("kioho" 7) toon baad, eedo witch saariaan imaratan deeaan chhattan tylan valiaan honiaan chahidiaan sunn atey uhanan noon dharti toon banaiaa jaan dhakiaa jaanha chahida see, halanki "chonin" utte aarthik bojh noon dhiaan witch rakkhde hoye, seep dey shaillan toon baniaan chhattan noon vee kujh mamlian witch aagiaa ditti gaee see. samurai rihaishan dey samaan, jantak seva fees atey viaaj-mukat karziaan dee chhot upalbadh see, atey gair-sodhe hoye rihaishan noon dhahiaa jaa sakda see. shogunet duaara chalaiaa jaanh vaala gair-jalanshil eedo program tokugawa yoshimune dey shasan adheen keeta giaa see, halanki 1751 witch usdi maut toon baad ("kanai" 4), shogunet aapni gadbad vaali vitti sathiti caarn ghatt sargaram hoow giaa. ih program kadey vee puurii tarahan poora naheen hoiaa see, joe "meji" yugg toon pahilan vakkh-vakkh vaddiaan aggan daa mukkh caarn bann giaa see. pabandiaan atey agg chetavani dey adesh. agg noon rokann laee, shogunet neey harr kisam dey nirdesh jaari keete jinhan witch agg dey sambhavit kaarnan dee manahi, mahattavpuran ghatnavan dauran agg chetavani dey adesh atey asal agg dauran vishesh gatividhiaan 'teey pabandi shamal haii. agg dey khatriaan noon nishana banaun valiaan pabandiaan noon jantak baath haoosan, atishbazi atey kooda saadan virudh nirdeshit keeta giaa see. ziaadaatar "chonin" rihaishan noon agg laggan dey caarn dey shakk toon bachann laee nahaun naal naheen banaiaa giaa see. natije vajon, jantak bathroom prasidh sunn. halanki bathroom dey carobar witch agg dee zaroorat neey puurii pabandi noon roque ditta, 1653 witch ("joe" 2) jantak bathroom witch shaam 6 vaje toon baad takk agg lagaun utte pabandi lagaa ditti gaee see. jantak bathrooman noon nahaun daa paanee savere takk rakkhan dee zaroorat see taan joe paanee dee varton agg bujhaun laee keeti jaa sake. shehar dey ander atishbazi dey utpadan utte 1648 ("keean" 1) witch pabandi lagaai gaee see. unhan dee varton utte vee pabandi lagaa ditti gaee see, siraf muhane noon chhadd keey atey 1642 witch ("keean" 5) siraf sumida nadee dey kinare takk seemat see. "genrocu" yugg witch kasbiaan atey gharan witch "sagicho" jashnan utte pabandi lagaa ditti gaee see. iss toon pahilan vee, 1655 witch kooda saadan utte pabandi lagaa ditti gaee see ("mireki" 1). ikk asadharan udaharan dey roop witch, ikk baldi patang dey eedo kilhe utte dhiggan dey doou dinan baad, 1646 ("shoho" 3) witch patangan utte pabandi jaari keeti gaee see. shogun dee yaatra, kioto toon ikk shaahi aurat dee yaatra atey ikk joson delegate dey aaunn vargiaan mahattavpuran ghatnavan dauran, agg dee chetavani dey vadhe hoye paddhar dee mung curran vaale ordinance jaari keete gaye sunn. inhan ordinances tehat, agg atey jhagdiaan noon rokann laee shehar witch gashat keeti gaee, paanee naal bhariaan baltiaan tiaar keetiaan gaeeaan atey shehar dey khetar noon saaf keeta giaa. isey tarahan dey adesh udon vee jaari keete gaye sunn jadon rasman manaiaan jaa rahiaan sunn, atey. agg dauran pabandishuda vishesh gatividhiaan witch "agg deeaan thaavan daa daura", vadde aakaar deeaan gaddiaan naal sand noon hilauna atey iss dee varton atey utpadan shamal hunn, ih saariaan gadbadi noon tez curran atey nikasi deeaan rukawatan noon ghataun laee hunn. "chonin dey agg dee roktham dey upaa. jadon kii ih kahawat jeevan pratee eedo dey lokan dey berok ravaiye noon spasht taur 'teey darsaundi haii, ih shehar dee aksar vaddi agg baare unhan dee viharak mansikta noon vee darsaundi haii-agg witch guach jaanh naalon jaldi paisa kharach karna bihtar see. eedo dey "chonin" laee, agg ikk rozana rutein bann gaee see, firr vee uhanan daa failaa lagbhag anthakk see. jadon unhan dey gharan atey karobaran noon agg laggi, taan pahila atey sabh toon vadda teecha jaldi khaali karna atey unhan deeaan jaidadan noon surakhiat rakkhna see. dooje paase, unhan neey ih yakini banaun vall vee dhiaan ditta kii unhan dey aapne gharan toon agg naa lagge. agg dey virudh parbandh. eedo witch dinn jaan raat dee parwah keete binan agg laggi. jey koee sutte hoye samein agg lagg jaandi haii, taan kappde badalna atey roshni tiaar karna nikasi witch deree daa caarn bann sakda haii. iss laee, jadon ih agg dey mausam witch dakhal hunda haii jiven hii sardiaan nede aaundiaan hunn, taan savdhani vajon, lock kappde samet cheezan atey emergency dee sathiti witch aapne sarfiaan dey naal rakkhde sunn. jadon agg dee chetavani ditti jaandi haii, taan sabh toon pahilan havaa dey mool atey disha dee pushti keeti jaandi haii. jey sathiti noon khatarnak manniaa jaanda, taan keemati vastan joe lijaan toon asamrath sunn, noon ander paa ditta jaanda atey vaparak gaahkan noon soochit keeta jaanda atey lock agg noon failan toon rokann laee koee vee changiaadiaan bujhaun laee chhattan utte chadh jaande. jadon khatra nede aaa jaanda, taan uh siraf keemati cheezan naal bahr kaddh lainde sunn joe naal lae jaa sakdiaan sunn. keemati cheezan noon agg toon bachaun laee vartiaa giaa see. "yojinkago" ikk kisam dee vaddi baans dee tokri see jiss naal koee vee pitth jaan modhiaan utte chukk sakda see. mahattavpuran dastavezan laee, bulaae gaye wicker boxes varte jaande sunn. halanki "daihachiguruma" atey "kurumanagamochi" vaddi ginti witch vastan dee dhoa-dhuaai qarr sakde sunn, parr unhan dey vadde akaar unhan noon bahr kaddhan dauran rukawatan paida karde sunn. ajihiaan udaharnan vee sunn jitthe lijaan valiaan cheezan noon uddan valiaan changiaadiaan toon agg lagg gaee atey agg failaun witch madad millie. inhan kaarnan karke shogunet duaara unhan utte pabandi lagaa ditti gaee. ikk vadhu upaa dey roop witch, atey beema bnd curran dey puravgami dey roop witch, ameer vapari gharr banaun laee lodindi samaggari laee lakkad dey prachun vikretavan noon pahilan toon bhugtan karde sunn. jey unhan dey carobar shudd jaande hunn, taan malbe noon hataun toon baad, prepaid samaggari noon turant punar nirman laee daava keeta jaa sakda haii, taan joe thode samein witch carobar dubara shuru keeta jaa sake. "dozo" atey "" anagura "." "dozo" atey "anagura" uh dhanchiaan sunn joe unhan cheezan noon sambhalan laee vartiaan jandiaan sunn jinhan noon agg dauran tabdil naheen keeta jaa sakda see. ameer vapariaan cole aam taur utte uhanan dey kaee gunak hunde sunn. uhanan deeaan ucchiaan lagtan dey caarn, "dozo" ziaadaatar vapariaan duaara banaae atey varte jaande sunn; iss dee tulna witch, "anagura" aam lokan laee vadhere kifaiti see. "dozo" sanghani plaster valiaan mitty deeaan kandhan vaale bhandar sunn atey ziaadaatar mamlian witch tylan valiaan chhattan sunn. unhan deeaan sanghniaan kandhan neey agg pratirodh noon samrath banaiaa atey unhan noon vastan, gharelu samaan, sand atey keemati vastan noon sambhalan laee aadrash bnaa ditta. halanki, uh ghatiaa usari atey annuchit rakkh-rakhaa, khidkiaan atey pravesh duaaran witch paadan dey naal-naal chuhe dey chhek toon agg laggan atey natije vajon dhiggan caarn vee kamzor hoow sakde hunn. iss caarn karke, ameer vapari dharti noon tiaar sathiti witch tiaar karde sunn taan joe uh agg laggan 'teey aapne niyamat plaster noon jaldi hii aapne "dozo" noon seel qarr sakann. ajihe mamle vee sunn, jadon uh khud agg dey utpadak sunn, uh aapne "dozo" dey darwaze khulleh chhadd dinde sunn atey unhan noon jantak praschit dey roop witch saadan dinde sunn. dastavezan noon sambhalan laee vishesh taur 'teey mazboot "dozo" maujood see parr uhanan dee usari dee laagat dey caarn kadey vee prasidhi prapat naheen keeti, bhaven kii uh vaddi agg toon bachann laee kaafi mazboot sunn. dooje paase, rihaishan atey carobar vee sunn joe bhandaran varge banaae gaye sunn. halanki, unhan dey agg pratirodh noon vaparak varton laee zaruri viaapak khullhan noon anukool banaun laee ghatt jaan ghatt samjhauta karna piaa. "misegura" joe aadhunik samein takk bachiaa haii, hunn ziaadaatar katori (sawara khetar), tochigi atey kwagoye shahiran witch paaiaa jaanda haii, jiss naal inhan shahiran atey unhan dey guaandh noon naam ditta giaa haii. "anagura" bhumigat bhandaran sathaan sunn. chhote under-bedd bhandaran ikaiaan dey ulat, anagura witch ikk viakati noon rakkhan laee kaafi jagha see atey keemati cheezan noon bhandar curran laee vee banaiaa giaa see. uh "dozo" naalon saste sunn, firr vee agg atey chori dey virudh prabhavshali rahey kiunki unhan cole surakhiat curran laee siraf cover sunn. "eedo witch "anagura" dee varton pahili vaar 1656 ("mireki" 2) witch nihonbashi witch ikk store chalaun vaale ikk kappde vikreta duaara keeti gaee see. izumi-yaa" dey "anagura" dee prabhavsheelta noon mireki dee mahaan agg witch maanta ditti gaee atey uhanan noon prasidh banaun witch sahaita keeti gaee. eedo witch "anagura" dee prasidhi baare, kavagoye namak vapari neey aapni yaad witch likhiaa kii eedo daa daswan hissa chhek bann giaa see. ajihi prasidhi neey peshe noon vee janam ditta. halanki eedo witch "anagura" mukkh taur utte cyprus naal banaiaa giaa see taan joe dharti hethle paanee dey ucch paddhar caarn leak noon rokiaa jaa sake, firr vee bhumigat namee neey unhan dey sathirta noon seemat qarr ditta see. agg laggan dey hadsiaan laee sazaa. halanki shogunet neey aggajani utte karvai curran laee saad keey maut samet sazavan lagaiaan sunn, parr agg dey hadsiaan laee iss deeaan sazavan inniaan sakhat naheen sunn. samurai varag dey jinhan lokan neey agg lagaai see, unhan noon burry qarr ditta javega jey uh iss noon aapne gharan dey ander bujhaun witch kamyab hoow jaande sunn; iss tarahan agg ghatt rahinn 'teey "chonin" naal see. halanki vaddi agg dee sathiti witch maut atey jalawatni samet sakhat sazaa denh dey vichaar keete prastavan dee consul neey ajihe prastavan noon kadey vee apnaiaa naheen see. kisse dey tarak neey manniaa kii uss samein agg dey hadse kise naal vee hoow sakde sunn, atey "roju" neey sepuku curran dee unhan dee tiaari utte swal chukke jey uh khud galti naal ikk vaddi agg lagaa dinde hunn. samurais dey agg dey hadse. jey kise "demyo" rihaish witch agg lagg jaandi haii, jadon takk gett surakhiat haii, taan malkan noon jawabdeh naheen thahiraiaa javega bhaven gharan noon agg lagg jaave. kudrati taur utte, gett surakhiaa daa kendra bann giaa. kujh samurai aapne sliding darwaze frames toon hataa lainde sunn atey bhajjan 'teey unhan noon naal lae jaande sunn. kujh horr lock "machibikeshi" noon bnd qarr dinde sunn joe ghatna sathaan 'teey pahunche, aapni taakat naal agg naal ladade sunn, firr daava karde sunn kii dhunaan siraf alaav toon aaa riha see. halanki koee sarirak sazaa naheen see, ikk samurai jiss neey durghatna naal agg lagaa ditti, noon firr vee ikk badalvin rihaish witch nazarband rahinn laee report curran dee zaroorat hovegi; jey usne aapni rihaish toon agg failaun ditti hundi, taan usnoon aapne ucch adhikari noon zimmevari daa daava pesh karna painda. tinn agg dey hadse ikk samurai noon aapni rihaish noon eedo dey baahari ilaake witch tabdil curran laee majbur karange, bhaven kii ih spasht taur 'teey nirdharat naheen see keeta giaa. "chonin ', mandar atey mandran dey agg dey hadse. chonin" laee, "kujikata osadamegaki" dee duji jilad neey uhanan lokan utte 10,20 atey 30 dinan daa jurmana jaan sakhat nazarbandi lagaai, jinhan neey galti naal (lagbhag) toon vaddh chaude khetran noon saad ditta. jurmane noon 50 dinan takk vadhaiaa jaa sakda haii atey hatth bnnh keey horr vee vadha ditta jaa sakda haii jacker agg uss dinn laggi jadon shogun ikk ferry laee ravana hoiaa see. jacker agg daa nuksan (lagbhag) toon vaddh viaapak khetar witch failda haii, taan doshi toon ilava, parivaar dey mukhi, makaan maalak atey 30 dinan dey "oshikom" dey adheen vee hovega. jitthe uh sabandhat see, uss dey memberan noon 20 dinan dee "oshikom" dee sazaa vee ditti javegi. iss toon ilava, leeward noon chhadd keey agg dey sarot dey aale-duaale dey chhe kasbiaan dey "gachigoji" noon vee 20 dinan daa "oshikom" milega. mandran atey mandran witch honn vaale agg dey hadsiaan laee, shogunet neey narmai naal siraf satt dinan dee jaan light haaoos arrest naal fire startran noon sazaa ditti, jiss witch raat dey alagg-alagg yatravan noon sehann keeta giaa see. ithon takk kii ikk agg joe shogun dey daure dey naal mail khaandi see jaan vaddi hoow jaandi see, sazaa witch siraf tinn dinn horr jodadi. horr shahiran dee tulna witch prabhavshali mandran atey mandran dey aale-duaale baney kasbiaan witch agg dey hadsiaan noon bahut ziaada muafi dee sazaa ditti gaee see. oshikom" dey siraf tinn dinan laee vaddh chaude khetran noon agg lagauni pavegi. aarthik prabhav. harr vaar jadon ikk vaddi agg laggdi haii, taan tabah hoow chukke eedo noon mudd jeevat curran laee zaruri samaggari atey vitti kharche bahut ziaada hunde hunn. iss laee, khaptkaran deeaan keematan dey naal-naal aarthik sambhavnavan utte ikk vaddi agg daa prabhav eedo toon lahiran paida qarr sakda haii atey poore japaan noon prabhavat qarr sakda haii. iss laee vaddi agg dee aksar ghatna noon ikk pramukh chaalak kaarak vajon kiha jaa sakda haii jiss neey eedo dey aarthik vikas daa samarthan keeta. iss dey ulat, punar nirman dee laagat vee shogunet laee ikk bahut vadda bojh bann gaee atey iss deeaan preshan vitti sathitiaan witch yogdan paaiaa. aarthik dabaa toon peedat "chonin" vee sunn. ih kalpana vee naheen keeti jaa sakadi kii ikk vadda carobar chalaun vaale vapari noon ikk vaddi agg toon baad "nagaiaa" witch rahinn laee ghataiaa jaa sakda haii. jadon shogunet dey buzzet dee gall aaundi haii, taan "chonin" noon allot keete gaye kharchiaan vicchon, agg dee roktham atey agg bujhaun naal sabandhat kharche vee sabh toon vadde anupat laee zimmevar sunn. khaptkaran deeaan keematan asman chhuh rahiaan hunn. harr ikk vaddi agg daa matlab see eedo witch keematan witch vaadha. chaulan toon shuru hoow keey, gharan dey mudd nirman laee lodindi nirman samaggari, inhan saariaan deeaan keematan witch vaadha hoiaa. udaharan dey laee, mireki dee vaddi agg toon baad, khaatar dee keemat pratee "show" (lagbhag) toon vadh keey 1000 "mone" pratee "show" hoow gaee, jadon kii tail dee keemat 3 "mone" pratee show toon vaddh keey 2400 "mone" pratee "show" hoow gaee. shehar witch punar nirman dey vadhe hoye kamm dey bojh neey kiraae dey karigaran dee laagat noon vadhaun witch sahaita keeti. karigaran toon ilava, ikrarname vaale naukran neey vee vaddi agg dey darr caarn eedo witch kamm curran dey chahwan ghatt lokan laee aapni tankhah witch vaadha keeta. inhan toon ilava, rihaishan dee ghaat dey adhaar 'teey kiraae witch vaadha hoiaa; isey tarahan pulan dey mudd nirman toon pahilan mung witch vaadhe caarn kishti dey kiraae witch vee vaadha hoiaa. ih saare prabhav sunn joe eedo dee vaddi agg neey sathanak khaptkaran deeaan keematan utte paae sunn. mahingai deeaan keematan noon niyantrit curran laee, shogunet neey ordinance jaari keete jinhan neey keematan witch vaadhe noon gairkanunni karaar ditta, karigaran dee tankhah utte ucch seemavan lagaiaan atey sabh toon pramukh apradhiaan noon sazaa ditti. eedo witch chaulan dee ghaat noon door curran vaale upaa lagu keete gaye sunn. chawal siddhe kisanan toon kharide jaande sunn atey dubara veche jaande sunn. kisanan noon khud chawal vechan laee eedo aaunn dee vee aagiaa ditti gaee see. desh bharr witch eedo toon sathanan utte ditte gaye khareed aadeshan dee vaddh rahee ginti dey caarn, aarthik sambhavnavan utte eedo dee vaddi agg daa prabhav desh bharr witch see. isey tarahan shogunet neey maukevadi keematan witch vaadhe virudh viaapak khetran noon chetavani jaari keeti. firr vee, ih vapariaan noon naheen rokada see, jinhan neey lakkad dey vapaar toon ikk kismat banayi atey mireki dee vaddi agg toon baad nirman daa theka liaa. shogunet utte vitti bojh. shudd gaeeaan sahulatan dey mudd nirman dey kharchiaan neey shogunet dey buzzet daa ikk vadda hissa aapne kabze witch lae liaa. mireki dee vaddi agg laee, halanki eedo kilhe dee gumm hoee tenshu-rakkh-rakhaa noon tabah qarr ditta giaa see, andruni kilhe dey naal-naal mahilan dey punar nirman neey kull kharach noon ricard keeta. tulna laee, uss samein dey shogun atey tokugawa ayyasu dey padpote noon aapne purvajan toon 42 lakkh 23 lakkh rupaye dee jaidad atey dhann virasat witch miliaa see. punar nirman toon ilava, aafat raahat gatividhiaan vadde kharchiaan daa ikk horr sarot sunn. mireki dee bhiaanak agg toon baad, hatamotos atey uhanan noon uhanan dey vazife dey anupat witch daan prapat hoye atey uhanan noon chawal dee agaoon adaigi dee aagiaa ditti gaee. demios" laee, daan toon ilava, dass saal dey karze vee ditte gaye sunn. lagbhag 160,000 "reo" "chonin" laee daan utte kharach keete gaye sunn, jinhan dey share unhan dey rihaishan dey chihre dey akaar naal mail khaande sunn. iss toon ilava, "diameos" noon "chonin" noon kanji pardan curran daa adesh ditta giaa see jinhan neey aapne gharr guaa ditte sunn; "chonin" jinhan neey aapne chaulan dey anaaj noon saad ditta see, unhan noon mufat chawal dee saplai keeti gaee see. maireki dee vaddi agg toon baad, shogunet neey jadon vee vaddi agg laggi taan aapne raahat yatan jaari rakkhe, halanki vigaddi vitti sathiti caarn chhote paimane utte.

eedo-madhye agnihi japan-deshasya edo-kaale (1600-1868) tokyo-ityasya poorvanaama agnihi etaavat bahudhaa aasit yat edo-nagaram akhyayika-rupena varnitam aasit. adhunikakale api puratanam eedo iti naam adyaapi smaryate sma. eedo-nagaram jagate durlabham aasit, yatah nagarasya vishaalah nagarpradeshah pade pade agnyuaa samatulyamaanah aasit. eedo-nagarasya mahaa-agnihi agnidevaihi saha tulanam krutam, tathaa cha haasyapornaroopen "sharatkaalapatraani" iti api varnitam. agni-aavruttihi. 267 varsheshu 1601 ("keecho" 6), tasya anantaram varshe, 1867 ("keeyo" 3), edo-nagare 49 mahaa-agnihi abhavat. tulanayam, tasmin eva kaale kyoto, osaka, kanaazaavaa ityeteshu mahaa-agnihi kramashah nava, shut, trayah cha aasan, yena edo ityasya aakrutihi japaan-deshasya anyaih mahaanagarebhyah bhinnah abhavat. anyavivaranaanusaaram, eedo-ityasya itihaase 85 taha adhikaani pramukhah agniprajwalanaani abhavan. 1600 taha 1945 paryantam, agnyaa, bhukampena, sunami, jwalamukhi visfotanena, yuddhen cha prati 25-50 varshe eva eedo/tokyo samatulyate sma. yadi laghu-agnihi api antarbhavati tarhi asmin 267 varshe ghatitanam 1,798 agnishu 269 agnihi 1601-1700,541 agnihi 1701-1800,986 agnihi 1801-1867 cha aasan. yathaa tokkugava-kaalasy ante edo-nagarasya janasankhyaa tasya vardhamaan-aarthik-samruddhyaa saha vardhamana, tathaiva nagare agni-aavruttihi api tasya vruddhyaa aanupaatikarupen vardhamana aasit. visheshatah 1851 ("kai" 3) taha 1867 paryantam 17 varsheshu 506 agnihi drushtaah, yasyaah krute tokugava-shogunet-ityasya akshamaprashaasanasy karanat asthiti-saarvajanikavyavastha pramukham yogadanakarakam aasit. bruhad agnihi iti soochee. nimnalikhita-pratinidhi-saaranee eedo-ityasya itihaase kaanichan mahatee agni-suchim karoti yena janahanih, bhautikahaanih cha abhavat. maireki", "mewaa", "bunkaa" iti yugayoho ye trayah ghatanaah abhavan te "da" iti namna prasidhaah aasan. 1657 tame varshe maireki-nagarasya mahaa-agnihi, trishu agnijwaalaasu sarwaadhikah vinaashakaari iti manyate. eedo-nagare agnihi praayah sheeghram vardhate, yatah nagarasya nagar-paryaavaranam jwalanasheela-kaashta-"machia" bhavanaihi varnitam bhavati, ye charcoal-dahan-agnitantrena uttaptaani aasan. tasmin samaye agnishaamak-tantrajnaanasya parimitayah tathaa cha eedo ityasya jala-aapoorti-vyavasthaayaah avishvasaneeyataam drushtvaa, yadaa kaashta-bhavana-bhandaaraih yuktte sameepasthe agnihi hastaat bahihi abhavat, tadaa nagarasya anyeshu bhaageshu tasya prasaram nivaarayitum adhikaarinah alpaah aasan. mahatee-agnijwalam atirichya asmin kaale viraamaroopen laghoo-agnihi api aasit, yena (militvaa) edo-nagare adhika-vinaashakaari-agnijwalanam apekshayaa adhika-kshatihi, pranahanihi cha abhavat. agni-kaaranaani. eedo-kaale agnihi dainandinajeevanasya apariharyah ghatakah aasit. pakakaryartham, prakashartham cha asya upayogah krutah, yena vipattayah abhavan. vividhakaaranaih agnisamyogah agnyutpaadanasy anyah srotah aasit. anyanagaranam apekshayaa eedo-nagare bruhad-agnihi adhikatayaa vividhakaaranaih abhavat, yasmin vishaalajanasankhyaayuktam ghana-nagar-vinyaasah, daridrasya saamaajikavargasya astitvam, eedo-nagarasya vishishta-hawaamaan-sthitihi cha antarbhavanti. edo ityasya agnyoho adhyayanm akarot, maatsunosuke nishiyama naamakah vidvaamsaha agnyoho karanan saaraamshitaha. janasankhyaa vruddhihi. edo-deshe shogunet-ityasya sthapananantaram, edo-durgasya paritah "damyos" (samanti-prabhuhu), hataamoto (varishta-rakshaka) nivasasthanani cha nirmitaah, tathaa cha bahusankhyakaah samuraay-janaah aasan. samuraay-janaanaam jeevanam samarthayantah vanijaha shilpinah cha sheeghramev ido-nagaram prati janasamoohaih pravaasam krutvaa janasankhyaayaah vruddhihi abhavat. eedo-deshasya janasankhyaa 1640 tame varshe ("kaanayi" 17) praayah 400,000 taha 1693 tame varshe ("jenroku" 6) praayah 800,000 yaavat vardhamana, 1721 tame varshe ("kyoho" 6) praayah <ID1 yaavat vardhamana cha. samuraay-jananam vishaal-niwaas-kshetraanaam vipareetam, chonin-pradesha bahu laghuvistaareshu eva seemitah aasit. vardhamana janasankhyaayaah karanat teshaam janasankhyaa-ghanataa atyantam uccha-staram prati preritaa. teshaam nivasasthanani saghanakshetreshu ghanatayaa vyavasthaapitaani aasan, tathaa cha kshiptaani cha samanyani aasan. prativyakti-vaasasthaanam, pakashalam, alamariam cha, praayah shut tataami-chapanam akaram aasit. tadatiriktam, kaashta-kagadiya-nirmaanasaamagreeh sahajataya agnyoho indhanam abhavat. ete sarve paristhitihi svaabhaavikatayaa agnyutpatanam adhikaam sambhaavanaam janayanti sma. agnihi. eedo-nagare agnisrushteh pramukhakaranam cha, choraah bahusankhyayam abhilikhitavantah. edo ityasya jeevanasya ucchavyayasya karanat, pratibhooti-vinaa anubandha-sevakarupena karyam kartum ayogyataayaah cha karanat bandhitaah bahavah agnisamyogakaah daridrajeevanam yaapayan aasan. teshu kechan swagruhaani agninaa dagdhavantah, aparaadhaih haanih alpaha eva aasit. 1723 tathaa 1724 tame varshe ("kyoho" 8 tathaa 9) gruheeteshu 102 agnisamyogakeshu 41 aasan, 22 panjeekrutaani sthayinivasaha naa aasan. teshu adhikaamshaah nimnasaamaajikavargaat aagataah aasan. agnisamyogasya preranaah bhinnaah aasan, yadyapi sarvaadhikam pramukham luntanam aasit. etaadrushaah agnisamyogakaah vaayupravaaheshu dineshu agniprajwalanam karishyanti, tathaa cha tatbhyah aagantasya vikshobhasya laabham praapya choranam kurvanti sma. luntanam atirichya, samajikasambandhan udbhootaani abhipreranaani, yathaa dasaha swaswaswaswasyaam pratihimsaa anvishyanti, asafalaanaam pranayaramy-sambandhanam karanat dweshah cha. pratiyoginaam vyavasaayaanaam, balanam cha agnyutpaadanasy, api cha "akasmikataya agniprajwalanam iva anubhooyate" iti sweekruteh prakaranasya cha udaaharanaani api abhilekhitaani aasan. yatah agnihi, uttarottarasy punarnirmaanasy krute, sutaranam, plaastar-worker-ityeteshaam, steeple-jaak-ityeteshaam krute api vyaapaarah syaat, ataha teshu kechan agnihi ghatite sati, teevrate cha iti drushtvaa aanandam jaanaati sma. visheshatah, yato hii bahavah agnishaamakaah mukhyataya steeple-jaak-rupena karyam kurvanti sma, teshu kechan saarvajanikaroopena agnishaamak-kaushalaan pradarshayitum athavaa swaartham vyaapaar-avasaraan nirmaatum vaa janajanat agniprasaarayanti sma. anena shogunet-raajyam, chetaavanee-adhyadeshan jaaree kartum, kechan aakshepakaah agnishaamakaah cha nishpaadayitum preritam. bandhitaah agnisamyogakaah, dahanaat poorvam veethishu chaalayant. parantu agniprajwalanasya vishaye shogunet-ityasya asahishnuneetih satsu api agniprajwalan-preritaah agnihi kadaapi eedo-samsthaayaah purnataya naa nirmoolitaah. bakamatsu-kaale, shogunet-ityasya prashasanam akshamam jaatam iti karanat saarvajanikavyavastha adhahpatanam abhavat. parinaamatah agnijwaalaayaah prakopah teevratayaa vardhata. kechan agnisamyogakaah saahityasya, kabukee-krutyaah cha vishayaah abhavan. eteshu, 1683 tame varshe tenna ityasya (tenaa 3) mahaa-agnihi, yasmin 3,500 janaah mrutaah, tasya naam api dattam. agnihi oshichi ityanena naa abhavat, parantu tasya karanat swagruham nashtam abhavat. saa ekasmin mandire ashrayam praapya tatra ekasmin prushtena preme abhavat. ekavarshaanantaram, saa anyasmin agnyau dwau punah militum shaknoti iti kalpanaayaah aadhaaren agnisamyogam kartum prayatatam. saa gruheetaa, parikshita, agninaa cha vadhitaa. tasyaah kathaa ihaaraa saikaak ityasya tathaa tsuruyaa naanboku IV ityasya cha adharaha aasit. havaamaanasya sthitihi. uttaratah prabalah sheetakaalasy varshaakaalah eedo-pradeshasya vishishtah hawaamaan-sthitihi aasit. asya karanena vaayavya-uttar-vaayunaah praavartiteshu shushka-vaayugunaih, shitakale, vasantakaale cha anekaani agni-jwaalaani abhavan. tadatiriktam, vasantakaale sharadakaale cha prabalah dakshinavaayuh api prachand-agnihi janayitum anyat kaaranam aasit. anena karanat 1658 tame varshe shogunet ityanena sthaapitaani chatwaarah dalaani ("manjee" 1) edo-durgasya vaayavyadishi sthitaah aasan yena durgasya tasya dishaatah prasaritat agnisrushtyaa rakshanm kartum shakyate sma. yadaa masanusaram agniganitam, tadaa maarch-maase sarvaadhikam "mahaa-agnihi" drushtah, tadanantaram februvari, april, janavaree cha. ete cha chaturmaasaani sarvanam mahaa-agnisrushteh 70 pratishatam aasan. maireki ityasya mahaa-agnihi, 107,000 yaavat pranan apahrutya eedo-ityasya itihaase sarvaadhikam vinaashakaari agnihi aasit, 1657 maarch 2 dinaanke (jaapanees-lunisolar tenpo-panchaange "maireki" 3 ityasya prathamamaasasy 18 tamadine) abhavat. eedo ityasya "chonin" iti asya satyasya samyak jnaataa aasit. shitakale, mahilaah edo-nagarasya upnagareshu swapitaraajagruham gatvaa agnisantoshasya anantaram eva pratyaagamayitum adishitaha, yasya parinaamen rutumaanasya janasankhyaayaah utaara-chadaavaha abhavat. 1725 tame varshe ("kyoho" 10) shashtamaase janasankhyaa chaturthamaasasya apekshayaa 10,000 adhikaa aasit. atiriktajanasankhyayaha 90 pratishatatah adhikaah mahilaah aasan. tokugava shogunet ityasya agni-nivarana-upaayah. eedo-kaalasy aarambhe, shogunet-nagarasya pramukhah adhikaarinah, yadaa agnisamyogah praayah bhavati sma, tadaa vaayupadeshu "shogan" tathaa eedo-durgasya rakshanm praathamikaroopen sthaapayan. tadviruddham, sengoku-kaalasy avashesharoopen, "chonin" ityasya aavaaseeyakshetraanaam vishaye agni-nivarana-upayan praayah naa avadhaanam dattam. parantu, yathaa "chonin" saamaajikashaktim avaapnot, shogunet ityasya neetih api vikasitaa, yasya prateekaroopen, ashtamah shogan, kyoho-sudharanam bhagarupena eedo-ityetam sarvavyaapinam aacchaadayitum agni-nivaarak-upayan vistaarayat. agnishaamakasamsthah. praarambhik-eedo-kaale agnishaamak-karyasya samsthaagatam naa jaatam. parantu, mahaa-agnihi punaraavartanam vyavasthaayaah sthapanartham parivartanam jaatam. asya vyavasthaayaah antargatam agnishaamakaah samanyataya a-iti vargeekrutaah aasan. book-hikeshee" ityasmin agnishaamakaah api a-iti vibhaktau aasan. agniprajwalanasya "hikeshee" ityasya praathamik-paddhatihi aasit, agnim prasaarayitum poorvamev prajwalitanam bhavananam pariveshtanam dhvamsam. mewaa" yugasya kaale, maanav-shaktyaa sanchaalitam kaashta-pamp ityasya prakaarah upayujyate sma, parantu nirbaadhajal-aapoorteh abhaavaat kadaapi agni-nivaaranam purnataya vyavahaaryam saadhanam naa abhavat. mejee-punarsthaapanaparyantam, vyaavasaayik-agnishaamakaih bhavananam hastachaalit-vidhvamsaha, yeshu steeple-jaaks-yaanaani bahusankhyakaah aasan, agni-nivaaranasya praathamik-paddhatihi eva aasit. "daaimyo hikheshee" iti. daimyo hikheshee" ityasya samsthaagatam 1643 tame varshe ("kaanayi" 20), oke-maachi ityasya agnihi aagatah varshadvayebhyah anantaram, "damyos" ityetasmai niyuktasya anivaarya-niyamita-agnishaamak-sewaayaah ruparupena abhavat. etasmaat poorvam, agniprajwalanaantaram jaareebhih apoorvaa aadeshaih "damyos" ityetaan agnirodhakakaryartham preshitavantah. daimyo-hikeshee" ityasya anyaroopeshu, ye shogunet-dwara mahattvapoornaani sthanani yathaa samaadhih, tirthasthanani, tandula-dhanya-bhandaaraani cha iti krute uttaradaayi aasan; ye eedo-ityasya vyaktigata-upavibhaagaanaam krute uttaradaayi aasan; ye "daimyo" nivaaseshu atmaraksha-agnishaamak-samsthanam vipareetam, pariveshtitakshetreshu agnishaamake bhaagam graheetum baadhyaah aasan. "jobikeshi" iti. maireki-nagarasya mahaa-agnihi ekavarsham yaavat yaavat abhavat, tatah anantaram 1658 tame varshe ("manjee" 1) "jobikeshi" samsthaaneekrutam. hataamoto-janaan shogunet ityasya aadnyaayaah adheenam pratyakshataya agni-pratirodhasya daayitvaani dattaani aasan. te agni-nireekshan-gopuraihi yukteshu gruheshu sthitaah aasan. te vyavasayikan agnishaamakaah api niyuktavantah, ye cha aahwitaah. praarambhe chatwaarah dalaani sanghatitaani aasan. pashchat, shogunet ityasya vitteey-sainya-sthitim tathaa "machibikeshi" ityasya sajjataam cha ashritya, 15 yaavat dalaihi saha, edo-kaalasy ante kevalam ekam dalam eva iti teshaam sankhyaa utparivartata. adhikaamsheshu samayeshu dash-dalaani aasan, ataha cha aand iti api aahuyante sma. "machibikeshi" iti. yadaa tokugava yoshimunah ashtama-shogan-rupena adhikaaram sveekrutavaan, tadaa edo-deshe agnishaamak-karyani "daimyo-hikeshee", "jobikeshi" madhye vitaritaani aasan, yeshu uttaratah "chonin" agnishaamakaah aasan, yeshu vyaapaarinah shilpinah cha aasan. daimyo hikeshee" tathaa "jobikeshi" cha anubhawinah agnishaamakaah aasan, tathaapi te "chonin" ityasya aavaaseeyakshetreshu ghatitanam agnisaudhanam vishaye kadaapi chintitaah naa aasan; etasmin kaale "tanabikeshi" iti ekaha shaukia-agnishamakanam samoohah aasit, ye svayameva bhayaprada agnisaushadhaat palaayanam karishyanti sma. 1720 tame varshe ("kyoho" 5), tokugava yoshimunah kyoho-sudharanam bhagarupena "machibikeshi" samsthaamkeekrutavaan. saha nootanaah agnishaamak-ghatakaan sthaapayitum aadesham dattavaan ye "chonin" ityasya nivasasthananam rakshanarthm vastutah samarthaah bhaveyuhu. machibikeshi" ityasya vyavasthaayaah antargatam pratyekam nagaram swasya "chonin" iteedam agnishamakakaryartham preshayet iti aavashyakam aasit. okaa nagar-adhikarinam suchan sveekrutavaan, nagaranam agnishaamak-samuhan cha sangruheetavaan. sumidaa-nadyaah paschimadishi ashtachaalshat samoohah nirmitaah. chatwaarah vihaay sarve ekasyaah hiraagana-aksharaihi nirdishtah aasan, ataha saamohikaroopen 'da' iti nirdishtah. nadyaah poorvadishi honjo-fukugaavaa-nagareshu anyeshaam shohat samuhan nirmitavantah. pratyekasya samuhasya swakeeyah vishishtah, samavastrah cha aasit. pratyekasmin samoohe samanyataya sambandhah aasit, parantu samoohayoh madhye api kalah samanyaha aasit. 1730 tame varshe ("kyoho" 15) ete agnishamakasamoohaha agni-samay-sanchayasya parimanam dakshatam cha vardhayitum bruhattareshu samooheshu punargatitaani abhavan. yadyapi "machibikeshi" iti padam praarambhe kevalam "chonin" ityasya aavaaseeyakshetraanaam krute eva uttaradaayi aasit, tathaapi teshaam kshamataayaah parichayah abhavat, anantaram samuraay-nivaasakshetreshu, yathaa setuhu, tirthasthanani, tandula-dhanya-bhandaaraani, ido-durgasya antah api agni-nivaarane preshitaah. mejee-punarsthaapanasamaye te eedo-ityasya mukhya-agnishaamak-balah abhavan, aparam tasmin samaye "book-hikeshee" ityasya mahatee nyunikaranam jaatam. arsen-virodhee-upaayah. yehetu eedo-nagare agniprajwalanam pramukham karanam aasit, ataha shogunet-samsthaa agniprajwalanakarinam damanartham paryaaptam prayatat. nootanam sarvakaareeyapadam, pravartitam. "agnisamyogam kurvan dhartum "chonin" ityasmai puraskaarah dattah. agnisamyogah aparaadhah abhavat, janaanaam krute chetaavaneeroopen dandarupena dandarupena dandena dahanam krutam. "hitsuke tozoku aratem" iti. "hitsuk tojoku aratem" iti padam, agnisamyogam, choree, joodam ityadinam aparadhan lakshyeekruty shogunet ityanena pravartitam aasit. yadyapi praarambhe aparaadhatrayam krute trayah pruthak-padaani aasan, tathaapi te 1683 tame varshe sainya-adhikarina samawarteeroopen dhaaritaah iti dnyaayate ("tenna" 3). pashchat te alpakalam yaavat niraakrutavantah, parantu 1703 tame varshe ("jenroku" 16) punah pravartitaah, 1718 tame varshe ("kyoho" 3) ekasthaane ekeekrutaah abhavan. maachi-bugyo" ityasya viruddham, ye nagarika-adhikaarinah aasan, "hitsuke tojoku araatame" iti sainya-adhikaarinah aasan. ataha teshaam prashna-vichaaran-rananeetih himsaatmakah aasit. yadyapi teshaam sandehayuktaan agnisamyogakaarinaam gruheetum adhikaaram aasit, tathaapi bhulayuktanam bandhanam dandah naseet. asmin karanat, te praayah bandhitaan shankitaan aparaadham pratyarpayitum peedayanti, yena aneke mithyaa-aropaha bhavanti. anena "chonin" ityatra kukhyaatam chitram avashishtam, yah "maachi-bugyo" tathaa cha "cha" iti tu tulanam kurvan teshaam upanamam adadat. agniprahaaram sveekrutya dahanam krutvaa mrutyudandah cha. shogunet-raajyam pade pade adhyadeshan jaarim akarot, yatra gruhitanam agnisamyogakaarinaam tatkshanameva pratyarpayitum, taan agruhnaan pratiphalam daatum cha aagrah krutah. api cha, yah agnisamyogam kurvan gruheetah tasya viruddham krutaanaam aparadhanam krute kshamam deeyate. ye agnisamyogakaah svasahabhaginam vaa anyaih agnisamyogakartrunaam vaa viruddham soochitum mahattvapoornam paatram akurvan te api kshama-puraskarat upari puraskaaraay arhanti sma. 1723 tame varshe ("kyoho" 8), agnyutpaadanasy vishaye shankaaspad-vyavahaarasya aadhaaren kasyaapi vyaktim gruheetum shakyate iti adeshah dattah, yadyapi saha agnisamyogam naa krutavaan. janaan prati satarkatam daatum, bandhitaah agnisamyogakaah nagareshu paribhramitaah, dandena dahanitaah cha abhavan. tadatiriktam, teshaam viruddham aaropah kaashtaphalakeshu likhitaah, saarvajanikapradarshane sthaapitaah. dahanadwara mrutyudandah eedo-kaalasy danda-samhitaayaam nirdhaaritah aasit, 1868 tame varshe ("mejee" 1) mejee-sarvakaarasya asthayee-danda-samhitayaa pratisthaapitam yaavat tasya abhyaasah krutah. agnipraharakarinam kutumbasya sadasyaah api samlagnaah aasan, patninam putriyaam cha anubandhita-dasya-rupena nyooneekrutavantah athavaa nirvaasita-deshe preshitaah. anubandhasya agnisamyogasya vishaye, yah aparaadhasy krute dhanam pradadaati saha api dandaneeyah aasit. yadaa agnisamyogakah samuraay aasit tadaa dahanadwara mrutyudandah apraapyah aasit. tasya sthaane, adhikatamm dandah vidhitah; danditah samuraay ityasya shiracchedaha krutah, shiraha peetasya vaa manchasya vaa upari sthaapitah, dinatrayam yaavat pradarshitah, sharirasya upayogah khadga-parikshanartham krutah. yah likhita-swarena agnisamyogasya dhamakidaatu saha praarambhe dandaneeyah aasit, parantu pashchat dandah nirwaasanaroopen nyooneekrutah. yadyapi upari varnitaanaam siddhantanam aadhaaren dandaani dattaani tathaapi agnisamyogasya asaphalaprayaasah ityadini vistaarakaani paristhitayah api pariganitaah. 15 varshaat nyunasya agnisamyoginah naa vadhitaah, parantu nirvaasanaartham preshitaah vaa pariveekshaadheenaah vaa bhavanti sma. nagaraniyojanam. jwalanasheela-padaarthaih nirmitanam bhavananam ghana-vitaranam mahattvapoornam kaarakam aasit, yena agnihi laghutamaat bruhad-rupena vikasat. ekadaa ekasmin bhavane agnihi aagatah, sameepasthaani sheeghramev prajwalanaani bhavanti, tatah poorvam eva agnishaamakaah pratikriyaam akurvan. asmin karanat, maireki-nagarasya mahaa-agnihi abhavat, tatah anantaram, agni-viruddham nagarasya rakshanm vardhayitum, eedo-nagare jwalanasheela-padaarthaih nirmitaani samrachanaah pravartitaah. eedo-nagare vibhinneshu sthaaneshu agni-awarodh-kshetraani aahvayantah sthaapitaah cha aasan. tail-yuktaanaam chataanaam, mruttikaa-gruhaanaam cha sahitanam agni-pratirodha-samagrinam sweekaranam anivaaryam abhavat. "heokechi" tathaa "hirokoji". maireki-nagarasya mahaa-agnyuaa vinaashakaari-hanyaha anantaram, eedo-ityasya punarnirmaan-yojanayam agni-nivarana-upayanam mahatee mahattvam praaptam. agnisurodhasya krute agni-awarodh-kshetraani sthaapitaah. tasya aarambhah edo-durgasya baahye prathamikanivasanam sthanantaranena, riktasthaanasya agninirodhartham samarpanena cha abhavat. anantaram anyeshu "damyos" tathaa hatamotos ityetayoho nivasasthananam sthaanaantaranam abhavat. eedo-nagarasya antah bhavananam ghanasankramanasya nivaaranaartham, adhikaamshaah gantavyasthaanaani durgaat doore bhavitum chitaani. api cha, "jenroku" yugasya samaye, "damyos" ityetaan eedo-nagarasya bahihstheshu dwiteeya-truteeya-nivasasthananam nirmanartham bhoomih dattah, teshaam truteeya-nivasasthanani api agnisaudhasya samaye aashrayasthaanarupen upayujyante sma. nutananam samuraay-nivasasthananam aavaasasya anyah saadhanaroopen bhoomih punah praaptah. 1661 tame varshe ("kaanbun" 1), honjo-nagare samuraay-nivasasthananam nirmaanaay tathaa "chonin" nivasasthananam sthanantaranaya bhoomi-punarsthaapanam poornam abhavat. mandiranam tirthasthananam cha krute api etaadrushaani sthanantara-aadeshaani praadattaani. teshu adhikaamshaah eedo-ityasya jalamargat bahihi gatavantah, kechan asakusaa, komagom, koyisikava ityeteshu nootanaani sthalaani apashyn. asmin eva kaale nihombaashee-nagarasya samipasthat asakusaa-nagaram prati api redd-lait-mandalasya sthanantaranam jaatam, yadyapi maireki-nagarasya mahaa-agnisrushteh poorvam eva etat kaaryam nirdhaaritam aasit. agni-awarodh-kshetradwayam, tathaa cha, sthanantarena riktabhumya nirmitaani aasan; poorvatah riktah plaza aasit, uttaratah vistrutah maargah cha aasit. tadatiriktam, margaparivardhananeetya sahavartane gruhaani kasyaapi ives ityasya nishkasanam aavashyakam aasit. sthanantaranasya parinaamen nagar-eedo-ityasya vistaarah abhavat. 1662 tame varshe ("canboon" 2), jalamargat bahihi unno, asakusaa, shiba ityetaani kshetraani "maachi-bugyo" ityasya prashasanasya adheene aanayant. tenna-nagarasya mahaa-agnihi anantaram, "daimyo" nivasasthanani, mandiraani, tirthasthanani cha sambadhaah anyatamaah sthanantarana-taramgaah, nutananam "heokechi" ityasya anumatim dattavantah, "hirokoji" ityasya vistaarah cha krutah. parinaamatah adhunaa adhikaamshaah mandiraani tirthasthanani cha jalamargat bahihi sthitaani aasan. kyoho-samskaareshu "machibikeshi" ityasya samsthanikaranat aarabhy agnisurakshaayaah aaro sudrudeekaranam jaatam. tokkugava yoshimunah jwalanasheela-eedo ityasya krute utsaham prakatayitvaa, kanda, hachobori, ichigayaa ityeteshu nagareshu nootanaani "heokechi" iti namakam sthaapitaani. eedo-nagarasya paritah agni-awarodh-kshetraani sthaapayitum prayatatam satsu api "heokechi" ityasya antah gruhaani nirmitaani aasan, "hirokoji" ityasya paarshve bhandaaraani cha nirmitaani aasan, yena teshaam prabhavakarita mahatee nyunikrutam, kadaachit poorvasya apekshayaa agni-apaayah api adhikah aasit. agni-pratirodhakah agni-pratirodhakah cha. 1601 tame varshe ("keecho" 6) prachand-agnisrushteh anantaram, shogunet-samsthayaa, chaadaanaam chaadaanaam shingal-chaadaanaam rupena parivartanam kartum adeshah dattah. pashchat, vilasapurnanam "daimyo" nivasasthananam antah bhavaneshu tail-yukttaah chhatah fasionable abhavan, keshuchit "chonin" nivaaseshu api dattaani. parantu, maireki-nagarasya mahaa-agnihi abhavat, tatah neeti-parivartanena tail-chattaanaam upayogam nishedhitam, yatah agni-pratirodhakah tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails-tails tasya sthaane, agnihi prasaranat nivaarayitum jwalanasheelaani chhaadayuktaani chataani bhumya aacchaditaani aavashyakaani aasan. 1661 tame varshe ("canboon" 1), nootan-bhavaneshu chattaanaam upayogasya api nishedhah krutah, yena shingal-chattaanaam vikalpah eva anumoditah. tokugava yoshimunah adhikaaram grahanam yaavat naa krutavaan, taavat tail-yuktaani chataani anivaaryaani abhavan. samuraay-nivasasthananam krute, 1723 tame varshe ("kyoho" 8), baancho-nagarasya sameepe dahan-hataamoto-nivasasthanani tail-yukttaih chhataih punarnirmayitum aavashyakaani aasan. etasmaat prayojanartham vyaajamukta-runasya vyavasthaa api krutaa. praayah 1725 ("kyoho" 10) ityasya anantaram, seemitakshetreshu vidyamaanavaasasthaanaani tail-yuktaani chataani sveekrutya sweekartum aavashyakaani aasan. pashchat, eshaa neetih bruhattarakshetreshu pravartitaa, yatra avilambanivaasaah dhwamsitaah iti chetaawaneeh aasit. chonin" nivasasthananam krute, 1720 tame varshe tail-yuktaanaam chataanaam nishedhah nirastah ("kyoho" 5). 1722 ("kyoho" 7) ityasya anantaram, edo-nagarasya sarvaani bhavanaani tail-yuktaani chataani, bhumya nirmitaani vaa aacchaditaani vaa bhavitum aavashyakaani aasan, yadyapi "chonin" ityasya arthikabharasya drushtyaa, keshuchit sandarbheshu seep-koshaih nirmitaani chataani api anumanyanta. samuraay-nivasasthanani iva, saarvajanikasevaashulkasya, vyaajamukta-runasya cha mukttih upalabhyat, aparivartita-nivasasthanani cha dhvamsasya adheenaani aasan. shogunet-dwara sanchaalitam jwalanasheelam eedo-kaaryakramah tokugava yoshimuna ityasya shasanasya adheene nishpanah aasit, yadyapi 1751 tame varshe tasya mrutyoho anantaram ("kaani" 4), shogunet-raajyam tasya samasyayuktayaha vitteeyasthityaa karanat nyoonam sakriyam jaatam. kaaryakramah kadaapi purnataya naa sampannah, yat "mejee" yugaat poorvam vividhaanaam mahaa-agnisrushteh mukhyakaaranam jaatam. nishedhah agni-suchana-adeshah cha. agnim nivaarayitum shogunet sarwaprakaaraah nirdeshaan praavartayat, yeshu agnisrushteh sambhaavyakaaranaam nishedhah, mahattvapurnanam ghatanasu agni-suchana-aadeshah, vaastavika-agnisrushteh samaye vishishtaanaam kriyakalapanam nishedhah cha antarbhavanti. saarwajanik-snanagruhanam, pataaki-prajwalanasya, apashisht-dahanasya cha viruddham agni-apayan lakshyeekruty nishedhah nirdeshitah aasit. agnipramaadasya kaaranam iti shankitam naa bhavet iti chintayitum adhikaamshaah "chonin" nivasasthanani snanadwara naa nirmitaani aasan. parinaamatah saarwajanik-snaanagruhaani lokapriyaah aasan. yadyapi snaanagruhasya vyavasaayasya agnyoho aavashyakataa poornam nishedham nivaarayat, tathaapi 1653 tame varshe ("jo" 2) saarwajanik-snaanagruheshu saayam 6 vaadanebhyah aagah nishidhah aasit. saarwajanik-snaanagruhaani praatahparyantam snanajalam sthaapayitum api aavashyakaani aasan yena jalam agnishaamak-kaarye upayoktum shakyate. 1648 tame varshe ("kiyan" 1) nagarasya antah pataaki-utpaadanam nishiddham aasit. nadeemukhaani vihaay teshaam upayogah api nishedhitah aasit, api cha 1642 tame varshe ("kiyan" 5) kevalam sumida-nadyaah paarshve eva seemitah aasit. "jenroku" yugasya nagareshu gruheshu cha "saagicho" utsavah nishedhitah aasit. adyaapi poorvam 1655 tame varshe ("maireki" 1) apashisht-dahanam nishiddham aasit. asadharanarupena, 1646 tame varshe ("shoho" 3) vaayupatasya nishedhah krutah, edo-durgasya upari jwalanta-vaayupatasya patanasya dinadwayaanantaram. shogan ityasya dam-nagaram prati agamanam, kyoto-nagaraat raajaveenyaah agamanam, josan-pratinidhyaah agamanam ityadinam mahattvapurnanam karyakrameshu, agni-satarkatayaha unnata-starasya aagrahaay adhyaadeshaah praavartitaah. eteshu adhyaadesheshu, agni-kalahaan nivaarayitum nagaram gasteem akarot, jalapurita-baltikaha siddhaah abhavan, nagarakshetrm cha swaccham krutam. yadaa anushtaanaani aacharyante tadaa api etaadrushaah aadeshah praadatah. agnisaudheshu nishiddhaani vishishtaah karyani "agni-darshaniyasthanani drashtum", bruhadaakaar-yaanaih aahutani chalaneeyaani upakaranani, tathaa cha nishkasanasya badham teevrataram kartum tathaa nyooneekartum cha vikshobhaan nivaarayitum cha, upayogasya utpadanasya cha cha krute aasan. "chonin" ityasya agni-nivarana-upaayah. yadyapi eshaa ukttih edo-jananam jeevanasya prati aniyantrita-manovruttim spashtatayaa pradarshayati, tathaapi etat nagarasya aagamanaah vishaye teshaam vyaavahaarik-manasikam api pratibimbayati-agneetau nashtasy apekshayaa sheeghramev dhanam vyayam kartum uttamm aasit. eedo ityasya "chonin" ityasya krute agnihi nityakarma abhavat, tathaapi teshaam prasaarah praayah naa rodhitah aasit. yadaa teshaam nivaaseshu, vyavasaayeshu cha agnihi aagatah, tadaa prathamam pramukham cha lakshyam sheeghram nishkasanam, teshaam sampattim samrakshanam cha aasit. aparam, svanivaasaat agnihi naa praawartet iti sunishchitum te cha saavadhaanam dhyanam dattavantah. agnipratirodhah. eedo-deshe dine raatrau vaa vinaa agnihi abhavat. yadi nidraam kurvan agnihi udbhooyate tarhi vastraparivartanam, dipasya tayaaree cha nishkasanasya vilambam iti soochayati. ataha yadaa sheetakaalah aagatah agamanat tadaa savadhanataya janaah apatkale vastraani, gadanam sameepe cha vastooni sthaapayanti sma. yadaa agnihi soochitah tadaa prathamam utpattih, vaayuh cha dishaam nishchita bhavati sma. yadi paristhitihi apaayakarah iti manyate tarhi, naa vahaneeyaani bahumoolyaani vastooni sthaapyante, vyaapaar-grahakaha soochitaah bhavanti, janaah agnim prasaarayitum kimapi sphulingam nishkaasayitum chhataparyantam aarohanam kurvanti sma. yadaa sankatah aasannah abhavat tadaa te kevalam moolyavastooni eva saha netum arhanti sma. agnisrushtyaa moolyavaan vastooni rakshayitum upayujyante sma. "yojinkaago" iti ekaha prakaarah vishaalah venu-basketah aasit, yena vyaktihi prushthe vaa bhujasya vaa upari chaalayitum shaknoti sma. mahattvapurnanam dastaawejubhyah, aahwitaah wicker-baaksah upayujyante sma. yadyapi "daihachiguruma" tathaa "kurumanagamochi" cha adhikasankhyayam vastoonaam parivahanam kartum shaknuvanti sma, tathaapi teshaam vishaal-akaraha nishkasanakale tebhyah badham janayanti sma. ete api udaaharanaani aasan yatra parivahana-vastooni uddiyamaana-sphulingaih agnim aagacchan, agnihi prasaranam kartum sahayyam krutavantah. eteshaam kaaranaih shogunet-dwara teshaam nishedhah krutah. atirikta-upaayaroopen, agni-aashvasti-samsthaayaah agradootatvena cha, dhanikaah vanijaha gruhanirmanartham avashyakanam samagrinam krute kaashta-vikretrubhyah poorvamev dhanam dadati sma. yadi teshaam vyavasaayah prajwaalayate, tatah bhagnaavasheshasya nishkasananantaram, poorva-deya-saamagrayah punah nirmanartham tatkshanameva praarthayitum shakyante, yena alpaavadhau eva vyavasaayah punah arabhyate. "dozo" tathaa "anagur" iti. "dozo" tathaa "anagura" ityetaani samrachanaah agni-samaye sthanantaram naa kartum shakyatam vastoonaam sanchayartham upayujyante sma. dhanikavastooni samanyataya teshaam gunakanam swaaminee aasan. adhikavyayasya karanat "dozo" ityasya nirmanam, upayogah cha adhikatayaa vyaapaaribhih krutah; tasya apekshayaa "anagura" ityasya moolyam samanyajananam krute adhikam aasit. "dozo" iti bhandaaragruhaani sthool-plaastar-yukta-mruttikaa-bhittiyuktaani aasan, adhikaamsheshu kshetreshu tail-yuktaani chataani cha aasan. teshaam ghana-bhittyabhih samarthitaah agni-pratirodha te vastooni, gruhasaamagreeh, upakaranani, bahumoolyaani vastooni cha sanchayayitum aadarsham krutavantah. parantu, te adhama-nirmanasya anuchita-rakshanasy cha karanena, janeshu, praveshadvaarayoho cha vighatanaat, tathaa cha maus-chhidraihi cha agnim praavartayitum, tathaa cha parinaamatah patanen cha peeditaah bhavitum arhanti. asmin karanat, dhanikaah vanijaha bhoomim sajjasthitau sajjam kurvanti sma, yena agnihi aagame sati teshaam niyamita-plaastar-yantraani sheeghram teshaam "dozo" iti mudrayitum shaknuvanti sma. etaadrushaah api ghatanaah aasan, yadaa te svayameva agniprerakaah aasan, tadaa te swasyaah "dozo" ityasya dwaran udghaatya saarwajanik-praayashchittaroopen agnim aagacchan. vidyamaanah iti namna khyaatah abhilekhananam sanchayartham visheshatayaa surakshitah "dozo" iti, parantu teshaam nirmaanavyayasya adhikasya karanat kadaapi lokapriyata naa prapta, yadyapi te mahaa-agnihi yaavat tishtitum paryaaptam prabalam aasan. aparam, atra nivasasthanani, vyavasaayaani cha aasan ye bhandaaragruhaani iva nirmitaah aasan. parantu, vyaapaarasy upayogartham avashyakanam vistrutaanaam dwaranam samayojanartham teshaam agni-pratirodhasya vishaye praayah kamapi vimukhataam kartavyam aasit. "miseguraa" iti adhunikakalaparyantam jeevati, adhunaa adhikatayaa katori (savara-kshetram), tochigee, kavaagoy ityeteshu nagareshu drushyate, yena eteshaam nagaranam, teshaam samipasthanam cha namakaranam bhavati. "anagur" iti bhoogarjasthaani bhandaranasthanani aasan. shayankakshen adhah laghunam bhandaaran-ekakeshu apekshayaa, anagurayam vyaktihi dharanartham paryaaptam sthalam aasit, moolyavaan vastooni sanchayayitum api nirmitaah aasan. te "dozo" ityasya apekshayaa shastaa aasan, tathaapi agnisurakshaayaah cha viruddham prabhaawashaalinah abhavan, yatah teshaam sameepe kevalam rakshane rakshanani aasan. "edo-bhashayam "anagur" ityasya upayogah prathamavaaram 1656 tame varshe ("maireki" 2) nihonabaashi-nagare ekaha vastravikretaa, yah ekaha bhandaarah chaalayati, tena krutah. izumi-yaa" ityasya "anagur" ityasya prabhaawah maireki-nagarasya mahaa-agnitau ankitah, teshaam lokapriyatayam cha sahayyam krutavaan. edo-bhashayam "anagur" ityasya lokapriyataayaah vishaye, kavaago-lavana-vyaapaarih swasmrutau likhati yat edo-bhashayaha dashamaamshah bhaagah chhidrah abhavat iti. etaadrushee lokapriyataya vyavasaayah api udbhootah. yadyapi eedo-bhashayam "anagura" mukhyataya saipras-ityanena nirmitam aasit yena bhugarbhajalasya ucchastarena nirgamitam sraavam nivaaritam, tathaapi bhugarbhasya ardrata teshaam sthairyam seemitam krutavatee. agni-durghatanam dandah. yadyapi shogunet-samsthaa agnisamyogasya damanartham dahanen mrutyum saha dandaan praavartayat, tathaapi agni-durghatananam dandaah kutraapi atra katoraani naa aasan. samuraay-vargasya ye agnyutpaadayan te yadi svanivaaseshu eva tam nikshaptum shaknuvanti tarhi mukttaah bhavanti; tathaiva agnihi laghuhu eva bhavati chet "chonin" ityanena saha bhavati sma. yadyapi mahaa-agni-kshetre mrutyum nirvaasanam cha sahitam kathoram dandam daatum vichaaritaprastaavaanaam parishadah, tathaapi etaadrushaprastaavaan kadaapi naa sveekrutavantah. upakhyanatmaka-tarkah avadat yat tasmin samaye agni-durghatanaah kaachit api bhavitum arhanti, tathaa cha "rojoo" ityete yadi svayameva akasmikataya mahaa-agnim aarabhante tarhi seppuku-kriyayaha teshaam sajjataam prashnim kurvanti iti. samuraays ityasya agni-durghatanaah. yadi "daimyo" nivaase agnihi abhavat, yaavat dwaaram samrakshitam asti, gruhaanaam agnihi api swami uttaradayi naa bhavishyati. svaabhaavikatayaa dwaaram rakshanasy kendrabinduhu abhavat. kechan samuraay-janaah swanam patan-dwaran frame-taha apaaharan, palaayanam kurvan taan saha netum icchanti sma. anye kechan "machibikeshi" ityetam bandam karishyanti, ye tatsthanam prati dhaavan swashaktyaa agniyaam prati yuddham kurvanti, tatah dhoomah kevalam agniyaat eva aagatah iti vadanti. yadyapi sharirikam dandam naasti, tathaapi durghatanena agniprajwalanam akarot, saha samuraay ityeshah vaikalpikavaasasthaane gruhabandee-sevaa kartum raajapratinidhim prati prativedanam daatum arhati; yadi saha svavaasaat agniprajwalanam prasaritavaan tarhi saha swasya varishtasya samaksham daayitvasya davam prastooyat. treeni agni-durghatanaah samuraay-janam edo-nagarasya bahihi svanivaasam sthaanaantarayitum baadhyim karishyanti, yadyapi etat spashtatayaa naa niyoktam aasit. "chonins", "mandiraani", tathaa tirthasthanani cha agni-durghatanaah. chonin" ityasya krute, "kujikataa osadaamegaki" ityasya dwiteeya-khandah, 10,20,30 dinaani dandam athavaa kathoram gruhabandeem anvavartayat, ye akasmaat (praayah) taha vistrutaan kshetraani prajwaalayan. dandah 50 dinaani yaavat vardhayitum shakyate, yadi shogan-pakshina sandarshanartham nirgataah dine agnihi abhavat tarhi hastabandhanen cha dandah vardheta. yadi agnihi kshatihi aparaadhee ityatah bahihi (praayah) vistrutakshetre prasrutaa tarhi parivaarasya pramukhah, bhooswaaminah api cha 30 divasaparyantam "oshikom" ityasya adheenah bhavishyati. saha yatra aasit tasya sadasyaah 20 dinaani yaavat "oshikom" iti dandena api danditaah bhavishyanti sma. api cha, agni-srotasya paritah sthitanam shut-nagaranam "gachigyoji" ityatra, leevard-nagaram vihaay, 20 dinaani yaavat "oshikom" api prapnuyat. mandireshu tirthasthaneshu cha ghatate agnisaudhananam krute, shogunet-samsthaa, narameebhaawen, kevalam saptadinaani yaavat agniprahaaram vaa, athavaa laghugruhasya nirodhena dandam adadat, yasmin vikshipta-ratrikal-bhramanaani sahaneeyaani aasan. shogan ityasya aagamanasy sangatah athavaa mahaan aagatah api dande dinatrayam eva yogayet. anyanagaranam apekshayaa prabhaavashaalishu devaalayaanaam tirthasthananam cha paritah nirmitanagareshu agni-durghatanaah api bahu adhikam kshamaya danditaah aasan. agnyah, "oshikom" ityasya kevalam tridivasaan yaavat yaavat prajjwalitaan kshetraani jwaalayati. aarthikaprabhaawah. yadaa yadaa mahaa-agnihi aagatah tadaa vinaashah edo ityasya punarutthanartham aavashyakam bhautikam arthikam cha vyayam atyantam aasit. ataha upabhoktrumoolyeshu tathaa aarthik-sambhaavanaayaam cha prachand-agnihi prabhaawah edo-deshaat utpreshya sampoornam japaan-desham prabhaavayitum shaknoti. ataha bruhad-agnihi praayah bhavati iti pramukhah preraka-kaarakah iti vadataam yah eedo ityasya aarthik-vikaasam samarthayat. tadviruddham, punarnirmaan-vyayah api shogunet-ityasya krute mahatee bhaarah abhavat, tasya samasyaayukta-aarthik-avasthaam cha praavartayat. aarthik-peedayaa api "chonin" ityete peeditaah aasan. bruhad-vyavasaayasya pravartakah vyaapaarih mahaa-agnyoho anantaram "nagaya" ityasmin nivaasam kartum naa shakyate iti akalpaneeyam. yadaa shogunet ityasya aayavyayikasya vishaye, "chonin" ityasya krute aabantitavyayeshu agnisurakshayaa agnishaamak-vyavahaare cha sambadhaah api sarwaadhikaah anupataha aasan. upabhoktrumoolyanam vruddhihi. pratyekam mahaa-agnihi ido-bhashayaha moolyavruddhim iti soochitavaan. tandulaat aarabhy, gruhanirmanartham aavashyakaani nirmaanasaamagreeh cha, annaani, sarvaani moolyaani bahugunitaani drushtaani. yathaa, maireki-nagarasya mahaa-agnyoho anantaram, saake ityasya moolyam prati "sho" (praayah) taha 1000 "mone" prati "sho" yaavat vardhata, tailam cha prati sho 3 "mone" taha 2400 "mone" prati "sho" paryantam vardhata. nagare punarnirmaanasy vardhita-karyabharaha, niyukta-shilpinaam vyayam vardhayitum sahayyam krutavaan. shilpinaam vihaay, anubandhita-sewakaah api mahaa-agni-bhayaat edo-madhye karyam kartum icchamaanaanaam nyunanam krute vetanavruddhim anvabhanta. etaan atirichya, aavaasasya abhaavasya karanat bhatakani vardhanta; tathaiva, pulanam punarnirmanat poorvam, adhika-apekshaayaah karanat, naukaayaan-bhatakani api vardhanta. ete sarve prabhaawaah aasan ye eedo ityasya mahaa-agnihi sthaniya-upabhoktru-moolyeshu praavartayat. mudraasfeeti-mulyan niyantrayitum shogunet-samsthaa adhyadeshan praavartayat, yena moolyavruddhihi nishidhah, shilpakaranam vetanasya upari ucchaseemaah praavartitaah, pramukhaan aparadhin danditaah cha. eedo-ityasmin tandulasya abhaavam nivaarayantah upayaha pravartitaah. tandulam krushakaabhyah pratyakshataya kreenitam, punah vikreetam. krushakaah svayameva tandulavikrayanaartham eedo-nagaram aagantum api anumataah aasan. eedo-taha sampoorne deshe sthaaneshu sthaapitebhyah kray-adeshanam sankhyaa vardhamana, aarthik-sambhaavanaayaam eedo-ityasya mahaa-agnihi prabhaawah raashtravyaapeeh aasit. shogunet api tathaiva avasaravaadee-moolyavruddhehe viruddham vistrutapradesheshu satarkeekaranam praavartayat. tathaapi, tena naa vilambah, yathaa, yaihi kaashtavyaapaaraat dhanam nirmitam, maireki-nagarasya mahaa-agnihi anantaram nirmanasya cha anubandhah krutah. shogunet-deshe vitteeyabhaarah. agnidagdhaanaam saukaryanam punarnirmaanasy vyayah shogunet ityasya aayavyayikasya bahubhaagam aakramayat. maireki-nagarasya mahaa-agnihi, yadyapi edo-durgasya nashta-dash-rakshanm nashtarupena avashishtam aasit, tathaapi aantarik-durgasya tathaa prasadanam punarnirmaanasy krute, kulavyayam cha adhikam abhilikhitam. tulanaay, tasmin samaye shogan, tokugava iyaasu ityasya prapautrah cha swapitubhyah 42.3 lakshasy "riyo" ityasya dhanam sampattih cha uttaradhikarat praaptaah. punarnirmanam vihaay, vipad-nivarana-karyani api mahatee vyayasya anyah srotah aasit. maireki-nagarasya mahaa-agnihi abhavat, tatah hatamotos-janaah swa-vetanasya anupatikan daanaani praaptavantah, tathaa cha agrima-tandula-deyaani cha sveekrutavantah. damyos" ityasya krute, daanam atirichya, dashavarshasya runam api dattam. chonin" ityasya krute praayah 160,000 "riyo" dhanadanartham vyayata, yasya amshah teshaam nivasasthananam agrabhaganam akaraihi anuroopah aasit. api cha, "damyos" ityetaan "chonin" ityasmai kongee-pradanam kartum adeshah dattah, ye swagruhaani haarayan aasan; "chonin" iti, ye tandula-dhanya-bhandaran prajwaalayan, tebhyah nihshulkam tandula-dhaanyam pradattam. maireki-nagarasya mahaa-agnihi anantaram, yadaa yadaa mahaa-agnihi abhavat, shogunet-raajyam swasya sahayyaprayatnan anuvartat, yadyapi kshinatam vitteey-sthityaa karanat laghutameshu stareshu.

edovil thee vibaththu jappan edo kaalaththil (1600-1868) tokyovin munnaal peyar thee, edo nagaram podhuvaaga vagaippaduththappattathu. naveena kaalangalil kooda, pazhaiya edo innum ninaivil irunththathu. nagaraththin parantha nagarppurangal meendum meendum theeyinaal saman seiyappattathaal, edo ulagil arithaana ontraaka irunththathu. edovin periya thee neruppin kadavulgaludan oppidappattathu, maelum nagaichchuvaiyaaga "ilaiyuthir ilaikal" endrum vivarikkappattathu. theeyin athirven. 1601 (keecho 6), adhan aduththa aandu mattrum 1867 (keeyo 3), idaiyae 267 aandugalil, edo 49 periya thee vibaththugalaal thaakkappattathu. oppidugaiyil, athae kaalakattathil, keoto, oosaagaa mattrum kanasawa aagiya idangkalil aerpatta perum thee muraiyae onbathu, aaru mattrum moontru mattumae, idhu jappanil ulla mattra perunagarangkalilirunthu edovin uruvaththai thaniththu nirka vaiththathu. mattra kanakkugalinpadi, edovin varalaattril 85 kkum maerpatta periya thee vibaththukkal aerpattana. 1600 mattrum 1945 kku idaiyil, edo/tokyo ovvoru aandum thee, poogambangkal, sunami, erimalai vedippugal mattrum poarinaal saman seiyappattathu. inththa 267 aandu kaalappagudhiyil aerpatta 1,798 thee vibaththugalil, 269 theeyugal 1601-1700,541 theeyil 1701-1800, mattrum 986 theeyil 1801-1867 aaga irunththana. tokukawa kaalaththin pirpaguthiyil edovin makkal thogai adhan valarnthu varum porulaathaara sezhippudan inainthu athikariththathaal, nagaraththil thee vibaththukkalin athirven adhan valarcchikku vigithaasaaramaaga athikariththathu. kurippaaga, 1851 ("kaii" 3) mattrum 1867 kku idaiyilaana 17 aandugalil 506 thee vibaththukkal aerpattana, idhu dogugawa shogunatine iyalaamai nirvaagathaal aerpatta nilaiyattra podhu ozhungkai oru mukiya pankalippu kaaraniyaaga irunththathu. periya theeyin pattiyal. pinvarum pirathinithi attavanai edovin varalaattril sila periya thee vibaththukkalai pattiyalidukirathu, idhu paerazhivu tharum uyir izhappugal mattrum porul sethaththai aerpaduththiyathu. maireki", "meeva" mattrum "punka" aagiya moontru kaalakattangalil nigazhnththavai thii endru azhaikkappattana. azhaikkappattana aerpatta myyiregiyin perum thee moontru theevipaththukkalil migavum paerazhivukaramaanathaaka karudhappadugiradhu. edovil thee adikkadi viraivaaga athikariththathu, aenenil nagaraththin nagarppura soozhal eriyakkoodiya maraa "machia" kattidangalaal vagaippaduththappattathu, avai curry-eriyum neruppu idangkalaal soodaakkappattana. antha neraththil theeyanaippu thozhilnutpaththin varambugal mattrum edovin neer vazhangkal amaippin nambagaththanmai illaathathaal, marak kattidak kaiyiruppu niraintha oru suttruppuraththil oru thee vibaththu aerpattavudan, nagarin pira pakuthikalukku adhu paravuvathaith thaduka adhiga athikaarikal illai. periya theeppizhambugalaith thavira, inththa kaalakattathil idaividaatha siriya thee vibaththugalum irunththana, avai (ontraaka eduththuk kollapatta) migavum thaniththuvamaana azhivugaramaana theeppizhambugalai vida eedoavil adhiga sethaththaiyum uyir izhappaiyum aerpaduththina. theeyin kaaranangal. edo kaalaththil, neruppu andraada vaazhkkaiyil intriyamaiyaatha oru angkamaaga irunththathu. idhu samaiyal mattrum vilakkugalukku payanpaduththappattathu, idhu vibaththugalukku vazhivaguththathu. palvaeru kaaranangalaal thee vaikkappattathu theeyin mattroru aathaaramaaka irunththathu. mattra nagarangaludan oppidugaiyil edovil adhiga thee vibaththugal palvaeru kaaranangalaal aerpattana, idhil adarntha nagarppura thalavamaippu, oru periya makkal thogai, oru variya samooga varkkaththin iruppu mattrum edovin thaniththuvamaana vaanilai nilaimaigal aagiyavai adangkum. edovin theeyaip padiththa arinyaraana matsunosk nishiyama, theekkaana kaaranangalai surukkamaaga pinvarumaaru koorinaar makkal thogai valarchi. edovil shogunettai niruviya piragu, "diamyos" (vassal lards) mattrum hadamoto (mooththa thakkavaippaalarkal) kudiyiruppugal edo koattaiyaich suttri kattappattana mattrum aeraalamaana saamuraaigal thanga vaikappattanar. saamuraai makkalin vaazhkkaiyai aatharikkum vanikarkalum kaivinaignargalum viraivil manthaikalil edovukku kudipeyarnthanar, idhan vilaivaaga makkal thogai perugiyathu. edovin makkal thogai thogai ("kaanae" 17) sumar 400,000 aaga irunthu irunthu ("jenrogu" 6) sumar 800,000 aagavum, aagavum ("keoo" 6) sumar 1,100,000 aagavum valarnthathu. saamuraai makkalin parantha kudiyiruppu pakuthikalukku maaraaga, soanin migavum siriya pakuthikalukkul mattuppaduththappattathu. valarnthu varum makkal thogai avarkalin makkal thogai adarththiyai miga uyarnththa nilaikku thalliyathu. avarkalin kudiyiruppugal siriya pakuthikalil adarththiyaaga amaikkappattirunthana, maelum avai podhuvaanavai. thaninabar vaazhkkai idam, samaiyalarai mattrum alamaarigal udpada, podhuvaaga aaru thadami paaikalin alavu irunththathu. adharku mael, maram mattrum kaagitha kattumaanap porutkal elithil theekku eriporulaaka maarina. inththa nilaimaigal anaiththum iyarkaiyaagavae thee vibaththukkalukku adhiga vaaippai aerpaduththina. theevaippu. edovil thee vibaththukkaana mukiya kaaranamaaga, kollaiyargal adhiga ennikkaiyil pathivu seiyappattanar. kaithu seiyappatta theevaippaalargalil palar, eedoavin vaazhkkaich selavu athigamaaga irunththathaalum, uththaravaatham illaathathaal oppantha oozhiyargalaaka vaelai seiya thaguthiyattravarkalaakavum irunthathaal variya vaazhkkaiyai vaalnththu vanthanar. avarkalil silar thangal veedugalai eriththu vittanar, maelum kuttrangalaich seivathaal izhakka vaendiya avasiyamum illai. 1723 mattrum 1724 aam aandugalil kaithu seiyappatta 102 theevaippaalargalil ("keoo" 8 mattrum 9), 41 paer irunththanar, maelum 22 paerukku pathivuseiyappatta niranthara kudiyiruppugal illai. avarkalil perumpaaloar keezh samooga varkkangkalaich saernthavargal. theevaippukkaana unththuthalgal vaerupattirunthana, iruppinum miga mukkiyamaana ondru kollai. inththa vagaiyaana theevaippavarkal kaattru veechum naatkalil thee vaippaargal, maelum adhaith thodarnthu aerpadum idaiyoorugalai saathagamaagap payanpaduththi tiruttu seivaargal. kollaiyadippadhaith thavira, samooga uravukalilirunththu ezhum nokkangkal, athaavathu oozhiyargal thangal ejamaanargal meethu pazhivaangkum muyarchi mattrum thoalviyuttra kaathal uravugalin kaaranamaaga veruppugal poantravai. vanikarkal poattiyaalarkalin vanigangkalukkum, kuzhandhaigalukkum thee vaittha sambavangalum, "thideerendru thee vaippathu poal unarnthathu" endra vaakkumoolaththudan koodiya oru vazhakku kooda pathivu seiyappattullana. thee enbathu thachcharkal, plaastar thozhilaazhargal mattrum steepiljaakkugalukku aduthaduththa punaramaippil vanigaththaiyum kurikkum enbathaal, avarkalil silar thee vibaththu mattrum moasamadaivathaik kandu magizhchchiyadaivaargal. kurippaaga, pala theeyanaippu veerargal muthanmaiyaaga steepiljaakkugalaaka vaelai seithathaal, avarkalil silar podhu idangkalil theeyanaippu thirankalaik kaanbippatharkaagavoo allathu thangalukku vaniga vaaippugalai uruvaakkuvatharkaagavoa vaendumentrae theeyai parappuvaarkal. idhu shogunettai echcharikkai avasarach sattangalai pirappikkavum, sila theeyanaippu veerargalai thandikkavum thoondiyathu. kaithu seiyappatta theevaippaalargal erikkappaduvatharku munbu therukkalil anivaguththuch sendranar. iruppinum, theevaippai noakkiya shogunatine sagippuththanmaiyattra kolgai irunththapoathilum, theevaippu thoondappatta thee orupoathum edovilirunthu muzhumaiyaaga agatrtrappadavillai. pakumaatchu kaalaththil, shogunatine nirvaagam thiramaiyattrathaaka valarnththathaal podhu ozhungku moasamadainthathu. idhan vilaivaaga, theeyinaal aerpatta theevipaththu veguvaaga athikariththathu. sila theevaippaalargal ilakkiyam mattrum kabuki padaippugalin paadangkalaaka maarinar. ivatrtril, 1683 (denna 3) inn periya thee, idhil 3,500 paer varai iranththanar, ivarkalin peyarum soottappattathu. theekku ooshichi porupalla, aanaal athil thanathu veettai ilanththaar. aval oru koavilil thanjam pukunthu angku oru pakkaththudan kaathalil vizhunththaal. oru varudam kaliththu, mattroru thee avarkal iruvaraiyum meendum santhikka udhavum endra karpanaiyin adippadaiyil theevaikka muyantraar. avar kaithu seiyappattu, visaarikkappattu, theeyinaal thookkilidappattaar. avarathu kadhai ihaara saaikaagu mattrum turuya naanpoagu IV inn adippadaiyaaga irunththathu. vaanilai nilaimaigal. vadakkilirunthu varum valuvaana kulirkaala paruvamazhai, edoavirku thaniththuvamaana vaanilai nilaiyaaga irunththathu. vadamaerku mattrum vadamaerku kaattrinaal aerpatta varanda vaanilai kaaranamaaga aerpatta pala kulirkaalam mattrum vasanthakaala thee vibaththugalukku idhu pankaliththathu. koodudhalaaga, vasantha kaalam mattrum ilaiyuthirkaalaththil palaththa therku kaattru perum theekku mattroru kaaranamaaga irunththathu. inththa kaaranaththirkaaga, 1658 aam aandil shogunate niruviya naanku kuzhukkal ("maanji" 1) aranmanaiyai antha thisaiyil irunthu thee paravuvathaip paathukaakka edo koattaiyin vadamaerkil nirutthappattana. theeyai maathaththaal kanakkidappattapoathu, maarch migavum "periya thee" yaik kandadhu, adhaith thodarnthu pipravari, aepral mattrum janavari. inththa naanku maathangkalthaan 70 sathaveetham periya thee vibaththukkalukku kaaranamaaga irunththana. 107, 000 uyirgalaik kondratharkaaga edovin varalaattril migavum paerazhivu tharum theeyaana myregyin periya thee, maarch 2,1657 andru aerpattathu (japanian lunisolar tenbo naatkaattiyil "myregi" 3 inn muthal maathaththin 18 vadhu naall). edovin "soanin" inththa unmaiyai nanku arinthirunthaar. kulirkaalaththil, penkal edovin puranagarp pakuthikalil ulla thangal petrtroarin illangkalukkuch sendru, theek kaalam kadantha pinnarae thirumbich sellumaaru kaetkappattanar, idhan vilaivaaga paruvagaala makkal thogai aetrtra irakkangkal aerpattana. aerpattana ("keoho" 10), aaraavathu maathaththil makkal thogai naankaavathu maathaththai vida 10,000 kkum athigamaaga irunththathu. serkkappatta makkalthogaiyil 90 sathaveethaththirkum athikamaanoar penkal aavar. dogugawa shogunatine thee thaduppu nadavadikkaikal. edo kaalaththin thodakkaththil, shogunatil ulla mukiya athikaarikal theevaippu aerpaduvatharkaana adhiga vaaippulla kaattru veechum naatkalil "shogun" mattrum edo koattaiyin paathukaappai munnurimaiyaaga niruvinar. idharku maaraaga, sengogu kaalaththin enjchiya paguthiyaaga, "soanin" kudiyiruppu pakuthikal thodarpaana thee thaduppu nadavadikkaikal kittatthatta kavanam seluthappadavillai. iruppinum, "soanin" samooga sakthiyaip pettrathaal, shogunatine kolgaigalum uruvaagina, idhan adaiyaalamaaga, ettaavathu shogun, keoo seerthiruththangalin oru paguthiyaaga edovai ulagalavil maraikka thee thaduppu nadavadikkaigalai virivupaduththiyathu. theeyanaippu amaippugal. aarambagaala edo kaalaththil, theeyanaippu niruvanamayamaakkappadavilla. iruppinum, periya theeyai meendum meendum seivathu amaippai niruvuvatharkaana oru thiruppumunaiyaaga maariyathu. inththa amaippin keezh theeyanaippu veerargal podhuvaaga mattrum yena vagaippaduththappattanar. puuk haikeshi" kkul, theeyanaippu veerargal maelum prikkappattu irunththanar. thee paravuvathaith thaduka aerkanavae eriyum kattidangalaich suttriyulla kattidangalai idippathae "hikeshiyin" theeyai anaippatharkaana muthanmai muraiyaagum. meiyy" sagaapthaththil, manithavalaththaal iyakkappadum oru vagai maraa pump payanpaduththappattathu, aanaal thadaiyattra neer vazhangkal illaathathaal adhu orupoathum theeyai anaippatharkaana muzhumaiyaana saathiyamaana vazhimuraiyaaga maravillai. meeji maruseeramaippu varai, thozhilmurai theeyanaippu veerargalaal kattidangalai kaiyal idippathu, avattril sengkuththaana theeppidiththalkal perumbaanmaiyaaga irunththana, theeyai anaippatharkaana muthanmai muraiyaaga irunththathu. "taimyo hikeshi". diameo hikeshi" 1643 aam aandil ("kaanae" 20), oagae-maachi theeppidiththa irandu aandugalukkup piragu, "dimeokkalukku" odhukkappatta kattaaya valakkamaana theeyanaippu sevaiyin vadivamaaga niruvanamayamaakkappattathu. idharku munbu, thee vibaththu aerpatta piragu veliyidappatta pura utharavugalaal "diamyos" theeyanaippu panigalukku anuppappattanar. diameo hikeshiyin" pira vadivangkalil, kallaraigal, aalayangkal mattrum arisi thaaniyangkal poantra shogunate mukkiyamaanathaagak karudhappatta idangkalukku poruppaanavargal; edovin thanipatta utpirivugalukku poruppaanavargal; mattrum, "diameo" illangkalil ulla tharkaappu theeyanaippu amaippugalukku maaraaga, suttriyulla pakuthikalil theeyanaippu nadavadikkaigalil pankerka vaendiya kattaayam irunththathu. "jabikeshi". jabikeshi" 1658 aam aandil ("manji" 1) niruvanamayamaakkappattathu, myregyin periya theekku oru varudam kaliththu. shogunatine kattalaiyin keezh neradiyaaga theeyanaippu poruppugal hadamodokkalukku odhukkappattana. avarkal thee kankaanippu koopurangal enappadum veedugalil nirutthappattanar. avarkal thozhilmurai theeyanaippu veerargalaiyum azhaiththanar. aarambaththil naanku anigal aerpaadu seiyappattana. pinnar, avarkalin ennikkai aetrtra irakkamaaka irunththathu, 15 anigal varai, edo kaalaththin mudivil oru aniyaaga, shogunatine nidhi mattrum iraanuva nilaigal mattrum "machibikeshi" yinn thayaarnilaiyaip porutthu. perumpaalaana nerangalil paththu anigal irunththana, enavae avai azhaikkappattana. "machibikesi". ettaavathu shoganaaga dogugawa yoshimune athikaaraththai aetrtrukkondapoathu, edovil ulla theeyanaippu panikal "diameo haikeshi", "jabikeshi" mattrum pinthaiyavai vanikarkal mattrum kaivinaignargalaik konda "soanin" theeyanaippu veerargalidaiyae viniyoagikkappattana. diameo hikeshi" mattrum "jabikeshi" anubavam vaaintha theeyanaippu veerargalaaka irunththapoathilum, "soanin" kudiyiruppu pakuthikalil aerpadum thee pattri avarkal unmaiyil kavalaippadavillai; idharkidaiyil, "danabikeshi" enbathu theeyai mirattuvathilirunthu thangalaith thaangkalae thappi oodakkoodiya amechur theeyanaippu veerargalin kuzhukkalaith thavira vaerillai. 1720 aam aandil ("keoho" 5), dogugawa yoshimune keoho seerthiruththangalin oru paguthiyaaga "machibikeshi" aii niruvanamayamaakkinaar. soanin" kudiyiruppu pakuthikalaip paathukaakkum thiran konda puthiya theeyanaippu pirivugalai niruva avar uttaravittaar. machibikeshi" amaippin keezh, ovvoru nagaramum adhan "soanin" aii theeyanaippu panigalukku anuppa vaendiyirunththathu. ōoca nagara athikaarigalin aaloasanaikalai aetrtrukkondathu mattrum nagarangalin theeyanaippu kuzhukkalai ozhungamaiththathu. sumita aattrin maerkae naarpatthettu kuzhukkal uruvaakkappattana. naanku ezhuththukkalaith thavira avai anaiththum ottrai hiragana ezhuththukkalaip payanpaduththi niyamikappattana, enavae avai koottaaga hiragana ezhuththukkal endru kurippidapattana. aattrin kizhakkae honjo mattrum fukukaavaavil pathinaaru pira kuzhukkal uruvaakkappattana. ovvoru kuzhuvirkum adhan sontha thaniththuvamaana mattrum seerudai irunththathu. ovvoru kuzhuvirkum idaiyaeyaana uravu vazhakkamaaga irunththathu, aanaal kulukkalukku idaiyilaana karutthu vaerupaadum podhuvaanathaaga irunththathu. 1730 aam aandil ("keoho" 15), inththa theeyanaippu kuzhukkal periya kuzhukkalaaga maruseeramaikkappattu theeyanaippu naera anithirattalin alavu mattrum seyalthiranai athikariththana. aarambaththil "machibikesi" "soanin" kudiyiruppu pakuthikalukku mattumae poruppaaka irunththapoathilum, avattrin thirankal angkeekarikkappattu pinnar samuraaigalin kudiyiruppu pakuthikalukkul ulla idangkalil, paalangkal, aalayangkal, arisi thaaniyangkal mattrum edo koattaikkul kooda theeyai ethirththup poaraada anupappattana. meeji maruseeramaippin poathu, avarkal edovin mukiya theeyanaippu sakthiyaaga maarinar, athae neraththil idharku maaraaga, "buke haikeshi" antha neraththil perithum kuraikkappattathu. arsen ethirppu nadavadikkaikal. edovil thee vaippatharku thee vaippu oru mukiya kaaranamaaga irunthathaal, theevaippavargalai odukka shogunate kanisamaana muyarchiyai maerkondathu. oru puthiya arasaangka nilai arimugappaduththappattathu. "thee vaiththavargalaip pidiththatharkaaga "soanin" kku vegumathi vazhangkappattathu. theevaippu oru kuttramaaga maattrappattathu mattrum podhumakkalukku oru echcharikkaiyaaka stike meethu erikkappattathu. "hitsuke dosoku aradaame". "hitsuke dosoku aradaame" enbathu theevaippu, tiruttu mattrum soothaattam poantra kuttrangalai kurivaikka shogunate arimugappaduththiya oru nilaippaadaagum. aarambaththil moontru kuttrangalukku moontru thanithani pathavikal irunththapoathilum, avai 1683 aam aandil ("denna" 3) iraanuva athikaarigalaal oray neraththil nadaththappattana. pinnar avai kurugiya kaalaththirku agattrappattana, aanaal 1703 ill ("jenrogu" 16) meendum arimugappaduthappattu 1718 ill ("keoho" 3) oray nilaiyil orunginaikkappattana. maachi-bukyo" enbatharku maaraaga, sivil athikaarigalaaka irunththa "hitsuke dosoku aradaame" iraanuva athikaarigalaaka irunththanar. enavae, avarkalin visaaranai uththigal vanmuraiyaaga irunththana. thee vaiththathaaka santhekikkappadum nabarkalai kaithu seiyum athikaaram avarkalukku irunththapoathilum, thavaraaga kaithu seiyappattavargalukku abaraatham ethuvum vithikkappadavillai. inththa kaaranaththirkaaga, avarkal perumpaalum kaithu seiyappatta santhaega nabarkalai kattaaya opputhal vaakkumoolangkalukkaaka siththiravathai seithanar, idhu aeraalamaana thavaraana kuttrachchaattugalukku vazhivaguththathu. idhu "saanin" meethu oru moasamaana padaththai vittuch sentrathu, avar "maachi-bukyo" mattrum "soanin" udan oppidumpoathu avarkalukku punaippeyar soottinaar. thee vaiththavargalaip pidippatharkum, erippathan moolam thookkiliduvatharkum vegumathigal. shogunate palamurai avasarach sattangalai veliyittathu, athil kaipattrappatta theevaippavargalai udanadiyaaga tiruppi anuppa vaendum endrum avarkalaik kaithigalukku vegumathi alikka vaendum endrum kooriyadhu. maelum, thee vaithavaraip pidiththa oruvarukku ethiraana niluvaiyil ulla kuttrangal mannikkappadum. thangal koottaaligal allathu pira theevaippavarkalukku ethiraaga thagaval alippathil kurippidatthakka pangaik kondirundha theevaippavarkal kooda podhu mannipukku mael vegumathigalukku thaguthiyaanavargal. 1723 aam aandil ("keoho" 8), theevipaththu aerpattaalum santhegaththirkidamaana nadaththai kaaranamaaga endhavoru nabarum kaithu seiyappadalaam endru uththaravidappattathu. podhumakkalukku oru echcharikkaiyaaka, kaithu seiyappatta theevaippaalargal nagaram muzhuvathum anivaguththuch sendru, savukkil erikkappattanar. maelum, avarkal meethaana kuttrachchaattugal marap palagaikalil ezhuthappattu podhuk kaatchikku vaikappattana. erikkappaduvathan moolam maranathandanai vithikkappattathu, edo kaalaththin thandanaik kuriyeedu, maelum 1868 ill ("meeji" 1) meeji arasaangkaththin thartkaalika thandanaik kuriyeettaal maattrappadum varai nadaimuraiyil irunththathu. theevaippaalargalin kudumba uruppinargalum sikkik kollappattanar, maelum manaivigal mattrum magalgal oppantha adimaiththanaththirku kuraikkappattanar allathu naadukadaththappattanar. oru oppantha theevaippu vazhakkil, kuttraththirku panam seluththiya nabarum thandikkappaduvaar. theevaippavar oru saamuraai aaga irunththapoathu, erippathan moolam maranathandanai vithikkappadaamal irunththathu. adharku pathilaaka, adhigapatcha thandanai vithikkappattathu; kandikkapatta saamuraai thalai thundikappattu, thalai oru peedaththil allathu maedaiyil vaikkapattu moontru naatkalukku kaatchippaduththappattathu, athae neraththil udal vaal soathanaikku payanpaduththappattathu. ezhuthappatta kurippugaludan theevaippathaaga achchuruththiyavarkal aarambaththil thandanaikkuriyavargalaaga irunththanar, aanaal thandanai pinnar naadukadaththappattathu. maelae vivarikkapatta kolgaigalin adippadaiyil thandanaigal valangkappattaalum, thoalviyuttra theevaippu muyarchigal poantra theeviramaana soozhnilaigalum pariseelikkappattana. 15 vayathirkutpatta theevaippavarkal thookkilidappada maattaargal, aanaal naadukadaththappaduvaargal allathu thaguthigaan seiyappaduvaargal. nagarppura thittamidal. eriyakkoodiya porutkalilirunthu kattapatta kattidangalin adarththiyaana viniyoagam thee siriyathilirunthu periyathaaka maara anumathitha oru mukkiyamaana kaaraniyaaga irunththathu. oru kattidam theeppidiththavudan, theeyanaippu veerargal pathilalippatharku munbu andai kattidangal viraivil theeppidiththana. inththa kaaranaththirkaaga, meirekkiyin perum thee vibaththukkup piragu, theekku ethiraana nagaraththin paathukaappai maempaduththuvatharkaaka edovil eriyaatha porutkalaal seiyappatta kattamaippugal ookkuvikkappattana. edovil palvaeru idangkalil thee thaduppu mandalangkal alaikkappattu amaikappattana. oodugal konda kooraigal mattrum mann veedugal ullitta thee-ethirppu porutkalai aetrtrukkolvathu kattaayamaakkappattathu. "heokechi" mattrum "hirogoji". meirekkiyin perum theevipaththil aerpatta paerazhivu izhappukkup piragu, thee thaduppu nadavadikkaikal edovin punaramaipputh thittaththil perum mukkiyathuvam petrtrana. thee paravaamal thaduka thee thaduppu mandalangkal amaikappattana. idhu edo koattaiyin velippuraththin muthanmai illangkalai nagarththuvathoadu, vetrtru idaththai theeyaith thaduppatharkaaga arppaniththathoadu thodangiyathu. pira "dimeokkal" mattrum hadamottoakkalukku sonthamaana kudiyiruppugal idamaattram seiyappattana. edovin ullae ulla kattidangalin adarththiyaana surukkatthaith thanikka, perumpaalaana idangkal koattaiyilirunthu tholaivil irukkath thaernthedukkappattana. maelum, "jenroku" sagaapthaththin poathu, "dimeokkal" thangal irandaam nilai mattrum moontraam nilai kudiyiruppugalai edovin puranagaril kattuvatharku nilam vazhangkappattathu, maelum avarkalin moontraam nilai kudiyiruppugalum theeyin poathu thangkumidangalaagap payanpaduththappattana. puthiya saamuraai kudiyiruppugalukku idamalippatharkaana mattroru vazhimuraiyaaga nilam meettedukkappattathu. 1661 aam aandil ("confoon" 1), saamuraai kudiyiruppugal kattuvatharkum, "soanin" kudiyiruppugalai maattruvatharkum honjovil nila meetpu mudikkappattathu. koayilgal mattrum koayilgalukku idhaepoandra idamaattra uththaravugal pirappikkappattana. avarkalil perumpaaloar edovin kaalvaaigalukku veliyae nagarnthanar, avarkalil silar asakusa, komakom mattrum koisikawa aagiya idangkalil thangal puthiya thazhangalaik kandupidiththanar. inththa kaalakattathil nihonbashi suttruppuraththilirunthu asakusaavukku sivappu olii maavattaththin idamaattramum aerpattathu, iruppinum inththa nadavadikkai maiyregiyin periya theekku munbae mudivu seiyappattathu. irandu vagaiyaana thee thaduppu mandalangkal, mattrum, idamaattraththaal kaaliyaaga irunththa nilaththilirunthu uruvaakkappattana; munthaiyavai kaaliyaaga irunththa plaasaakkal mattrum pinthaiyavai agalappaduththappatta therukkal. koodudhalaaga, theru agalappaduththum kolgaiyudan, veedugal aethaenum eevs agattra vaendiyirunththathu. idamaattrangkal oru virivaakkappatta nagarppura kalvi vilaivaaga. 1662 aam aandil ("kaanban" 2), kaalvaaigalukku veliyae ulla yuno, asakusa mattrum shiba pakuthikal "maachi-bukyo" nirvaagaththin keezh kondu varapattana. dennavin perum thee vibaththukkup piragu, "diameo" kudiyiruppugal, koayilgal mattrum aalayangkal sambanthappatta mattroru idamaattra alai, puthiya "heokechi" mattrum neettikappatta "hirogoji" kku anumathikkappattathu. idhan vilaivaaga perumpaalaana koayilgal mattrum koayilgal ippoathu kaalvaaigalukku veliyae amainthullana. keoo seerthiruththangalin poathu, "machibikeshi" inn niruvanamayamaakkaludan thodangi thee thaduppu maelum valuppaduththappattathu. eriyaatha edovaip pattriya dogugawa yoshimunevin urchaakaththin velichchaththil, khanda, hatsopori mattrum isikaayaavil puthiya "heokechi" amaikkappattathu. edovaich suttri thee thaduppu mandalangkalai niruva muyarchigal merkollappatta poathilum, "heokechi" kkul veedugal kattapatta vazhakkukalum irunththana, maelum "hirogoji" udan kadaigal irunththana, idhu avattrin seyalthiranai kanisamaagak kuraiththathu, sila nerangalil munbu irunthathai vida adhiga thee aabaththu irunththa pullikku. thee-ethirppu mattrum thee-ethirppu kattamaippugal. 1601 aam aandin perum thee vibaththukkup piragu ("keecho" 6), shogunate, kooraigalai shinkle kooraigalaaga maattra vaendum endru kattalaiyittathu. pinnar, aadambaramaana "diameo" kudiyiruppugalukkul ulla kattidangalil oodugal konda kooraigal naagareegamaanavaiyaaga maarina, maelum sila "soanin" kudiyiruppugalilum avai aetrtrukkollappattana. iruppinum, myregyin perum thee vibaththukkup piragu, oru kolgai maattram oodugal konda kooraigalaip payanpaduththuvathaith thadai seithathu, aenenil thee-ethirppu oodugal kooraigalil irunthu vilunththu pala kaayangalai aerpaduththina. adharku pathilaaka, thee paravuvathaith thaduka eriyakkoodiya kooraigalai mannaal mooda vaendum. 1661 aam aandil ("kaanban" 1), puthiya kattidangalil pulveli kooraigalaip payanpaduththuvathum thadai seiyappattathu, ithanaal shinkle kooraigal mattumae anumathikkappatta thaervaaga irunththana. tokukawa yoshimune athikaaraththai aetrtrukkolvathu varai oodugal konda kooraigal kattayamakkappattana. 1723 aam aandil ("keoho" 8), saamuraai kudiyiruppugalukku, panso arugae erintha hadamoto kudiyiruppugal oodugal konda kooraigaludan meendum kattappada vaendiyirunththathu. idharkaaga vattiyilla kadangalum vazhangkappattana. 1725 aam aandukkup piragu ("keoho" 10), varaiyarukappatta pakuthikalil, aerkanavae ulla kudiyiruppugal oodugal konda kooraigalai pinpattra vaendiyirunththathu. pinnar, inththa kolgai periya pakuthikalil amalpaduththappattathu, inangkaatha kudiyiruppugal idikkappadum endra echcharikkaiyudan. soanin" kudiyiruppugalukku, oodugal konda kooraigal meethaana thadai 1720 ill ("keoo" 5) rathu seiyappattathu. 1722 ("keoo" 7) kkup piragu, edovil ulla anaitthu kattidangalum oodugal konda kooraigalaik kondirukka vaendum mattrum "soanin" meethaana porulaathaara sumaiyaik karuththil kondu, sippi kundugalilirundhu seiyappatta kooraigalum sila santharppangalil anumathikkappattana. saamuraai kudiyiruppugalaip poalavae, podhu sevaik kattanangal mattrum vattiyilla kadangalilirundhu vilakku alikkappattathu, maelum maattriyamaikkappadaatha kudiyiruppugal idippukku udpattana. shogunate iyakkappadum eriyaatha edo thittam dogugawa yoshimunevin aatchiyin keezh maerkollappattathu, iruppinum 1751 ill avarathu maranaththirkup piragu ("kaanae" 4), shogunate adhan sikkalaana nidhi nilai kaaranamaaga kuraivaana surusuruppaaga maariyathu. inththa thittam orupoathum muzhumaiyaaga mudikkappadavillai, idhu "meeji" sagaapthaththirku munbu palvaeru periya thee vibaththugalukku mukiya kaaranamaaga maariyathu. thadai mattrum thee echcharikkai uththaravugal. theeyaith thaduppatharkaaga, theeyin saathiyamaana kaaranangal, mukkiyamaana nigazhvugalin poathu thee echcharikkai uththaravugal mattrum unmaiyana theeyin poathu kuripitta seyalpaadugalukku thadai ullitta anaitthu vagaiyaana uththaravugalaiyum shogunate veliyittathu. thee abaayangkalai kurivaikkum thadaigal podhu kuliyalaraigal, pattaasu mattrum kazhivugalai erippatharku ethiraaga iyakkappattana. perumpaalaana "soanin" kudiyiruppugal thee vibaththu aerpattathaaka santhekikkappaduvathaith thavirppatharkaaga kuliyal moolam kattappadavillai. idhan vilaivaaga, podhuk kuliyalaraigal pirabalamaaga irunththana. kuliyalarai vanigaththil theeyin thaevai oru muzhumaiyaana thadaiyaith thaduththaalum, 1653 aam aandil ("joow" 2) podhu kuliyalaraigalil maalai 6 manii varai thee thadai seiyappattathu. podhuk kuliyalaraigal maelum kaalai varai kuliyal neerai vaiththiruka vaendiyirunththathu, ithanaal thanneerai theeyanaipukku payanpaduththa mudiyum. 1648 aam aandil ("keane" 1) nagarukkul pattaasu urpaththi thadai seiyappattathu. mugaththuvaarangkalaith thavira avattrin payanpaadum thadai seiyappattathu, maelum 1642 aam aandil sumita aattrin kurukkae mattumae kattuppaduththappattathu ("keane" 5). "jenroku" sagaapthaththil nagarangal mattrum veedugalil "sakicho" kondaattangal thadai seiyappattana. innum munnathaaka, 1655 aam aandil ("maireki" 1) kazhivu erippu thadai seiyappattathu. oru vithivilakkaana uthaaranamaaga, eriyum kathadi edo koattaiyin meethu vilunththa irandu naatkalukkup piragu, 1646 aam aandil ("shoho" 3) kaaththaadigal meethaana thadai veliyidappattathu. shogan varugai, keotovil irunthu oru arasap pennin varugai mattrum josan pirathinithiyin varugai poantra mukkiyamaana nigazhvugalin poathu, uyarnththa alavilaana thee echcharikkai koorii avasarach sattangal veliyidappattana. inththa kattalaigalin keezh, thee mattrum sandaigalaith thaduka nagaram roanthu seiyappattathu, thanneer nirappapatta vaaligal thayaarikkappattana, maelum nagarap pakuthi suththam seiyappattathu. sadangugal kondaadappadumpoathu idhae poantra uththaravugal pirappikkappattana, mattrum. theeyin poathu thadaiseiyappatta kuripitta nadavadikkaigalil "theep paarvaiyiduthal", periya alavilaana vanddigal enappadum nagarum karuvigal, mattrum payanpaadu mattrum urpaththi aagiyavai adangkum, ivai anaiththum idaiyoorugal theeviramadaivathaith thaduppatharkum veliyaettraththin thadaikalai kuraippatharkum aagum. "soanin thee thaduppu nadavadikkaikal. inththa pazhamozhi edovin makkalin vaazhkkaiyin meethaana kattuppaadarra anugumuraiyai santhegaththirku idamintri velippaduththukirathu, idhu nagaraththin adikkadi perum thee pattri avarkalin nadaimurai mananilaiyaiyum pirathipalikkirathu-neruppil ilanththathai vida viraivil panam selavazhikkappattathu nallathu. edovin "soanin" thee oru andraada vazhakkamaaga maariyathu, iruppinum avattrin paraval kittatthatta niruththa mudiyaathathaaga irunththathu. avarkalin kudiyiruppugal mattrum vanigangkalil thee vibaththu aerpattapoathu, avarkalin sothukkalai viraivaaga agattri paathukaappathae muthal mattrum mukiya kurikkoalaaga irunththathu. marupuram, avarkal thangal sontha illangkalilirunthu thee paravaamal iruppathai uruthi seivatharkum avarkal miguntha kavanam seluththinar. theekku ethiraana vithigal. pakal allathu iravu ethuvaaka irunththaalum edovil thee vibaththu aerpattathu. oruvar thoongkik kondirunthapoathu thee vibaththu aerpattaal, aadaikalai maattruvathum, vilakkugalaith thayaarippathum veliyaettruvathil thaamathaththai aerpaduththakkoodum. enavae, kulirkaalam nerungi varuvathaal, adhu theekkaalaththirkul nuzhainthapoathu, munnecharikkaiyaaka, makkal avasara kaalangalil thunigal ullitta porutkalai, thalaiyanaigalukku aduththathaaga vaippaargal. thee pattri echcharikkappadumpoathu, adhan thoattram mattrum kaatrin thisai muthalil uruthippaduthappadum. nilaimai aapaththaanathu endru karudhappattaal, eduththuch sella mudiyaatha mathippumikka porutkal athil vaikkapattu, vaniga vaadikkaiyaalargalukkuth therivikkappadum, maelum thee paravuvathaith thaduka makkal endha theepporigalaiyum veliyaettra kooraigal varai aeruvaarkal. aabaththu nerungi varumpoathu, avarkal eduththuch sellakkoodiya mathippumikka porutkaludan mattumae veliyae selvaargal. theeyilirunthu mathippumikka porutkalaip paathukaakka, payanpaduththappattana. "yojinkago" enbathu oru vagai periya moongkil koodaiyaagum, idhu oruvar pinpuraththiloa allathu thoalgaliloa eduththuch sella mudiyum. mukkiyamaana aavanangkalukku, azhaikkappadum wicker pettikal payanpaduththappattana. taihachikuruma" mattrum "kurumanagamochi" adhiga ennikkaiyilaana porutkalai kondu sella mudinththaalum, avattrin periya alavugal veliyaettraththin poathu avattraith thaduka munainthana. parakkum theepporigalilirunthu kondu sellappatta porutkal theeppidiththu thee parava udhaviya nigazhvugalum irunththana. inththa kaaranangalaal shogunate avarkal meethu thadai vithiththathu. oru koodudhal nadavadikkaiyaagavum, theek kaappeettirku munnoadiyaagavum, panakkaara vanikarkal oru veettaik kattuvatharkuth thevaiyaana porutkalukku maraa sillarai virpanaiyaalargalukku munkoottiyae panam seluththuvaargal. avarkalin vanigangkal erinththaal, kuppaikal agattrappatta piragu, breebaid porutkalai udanadiyaaga punaramaikka kooralaam, ithanaal kurugiya kaalaththirkul vanigam meendum thodanga mudiyum. "tosso" mattrum "anagura". "tosso" mattrum "anagura" aagiyavai theeyin poathu maattra mudiyaatha porutkalai saemikkap payanpaduththappadum kattamaippugal aagum. panakkaara vanikarkal podhuvaaga avattril palavattrai vaiththirunthanar. adhiga selavugal kaaranamaaga, "tosso" perumpaalum vanikarkalaal kattapattu payanpaduththappattathu; oppidugaiyil, "anagura" samanian makalukku migavum malivu vilaiyil irunththathu. "tosso" enbathu adarththiyaana poosappatta mann suvarkalaik konda kazhanjiyanggalaagavum, perumpaalaana santharppangalil oodugal konda kooraigalaagavum irunththana. avattrin adarththiyaana suvarkalaal iyakkappatta thee ethirppu porutkal, veettu porutkal, karuvigal mattrum mathippumikka porutkalai saemikka avattrai siranthathaaga maattriyathu. iruppinum, tharakuraivaana kattumanam mattrum poruththamattra paramarippu, jannalgal mattrum nuzhaivaayilgalil ulla pilavugal mattrum sutti thulaikal aagiyavattrilirunthu theeyai aerpaduththuthal mattrum idhan vilaivaaga idindhu vizhuthal aagiyavattraal aerpadum paathippukalaalum avai paathikkappadalaam. inththa kaaranaththirkaaga, panakkaara vanikarkal poomiyai oru thayaaraaga ulla nilaiyil tayar seivaargal, ithanaal avarkal thee vibaththu aerpadum poathu thangal valakkamaana plaastarkalai viraivaaga mooda mudiyum. avarkal theeyaith thoattruviththavarkalaaka irunththapoathu, avarkal thangal "tosso" kadhavugalaith thiranthu vittu, podhu piraayachchiththaththin oru vadivamaaga avattrai erikka anumathikkum nigazhvugalum irunththana. aavanangkalai saemippatharkaaga kurippaaga valuvoottappatta "tosso" irunththathu, aanaal avai periya theeyilirunthu thappikka poathumaana valuvaaga irunththapoathilum, avattrin adhiga kattumaana selavu kaaranamaaga orupoathum pirabalamadaiyavillai. marupuram, kazhanjiyanggalai oththathaaga kattapatta kudiyiruppugal mattrum vanigangkal irunththana. iruppinum, vaniga payanpaattirku thevaiyaana parantha thirappukalukku idamalikka avarkalin thee ethirppu athigamaagavoa allathu kuraivaagavoa samarasam seiyappada vaendiyirunththathu. "naveena naall varai uyir pizhaiththa "mizegura" ippoathu perumpaalum kadori (sawara pakuthi), thoachchigi mattrum kawago nagarangalil kaanappadugindrana, idhu inththa nagarangalukkum avattrin suttruppurangalukkum peyaraik kodukkirathu. "anagura" enbathu nilaththadi saemippu idangkalaakum. siriya padukkai saemippu alagugalaip poalallaamal, anagura oru nabaraik kondirukka poathumaana idaththaik kondirundhadhu, maelum mathippumikka porutkalai saemikkavum kattappattathu. avai "tosso" vaii vida malivaanavai, aanaal thee mattrum tiruttukku ethiraaga payanullathaaka irunththana, aenenil avai paathukaappatharku mattumae maraippugalaik kondirunthana. "edovil ulla "anagura" muthanmuthalil 1656 aam aandil ("meerigi" 2) nihonbashiyil oru kadaiyai nadaththum oru trobberry virpanaiyalaraal payanpaduththappattathu. isumi-yaa" vinn "anagura" inn seyalthiran myregyin perum neruppil angkeekarikkappattu avattrai pirabalappaduththa uthaviyathu. edovil "anagura" vinn pirabalaththaip pattri, cavago uppu vanikar thanathu ninaivuk kurippil edovin paththil oru pangku thulaikalaaka maariyathu endru ezhuthinaar. aththagaiya pugazh thozhirthuraiyaiyum uruvaakkiyathu. edovil ulla "anagura" mukkiyamaaga nilaththadi neer mattangkal adhiga alavil iruppathaal aerpadum kasivugalaith thaduka cypress moolam kattappattirundhaalum, nilaththadi eerappatham avattrin aayulai mattuppaduththiyathu. thee vibaththukkalukku thandanai. theevaippai odukkuvatharkaaga shogunate marana thandanai udpada thandanaigalai vithiththa poathilum, thee vibaththukkalukaana adhan thandanaigal engkum avvalavu kadumaiyaanadhaaga illai. theeyai aerpaduththiya saamuraai varkkaththaich saernthavargal thangal illangkalukkul adhai anaikka mudinthaal viduvikkappaduvaargal; enavae thee siriyathaaga irunthaal adhu "soanin" udan irunththathu. perum thee vibaththu aerpattaal maranam mattrum naadukadaththal ullitta kadumaiyaana thandanaigalai vithikka council yosiththa poathilum, aththagaiya munmozhivugal orupoathum aetrtrukkollappadavillai. antha neraththil thee vibaththukkal yaarukkum aerpadalaam endrum, thartcheyalaaka oru periya theeyaith thodanga vaendumaanaal seppukkuvaich seiya avarkal thayaaraaga iruppathaik kuritthu "roju" kaelvi ezhuppiyathaagavum oru kathaiyaana kaaranam kooriyadhu. samurais thee vibaththukkal. oru "diameo" illaththil thee vibaththu aerpattaal, kadhavu paathukaakkappadum varai, veedugal theeppidiththaalum urimaiyaalar poruppaerka mattar. iyarkaiyaagavae, vaail paathukaappin maiyamaaga maariyathu. sila saamuraaigal thangal sliding kadhavugalai piraemgalilirunthu eduththu, avarkal thappiththapoathu avattrai eduththuch selvaargal. mattravargal sambava idaththirku virainththu vantha "machibikesi" yaii moodikkondu, thangal sontha sakthiyil theeyai ethirththup poaraaduvaargal, pinnar pugai verumanae neruppilirunthu varukirathu endru kooruvaargal. udal reethiyaana thandanai illai entraalum, vibaththaal theeyai aerpaduththiya oru saamuraai innum oru maattru illaththil veettuk kavalil vaika vaendum; avar thanathu illaththilirunththu thee parava anumathiththirunthaal, avar thanathu maelathikaariyidam poruppuk kooruvathai munvaikka vaendum. moontru thee vibaththukkal oru samurayai thanathu illaththai edovin puranagarp pakuthikku maattra vaendiya kattaayaththil vaithana, idhu velippadaiyaaga nirnayikkappadavillai entraalum. "soanin 'sh, koayilgal, mattrum koayilgal' thee vibaththukkal. soanin" endra sollukku, "gujigata osadamegagi" endra irandaavathu thoguthi, thartcheyalaaka (sumar) parantha pakuthikalai eriththavargalukku 10,20 mattrum 30 naatkal abaraatham allathu kadumaiyaana veettuk kaavalai vithiththathu. shogan varukaikkaaka veliyaeriya oru naalil thee vibaththu aerpattaal abaraatham 50 naatkal varai neettikkappadalaam mattrum kaivilakkudan moasamadaiyalaam. theeyin setham kuttravaaliyaith thavira (sumar) parantha paguthiyil paraviyirunthaal, kudumbath thalaivar, nila urimaiyaalar mattrum 30 naatkal "ooshikoam" kku utpaduththappaduvaar. avar irunththa idaththin uruppinarkal 20 naatkal "ooshikoam" thandanaiyudan thandikkappaduvaargal. maelum, thee moolaththaich suttriyulla aaru nagarangalin "kachikoji", leewardil thavira 20 naatkal "ooshikoam" peruvaarkal. koayilgal mattrum aalayangkalil nigazhum thee vibaththukkalukku, menmaiyin kaaranamaaga shogunate theeyanaippu veerargalukku aezhu naatkal mattumae abaraatham vithiththathu, allathu lyde havus arrast, idhil thanithani iravu payanangkal sagiththuk kollapattana. shogan varugaikku aetrtra allathu periyathaaka maariya thee kooda thandanaikku maelum moontru naatkalai mattumae saerkkum. mattra nagarangalai vida selvaakkumikka koayilgal mattrum aalayangkalaich suttri kattapatta nagarangalil thee vibaththukkal migavum adhiga karunai unarvudan thandikkappattana. ooshikoam" moontru naatkal mattumae irukkum enbathai vida agalamaana pakuthikalil thee erikirathu. porulaathaara thaakkam. ovvoru muraiyum oru periya thee vibaththu aerpattapoathu, paerazhivirkullaana oru edovai uyirththezhuppatharkaththu thevaiyaana porul mattrum panach selavugal migapperiyathaaga irunththana. enavae, nugarvoar vilaigal mattrum porulaathaara vaaippugalil oru periya theeyin selvaakku edovilirunthu alaiyakkoodum mattrum muzhu jappanaiyum paathikkalaam. enavae adikkadi periya thee vibaththu aerpaduvathu edovin porulaathaara valarchchiyai aathariththa oru mukiya undhu kaaraniyaagak kooralaam. maaraaga, punaramaippuch selavu shogunettukku oru magaththaana sumaiyaaga maariyathu mattrum adhan sikkalaana nidhi nilaimaigalukku pankaliththathu. porulaathaara aluththaththaal paathikkappatta "soanin" avarkalum irunththanar. oru periya vanigaththai nadaththum oru vanigarai oru periya theekku piragu oru "naagaayaavil" vaazhvatharku kuraikalaam enbathu karpanai seiya mudiyaathathu alla. shogunatine varavuselavuth thittaththirku vanthapoathu, "soanin" kku odhukkappatta selavugalil, thee thaduppu mattrum theeyanaippu thodarpaana selavugalum migapperiya vigithaththirku kaaranamaaga irunththana. nugarvoar vilaigal uyarath thodangkina. ovvoru periya theevum edovil vilai uyarvai kurikkirathu. arisi thodangi, veedugalai meendum kattuvatharkuth thevaiyaana kattumaanap porutkal anaiththum avattrin vilaigalai perukkik kandana. uthaaranamaaga, myregyin perum thee vibaththukkup piragu, porulin vilai oru "show" (sumar) muthal oru "show" kku 1000 "moan" aaga uyarnthathu, athae neraththil ennei oru shovukku 3 "moan" ilirunththu 2400 "moan" aaga uyarnthathu. nagaraththil adhigariththa panichchumai kaaranamaaga, paniyamarthappatta kaivinaignargalin selavu athikarikka uthaviyathu. kaivinaignargalaith thavira, oppantha oozhiyargalum perum theekku payanthu edovil vaelai seiya virumbum kuraivaanavargalukku thangal sambalaththil athikarippai anubaviththanar. ivai thavira, veettuvasathi pattraakkuraiyin adippadaiyil vaadagaikal uyarnththana; paalangkal meendum kattappaduvadharku munbu adhigariththa thaevai kaaranamaaga padagu kattanangalum uyarnththana. ivai anaiththum ulloor nugarvoar vilaigalil edovin perum thee aerpaduththiya thaakkangkalaakum. panaveekka vilaigalaik kattuppaduththuvadharkaaga, shogunate vilai uyarvai sattaviroathamaakkiya avasarach sattangalai veliyittathu, kaivinaignargalin uuthiyaththirku uchcha varambugalai vithiththathu mattrum miga mukkiyamaana kuttravaaligalukku abaraatham vithiththathu. edovil arisi pattraakkuraiyai nivarthi seiyum nadavadikkaikal nadaimuraikku vanthana. arisiyai vivasaayigalidamirunthu neradiyaaga vaangki maruvirpanai seithanar. vivasaayigal thangalukkuth thaangkalae arisi virka edovukku varavum anumathikkappattanar. naadu muzhuvathum ulla idangkalukku edovilirunthu vaangkum aartarkalin ennikkai athikariththathaal, porulaathaara vaaippugalil edovin perum theeyin selvaakku naadu muzhuvathum irunththathu. idhaepoal shogunate, chandarppavaatha vilai uyarvugalukku ethiraaga parantha pakuthikalukku echcharikkaikalai veliyittathu. iruppinum, maraa varththagaththilirunthu oru selvaththai uruvaakki, myregyin perum theeyin pinnar kattumaana oppanthaththai maerkonda vanikarkalaip poantra vanikarkalai adhu nirutthavillai. shogunate meethu nidhich sumai. erinththupoana vasathigalai meendum kattiyezhuppuvadharkaana selavugal shogunatine varavuselavuth thittaththin perumbaguthiyai aakkiramiththana. meirekkiyin perum theekku, edo koattaiyin ilanththa pallu paramarippu azhikkappattaalum, ull koattaiyin punaramaippu mattrum aranmanaigal moththa selavai pathivu seithana. oppidugaiyil, antha neraththil shoganum, dogugawa iyaasuvin kollup paeranum, avarathu moothaathaiyarkalidamirunthu 4.23 million mathippulla panaththaiyum soththukkalaiyum maraburimaiyaagap pettranar. punaramaippaith thavira, paerazhivu nivarana nadavadikkaikal periya selavinangalin mattroru aathaaramaaka irunththana. maiyiraekiyin perum thee vibaththukkup piragu, hadamottoakkal mattrum avarkalin uthaviththogaikku vigithaasaaramaaga arakkattalaikalaip pettranar mattrum munkoottiyae arisi koduppanavugal anumathikkappattana. diameos" kkaana, arakkattalaigalaith thavira, paththu aandu kadangalum vazhangkappattana. sumar 160,000 "reo" "soanin" kkaana arakkattalaikkaaga selavidappattana, avattrin pankukal avarkalin kudiyiruppugalin mugappu alavugalukku oththirunththana. maelum, veedugalai ilanththa "soanin" enbavarukku "diamyos" kange vazhangka uththaravidappattathu; arisi thaaniyangalai eriththa "soanin" enbavarukku ilavasa arisi vazhangkappattathu. meeregiyin perum thee vibaththukkup piragu, moasamaana nidhi nilai kaaranamaaga siriya alavugalil irunththaalum, oru periya thee vibaththu aerpatta bothellaam shogunate thanathu nivarana muyarchigalaith thodarnthathu.

edo loe mantalu japan yokka edo kaalamlo (1600-1868) tokyolo mantalu, puurvapu paeru, entha tarachugaa undevo, edo nagaram saameta prakaram vargeekarinchabadindi. aadhunika rojullo kooda, paatha edo ippatikee gurthundipoyindi. nagaramloni vistaaramaina pattana praantaalu padepade agnipramaadaaniki gurikavadam valla edo prapanchamlo arudaina vishayam. edo yokka goppa mantalanu agni devatalato poolchaaru mariyu haasyabharitamgaa "saradrutuvu aakulu" gaa kooda varninchaaru. mantala tarachudanam. 1601 (keecho 6), taruvaata samvatsaram, mariyu 1867 (keo 3), madhya 267 samvatsaraalalo, edo 49 goppa mantalatho debbatindi. polchi choosthe, adhe kaalamlo, kyoto, osaakaa mariyu kanajavalo jarigina pedda mantalu varusaga tommidi, aaru mariyu moodu matrame, ivi japaanlooni itara mahanagarala nundi edo yokka sankhyanu pratyaekamgaa nilabettayi. itara vruttaamtaala prakaram, edo charitralo 85 kante ekkuva pedda mantalu sambhavinchaayi. 1600 mariyu 1945 madhya, prati 25-50 samvatsaraalaku okasari agni, bhookampaalu, sunami, agniparvata visphotanaalu mariyu yuddhaala dwara edo/tokyonu samam chesaaru. eee 267 samvatsaraala kaalamlo sambhavinchina 1,798 mantalalo 269 1601-1700,541 1701-1800, mariyu 986 1801-1867 loe unnaayi. tokugava kaalamlo edo janabha daani perugutunna aardhika shreyassutho patuga peragadamtho, nagaramlo mantala tarachudanam kooda daani perugudalaku anulomaanupaatamlo perigindi. mukhyamgaa, 1851 ("kaii" 3) mariyu 1867 madhya 17 samvatsaraalalo 506 mantalu sambhavinchaayi, dheeniki tokugava shogunate asamartha paripalana kaaranamgaa erpadina asthira praja kramam pradhana kaaranamaindi. pedda mantala jabita. eee krindi pratinidhi pattika edo charitralo praananashtam mariyu bhouthika nashtanni kaliginchina konni goppa mantalanu jabita chestundi. meeriki", "meeva" mariyu "banka" yugaalalo sambhavinchina moodu sanghatanalanu "dhi" anie pilicheevaaru. 1657loe jarigina meeriki agnipramaadam moodu gharshanalalo atyanta vinaasakaramainadigaa pariganinchabadutundi. edo mantalu tarachugaa vaegamgaa perigayi, endukante nagara pattana vaataavaranam boggunu tagalabettina nippu goollatho vaedi cheyabadina mandey chekka "machia" bhavanala dwara vargeekarinchabadindi. aaa samayamlo agnimaapaka saanketika parignaanam yokka parimitulu alaage edo yokka neeti sarafara vyavastha yokka nammadagani kaaranamgaa, chekkatho nindina bhavanam stock thoo kuudina porugu praantamloo mantalu chetulu nundi bayatapadina tarvaata, nagaramloni itara praantaalaku vyaapti chendakunda nirodhinchadaaniki adhikarulu chaalaa takkuva unnaaru. goppa mantalu kakunda, eee kaalamlo adapadadapa chinna mantalu kooda jarigaayi, ivi (kalisi teesukunte) marinta vinaasakaramaina mantala kante edo loe ekkuva nashtam mariyu praananashtam kaliginchaayi. mantalaku kaaranaalu. edo kaalamlo, agni rojuvaaree jeevitamlo oka anivaarya amsam. idhi vanta mariyu laiting kosam upayoginchabadindi, idhi pramaadaalaku daariteesindi. vividha kaaranaala valla jarigina agnipramaadam mantalaku maroka muulam. itara nagaraalato poliste edo loe pedda mantalu ekkuva tarachugaa vividha kaaranaala valla sambhavinchaayi, veetilo dattamaina pattana layowoot, pedda janabha, paedha saamaajika taragati uniki mariyu edo yokka pratyaekamaina vaataavarana paristhitulu unnaayi. edo yokka mantalanu adhyayanam chesina panditudu matsunosuke nishiyama, mantalaku kaaranaalanu ilaa sangrahinchaaruh janabha perugudala. edo loe shogunate sthaapinchina taruvaata, edo koota chuttoo "diamyos" (saamanta prabhuvulu) mariyu hatamoto (senior retainerlu) nivaasaalu nirminchabaddaayi mariyu pedda sankhyalo samuray lanu unchaayi. samuray jeevitaaniki maddatu icchina vyaapaarulu mariyu chetivruttulavaaru tvaralo mandalugaa edoki valasa vacchaaru, phalitamgaa janabha perugudala erpadindi. edo janabha 1640loe sumaru 400,000 ("cohn 'eee" 17) nundi 1693loe sumaru 800,000 ("genroku" 6) kuu perigindi, mariyu 1721 natiki ("kyoho" 6) sumaru 1,100,000 kuu perigindi. samuray yokka vistaaramaina nivaasa praantaalaku viruddhamgaa, chonin chaalaa chinna praantaalaku parimitam cheyabadindi. perugutunna janabha vaari janabha saandratanu chaalaa ekkuva sthaayiki nettivesindi. vaari nivaasaalu sanklishtamaina praantaallo dattamgaa erpaatu cheyabaddaayi, mariyu shobby saadhaaranam. talasari nivaasa sthalam, vantagadi mariyu almaralu saadhaaranamgaa aaru tatami chapala parimaanamlo undevi. aaa paina, kalapa mariyu kaagitam nirmaana samagri sulabhamgaa agni kosam indhanamgaa maarindi. eee paristhitulannee sahajamgaane agni pramaadaalaku daariteesaayi. agnipramaadam. edo loe mantalaku pradhana kaaranamgaa, dongalu pedda sankhyalo namodu cheyabaddaaru. arestaina agnimaapaka sibbandilo chaalaa mandhi edo yokka adhika jeevana vyayam mariyu haameedaaru lenanduna oppanda sevakulugaa panicheyadaaniki anarhata kaaranamgaa paedha jeevitaanni gaduputunnaru. vaarilo kondaru tama illanu tagalabettaaru, neeraalaku palpadatam valla peddagaa nashtapoledu. 1723 mariyu 1724loe ("kyoho" 8 mariyu 9) arrestu cheyabadina 102 mandhi agnimaapaka sibbandilo 41 mandhi unnaaru, mariyu 22 mandiki namodu cheyabadina shaashwata nivaasaalu laevu. vaarilo ekkuva mandhi diguva saamaajika vargaala nundi vacchaaru. dopidi atyanta pramukhamainadi ayinappatikee, agnipramaadaaniki preranalu vaividhyamgaa undevi. eee rakamaina agnipramaadam chesevaaru gaalulato kuudina rojulalo mantalu vaestaaru mariyu tadupari aatamkaalanu sadviniyogam chesukuni dongatanam chestaaru. dopidi kakunda, tarachugaa saamaajika sambandhaala nundi utpannamayye uddeshaalu, antey sevakulu tama yajamaanulapai prateekaaram teerchukovadam mariyu viphalamaina srungaara sambandhaala kaaranamgaa dvesham vantivi. vyaapaarulu pootiidaarula vyaapaaraalaku, pillalaku mantalu vese sandarbhaalu, mariyu "akasmaattugaa mantalu pettinatlu anipinchindi" anae oppukolu kooda namodu cheyabaddaayi. agni anedi vadrangulu, plaastar varkarlu mariyu tadupari punarnirmaanamlo steeplejaaklaku kooda vyaparam anie ardham kabatti, vaarilo kondaru mantalu sambhavinchadam mariyu teevrataram kavadam chuusi santoshistaaru. mukhyamgaa, chaalaa mandhi agnimaapaka sibbandi pradhanamgaa steeplejacluga panicheesaaru, vaarilo kondaru bahirangamgaa agnimaapaka naipunhyaalanu pradarsinchadam kosam ledhaa tamaku taamu vyapara avakaasaalanu srushtinchukovadam kosam uddeshapoorvakamgaa mantalanu vyaapti chesevaaru. idhi shogunetnu heccharika aardinensulanu jaarii cheyadaaniki mariyu kontamandi ullanghinchina agnimaapaka sibbandini amalu cheyadaaniki prerepinchindi. arrestu chesina agnimaapaka sibbandini kalchi champe mundu veedhullo ooreginchaaru. ayithe, agnipramaadam patla shogunate yokka asahana vidhanam unnappatikee, agnipramaadam-prerita mantalu edo nundi puurtigaa tolaginchabadaledu. bakamutsu kaalamlo, shogunate paripalana asamarthamgaa peragadamtho praja kramam ksheeninchindi. phalitamgaa, agnipramaadam valla mantalu teevramgaa perigayi. kontamandi agnimaapakulu saahityam mariyu kabuki rachanalaku sambandhinchina vishayalugaa maararu. veerilo 1683 (tenna 3) yokka tenna yokka goppa agni, dheenilo 3,500 mandhi varaku maraninchaaru, vaari paeru kooda pettabadindi. agnipramaadaaniki oshichi baadhyata vahinchaledu, conny daanitoe thana intini kolpoyindi. aame oka aalayamlo aasrayam pondhi, akkada oka pejeetho premalo padindi. oka samvatsaram taruvaata, maroe agni rendintinee mallee kalise avakaasam istundani ooha aadhaaramgaa aame agnipramaadaaniki prayatninchindi. aamenu arrestu chesi, vichaarinchi, agnimaapaka charya dwara uriteesaaru. aame katha ihaara saikaku mariyu tsuruya nanboku IV yokka aadharam. vaataavarana paristhitulu. uttaraana nundi vacchina balamaina sheethaakaala ruthupavanaalu edo kii pratyaekamaina vaataavarana paristhiti. vaayuvya mariyu uttara gaalula valla erpadina podi vaataavaranamloo sambhavinchina aneka sheethaakaalam mariyu vasantakaala mantalaku idhi dohadapadindi. adanamgaa, vasanta rutuvu mariyu saradrutuvulo balamaina dakshina gaalulu pedda mantalaku maroka kaaranam. eee kaaranamgaa, 1658loe shogunate ("manjee" 1) sthaapinchina naalugu brundaalu aaa dhisha nundi mantalu vyaapinchakundaa kotanu rakshinchadaaniki edo kotaku vaayuvya disalo unchabaddaayi. nela vaareegaa mantalu lekkinchabadinappudu, marchi atyanta "goppa mantalu" chusindi, taruvaata fibravari, april mariyu janavari. eee naalugu nelalu mottam pedda mantalalo 70 saatam vatanu kaligi unnaayi. 107, 000 mandhi praanaalanu baligonnanduku edo charitralo atyanta vipattu agnigaa unna maireki yokka goppa agni, marchi 2,1657naa sambhavinchindi (japanese lunisolar tenpo calenderlo "maireki" 3 modati nela 18va roeju). edo yokka "chonin" kuu eee vaastavam baga telusu. sheethaakaalamlo, mahilalu edo shivaarlalo vaari tallidandrula nivaasaalaku vellamani mariyu agni season gadichina tarvaata matrame tirigi raavaalani koraru, phalitamgaa kaalaanuguna janabha hecchutaggulaku daariteesindi. 1725loe ("kyoho" 10), aarava nelaloo janabha nalgava nela kante 10,000 kante ekkuvagaa undhi. adanamgaa vacchina janabhalo 90 saataaniki paiga mahilalu unnaaru. tokugava shogunate yokka agni nivaarana charyalu. edo kaalam praarambhamlo, shogunate looni pramukha adhikarulu gaalulato kuudina rojulalo, agnipramaadam sambhavinche avakaasam unnappudu, "shogan" mariyu edo koota rakshananu pradhaanyatagaa sthaapinchaaru. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, sengoku kaalamlo avasheshamgaa, "chonin" nivaasa praantaalaku sambandhinchina agni nivaarana charyalu dadapuga pattinchukoledu. edemaina, "chonin" saamaajika saktini pondadamtho, shogunate yokka vidhanalu kooda abhivruddhi chendaayi, dheeniki chihnamgaa, enimidava shogan, kyoho samskaranalalo bhaagamgaa edoni vishwavyaaptamgaa cover cheyadaaniki agni nivaarana charyalanu vistarinchindi. agnimaapaka samsthalu. prarambha edo kaalamlo, agnimaapaka vyavastheekarana jaragaledu. ayithe, pedda mantala punaraavrutam vyavastha sthaapanaku oka malupu tirigindi. eee vyavastha kinda agnimaapaka sibbandini saadhaaranamgaa mariyu gaa vargeekarinchaaru. book haikeshi" loe, agnimaapaka sibbandini marintagaa vibhajinchaaru. agnimaapakaaniki "hikeshi" yokka praathamika paddhati agni vyaapti chendakunda nirodhinchadaaniki appatike mantalu chelaregina vaati chuttoo unna bhavanalanu koolchiveyadam. meeva" yugamlo, maanavashakti dwara nirvahinchabade oka rakamaina chekka pampunu upayoginchaaru, conny nirantaraaya neeti sarafara lekapovadam valla idhi agnimaapakaaniki puurtigaa aacharaneeyamaina maargamgaa maaraledu. meejee punaruddharana varaku, professional agnimaapaka sibbandi chetula meedugaa bhavanalanu koolchiveyadam, veetilo steeplejacklu ekkuva bhaagam, agnimaapaka praathamika paddhatigaa undipoyaayi. "diamyo hikeshi". diamyo hikheshi" 1643loe ("kaanei" 20), oke-maachi agnipramaadam jarigina rendu samvatsaraala taruvaata, "diamyos" kuu ketaayinchina tappanisari saadhaarana agnimaapaka sevagaa samsthaagatam cheyabadindi. dheeniki mundu, mantalu chelaregina taruvaata jaarii chesina bahya aadesaala dwara "diamyos" lanu agnimaapaka panulaku pampaaru. diamyo hikeshi" yokka itara roopaalalo, samadhi, punyakshetraalu mariyu vari dhaanyaala vanti shogunate dwara mukhyamainaviga bhaavinche pradaesaalaku baadhyata vahinchaevaaru; edo yokka vyaktigata upavibhaagaalaku baadhyata vahinchaevaaru; mariyu, "diamyo" nivasalalo aatmarakshana agnimaapaka samsthalaku viruddhamgaa, chuttupakkala praantaalalo agnimaapakamlo paalgonadaaniki baadhyata vahinchaevaaru. "jobaikeshi". jobikeshi" 1658loe ("manjee" 1), meeriki yokka goppa agnipramaadam jarigina oka samvatsaram taruvaata, samsthaagatheekarinchabadindi. shogunate aadhvaryamlo neerugaa agnimaapaka baadhyatalanu hatamotolaku appaginchaaru. vaaru fair look avt towerlu unna illalo unchabaddaaru. vaaru professional fair fightersnu kooda niyaminchaaru. praarambhamlo naalugu jatlu erpaatu cheyabaddaayi. taruvaata, vaari sankhyalu, 15 jatlatho, edo kaalam mugimpulo kevalam oka jattuku, shogunate yokka aardhika mariyu sainika sthithulanu alaage "mashibikeshi" samsiddhatanu batti maarutuu undevi. chaalaa varaku padhi jatlu undevi, anduvalla vaatini kooda pilavabadevi. "mashibikeshi". tokugava yoshimune enimidava shogan gaa adhikaranni sweekarinchinappudu, edo looni agnimaapaka panulu "diamyo haikeshi", "jobikeshi", mariyu rendodi vyaapaarulu mariyu chetivruttulavaarito kuudina "chonin" agnimaapaka sibbandiki pampinhee cheyabaddaayi. diamyo hikeshi" mariyu "jobikeshi" anubhavagnulaina agnimaapaka sibbandi ayinappatikee, vaaru "chonin" nivaasa praantaalalo sambhavinche mantala gurinchi nijamgaa eppuduu aandolana chendaledu; intalo, "tanabikeshi" anedi bhayapette mantala nundi tappinchukune autsaahika agnimaapaka sibbandi brundaalu tappa marokati kaadu. 1720loe ("kyoho" 5), tokugava yoshimune kyoho samskaranallo bhaagamgaa "mashibikeshi" nii samsthaagatam chesaaru. chonin nivaasa praantaalanu rakshinchagala saamarthyam gala kotta agnimaapaka vibhaagaalanu erpaatu cheyaalani ayana aadesinchaaru. mashibikeshi" vyavastha kinda, prati pattanam daani "chonin" nuu agnimaapaka panulaku pampalsi undedi. ōoc pattana adhikaarula nundi salahalanu angeekarinchi, pattanaala agnimaapaka brundaalanu erpaatu chesindi. sumida nadiki paschimaana nalabhai enimidi samuuhaalu erpaddaayi. naalugu minaha avanni oke hiraagana aksharaalanu upayoginchi niyaminchabaddaayi, anduvalla samishtiga vaatini 'dhi' anie pilustaaru. nadiki thoorpuna honzo mariyu fukugaavaalo padahaaru itara samuuhaalu erpaddaayi. prati samuuhaaniki daani swantha pratyaekamaina mariyu unifam undedi. prati samuuhamloo samarasyam saadhaaranam, conny samuuhaala madhya vibhedaalu kooda saadhaaranam. 1730loe ("kyoho" 15), eee agnimaapaka samuuhaalu agni-samaya sameekarana sthaayi mariyu saamarthyaanni penchadaaniki pedda samuhaluga punarvyavastheekarinchabadda. mashibikeshi" modatlo "chonin" nivaasa praantaalaku matrame baadhyata vahinchinappatikii, vaari saamarthyaalu gurtinchabaddaayi mariyu taruvaata vantenalu, punyakshetraalu, vari dhaanyaala gaddi mariyu edo koota lopala kooda samuray nivaasa praantaalalo mantalatho pooraadataaniki pampabaddayi. meejee punaruddharana samayaniki, vaaru edo yokka pradhana agnimaapaka saktigaa maararu, dheeniki viruddhamgaa, aaa samayaniki "book haikeshi" baga tagginchabadindi. anty-arson charyalu. edo loe mantalaku agnipramaadam pradhana kaaranam kaavadamtho, shogunate agnipramaadam chesevaarini anichivesenduku gananeeyamaina krushi chesindi. kotta prabhutva padavini pravesapettaaru. "chonin" kuu agnipramaadam chesinavaarini pattukunnanduku bahumatulu ivvabaddaayi. agnipramaadam oka neeramgaa maarchabadindi mariyu prajalaku heccharikagaa pandem meeda kalchadam dwara sikshinchabadindi. "hitsuk tojoku aratame". "hitsuk tojoku aratame" anedi agnipramaadam, dongatanam mariyu joodam vanti neeraalanu lakshyamgaa chesukovadaniki shogunate pravesapettina sthaanam. praarambhamlo moodu neeraalaku moodu ververu postulu unnappatikee, vaatini 1683loe sainika adhikari ekakaalamlo unchinatlu telisindi ("tenna" 3). taruvaata avi kontakaalam paatu tolaginchabaddaayi, conny 1703loe ("genroku" 16) tirigi pravesapettabaddaayi mariyu 1718loe ("kyoho" 3) oke sthaanaaniki ekikrutam cheyabaddaayi. poura adhikarulu ayina "maachi-bugyoku" viruddhamgaa, "hitsuk tojoku aratame" sainika adhikarulu. anduvalla, vaari vichaarana vyuuhaalu himsaatmakamgaa undevi. anumaanita kaalpuladaarulanu arrestu chese adhikaram vaariki unnappatikee, tappugaa arrestlaku etuvanti jarimana vidhinchaledu. eee kaaranamgaa, vaaru tarachugaa arrestu chesina anumaanitulanu balavantamgaa oppukootaaniki himsimchaaru, idhi pedda sankhyalo tappudu aaropanalaku daariteesindi. idhi "chonin" paie oka apakhyaati paalaina chitraanni vadilivesindi, athanu "maachi-bugyo" mariyu "thoo polchinappudu vaariki maaruperu pettadu. agnipramaadam chesinavaarini pattukunnanduku mariyu dahanam dwara uriteesinanduku bahumatulu. shogunate padepade ordinancelanu jaarii chesindi, swaadheenam chesukunna kaalpula nerasthulanu ventane venakki teesukoovaalani mariyu vaarini bandhinchina vaariki bahumatulu andinchaalani demand chesindi. antekakunda, agnipramaadam chesina vyaktini pattukunna vyaktipai jarigina neeraalaku kshamaapana ivvabadutundi. tama sahacharulaku ledhaa itara kaalpulu jaripinavaariki vyatiraekamgaa samacharam ivvadamlo mukhyamaina paatra pooshinchina kaalpulu jaripinavaaru kooda kshamabhiksha paina bahumatulaku arhulu. 1723loe ("kyoho" 8), agnipramaadam jariginappudu anumaanaaspada pravartana kaaranamgaa yea vyaktini ayina arrestu cheyavachani aadesinchaaru. prajalaku heccharikagaa, arrestu chesina agnimaapaka sibbandini nagaram antataa ooreginchi, stambhamlo kaalchivesaaru. inca, vaaripai chekka phalakaalapai abhiyogaalu vraasi, bahiranga pradarsanaku unchaaru. dahanam dwara uri teeyadam anedi edo kaalam yokka shikshaasmruthilo nirdesinchabadindi, mariyu 1868loe ("meejee" 1) meejee prabhutvam yokka taatkaalika sikshaasmrutitoe bharti cheyabade varaku aacharanalo undedi. dahanam chesina vaari kutumba sabhyulu kooda chikkukunnaru, mariyu bharyalu mariyu kumartelu oppandabaddhamaina daasyaaniki tagginchabaddaaru ledhaa bahishkarinchabaddaaru. contract kaalpula vishayamlo, neeraaniki dabbu chellinchina vyakti kooda shikshaarhulu. agnipramaadam chesina vyakti samuray ayinappudu, dahanam dwara uriteeyadam vartinchadu. badulugaa, garishta siksha vidhinchabadindi; khandinchabadina samuray sirachchaedam cheyabaddaadu mariyu talanu peetham ledhaa vedikapai unchi moodu rojula paatu pradarsinchaaru, ayithe sareeram katthi pareeksha kosam upayoginchabadindi. vraatapuurvaka notlatho kaalpulu jaripe bedirimpu icchina vaariki modatlo siksha vidhinchaevaaru, conny sikshanu taruvaata bahishkarinchaaru. paina vivarinchina suutraala aadhaaramgaa sikshalu ichinappatikii, viphalamaina kaalpula prayatnaalu vanti paristhitulanu kooda pariganinchaaru. 15 ellalopu kaalpulu jaripina vaarini uriteeyaru, conny bahishkarinchadaaniki ledhaa pariseelanaku pamputaaru. pattana pranaalika. mantalu puttinche padaarthaalatho nirminchina bhavanala dattamaina pampinhee anedi mantalu chinna nundi peddavigaa maaradaaniki veelu kalpinche oka mukhyamaina amsam. oka bhavanam mantalu chelaregina tarvaata, agnimaapaka sibbandi spandinche mundu porugu bhavanalu mantalu chelaregaayi. eee kaaranamgaa, maireki yokka goppa agnipramaadam taruvaata, mantalaku vyatiraekamgaa nagaram yokka rakshananu penchadaaniki edo loe mandey padaarthaalatho tayaaru chesina nirmaanaalu pracharam cheyabaddaayi. edo loe vividha pradaesaalaloo agni nirodhaka mandalaalanu pilichi erpaatu chesaaru. tiled paikappulu mariyu matti illatho sahaa agni nirodhaka padaarthaalanu sweekarinchadam tappanisari ayindi. "heokechi" mariyu "hirokoji". maireki yokka goppa agnipramaadamlo vipattu nashtam taruvaata, agni nivaarana charyalaku edo yokka punarnirmaana pranaalikaloo goppa praadhaanyata labhinchindi. mantalu vyaapinchakundaa nirodhinchadaaniki agni nirodhaka praantaalanu erpaatu chesaaru. idhi edo koota velupala unna praathamika nivaasaalanu taralinchadam mariyu khaalii sthalaanni agni nivaaranaku ankitam cheyadamtho praarambhamaindi. itara "diamyos" mariyu hatamotosku chendina nivaasaala punaravasam anusarinchindi. edo lopala bhavanala dattamaina sanklishtatanu tagginchadaaniki, chaalaa gamyasthanalu koota nundi dhooramgaa undataaniki enchukoobaddaayi. inca, "genroku" yugamlo, "diamyos" laku edo shivaarlalo vaari dviteeya mariyu trutheeya nivaasaalanu nirminchadaaniki bhoomi manjuru cheyabadindi, mariyu vaari trutheeya nivaasaalanu kooda mantala samayamlo asrayaluga upayoginchaaru. kotta samuray nivaasaalaku vasati kalpinche maroka maargamgaa bhoomini tirigi swaadheenam chesukunnaru. 1661 (conbon 1) loe, samuray nivaasaala nirmaanaaniki alaage "chonin" nivaasaala punaraavaasaaniki veelugaa honzolo bhoomi punaruddharana puurtayimdi. devalayalu, punhyaksheetraalaku kooda ilanti punaravasa aadesaalu jaarii cheyabaddaayi. vaarilo chaalaa mandhi edo kaaluvala velupaliki vellaaru, vaarilo kondaru asakusa, komagom mariyu koisikavalo tama kotta pradaesaalanu kanugonnaru. nihombashi parisaraala nundi asakusaku redd-light jillaanu marchadam kooda eee kaalamlone jarigindi, ayithe mireki yokka goppa agnipramaadaaniki mundhe eee charya nirnayinchabadindi. rendu rakaala agni avarodha mandalaalu, mariyu, punaravasam dwara khaalii cheyabadina bhoomi nundi srushtinchabaddaayi; modativi khaliga unna plaajaalu mariyu rendovi veedhulanu vistarinchaayi. adanamgaa, veedhi vistarana vidhaanamtho paatu, illu edainaa eevs tolaginchaalsina avasaram undhi. eee punaravasalu pattana praantaalanu vistarinchadaaniki daariteesaayi. 1662loe (conbon 2), kaaluvala velupala unna yueno, asakusa mariyu shiba praantaalanu "maachi-bugyo" paripalana kindaku teesukuvacchaaru. tenna yokka goppa agni taruvaata, "diamyo" nivaasaalu, devalayalu mariyu punhyakshetraalatho kuudina maroka punaravasa tarangam, mariyu kotta "heokechi" kii anumatinchindi mariyu "hirokoji" nii vistarinchindi. phalitamgaa chaalaa devalayalu mariyu punyakshetraalu ippudu kaaluvala velupala unnaayi. kyoho samskaranala samayamlo, "machibikeshi" samsthaagateekaranhatho praarambhinchi agni nivaarana marinta balopetam cheyabadindi. mandani edo kosam tokugava yoshimune yokka utsaaham drishtya, canda, hatchboary mariyu ichigayaalo kotta "heokechi" erpaatu cheyabaddaayi. edo chuttoo agni nirodhaka praantaalanu erpaatu cheyadaaniki prayatninchinappatikii, "heokechi" lopala gruhalu mariyu "hirokoji" venta dukaanaalu nirminchina sandarbhaalu kooda unnaayi, ivi vaati saamarthyaanni gananeeyamgaa tagginchaayi, konnisaarlu munupati kante ekkuva agni pramaadam unna sthaayiki cherukunnayi. agni nirodhaka mariyu agni nirodhaka nirmaanaalu. 1601 ("keecho" 6) loe jarigina goppa agnipramaadam taruvaata, shogunate aaa paikappulanu shingle paikappuluga maarchaalani aadesinchindi. taruvaata, vilaasavantamaina "diamyo" nivaasaala lopala unna bhavanaalalo tiled paikappulu fashionga marai mariyu konni "chonin" nivasalalo kooda dattata teesukobaddaayi. ayithe, myrekiiloo jarigina bhaarii agnipramaadam taruvaata, oka vidhana maarpu tyle paikappula vadakanni nishedhinchindi, endukante agni nirodhaka palakalu paikappula nundi padi chaalaa mandiki gayalu kaliginchaayi. badulugaa, mantalu vyaapinchakundaa nirodhinchadaaniki mandey gaddi paikappulanu bhoomitho kappalsina avasaram undhi. 1661loe ("conbon" 1), kotta bhavanaalalo gaddi paikappula vadakam kooda nishedhinchabadindi, dheenitho shingle paikappulu matrame anumatinchabadina empikagaa marai. thokugava yoshimune adhikaranni sweekarinche varaku tiled paikappulu tappanisari kaaledu. samuray nivaasaala kosam, 1723loe ("kyoho" 8), bancho sameepamlo kaalipoyina hatamoto nivaasaalanu tiled paikappulatho punarnirminchaalsina avasaram undhi. eee prayojanam kosam vaddii laeni runaalu kooda andinchabaddaayi. 1725 ("kyoho" 10) taruvaata, parimita praantaalalo, ippatike unna nivaasaalu tiled paikappulanu dattata teesukovalasi vachindi. taruvaata, eee vidhanam pedda praantaalalo amalu cheyabadindi, kattubadi laeni nivaasaalu kuulchivaeyabadataayani heccharikatho. chonin" nivaasaala kosam, tiled paikappulapai nishedham 1720loe raddu cheyabadindi ("kyoho" 5). 1722 ("kyoho" 7) taruvaata, edo looni anni bhavanalu tyle paikappulanu kaligi undaali mariyu "chonin" paie aardhika bhaaram parigananaloki teesukunnappatiki, konni sandarbhaallo gullalu nundi tayaaru chesina paikappulanu kooda anumatinchaaru. samuray nivaasaala maadirigaane, praja seva rusumulu mariyu vaddii laeni runaala minahaayimpu andubaatulo undedi, mariyu savarinchani nivaasaalu koolchivetaku lobadi undevi. shogunate nadipe naan-flamble edo programme tokugava yoshimune paalanalo nirvahinchabadindi, ayithe 1751loe athani maranam taruvaata ("cohn 'eee" 4), shogunate daani samasyaatmaka aardhika sthithi kaaranamgaa takkuva churukuga maarindi. eee karyakramam ennadoo puurtigaa puurti kaaledu, idhi "meejee" sakaaniki mundu vividha goppa mantalaku pradhana kaaranamaindi. nishedhaalu mariyu agni heccharika aadesaalu. mantalanu nivaarinchadaaniki, shogunate anni rakaala aadesaalanu jaarii chesindi, veetilo mantalaku sambhaavya kaaranaala nishedham, mukhyamaina sanghatanala samayamlo agni heccharika aadesaalu mariyu vaastava mantala samayamlo nirdishta karyakalapalapai nishedham unnaayi. agni pramaadaalanu lakshyamgaa chesukuni nishedhaalu bahiranga snaanapu gadulu, banasancha mariyu vyardhaalanu kalchadam meeda nirdesinchabaddaayi. chaalaa "chonin" nivaasaalu agnipramaadaaniki kaaranamani anumaninchakunda undataaniki snaanamtho nirminchabadaledu. phalitamgaa, bahiranga snaanapu gadulu prachuryam pondaayi. snaanaala dukaanam vyaparamlo agni avasaram puurtigaa nishedhinchabadakapoyinappatiki, 1653loe ("jooe" 2) saayantram 6 gantala varaku bahiranga snaanaala gruhaalalo agnini nishedhinchaaru. praja snaanapu gruhalu udayam varaku snaanapu neetini unchaalsina avasaram undhi, tadwara neetini agnimaapakaaniki upayoginchavacchu. 1648loe ("kean" 1) nagaram lopala banasancha utpatti nishedhinchabadindi. nadeemukhadvaaraalu minaha vaati upayogam kooda nishedhinchabadindi mariyu 1642loe ("kean" 5) sumida nadhi venta matrame parimitam cheyabadindi. "genroku" yugamlo pattanaalu mariyu illalo "saagicho" vedukalu nishedhinchabaddaayi. antakumundu, vyardhaalanu kalchadam 1655loe nishedhinchabadindi ("maireki" 1). asaadhaaranamaina udaaharanagaa, edo kotapai mandutunna galipatam padina rendu rojula tarvaata 1646loe ("shoho" 3) galipatalapai nishedham jaarii cheyabadindi. shogan sandarsana, kyoto nundi oka raaja mahila sandarsana, mariyu josen pratinidhi raaka vanti mukhyamaina sanghatanala samayamlo, agni heccharika sthaayini penchaalani demand chestu ordinancelu jaarii cheyabaddaayi. eee saasanaala prakaram, mantalu mariyu tagaadaalanu nivaarinchadaaniki nagaranni gastee chesaaru, neetitho nindina bucketlanu siddham chesaaru mariyu nagara praantaanni subhraparichaaru. acharalu jarupukuntunnappudu kooda ilanti aadesaalu jaarii cheyabaddaayi. mantala samayamlo nishedhinchabadina nirdishta karyakalapalalo "agni veekshanha", pedda-parimaana bandlatho piluvabade kadile sadhanalu, mariyu taralimpu yokka addamkulanu teevrataram cheyakunda mariyu tagginchakundaa addamkulanu nivaarinchadaaniki upayoginchadam mariyu utpatti cheyadam vantivi unnaayi. "chonin yokka agni nivaarana charyalu. eee saameta nissandehamgaa edo prajala jeevitam patla aniyantrita vaikharini pradarsistundagaa, idhi nagaram yokka tarachugaa jarige goppa mantala gurinchi vaari aacharanaatmaka manastatvaanni kooda pratibimbistumdi-agniki kolpoyina daanikante dabbu twaragaa kharchu cheyadam manchidi. edo yokka "chonin" kosam, mantalu rojuvaaree dinacharyagaa marai, ayinappatikee vaati vyaapti daadaapu aapukolenidi. vaari nivaasaalu mariyu vyapaaraalanu mantalu taakinappudu, modati mariyu pradhana lakshyam twaragaa khaalii chesi, vaari aastulanu samrakshinchadam. marovaipu, vaaru tama sonta nivaasaala nundi mantalu chelaregakunda chusukovadaniki kooda shraddha chuupaaru. mantalaku vyatiraekamgaa nibandhanalu. pagalu ledhaa raathritho sambandham lekunda edo loe mantalu sambhavinchaayi. okaru nidristunnappudu mantalu chelaregithe, battalu marchadam mariyu laiting siddham cheyadam valla taralinchadamlo alasyam kaavacchu. anduvalla, sheethaakaalam sameepistunnappudu, mundu jaagratta charyaga, prajalu battalatho sahaa vastuvulanu, atyavasara paristhithullo vaari dindla pakkana unchutaaru. agni gurinchi apramattam chesinappudu, muulam mariyu gaali dhisha modata nirdhaarinchabadutundi. paristhiti pramaadakaramainadigaa bhaavinchinatlayithe, teesukellaleni viluvaina vastuvulanu lopaliki petti, vyapara viniyogadaarulaku teliyajestaaru, mantalu vyaapinchakundaa nirodhinchadaaniki prajalu paikappula varaku ekkutaaru. pramaadam asannamainappudu, vaaru venta teesukellagalige viluvaina vastuvulatoe matrame khaalii chestaaru. viluvaina vastuvulanu agni nundi rakshinchadaaniki upayoginchaaru. "yojinkago" anedi oka rakamaina pedda veduru butta, dheenitho okaru venuka ledhaa bhujaalapai moyavachu. mukhyamaina patraala kosam, piluvabade wicker baxulanu upayoginchaaru. daihachigurma" mariyu "kurumanagamochi" pedda sankhyalo vastuvulanu ravana cheyagaliginappatiki, vaati pedda parimaanaalu taralimpu samayamlo vaatini addamkulugaa marchai. ravana cheyabadina vastuvulu egire teegala nundi mantalu pattukuni mantalanu vyaapti cheyadaaniki sahayapadina sandarbhaalu kooda unnaayi. eee kaaranaalu shogunate vaari nishedhaaniki daariteesaayi. adanapu charyaga, mariyu agni beemaanu praarambhinchadaaniki, dhanavanthulaina vyaapaarulu illu nirminchadaaniki avasaramaina samagri kosam kalapa chillara vyaapaarulaku mundastugaa chellistaaru. vaari vyaparalu kaalipothe, shidhilaalanu tolaginchina tarvaata, prepaid materiallanu ventane punarnirmaanam kosam claim cheyavachu, tadwara takkuva samayamlone vyaparam tirigi praarambhamavutundi. "dozo" mariyu "" anagura "." "dozo" mariyu "anagura" anevi mantala samayamlo badilee cheyaleni vastuvulanu nilva cheyadaaniki upayoginche nirmaanaalu. dhanavanthulaina vyaapaarulu saadhaaranamgaa vaatilo bahulaalanu kaligi untaaru. adhika kharchula kaaranamgaa, "dozo" ekkuvagaa vyaapaarulu nirminchi, upayoginchaaru; polchi choosthe, "anagura" saadhaarana prajalaku marinta sarasamainadi. "dozo" mandapati plaastar chesina matti godalatho kuudina giddangulu mariyu chaalaa sandarbhaalalo tyle paikappulu undevi. vaati mandapati godala dwara praarambhinchabadina agni nirodhakata vaatini vastuvulu, gruha vastuvulu, upakaranaalu mariyu viluvaina vastuvulanu nilva cheyadaaniki anuvainadigaa chesindi. ayithe, avi takkuva pramaana nirmaanaalu mariyu anuchita nirvahana valla kalige durbalatvaalato kooda baadhapadavachhu, kitikeelu mariyu pravesha dwaralalo pagullu mariyu eluka randhraala nundi mantalanu anumatinchavacchu mariyu phalitamgaa kuulipoevachchu. eee kaaranamgaa, dhanavanthulaina vyaapaarulu bhoomini siddhamgaa unna sthithilo siddham chestaaru, tadwara vaaru mantalu sambhavinchinappudu vaari saadhaarana plaastarlanu twaragaa muusivaeyavachchu. vaaru swayamgaa mantalaku muulakartalugaa unnappudu, vaaru tama "dozo" talupulanu terichi unchi, vaatini bahiranga praayaschittam roopamlo kalchivese sandarbhaalu kooda undevi. unikilo unna patraalanu nilva cheyadaaniki pratyaekamgaa balavardhakamaina "dozo" unikilo undhi, conny avi pedda mantalanu thattukogaliginantha balamgaa unnappatikee, vaati nirmaana vyayam kaaranamgaa ennadoo prajaadarana pondaledu. marovaipu, dukaanaalanu pooli unde nivaasaalu mariyu vyaparalu kooda undevi. ayithe, vyapara upayogam kosam avasaramaina vistruta avakaasaalaku anugunamgaa vaari agni nirodhakata ekkuva ledhaa takkuva rajipadavalasi vachindi. "aadhunika kaalam varaku manugada saaginchina "mysegura" ippudu ekkuvagaa katori (sawara praantam), thochigi mariyu kawago nagarallo kanipistaayi, eee nagaralaku mariyu vaati parisaraalaku eee paeru vachindi. "anagura" bhoogarbha nilva sthalaalu. chinna padaka kinda nilva unitla maadirigaa kakunda, anaguralo oka vyaktini unchadaaniki taginanta sthalam undedi mariyu viluvaina vastuvulanu nilva cheyadaaniki kooda nirminchabaddaayi. avi "dozo" kante choukagaa undevi, ayinappatikee mantalu mariyu dongatanaalaku vyatiraekamgaa prabhaavavantamgaa undipoyaayi, endukante vatiki surakshitamgaa unchadaaniki kavarlu matrame unnaayi. "edo loe "anagura" nuu modatisaarigaa 1656loe ("meeriki" 2) nihombashi anae dukaanaanni naduputunna oka vastra vikreta upayoginchaaru. izumi-yaa" yokka "anagura" yokka prabhavam maireki yokka goppa agnilo gurtinchabadindi mariyu vaatini prachuryam pondadaaniki sahaayapadindi. edo loe "anagura" yokka prajaadarana gurinchi, kavago uppu vyapari thana ghnaapakaalalo edo yokka padava vanthu randhraluga maarindani raasaadu. atuvanti prajaadarana kooda vruttini penchindi. edo looni "anagura" pradhanamgaa adhika bhoogarbhajala sthaayila valla vachhe leaklanu nivaarinchadaaniki saiprasto nirminchabadinappatiki, bhoogarbha aardrata vaati mannikanu parimitam chesindi. agni pramaadaalaku sikshalu. shogunate agnipramaadaanni arikattadaaniki dahanam cheyadam dwara maranamtho sahaa sikshalanu vidhinchinappatikii, agni pramaadaalaku daani sikshalu antha kathinamainavi kaavu. agnini kaliginchina samuray taragatiki chendina vaaru tama nivasalalo daanini aarpagaligithe nirdoshulugaa prakatinchabadataaru; kabatti agni chinnadigaa unte adhi "chonin" thoo untundi. bhaarii mantala vishayamlo maranam mariyu bahishkaranatho sahaa kathinamaina sikshalu vidhinche pratipaadanalanu council pariganinchinappatikii, atuvanti pratipaadanalu ennadoo aamodinchabadaledu. aaa samayamlo agni pramaadaalu evarikainaa jaragavacchani, mariyu vaaru anukokunda goppa agnini praarambhistae seppuku cheyadaaniki vaari samsiddhatanu "roeju" prasninchaarani oka vruttaanta tarkam perkondi. samurays agni pramaadaalu. diamyo" nivaasamlo agnipramaadam sambhavinchinatlayithe, dwaaram samrakshinchabadinanta kaalam, illu mantalu chelareginappatiki yajamani baadhyata vahincharu. sahajamgaane, dwaaram rakshana kendramgaa maarindi. kontamandi samuray luu tama sliding talupulanu framela nundi teesivesi, vaaru tappinchukunnappudu vaatini venta teesukellaaru. marikondaru ghatana sthalaaniki parugettina "mashibikeshi" nii moosivesi, tama sonta saktitoe mantalatho pooraadutaaru, appudu poga kevalam bhogi mantala nundi vastundani cheppukuntaaru. saareeraka siksha laenappatikee, pramaadavasaattu agnipramaadaaniki kaaranamaina oka samuray ippatikee pratyaamnaaya nivaasamlo gruha nirbandham kosam nivedinchaalsi untundi; athanu thana nivaasam nundi agnini vyaapti cheyadaaniki anumatinchinatlayithe, athanu thana paie adhikaariki baadhyatanu samarpinchaalsi untundi. moodu agni pramaadaalu oka samuray thana nivasanni edo shivaarlaku taralinchamani balavantam chestaayi, ayithe idhi spashtamgaa nirdesinchabadaledu. "chonins", "devalayalu", mariyu punyakshetraalu "agni pramaadaalu. chonin" kosam, "kujikata osadamegaaki" yokka rendava valume, anukokunda (sumaru) kante vedalpaina praantaalanu tagalabettina vaaripai 10,20 mariyu 30 rojula jarimana ledhaa kathinamaina gruha nirbandham vidhinchindi. shogan sandarsanaku bayaludaerina rojuna mantalu chelaregithe jarimana 50 rojula varaku podiginchavacchu mariyu chethi cuff thoo teevrataram kaavacchu. agni nashtam (sumaru) kante vedalpu unna praantamloo vyaapinchinatlayithe, nerasthudini kakunda, kutumba adhipati, bhuswamy mariyu 30 rojula "oshikom" kuu kooda lobadi untaaru. athanu unna chotiki chendina sabhyulaku 20 rojula "oshikom" siksha kooda vidhinchabadutundi. inca, agni muulam chuttoo unna aaru pattanaala "gachigozi" kooda 20 rojula "oshikom" nuu andukuntundi. devalayalu mariyu punhyakshetraalalo jarige agni pramaadaalaku, shogunate kshamaapanhatho agnimaapaka sibbandiki edu rojula paatu ledhaa light house arresto matrame jarimana vidhinchindi, dheenilo vivikta raatri vihaarayaatralu sahinchabaddaayi. shogan sandarsanato samanamga ledhaa goppaga maarina agni kooda sikshaku maroe moodu rojulu matrame jodistundi. itara pattanaala kante prabhaavavantamaina devalayalu mariyu punyakshetraala chuttoo nirminchina pattanaallo agni pramaadaalaku chaalaa ekkuva kshamaapanhatho sikshinchabaddaayi. oshikom" kante vedalpaina praantaalalo mantalu chelaregithe moodu rojulu matrame padutundi. aardhika prabhavam. oka pedda agnipramaadam sambhavinchina pratisaaree, naasanamaina edoni punarutthaanam cheyadaaniki avasaramaina bhouthika mariyu aardhika kharchulu vipareetamainavi. anduvalla, viniyogadaarula dharalapai alaage aardhika avakaasaalapai goppa agni prabhavam edo nundi alalu tecchi mottam japaannu prabhaavitam chestundi. anduvalla tarachugaa pedda mantalu sambhavinchadam anedi edo yokka aardhika vruddhiki maddatu ichhe pradhana chodaka karakamga cheppavacchu. dheeniki viruddhamgaa, punarnirmaana vyayam kooda shogunate kuu apaaramaina bhaaram ayyindi mariyu daani samasyaatmaka aardhika paristhitulaku dohadapadindi. aardhika ottiditoe kooda badhapaduthunna vaaru "chonin". pedda vyaparam naduputunna oka vyaapaarini pedda agni tarvaata "nagaya" loe nivasinchadaaniki tagginchavacchani oohinchalemu. shogunate budget vishayaniki vasthe, "chonin" kuu ketaayinchina kharchulalo, agni nivaarana mariyu agnimaapakaaniki sambandhinchinavi kooda atipedda nishpattilo unnaayi. viniyogadaarula dharalu aakaasaanni taakutunnaayi. prati goppa agni antey edo loe dhara perugudala. biyyam thoo praarambhamayye aaharaalu, alaage gruhaala punarnirmaanaaniki avasaramaina nirmaana samagri annee vaati dharalanu penchaayi. udaaharanaku, meereki yokka goppa agni taruvaata, prati shoku (sumaru) 1000 "mone" kuu perigindi, ayithe chamuru dhara prati shoku 3 "mone" nundi 2400 "mone" kuu perigindi. nagaramlo punarnirmaanam yokka perigina panibharam adde chetivruttulavaari kharchunu penchadaaniki sahaayapadindi. chetivruttula vaaritho paatu, oppanda sevakulu kooda pedda mantala bhayamtho edo loe pani cheyalanukune vaarilo takkuva mandiki vaari jeethaalalo perugudalanu aasvaadinchaaru. veetitho paatu, gruhaala korata aadhaaramgaa addelu perigayi; alaage vantenalanu punarnirminchadaaniki mundu perigina demand kaaranamgaa padava chaarjeelu kooda perigayi. eee prabhaavaalannii sthaanika viniyogadaarula dharalapai edo yokka goppa mantalu chupayi. dravyolbana dharalanu niyantrinchadaaniki, shogunate dharala pempunu nishedhinchi, chetivruttulavaari vetanampai adhika parimitulanu vidhinchi, atyanta pramukha nerasthulaku jarimana vidhinche ordinancelanu jaarii chesindi. edo loe vari koratanu parishkarinche charyalu amaluloki vachayi. raitula nundi neerugaa biyyam konugolu chesi tirigi vikrayinchaaru. raitulu tama sonta biyyam vikrayinchadaaniki edo raavadaaniki kooda anumatinchaaru. edo nundi desavyaaptamgaa pradaesaalaku konugolu arderla sankhya peragadam valla, aardhika avakaasaalapai edo yokka goppa mantala prabhavam desavyaaptamgaa undhi. idevidhamgaa shogunate avakaasavaada dharala pempuku vyatiraekamgaa vistruta praantaalaku heccharikalu jaarii chesindi. ayinappatikee, idhi vyaapaarulanu aapaledu, vaaru kalapa vyaparam nundi sampadanu nirminchaaru mariyu maireki yokka goppa agni taruvaata nirmaanaanni oppandam chesukunnaru. shogunate meeda aardhika bhaaram. kaalipoyina soukaryaala punarnirmaana kharchulu shogunate budjetlo pedda bhaganni akraminchayi. meereki yokka goppa agni kosam, edo koota yokka kolpoyina tenshu-nirvahana naasanam cheyabadinappatiki, lopali citadel mariyu rajabhavanala punarnirmaanam mottam kharchu kante ekkuva namodu chesindi. poolika kosam, aaa samayamlo shogan mariyu tokugava iyasu yokka muni manavadu, athani puurveekula nundi 4.23 millionla viluvaina dabbu mariyu aastulanu vaarasatvamgaa pondaaru. punarnirmaanam kakunda, vipattu sahaya karyakalapalu pedda kharchulaku maroka muulam. meeriki yokka goppa agni taruvaata, hatamotos mariyu vaari stipendlaku anulomaanupaatamlo endoments andukunnaru mariyu mundastu vari chellimpulaku anumatinchaaru. diamyos" kosam, endoments kakunda, padhi samvatsaraala runaalu kooda ivvabaddaayi. sumaru 160,000 "reo" "chonin" kosam endomentla kosam kharchu cheyabaddaayi, dheeni sherlu vaari nivaasaala mukhabhaagaala parimaanaalaku anugunamgaa untaayi. inca, tama illanu kolpoyina "chonin" kuu kaanjeeni andinchaalani "diamyos" nuu aadesinchaaru; vaari vari dhanyalanu tagalabettina "chonin" kuu uchita biyyam sarafara cheyabadindi. meeriki yokka goppa agnipramaadam taruvaata, ksheenistunna aardhika sthithi kaaranamgaa chinna pramaanaalalo unnappatikee, pedda agnipramaadam sambhavinchinappudalla shogunate thana sahaya prayatnaalanu konasaaginchindi.

adoo mein aag tokiyo kaa sabqah naam tokiyo mein japaan kay adoo door (1600-1868) kay doraan aag atnee kasrat say lagee kahh adoo shehar kuu iss tarah say biyaan kiyaa gayaa jaisa kahh kahaa jaataa hay. jadeed door mein bhee paraaney adoo kuu abb bhee yaad kiyaa jaataa thaa. aido duniya mein eek nayaab cheez thee keunkah shehar kay wasee shehri elaqon kuu baar baar aag say baraabar kiyaa jaataa thaa. adoo kii azeem aag kaa mawaznah aag kay dewataon say kiyaa gayaa aur asay mazahiya andaaz mein "khazaan kay patay" kay toor parr bhee biyaan kiyaa gayaa. aag kii taadad. 1601 ("kicho" 6) kay darmiyan 267 saalon kay doraan iss kay baad kay saal aur 1867 ("kiyo" 3)yee aido kaa saal 49 bury aag say takra gayaa thaa. iss kay muqabilay mein asee arsey kay doraan cuto ausaka aur kanazawa mein bury aag kii kill taadad baltarteeb sarf now chh aur teen thee jiss kii wajah say adoo kii shakal japaan kay deegar metropolies say alg thee. deegar bayanaat kay mutabiq adoo kii tareekh kay doraan 85 say ziyadah bury aag lagee. 1600 aur 1945 kay darmiyan adoo/tokiyo kuu harr 25-50 saal yaa iss say ziyadah waqat mein aag zalzalay sonami aatish fashaan phatnay aur jung kay zariye baraabar kiyaa jaataa thaa. agar chhoti aag kuu bhee shaamil kiyaa jaaye tuu iss 267 saal kay arsey mein lagnay waali 1,798 aagon mein say 269 1601-1700yee 541 1701-1800yee aur 986 1801-1867 mein thein. jeesay jeesay tokogawa kay aakhir mein adoo kii aabadi mein iss kii badhti hoyee maashi khushhali kay saath izafah hawaa asee tarah shehar mein aag kii taadad mein bhee iss kii tarqi kay mutnasib izafah hawaa. khaas toor parr 1851 ("kayee" 3) aur 1867 kay darmiyan 17 saalon mein 506 aag lagee jiss mein tokogawa shogont kay naahil intezamiya kii wajah say ghair mustahkam awami nazam woo nasq eek aham maawan ansar thaa. bury aag kii fehrist. mandarjah zeel numaindah jadool mein adoo kii tareekh mein lagnay waali kachh bury aagon kii fehrist dee gayee hay jiss kii wajah say jaan woo maal kuu tabaah kunn nqsan pahuncha. meriki"yee "mewa" aur "banka" kay adwaar mein paish aaney waalay teen kuu "dee" kahaa jaataa thaa. 1657 mein meriki kii azeem aag kuu teenon jhadpon mein sabb say ziyadah tabaah kunn samjha jaataa hay. adoo mein aag aksar teezi say badh jaati hay iss kii wajah shehar kay shehri maahul kii wajah aatish gair lakdi kii "maachiya" emaratein haine jinhein charkol jalanay waali aag kii jighon say garm kiyaa jaataa thaa. iss waqat fayer fighting technology kii hadood kay saath saath aido kay paani kii farahami kay nazaam kii adam aetemad kuu dekhtay huay eek baar jabb lakdi kay emaraton kay zakhiray say bharay pados mein aag haath say nikal gayee tuu shehar kay dosray hasoon mein iss kay phailao kuu roknay kay liye behat kumm hakaam thay. baday aatish zadgi kay alawah iss arsey mein waqfe waqfe say chhoti chhoti aag bhee lagee juu (eek saath lay kirr) aido mein kasee bhee ziyadah manfard tabaah kunn aatish zadgi say ziyadah nqsan aur jaanee nqsan kaa sabab bunny. aag lagnay kii wajuhaat. adoo door mein aag rozmarah kii zindagi kaa eek naguzir ansar thaa. asay khaana pakanay aur roshni kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaataa thaa jiss kay natijay mein haadsaat kaa baais banaa. mukhtalif moharrikat kii wajah say aatish zadgi aag kaa eek aur zariah thaa. dosray shehron kay muqabilay aido mein aag lagnay kii ziyadah taadad mukhtalif wajuhaat say aayee jiss mein eek bury aabadi kii rehaish gaah gahnay shehri tarteeb eek gharib samaji tabqe kaa wajood aur aido kay manfard mosami halaat shaamil thay. adoo kii aag kaa mutalah karnay waalay eek aalim metsonoske nashyama nay aag kii wajuhaat kaa khalasah iss tarah kiyaa: aabadi mein izafah. adoo mein shogoniyat kay qayaam kay baad adoo qalye kay ard gird "demuse" (jagirdar) aur hatamoto (seniyar retainers) rehaish gaahein tameer kii gayein aur inn mein bury taadad mein samurai rehtay thay. samurai kii zindagi kii himayat karnay waalay taajir aur karigar jald hyee rewad mein aido hijrat kirr gayey aur iss kay natijay mein aabadi mein teezi aayee. adoo kii aabadi 1640 ("kaanayi" 17) mein taqriba 400,000 say badh kirr 1693 ("generoco" 6) mein taqriba 800,000 how gayee aur 1721 ("cueho" 6) takk badh kirr taqriba 1,100,000 how gayee. samorai kay wasee rehaishi elaqon kay barakas choneen behat chhotay elaqon takk mahdud thay. badhti hoyee aabadi nay inn kii aabadi kii kasafat kuu intehayi aalee darjay takk dhakeel diyaa. inn kii rehaish gaahein gahnay elaqon mein tartib dee gayee thein aur kharaab aam thein. phee kiss rehney kii jagah bawarchi khaanah aur almaari shaamil thee aam toor parr chh taati chataiyon kay size kii hoti thee. iss kay alawah lakdi aur kaghiz kaa tamirati mawaad aasani say aag kaa aindhan bunn gayaa. inn tamaam halaat kii wajah say qadarti toor parr aag lagnay kay haadsaat kaa ziyadah amkaan hotaa hay. aatish zadgi. adoo mein aag lagnay kii eek bury wajah kay toor parr bury taadad mein choor darj kiye gayey thay. giraftar aatish zadgi karnay waalon mein say behat say loag adoo kii zindagi guzarnay kii ziyadah laagat aur zaamin naha honay kii wajah say muahidah shadah nokaron kay toor parr kaam karnay kii naahili kii wajah say gharib zindagi guzaar rahay thay. inn mein say kachh nay apnay gharoon kuu jalaa diyaa thaa aur jaraim kay artakaab say inhein behat kumm nqsan hawaa thaa. 1723 aur 1724 mein giraftar kiye gayey 102 aatish geeron mein say 41 thay aur 22 kay paas koyee registard mustaqil rehaish gaah nahein thee. inn mein say ziyadah tarr kaa taaluq nichley samaji tabqat say thaa. aatish zadgi kay moharrikat mukhtalif thay halankah sabb say numayan loat maar thee. iss qasm kay aatish gair hawaon kay dunon mein aag lagaa deetay aur iss kay natijay mein honay waali preshaniyon kaa fayedah uthatay hoay choori kartay. loat maar kay alawah aksar moharrikat wah thay juu samaji taluqat say paida hotay thay jeesay nokar apnay aaqaon say badlah leena chahtay thay aur nakaam romanvi taluqat kii wajah say nafrat. tajiron kay harifon kay karobaron aur bachon kuu aag laganay aur aag say khelnay kii misalein bhee darj kii gayein aur yahaan takk kahh "achanak aag laganay jaisa mahsus honay" kay aiteraf kay saath eek muamilah bhee darj kiyaa gayaa. chonkah aag lagnay kaa matlab badhayi plaster workers aur steple jaiks kay liye bhee hogaa iss liye inn mein say kachh loag aag lagnay aur iss mein izaafe parr khush hoan gay. khaas toor parr chonkah behat say fayer fyters bunyadi toor parr steple jeek kay toor parr kaam kartay thay inn mein say kachh jaan bojh kirr aag kuu awaam mein aag bajhanay kii maharat kaa mazahirah karnay yaa apnay liye karobari mawaqa paida karnay kii khaatir aag phailatay thay. iss nay shogont kuu intebahi ordinance jaari karnay aur kachh mujaram fayer fyters kuu phansi deenay parr aamadah kiyaa. giraftar aatish geeron kuu jalanay say pehley sadkon parr paish qadmi kii gayee. tahim aatish zadgi kay tayein shogoniyat kii adam bardasht kii palisi kay bawajood aatish zadgi say paida honay waali aag kuu aido say kabhi bhee makmal toor parr khatam nahein kiyaa gayaa. bakamatsu kay door mein awami nazam woo nasq kharaab hawaa keunkah shogoniyat kaa intezam naahil how gayaa. iss kay natijay mein aatish zadgi say lagnay waali aag mein zabardast izafah hawaa. kachh aatish zadgi karnay waalay adab aur kabuki kaamon kay mozua bunn gayey. inn mein shaamil thay jinn kay naam parr 1683 kii teena kii azeem aag (teena 3)yee jiss mein 3,500 afraad halaak hoay thay bhee rakhee gayee thee. aushichi aag kii zamah daar nahein thee leakin iss kii wajah say apnaa gahar khoo dee. iss nay eek mandar mein panah lee aur wahaan eek safha say mohabat karnay lagee. eek saal baad iss nay iss tasavur kii bunyaad parr aatish zadgi kii koshish kii kahh eek aur aag donon kuu dobarah milnay kay qaabil banaye gee. asay giraftar kiyaa gayaa moqhadhima chalaya gayaa aur aag lagaa kirr phansi day dee gayee. iss kii kahaani aihaar cycaco aur soroya nanboko chaharam kii bunyaad thee. mosami halaat. shamaal say aaney waala teez mosam sarma kaa maanson eek mosami haalat thee juu aido kay liye manfard thee. iss nay behat see sardiyon aur mosam bahaar kii aag mein hasah daala juu khashak mosam mein hoyee juu shamaal maghrabi aur shamali hawaon kii wajah say hoyee. iss kay alawah mosam bahaar aur khazaan mein teez janubi hawayein bhee bury aag kii eek aur wajah thein. iss wajah say 1658 mein shogoniyat kay zariah qayem kardah chaar teamein ("maanji" 1) adoo qalye kay shamaal maghrab mein iss samat say failnay waali aag say qalye kii hifazat kay liye tayinaat kii gayee thein. jabb aag kuu mahinay kay hasaab say shamaar kiyaa gayaa tuu maarch mein sabb say ziyadah "bury aag" dekhi gayee iss kay baad faroori apreel aur januri mein. inn chaar maheenon mein 70 faisad bury aag lagee. meriki kii azeem aag juu 107,000 takk jaanein leenay parr adoo kii tareekh kii sabb say tabaah kunn aag hay 2 maarch 1657 kuu (japani qamri shamsi tenpo calender mein "meriki" 3 kay pehley mahinay kaa 18 waan dunn) paish aayee. aido kay "chonan" iss haqeeqat say achhi tarah waaqif thay. sardiyon mein khwatin kuu adoo kay mazafat mein apnay waldeen kii rehaish gaahon kay liye jaanay aur aag kaa mosam guzarnay kay baad hyee waps aaney kuu kahaa jaataa thaa jiss kay natijay mein aabadi mein mosami ataar chadhao aataa thaa. 1725 mein ("cueho" 10)yee chhatay mahinay kii aabadi choothay mahinay kay muqabilay mein 10,000 say ziyadah thee. izaafi aabadi kaa 90 faisad say ziyadah khwatin thein. tokogawa shogont kay aag kii rook thaam kay iqdamat. adoo door kay awail mein shogoniyat kay mamtaz ahdidaron nay hawaon waalay dunon mein "shogan" aur adoo qalye kay tahfuz kuu tarjih kay toor parr qayem kiyaa jabb aatish zadgi honay kaa sabb say ziyadah amkaan thaa. iss kay barakas sengoko door kay baqiyah hasay kay toor parr "chonan" kay rehaishi elaqon say mutaliq aag kii rook thaam kay iqdamat parr taqriba koyee taujah nahein dee gayee. tahim jeesay jeesay "chonan" nay samaji taaqat haasil kii shogoniyat kii polician bhee tayaar hoyein jiss kii alaamat kay toor parr aathwein shogan nay cueho aslahaat kay hasay kay toor parr adoo kuu aalimi satah parr ahatah karnay kay liye aag kii rook thaam kay iqdamat kuu badhaya. aag bajhanay waali tanzimein. ibtadayi adoo door mein aag bajhanay kuu idaarah jaati nahein banaya gayaa thaa. tahim bury aag kaa takraar nazaam kay qayaam kay liye eek aham moad bunn gayaa. iss nazaam kay tahat fayer fyters kuu aam toor parr aur mein darjah bund kiyaa gayaa thaa. buck hackishi" kay andar fayer fyters kuu mazeed aur mein taqsim kiyaa gayaa. aag bajhanay kaa "hackishi" kaa bunyadi tariqah aag kuu failnay say roknay kay liye aag say aag lagnay waali emaraton kuu manhadam karnaa thaa. mewa" kay door mein afraadi qoot kay zariye chalnay waalay lakdi kay pump kii eek qasm istemaal kii jaati thee leakin paani kii balatatal farahami kii kamee kii wajah say yaha aag bajhanay kaa makmal toor parr qaabil amal zariah kabhi nahein banaa. meeji kii bahaali takk paishah warr fayer fyters kay zariah emaraton kaa dasti inhadam jinn mein steple jeek kii aksariyat thee aag bajhanay kaa bunyadi tariqah rehaa. "dimiyo hackishi. dimiyo hackishi" kuu 1643 mein ("kaanayi" 20)yee aukay maachi kii aag kay duu saal baad "dimiyos" kuu tafviz kardah lazmi baqayedah fayer fighting saros kii shakal kay toor parr idaarah jaati banaya gayaa thaa. iss say pehley aag lagnay kay baad jaari kardah ghair mamuli ahkamat kay zariye "demuse" kuu aag bajhanay kay kaamon kay liye rawanah kiyaa gayaa thaa. dimiyo hackishi" kii deegar shaklon mein wah loag shaamil thay juu shogont kay zariah aham samjhay jaanay waalay maqamat jeesay maqbaray mazaraat aur chawal kay anaaj kay liye zamah daar thay vovo juu adoo kay infiradi zeeli devisions kay liye zamah daar thay vovo aur juu "dimiyo" rehaish gaahon mein khood dafaa fayer fighting bodys kay barakas aas paas kay elaqon mein aag bajhanay mein hasah leenay kay paband thay. "jobikeshi. meriki kii azeem aag kay eek saal baad 1658 ("manji" 1) mein "jobikeshi" kuu idaarah jaati banaya gayaa thaa. hatamotoz kuu braah raast shogoniyat kii kamaan mein aag bajhanay kii zamah daariyan sonpi gayein. inhein fayer lick aaot towers say lees gharoon mein tayinaat kiyaa gayaa thaa. inhon nay paishah warr fayer fyters kuu bhee mulazimat parr rakhaa. ibtadayi toor parr chaar teamon kuu manzam kiyaa gayaa thaa. baad mein shogont kii maali aur foji haisiyat kay saath saath "machibekeshi" kii tayari kay lahaaz say aido paread kay ikhtatam parr inn kii taadad mein 15 teamon kay saath sarf eek team mein ataar chadhao aayaa. ziyadah tarr waqat duss teamein hoti thein aur iss liye inhein bhee blaya jaataa thaa. "machibekeshi. jabb tokogawa youshimone nay aathwein shogan kay toor parr iqtedar sanbhala tuu adoo mein aag bajhanay kay kaam "dimiyo hackishi"yee "jobikeshi" mein taqsim kiye gayey aur jinn mein say moakhar alzikar "chonan" fayer fyters thay juu tajiron aur karigaron parr mushtamil thay. agarcha "dimiyo hackishi" aur "jobikeshi" tajarbah kaar fayer fyters thay leakin inhein "choneen" kay rehaishi elaqon mein honay waali aag kay baaray mein waaqee kabhi fakar nahein thee. iss doraan "tanabikeshi" shoqia fayer fyters kay gropon kay elawah aur kachh nahein thaa juu khood bhee khoof zadah aag say bhaag jayein gay. 1720 mein ("cueho" 5)yee tokogawa yushimon nay cueho aslahaat kay hasay kay toor parr "machibekeshi" kuu idaarah jaati banaya. iss nay fayer fighting kay nayey yount qayem karnay kaa hakam diyaa juu waaqee "chonan" kay rehaishi elaqon kii hifazat karnay kay qaabil hoan gay. machibekeshi" nazaam kay tahat harr qasbey kuu aag bajhanay kay kaamon kay liye apnaa "chonan" bhejna padta thaa. okaa nay qasbey kay hakaam aur manzam qasbon kay fayer fighting gropon kii tajaweez kuu qabool kiyaa. sameda nadee kay maghrab mein adtalis garwah banaye gayey. chaar kay elawah inn sabb kuu eek hyee hairgun haroof kaa istemaal kartay hoay namzad kiyaa gayaa thaa aur iss tarah ijtemayi toor parr inhein dee kahaa jaataa thaa. daryaa kay mashriq mein honjo aur fokogawa mein solah deegar garwah banaye gayey. harr grop kii apnee manfard aur wardi thee. harr grop kay andar taluqat mamul kay mutabiq thay leakin gropon kay darmiyan ikhtelaaf bhee aam thaa. 1730 mein ("cueho" 15)yee aag bajhanay waalay inn gropon kuu aag bajhanay kay waqat kay paimanay aur karkardgi kuu badhanay kay liye baday gropon mein dobarah manzam kiyaa gayaa. agarcha "machibekeshi" ibtadayi toor parr sarf "choneen" kay rehaishi elaqon kay liye zamah daar thaa leakin inn kii salahiyaton kuu tasleem kiyaa gayaa aur baad mein samurion kay rehaishi alaaqon jeesay palon mazaaraat chawal kay anaaj kay zakhayer aur yahaan takk kahh adoo qalye kay andar bhee aag say ladnay kay liye bheja gayaa. meeji kii bahaali kay waqat takk wah adoo kii aag bajhanay waali aham qoot bunn chakay thay jabkah iss kay barakas iss waqat takk "buck hackishi" behat kumm how chaki thee. mukhalif aarsan iqdamat. chonkah adoo mein aatish zadgi aag lagnay kii eek bury wajah thee iss liye shogont nay aatish zadgi karnay waalon kay khalaaf crack ddaun karnay mein kaafi koshish kii. eek neeya hukumati ahdah mutaarif karaya gayaa. "chonan" kuu aatish zadgi karnay waalon kuu pakadnay kay liye anaamaat diye gayey. aatish zadgi kuu jarm qaraar diyaa gayaa aur awaam kay liye intebah kay toor parr asay daadhi parr jalanay kii sazaa dee gayee. "hatsoke tozoko arataam. "hatsoke tozoko aratam" eek position thee jasay shogont nay aatish zadgi choori aur joye kay jaraim kuu nishanah bananay kay liye mutaarif karaya thaa. agarcha ibtadayi toor parr teenon jaraim kay liye teen alg alg ahday thay leakin inhein 1683 mein foji ahalkaar kay zariye beek waqat munaqid kiyaa gayaa thaa ("teena" 3). baad mein inhein mukhtasir waqat kay liye khatam kirr diyaa gayaa leakin 1703 mein dobarah mutaarif karaya gayaa ("generoco" 16) aur 1718 mein eek hyee position mein muthad kirr diyaa gayaa ("cueho" 3). maachi-bogio" kay barakas juu soul ahalkaar thay "hatsoke tozoko aratami" foji ahalkaar thay. iss liye inn kii pooch gachh kii hakmat emli pratashdad hoti thee. agarcha inn kay paas aatish zadgi kay mushtabah afraad kuu giraftar karnay kaa akhtiyar thaa leakin ghalat giraftariyon kay liye koyee sazaa nahein thee. iss wajah say wah aksar giraftar mushtabah afraad kuu aiteraf jarm parr majbur karnay kay liye tashdad kaa nishanah banatay thay jiss kii wajah say bury taadad mein jhootay alzamaat aayed hotay thay. iss nay "chonan" parr eek badnaam zamanah tasveer chhodi jiss nay "maachi-bogio" aur "say mawaznah kartay hoay inn kaa arfiyat diyaa. aatish zadgi karnay waalon kuu pakadnay aur jalanay kay zariye phansi deenay kay liye anaamaat. shogoniyat nay baar baar ordinance jaari kiye jinn mein giraftar aatish zadgi karnay waalon kuu fouri toor parr waps karnay aur inn kay aghwa kaaron kuu anaamaat deenay kaa mutalibah kiyaa gayaa. mazeed baraan aatish zadgi karnay waalay kuu pakadnay waalay kay khalaaf baqaya jaraim kuu maaf kirr diyaa jaaye gaa. yahaan takk kahh aatish zadgi karnay waalay jinhon nay apnay saathiyon yaa deegar aatish zadgi karnay waalon kay khalaaf atlaa deenay mein aham kirdaar adaa kiyaa wah bhee aam maafi kay elawah anaamaat kay ahal thay. 1723 mein ("cueho" 8)yee yaha hakam diyaa gayaa thaa kahh kasee bhee shaqs kuu aag lagnay kii soorat mein mashkok royay kii bunyaad parr giraftar kiyaa jaa saktaa hay chahay iss nay aatish zanee naha kii how. awaam kay liye eek intebah kay toor parr giraftar aatish zadgi karnay waalon kuu shehar bhar mein paish kiyaa gayaa aur inhein daadhi parr jalaa diyaa gayaa. mazeed baraan inn kay khalaaf alzamaat lakdi kii takhtiyon parr likhay gayey aur awami numaish kay liye rakhay gayey. jalanay kay zariye phansi kaa hakam adoo door kay tazirati zabtay mein diyaa gayaa thaa aur 1868 mein ("meeji" 1) meeji hukumat kay aarizi tazirati zabtay kay zariye iss kii jagah leenay takk iss parr amal kiyaa jaataa thaa. aatish zadgi karnay waalon kay ahal khaanah kuu bhee malus kiyaa gayaa aur bewiyon aur betiyon kuu muahidah shadah ghalami mein ddaal diyaa gayaa yaa jalawatni mein bhej diyaa gayaa. muahide parr aatish zadgi kii soorat mein jiss shaqs nay jarm kii adayegi kii thee wah bhee qaabil sazaa thaa. jabb aatish zadgi karnay waala samorai thaa tuu jalanay say phansi laago nahein hoti thee. iss kay bajaye ziyadah say ziyadah sazaa dee gayee thee vovo sazaa yaaftah samorai kaa sarr qalam kirr diyaa gayaa aur sarr kuu eek choki yaa plait faarm parr rakhaa gayaa aur teen dunn takk dikhaya gayaa jabkah laash kuu talwaar kii jaanch kay liye istemaal kiyaa gayaa. jiss nay bhee tehriri nott say aatish zadgi kii dhamki dee thee wah ibtadayi toor parr qaabil maafi thaa leakin baad mein sazaa kuu kumm kirr kay jalawatni kirr diyaa gayaa. agarcha oopar biyaan kardah asulon kii bunyaad parr sazayein dee gayein leakin aatish zadgi kii nakaam koshishon jeesay shadeed halaat parr bhee ghoor kiyaa gayaa. 15 saal say kumm amar kay aatish zadgi karnay waalon kuu phansi nahein dee jaaye gee balkah inhein jalawatni kay liye bhej diyaa jaaye gaa yaa inhein jaanch parr rakhaa jaaye gaa. shehri mansubah bundi. aatish gair mawaad say bunny emaraton kii gahnay taqsim eek aham ansar thaa jiss kii wajah say aag chhotay say baday paimanay parr phail gayee. eek baar jabb eek emarat mein aag lugg jaati hay tuu padosi jald hyee aag lagaa deetay iss say pehley kahh fayer fyters koyee jawaab day sakein. iss wajah say meriki kii azeem aag kay natijay mein aag kay khalaaf shehar kay dafaa kuu badhanay kay liye adoo mein ghair aatish gair mawaad say banay dahanchon kuu farogh diyaa gayaa. adoo mein mukhtalif maqamat parr fayer barrier zonz kuu blaya aur qayem kiyaa gayaa. tyled chhaton aur mutty kay gharoon sameet aag say mazahim mawaad kuu apnana lazmi how gayaa. "heokichi" aur "herocoji". meriki kii bury aag mein tabaah kunn nqsan kay baad aag kii rook thaam kay iqdamat kuu aido kay tameer noow kay mansubay mein behat zoor diyaa gayaa. aag kuu failnay say roknay kay liye fayer barrier zonz qayem kiye gayey thay. iss kaa aaghaz adoo qalye kay baahir kii bunyadi rehaish gaahon kuu muntaqil karnay aur khaali jagah kuu aag kii rook thaam kay liye waqaf karnay say hawaa. iss kay baad deegar "demeo" aur hatamoto say taaluq rakhnay waali rehaish gaahon kii muntaqli hoyee. aido kay andar emaraton kay gahnay compection kuu kumm karnay kay liyay ziyadah tarr maqamat kuu qalye say door honay kay liye muntakhib kiyaa gayaa thaa. mazeed baraan "generoco" door kay doraan "demuse" kuu adoo kay mazafat mein apnee saanvi aur tartiri rehaish gaahein tameer karnay kay liye zameen dee gayee thee aur inn kii tartiri rehaish gaahein bhee aag kay doraan panah gaahon kay toor parr istemaal kii jaati thein. zameen kuu nayee samorai rehaish gaahon kuu adjust karnay kay eek aur zariah kay toor parr dobarah haasil kiyaa gayaa thaa. 1661 kay aas paas ("kaanban" 1)yee honjo mein zameen kii bahaali makmal kii gayee taakah samorai rehaish gaahon kii tameer kay saath saath "choneen" rehaish gaahon kii muntaqli kii ajazat dee jaa sakay. asee tarah kay muntaqli kay ahkamat mandaron aur mazaraat kuu bhee jaari kiye gayey thay. inn mein say ziyadah tarr adoo kii nehron say baahir chalay gayey jabkah inn mein say kachh kuu aaskosa komagom aur koshikawa mein apnee nayee jaghein milain. iss arsey mein nahunbashi kay pados say aaskosa mein reed light zalaa kii muntaqli bhee hoyee halankah iss aqdaam kaa faislah meriki kii bury aag say pehley kiyaa gayaa thaa. aag kii rukawat kay duu qasm kay zoon aur nql makaani kii wajah say khaali zameen say banaye gayey thay. pehley khaali plazah thay aur baad mein chodi sadkein thein. iss kay alawah sadak chodi karnay kii palisi kay saath gharoon kuu kasee bhee tarah kii chodayi kuu hatana zaruri thaa. nql makaani kay natijay mein shehri taleem mein izafah hawaa. 1662 mein ("kaanban" 2)yee nehron kay baahir yovino scosa aur sheeba kay elaqon kuu "maachi-bogio" kay zeer intezam laaya gayaa. teena kii azeem aag kay baad nql makaani kii eek aur lehar jiss mein "demeo" rehaish gaahein mandar aur mazaraat shaamil thay aur nayey "heokichi" kii ajazat dee aur "herocoji" kuu badhaya. iss kay natijay mein ziyadah tarr mandar aur mazaraat abb nehron kay baahir waaqa thay. cueho aslahaat kay doraan aag kii rook thaam kuu "machibekeshi" kii idaarah jaati kaaree kay saath sharoo kartay hoay mazeed mazboot kiyaa gayaa. tokogawa yushimon kay ghair aatish gair adoo kay liye josh woo kharoosh kii roshni mein kaanda hatchbory aur achgaya mein nayee "heokichi" qayem kii gayee. adoo kay aas paas aag kii rukawat kay zoon qayem karnay kii koshishon kay bawajood aisey muamilat bhee thay jehaan "heokichi" kay andar makanaat banaye gayey thay aur "herocoji" kay saath stores jiss nay inn kii afadiyat kuu numayan toor parr kumm kirr diyaa baaz auqaat iss hadd takk kahh aag kaa khatrah pehley say bhee ziyadah thaa. aag say mazahim aur aag say bachnay waalay dahanchay. 1601 kii azeem aag ("kicho" 6) kay baad shogont nay lazmi qaraar diyaa kahh chhaton kuu chhaton mein tabdil kiyaa jaaye. baad mein partaesh "demeo" rehaish gaahon kay andar emaraton mein tyle kii chhatein fashion bunn gayein aur kachh "choneen" rehaish gaahon mein bhee inhein apnaya gayaa. tahim meriki kii zabardast aag kay baad eek palisi tabdili nay tyled chhaton kay istemaal parr pabandi lagaa dee keunkah aag say mazahim tylen chhaton say girr gayein aur behat say zakhmon kaa sabab bunain. iss kay bajaye aatish gair chhaton kuu mutty say dhanpna zaruri thaa taakah aag kuu failnay say rooka jaa sakay. 1661 mein ("kaanban" 1)yee nayee emaraton mein chhaton kay istemaal parr bhee pabandi aayed kirr dee gayee jiss say waahid ajazat yaaftah intekhaab shangal kii chhatein bunn gayein. tokogawa youshimone kay iqtedar sanbhalne takk tyle kii chhatein lazmi nahein how gayein. samorai rehaish gaahon kay liyay 1723 mein ("cueho" 8)yee bancho kay qareeb jalti hoyee hatamoto rehaish gaahon kuu tyled chhaton kay saath dobarah tameer karnay kii zarurat thee. iss maqsad kay liye blaa sood qarzay bhee farahim kiye gayey. 1725 kay aas paas ("cueho" 10) kay baad mahdud elaqon mein maujudah rehaish gaahon kuu tyled chhaton kuu apnanay kii zarurat thee. baad mein yaha palisi baday elaqon mein iss intebah kay saath naafiz how gayee kahh ghair tameel waali rehaish gaahein manhadam kirr dee jayein gee. chonan" rehaish gaahon kay liyay tyled chhaton parr pabandi 1720 mein khatam kirr dee gayee thee ("cueho" 5). 1722 ("cueho" 7) kay baad adoo mein tamaam emaraton kuu tyle kii chhatein hony chahein aur inhein zameen say banaya yaa dahanpa jaana chahiye halankah "chonan" parr maashi bojh kuu madnazar rakhtay huay baaz suraton mein chhalkay kay khoolon say bunny chhaton kii bhee ajazat thee. samorai rehaish gaahon kii tarah awami khadmat kii fees aur blaa sood qarzon say chhot dastiyaab thee aur ghair tarmim shadah rehaish gaahein masmaar karnay kay taabaa thein. shogoniyat kay zeer intezam ghair aatish gair aido prograam tokogawa youshimone kii hukmarani mein anjaam diyaa gayaa thaa halankah 1751 mein inn kii moth kay baad ("kanee" 4)yee shogoniyat apnee preshan kunn maali haisiyat kii wajah say kumm faal how gayaa. yaha prograam kabhi bhee makmal toor parr makmal nahein hawaa juu "meeji" door say pehley mukhtalif bury aag kii bunyadi wajah bunn gayaa. mamnuaat aur aag say mutaliq intebah kay ahkamat. aag kuu roknay kay liyay shogont nay harr qasm kii hidayaat jaari kein jinn mein aag lagnay kii mamkanah wajuhaat parr pabandi aham waaqiaat kay doraan aag say mutaliq intebah kay ahkamat aur asl aag kay doraan makhsus sargarmiyon parr pabandi shaamil haine. aag kay khatraat kuu nishanah bananay parr pabandi kuu awami baath hows aatish baazi aur fazlah jalanay kay khalaaf hidayat kii gayee thee. ziyadah tarr "chonan" rehaish gaahein ghasal khaaney kay saath nahein banayi gayee thein taakah aag lagnay kii wajah kay shabah say bachaa jaa sakay. iss kay natijay mein awami baath house maqbool hoay. agarcha baath house kay karobar mein aag laganay kii zarurat nay makmal pabandi kuu rook diyaa leakin 1653 mein ("juu" 2) shaam 6 bajay kay baad takk awami baath houson mein aag laganay parr pabandi aayed kirr dee gayee. awami baath houses kuu nahanay kaa paani sabah takk rakhna thaa taakah paani kuu aag bajhanay kay liye istemaal kiyaa jaa sakay. shehar kay andar aatish baazi kii tayari parr 1648 mein pabandi aayed kirr dee gayee thee ("kyaan" 1). inn kay istemaal parr bhee pabandi aayed kirr dee gayee thee sawaye driyaon kay aur mazeed 1642 mein sarf sameda nadee kay kinaray takk mahdud kirr diyaa gayaa thaa ("kyaan" 5). "generoco" door mein qasbon aur gharoon mein "sagicho" kii taqribaat parr pabandi aayed thee. iss say pehley bhee 1655 mein fazlah jalanay kuu ghair qanuni qaraar diyaa gayaa thaa ("meriki" 1). eek ghair mamuli misaal kay toor parr aido qalye parr jalti hoyee patang garnay kay duu dunn baad 1646 ("shoho" 3) mein patangon parr pabandi jaari kii gayee thee. shogan kay doray cuto say eek shaahi khaatun kay doray aur josan kay mandoob kii aamad jeesay aham waaqiaat kay doraan aag kii intebah kii satah badhanay kaa mutalibah karnay waalay ordinance jaari kiye gayey. inn ordinance kay tahat aag aur jhagdon kuu roknay kay liye shehar mein gasht kiyaa gayaa paani say bharee baltiyan tayaar kii gayein aur shehar kay elaqay kuu saaf kiyaa gayaa. asee tarah kay ahkamat bhee jaari kiye gayey jabb rasumaat manayi jaa rahee thein aur. aag kay doraan mamnua makhsus sargarmiyon mein "aag kay maqamat kaa dorah"yee baday size kii gaadiyon kay saath chalnay waalay auzaar aur inn kaa istemaal aur paidawar yaha sabb khalal kuu shadat say roknay aur ankhala kii rukawaton kuu kumm karnay kii khaatir shaamil haine. "chonan" kay aag say bachao kay iqdamat. agarcha yaha kahawat zindagi kay tayein adoo kay logon kay bay qaabu royay kuu ghair waazah toor parr zahir karti hay leakin yaha shehar kii aksar lagnay waali aag kay baaray mein inn kii emli zahniyat kii bhee akaasi karti hay-aag mein gumshidah honay say jald kharch karnaa behatar thaa. aido kay "chonan" kay liyay aag lagna rozmarah kaa mamul bunn chakaa thaa phir bhee inn kaa phailao taqriba raknay kay qaabil nahein thaa. jabb inn kii rehaish gaahon aur karobaron mein aag lagee tuu pehla aur sabb say aham maqsad fouri toor parr inn kaa ankhala karnaa aur inn kii amlaak kuu mahfuz rakhna thaa. dosri taraf inhon nay iss baath kuu yaqeeni bananay parr bhee poori taujah dee kahh inn kii apnee rehaish gaahon say aag naha lagay. aag kay khalaaf dafaat. aido mein dunn yaa raat say qataa nazar aag lagee. agar koyee sotay hoay aag lugg jaaye tuu kapday badalna aur roshni kii tayari ankhala mein takhir kaa baais bunn sakti hay. lehza jabb sardi qareeb aatee hay tuu aag kay mosam mein daakhil hotaa hay ahtiyati tadabir kay toor parr loag hungami soorat haal mein kapadon sameet ashyaa aur apnay takiyon kay saath rakhtay haine. jabb aag lagnay kii atlaa dee jaaye gee tuu pehley asl aur hawaa kii samat kii tasdiq how jaaye gee. agar surathaal kuu khatarnaak samjha jaataa tuu qeemati ashya juu lay jayaa nahein jaa saktaa thaa inn kuu andar ddaal diyaa jaataa aur karobari saarfin kuu matlaa kiyaa jaataa aur loag aag kuu failnay say roknay kay liye chhaton parr chadh kirr koyee changari bajhatay. jabb khatrah qareeb aataa tuu wah sarf inn qeemati ashya kay saath wahaan say nikal jaatay jinhein saath lay jayaa jaa saktaa thaa. qeemati ashya kuu aag say bachanay kay liye istemaal kiyaa gayaa. "yojankago" baans kii eek bury tokri thee jiss say koyee bhee kamar yaa kandhon parr lay jaa saktaa thaa. aham dastawezaat kay liyay kaal kiye gayey vekar baaks istemaal kiye jaatay thay. agarcha "dehachigoroma" aur "karomangamochi" bury taadad mein ashyaa kii nql woo hamal kirr saktay thay leakin inn kay baday size ankhala kay doraan inhein rukawatein paida kartay thay. aisi misalein bhee thein jehaan nql woo hamal kii gayee ashyaa kuu adti hoyee changariyon say aag lugg gayee aur aag phelanay mein madad milly. inn wajuhaat kii wajah say shogoniyat nay inn parr pabandi lagaa dee. eek izaafi aqdaam kay toor parr aur bemah fayer karnay kay paish khaimah kay toor parr ameer taajir gahar kii tameer kay liye darkaar mawaad kay liye lakdi kay khurdah faroshon kuu pehley say adayegi kartay thay. agar inn kay karobar jall jaatay haine tuu malbah hataye jaanay kay baad paree peed mawaad kuu fouri toor parr tameer noow kay liye daawi kiyaa jaa saktaa hay taakah karobar mukhtasir waqat mein dobarah sharoo how sakay. "dozo" aur "" anagora "". "dozo" aur "anagora" aisey dahanchay thay juu aisi ashyaa kuu zakhirah karnay kay liye istemaal hotay thay jinhein aag kay doraan muntaqil nahein kiyaa jaa saktaa thaa. ameer taajir aam toor parr inn kay zarb kay maalik hotay haine. inn kii ziyadah laagat kii wajah say "dozo" ziyadah tarr tajiron kay zariah banaya aur istemaal kiyaa jaataa thaa vovo iss kay muqabilay mein "anagora" aam logon kay liye ziyadah sastee thee. "dozo" motee palastar shadah mutty kii dewaron waalay zakhirah gaah thay aur ziyadah tarr muamilat mein tyle kii chhatein thein. inn kii motee dewaron kii wajah say aag say mazahimat nay inhein ashyaa gharilo saamaan auzaar aur qeemati ashyaa kuu zakhirah karnay kay liye misali banaa diyaa. tahim wah naqis tameer aur namunasib deekh bhaal kii wajah say honay waali kamzooriyon kaa bhee shikaar how saktay haine khadkiyon aur daakhli raaston mein daraadon kay saath saath choohay kay surakhon say aag lagnay deetay haine aur iss kay natijay mein girr bhee saktay haine. iss wajah say ameer taajir zameen kuu tayaar haalat mein tayaar kartay taakah wah aag lagnay parr apnay baqayedah plaster kuu fouri toor parr apnay "dozo" kuu sail kirr sakein. aisey bhee waaqiaat thay jabb wah khood aag kay moharrik thay wah apnay "dozo" kay darwazay khalay chhod deetay aur inhein awami kafarah kii shakal mein jalnay deetay. dastawezaat kuu zakhirah karnay kay liye khaas toor parr qalah bund "dozo" jasay mojud kahaa jaataa hay leakin iss say bhee ziyadah tamirati laagat kii wajah say kabhi maqboliyat haasil nahein kii halankah wah atnee mazboot thein kahh bury aag say bach sakein. dosri taraf aisi rehaish gaahein aur karobar bhee thay jinhein kahaa jaataa thaa juu zakhirah gaahon say mashabahat kay liye banaye gayey thay. tahim karobari istemaal kay liye zaruri wasee mawaqa kuu adjust karnay kay liye inn kii aag kii mazahimat say kumm woo baish samjhutah karnaa padaa. "mesgora" juu jadeed door takk zindah hay abb ziyadah tarr katori (sawara elaqah)yee tochigi aur kawagwe kay shehron mein paaya jaataa hay jiss say inn shehron aur inn kay mahlon kuu yaha naam milta hay. "anagora" zeer zameen zakhirah karnay kii jaghein thein. chhotay inder beedd storage units kay barakas anagora mein eek shaqs kuu rakhnay kay liye kaafi jagah thee aur qeemati saamaan kuu zakhirah karnay kay liye bhee banaya gayaa thaa. wah "dozo" say sastay thay phir bhee aag aur choori kay khalaaf mosar rahay keunkah inn kay paas mahfuz karnay kay liye sarf coor thay. "adoo mein "anagora" pehli baar 1656 ("meriki" 2) mein nahunbashi mein eek store chalanay waalay eek drepary wender kay zariah istemaal kiyaa gayaa thaa. azumi-yaa" kay "anagora" kii taasir kuu meriki kii azeem aag mein pehchana gayaa aur inhein maqbool bananay mein madad milly. adoo mein "anagora" kii maqboliyat kay baaray mein kawgo namak kay taajir nay apnee yaaddasht mein likhaa hay kahh adoo kaa daswaan hasah surakh how gayaa thaa. iss tarah kii maqboliyat nay iss paishay kuu bhee janam diyaa. agarcha aido mein "anagora" bunyadi toor parr cypers kay saath banaya gayaa thaa taakah zeer zameen paani kii satah kii wajah say honay waalay rasaaw kuu rooka jaa sakay iss kay bawajood zeer zameen namee nay inn kii istehkaam kuu mahdud kirr diyaa thaa. aag lagnay kay haadsaat kii sazaa. agarcha shogoniyat nay aatish zadgi parr crack ddaun kay liye jalanay kay zariye moth sameet sazayein aayed kein leakin aag kay haadsaat kay liye iss kii sazayein atnee sakht kahein nahein thein. samurai tabqe kay wah loag jinhon nay aag lagayi thee agar wah asay apnee rehaish gaahon kay andar bajhanay mein kamiyab how jaatay tuu inhein bury kirr diyaa jaataa. asee tarah agar aag chhoti rahee tuu "chonan" kay saath thaa. agarcha bury aag kii soorat mein moth aur jalawatni sameet sakht sazayein aayed karnay kii tajweez parr ghoor kiyaa gayaa leakin iss tarah kii tajaweez kuu kabhi bhee manzoor nahein kiyaa gayaa. qasey kii istedlal mein kahaa gayaa kahh iss waqat aag kay haadsaat kasee parr bhee how saktay haine aur yaha kahh "rojo" nay sepoco karnay kii inn kii tayari parr sawaal uthaya agar wah khood ghalti say bury aag lagayein. samorees kay aatishzadgi kay haadsaat. agar "demeo" rehaish gaah mein aag lagee jabb takk kahh darwazah mahfuz rahay makanaat mein aag lagnay kay bawajood maalik kuu jawabdah nahein thehraya jaaye gaa. qadarti toor parr darwazah tahfuz kaa markaz bunn gayaa. kachh samurai apnay sliding darwazon kuu freem say ataar deetay aur faraar hotay hyee inhein saath lay jaatay. kachh dosray loag "machibekeshi" kuu bund kirr deetay juu jaaye waquah parr pahunch kirr apnee taaqat say aag say ladtay phir daawi kartay kahh dhawaan mahaz alau say aaa rehaa thaa. agarcha koyee jasmani sazaa nahein thee leakin eek samorai jiss nay hadsati toor parr aag lagaa dee thee asay phir bhee kasee muthbadil rehaish gaah mein nazar bund rehney kay liye adaalat kuu report karnay kii zarurat hogi. agar iss nay apnee rehaish gaah say aag phelanay dee hoti tuu asay apnay aalee kay saamney zamah daari kaa daawi paish karnaa padta. aag lagnay kay teen haadsaat eek samorai kuu apnee rehaish gaah kuu adoo kay mazafat mein muntaqil karnay parr majbur kirr dain gay halankah yaha waazah toor parr muqarar nahein kiyaa gayaa thaa. "choneen"yee "mandar"yee aur mazaraat kay aag lagnay kay haadsaat. chonan" kay liyay "kajikata ausadamigaki" kay dosray hajm nay inn logon parr 10yee 20 aur 30 dunn kaa jarmanah aayed kiyaa yaa sakht nazarbandi jinhon nay ghalti say (taqriba) say ziyadah wasee elaqon kuu jalaa diyaa. jarmanay kuu 50 dunn takk badhaya jaa saktaa hay aur agar aag iss dunn lagee jabb shogan doray kay liye rawanah hawaa tuu asay haath say gulay laganay say badhaa diyaa jaa saktaa hay. agar aag kaa nqsan mujaram kay elawah (taqriba) say ziyadah wasee elaqay mein phail jaaye tuu khaandaan kay sarbarah zamindar aur 30 dunn kay "aushikom" kay taabaa bhee hoga. jehaan iss kaa taaluq thaa iss kay arakeen kuu 20 dunn kii "aushikom" kii sazaa bhee dee jaaye gee. mazeed baraan aag kay manbaa kay aas paas kay chh qasbon kay "gachigioji" kuu bhee 20 dunn kaa "aushikom" milay gaa sawaye lee waard kay. mandaron aur mazaraat mein honay waalay aatishzadgi kay haadsaat kay liyay shayestagi kii wajah say shogont nay fayer starters kuu sarf saat dunn kii sazaa yaa light house giraftari dee jiss mein raat kay alg alg dooron kuu bardasht kiyaa jaataa thaa. yahaan takk kahh eek aag juu shogan kay doray kay saath mawafiq thee yaa bury how gayee thee sazaa mein sarf mazeed teen dunn kaa izafah karay gee. aatish zadgi kay haadsaat kuu dosray shehron kay muqabilay mein baasir mandaron aur mazaraat kay ard gird banaye gayey shehron mein behat ziyadah maafi kii sazaa bhee dee jaati thee. aag kay jalnay say ziyadah wasee elaqon mein sarf teen dunn "aushikom" kaa waqat lagtaa hay. maashi asraat. harr baar jabb koyee bury aag lagee tuu tabaah shadah adoo kuu dobarah zindah karnay kay liye darkaar maadi aur maali ikhrajat zabardast thay. lehza saarfin kii qeematon kay saath saath maashi amkanat parr bhee zabardast aag kaa asar aido say lehra saktaa hay aur puray japaan kuu mutasir kirr saktaa hay. iss liye bury aag kay baar baar honay kuu eek aham moharrik kay toor parr kahaa jaa saktaa hay jiss nay aido kii maashi tarqi kuu sahara diyaa. iss kay barakas tameer noow kii laagat bhee shogont kay liye eek behat badaa bojh bunn gayee aur iss nay iss kay preshan kunn maali halaat mein hasah daala. maashi dabao kaa shikaar "chonan" bhee thay. yaha naqabil tasavur nahein hay kahh eek badaa karobar chalanay waalay taajir kuu eek bury aag kay baad "naagiya" mein rehney takk mahdud kiyaa jaa saktaa hay. jabb baath shogont kay bujjet kii hoyee tuu "chonan" kay liye mukhtas ikhrajat mein aag kii rook thaam aur aag bajhanay say mutaliq ikhrajat bhee sabb say ziyadah tanasib kay liye zamah daar thay. saarfin kii qeematon mein aasman chhonay waali. harr bury aag kaa matlab aido mein qeemat mein izafah thaa. chawal say sharoo honay waali khurakon kay saath saath gharoon kii tameer noow kay liye darkaar tamirati mawaad kii qeematon mein kayee ganaa izafah dekha gayaa. misaal kay toor parr meriki kii azeem aag kay baad khaatir kii qeemat phee "show" (taqriba) say badh kirr 1000 "moone" phee "show" how gayee jabkah teel kii qeemat 3 "moone" phee show say badh kirr 2400 "moone" phee "show" how gayee. shehar mein tameer noow kay badhtay hoay kaam kay bojh nay karaye parr liye gayey karigaron kii laagat kuu badhanay mein madad kii. karigaron kay alawah muahidah shadah nokaron nay bhee apnee tankhwahon mein izafah kiyaa keunkah inn mein say kumm loag aag lagnay kay khoof say adoo mein kaam karnaa chahtay thay. inn kay alawah makanaat kii kamee kii bunyaad parr karayon mein izafah hawaa vovo asee tarah palon kii tameer noow say pehley badhti hoyee maang kii wajah say feeri kay karayon mein bhee izafah hawaa. yaha tamaam asraat thay juu aido kii zabardast aag nay maqami saarfin kii qeematon parr martab kiye. afraat zarr kii qeematon parr qaabu paaney kay liyay shogont nay ordinance jaari kiye jiss mein qeematon mein izaafe kuu ghair qanuni qaraar diyaa gayaa karigaron kii tankhwah parr opri hadood aayed kii gayein aur sabb say numayan mujrimon kuu sazaa dee gayee. adoo mein chawal kii kamee kuu door karnay waalay iqdamat naafiz kiye gayey. chawal braah raast kasaanon say khareed kirr dobarah farokhat kiyaa jaataa thaa. kasaanon kuu khood chawal farokhat karnay kay liye adoo aaney kii bhee ajazat dee gayee. aido say milk bhar mein maqamat parr kharidari kay arders kii badhti hoyee taadad kii wajah say iqtesadi amkanat parr aido kii zabardast aag kaa asar milk bhar mein thaa. shogoniyat nay asee tarah wasee elaqon kuu moqaa parsat qeematon mein izaafe kay khalaaf intebahat jaari kiye. tahim iss say aisey taajir nahein rakay jeesay jinhon nay lakdi kii tajarat say khush qasmati haasil kii aur meriki kii bury aag kay baad tameer kaa muahidah kiyaa. shogont parr maali bojh. jalti hoyee sahuliyaat kii tameer noow kay ikhrajat nay shogont kay bujjet kaa eek badaa hasah apnay qabze mein lay liyaa. meriki kii azeem aag kay liyay agarcha adoo qalye kii khoyee hoyee tensho kii deekh bhaal kuu tabaah kirr diyaa gayaa thaa androni qalye kay saath saath mahlaat kii tameer noow nay kill kharch kuu record kiyaa. mawaznah kay liyay iss waqat kay shogan aur tokogawa aayasu kay padpote kuu apnay aabao ajdaad say 42 laakh 30 laakh "riyo" kii raqam aur jayedadein warasat mein milly thein. tameer noow kay alawah aafaat say mutaliq amdadi sargarmiyan baday ikhrajat kaa eek aur zariah thein. meriki kii zabardast aag kay baad hatamoto aur inhein inn kay wazifah kay mutnasib atyaat mosul hoay aur inhein chawal kii paishgi adayegiyon kii ajazat dee gayee. dimiyoz" kay liyay atyaat kay alawah duss saalah qarzay bhee diye gayey thay. taqriba 160,000 "riyo" "choneen" kay liye atyaat parr kharch kiye gayey jinn kay hassas inn kii rehaish gaahon kay agwade kay size say mutabiqat rakhtay thay. mazeed baraan "diamuse" kuu "choneen" kuu kaanji farahim karnay kaa hakam diyaa gayaa thaa juu apnay gahar khoo chakay thay. "choneen" jinn kay chawal kay anaaj kuu jalaa diyaa gayaa thaa inhein mufta chawal farahim kiye gayey thay. meriki kii azeem aag kay baad jabb bhee bury aag lagee tuu shogont nay apnee amdadi koshishein jaari rakhein halankah bigadti hoyee maali haalat kii wajah say chhotay paimanay parr.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=59395468

Mozambican horseshoe bat

Mozambican horseshoe bat Species of bat The Mozambican horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus mossambicus) is a species of horseshoe bat found in Africa. Taxonomy. It was described as a new species in 2012. The holotype had been collected by A. Monadjem in July 2006 at Niassa Reserve in Mozambique. It was segregated from the Hildebrandt's horseshoe bat ("R. hildebrandtii") species complex at the same time as the Smithers's horseshoe bat, Cohen's horseshoe bat, and "Rhinolophus mabuensis". Its species name "mossambicus" refers to the country of Mozambique. Description. Its forearm length is . It echolocates at a peak frequency of 35-38 kHz. Range and habitat. Its range includes the African countries of Mozambique and Zimbabwe. It has been documented at a range of elevations from above sea level. It is associated with savanna habitats. Conservation. As of 2017, it is evaluated as a least-concern species by the IUCN. Its population trend is, however, projected as decreasing due to threats such as hunting for bushmeat, as well as roost disturbance due to guano mining. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

mujambikan ghurar bett mojambikan hoh 'rsoswu bett (raain' lufas musambikas) hoise africat puwa hoh 'rsoswu betor etaa projati. borgikoron. 2012 sonot iyak ek notun projati hisape bornona koraa hoisil. hulutaiptu ek projatir dwara xongroho koraa hoisil. 2006 sonor july maahot moo 'jambikor niyasa rijarbhot monajem. iyak hildebrandor ghurar naalor betor poraa prithok koraa hoisil ("aar. hildebrandity ") projatir jotil eke xomoyote smithers hoh 'rsoswu bett, kuhenor hoh' rsoswu bett, aaru" raain 'lufas mabuensis ". iyar projatir naamtu "musambikax"-e mujambikor dexok bujay. bornona. iyar baahur doirghyo. ee 35-38 kz ror xirxo compancot ecolucate kore. porixor aaru baxosthan. iyar porixorot aase african dexxomuhor mujambik aaru jimbabwe. iyak xagorpristhor uporor poraa bibhinno uschotat nothibhukto koraa hoise. ee sabhana baxosthanor xoite jorito. xongrokhyon. 2017 sonoloike, iyak iucnor dwara ek ataitkoi komm chinta koraa projati hisape mulyayon koraa hoy. obosye, iyar jonoxongkhyar probonota buswometor sikaror dore bhabukir logote guwanu khononor folot huwa rustor bisringkholotar baabe hraax huwa buli onuman koraa hoise.

mozambikan ghodar naal byata mozambikan harsashu byata (rhinolophus mosambicus) africa pawa harsashu byater ekti prajati. taxonomy. 2012 saale etike ekti notun prajati hisabe bornona koraa hoyechilo. holotypety ekti dwara sangraha koraa hoyechilo. 2006 saaler julai maase mojambiker niasa reservey monazem. etty hildebranter ghodar naaler byata ("arr") theke prithak koraa hoyechilo. hildebrandi ") prajati jotil ekoi somoye smitharer ghodar naaler badud, kohener ghodar naaler badud ebong" rhinolophus mabuencies ". err projatir naam "mosambicus" mojambiker deshke bojhai. bornona. err agrabhager doirgho. etty 35-38 kz-err sorbochcho frequencite ecolocate korey. porisor ebong abashsthol. err porisorer modhye mozambik ebong zimbabuer african deshguli antarbhukta. samudraprishther upor theke bivinno uchchotai etty nothibhukto koraa hoyeche. etty savana abashstholer saathe jukto. sanrakkhan. 2017 saaler hisabe, etty iucn dwara ekti swalpo-udwegjonok prajati hisabe mulyayan koraa hoy. tobey, busher mangser shikarer pashapashi guano khanir karone roast jhanjhar moto humkir karone err jonosongkhar probonota hrass pachche boley anuman koraa hoy.

mosambican horseshu bett mosambican horseshu bett (rhinophophus mosembicus) aee africama jovaa maltaa horseshu betnee aek prajaati chhe. vargikaran. tene 2012 maan navee prajaati tareeke varnavama aavee hatee. holotype aek dwara aektrit karvaamaa aavee hatee. julai julai mozambikma niyasa reserve khaate monazem. tene hildebrandnaa horseshu bett ("aar. hildebrandi ") prajaati sankul aee jaj samaye smithers horseshu bett, cohain horseshu bett aneey" rhinophophus mabunces "tareeke odakhaay chhe. tenee prajatinu naam "mosembicus" aee mosembicna deshno ullekh karey chhe. varnan. tenee aagalni lambai chhe. teey 35-38 kz nee tochnee aavartan parr ecolocate karey chhe. vistaar aneey nivassthan. tenee shreneema mosambic aneey zimbabwena african deshono samaavesh thaay chhe. teey dariyani sapatithi unchaini shreneema dastavejikrut karvaamaa aavyu chhe. teey savaana vasvaato saathe sankalaayelu chhe. sanraxan. 2017 sudhimaa, tenu mulyankan iucn dwara ochhama ochhi chinta karatee prajaati tareeke karvaamaa aave chhe. joke, zaadnee maansnee shikaar, temaj guano khaankaamne kaarane roosta vikshep jevaa jokhamone kaarane tenee vasteenu valan ghatatu hovaanu anumaan chhe.

mosambican horseshoe bait mosambican horseshoe bait (rhinolophus mosambicus) africa mein paae jaane vaale horseshoe bait kii ack prajaati haye. vargeekaran. ise 2012 mein ack naee prajaati key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa. holotype koo ack dwara ekatra kiya gayaa thaa. julaai 2006 mein mosambic mein niyasa reserve mein monadzem. ise hildebrant key horseshoe bait (aar. hildebranti) prajaati parisar usee samay hotaa haye jaba smithers horseshoe bait, kohain horseshoe bait aur rhinolophus mabuensis hotey hain. isaki prajaati kaa naam "mosambicus" mosambic key desh koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. varnan. isaki agra-bhuja kii lambai haye. yeh 35-38 kz kii charam aavritti parr ecolocate kartaa haye. parisar aur nivaas sthaan. isaki seema mein mosambic aur zimbabwe key african desh shamil hain. ise samudra tala seey oopar kii kaee unchaaiyon parr pralekhit kiya gayaa haye. yeh sawana aavason seey judaa huaa haye. sanrakshan. 2017 taka, iska mulyankan iucn dwara cumm seey cumm chintit prajaati key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. haalaanki, isaki jansankhya pravritti bushmet key shikaar key saath-saath gwano khanan key kaaran roost ashanti jaise khatron key kaaran cumm honey kaa anuman haye.

mozambican haarssho byaat mozambican haarssho byaat (rhinolophus mosambicus) aafrikaadalli kandubaruva haarssho batna ondu prabhedavagide. vargeekarana. idannu 2012ralli hosa prabhedavendu vivarisalaayitu. holotype annu sangrahisalaagide. mozambikna niassa meesalu pradeshadalli 2006rahra julainalli monadgem. idannu hildebrandna kudurebillina byaatninda ("aarr. hildebrandy) prabhedagalu adhe samayadalli smithers haarssho byaat, cohens haarssho byaat mattu rhinolophus mabuyensisgala sankirnavagide. adara jaatiya hesaru "mosambicus" mosambic deshavannu soochisuttade. vivarane. adara mumbhagada udda. idu 35-38 kz garishta aavartanadalli ecolocate maaduttade. vyaapti mattu aavasasthaana. idara vyaaptiyu mosambic mattu zimbabweya african deshagalannu olagondide. idannu samudra mattadinda ettarada shreniya daakhalisalaagide. idu savannah aavaasasthaanagalondige sambandhiside. samrakshane. 2017rahra hottige, idannu iucn kanishta kalajiya prabhedavendu moulyamaapana maadide. aadaagyoo, bushmeetgaagi beteyaaduvudu mattu gwano ganigarikeyindagi roast adachanegalantaha bedarikegalindaagi adara jansankhyeya pravruttiyu kadimeyaguttade endu andaajisalaagide.

mosambik hozhsshoo baatt aafrikkayil kaanapedunna oru inam kuthirakkoona vavvaalaan mosambican hozhsshoo baatt (rhinolophus mosambicus). vargeekaranam. 2012ll ithine oru puthiya inamaayi visheshippichu. holotype shekharichirunnathu oru. 2006 joolaiyil mosambikkile niyasa reservil monadjem. hildbrandinte hozhsshoo baatt (r. hildebrandy) speeshees complexes smithezhsu hozhsshoo baatt, cohens hozhsshoo baatt, rhinolophus mabunesis ennivayude athe samayathaan. athinte speeshees naamamaya "mosambicus" ennathu mosambic raajyathe soochippikkunnu. vivaranam. athinte kaithandayude neelam. ithu 35-38 kz enna ettavum uyarnna aavruthiyilaanu ekkolokett cheiyunnathu. parisaravum aavaasavyavasthayum. mosambik, simbabwe ennee aafrikkan rajyangal ithinte paridhiyil ulppedunnu. samudranirappil ninnu niravadhi uyarangalil ithu rekhappeduthiyittundu. ithu savanna aavaasavyavasthayumaayi bandhappettirikkunnu. samrakshanam. 2017 leeii kanakkanusarichu, ettavum kuranja aashankayulla inamaayi ithine iucn vilayiruthunnu. ennirunnaalum, mulpadarppinaayi vettayaadunnathum gwano khananam moolamulla koottan kuzhalkkinar polulla bheeshanikal kaaranam athinte janasamkhyayude pravanatha kurayunnathaayi kanakkaakkappedunnu.

mosambican ghodyachya nalyachi batt mosambican horseshoe batt (rhinolophus mosambicus) hii aafriket aadhalanari horseshoe batchi eka prajati aahe. vargikaran. 2012 madhye tyachi eka naveen prajati mhanoon varnan karnyat aale hote. holotype aii. neey gola keela hota. julai 2006 madhye mozambikmadhil niyasa rakheev bhagat monadjem. too hildebrandchya ghodyachya nalyachya vatvaghalapasun (aar. hildebranty ") prajati, smithers horseshoe batt, cohain horseshoe batt aanee rhinolophus mabuensis sarkhya ekach velee guntaguntichya asatat. tyachya prajatiche naav 'mosambicus' mhanje mosambik desh. varnan. tyachya hatachi lambi aahe. teey 35-38 kz chya uchch varanvartevar ecolocate karate. parisar aanee adhivas. tyachya shrenimadhye mosambic aanee zimbabwe yaa african deshancha samavesh aahe. samudrasapatipasunachya anek unchivar tyache dastaivajikaran karnyat aale aahe. too savana adhivasanshi sambandhit aahe. sanwardhan. 2017 paryant, aay. yuu. see. aine. neey tyachi sarvat qamee kalji ghenari prajati mhanoon moolyankan kele aahe. tathapi, zadachya mansachi shikar karane, tasech gwano khankamamule kondyachya astavyast honyasarkhya dhokyanmule tyachi loksankhya qamee hott asalyacha andaj aahe.

mosambican harsashu batt mosambican harsashu batt (rhinolophus mosambicus) africama paine harsashu batko ek prajati how. wargikaran. yasalai 2012 maa nayan prajatiko rupma warnan garieko thiyo. holotype ae dwara sankalan garieko thiyo. july 2006 maa monadjem mojambikko niyasa rijarvama. yasalai hildebrantko harsashu batt ("arr") batt alag garieko thiyo. hildebrandti) prajatiharu ekai samayama smythers harsashu batt, kohenko harsashu batt, rar "rhinolophus mabuensis" ko rupma jatil hunchhan. yasako prajatiko naam "mosambicus" ley mojambikko deshlai janaunchha. warnan. yasako agrabhagko lambai chha. yasale 35-38 kz ko charam awrittima ecolocate gardacha. parisar rar basasthan. yasako dayarama mosambic rar zimbabweka africi deshharu samawesh chhan. yo samudra satahabhanda mathiko uchaima raheko chha bhanera dastawejikaran garieko chha. yo sawana awassanga sambandhit chha. sanrakshan. sann 2017 samma, yasalai aiyusiendwara sabaibhanda cum chinta garne prajatiko rupma mulyankan garieko chha. tathapi, yasako janasankhya prawritti busko masu sikar garne, sathai gwano khananka karan muhanma hune khalal jasta khataraharuka karan ghatdai gaeko anuman garieko chha.

mosambican harsashu batt mosambican harsashu badudi (rhineolophus mosambicus) heuchhi africare dekhajauthiba harsashu badudira eka prajati . bargikarana. 2012 ray ehaaku eka nutan prajati bhabare barnana karajaithila. holotype eka dwara sangraha karajaithila . july 2006 ray monadzem mojambikara niyasa rijarbhare . ehaaku hildebranter harsashu batt ("r") ru pruthaka karajaithila. hildebrandti ") prajati complexes, jaahaa smithers harsashu batt, kohain harsashu batt ebong rhinolofes mabuensis bhali eka sangata prajati. ehara prajati naama "mosambics" mosambic deshaku suchita kare . barnana. ehara baahu lumb heuchhi. ehaa 35-38 kz rahr sarbocha phrikwensire ecolocate kare . parisara ebong basasthana. ehara parisara madhyare african desh mojambika ebong jimbawe antarbhukta . samudra prustharu bibhinna uchchatare ehaa document karajaichi. ehaa sabhana abas sahita jadita . sanrakhyana. 2017 masiha suddha, iucn dwara ehaaku eka sarbanimna-chintita prajati bhabare mulyankana karajaichi. tebe, bush mitt shikara tatha guano khani karanaru pasumananka baasare heuthiba bishrunkhala bhali bipada karanaru ehara janasankhya prabanata hrass pauchhi bolly akalana karajaichi.

mosembican harshashu bait mosembican harshashu bait (rhinolofs mosembics) africa witch paae jaanh vaale harshashu bait dee ikk prajati haii. vargikaran. iss noon 2012 witch ikk naveen prajati vajon darsaiaa giaa see. holotype noon ikk duaara ikattar keeta giaa see. julai 2006 witch mosambic witch niaasa reserve vikhe monadjem. iss noon hildebrant dey ghode dee nakk vaale bait (r. hildebrandi ") prajati complexes use samein smithers harshashu bait, kohain daa harshashu bait atey" rhinolofs maboonsis "dey roop witch. iss dee prajati daa naam "mosembics" mosembic dey desh noon darsaunda haii. varnan. iss dee baanh dee lambai haii. ih 35-38 kz dee sikhar barambarta utte ecolocate karda haii. nivas atey nivas sathaan. iss dee seema witch mosembic atey zimbabwe dey african desh shamal hunn. iss noon samunder tall toon uppar takk kaee uchaiaan 'teey daraj keeta giaa haii. ih swana nivas sathanan naal judiaa hoiaa haii. sambhal. 2017 takk, iss daa mulankan aaee. yuu. see. ainn. duaara sabh toon ghatt chinta vaali prajati vajon keeta giaa haii. halanki, iss dee aabadi daa rujhan boosh meat dey shikar dey naal-naal guano mining caarn rust vigaad varge khatriaan caarn ghatt honn daa anuman haii.

mosambican haarssho byaat mosambican-haars-shoo-vaataah (ranolophus-mossyaambikas) africa-deshe drushyate, ashva-shoo-vaataah ekaha prajaatih asti. vargeekaranam. 2012 tame varshe nootanajaatih iti varnitam aasit. holotap iteedam a ityanena sangruheeyata. 2006 julai-maase mosambic-nagarasya niyasa-reserve-nagare monaadjem iti sthaane. hildebrant ityasya haars-shoo-byaat ("r") ityatah etat pruthakkrutam jaatam. hildebrandti ") prajaatih sankeernah, smitars-haars-shoo-byaat, cohens-haars-shoo-byaat, ranolophus-mabuensis cha. asya prajatyaha naam "mosambicus" iti mosambic-deshasya naam asti. varnanam. tasya agrahastasya dirghata asti. etat 35-38 kz iti uccha-aavartane pratidhwanisat. paridhihi tathaa aawaasah. asya shrenau aafrikan-deshaah mosambic, jimbaabwe cha santi. samudratalaat oordhvatah anekaih ucchasthaaneshu asya abhilekhanam krutam asti. ayam savannaa-nivaasasthaanaih saha sambadhah asti. samrakshanam. 2017 tamavarshaparyantam, aiyusin ityanena asya alpa-chintitaa-jaatih iti mulyankanam krutam asti. parantu, asya janasankhyaa pravruttihi, bush-maamsasya shikarasya, tathaa cha gwaano-khannen jatasya roast-vikshobhasya cha vishamatehe karanat nyooneebhavati iti anumaanitam asti.

mosambigan kudhirai nettri paet mosambigan harsshoe paet (rhinolophus mossambicus) enbathu aaprikkaavil kaanappadum oru kudhirai neththuli paet inamaagum. vagaipiriththal. idhu 2012 aam aandil oru puthiya inamaaga vivarikkappattathu. holodipe oru moolam sekarikkappattathu. monadjem juulai 2006 ill mosaambikkil ulla niyasa recerve. idhu hildibrandin kudhirai neththuli mattaiyilirunthu ("r. hildebrandy ") inangkal oray neraththil smitters harsshoe paet, gohains harsshoe paet mattrum" rhinolobus mabuensis "poantra sikkalaana inangkal. adhan inap peyar "mosampicus" enbathu mosambic naattaik kurikkirathu. vilakkam. adhan mungai neelam. idhu 35-38 kz inn uchcha athirvennil ecolocate seikirathu. varambu mattrum vaazhvidam. adhan varambil aaprikka naadugalaana mosambic mattrum jimbabwe adangkum. idhu kadal mattaththilirunthu uyaramaana idangkalil aavanappaduththappattullathu. idhu savannah vaazhvidangkaludan thodarpudaiyathu. paathukaappu. 2017 aam aandu nilavarappadi, idhu iucn moolam kuraindha akkarai konda inamaaga mathippidappattullathu. iruppinum, pushmeettukkaana vaettai poantra achchuruththalkalaalum, kuwano surangaththin kaaranamaaga roast idaiyoorugalaalum adhan makkal thogai poakku kuraindhu varuvathaaka kanikkappattullathu.

mosambican harsshoe byaat mosambican harsshoe byaat (rhinolophus mosambicus) anedi aafrikaalo kanipinche harsshoe byaat yokka oka jaathi. vargeekarana. idhi 2012loe oka kotta jaatigaa varninchabadindi. holotypenu oka vyakti sekarinchaaru. mojambikloni niasa reservelo juulai 2006loe monadzem. idhi hildebrand yokka gurrapu pandem byaat ("r") nundi vaeru cheyabadindi. hildebrandi) jaatula sanklishtata adhe samayamlo smithers harsshoe byaat, cohens harsshoe byaat mariyu rhinolophus mabuensis. daani jaathi paeru "mosambicus" anedi mosambic deshaanni suuchistumdi. vivarana. daani munjei podavu. idhi 35-38 kz yokka garishta pounahpunyamlo ecolocates chestundi. paridhi mariyu aavasalu. dheeni paridhiloo african deshaalu mosambic mariyu zimbabwe unnaayi. idhi samudra mattam nundi ettaina pradaesaalaloo namodu cheyabadindi. idhi savannah aavasaalato mudipadi undhi. parirakshana. 2017 natiki, dheenini iucn dwara athi takkuva-aandolana kaliginche jaatigaa anchanaa veyabadindi. ayithe, bushmeet kosam vaeta, alaage gwano maining kaaranamgaa roast bhangam vanti bedirimpula kaaranamgaa daani janabha dhorani taggutundani anchanaa veyabadindi.

mosembican harsisho bait mosembican harsisho bait (rhineolophus mosambicus) harsisho bait kii eek nooa hay juu afriqah mein payee jaati hay. texonomy. asay 2012 mein eek nayee nooa kay toor parr biyaan kiyaa gayaa thaa. holo type kuu eek kay zariah jamaa kiyaa gayaa thaa. monadjim jolayi 2006 mein mozambik mein niyasa reserve mein. asay hild braand kay harsisho bait ("aar") say alg kiyaa gayaa thaa. huldbrandy ") anwaa eek hyee waqat mein paichidah hoti haine jabb asmatharz harsisho baitt kohan harsisho baitt aur" rhinolofs mabunsis ". iss kii anwaa kaa naam "mosambeks" mosemback kay milk say maraad hay. wazahat. iss kay baazo kii lambayi hay. yaha 35-38 kz kii chooti taadad parr accolocate kartaa hay. renj aur rehaish gaah. iss kii renj mein afriqi mamalik mozambiq aur zambabwe shaamil haine. asay satah samandar say oopar kii bulandi parr darj kiyaa gayaa hay. yaha sawana kay rehaish gaahon say waabistah hay. tahfuz. 2017 takk aayee yuu see aine kay zariah iss kaa andazah kumm say kumm fakar mund nooa kay toor parr kiyaa gayaa hay. tahim iss kii aabadi kaa rajhaan jhaadiyon kay gosht kay shikaar kay saath saath gawano kaan kanee kii wajah say margh kii khalal jeesay khatraat kii wajah say kumm honay kaa amkaan hay.

fffb21b647117c7332e2d4a44f419083a8b4bb4c1bb11868b316bd36d7495890

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=20164234

2000 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix

2000 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix The 2000 Valencian Community motorcycle Grand Prix was the thirteenth round of the 2000 Grand Prix motorcycle racing season. It took place on 17 September 2000 at the Circuit de Valencia. Championship standings after the race (500cc). Below are the standings for the top five riders and constructors after round thirteen has concluded. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

2000 valencian community motorsaikel grand prix 2000 valencian community motorsaikel grand prix aasil 2000 grand prix motorsaikel resing sijonor troyudox round. 2000 sonor 17 septemborot charkit di valenciat ei ghotona xonghotit hoisil. 2020 sonor spanis jipi-too fabio 'cowarterur bijoyloike, ee aasil upogroho grahok doll hisape jamahar baabe xex primiyar shrenir joy. protijugitar pisot championswipor sthiti (500 sisi). tolot terta roundor pisot xirxo pasjon ryder aaru constructoror baabe sthiti nirdharon koraa hoise.

2000 valencian community motorcycle granned prix 2000 valencian community motorcycle granned prix chhilo 2000 granned prix motorcycle racing morsumer trayodash round. etty 17ee septembara 2000 saale sarkita dii valencia onusthito hoy. 2020 saaler spanish jipi-teey fabio quarteraro bijoyer agey porjonto, etty ekti satellite grahok doll hisabe iamahar shesh premiere classes joy chhilo. protijogitar porey championship standing (500 sisi). tero round shesh howar porey sheersho panch arohi ebong constructorder jonno neeche standing royeche.

2000 valencian community motorcycle grand prix 2000 valencian community motorcycle grand prix 2000 grand prix motorcycle racing seasonno termo round hato. teey 17 september september roj circuit dii valencia khaate yojaayo hato. 2020 spanish jee. pii. maan fabio quartararoni jeet sudhee, teey satellite graahak team tareeke yamaha maate chhelli premiere class jeet hatee. reesa pachhi championship standing (500 seesee). termaa round pachhi tochnaa paanch savaaro aneey constructors maate neecheni sthitee chhe.

2000 valentian samudayik motorcycle grand prix 2000 valentian samudayik motorcycle grand prix 2000 grand prix motorcycle racing season kaa terahvaan daur thaa. yeh 17 sitambar 2000 koo circuit dee valencia mein huaa thaa. 2020 spanish jee. pee. mein fabio quartararo kii jeet taka, yeh ack upgrah graahak team key roop mein yamaha key liye antim pramukh shreni kii jeet thee. daud key baad championship standing (500 cc). terahaven daur key baad sheersh paanch savaaron aur nirmaataon key liye neeche diye gaye standing hain.

2000 valencian samudaaya motorcycle grand prix 2000 rahra valencian samudaaya motorcycle grand prix 2000 rahra grand prix motorcycle racing rtuvina hadimoorane suttina pandyavagittu. idu 2000rahra september 17randu circuit dii valenciadalli nadeyitu. 2020rahra spanish gpyalli fabio quartaro avara vijayadavaregoo, idu upagraha grahaka tandavagi yamaha avara koneya pradhana vargada vijayavagittu. otada nantara championship sthanagalu (500 sisi). hadimuru suttina nantara agra aidu savaararu mattu constructorgala sthaanamaanagalu ee kelaginantive.

2000 valencian samudayik motorcycle grand prix 2000 valentian community motorcycle grand prix hii 2000 grand prix motorcycle racing hangamachi teravi pherii hotee. 17 september 2000 roji circuit dii valencia yethe hii ghatana ghadali. 2020 chya spanish jee. pii. madheel fabio quartararochya vijayaparyant, upgrah grahak sangh mhanoon yamahacha haah shevatcha pramukh shrenicha vijay hota. sharyatinantar ajinkyapad kramvari (500 cc). tera pherii sampalyanantar pahilya paach swar aanee constructorchi kramvari khalee dilee aahe.

2000 bhyalensian samudayik motorcycle grand prix 2000 bhyalensian samudayik motorcycle grand prix 2000 grand prix motorcycle resing sijanko tehraun round thiyo. yo 17 september 2000 maa circuit day bhyalensiama bhaeko thiyo. sann 2020 ko spanis jipima fabio quartararoko vijaya nabhaesamma, yo satellite grahak toliko rupma yamahako lagi antim premiere class jiit thiyo. daudapachhi championship standing (500 sisi). round tehra pachhi shirsha paanch sawar rar constructorharuko standing tall chha.

2000 valencian community motorcycle grand prix 2000 valencian community motorcycle grand prix 2000 grand prix motor cycle resing sijinara trayodasha round thila . ehaa 17 september 2000 ray circuit dii bhalensiare anusthita hoithila . 2020 spanian jipire fabio quartararonka bijai parjyanta, ehaa eka upgraha grahaka dala bhabare yamaha paain shesh premiyara class bijai thila . pratijogita parey championship standing (500 sisi). tero round shesh heba parey shirsha pancha john ryder ebong constructornka paain nimnare standing achhi .

2000 valencian community motorcycle grand prix 2000 valencian community motorcycle grand prix 2000 grand prix motorcycle racing season daa tervan daur see. ih 17 satambar 2000 noon circut dee valencia vikhe hoiaa see. 2020 spanish jee. pee. witch fabio quartararo dee jitt takk, ih ikk satellite gaahak team dey roop witch yamaha laee aakhri premiere class jitt see. daud (500 cc) toon baad championship standing. hethan choti dey panj swaran atey nirman curran valiaan laee standing haii joe kii raoond teran toon baad khatam hoow gaye hunn.

2000 valencian community motorsackle grand pricks 2000 tame varshe valencian-samudaayasy motorsackle-grand pricks 2000 tame varshe grand pricks-motorsackle-resing-rutoho trimshatihi chakrah aasit. 2000 tamasya varshasya september-masasya 17 dinaanke circuit-day-valencia ityatra etat jaatam. 2020 spanish jee. pee. madhye fabio quartararo ityasya vijayaparyantam, upagraha-graahak-dalarupena yamaha ityasya antimam premiyar-class-vijayam aasit. spardhayaha anantaram championship-sthanani (500 sisi). shirsha-pancha-savaranam, trayamshatare samaaptasya anantaram nirmatrunam cha sthitihi adhah asti.

2000 valencian samooga motor cycle grand brics 2000 valencian samooga motor cycle grand brics 2000 grand brics motor cycle pandhaya paruvaththin pathinmoondraavathu suttraagum. idhu septumber 17,2000 andru surcute dii valenciavil nadanthathu. 2020 spanish jibiyil fabio gwardararovin vettri varai, idhu oru seyarkaikkoal vaadikkaiyaalar kuzhuvaaga yamaha-kku kadaisi muthanmaiyaana vaguppu vetrtriyaaka irunththathu. panthayaththirkup piragu saambiyanship tharavarisai (500 sisi). pathinmoondru suttru mudintha piragu muthal ainthu raidarkal mattrum kattumaanargalukkaana tharavarisaigal keezhae ullana.

2000 valencian community motorcycle grand prix 2000 valencian community motorcycle grand prix 2000 grand prix motorcycle racing seasonlo padamuudava round. idhi 2000 september 17naa circuit dii valencialo jarigindi. 2020 spanish jipilo fabio quartararo vijayam saadhinche varaku, idhi satellite customer teamga yamaha chivari premiere class vijayam. resu tarvaata championship standings (500 sisi). round padamudu mugisina tarvaata modati aidu raidarlu mariyu constructorla standinglu krinda ivvabaddaayi.

2000 valention community motor cycle grend perks 2000 valention community motor cycle grend perks 2000 grend perks motor cycle resing seezan kaa terahwan round thaa. yaha 17 satambar 2000 kuu circuit ddee valencia mein hawaa. 2020 hispanvi jee pee mein fabio kawartararo kii fatah takk yaha satellite customer team kii haisiyat say yamaha kay liye aakhri premier klaas jeeth thee. rees kay baad champine ship kii haisiyat (500 see see). teerah round kay ikhtatam kay baad sarfehrist paanch sawaron aur constructors kii haisiyat zeel mein dee gayee hay.

fffb258d797ffb42eb456f92c9c6e76ce21b6c8fbfde114a83fde9812477d325

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=17578364

Park Avenue (teletext soap)

Park Avenue (teletext soap) Daily teletext based soap opera Park Avenue was a daily teletext based soap opera on ITV's ORACLE Teletext service, which was written by Robbie Burns. It was launched in 1988, and 1,445 episodes were written during its time on air. It later moved to Channel 4 after ORACLE was reorganised, before ending when the service lost its franchise at the end of 1992. History. The series was launched on Page 126 of ORACLE on ITV on Thursday 1 December 1988, with a new episode appearing at 5:00pm each afternoon (including weekends). "Park Avenue" was set in the fictional town of Parkfield (which was somewhere near London, although the exact location was never given), and told the stories of the everyday lives of the residents of Park Avenue. Each episode would usually have six to ten pages of text, while Page 126 itself would also feature a synopsis of recent storylines enabling readers who'd missed an episode to catch up, occasional character profiles and even teletext-graphics produced pictures of how the author imagined the characters would look. Robbie Burns would often try to involve the characters in topical events of the day - for example one character decided to stop buying beef following the 1990 BSE scare, while another found himself caught up in a riot at a local prison during a time when a riot at Manchester's Strangeways Prison had inspired a number of copycat riots in jails across England, Wales and Scotland. ORACLE also encouraged some reader involvement with the soap. Readers would sometimes be invited to vote by phone to decide on story outcomes, and there was at least one competition asking readers to suggest ideas for new characters and stories for "Park Avenue". Viewers were also able to purchase printouts of episodes, with seven episodes typically costing £2. The series moved to Channel 4 after ORACLE re-organised some of its pages in 1991. It could then be found on Page 566 and became a six- rather than a seven-day soap, with episodes from Mondays to Saturdays. It remained on Channel 4 until the service's franchise ended on 31 December 1992. The last episode of "Park Avenue" to appear on Channel 4 did so on 30 December. In 1995, "Park Avenue" was repeated by Paramount Comedy Channel's own teletext service PText. The first four days was run then on 11 December they switched to episode 376. They did this in order that 11 December in the soap would also be 11 December for the viewers. In all PText showed 700 episodes of "Park Avenue". Legacy. To the present day "Park Avenue" remains the only soap of its kind in the United Kingdom. In the early 2000s, ORACLE's successor, Teletext Ltd briefly ran a feature called "Diary of An Odd Couple" about Terry and Helena, a plumber and an It girl, who begin dating after Helena calls Terry in to do some work at her flat, but this only ran for a short while. For a while, many episodes appeared on the website of Paramount Comedy Channel's teletext service. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

park evenyu (teletext sabun) park evenyu aasil etaa doinik teletext bhittik sabun opera ji itibhor orakel teletex xewar uporot aasil, jitu robi barnese likhisil. iyak 1988 sonot mukoli koraa hoisil, aaru iyar xomprosaror xomoyot 1,445taa khondo likha hoisil. 1992 sonor xexot xewatuwe nijor frensaiji heruwai juwar aagote orakel punorgothon korar pisot ee pisot senel 4 loi sthanantorito hoisil. itihax. ei sringkholatu 1988 sonor 1 disembor tarikhe iyar orakelor 126 pristhar uporot mukoli koraa hoisil, zo "too proityek duporiya 5 bojat (xoptahantoke dhori) etaa notun khondo prodorxon koraa hoisil. "park evenyu" kalponik sohor parkfieldot sthapon koraa hoisil (jitu londonor usoror koo 'robat aasil, jodiu xothik owosthan ketiyau diya huwa nasil), aaru park evenyur baxindaxokolor doinondin jiwanor kahinibur koichil. protitu khondot xadharonote soyor poraa doh pristhar paath thakibo, aanhate 126 pristhar bhitorot xehotiya kahinir ek xongkhipto biboronu thakibo jiye pathokxokolok etaa khondo heruwai jaboloi xokhyom koribo, maaje maaje soritror profile aaru aanoki lekhokjone soritrobur kenekuwa dekha jaabo buli kolpona korisil taar sobiu prostut koribo. robi barne praye dintur xomoxamoyik ghotonaxomuhot soritroburok jorito koriboloi chesta korisil-udahoronsworupe etaa soritre 1990 sonor bi. ess. ee. bhoyor pisot gumangxo kroy koraa bondho korar xiddhanto loisil, aanhate aan ejone nijoke sthaniyo karagarot ek dangat lipto huwa dekha paisil jetiya menchesteror strangewe 'jo karagarot huwa ek dangai england, wels aaru scotlandor karagarot huwa keibatau copycate dangak onupranito korisil. orakole kichu pathokok sabunor xoite jorito hoh "boloiu utxahito korisil. pathokxokolok ketiyaba kahinir folafolor bixoye xiddhanto lo "boloi phunor dwara bhutdan koriboloi aamontron jonuwa hoisil, aaru komeu etaa protijugitat pathokxokolok" park evenyu "ror baabe notun soritro aaru kahinir baabe dharona diboloi kuwa hoisil. dorxokxokole xadharonote £2 khoros koraa xatota khondor xoite khondor printoutxomuhou kroy koriboloi xokhyom hoisil. 1991 sonot orakole iyar kisuman pristha punor xongothito korar pisot dharabahiktu senel 4 loi sthanantorito hoisil. iyak 566 pristhat puwa goisil aaru xaat dinor sabunor xoloni choy dinor sabun hoi porisil, xumbaror poraa xonibaroloike khondo aasil. 1992 sonor 31 disemborot xewar frensaiji xex nuhuwaloike ee senel 4-too aasil. senel 4-too dekha diya "park evenyu" ror xex khondotuwe 30 disemborot xeitu korisil. 1995 sonot, "park evenyu" tu pradhanyo comedy senelor nijor teletex xewa probondhor dwara punorabritti koraa hoisil. prothom saridin solisil taar pisot 11 disemborot teuluke 376 nong khondoloi xoloni hoisil. teuluke eitu korisil jaate 11 disemborot sabuntu dorxokxokolor baabe 11 disembor hoh 'bob. xokolu probondhote "park evenyu" ror 700taa khondo dekhuuwa hoisil. uttoradhikar. bortomanoloike "park evenyu" hoise juktorajyor ekmatro sabun. 2000 sonor aarombhonite, orakelor uttoradhikari, teletext limitede xongkhiptobhabe terry aaru helena, egoraki plumbor aaru egoraki aai. ti. suwalir bixoye "ek bisitro dompotir diary" naamor etaa boixistyo solaisil, ji helenai tereek teur flateot kichu kaam koriboloi phone korar pisot dating aarombho korisil, kintu eitu kewol olop xomoyor babehe solisil. kichu xomoyor baabe, bohutu khondo poromwant comedy senelor teletext xewar websiteot dekha goisil.

park avenue (teletext saban) park avenue chhilo etir orakal teletext porishebar upor daeenik teletox vittik sope apera, jaa robby burns dwara lekha hoyechilo. etty 1988 saale chaalu hoyechilo ebong 1,445tii porbo somprocharer somoy lekha hoyechilo. 1992 saaler sheshe porishebati taar franchisee haranor porey shesh howar agey, orakal punargathan howar porey etty channel 4-ayee sthanantorito hoy. itihas. sirijti 1 december 1988 brihospotibar orakaler 126 pristhai chaalu koraa hoyechilo, protiti bikele (saptahanta soho) ekti notun porbo prodorshito hoyechilo. "park avenue" parkfielder kalponik shohore seeta koraa hoyechilo (jaa londoner kachakachi kothao chhilo, jodio sothik abosthanti kokhono deoa hoyney), ebong park avenuer basindader daeenandin jeeboner golpoguli bolechilo. protiti porbe sadharonoto chhoy theke dosho pristhar patthyo thaake, jekhane 126 pristhai samprotik golper sarsongkhepo thaake jaa pathokder ekti porbo miss korte sokkhom korey, majhe majhe choritrer prophaila ebong emonki teletext-graphics toiri korey jey lekhok charitraguli dekhte kemon hobey. dakati poda prayashai diner somosamoyik ghotonagulite choritrogulike jorito korar chesta koroto-udahoronsorup, ekti choritro 1990 saaler bse bhoyer porey gorur mangs kenaa bondho korar siddhanta neyo, onno choritroti nijeke sthaniya karagare danga joriye porechilo jokhon manchester strangways karagare danga ingland, oyelasa ebong scotland judey karagare besh koyekti nockle dangake anupranito korechilo. orakal kichhu pathokke sabaner sange jorito hotey utsahito korechilo. golper folafol nirdharoner jonno pathokder kokhono kokhono phone bhot deoar jonno amantran janano hoto ebong ontoto ekti protijogita chhilo jekhane pathokder "park avenue"-err jonno notun choritro ebong golper jonno dharona deoar jonno bolla hoto. dorshokra porber printouto kinte sokkhom hoyechilo, satti porber jonno sadharonoto 2 pound kharach hoto. 1991 saale orakal err kichhu pristhake punra sangathito korar porey sirijti channel 4-ayee choley yaay. etty tokhon 566 pristhai pawa yaay ebong shaat diner sabaner poriborte chhoy-ayee porinoto hoy, sombar theke shanibar porjonto porbo soho. 1992 saaler 31shhey december porishebar franchisee shesh naa haoya porjonto etty channel 4-ayee chhilo. channel 4-ayee prodorshito "park avenue"-err shesh porboti 30shhey december taa korechilo. 1995 saale, "park avenue"-err punorabritti hoy paramount comedy chyaneler nijaswa teletext porisheba paatth dwara. prothom chaar deane cholechilo tarpor 11ee december taaraa porbo 376-ayee choley yaay. taaraa etty korechilo jaate sabane 11ee december dorshokder jonno 11ee december hoy. samasta patthye "park avenue"-err 700tii porbo dekhano hoyeche. uttoradhikar. bortoman deane porjonto "park avenue" juktorajye eyi dharaner ekmatro saban. 2000-err doshoker godar dike, orakaler uttarsuri, teletext limited sangkhiptabhabe terry ebong hellener somporke "ekti bijod dampatir diarry" naame ekti baisishtya chaalaay, ekjon plumber ebong ekti etty meye, jaaraa hellener telephone kichhu kaaj korar jonno terrike qala korar porey detting shuru korey, tobey etty cable alpo somoyer jonno cholechilo. kichhu somoyer jonno, onek porbo paramount comedy chyaneler teletext porishebar website uposthito hoyechilo.

paark aevanyu (teletext saabu) paark aevanyu aee tenaa orekal teletext service parr dainik teletext aadharit sopa opera hatoo, jeey robby burns dwara lakhvaamaa aavyu hatoo. teey 1988maan sharoo karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey tenaa prasaranna samay darmiyan 1,445 episode lakhvaamaa aavyaa hataa. 1992naa antamaa jyaare sevaae tenee franchisee gumaavee tyaare samaapt thataa pahelaa, orekalnu punargathan thayaa pachhi teey pachhi chenal 4maan khasedvama aavee hatee. itihas. aaa shrenee guruvaar 1 december 1988naa roj orekalnaa prushth 126 parr sharoo karvaamaa aavee hatee, jemaa darroj sanje 5 vaagye (saptaahnaa ante saheet) aek navo episode dekhaato hato. "paark aevanyu" parkfieldna kaalpaneek nagarmaa seeta karvaamaa aavyu hatoo (jeey london najik hatoo, joke chokkas sthaan kyaarey aapvama aavyu naa hatoo), aneey paark aevanyuna rahevasiona rojinda jeevanni vaartao kahee hatee. darek episodema saamanya reete chhathi dass prushtho lakhaan hoya chhe, jyaare prushth 126 pote taajetarni vaartano saransh pann darshaavshe jeey vaachakone episode chooki gayelaa, prasangopaat paatroni ruprekhaao aneey teletech-graphics pann darshaavshe keey lekhake kevee reete kalpanaa curry hatee. robby burns ghanivaar teey divasni prasangochit ghatanaoma paatrone saamel karvaano prayaas kartaa hataa-udaaharan tareeke, aek paatre 1990 bii. aesa. ee. naa darne pagale gomans khareedavaanu bundh karvaanu nakki karyoo, jyaare anya aek paatra sthaaneek jailma ramkhanoma fasai gayo hato, jyaare manchesterni strangeways jailma ramkhaanoae ingland, wells aneey skotlendnee jailoma sankhyaabandh copycate ramkhaanone prereet karyaa hataa. orekale ketlaak vaachakone saabu saathe jodava maate pann protsaahit karyaa hataa. vaartaana parinaamo nakki karvaa maate vaachakone kyarek phone dwara mutt aapvaa maate aamantrit karvaamaa aavtaa hataa, aneey ochhama ochhi aek spardhaa hatee jemaa vaachakone "paark aevanyu" maate navaa paatro aneey vaartao maate vichaaro soochavaa maate kahevama aavtu hatoo. darshako episodena printout pann khareedi shakyaa hataa, jemaa saat episodeni keemat saamanya reete 2 pound hatee. 1991maan orekale tenaa ketlaak prushthone fareethi gothvyaa pachhi aaa shrenee chenal 4maan khasedvama aavee hatee. teey pachhi teey prushth 566 parr malee shake chhe aneey somvaarthi shanivaar sudhinaa episode saathe saat divasnaa sopne badale chh bunny gaee hatee. 31 december 1992naa roj sevani franchisee samaapt naa thaay tyaan sudhee teey chenal 4 parr jaj rahee hatee. chenal 4 parr dekhaato "paark aevanyu" noow chhello episode 30 decembernaa roj aavyo hato. 1995maan, "paark aevanyu" noon punraavartan sarvoch komedi chenalnee potaani teletext service taxt dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. pratham chaar divas chaalya pachhi 11 decembernaa roj teoae episode 376 parr switch karyoo. teoae aaa karyoo jethee 11 december pann darshako maate 11 december hashe. tamaam paathmaa "paark aevanyu" naa 700 episode darshavvama aavyaa hataa. vaarso. aajnee taarikh sudhee "paark aevanyu" united kingadamma tenaa prakaarno ekmatra saabu chhe. 2000naa daaykaani sharuaatmaa, orekalnaa anugaamee, teletext limited toonk samayma terry aneey helenaa, aek plumber aneey aek itt gerl vishe "aek vichitra dampatini diary" naamnee aek suveedha chalaavati hatee, jeey helenana coll pachhi tenaa flatmaa ketlaak kaama karvaa maate datting karvaanu sharoo karey chhe, parantu aaa maatra thodaa samay maate jaj chaali hatee. thodaa samay maate, ghanaa episode sarvopari komedi chenalnee teletext sevani website parr dekhaaya hataa.

park avenue (teletext sabun) park avenue ack dainik teletext adharit sope opera thaa joe isaki orecal teletext seva parr adharit thaa, jise robby burns dwara likhaa gayaa thaa. ise 1988 mein launch kiya gayaa thaa, aur isake prasaran key dauran 1,445 episode likhe gaye they. 1992 key anta mein seva key matadhikar khone key baad samaapt honey seey pahale, orecal key punargathan key baad yeh baad mein channel 4 mein chalaa gayaa. itihas. iss shrinkhala koo guruwar 1 disambar 1988 koo orecal key prishth 126 parr launch kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen pratyek dopahar 5 baje (saptahant sahit) ack nayaa episode dikhaai detaa haye. "park avenue" koo parkfield key kaalpanik shahar mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa (joe landan key paas kaheen thaa, halanki sateek sthaan kabhi naheen diyaa gayaa thaa), aur park avenue key nivaasiyon key rosemarra key jeevan kii kahaaniyon koo bataaya gayaa thaa. pratyek prakaran mein aamtaur parr paath key chhah seey duss prishth hotey hain, jabaki prishth 126 mein haal kii kahaaniyon kaa saransh bhee hotaa haye joe pathakon koo ack prakaran koo pakadane mein saksham banaata haye, kabhi-kabhaar charitra profile aur yahaan taka kii teletext-graphics seey bhee chitra taiyar hotey hain kii lekhak ney paatron kii kalpana kaise kii thee. robby burns aksar dinn kii saamyik ghatnaaon mein paatron koo shamil karane kii koshish kartaa thaa-udaaharan key liye ack charitra ney 1990 key bee. aiss. ee. darr key baad gomans kharidana bund karane kaa faisala kiya, jabaki dusare ney khud koo ack sthaaniya jail mein ack dangon mein pakada jaba manchester key strangeways jail mein ack dange ney ingland, wells aur scotland kii jailon mein kaee nakal dangon koo prerit kiya thaa. orecal ney sabun key saath kuchh pathakon kii bhagidari koo bhee protsaahit kiya. pathakon koo kabhi-kabhi kahani key parinamon parr nirnay lene key liye phone parr matdan karane key liye aamantrit kiya jaataa thaa, aur cumm seey cumm ack pratiyogita pathakon seey "park avenue" key liye nae paatron aur kahaaniyon key liye vichaar sujhaane key liye kahati thee. darshak episode key printout bhee khareedane mein saksham they, jisamen saat episode kii laagat aamtaur parr £2 hoti thee. 1991 mein orecal dwara apane kuchh prishthon koo phir seey vyavasthit karane key baad shrinkhala channel 4 mein chully gaee. yeh taba prishth 566 parr paaya jaa sakata thaa aur somwar seey shaniwar taka key episode key saath saat-divasiya sabun key bajaay chhah bunn gayaa. yeh 31 disambar 1992 koo seva kii matadhikar samaapt honey taka channel 4 parr banaa rhaa. channel 4 parr dikhaai dene vaale "park avenue" key antim episode ney 30 disambar koo aisaa kiya. 1995 mein, "park avenue" koo sarvopari comedy channel key apane teletext seva paath dwara dohraya gayaa thaa. pahale chaar dinn chaley aur phir 11 disambar koo unhone episode 376 mein badalaav kiya. unhone aisaa iss crum mein kiya kii 11 disambar koo darshakon key liye 11 disambar bhee hoga. sabhi paathon mein "park avenue" key 700 episode dikhaae gaye. viraasat. aaj taka "park avenue" united kingdam mein apani tarah kaa ekmatra sabun banaa huaa haye. 2000 key dashak kii shuruat mein, orecal key uttaradhikari, teletext limitted ney sankshipt roop seey ack plumber aur ack itt gerl, terry aur helena key baare mein "ack visham jode kii diarry" naamak ack feature chalaaya, joe helna dwara apane flat mein kuchh kaam karane key liye terry koo coll karane key baad detting shuru curr detaa haye, lekin yeh kewal kuchh samay key liye chalaa. kuchh samay key liye, kaee episode sarvopari comedy channel kii teletext seva kii website parr dikhaai diye.

park avenue (teletext sope) park avenue embudu adara orakal teletext seveya mele dainandina teletext aadhaarita sope operaavaagittu, idannu robby burns barediddaare. idannu 1988ralli praarambhisalaayitu mattu adara prasaarada samayadalli 1,445 kantugalannu bareyalaayitu. orakal annu marusanghatisida nantara, 1992rahra koneyalli seveyu tanna franchise annu kaledukondaga konegolluva modalu, idu nantara channel 4kke sthalaantaragonditu. itihaasa. ee saraniyannu orakalna 126neey putadalli guruvaara december 1,1988 randu praarambhisalaayitu, prati madhyahna 5 gantege (vaaraantyagalu seridante) hosa sanchikeyu kaanisikolluttade. "park avenue" annu kaalpanika pattanavaada parkfieldnalli (idu ello london hattiradallittu, aadaroo nikharavaada sthalavannu endigoo nidalagilla) sthaapisalaayitu mattu park avenue nivasigala dainandina jeevanada kathegalannu helitu. prati sanchikeyu samanyavagi aararinda hattu putagala pathyavannu hondiruttade, aadare 126neey putavu ittichina kathaahandaragala saaraamshavannu saha olagondiruttade, idu sanchikeyannu tappisikonda odugarige, saandarbhika patragala profilegalannu mattu lekhakaru hege bhaavisiddaare embudara chitragalannu tayaarisalu anuvu maadikoduttade. robby burns aagaagge aaa dinada samayika ghatanegalli patragalannu olagondiralu prayatnisuttittu-udaaharanege, 1990rahra bii. ess. ii. bheetiya nantara ondu patravu gomamsavannu khareedisuvudannu nillisalu nirdharisitu, mattobbaru manchestern strengways jailinalli nadeda galabheyu inglend, wales mattu scotlandna jailugalalli nadeda halavaaru nakalu dangegalannu prerepisida samayadalli sthaliya jailinalli galabheyalli sikkihaakikondiddaru. orakal saha saabooninondige kelavu odugarannu todagisikollalu proothsaahisitu. katheya phalitaamshagalannu nirdharisalu odugarannu kelavomme duravaniya moolaka matha chalayisalu aahvaanisalaaguttittu, mattu "park avenue" gaagi hosa patragalu mattu kathegalige aalochanegalannu soochisalu odugarannu keluva kanishta ondu spardheyaadaru ittu. vikshakaru kantugala mudranagalannu khareedisalu saha saadhyavaayitu, elu kantugalige samanyavagi 2 pound vechchavaaguttade. 1991ralli orakal tanna kelavu putagalannu marusanghatisida nantara saraniyu channel 4kke sthalaantaragonditu. nantara adannu puta 566ralli kaanabahudu mattu somavaaradinda shanivaaradavarege kantugalondige elu dinagala sopginta aaru-aayitu. 1992rahra december 31randu seveya franchise konegolluvavaregu idu channel 4ralli uliyitu. channel 4ralli kanisikolluva "park avenue" naa koneya sanchikeyu december 30randu prasaaravaayitu. 1995ralli, "park avenue" annu paramavat kamidi chanelna swanta teletext sarvees pathyavu punaraavartisitu. modala naalku dinagalu odihodavu, nantara december 11 randu avaru sanchike 376 kke badalaayisidaru. avaru idannu maadidaru, aaddarinda december 11 saha vikshakarige december 11 aagiruttade. ellah patyagalalli "park avenue" dha 700 kantugalannu torisalaagide. parampare. indinavaregu "park avenue" yuu united kingdamnalli ee reetiya ekaika saboonu aagi ulidide. 2000dha dashakada aarambhadalli, orakalna uttaradhikariyada teletext limited, helena tanna flatnalli swalpa kelasa maadalu karey maadida nantara dating praarambhisuva, plumber mattu aii. tii. gurl aada terri mattu helena bagge "dairi off aa besa jodie" emba vaishishtyavannu sankshiptavaagi nadesitu, aadare idu swalpa samayadavarege maatra nadeyitu. swalpa samayadavarege, aneka kantugalu paramount kamidi chanelna teletext seveya jaalataanadalli kanisikondavu.

park avenue (teletext saban) park avenue haah aay. tii. vhee. chya oracle teletax sevevareel dainik teletax aadharit sope aupera hota, joou robby bernsney lihila hota. too 1988 madhye suru karnyat aala aanee tyachya prasarit kalat 1,445 bhag lihile gele. 1992 chya akheris yaa sevecha matadhikar gamavanyapurvi, oraclechi punarrachana jhalyanantar, nantar tee vahini 4 madhye halavanyat aalee. itihas. hii malika aay. tii. vhee. varr oraclechya prushth 126 varr guruwari 1 december 1988 roji suru karnyat aalee, jyat pratyek dupari 5 vajata (aathvadyachya shevati) eka naveen bhag disato. "park avenue' heey parkfieldchya kalpanik shaharat (jeey landanjaval kuthetari hote, jaree achook sthan kadhihi dile gele navhate) seet kele gele hote aanee park avenyuchya rahivashanchya dainandin jivanatil katha sangitalya hotya. pratyek bhagamadhye sahasa sahaa teey daha prushthancha majkoor asato, tarr prushth 126 madhye alikadil kathancha saransh dekhil asato, jyamule vachak jyanna ekhada bhag chukala asel, adhunmadhun varn profile aanee agadi teletech-graphics dekhil lekhakane patranchi kalpana kashee kelee aahe yachee chitre tayar karatat. robby burns anekada tyaa kalatil prasangopat prasangopat ghatananmadhye patranna samavisht karnyacha prayatna karat asey-udaharanarth, asey-udaharanarth bii. ess. eae. chya bhitinantar eka patrane gomans kharedi karane thambavanyacha nirnay ghetala, tarr dusare patra sthanik turungat dangalit adakale, jevha manchesterchya anolakhi rastyanvaril turungatil dangalimule ingland, wells aanee scotlandmadhil turunganmadhye anek nakal dangli ghadalya hotya. oraclene kahee vachakanna sabanachya babatit sahbhagi honyasahi protsahan dile. kathanchya parinamancha nirnay ghenyasathi vachakanna kadhikadhi durdhvanivarun matdan karnyasathi aamantrit kele jaat asey aanee kiman eka spardha vachakanna 'park avenue' sathee naveen patre aanee kathansathi kalpana suchavanyas sangat asey. prekshak bhaganchi chhapai dekhil kharedi karoo shakale, saat bhaganchi kimmat samanyatah 2 paund hotee. 1991 madhye oraclene tyachi kahee prushthe punha vyavasthit kelyanantar hii malika vahini 4 varr halavali. nantar tee prushth 566 varr aadhalali aanee somwar teey shanivarparyantchya bhagansah saat divasanchya sopapeksha sahaa jhaali. 31 december 1992 roji sevecha franchisee sampanyaparyant too vahini 4 varr rahila. vahini 4 varr varr 'park avenue' chya shevatchya bhagane 30 december roji tase kele. 1995 madhye, 'park avenue' chee punaravrutti sarvoch vinodi vahinichya swatachya teletext seva pii. textdware karnyat aalee. pahile chaar divas chalavale gele aanee 11 december roji tyanni bhag 376 varr switch kele. tyanni heey kele jenekarun 11 december haah dekhil prekshakanna 11 decembercha asel. serve majkurat 'park avenue' chey 700 bhag dakhavale gele. varsa. aajahi 'park avenue' haah united kingadammadhil asha prakarcha ekmev saban aahe. 2000 chya dashakachya suruvatila, oraclecha uttaradhikari, teletext limitedne terry aanee helana, eka nalkar aanee eka aay. tii. gerl, jeey helenane terryla tichya flatmadhye kahee kaam karnyasathi bolavalyanantar dating suru karatat, tyabaddal 'diary auph aaa aud couples' navache eka vaishishtya thodakyat chalavale, parantu heey fakt thodya kalasathi chalale. kahee kalasathi, sarvopari vinodi vahinichya teletext sevechya sanketsthalavar anek bhag disale.

park avenue (teletext sabun) park ebhenyu itvko orakal teletext sewama dainik teletextma adharit sabun opera thiyo, june roby bernsdwara lekhieko thiyo. yo sann 1988 maa suru bhaeko thiyo, rar yasako prasaranko samayama 1,445 episodharu lekhieka thie. sann 1992 ko antyama sewa samapta bhaepachi sewa samapta hunaghi orekalko punargathan bhaepachi yo pachhi channel 4 maa sario. itihas. yo shringkhala bihibar 1 december 1988 maa itiviko orakalko prishtha 126 maa suru garieko thiyo, pratyek diunso 5 baje (saptahanta sahit) nayan episode dekha pardachha. "park ebhenyu" parkfieldko kalpanik saharma sett garieko thiyo (june londonko najikko thaunma thiyo, yadyapi sahi sthan kahilyai diieko thiena), rar park ebhenyuka basindaharuko dainik jiwanka kathaharu batae. pratyek episodema samanyataya chha dekhi das prishthako path hunchha, jabki prishtha 126 maa bharkharaiko kathawastuko saransh pani prastut garinchha jasle pathakharulai episode chhodneharulai saksham parchha, kahilekaahin charactor profileharu rar teletex-graphiksle pani lekhakle kasari kalpana gare bhanne chitraharu utpadan gardacha. roby bernsley prayaha tyas dinko samayik ghatanaharuma patraharulai sanlagna garne prayas gardacha-udaharanka lagi ek patrale 1990 biesai darpachhi gomans kinna chhodne nirnaya garyo, jabki arkole manchesterko strangeways jailma bhaeko dangale england, wells rar scotlandka jailharuma dherai pratilipi dangaharulai prerit gareko samayama sthaniya jailma dangama faseko pae. orekalle kehi pathakharulai sabunma sanlagna huna pani protsahit tyaso. pathakharulai kahilekaahin kathako parinamharu nirnaya garna fondwara matadan garna amantrit garinchha, rar tyahan kamtima euta pratiyogita thiyo jasle pathakharulai "park avenue" kaa lagi nayan patraharu rar kathaharuka lagi vicharharu sujhauna agraha gardacha. darshakharule episodharuko printoutharu pani kinna saksham thie, saat episodharuko lagat samanyataya £2 thiyo. sann 1991 maa orekalle afna kehi prishthaharu punah wyawasthit garepachhi yo shringkhala channel 4 maa sario. yo prishtha 566 maa fela parne sakinchha rar sombardekhi shanibarsammaka episodharusahit saat dinko sabunko satta chhawata banna sakchha. 31 december 1992 maa sewako franchisee samapta nabhaesamma yo channel 4 maa rahyo. channel 4 maa dekha parne "park avenue" ko antim episodele 30 decemberma tyaso tyaso. sann 1995 maa, "park avenue" lai parampradhan kamedi channelko afnai teletext sewa pathdwara pathdwara thiyo. pahilo chaar dina chaleko thiyo tyasapachhi 11 decemberma episode 376 maa gae. uniharule yo gare taaki darshakharuka lagi 11 december pani 11 december hunechha. sabai pathma "park ebhenyu" kaa 700 episodharu dekhaieko thiyo. virasata. ajasamma "park avenue" sanyukta rajyama yass prakarko ek matra sabun baneko chha. sann 2000 ko dashakko prarambhama, orekalko uttaradhikari, teletext limitedle terry rar helena, ek plumber rar ek it ketiko barema "ek anautho jodiko diary" namak suwidha chhoto samayasamma chalaeko thiyo, jasle helenale terilai afno flatma kehi kaam garna bolaepachhi dating suru garchhin, tara yo kehi samayaka lagi matra chalyo. kehi samayaka lagi, dherai episodharu parampradhan kamedi channelko teletext sewako websitema dekha paryo.

park aabhenyu (teletext sabun) park aabhenyu thila aai. tii. bhi. rahr orakal teletext sarbhis upare eka dainika teletext aadharita sope apera, jaahaa rabi barnsanka dwara lekhajaithila . ehaa 1988 ray arambha hoithila, ebong ehara prasarana samajare 1,445 episode lekhajaithila . parey orakal punargathana heba parey ehaa channell 4 ku sthanantarita hoithila, 1992 sheshare sebati ehara franchise haraiba parey shesh hoithila . itihas. ehi dharabahikati gurubara 1 december 1988 ray aai. tii. bhi. ray oracolor prustha 126 ray arambha hoithila, pratyeka aparaahnare (saptahanta sameth) aparanha 5taare eka nutan adhyaja dekhajaithila . "park aabhenyu" parkfielder kalpanika saharare sett karajaithila (jaahaa londner nikatabartee keunthi thila, jadio sathik sthana kebe diajai nathila), ebong park aabhenyu basindanka dainandina jeebner kahani barnana karithila . pratyeka adhyajare sadharanatah chhaaru dasha prusthara pathya thaae, jetebele kii prustha 126ray nikatare prakashita kahanigudikara eka saransha madhya thaae, jaahaa pathakamananku eka adhyajaku hatachada karibare sakhyama karithae, belebele charitra profile ebong epariki teletex-graphics madhya chitra prastuta karithae je lekhaka kipari kalpana karithile charitragudika dekhibe . rabi berns prajatah sehi samaira samajika ghatanagudikare charitramananku samil karibaku chesta karuthile-udaharana swaroopa, 1990 masiha bse bhaja parey gotie charitra gomansa kiniba banda karibaku nishpatti neithila, anya jane nijaku eka sthaniah karagarare dangare phasithibara dekhibaku paithile jetebele manchestarra strangeways karagarare eka danga englanda, wels ebong scotlander karagarare aneka nakal danga paain prerita karithila . orakal madhya kichhi pathakanku sabun sahita jadita hebaku utsahita karithila . kahani phalaphal sthira kariba paain pathakamananku belebele phone dwara bhot debaku nimantran karajauthila, ebong ati kamare gotie pratijogita pathakamananku "park aabhenyu" paain nutan charitra ebong kahani paain dharana debaku kahithila . darshakamane episoder printout kinibare madhya sakhyama hoithile, satati episode sahita sadharanatah 2 pound mulya. 1991 masihare orakal ehara keteka prusthaku punahsangathita kariba parey ehi dharabahikati channell 4ku sthanantarita hoithila. ehaa parey prustha 566 ray milipariba ebong somabararu shanibara parjyanta adhyaja sahita saata dinara sabun paribarte chhaare parinata hoithila . 1992 masiha december 31 tarikhare sebara franchaiji shesh heba parjyanta ehaa channell 4ray rahithila. channell 4ray pradarshita hebaku thiba "park aabhenyu" rahr shesh adhyaja december 30 tarikhare ehaa hoithila. 1995 masihare, 'park aabhenyu' ku param gurutwapurna kamedi chyanelara nijaswa teletext seba petext dwara punarabrutti karajaithila. pratham chaari deane chalithila, taa 'parey 11 decemberare semane adhyaja 376ku badalile. semane ehaa karithile, jahadwara darshakanka paain december 11 tarikh madhya december 11 heba. samasta pathyare "park aabhenyu" rahr 700tii adhyaja pradarshita hoithila. uttaradhikara. aaji parjyanta "park aabhenyu" britenare ehi prakarara ekamatra sabun hoi rahichhi. 2000 dashkar prarambhare, orakal rahr uttaradhikari, teletext limited sankhipta bhabare terry ebong helena, jane plumber ebong jane it garlanka bishajare "eka bijoda dampatinka diary" namaka eka fitcher chalaithila, jie helina taanka flatare kichhi kaama karibaku tereenku cull kariba parey deting arambha karanti, kintu ehaa kebala kichhi samai paain chalithila . kichhi samai paain, aneka episode sarbashrestha kamedi chyanelara teletext sebara webasaitare dekhajaithila .

park aivenioo (teletext saaban) park aivenioo aaee. tii. vee. dee orekal teletext seva utte ikk rozana teletext adharat sope opera see, joe raubi burnes duaara likhiaa giaa see. ih 1988 witch lanch keeta giaa see, atey iss dey prasaran dey samein dauran 1,445 episode likhe gaye sunn. ih baad witch channel 4 witch chalaa giaa jadon orekal noon punargathit keeta giaa see, 1992 dey ant witch seva dey khatam honn toon pahilan jadon seva neey aapni franchisee guaa ditti see. itihaas. ih luddy aaee. tii. vee. utte orekal dey safe 126 utte veervar 1 dasambar 1988 noon shuru keeti gaee see, jiss witch ikk navaan episode harr duphir 5 vaje (hafte dey ant samet) dikhai dinda haii. "park aivenioo" parkfield dey kalpanik shehar (joe kii london dey nede kitey see, halanki sahee sathaan kadey naheen ditta giaa see) witch sathapat keeta giaa see, atey park aivenioo dey vasnikan dey rozana jeevan deeaan kahaniaan dassiaan gaeeaan sunn. harek episode witch aam taur utte chhe toon dass panniaan daa text hunda haii, jadon kii safaa 126 aapne aap witch haal hii deeaan kahani-rekhavan daa sankhep vee pesh karda haii joe pathkan noon ikk episode toon khunjh gaye sunn, kadey-kadayin charittar profilan atey ithon takk kii teletext-graphics neey tasviran tiaar keetiaan kii lekhak neey kiven kalpana keeti see. raubi burnes aksar uss dinn deeaan samvarti ghatnavan witch patran noon shamal curran dee koshish karde sunn-udaharan vajon ikk paatar neey 1990 bee. aiss. ee. darr toon baad beef kharidna bnd curran daa faisla keeta, jadon kii ikk horr neey aapne aap noon ikk sathanak jailh witch dangiaan witch fasaiaa jadon manchester dee ajnabi jail witch hoye dangiaan neey england, wells atey scotland deeaan jelhan witch kaee copycat dangiaan noon prerit keeta see. orekal neey saaban naal kujh pathkan dee shamuliat noon vee utshahit keeta. pathkan noon kahani dey natijiaan baare faisla curran laee kaee vaar phone duaara vott paunh laee sadda ditta jaanda see, atey ghatto ghatt ikk mukabala pathkan noon "park aivenioo" laee navein patran atey kahaniaan laee vichaar sujhaun laee kahinda see. darshak episodan dey printout vee kharidan dey yog sunn, satt episodan dee keemat aam taur 'teey £2 hundi haii. ih luddy 1991 witch orekal duaara aapne kujh panniaan noon mudd sangathit curran toon baad channel 4 witch chalee gaee. ih firr safaa 566 utte paaiaa jaa sakda haii atey somwar toon shanivar takk episodan dey naal satt dinan dey saaban dee bajaae chhe bann giaa. ih 31 dasambar 1992 noon seva dee franchisee khatam honn takk channel 4 utte riha. channel 4 utte dikhai denh vaale "park aivenioo" dey aakhri episode neey 30 dasambar noon ajiha keeta. sann 1995 witch, "park aivenioo" noon surbouch kamedi channel dey aapne teletext service pee. text duaara duhraiaa giaa see. pahile chaar dinn challe taan firr 11 dasambar noon episode 376 witch badal gaye. unhan neey ajiha iss laee keeta taan joe 11 dasambar noon vee darshakan laee 11 dasambar howay. kull paath witch "park aivenioo" dey 700 episode dikhaye gaye. virasat. ajj takk "park aivenioo" united kingdom witch aapni kisam daa iklauta saaban baniaa hoiaa haii. 2000 dey dahake dey arambh witch, orekal dey uttradhikari, teletext limted neey sankhep witch terry atey helena, ikk plumber atey ikk aaee. tii. garal baare "ikk ajib jode dee diari" namak ikk visheshta chalai, joe helena dey terry noon aapne flat witch kujh kamm curran laee bulaun toon baad dating shuru qarr dindi haii, parr ih siraf thode samein laee challi. kujh samein laee, bahut saare episode sarvuch kamedi channel dee teletext seva dee website 'teey dikhai ditte.

paark evanyoo (teletext saabun) paark evanyoo iti aii. tii. vi. ityasya orakal-teletext-sewaayaah dainika-teletext-aadhaarit-sopa-operaa aasit, yat raabee berns ityanena likhitam aasit. 1988 tame varshe asya aarambhah abhavat, tathaa cha prasaarane kaale 1,445 prakaranaani likhitaani. pare orakal ityasya punargatanaanantaram, 1992 tamasya varshasya ante yadaa sevaa swaswaamyapatram haarayat tadaa samaptat poorvam, chaanal-4 prati sthanantaritam. itihaasah. 1988 december 1 dinaanke guruvaasare aii. tii. vi. ityatra orakal ityasya 126 prushthe eshaa shrunkhalaa arabdha, yatra pratidinam aparaahne 5 vaadane (saptahantasahitam) nootanam prakaranam drushyate. "paark-avanyoo" iti kaalpaniknagare paark-feeled-madhye sthaapitam aasit (yat landan-nagarasya sameepe aasit, yadyapi yathartham sthaanam kadaapi naa dattam), tathaa cha paark-avanyoo-nivaasinaam dainandinajeevanasya kathaah avadat. pratyekasmin prakaranasya praayah shut taha dash-prushtaani yaavat paathyam bhavati, prushtam 126 madhye eva sadyah eva kathavastunam saaraamshaha api drushyate, yena paatakaah, ye ekam prakaranam naa apekshynt, tatt prati aakrushtum shaknuvanti, kadaa kadaa paatra-vivaranaani, tathaa cha tanti-rekhaachitraani api chitraani nirmeeyante yat lekhakah paatraani katham drushyante iti kalpayat iti. raabee berns praayah dinasya saamayik-ghatanasu patran samaaveshtum prayatate sma-udaharanartham 1990 bee. ess. ee.-bhayaat anantaram ekaha paatrah gomamsa-krayanm naa kartum nishchitavaan, aparah paatrah sthaniya-karagarasya dangaa-prakope sankochitah abhavat, yadaa maanchestar-nagarasya strangewes-karagarasya dangaa england-deshasya wells-scatland-deshasya karagareshu anekaan kaapi-kyaat-dangaa-prakopebhyah preritaa aasit. orakal api keshaanchan paatakam sabuna saha sahabhaagitvam prerepitavaan. kathayaha parinaamasya nirnayartham kadaachit paatakaah durabhashadvara matadanartham aamantritaah bhavanti sma, api cha "paark evanyoo" ityasya krute nutanapatranam kathanam cha vicharan soochayitum vaachakam nyunatinyoonam ekam pratiyogitaa aasit. darshakaah api prakarananam mudranaani kretum samarthah abhavan, sapta prakarananam moolyam samanyataya 2 paund bhavati sma. 1991 tame varshe orakal ityanena swasya keshaanchan prushtaanaam punah sangatitasya anantaram eshaa shrunkhalaa chaanal-4 prati gatavatee. tatah prushtam 566 madhye drashtum shakyate sma, saptadinasya sope ityasya sthaane shut abhavat, somavaasatah shanivaasare yaavat prakaranaani aasan. 1992 december 31 dinaanke sewaayaah matadhikaraha samaaptam yaavat tatt chaanal 4 madhye eva aasit. chaanal 4 madhye drushyamaanam "paark evanyoo" ityasya antimam prakaranam 30 december dinaanke tatt krutavaan. 1995 tame varshe, "paark evanyoo" iti "paramapradhaan-hasya-vaahinyaah swakeeyena teletext-sevaya petect ityanena punaraavartitam. prathamam chaturdinaani prachalan tadaa 11 december dinaanke te prakaranam 376 prati parivartitaah. te etat krutavantah yena 11 december dinaankah api darshakanam krute december-masasya 11 dinaankah bhavet. sarveshu pee-text-madhye "paark-evanyoo" ityasya 700 prakaranaani darshitaani. uttaradhikaraha. adyaavadhi "paark evanyoo" iteedam unated kingdam-deshe etaadrusham ekamaatram saabunam vartate. 2000 tamasya varshasya aarambhe, orakal ityasya uttaraadhikaari, teletext-limited ityanena, plumber tathaa aii. tii. balika, terry tathaa helenaa ityetayoho vishaye "dairi aaf edd-kapal" iti ekam visheshanam alpakalam yaavat prachaalitam, ye helina-dwara terry-varyam svagruhasya krute kimapi karyam kartum aahvayitvaa detting-kaaryam aarabhante sma, parantu etat alpakalam yaavat eva prachalati sma. kinchitkalam yaavat, sarvopari hasya-vaahinyaah teletext-sewaayaah jaalapute bahavah prakaranaani drushtaani.

poongaa avenue (teletext soappu) paark avenue enbathu adhan aracle teletext sevaiyil thinasari teletext adippadaiyilaana soap ooparaa aagum, idhu raabi theekkaayangkalaal ezhuthappattathu. idhu 1988 aam aandil thodangappattathu, maelum 1,445 aththiyaayangkal adhan oliparappu neraththil ezhuthappattana. 1992 aam aandin iruthiyil saevai adhan urimaiyai ilanththapoathu mudivadaivatharku munbu, aracle maruseeramaikkappatta piragu idhu pinnar saenal 4 kku maattrappattathu. varalaaru. inthath thodar oorakkilin 126 vadhu pakkaththil viyaalakkizhamai disambar 1,1988 andru thodangappattathu, ovvoru pirpakalum maalai 5 manikku (vaara iruthi naatkal udpada) oru puthiya aththiyayam thoantriyathu. "paark avenue" enbathu barkfield endra karpanaiyaana nagaraththil amaikkappattathu (idhu landanukku arugil engo irunththathu, iruppinum sariyaana idam orupoathum kodukkappadavillai), maelum paark avenuevil vasippavargalin andraada vaazhkkaiyin kadhaigalaich sonnathu. ovvoru aththiyaayaththilum vazhakkamaaga aaru muthal paththu pakkankal varai urai irukkum, athae neraththil pakkam 126 sameepathiya kadhaikkalanggalin surukkaththaiyum kondirukkum, idhu oru aththiyaayatthai thavaravitta vaasagargalukku uthavukirathu, avvappoathu kathaabaaththira suyavivarangkal mattrum urai-graphics kooda ezhuththaalarin karpanai padangkalai uruvaakkukirathu kathaapaaththirangal thoattram. raabi theekkaayangkal perumpaalum andraiya samagaala nigazhvugalil kathaapaaththirangalai eedupaduththa muyarchikkum-eduththukkaattaaga, oru kathaapaaththiram 1990 aam aandu pse payaththaith thodarnthu maattiraichi vaangkuvathai niruththa mudivu seithathu, mattroruvar monsesterine nerisalaana siraiyil oru kalavaram aerpatta neraththil ulloor siraiyil oru kalavaraththil sikkiyathaik kandaar. aracle soappudan sila vaasagargalin eedupaattai ookkuviththathu. kadhai mudivugalaith theermaanikka vaasagargal sila nerangalil tholaipaesi moolam vaakkalikka azhaikkappaduvaargal, maelum kurainthapatcham oru pottiyaavathu vaasagargalidam puthiya kathaapaaththirangal mattrum "paark avenue" kkaana kadhaikalukkaana yoasanaikalai parinthuraikkumaaru kaettukkondadhu. paarvaiyaalarkal aththiyaayangkalin achu veliyeedugalaiyum vaangka mudinthathu, aezhu aththiyaayangkal podhuvaaga £2 selavaagum. 1991 aam aandil oorakkil adhan sila pakkankalai maruseeramaiththa piragu inthath thodar saenal 4 kku maariyathu. pinnar adhu pakkam 566 ill kaanappattathu, maelum aezhu naall soappai vida aaru-aaga maariyathu, thinkal muthal sanikkizhamai varai aththiyaayangkal. 1992 disambar 31 andru sevaiyin urimaiyai mudikkum varai idhu saenal 4 ill irunththathu. saenal 4 ill thoandrum "paark avenue" inn kadaisi aththiyayam disambar 30 andru avvaaru seithathu. 1995 aam aandil, "paark avenue" paaramavund nagaichchuvai saenalin sontha teletext saevai urai moolam meendum seiyappattathu. muthal naanku naatkal oodina, pinnar disambar 11 andru avarkal episote 376 kku maarinar. disambar 11 soappil paarvaiyaalarkalukku disambar 11 aaga irukkum poruttu avarkal idhaich seithanar. anaitthu uraigalilum "paark avenue" inn 700 aththiyaayangkalaik kaattiyadhu. marabu. intraiya naall varai "paark avenue" aikkiya raachchiyaththil inththa vagaiyaana oray soappaaga ullathu. 2000 kalin murpaguthiyil, arakkilin vaarisaana teletext limited, terri mattrum helina, oru plumber mattrum oru aidi penn pattri "oru ottraippadai jodiyin naatkurippu" endra amsaththai surukkamaaga iyakkiyathu, avar thanathu plaattil sila vaelaigalaich seiya terri azhaiththa piragu tating seiyath thodangukiraar, aanaal idhu sirithu neram mattumae oodiyathu. sirithu kaalaththirku, pala aththiyaayangkal paramavund nagaichchuvai saenalin teletext sevaiyin inaiyathalaththil thoantrina.

park avenue (teletext sabbu) park avenue anedi daani orakil teletext servies paie rojuvaaree teletext aadhaarita sope opera, dheenini robby burns raasaaru. idhi 1988loe praarambhinchabadindi, mariyu prasaram ayye samayamlo 1,445 episodelu vrayabaddayi. orakil punarvyavastheekarinchabadina taruvaata, 1992 chivarilo servies thana fraanchaijeeni kolpoinappudu mugise mundu, idhi chaanal 4kii maarindi. charitra. eee syries guruvaram 1 december 1988naa orakil yokka 126va pageelo praarambhinchabadindi, prati madhyahnam 5 gantalaku (vaaraantaalatoe sahaa) kotta episode kanipistundi. "park avenue" anae chitram kaalpanika pattanam parkfieldlo (idhi london sameepamlo ekkado undhi, ayithe khachitamaina sthaanam eppuduu ivvabadaledu) sett cheyabadindi mariyu park avenue nivaasitula rojuvaaree jeevitaala kathalanu cheppindi. prati episodelo saadhaaranamgaa aaru nundi padhi paejeela text untundi, ayithe 126va pageelo iteevali kathaamsaala saaraamsam kooda untundi, idhi episodenu tappipoyina paatakulanu, appudappudu paatra profiles mariyu rachayita elaa bhavinchado teletext-graphics chitraalanu kooda andistundi. robby burns tarachugaa aaa roeju yokka samayochita sanghatanalalo paatralanu chaerchadaaniki prayatnistundi-udaaharanaku oka paatra 1990 bse bhayam taruvaata goddu maamsam konadam maaneyaalani nirnayinchukundi, maroka paatra manchester yokka strengways jailulo allarlu ingland, wales mariyu scatland antataa unna jaillalo aneka kapikat allarlaku prerananicchina samayamlo sthaanika jailulo allarlalo chikkukundi. orakil kooda sabbutho kontha mandhi paatakulanu prothsahinchindi. katha phalitaalanu nirnayinchadaaniki paatakulanu konnisaarlu phone dwara ootu vaeyadaaniki aahvaanistaaru, mariyu "park avenue" kosam kotta paatralu mariyu kathala kosam aalochanalanu suuchimchamani paatakulanu adige kaneesam oka pootii undedi. prekshakulu episodela print avutlanu kooda konugolu cheyagaligaaru, edu episodela dhara saadhaaranamgaa £2. 1991loe orakil daani konni paejeelanu punarvyavastheekarinchina taruvaata eee syries chhaanel 4kii maarindi. idhi 566va pageelo kanugonabadindi mariyu somavaaram nundi sanivaaram varaku episodlatho edu rojula sabbu kante aaruga maarindi. servies franchisee 31 december 1992naa mugise varaku idhi chhaanel 4loe undipoyindi. chhaanel 4loe kanipinche "park avenue" yokka chivari episode 30 december naa kanipinchindi. 1995loe, "park avenue" nuu paramount comedy chhaanel yokka sonta teletext servies text dwara punaraavrutam chesaaru. modati naalugu rojulu nadichayi, taruvaata december 11naa vaaru episode 376kii maararu. vaaru dheenini december 11naa kooda december 11naa veekshakulaku choopinchadaaniki chesaru. mottam paathamlo "park avenue" yokka 700 bhagalu chuupimchabaddaayi. vaarasatvam. prastuta roeju varaku "park avenue" united kingdamlo eee rakamaina ekaika sabbugaa migilipoyindi. 2000la praarambhamlo, orakil varasudu, teletext limited kluptamgaa terrie mariyu helena, oka plumber mariyu oka itt gurl gurinchi "diary off eah besi kapul" anae featurenu nadipadu, helena terrini thana flat vadda kontha pani cheyadaaniki pilichina tarvaata dating praarambhistundi, conny idhi kontakaalam matrame nadichindi. kontakaalam paatu, aneka bhagalu paramount comedy chhaanel yokka teletext servies websitelo kanipinchaayi.

paark avenio (teeli text saabin) paark avenio aayee tye wee kii aurikal teeli text saros parr rozanah teeli text parr mubni saabin opera thaa jasay ruby brunz nay likhaa thaa. asay 1988 mein laanch kiyaa gayaa thaa aur iss kay nashar honay kay doraan 1,445 aqsaat likhee gayein. baad mein aurikal kii tanzim noow kay baad asay chinal 4 mein muntaqil kirr diyaa gayaa iss say pehley kahh 1992 kay aakhir mein saros khatam how gayee jabb iss nay apnee frunchise khoo dee. tareekh. yaha seerez jamaraat 1 dasambar 1988 kuu aayee tye wee parr aurikal kay safha 126 parr laanch kii gayee thee jiss mein harr sah pehar 5 bajay (ikhtatam haftah sameet) eek nayee qast zahir hoti hay. "paark avenio" paark feld kay afsanvi qasbey mein tartib dee gayee thee (juu landan kay qareeb kahein thaa halankah saheeh maqaam kabhi nahein diyaa gayaa thaa)yee aur paark avenio kay rehaishiyon kii rozmarah kii zindagiyon kii kahaniyan biyaan kii gayein. harr qast mein aam toor parr chh say duss safhaat kaa mutan hotaa hay jabkah safha 126 khood haaliyah kahaniyon kaa khalasah bhee paish kartaa hay juu qaareen kuu kasee qast say mahroom honay kay qaabil banata hay kabhi kabhaar kirdaar profiles aur yahaan takk kahh teeli text graphiks nay bhee tasavir tayaar kein kahh masnaf nay kiss tarah tasavur kiyaa thaa. kirdaar nazar aayen gay. raabi brunz aksar iss dunn kay aham waaqiaat mein kirdaron kuu shaamil karnay kii koshish kartaa thaa-misaal kay toor parr eek kirdaar nay 1990 kay bee aiss ayee kay khoof kay baad gaaye kaa gosht kharidna bund karnay kaa faislah kiyaa jabkah dosray nay khood kuu eek maqami jail mein iss waqat kay doraan fasadaat mein phans liyaa jabb manchister kii ajnabi jail mein honay waalay fasadaat nay england wells aur scott lend kii jailon mein mutadid kaapi cate fasadaat kuu mutasir kiyaa thaa. aurikal nay saabin kay saath kachh qaareen kii shamoliyat kii bhee huslah afzayi kii. baaz auqaat qaareen kuu kahaani kay nataij kaa faislah karnay kay liye phone kay zariye woat daalnay kay liye madau kiyaa jaataa thaa aur kumm az kumm eek muqabilah hotaa thaa jiss mein qaareen say "paark avenio" kay liye nayey kirdaron aur kahaniyon kay liye khayalat tajweez karnay kuu kahaa jaataa thaa. nazireen aqsaat kay print aaot bhee khareedne mein kamiyab rahay jinn mein saat aqsaat kii qeemat aam toor parr 2 pound hoti hay. aurikal nay 1991 mein apnay kachh safhaat kuu dobarah manzam karnay kay baad yaha seerez chinal 4 mein muntaqil how gayee. phir yaha safha 566 parr paaya jaa saktaa thaa aur peer say haftah takk kii aqsaat kay saath saat rozah saabin kay bajaye chh bunn gayaa. yaha 31 dasambar 1992 kuu saros kii frunchise khatam honay takk chinal 4 parr rahee. chinal 4 parr zahir honay waali "paark avenio" kii aakhri qast nay 30 dasambar kuu aisa kiyaa. 1995 mein "paark avenio" kuu sabb say aham comedy chinal kay apnay teeli text saros pee text nay dohraya. pehley chaar dunn chalaye gayey phir 11 dasambar kuu inhon nay qast 376 kaa rakh kiyaa. inhon nay aisa iss liye kiyaa taakah 11 dasambar kuu bhee nazireen kay liye 11 dasambar how. tamaam pee text mein "paark avenio" kii 700 aqsaat dikhayi gayein. miraas. aaj takk "paark avenio" bartaniah mein apnee noiyat kaa waahid saabin hay. 2000 kii dahayi kay awail mein aurikal kay jansheen teeli text lameted nay mukhtasir toor parr terry aur helina eek plumber aur eek aayee tye garal kay baaray mein "eek ajeeb joday kii diary" kay naam say eek fatcher chalaya juu helina kay apnay fleet mein kachh kaam karnay kay liye terry kuu phone karnay kay baad deting sharoo kirr deeti hay leakin yaha sarf thodi deer kay liye chalaa. kachh arsey kay liyay behat see aqsaat sabb say aham comedy chinal kii teeli text saros kii waib saait parr namodar hoyein.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=63192336

Máirín Ní Mhuiríosa

Máirín Ní Mhuiríosa Irish scholar, poet and journalist Máirín Ní Mhuiríosa (5 September 1906 – 27 August 1982) was an Irish scholar, poet and journalist. Early life and family. Máirín Ní Mhuiríosa was born in Dublin on 5 September 1906. Her parents were Tomás Ó Muiríosa, a mathematics teacher, and Mary (née) Golden. Her parents were Irish speakers, and the family holidayed in the Gaeltacht at Ring, County Waterford. Ní Mhuiríosa attended school in Monaghan and Luxemburg. She was a member of Craobh Móibhí, the youth branch of Conradh na Gaeilge, participating in the group's 1920 production of "An naomh ar iarraidh" by Douglas Hyde and "An tobar naofa" by Séarlot Ní Dhunnlainge for the oireachtas drama competition. She entered University College Dublin in 1924, graduating in 1927 with a BA in Celtic studies, and an MA in Welsh in 1943. She was a member of staff of Coláiste Laighean between 1929 and 1952. She married Pádraig Ó Cinnéide in 1928. He was secretary of the Department of Health from 1948 to 1959. They had one son and one daughter. Ní Mhuiríosa died in St Vincent's Hospital, Dublin on 27 August 1982, and is buried in Glasnevin Cemetery. Career. Ní Mhuiríosa's first scholarly work was an edition of "Stair an Bhíobla ó lámhsgríbhinn do sgríobh Uáitéir Ó Ceallaigh tuairim na bliadhna MDCCXXVI", which was published in four volumes between 1941 and 1945. During the same period she worked on the "Leabhair ó Láimhsgríbhnibh" series, which was edited by Gerard Murphy. With Nessa Ní Shéaghdha she edited the "Trí Bruidhne" series: "Bruidhean chéise coruinn", "Bruidhean bheag na hAlmhan", "Bruidhean eochaidh bhig dheirg", 1941. She edited "Imtheacht an dá nónbhar agus tóraigheacht Taise Taoibhghile" (1954) and "Comhairle Mhic Lámha" (1955). She had an interest in the leaders of the early Irish-language revival movement. She published a number of articles on those early activists, Brian Ó Luanaigh in "Feasta" (1969), Rev. Euseby Digby in the "Irish Press" (1965), and Rev. Maxwell Close in "Comhar" (1966). This work culminated in a history of the prominent language activists of the Gaelic revival from 1876 and 1893, "Réamhchonrathóirí" (1968). Her essay, "Gaeil agus Breatnaigh anallód", on the history of Wales won a prize at the 1972 oireachtas competition and was later published as a pamphlet in 1974. She published a handbook of Irish literary history in Welsh, "Traddodiad Llenyddol Iwerddon", with J. E. Caerwyn Williams. The handbook was translated into Irish and expanded, published as "Traidisiún liteartha na nGael" in 1979. From the foundation of the Sunday Press in 1949, Ní Mhuiríosa was a regular contributor with her column, "Eadrainn féin". She was a member of numerous literary organisation, and was an acquaintance of other contemporary leading Irish language authors including Máirtín Ó Direáin. In 1946 she joined Cumann na Scríbhneoirí, being elected secretary two years later. As a member of a delegation, Ní Mhuiríosa met taoiseach Éamon de Valera in 1952. This meeting led to the foundation of Bord na Leabhar Gaeilge, a body to facilitate private publishers to publish in Irish. She served on the board's committee for 15 years, and was a director of An Club Leabhar for 20 years. Ní Mhuiríosa won a number of prizes for poetry at Oireachtas na Gaeilge, in 1968 she became president of the oireachtas. She was a member of the Board for Higher Education in the 1960s, and later was a member of the Higher Education Authority. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

moi muririsa mairine nee muiriusa (5 septembor 1906-27 aagosto 1982) egoraki aairis pondito, kobi aaru xangbadik aasil. prarombhik jiwan aaru poriyal. 1906 sonor 5 septemborot doublinot marine nee muirio "chaar jonmo hoisil. teur pitri-maatri aasil gonitor xikhyok tomax oh" muirio "chaa aaru meree (nee) golden. tekhetor pitri-maatri aairis bhaxa kuwa luk aasil aaru poriyaltuwe county waterfordor ringor galtactot suti kotaisil. nee muiriyo 'saai munaghon aaru luxengbergor bidyaloyot porha-xuna korisil. teu konoradh naa gailoger juwo xakha crove muwibhir xodosyo aasil, jiye dolor 1920 sonor projujona doglax hydor "eno naum aar aar aaraidh" aaru oh 'irasatas naatok protijugitar baabe serlut nee dhunleinjor "eno tubar naufa" too ongxogrohon korisil. 1924 sonot biswobidyaloyor mohabidyaloy doublinot prowex kori 1927 sonot celtic odhyoyonot bie aaru 1943 sonot welsot emoe degree laabh kore. 1929 sonor poraa 1952 sonor bhitorot teu colist laighiyanor kormosarir xodosyo aasil. 1928 sonot teu padreig oh "sineidok biyaa koraisil. teu 1948 sonor poraa 1959 sonoloike swasthyo bibhagor xosibo aasil. teulukor ejon putro aaru egoraki konya aasil. 1982 sonor 27 aagostot doublinor saint vincents sikitsaloyot nee muirio "chaar mrityu hoy aaru teuk glessnevin koborsthanot xomadhistho koraa hoy. keriyar. nee muiriusar prothom pandityopurno kaam aasil "chiri eno bhayubla oh" lamhsgrivin dodd "sgriubh koo" aaiteir oh "selaigh tuwairim naa bliyadhona em. di. chi. chi. exvi" ror etaa xongskoron, jitu 1941 sonor poraa 1945 sonor bhitorot sarita khondot prokaxito hoisil. eke xomoisuwat teu "lebheyar oh" lamhsgrievenive "sringkholatut kaam korisil, jitu gerard marphir dwara xompadona koraa hoisil. nesa nee sweghdhar xoite teu "tri bruidhon" sringkhola xompadona korisiloh "bruidhon seij koruin", "bruidhon bhig naa halman", "bruidhon iukaidh bhig dhirgo", 1941. teu "imthes eno daa noo" nobhar aagas tot "raighet ties taubhighile" (1954) aaru "komherole mohik lamha" (1955) xompadona korisil. prarombhik aairis bhaxar punorujjibito andulonor netaxokolor proti teur aagroh aasil. teu xei prarombhik kormixokolor uporot keibatau probondho prokax korisil, briyan oh "luanai" festa "(1969), rebh. aairis press" (1965) too eusebi digby, aaru rebh. maxwell "kumar" (1966) too bondho hoy. ei kaamor porinoti 1876 aaru 1893 sonor poraa gallic punorujjibito korar bixisto bhaxa kormixokolor itihax, "remsunrathuiri" (1968) too hoisil. welsor itihaxor uporot teur probondho "gail aagas britenoy enao" dodd "e 1972 sonor oh" reisatas protijugitat puroskar laabh korisil aaru pisoloi 1974 sonot iyak ekhon pustika hisape prokax koraa hoisil. teu welsot aairis xahityor itihaxor ekhon pustika prokax korisil, "traded" idd "lo iwerdon", je. ee. keruin uiliams. ei pustikakhon aairisoloi onubad koraa hoisil aaru 1979 sonot "tradicine litortha naa engel" hisape prokaxito hoisil. 1949 sonot deubare presor protisthar poraa, nee muiriusa teur stombho "idrain fain" ror xoite niyomiya obodankari aasil. teu oxongkhyo xahityik xongsthar xodosyo aasil, aaru mertin oh "direinoke dhori xomoxamoyik onyanyo aagxarir aairis bhaxar lekhokxokolor porisito aasil. 1946 sonot teu kuma naa screven "irit jugdan kore, dubosoror pisot xosibo nirbasito hoy. protinidhi dolor xodosyo hisape, nee muiriyo 'saai 1952 sonot tousis imm' noo di bhalerak log paisil. ei boithokor folot byoktigoto prokaxokxokolok aairis bhaxat prokax koriboloi xubidha prodan koraa xongstha bob 'rd naa lebhar gailjor bheti hoisil. teu 15 bosor bob "rdor xomitit karzonirbah korisil, aaru 20 bosor dhori etaa club leaveror xonsalok aasil. nee muiriyo 'saai oh' reisatas naa gailgate kobitar baabe keibatau puroskar laabh korisil, 1968 sonot teu oh 'reisatasor xobhapoti hoisil. 1960-ror doxokot teu uscho xikhya porixodor xodosyo aasil, aaru pisoloi uscho xikhya kortripokhyor xodosyo hoisil.

amar nijer myrine nee muiriosa (5 septembara 1906-27 august 1982) chhilen ekjon airish pondito, cobby ebong sangbadik. prathomik jeebon ebong poribar. 1906 saaler 5ee septembara doubline jonmogrohon corren myrine nee muiriosa. taanr baba-maa chhilen goniter shikkhok tommus oo muiriosa ebong merry (nee) golden. taar baba-maa airish bhasabhashi chhilen ebong poribarti county waterforder ring-err geltacte chhuti katato. nee muiriosa monaghan ebong luxumberge schoole padashona korechilen. tini kanradh naa gailoger jubo shakha craove moivir sadasya chhilen, jini doltir 1920 saaler projojonai doglass hyder "ayana naom arr irredh" ebong orechts natok protijogitar jonno serlot nee dhunleinjer "ayana tobar naufa"-teey ongsho niyechilen. tini 1924 saale university college doubline probesh corren, 1927 saale celtic studiese baa ebong 1943 saale welshe emae soho snatok hohn. tini 1929 theke 1952 saaler modhye colist laigianer karmider sadasya chhilen. 1928 saale tini paddreig synideke biye corren. tini 1948 theke 1959 saal porjonto swastho bibhager sachib chhilen. taader eka putro oo eka konna chhilo. 1982 saaler 27shhey august dublin-err seenta vincent hospitale nee muiriosa maaraa zaan ebong taanke glasnevin koborsthane somahito koraa hoy. pesha. nee muiriosar prothom pandityapurna kaaj chhilo "sindi ekti viobla oo lamhosgrievin doo sgriov kueteir oo clie tuerim naa bliadhana mdcxv"-rawr ekti sanskaran, jaa 1941 theke 1945 saaler modhye charti khande prokashito hoyechilo. ekoi somoye tini "leveyara oo lamhosgrievenive" sirije kaaj korechilen, jaa gerard marfi dwara sampadito hoyechilo. nessa nee shiaghdar saathe tini "tree bruydone" sirij sampadana korechenoh "bruidin cheis koruin", "bruidin bhag naa halman", "bruidin iochaid vig dherog", 1941. tini "imthech ayana daa novor agas toraighyach taise taovighile" (1954) ebong "comhairley mohik lamha" (1955) sampadana korechen. prathomik airish-bhasha punarujjiban andoloner netader proti taanr agroho chhilo. tini seii prathomik karmider upor besh koyekti nibondho prakash korechilen, bryan oo luanai 'festa' (1969), rebha. eusebi digby inn dya airish presha (1965), ebong rebha. kamhar' (1966)-ayee maxwell. eyi kaajti 1876 ebong 1893 saal theke gallic punorujjiboner bishishto bhasha karmider itihase chudanta hoyechilo, "remchonrathoiri" (1968). wellser itihas niye taanr probondho, "gail agas bretnaye anald", 1972 saaler orechts protijogitai ekti puraskar jitechilo ebong porey 1974 saale ekti pustika hisabe prokashito hoyechilo. tini welshe airish sahitya itihaser ekti handbook, "tradodiad lenidol iredon", jeey soho prakash korechilen. ee. karuin uilliams. eyi pustikati airish bhasay anubad koraa hoy ebong 1979 saale "tridicion litertha naa engael" naame prokashito hoy. 1949 saale robibarer sangbadpatrer protistha theke, nee muiriosa taanr kolam, "idrain fain"-err niyamita abodankari chhilen. tini asankhya sahitya sangathaner sadasya chhilen ebong mertin oo diarine soho anyanno somosamoyik shirshosthaniyo airish bhasar lekhokder porichito chhilen. 1946 saale tini dui bochor porr sachib nirbachito hoye kaman naa scribneoirite jog deena. ekti protinidhidoler sadasya hisabe, 1952 saale nee muiriosa taoisic emone dii valera saathe dekha corren. eyi boithokti besarkari prokashokder airish bhasay prokasher subidharthe ekti sangostha board naa lebhara gailzer bhittir dike porichalito korey. tini 15 bochor dhorey boarder komitite dayitto palon corren ebong 20 bochor dhorey ekti club lever porichalok chhilen. nee muiriosa oirechts naa geilge kobitar jonno besh koyekti puraskar jitechilen, 1968 saale tini oirechtser sabhapati hohn. tini 1960-err doshke uchcho shikkha boarder sadasya chhilen ebong porey uchcho shikkha kortripokkher sadasya chhilen.

maaree maaree yaado marrin nee muiriosa (5 september 1906-27 august 1982) aek ayrish vidhvaan, kavee aneey patrakaar hataa. praarambhik jeevan aneey kutumb. marrin nee muiriyosano janm 5 september september roj doublinma thayo hato. tenaa matapita tomus oo muiriosa, aek ganeet shikshak aneey meerii (nee) golden hataa. teneena matapita irish bolata hataa aneey parivaar ring, kaauntii waterford khaate geltachma rajaao gaadato hato. nee muirosa monaghan aneey luxembergma shaalaama bhanati hatee. teo konradh naa gailgayni yuvaa shaakha kraubh moibinaa sabhy hataa, jemane groupnaa groupnaa productionmaa daglas hyde dwara "aena naom aar airredh" aneey orechtus naatak spardhaa maate sairlot nee dhunlenj dwara "aena tobar naofa" maan bhaag leedho hato. temane temane university college doublinma pravesh karyo, karyo celtic abhyasma bii. aee. aneey aneey velshamaa aema. aee. saathe snaatak thayaa. teo 1929 aneey aneey vachche colliest laighiyanna karmcharioni sabhy hatee. temane temane padreg oo synaid saathe lagna karyaa. teo teo 1959 sudhee aarogya vibhagna sacheev hataa. temne aek putra aneey aek putri hatee. nee muiriosa 27 august august roj saint vincent hospital, doublinma mrutyu pamya hataa aneey temne glasnavin kabrastaanmaa dafnavvama aavyaa hataa. karkirdi. nee muiriosanu pratham vidhvatapurn kaary "seedee aena biobla oo lamhsgribhin doow sgriobh quater oo sealiag tuerim naa bliyaadhnaa mdcxv" nee aavrutti hatee, jeey 1941 aneey 1945 nee vachche chaar granthomaa prakashit thaee hatee. teey jaj samaygaalaa darmiyan temane "lehair oo lamhsgribhnibh" shrenee parr kaama karyoo hatoo, jenu sampadan gerard murphy dwara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. nessa nee sheghadha saathe temane "trii bruidne" shreneenu sampadan karyunh "bruidian chaze coruin", "bruidian bheeg naa hullman", "bruidian iochaidh bheeg dheerg", 1941. temane "imthech aena daa nobhar agus toragich tais taoibhaghile" (1954) aneey "cohairley mhick laabha" (1955) noon sampadan karyoo. temne praarambhik irish-bhashana punrutthaan chalvalna netaoma rus hato. temane teey praarambhik kaaryakaro parr sankhyaabandh lekho prakashit karyaa, bryan oo luanaigh "festa" (1969), reeva. irish presa" (1965) maan yusebi digby, aneey reeva. maxwell "comer" (1966) maan bundh thayo. aaa kaary 1876 aneey 1893 thee gallic punrutthaannaa agranee bhaasha karykartaona itihaasmaa parakashthae pahonchyu, "ramchonrathoiri" (1968). velsanaa itihas parno temno nibandh, "gail agus bretnai anaload", anaload" oirechtus spardhama puraskar jeetyo hato aneey baadmaa baadmaa aek patrika tareeke prakashit thayo hato. temane velsamaa irish saahityik itihaasnee pustika "tradodiod lanidol everdon" jeey. saathe prakashit curry hatee. ee. kervin williams. aaa pustika irishmaan anuvaadit karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey vistrut karvaamaa aavee hatee, jeey jeey "tradician literth naa engel" tareeke prakashit thaee hatee. hatee ravivaarnaa presnee sthaapnathi, nee muirosa temnaa stambh, "adren phena" saathe niyameet yogdaan aapnaar hataa. teo asankhya saahityik sansthaona sabhy hataa aneey mertin oo diarine saheet anya samkalin agranee irish bhashana lekhakona parichit hataa. hataa teo kamaan naa scribnioirima jodaya, beey varsh pachhi sacheev tareeke chuntaya. pratinidhimandalna sabhy tareeke, nee muirosa muirosa taosich emon dha valeraane malyaa hataa. aaa bethakthi booard naa lebhar gailgayni sthaapnaa thaee, jeey khangi prakashakone irishmaan prakashit karvaanee suveedha aapvaa maateni sanstha chhe. temane 15 varsh sudhee boardnee sameetima sevaa aapee hatee aneey 20 varsh sudhee club leebharnaa nirdeshak hataa. nee muiriosa oirectas naa gailgay khaate kaveeta maate sankhyaabandh inamo jeetya, jeetya teo oirectasna pramukh banyaa. teo teo daykama uchch shikshan boardnaa sabhy hataa aneey baadmaa uchch shikshan sattamandalna sabhy banyaa hataa.

merrie maan marrin nee muirosa (5 sitambar 1906-27 agast 1982) ack ayrish vidwan, kavi aur patrakaar they. praarambhik jeevan aur parivaar. marrin nee muirosa kaa janm 5 sitambar 1906 koo doublin mein huaa thaa. unake maataa-pitaa ack ganit shikshak tommus moirosa aur mairi (nee) golden they. unake maataa-pitaa ayrish bhashi they, aur parivaar ney county waterford key ring mein geltach mein avkash manaaya. nee muirosa ney monaghan aur luxemberg mein school mein padhaai kii. vaha conrad naa galgay kii yuva shakha crobe moibi kii sadasya theen, joe samooh key 1920 key production "aine naom aar aired" key dugglus hyde aur "aine tobar naofa" key serlot nee dhunlenj dwara aurechtus naatak pratiyogita key liye bhaag leey rahee theen. unhone 1924 mein vishvavidyalaya college doublin mein pravesh kiya, 1927 mein celtic adhyayan mein bee. aeye. aur 1943 mein velsh mein ack aim. aeye. key saath snaatak kiya. vaha 1929 aur 1952 key beach colliste lygian key karmchari kii sadasya theen. unhone 1928 mein shaadi kii. way 1948 seey 1959 taka swaasthya vibhaag key sachiv they. unakaa ack betaa aur ack betty thee. 27 agast 1982 koo sent vincent aspatal, doublin mein nee muirosa kii mrityu hoe gaee, aur unhein glassnavin kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa. carrier. nee muirosa kaa pahala vidvatapurna kaary "seedhiyaan ack bhiyobla oh lamhsgribin dou graamh ueteyar oh seelaigh tuerim naa bliyadhana mdcxv" kaa ack sanskaran thaa, joe 1941 aur 1945 key beach chaar khandon mein prakaashit huaa thaa. usee avadhi key dauran unhone "lehair oh lamahsgribhanibh" shrinkhala parr kaam kiya, jise gerard marfi dwara sampaadit kiya gayaa thaa. nessa nee shaghadha key saath unhone "tri bruydne" shrinkhala kaa sampadan kiyaah "bruidian chez coruin", "bruidian bheeg naa hullman", "bruidian eochad bheeg dheerg", 1941. unhone "imcht aine daa nobhras agrehe taibghile" (1954) aur "comrem mhik lamha" (1955) kaa sampadan kiya. praarambhik ayrish-bhasha punrutthan andolan key netaaon mein unaki ruchi thee. unhone una praarambhik kaaryakartaon parr kaee lekh prakaashit kiye, bryan oh luanaigh "dawat" (1969), rev mein. ayrish press" (1965) mein usb digby, aur rev. maxwell "komar" (1966) mein bund hoe gayaa. iss kaam kii parinati 1876 aur 1893 seey gallic punrutthan key pramukh bhasha kaaryakartaon key itihas mein hui, "remchonrathoiri" (1968). wells key itihas parr unakaa nibandh, "gail agus bridnegh anaload", 1972 kii oirechtus pratiyogita mein ack puraskar jeetaa aur baad mein 1974 mein ack parche key roop mein prakaashit kiya gayaa. unhone wells mein ayrish saahityik itihas kii ack pustika, "tradody llenidol everdon", jey key saath prakaashit kii. ee. carvin williams. iss pustika kaa ayrish mein anuvaad kiya gayaa aur 1979 mein "tradician literth naa engel" key roop mein prakaashit kiya gayaa. 1949 mein ravivaar press kii neenv seey, nii muirosa apane collum, "adran phene" key saath ack niyamit yogadankarta theen. vaha kaee saahityik sangathanon kii sadasya theen, aur martin oh dyran sahit anya samkaaleen pramukh ayrish bhasha lekhakon kii parichit theen. 1946 mein vaha dou saal baad sachiv chuni jaane key baad kamaan naa scribneori mein shamil hoe gaeen. ack pratinidhimandal key sadasya key roop mein, nii muirosa ney 1952 mein taosic amone dee valera seey mulakat kii. iss baithak ney niji prakashakon koo ayrish mein prakaashit karane kii suvidha key liye ack nikaay, board naa lebar geilge kii neenv rakhee. unhone 15 varshon taka board kii samiti mein kaary kiya, aur 20 varshon taka ack club leebhar kii nideshak theen. nee muirosa ney aurechtus naa galgay mein kavita key liye kaee puraskar jeete, 1968 mein vaha aurechtus kii adhyaksh baneen. vaha 1960 key dashak mein uchch shiksha board kii sadasya theen, aur baad mein uchch shiksha pradhikaran kii sadasya theen.

nanna maga marine nii muirosa (5 september 1906-27 august 1982) obba airish vidvaamsa, kavi mattu patrakartaraagiddaru. arambhika jeevana mattu kutumba. marine nii muiriosa 1906rahra september september dablinnalli janisidaru. aakeya poshakaru ganitada sikshaka tomus oo muiriosa mattu merrie (nee) golden aagiddaru. aakeya poshakaru airish bhaashikaraagiddaru mattu kutumbavu kaunti waterfordne ringnalliruva geltachtnalli rajadinagalannu kaleyuttittu. monaghan mattu luxembergnalli nee muirosa shaalege haajaraagiddaru. aake konrad naa gailgeya yuva shaakheyaada croube moibhiya sadasyaraagiddaru, avaru avaru douglass hyde avara "aam naumh aarr airaid" mattu oirachtas nataka spardhegaagi cerlot nii dhunlaingna "aun tobar navofa" naa nirmaanadalli bhagavahisidaru. avaru 1924 ralli university college doublinge praveshisidaru, 1927 ralli celtic adhyayanadalli bii. aa mattu 1943 ralli velsionalli emm. aa. padavi padedaru. avaru 1929 mattu 1952 rahra naduve colliste laighian sibbandiyagiddaru. avaru 1928 ralli padraigh oo cinneydrannu vivaahavaadaru. avaru 1948 rinda 1959 ravarege aarogya ilaakheya karyadarshiyagiddaru. avarige obba maga mattu obba magalu iddaru. nii muiriosa avaru 1982rahra august august doublin saint wincents aaspatreyalli nidhanaraadaru mattu avarannu glassnevin smashaanadalli samadhi maadalaagide. vrattijeevana. 1941 mattu 1945rahra naduve naalku samputagalalli prakatavaada "steer aun biobla oo lamhsgribhin doow smriyobh quaitair oo sealige tuyerim naa bliadhna mdcxv" yaya aavruttiyu nii muiriosa avara modala pandityapurna krutiyagide. adhe avadhiyalli avaru gerard marfi sampaadisida "leihair oo lamhsgribhibh" saranialli kelasa maadidaru. tri bruyden" saraniyannu avaru "" bruydian chees koruin "," "bruydian bheeg naa hullman", "bruydian eochide bhig dheerg", dheerg" sampaadisidaru. avaru "" imthiacht aun daa nonbhar augus toraighiacht ties tavoibhhile "(1954) mattu" comhirele mahik lamha "(1955) annu sampaadisidaru". arambhika airish-bhasheya punarujjeevana chalavaliya nayakaralli aakege aasaktiyittu. avaru aaa arambhika kaaryakarteyara bagge halavaaru lekhanagalannu prakatisidaru, brian oo luanigh "faceta" (1969), rev. airish press" (1965) nalli eusebi digby, mattu rev. comer" (1966) nalli maxwell closs. ee krutiyu 1876 mattu 1893rahra gaylic punarujjeevanada pramukha bhasha kaaryakartara itihaasavaada "remhchonrathoi" (1968) dalli konegonditu. walesna itihaasada kuritaada avara prabandhavaada "gail augus breathnige anaload" 1972rahra oiractas spardheyalli bahumaanavannu geddukonditu mattu nantara nantara karapatravagi prakatavaayitu. avaru velsionalli "traddodiad lenidol iverdon" emba airish sahitya itihaasada kaipidiyannu zhe. ii. carevin villiams. ee kaipidiyannu airish bhaashege anuvaadisi, vistarisi, vistarisi "tridicion litertha naa engel" endu prakatisalaayitu. prakatisalaayitu bhaanuvaarada patrikeya sthaapaneyinda, nii muirosa avaru "eedrain fenn" emba tamma ankanakke niyamitavagi koduge niiduttiddaru. aake halavaaru sahitya samsthegala sadasyaraagiddaru mattu marine oo dyrine seridante itara samakaalina pramukha airish bhasha lekhakara parichayastharaagiddaru. parichayastharaagiddaru avaru cummon naa scribnioirige seridaru, eradu varshagala nantara karyadarshiyagi aaykeyaadaru. niyogada sadasyaraagi, nii muirosa avaru avaru tavoseach emmon dii valeraarannu bhetiyaadaru. ee sabeyu khasagi prakashakarige airish bhasheyalli prakatisalu anukulavaguva samstheyaada board naa leber gailjannu sthapisalu kaaranavaayitu. avaru 15 varshagala kaala mandaliya samitiyalli seve sallisidaru mattu 20 varshagala kaala club leebharna nirdeshakaraagiddaru. nii muiriosa oirachtas naa gailjeyalli kavanakkagi halavaaru bahumaanagalannu geddaru, 1968 ralli avaru oirachtasna adhyaksharaadaru. avaru 1960rahra dasakadalli unnata sikshana mandaliya sadasyaraagiddaru mattu nantara unnata sikshana praadhikaarada sadasyaraagiddaru.

ente jeevitam oru airish pandithanum kavayitriyum pathrapravartthakayumaayirunnu maarin nii muiriosa (5 septambar 1906-27 august 1982). aadyakaala jeevithavum kudumbavum. 1906 septambar 5 nuu dablinilaanu maarin nii muiriosa janichathu. avalude maathaapithaakkal ganithashaasthra adthyaapikayaaya tomas moow muiriosa merii (nee) golden aayirunnu. avalude maathaapithaakkal airish samsaarikkunnavaraayirunnu, kaundi waterfordile ringile geltachil kudumbam avadikkaalam aakhoshichu. monaganileyum luxembergileyum skoolukalil nee muiriosa padichu. 1920ll dougless hydinte "aan navom arr aitraid", oyaraachtaas naadaka malsarathinaayi serlot nii dunlainchinte "aan tobar navofa" ennivayude grouppinte nirmmaanatthil pankeduttha konraad naa gailjinte yoothu branchaaya crowb moyibhiyil avar amgamaayirunnu. 1924ll yooniversitti koleju dablinil praveshicha avar 1927ll celtic padanatthil baa 1943ll velshil ema nedi. nedi 1929num idayil kolaasist laigiyanile staaf amgamaayirunnu. 1928ll avar sinida vivaham kazhichu. 1948 muthal 1959 vare addeham aarogyavakuppinte sekrattariyaayirunnu. avarkk oru makan oru makalum undaayirunnu. 1982 august 27 nuu dablinile sent vinsent ashupathriyil vachu nii muiriosa marikkukayum glassnevin semitheriyil samskarikkappedukayum cheythu. currier. 1941 num 1945 num idayil naalu vaalyangalayi prasidheekaricha "steyar aan bheobla ooo lamsgribhin doow lamsgrivir oo sealigh thuyeyrim naa bliyadhana mdcxv" yude oru pathippaanu nii muyiriyosayude aadya pandithochithamaaya kruthi. athe kaalayalavil avar jerard marfi edittu cheytha "leihair ooo lamsgribhi" seereesil pravarthichu. nessa nii shiaghaykkoppam avar "tri bruyidne" seerees edittu cheythu "bruyidhan cheyis koruyin", "bruyidhan bheeg naa halman", "bruyidhan iyochaid bheeg dherg", 1941. avar "imthechdu aan daa nonber augus toraikhechu tays thaavoykhail" (1954), "comhirele mahik lamha" (1955) enniva edittu cheythu. aadyakaala airish bhasha punarujjeevana prasthaanatthile nethaakkalil avarkk thaalpparyamundaayirunnu. aaa aadyakaala pravarthakarekkurichu avar niravadhi lekhanangal prasidheekarichu, bryan ó luvany "phestta" (1969), revu. airish pras" (1965), revu ennivayil yousebi digby. maiks well "komar" (1966) enna chithratthil closs cheythu. 1876 muthal 1893 vare gaelic punarujjeevanatthinte pramukha bhasha pravartthakarude charitramaaya "remchonraattoyiri" (1968) yill eee kruthi paryavasaanichu. paryavasaanichu oyaraachtaas malsarathil sammanam nediya avarude lekhanam, "geyil augus breethnai anaload", pinneedu 1974ll oru laghulekhayaayi prasidheekarikkappettu. velshil "traddodiad lenidol iverdon" enna airish saahithyacharithrathinte oru kaippustakam avar prasidheekarichu. iii. kervin vilyams. eee kaippustakam airishilekku vivarthanam cheyyukayum vipuleekarikkukayum 1979 ll "tridician littertha naa engale" enna peril prasidheekarikkukayum cheythu. 1949 ll sanday pras sthaapichathumuthal, nii muiriosa avarude kolamaaya "edraine fenn" enna kolatthil sthiramaayi sambhavana nalkiyirunnu. niravadhi saahitya samghadanakalil amgamaayirunna avar, maarittin ooo diarane ulppedeyulla samakaalika pramukha airish bhasha ezhuthukaarude parichayakkaariyaayirunnu. 1946-ll avar kuman naa scribnioyiriyil chernnu, rund varshathinu sesham sekrattariyaayi thiranjedukkappettu. oru prathinidhi samghathile amgamenna nilayil, nii muiriosa 1952 ll thaavoyiseechu emon dii valera kandumutty. eee yogam swakaarya prasaadhakarkk airish bhashayil prasidheekarikkaan soukaryamorukkunna board naa leber gailjinte aditharayilekku nayichu. 15 varsham board kammittiyil sevanamanushticha avar 20 varsham oru club leebaarinte directoraayirunnu. oyaraachtaas naa gailgil kavithaykku niravadhi sammanangal nediya nii muiriosa 1968 ll oyaraachtaasukalude presidentaayi. presidentaayi unnatha vidyaabhyaasa boardil amgamaayirunna avar pinneedu unnatha vidyaabhyaasa authorityil amgamaayirunnu.

majhi majhi maitri myrene nee muirosa (5 september 1906-27 august 1982) heey eka ayrish vidwan, kavee aanee patrakar hote. prarambhik jeevan aanee kutumb. myrene nee muiriosa yancha janm 5 september 1906 roji doublinmadhye jhaala. tiche ivadil tomus oo muiriosa, eka ganitache shikshak aanee merrie (nee) golden hote. tiche ivadil ayrish bhashik hote aanee kutumb ring, county waterford yetheel geltachmadhye sutty ghalvat hote. nee muirosa monaghan aanee luxemberg yetheel shalet shikat asey. tee konradh naa geilgechya yuva shakha kraubh moibhichi sadasya hotee, jyane samoohane 1920 madhye dugglus hydedware tayar kelelya 'aine naom aar irredh' aanee orechatas natak spardhesathi serlot nee dhunlengdware 'aine tobar naofa' madhye bhag ghetala. tine 1924 madhye vidyapith mahavidhyalayat pravesh ghetala, 1927 madhye celtic abhyasat bii. aii. aanee 1943 madhye velshmadhye emm. aii. saha padvi prapt kelee. tee 1929 teey 1952 darmyan collist leghiyanchya leghiyanchya sadasya hotee. 1928 madhye tine padreg oo synaidshee lagn kele. teey 1948 teey 1959 paryant aarogya vibhagache sachiv hote. tyanna eka mulga aanee eka mulgi hotee. 27 august 1982 roji dublin yetheel seent vincent rugnalayat nee muiriosa yanche nidhan jhaale aanee tyanna glasnavin smashanbhumit daphan karnyat aale. karkird. nee muirosa yanche pahile vidvattapoorn karya 'stair aine biobla oo lamhsgribhin doow sgriobh kuvetiyar oo seelaigh tuerim naa bliyadhna emm. dii. see. see. ex. vhee.' chee aavrutti hotee, jee 1941 aanee 1945 darmyan chaar khandanmadhye prakashit jhaali. tyach kalat tine 'lehair oo lamhsgribhanibh' malikevar kaam kele, jyache sampadan gerard marfine kele hote. nessa nee sheghadha yanchyasobat tine 'trie bruidne' malikeche sampadan keleh 'bruidian chez koruin', 'bruidian bheeg naa hullman', 'bruidian eochide bheeg dheerg', 1941. tine 'imthech aine daa nobhar aagas toraighach tayas taobhighile' (1954) aanee 'cohairle mhick labha' (1955) chey sampadan kele. prarambhik ayrish-bhasha punarujjivan chalvalichya netyanmadhye teela rus hota. tine tyaa suruvatichya karyakartyanvar, bryan oo luanay, 'festa' (1969), rave. madhye anek lekh prakashit kele. ayrish press' (1965) madheel yusebi digby aanee rev. maxwell 'comer' (1966) madhye jawal aala. yaa karyacha nishkarsh 1876 aanee 1893 pasoon gelic punarujjivanachya pramukh bhasha karyakartyanchya itihasamadhye, 'remchonrathoiri' (1968) madhye nighala. velsachya itihasavaril 'gail aagas bretnai anald' yaa tichya nibandhala 1972 chya orichtus spardhet paritoshik midale aanee nantar 1974 madhye eka pustika mhanoon prakashit karnyat aale. tine velsmadhye ayrish sahityik itihasache eka pustika, 'tradodiod lenidol everdon', jeey. eae. kervin williams. yaa pustakache ayrish bhashet bhashantar karnyat aale aanee tyacha vistar karnyat aala, 1979 madhye 'tridician litertha naa engel' mhanoon prakashit karnyat aale. 1949 madhye ravivarchya vruttapatrachya sthapanepasun, nee muiriosa tichya 'adrine pheen' yaa stambhat niyamit yogdan dett hotee. tyaa asankhya sahityik sansthanchya sadasya hotya aanee martin oo direns itar samkalin pramukh ayrish bhashetil lekhakanchi parichit hotya. 1946 madhye tyaa kaman naa scribnioirimadhye sameel jhalya aanee done varshannantar sachiv mhanoon nivadoon aalya. eka pratinidhi mandalacha sadasya mhanoon, nee muiriosa 1952 madhye taosich emon dii valeira yanna bhetala. yaa baithakimule khajgi prakashakanna aayarishmadhye prakashit karnyas suvidha denyasathi board naa lebhar geilge yaa sansthecha paya ghatala gela. tine mandalachya samitivar 15 varshe kaam kele aanee 20 varshe club leebharchya sanchalak hotya. nee muiriosane auriechtas naa geilge yethe kavitansathi anek bakshise jinkley, 1968 madhye tee auriechatasachi adhyaksh bunley. 1960 chya dashakat tyaa uchch shikshan mandalachya sadasya hotya aanee nantar uchch shikshan pradhikaranachya sadasya hotya.

merry merry mairin nee muiriosa (5 september 1906-27 august 1982) ek iris vidwan, kawi rar patrakar thie. prarambhik jiwan rar pariwar. merrin nee muiriyosako janma 5 september 1906 maa doublinma bhaeko thiyo. unka amababu tomus o muiriosa, ek ganit shikshak, rar merry (nee) golden thie. unka amababu iris bolneharu thie, rar pariwar ring, county waterfordko geltachma chhutti bitaunthe. muiriyosale monaghan rar luxembergko schoolma padhe. uni konradh naa geilgeko yuwa shakha krobh moibhiki sadasya thiin, jasle samuhako 1920 ko douglus hydedwara "enn naom arr irredh" rar orechatas natak pratiyogitaka lagi serlot nee dhunlainjadwara "enn tobar naofa" ko utpadanma bhag liin. uni sann 1924 maa university college doublinma prawesh garin, sann 1927 maa celtic adhyayanma bie rar sann 1943 maa welsma ma garera snatak garin. uni sann 1929 rar 1952 ko bichma kolaiste laighiyanko stafki sadasya thiin. unle sann 1928 maa sinaidasanga vivaha garin. uni sann 1948 dekhi 1959 samma swasthya vibhagka sachiva thie. uniharuka ek chhora rar ek chhori thie. nee muiriyosako 27 august 1982 maa cent vincent aspatal, doublinma mrityu bhayo, rar glassnevin kabristanma gadiyo. currier. nee muiriyosako pahilo vidwatapurna karya "sindhi ek bhiyobla o lamahsgribhin do smriyobh kuwetera o silaigha tuerim naa bliyadhana mdcxbhi" ko sanskaran thiyo, june 1941 rar 1945 ko bichma chaar khandaharuma prakashit bhaeko thiyo. sohi awadhima unle "leveyar o lamahsgribhanibh" shringkhalama kaam garin, june gerard marfidwara sampadan garieko thiyo. nessa nee seghdasanga unle "trie bruidne" shringkhala sampadan garinh "bruidian chaze koruina", "bruidian bhig naa halman", "bruidian ecoched bhig dherag", 1941. unle "imthech enn daa nover agus taraighachta taise taobhighile" (1954) rar "cohairle mahik lamaha" (1955) sampadan garin. prarambhik iris-bhasha punarutthan andolanka netaharuprati unko ruchi thiyo. unle tee prarambhik karyakartaharu, bryan o luanaima "festa" (1969), revma dherai lekhharu prakashit garin. iris press" (1965) maa yusebi digby, rar rev. komar" (1966) maa maxwell banda bhayo. yo kaam sann 1876 rar 1893 dekhi galic punarutthanka pramukh bhasha karyakartaharuko itihasma parinat bhayo, "remchonrathoiri" (1968). welsko itihasma unko nibandha, "gell agas bretnai anaload", ley 1972 ko oirechtas pratiyogitama puraskar jityo rar pachhi 1974 maa parchako rupma prakashit bhayo. unle welsma ayrish sahityik itihasko euta pustika, "tradodiod lenidol ewarden", jey sanga prakashit garin. ei. kerwin williams. yass pustika irisma anuwad garieko thiyo rar sann 1979 maa "tridician literth naa engel" ko rupma prakashit bhaeko thiyo. sann 1949 maa aitbar presko sthapanabata, nee muiriosa unko stambha, "adrine fain" ko sath niyamit yogadankarta thiin. uni dherai sahityik sangathanki sadasya thiin, rar mertin o dirinesahit anya samakalin pramukh ayrish bhashaka lekhakharuko parichit thiin. sann 1946 maa uni dui warshapachhi sachiva nirvachit bhaera kaman naa scribnioirima samel bhain. pratinidhimandalko sadasyako rupma, nee muiriyosale sann 1952 maa taosich amone day bhyaleralai bhete. yass baithakle niji prakashakharulai irisma prakashit garna sajilo banaune nikaya board naa lebhar gailzko jag basalyo. unle 15 warshasamma boardko kamitima sewa garin, rar 20 warshasamma club libharki nirdeshak thiin. nee muiriyosale oirechtas naa geilgema kawitaka lagi dherai puraskarharu jityo, sann 1968 maa uni oirechtaski adhyaksha banin. uni sann 1960 ko dashakma uccha shiksha boardki sadasya thiin rar pachhi uccha shiksha pradhikaranki sadasya bhain.

more more munn marine nee muiriosa (5 september 1906-27 august 1982) jane iris bidwana, kabi ebong sambadika thile. prarambhika zeeban ebong paribara. merin nee muiriosa 5 september 1906 ray dablinare janmagrahana karithile. taanka pitamata thile ganita sikhyaka tomes oh muiriosa ebong merrie (nee) golden . taanka pitamata airish bhasabhashi thile, ebong paribarati county waterfordra ringara geltactre chhuti katuthile. nee muiriosa monaghan ebong luxembergre bidyalajare adhyajana karithile. shay kanradh naa geilage 'rahr juba shakha kraobha moivira sadasya thile, jie douglass haidanka dwara 1920 ray group rahr "enn naom aarr irredh" ebong orechtas nataka pratijogita paain serlot nee dhunlainjanka dwara "enn tobara naofa" ray anshagrahana karithile. shay 1924 ray biswabidyalaja college dablinare prabesha karithile, 1927 ray celtic adhyajanare bie ebong 1943 ray welsre maa sahita snataka hoithile. shay 1929 ru 1952 madhyare coleste laigianra karmachari sadasya thile. shay 1928 ray padreg oh sineidnku bibaha karithile. shay 1948 ru 1959 parjyanta swasthya bibhagara sachiba thile. semanankara jane pua ebong jane jhia thile . nee muiriosa 1982 august 27 ray doubliner cent vincent daktarakhanare mrutyubarana karithile ebong tanku glasnevin kabarasthanare kabara diajaichhi. kyariyara. nee muiriosanka pratham pandityapurna karjya thila "stera anned bhajobla oh lamasgrivin doo sgriobh quaitera oh clig tuerim naa bliadna emm. dii. sii. sii. ex. bhi." rahr eka sanskarana, jaahaa 1941 ru 1945 madhyare chaari khandare prakashita hoithila. sehi samajare shay "lebher oh lamasgribhibh" sirijare kaama karithile, jaahaa gerard morphy dwara sampadita hoithila . nessa nee shiaghadhanka saha shay "tri bruidne" shrunkhalara sampadana karithileh "bruidin chaise koruin", "bruidin bhiga naa halman", "bruidin iochaid bhiga dhirga", 1941. shay "imthecht enn daa nover augus taraighachta taise taobhighile" (1954) ebong "kamherle mahik labha" (1955) sampadana karithile. prarambhika iris-bhasha punaruddhara andolanara netamananka prati tankara agraha thila. shay sehi prarambhika karjyakartanka upare aneka nibandha prakash karithile, brian ó luanai 'festa' (1969) ray, rebh. airish press" (1965) ray jusebi digby, ebong rebh. komara "(1966) ray maxwell nikatatar hoithile. ehi karjya 1876 ebong 1893 ru gelic punaruddharara pramukh bhasha karjyakartanka itihasare samapta hoithila, "ramachonrathoiri" (1968) . welsnka itihas upare tankara prabandha, "gail augus brethnai unaload", 1972ray oirechatsa pratijogitare eka puraskara jitithila ebong parey 1974ray eka pustika bhabare prakashita hoithila. shay welsre iris sahitya itihasara eka handbook, "tradodiad lenidol iwarden", jay. ee. kerwin williams. ehi pustikaku airish bhasare anubada karajaithila ebong 1979 masihare "tridician literth naa engel" naamare prakashita hoithila. 1949 ray rabibara presra muladuaru, nee muiriosa taanka stambha, "idren fain" sahita jane nijamita abadanakari thile . shay aneka sahitya sangathanara sadasya thile, ebong martin oh dirinnka sameth anya samasamajika agrani iris bhasha lekhakanka jane parichita thile. 1946 masihare shay dui barsha parey sachiba bhabe nirbachita hoi comman naa skribanioirire joga deithile. eka pratinidhi dalara sadasya bhabe, nee muiriosa 1952 masihare taosic emon dii bhaleranku bhetithile. ehi baithaka gharoi prakashakamananku aairisare prakash kariba paain subidha pradan karuthiba board naa lebhar gails namaka eka sansthara muladua pakaithila. shay 15 barsha paain boarder kamitire karjya karithile, ebong 20 barsha paain eka club liverara nirdeshaka thile. nee muiriosa oirechtas naa geilgere kabita paain aneka puraskara jitithile, 1968 ray shay oirechtasara sabhapati hoithile . shay 1960 dashakare uccha sikhya boarder sadasya thile ebong parey uccha sikhya kartupakhyanka sadasya thile.

meriaan mundhaliaan gallan marine nee muiriosa (5 satambar 1906-27 agast 1982) ikk irish vidwan, kavee atey pattarkar see. mudhla jeevan atey parivaar. marine muiriosa daa janam 5 satambar 1906 noon doublin witch hoiaa see. uss dey maape ikk ganit adhiaapak tomes ou muiriosa atey mairi (nee) golden sunn. uss dey maape irish bolann vaale sunn, atey parivaar neey ring, kaoonti waterford dey galtect witch chhuttiaan manaiaan. nee muiriosa neey monaghan atey luxemberg dey school witch padahi keeti. uh konradh naa geilge dee yuva shakha karobh moibhi dee member see, jiss neey samooh dey 1920 dey dougles hyde duaara "ainn naom aar irredh" atey orechts drama mukabale laee serlot nee dhunland duaara "ainn tobar naofa" dey nirman witch hissa liaa. uh 1924 witch university kaalaj doublin witch dakhal hoee, 1927 witch celic studies witch bee. aii. atey 1943 witch welsch witch aim. aii. naal graduate hoee. uh 1929 atey 1952 dey vichkaar coliste lygian dey staff dee member see. uss neey 1928 witch padraig ou synaid naal viaah karvaiaa. uh 1948 toon 1959 takk sihat vibhag dey sakattar rahey. unhan daa ikk puttar atey ikk dhee see. nee muiriosa dee maut 27 agast 1982 noon cent vincent hospital, doublin witch hoee atey uss noon glesnevin kabarstan witch dafnaiaa giaa. carrier. nee muiriosa daa pahila vidvatapuran kamm "paudi ikk jeevla ou lamshgrihan doow sagriyobh covitair ou sealag tuairim naa baliadna aimm. dee. see. see. exvi" daa ikk sanskaran see, joe 1941 atey 1945 dey vichkaar chaar khandan witch prakashit hoiaa see. isey samein dauran usne "lehair ou lamshgribhnibh" luddy 'teey kamm keeta, jiss noon gerard marfi duaara sampadit keeta giaa see. usne nessa nee shyaghadha naal "trie barudine" luddy daa sampadan keetaau "brudian chaze cruin", "brudian bheeg naa halman", "brudian eocad bhig dheerag", 1941. usne "imthichat ainn danbhar aggus toraighchat taees taobhghile" (1954) atey "cohairley mahik lamha" (1955) daa sampadan keeta. uss dee dilchaspi shuruati irish-bhasha punar surjiti andolan dey netavan witch see. uss neey unhan mudhle karkunan baare kaee lekh prakashit keete, bryne ou luanigh "feesta" (1969), raiv. irish presses" (1965) witch yusebi digby, atey rev. maxwell "comer" (1966) witch bnd hoiaa. iss kamm dee sitte vajon 1876 atey 1893 toon gallic punar-surjiti dey pramukh bhasha karkunan dey itihaas, "remchonrathoiri" (1968) witch sitta kaddhiaa giaa. uss daa lekh, "gail aggus bratnige anaload", wells dey itihaas utte, neey 1972 dey oirechts mukabale witch ikk inam jittiaa atey baad witch 1974 witch ikk parche vajon prakashit keeta giaa. uss neey velash witch irish sahitak itihaas dee ikk handbook, "tradodiad lalendol iverdon", jey. naal prakashit keeti. ee. carvin villiams iss handbook daa irish witch anuvad keeta giaa see atey 1979 witch "tridicine litertha naa angel" dey roop witch prakashit keeta giaa see. sann 1949 witch aitwar presses dee neenh toon, nee muiriosa aapne kaalam, "eedrain fain" witch ikk niyamat yogdan paunh vaali see. uh kaee sahitak sangathanan dee member see, atey horr samkali pramukh irish bhasha dey lekhakan dee jaanh-pachanh see jiss witch mairtin ou dyran vee shamal see. sann 1946 witch uh doou saal baad sakattar chunhi gaee atey uss neey cummin naa scribenoiri naal sambandh banaae. ikk vafad dey member dey roop witch, nee muiriosa neey 1952 witch taosic amone dee valera naal mulakat keeti. iss meating neey board naa leebhar gails dee neenh rakkhi, joe kii nijji parkashakan noon irish witch prakashit curran dee sahulat denh laee ikk sanstha haii. uss neey 15 saalan laee board dee kameti witch seva nibhai, atey 20 saalan laee ikk club leebhar dee director rahee. nee muiriosa neey orichts naa geilge vikhe kavita laee kaee puraskar jitte, uh 1968 witch orichts dee pardhan bnee. uh 1960 dey dahake witch ucch sikkhiaa board dee member see, atey baad witch ucch sikkhiaa atharty dee member see.

mama maataa tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu tu mairin ni muirosa (5 september 1906-27 august 1982) ekaha airish-vidvaamsaha, kavihi, patrakaarah cha aasit. praarambhikajeevanam tathaa parivaarah. merrin nee muiriosa ityeshaa 1906 september 5 dinaanke doublin-nagare ajayata. tasyaah maataapitarau tomas o muiriosa, ganita-shikshaka, merry (nee) golden cha aasan. tasyaah maataapitarau airish-bhaashinah aasan, tathaa cha parivaarah kaunti-waterford-nagarasya ring-nagarasya geltach-madhye viraamam yaapayat. nee muhiriyosa monaaghan tathaa luxemberg ityatra vidyaalaye abhyanayt. saa konaradha-naa-gailge ityasya yuva-shaakhaayaah kraubha-moyibhi ityasya sadasyaa aasit, yaa daglas-haid ityasya 1920 tame varshe nirmitasya "enn-naum-aar-irred" ityasya samuhasya nirmanasya, auriyochtaas-naatak-pratiyogitaayaah krute cerlot-ni-dhunlaing ityasya "enn-tobar-nofa" ityasya cha sahabhagini aasit. saa 1924 tame varshe vishvavidyaalayasya mahaavidyaalaye doublin-madhye pravishtavatee, 1927 tame varshe celtic-adhyayanasya bee-sahitam snaatakapadaveem, 1943 tame varshe velsh-madhye emm. e. cha praaptavatee. saa 1929 taha 1952 paryantam kolaayaste-laighiyan-samsthaayaah karmachaari-sadasyaa aasit. saa 1928 tame varshe paadraig o cinnaid ityenam parineetavatee. saha 1948 taha 1959 paryantam svaasthyavibhaagasya sachivah aasit. teshaam ekaha putrah, ekaha putree cha aasit. nee muhiriyosa 1982 august 27 dinaanke sent vincents chikitsaalaye, doublin-nagare mrutah, glasnavin-shmashaane cha samaadhitah. vruttihi. nee muirosa ityasya prathamam vidvataapoornam krutim "sterr enn biobla o laamahsgribhin doo smriyobh quaiter o sealag tuyerim naa bliyadhana emm. dee. see. see. eksa. vee" ityasya samskaranam aasit, yat 1941 taha 1945 paryantam chaturnam khandeshu prakaashitam aasit. tasmin eva kaale saa "lebher o laamhasgribhibh" shrunkhalaayaam karyam krutavatee, yasya sampaadanam gerard marfi ityanena krutam. nesaa nee shiyagadha ityanena saha saa "tri bruidne" shrunkhalaayaah sampaadanam krutavateehi "bruydeen chess koruyin", "bruydeen bheeg naa hullman", "bruydeen eochad bhig dheerg", 1941. saa "imthecht enn daa nobhar aagas toraighacht tais taaobhighile" (1954) tathaa "kohairle mahik laamh" (1955) ityetaani sampaadayat. praarambhik-airish-bhasha-punarutthaan-aandolanasy netrushu tasyaah ruchihi aasit. saa "festa" (1969), rev ityasmin, teshaam praarambhik-karyakartrunam vishaye, brian o luyaanaigh iti aneke lekhaan prakaashitavatee. airish-press" (1965) ityasmin yousebi digby, tathaa cha rev. komhar" (1966) ityasmin maxwell ityasya samaapanam. asya karyasya parakashta 1876 taha 1893 paryantam gelic-punaruddharanasy pramukhanam bhasha-karyakartanam itihaase abhavat, "ramchonrathoyiri" (1968) iti. wells-itihasasya vishaye tasyaah prabandhah "gail aagas bretnag anaload" iti 1972 tame varshe oirechtaas-spardhayam puraskaram avaapnot, anantaram 1974 tame varshe patrikaa rupena prakaashitam. saa wells-bhashayam "tradeodiad lenidol aivardan" iti airish-saahitya-itihasasya hastapustakam jey. ityanena saha prakaashitavatee. ee. kervin viliums. asya pustikaayaah airish-bhashayam anuvaadah vistaarah cha abhavat, 1979 tame varshe "tradician literth naa engail" iti namna prakaashitam. 1949 tame varshe ravivaasare patrikaa-samsthapanakalat, ni muiriosa ityeshaa "eedrain phen" iti stambhasya niyamitaroopen yogadam dattavatee. saa anekanam saahitya-sanghatanana sadasyaa aasit, tathaa cha anyaanaam samakalinanam pramukhanam airish-bhashanam lekhakanam parichitaa aasit, yathaa mairtin o dairain. 1946 tame varshe saa kaman naa scribnioyiree ityasmin saha militvaa varshadvayaanantaram sachivatvena nirvaachitavatee. pratinidhimandalasya sadasyatvena, ni muiriosa 1952 tame varshe tavosich emon day valeraa ityanena saha militavaan. eshaa baithakah board naa leber geyilge ityasya sthapanam praavartayat, yat airish-bhashayam prakaashayitum nijee-prakaashakebhyah suvidhaah pradadaati. saa 15 varshaani yaavat board-samitau karyam krutavatee, 20 varshaani yaavat club-leebhar ityasya nirdeshaka cha aasit. nee muhiriyosa ityeshaa oyirechtas naa gailge ityatra kaavyasya krute anekaan puraskaran praapnot, 1968 tame varshe saa oyirechtas ityasya adhyakshaa abhavat. saa 1960 tame dashake ucchashikshaamandalee sadasyaa aasit, pashchat ucchashikshaamandalee sadasyaa cha abhavat.

enn thaai muthiriyosa myrine nii muirosa (5 septumber 1906-27 august 1982) oru airish arinyar, kavignar mattrum paththirigaiyaalar aavaar. aarambagaala vaazhkkai mattrum kudumbam. maerin nii muirosa septumber 5,1906 andru dublinil piranthaar. avarathu pettroar tomas moow muirosa, oru kanitha aasiriyar mattrum maeri (nee) colton. avarathu pettroar airish mozhi paesubavargal, maelum kudumbam kavundi waterfordil ulla ringle ulla keltaattil vidumurai eduththathu. muirosa moanagaan mattrum luxemberkil ulla pallyil payintraar. avar konrat naa kailjin ilaignar kilaiyaana grap moayibiyil uruppinaraaga irunthaar, kuzhuvin 1920 aam aandu thayarippaana tucklasses hight ezhuthiya "oru navom aarr irreth" mattrum oirachtas naadaga poattikkaaka cherload nii thunnlaingkin "oru thoabar navofa" aagiyavattril pankettraar. 1924 aam aandil palkalaikkazhagak kallooriyil dublinil nuzhainthaar, 1927 aam aandil seltic padippil pii. aee. pattamum, 1943 aam aandil velshil emm. aee pattamum pettraar. avar 1929 mattrum 1952 kku idaiyil colliste lykeen oozhiyargalil uruppinaraaga irunthaar. avar 1928 aam aandil patterik cinnite mananthaar. avar 1948 muthal 1959 varai sugaathaarath thuraiyin seyalaalaraaga irunthaar. avarkalukku oru magan mattrum oru magal irunththanar. nii muirosa august 27,1982 andru dublinil ulla saint wincent maruthuvamanaiyil iranthaar, maelum classnavin kallaraiyil adakkam seiyappattaar. thozhil. 1941 mattrum 1945 kku idaiyil naanku thoguthigalaaga veliyidappatta "padikkattu oru beobla ooo lamchcriffin doow smreop kuvidaer ooo seelaiy thuirim naa pliatna emm. dii. chii. chii. ex. vii" inn pathippaaka nii muyiriyoasaavin muthal arivaarntha padaippu irunththathu. athae kaalakattathil avar jerard marbiyaal thirutthappatta "leabare ooo lamchgriffy" thodaril paniyaattrinaar. nessa nii shyaktavudan inainthu avar "try bruydne" thodarai togutar "bruydeen sease koruyin", "bruydeen beak naa hallman", "bruydeen eocite beak therk", 1941. avar "imtiact uunn daa nonbar agus doraigiact dies thaavoaiphile" (1954) mattrum "goherle mahik lamha" (1955) aagiyavattraith thoguththaar. aarambagaala airish mozhi marumalarchi iyakkaththin thalaivarkal meethu avarukku aarvam irunththathu. antha aarambagaala aarvalargal, praiyan ooo luvanoy pattri pala katturaigalai "festa" (1969), rev. airish piras" (1965) ill eusebi duckby, mattrum rev. gomar" (1966) padaththil maxwell nerukkamaaga ullaar. inthap padaippu 1876 mattrum 1893 aam aandugalil keylik marumalarchchiyin mukiya mozhi aarvalargalin varalaattril uchakkattaththai adainthathu, "ramsonradori" (1968). wales varalaaru kuriththa avarathu katturai, keyl agus bretnoy analote, 1972 oiractas poattiyil oru parisai ventrathu, pinnar 1974 ill oru thunduppirasuramaaga veliyidappattathu. avar wales ill airish ilakkiya varalaattrin kaiyettai veliyittaar, "tradodiat lenitol iverton", jay. ii. kervin villiams. inththa kaiyedu airish mozhiyil molipeyarkkappattu virivupaduthappattu, 1979 aam aandil "tridician litertha naa nagel" endru veliyidappattathu. 1949 aam aandil nyaayittrukkizhamai paththirigai niruvappattathilirunthu, nii muirosa thanathu katturaiyaana "edraine feben" udan valakkamaana bangalippaalaraaga irunthaar. avar aeraalamaana ilakkiya amaippil uruppinaraaga irunthaar, maelum martin ooo dirin ullitta samagaala munnani airish mozhi ezhuththaalargalin arimugamaanavar. 1946 aam aandil avar kamaan naa scribnioyariyil saernthaar, irandu aandugalukkup piragu seyalaalaraaga thernthedukkappattaar. oru kuzhuvin uruppinaraaga, nii muirosa 1952 aam aandil thaavoaseech emmon dii valaeraavai sandhiththaar. inththa koottam thaniyar veliyeettaalargalukku airish mozhiyil veliyida udhavum oru amaipaana poardu naa leaber kailj niruvappattathu. avar 15 aandugal vaariyaththin kuzhuvil paniyaattrinaar, maelum 20 aandugal oru kilap leaber iyakkunaraaka irunthaar. nee muirosa oiractas naa kailjil kavidhaigalukkaaga pala parisugalai ventraar, 1968 aam aandil avar oiractassin thalaivaraaga aanaar. 1960kazhil uyarkalvi vaariyaththil uruppinaraaga irunththa avar, pinnar uyarkalvi aanaiyaththil uruppinaraaga irunthaar.

naa talli myrine nii muirosa (5 september 1906-27 augustu 1982) oka airish panditudu, kavi mariyu paatrikeyudu. prarambha jeevitam mariyu kutumbam. maarin nii muirosa 1906 september 5naa doublinlo janminchaaru. aame tallidandrulu ganita upadhyayudu tomus oo muirosa mariyu maerii (nee) golden. aame tallidandrulu airish matladevaru, mariyu kutumbam county waterford looni ring vadda galtacht loe selavulu gadiparu. nee muirosa monaghan mariyu luxembergloni paatasaalaku hajarayyadu. aame konrad naa gailge yokka yuvajana saakha ayina croube moibhilo sabhyuraligaa undhi, douglus hyde roopondinchina "yaan naum aarr iride" mariyu oirachtas naataka pootii kosam serlot nii dunling roopondinchina "yaan tobar నాయోఫా" anae 1920 nirmaanamloo paalgondi. aame 1924loe university college doublinlo pravesinchindi, 1927loe seltic studieslo bii. eah. thoo, 1943loe velshlo emm. eah. thoo pattabhadruraalaindi. aame 1929 mariyu 1952 madhya colliste laighian sibbandilo sabhyuraligaa unnaaru. aame 1928loe cinnaid anae vyaktini vivaham chesukundi. athanu 1948 nundi 1959 varaku aarogya saakha kaaryadarsigaa unnadu. vaariki oka kumarudu mariyu oka kumarte unnaaru. nii muiriosa 1982 augustu 27naa dablinloni seyint vincent aasupatrilo maraninchaadu mariyu glassnevin smasaanavaatikalo khananam cheyabaddaadu. vrutti. nii muirosa yokka modati vidvaamsula rachana "metla oka biobla oo lamhsgribhin doow lamhsgribhin oo sealige tuirim naa bliadna mdcxv" yokka edition, idhi 1941 mariyu 1945 madhya naalugu samputaalugaa prachurinchabadindi. adhe kaalamlo aame "leihair oo లామ్హ్స్గ్రిభిబ్" siriisloo panichesindi, dheenini gerard marfi savarinchaaru. nessa nii shiyaghdato kalisi aame "tri బ్రూయిద్నే" sireesnu savarinchindihi "బ్రూయిధియన్ chaes koruin", "బ్రూయిధియన్ bheeg naa hullman", "బ్రూయిధియన్ iyochaid bhig dheerg", 1941. aame "ఇమ్థేచ్ట్ yaan daa nonbhar agus toraighacht ties తావోయిభ్హిలే" (1954) mariyu "comhireley mahik lamha" (1955) lanu savarinchindi. prarambha airish bhasha punaruddharana udyama nayakula patla aameku aasakti undedi. aame aaa prarambha kaaryakartalapai aneka kathanaalanu prachurinchindi, brian oo luwanigh "festa" (1969), rev. airish press" (1965) loe usab digby, mariyu rev. komhar" (1966) loe maxwell daggaragaa. eee pani 1876 mariyu 1893 nundi galic punaruddharana yokka pramukha bhasha kaaryakartala charitra, "రామ్చోన్రాథోరి" (1968) thoo mugisindi. aame vyaasam, "gail agus breathnige anaload", wales charitrapai 1972 oirechtas pootiiloo bahumatini geluchukundi mariyu taruvaata 1974loe karapatramgaa prachurinchabadindi. aame velshlo airish saahitya charitra yokka handbook, "tradodiad leniddol iverdon" nuu zhe. thoo prachurinchindi. ii. carewin villiams. eee handbook airish loki anuvadinchabadindi mariyu vistarinchabadindi, 1979loe "ట్రైడిసియన్ litertha naa engel" gaa prachurinchabadindi. 1949loe aadivaaram patrika sthaapana nundi, nii muirosa thana kaalam "eedraayin phen" thoo kramam tappakunda sahakarinchaaru. aame aneka saahitya samsthalalo sabhyuralu, mariyu maritin oo diarintho sahaa itara samakaaleena pramukha airish bhasha rachayitalaku parichayuralu. 1946loe aame cummon naa scribnioirilo chaeri, rendu samvatsaraala taruvaata kaaryadarsigaa ennikayyaaru. oka pratinidhi brundamlo sabhyudiga, nii muirosa 1952loe tavoseach emmon dii valeraanu kalisaaru. eee samavesam private prachuranakartalu airish bhaashalo prachurinchadaaniki veelugaa boardu naa leber gailge anae samsthaku punaadi vaeyadaaniki daariteesindi. aame 15 samvatsaraalu boardu kamiteelo panicheesaaru, mariyu 20 samvatsaraalu club leaber directorga unnaaru. nee muirosa oirechtas naa gailge loe kavitvaaniki aneka bahumatulu geluchukundi, 1968loe aame oirechtas adhyakshuraalaindi. aame 1960laloe unnata vidya boardu sabhyuraligaa, taruvaata unnata vidya samsthalo sabhyuraligaa unnaaru.

meeri zindagi meeri nayee moiriosa (5 satambar 1906-27 agast 1982) eek aairish scholar shayer aur sahafi thay. ibtadayi zindagi aur khaandaan. meeri nee moiriosa 5 satambar 1906 kuu doublin mein paida hoyein. inn kay waldeen riyaazi kay astaad toms awo moiriosa aur meeri (nee) golden thay. iss kay waldeen aairish bolnay waalay thay aur khaandaan nay county waterford kay rung mein galtoct mein chhatiyan manayein. inn kay mahuiriosa nay monaghan aur luxemberg kay school mein taleem haasil kii. wah konradh naa gailgay kii youth branch karoob moibhi kii rakan thein jinhon nay grop kii 1920 kii production "aine nome aar airreedh" bayee doggles hyde aur "aine tobar nofa" bayee seerlot nee dhanlenj mein aurichats dramah muqabilay kay liye hasah liyaa. wah 1924 mein university college doublin mein daakhil hoyein 1927 mein celtic studies mein bee aey kay saath graduation kii aur 1943 mein velish mein ayem aey kiyaa. wah 1929 aur 1952 kay darmiyan colest legin kay amley kii rakan thein. iss nay 1928 mein pedrag awo snide say shaadi kii. wah 1948 say 1959 takk mohkamah sehat kay secertry rahay. inn kaa eek betaa aur eek betty thee. nee moiriosa 27 agast 1982 kuu doublin kay sent vincent hospital mein inteqal kirr gayey aur inhein glasnion qabristan mein dafan kiyaa gayaa. carrier. nee moiriosa kaa pehla elmi kaam "seedhi eek bheoblah awo lamishgariban duu sgreob cuetier awo seeleg tawaireem naa balidhana ayem ddee see see aiks wee" kaa eek edition thaa juu 1941 aur 1945 kay darmiyan chaar jaldon mein shaye hawaa thaa. asee arsey kay doraan inhon nay "libeer awo lamashgaribh" seerez parr kaam kiyaa jiss mein jiyard marfi nay tarmim kii thee. neesa nee shaighdha kay saath inhon nay "trayee brodhan" seerez kii tarmim kii: "brudheen chees karoen"yee "brudheen bheeg naa halman"yee "brudheen ayocheed bheeg dherg"yee 1941. inhon nay "amthachat aine danbhar ags trigchat tiez taobgheel" (1954) aur "comhiral mahak lamha" (1955) kii tarmim kii. inhein ibtadayi aairish zabaan kii bahaali kii tehreek kay rehnumaon mein dilchaspi thee. inhon nay inn ibtadayi karkanon parr mutadid mazamin shaye kiyay brine awo lawanayi mein "festa" (1969)yee riyo. aairish prais" (1965) mein yousibi dagbi aur riyo. meks weel "komaar" (1966) mein bund hawaa. iss kaam kaa ikhtatam 1876 aur 1893 say gallic ahyaa kay mamtaz zabaan kay karkanon kii tareekh "remchonrathori" (1968) mein hawaa. wells kii tareekh parr inn kaa mazmun "geel ags breatnig anald"yee nay 1972 kay aurichats muqabilay mein anaam jeeta aur baad mein 1974 mein eek pumfilt kay toor parr shaye hawaa. inhon nay velish mein aairish adbi tareekh kii eek hanned buck "tradedod landol aaordan"yee jay kay saath shaye kii. ayee. cairan waleems. iss kitaab kaa aairish mein tarjumah kiyaa gayaa aur asay wasaat dee gayee jasay 1979 mein "tradesin latertha naa angail" kay naam say shaye kiyaa gayaa. 1949 mein atwaar kay prais kii bunyaad say nee moiriosa apnay kaalim "adrine faine" kay saath baqayedah sharakat daar thein. wah mutadid adbi tanzimon kii rakan thein aur muasir aairish zabaan kay deegar sarkardah masnafeen say waaqif thein jinn mein meerton awo diarine bhee shaamil haine. 1946 mein wah kaamaan naa scrubnoiri mein shaamil hoyein duu saal baad secertry muntakhib hoyein. eek wafad kay rakan kii haisiyat say nee moiriosa nay 1952 mein tauseech aiman ddee velra say mulaqat kii. iss mulaqat kay natijay mein board naa leebar gailij kii bunyaad rakhee gayee juu najee publishers kuu aairish mein shaye karnay mein sahulat farahim karnay kay liye eek idaarah hay. inhon nay 15 saal takk board kii committy mein khidmaat anjaam dain aur 20 saal takk eek kalb leebar kii director rahein. noow moiriosa nay aurichats naa gailgay mein shayeri kay liye mutadid anaamaat jeetay 1968 mein wah aurichats kii sadr bunain. wah 1960 kii dahayi mein board baraye aalee taleem kii rakan thein aur baad mein aalee taleemi atharti kii rakan bunain.

fffb262e2552163f34ef2f7277dcb320c67875a9952a1f9180ca98baf7650d0e

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=15988229

DKW F89

DKW F89 The DKW Meisterklasse (English: "Master Class"), also known as the DKW F89, is a compact front-wheel drive saloon manufactured by "Auto Union GmbH" between 1950 and 1954. It was the first passenger car to be manufactured by the new Auto Union company in West Germany following the re-establishment of the business in the west in 1949. The Factory. Apart from the former DKW factory at Berlin-Spandau, the Auto Union’s manufacturing plants had been located in Saxony at Zwickau, Chemnitz and Zschopau when war had put an end to passenger vehicle production in 1942. After the war the company was no longer able to access its production facilities in the Soviet occupation zone. The first post war DKWs were therefore built under contract in a refurbished plant by Rheinmetall-Borsig in Düsseldorf. The Origins. The F89 shared its underpinnings with the DKW F8 / 'Meisterklasse' which had been available between 1939 and 1942, but the F89 has a steel body based on that of the DKW F9, a prototype which would have directly replaced the F8 on the Zwickau production lines had the war not intervened. Although many of the machine tools at that plant were crated up and shipped to the Soviet Union in 1945, Zwickau’s new controllers also built their own version of the DKW F9 prototype, and indeed the eastern version was put into production as the IFA F9, probably shortly before the Düsseldorf built F89. The F89 was not the first vehicle built by Auto Union after the war. That honor goes to the DKW F89 L “Schnelllaster”, "Rapid Transporter" in English, a curiously modern light van built on the same chassis and using the same engine / transmission package, introduced in 1949. The Body. The form of the saloon’s body closely followed that of the prewar DKW F9. However, extensive ‘streamlining’ had been applied to the earlier design, and impressive claims were made for the F89’s lowered wind resistance. In 1951 a two-seater hardtop coupe version, built by coach builders Hebmüller of Wuppertal became available, and the range was completed in October 1951 with the addition of a three-door estate version, employing a body conversion that made extensive use of timber, which was replaced in March 1953 by an all-steel body. The F89 estate, like its steel bodied, successors, was branded as the ‘Universal’. Technical. The F89 featured a two-cylinder two-stroke engine of 684 cc with a stated output, at launch, of 23 bhp. A maximum speed of 100 km/h (62 mph) was claimed for the saloon (95 km/h / 59 mph for the 'Universal' estate). The engine was water-cooled, but there was no water pump. Cooling was by a convection-based thermosiphon system. The front wheels were connected to the engine by means of a three-speed manual gear box controlled via a dash-board mounted "Krückstockschaltung" lever similar to that familiar to later generations from its application in the Citroën 2CV and Renault 4. Towards the end of the production run a four-speed manual box was offered on the Meisterklasse. Sources and further reading. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

di. key. dobliu. hoisil। di. key. dobliu. maistercluse (ingrajih "master class"), jaak di. key. dobliu. hoisil। buliu jonaa yaay, 1950 sonor poraa 1954 sonor bhitorot "otu union gmbais"-ror dwara nirmito ek compact front-huil drive chelun. 1949 sonot poschim germanyt byowoxaytu punor sthapon korar pisot poschim germanyt notun otu union companye nirman koraa eitu prothom jatribahi gaari aasil. karkhana. barlin-spandaur purbor di. key. dobliu. karkhanar uporiu 1942 sonot jetiya juddhor folot jatribahi baahonor utpadon bondho hoi goisil, tetiya otu unionor utpadon karkhana jowikau, semnitz aaru jsupaur sexoneet owosthito aasil. juddhor pisot companytuwe sobhiyet dokhol oncholot iyar utpadon xubidhaxomuh laabh koriboloi xokhyom huwa nasil. xeyehe juddhor pisor prothom di. key. dobliu.-xomuh suktir odhinot dasseldorfor rainmetal-borxige etaa nobikoron koraa prokolpot nirman korisil. utpotti. 1939 sonor poraa 1942 sonor bhitorot upolobdho di. key. dobliu. dobliu ror xoite hoisil।-e iyar aadhar bhag bhag korisil, kintu hoisil।-ror etaa steel body aase ji di. key. dobliu. e-ror uporot aadharito, etaa protutype ji proityokhyobhabe jowikau utpadon lineot lineot xoloni koribo parisil jodi juddhotuwe hostokhyep nokorisil. jodiu xei prokolpor bohutu jontro xojuli 1945 sonot crate kori sobhiyet unionoloi preron koraa hoisil, jowikaur notun niyontrokxokoleu di. key. dobliu. e protutypor teulukor nijoswo xongskoron nirman korisil, aaru prokritote pubo xongoskorontu aai. ef. e. e hisape utpadon koraa hoisil, xombhobotoh dasseldorfe hoisil। nirman korar kichu xomoyor aagote. hoisil। juddhor pisot otu unione nirman koraa prothom baahon nasil. xei xonman di. key. dobliu. hoisil। el "snelastar" loi yaay, ingrajit "rapied trensp" rtar ", eketa sesir uporot nirmito aaru 1949 sonot proborton koraa eke injin/trensmission package byobohar koraa ek aakorxoniyo aadhunik light bhen. xorirtu. chelunor xoriror ruptuwe praak-juddhor di. key. dobliu. e-ror ruptur usor sapisil. obosye, purbor designot byapok 'streamlining' proyug koraa hoisil, aaru hoisil।-ror bayu protirudh khyomota hraax huwar baabe aakorxoniyo daabi koraa hoisil. 1951 sonot kuch nirmata wupertalor hebmulere nirman koraa dutaa aaxonor hardtop kup xongskoron upolobdho hoisil, aaru 1951 sonor octobor maahot tini-duwaror istet xongskoron jug kori ei porixor xompurno koraa hoisil, zo 'too kaathor byapok byobohar koraa xoriror rupantorok niyujit koraa hoisil, jitu 1953 sonor march maahot xompurno-still bodir dwara xoloni koraa hoisil. hoisil। estatetu, iyar ispator dehjukto, uttoradhikarixokolor dore, 'xarbojonin' hisape brend koraa hoisil. karikori. hoisil।-too 684 sisir dutaa-xilinder dutaa-stroke injin aasil, jitu mukolir xomoyot 23 bieispir output disil. chelunor baabe xorbadhik gotibeg 100 kilometer/ghonta (62 maail/ghonta) ('xarbojonin' xompotir baabe 95 kilometer/ghonta/59 maail/ghonta) daabi koraa hoisil. engintu panire thanda koraa aasil, kintu panir pump nasil. xitol koraa hoisil ek xonsar-bhittik thermocyphon pronalir dwara. xonmukhor sakabur deswo-bob "rd mount koraa" crooksto "xsaltung" libharor joriyote niyontrito tini-speedor menual giyar bokhyor joriyote enginor xoite xongzukto koraa hoisil, jitu poroborti projonmor baabe chitro "eno "eno aaru renault 4-too iyar proyugor poraa porisito aasil. utpadonor xexot maisterclasot chaari-speed menual boxes aagborhuwa hoisil.

dii. keey. dobleeu eff89 dii. keey. dobleeu meisterclus (ingrezi "muster classes"), jaa dii. keey. dobleeu eff89 nameo porichito, 1950 theke 1954 saaler modhye "auto union gmbhech" dwara nirmito ekti compact front-huil drive selun. 1949 saale poschime byabosati punra protisthar porr etty poschim germanyte notun auto union sangostha dwara nirmito prothom jatribahi gaadi chhilo. karkhana. barlin-spandau-err praktan dii. keey. dobleeu karkhana chharao, auto unioner utpadon kendraguli 1942 saale jokhon juddho jatri janbahon utpadon bondho korey diyechilo tokhon jukiu, kemnitz ebong jashopau-err saxonyte abosthito chhilo. juddher porey sangosthati arr soviet dokhol anchale taar utpadon subidhaguli axes korte sokkhom hoyney. taai prothom juddhottor dii. keey. dobleeu. gully dasseldorfer rhinematol-boursig dwara ekti sangoskarkrito karkhana chuktir adhine nirmito hoyechilo. utso. eff89 err vitti chhilo dii. keey. dobleeu eff8/'meisterclus' jaa 1939 theke 1942 saaler modhye pawa jeto, kintu eff89-err ekti ispat boddy royeche jaa dii. keey. dobleeu eff9-err upor vitti korey toiri, ekti prototype jaa sarasari protisthapon koroto eff8-err upor joukau utpadon liney jodi juddho hostokkhep naa koroto. jodio seii karkhanar onek jontropati 1945 saale crate koraa hoyechilo ebong soviet unione pathano hoyechilo, tobey zuikau-err notun niyantrakrao taader nijaswa dickedablu eff9 prototyper sanskaran toiri korechilo ebong prokritopokkhe purbo sangaskaranti ifa eff 9 hisabe utpadone rakha hoyechilo, sombhoboto dusseldorff eff 89 nirmaner kichudin agey. juddher porr auto union dwara nirmito prothom janbahon chhilo naa eff89. seii sammanti ingrezite "rapid transporter", dii. keey. dobleeu eff89 ell "snellaster"-keey deoa hoy, jaa ekoi chassy-teey nirmito ebong 1949 saale chaalu koraa ekoi injina/transmission package byabohar korey ekti kautuhali adhunik halka vyana. deher. seluner deher rupti praka-juddho dii. keey. dobleeu eff9-err roopke nibidbhabe anusaran korey. tobey, purboborti naksha byapok 'streamlining' prayog koraa hoyechilo ebong eff89-err bayu protirodher jonno chittakarshak daabi koraa hoyechilo. 1951 saale coach nirmata hebmular off upertal dwara nirmito ekti dui asoner hardtop koop sanskaran upolobdho hoy ebong 1951 saaler octobore tinn-darjar esteta sanskaran jukto korey porisorti somponno koraa hoy, ekti boddy rupantar nijukto korey jaa byapokbhabe byabohar korey kaatth, jaa 1953 saaler march maase ekti sampurna ispat boddy dwara protisthapito hoyechilo. eff89 esteta, taar ispat dehojukto, uttorsurider moto, 'sorbojonin' hisabe branned koraa hoyechilo. projuktigoto. eff89-ayee 684 sisi-rawr ekti dui-cylinder dui-stroka injina chhilo, jaa loncher somoy 23 baechpi-rawr ekti ghoshito output soho chhilo. seluner jonno sorbochcho gotibeg 100 kimmy/ghanta (62 myle/ghanta) daabi koraa hoyechilo ('sarbojonin' estater jonno 95 kimmy/ghanta/59 myle/ghanta). enginti joll-sheetal chhilo, kintu sekhane konao joler pump chhilo naa. ekti poribahita-vittik thermociphon system dwara sheetal koraa hoto. samoner chakaguli ekti dyasha-board mount koraa "crookstochaltung" liver madhyome niyantrita tinn gotir manual gear buxer madhyome enginer saathe sangjukto chhilo jaa poroborti projonmer kachhe citroen 2sibhi ebong renault 4-ayee proyoger saathe porichito. utpadon chaalnar sheshe meistercluse ekti chaar gotir manual boxes deoa hoyechilo.

dii. keey. doubleu. hato dii. keey. doubleu. meisterclass (angrejih "master class"), jene dii. keey. doubleu. hato tareeke pann odakhvaamaa aave chhe, teey 1950 aneey 1954 nee vachche "otto union jee. aema. bii. aech." dwara utpaadit compact front-wheel drive saloon chhe. 1949 maan pashchimma vyavsayni punsthaapnaa pachhi pashchim germanyma navee otto union kampani dwara utpaadit karvaamaa aaveli teey pratham passenger kaar hatee. factory. berlin-spandau khaatena bhutpurv dii. keey. doubleu. factory upraant, otto unionnaa utpaadan plants zwikau, camnitz aneey zschopau khaate sexonyma stheet hataa jyaare jyaare yuddhmaa passenger vaahanonu utpaadan samaapt thayu hatoo. yuddh pachhi kampani havey soviyet kabaja zonmaa tenee utpaadan suvidhaaono upyog curry shakee naa hatee. tethee yuddh pachhinaa pratham dii. keey. doubleu. noon nirmaan dusseldorfmaa rhinematol-borsig dwara navinikaran karaayela plantma karaar hethal karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. mool. hatoae tenaa aadhaarne dii. keey. doubleu. doubleu saathe vahenchyo hato jeey 1939 aneey aneey vachche uplabdh hato, parantu hato paase dii. keey. doubleu. ifa parr aadharit steel bodee chhe, jeey aek prototype chhe jeey zwikau utpaadan rekhaao parr parr seedha badalee shakyu hota jooe yuddh darmiyangiri naa karatee. jooe keey teey plantma ghanaa machine toolsne toolsne taiyar karvaamaa aavyaa hataa aneey soviyet unionne mokalvaamaa aavyaa hataa, zvikaaunaa navaa niyantrakoae pann dii. keey. doubleu. ifa prototypeny potaani aavrutti banaavi hatee, aneey kharekhar purveey aavruttine ifa ifa tareeke utpadanma mukvaamaa aavee hatee, kadaach dusseldorf dwara hato banavvana thodaa samay pahelaa. hato yuddh pachhi otto union dwara banavvama aavelu pratham vaahan nahotu. teey sanmaan angrejeemaa "zadpi parivahanak", dii. keey. doubleu. hato aela "snellaster" neey jaay chhe, jeey aek jaj chassis parr banelee aneey aneey rajoo karaayela samaan angine/transmission pekejno upyog karatee aek rasprad aadhunik light vaan chhe. shareer. saloonnaa shareernu swaroop yuddh pahelana dii. keey. doubleu. aef. aef najikthi anusaran karey chhe. jooe keey, agaauni design parr vyaapak 'suvyavasthit' laagu karvaamaa aavyu hatoo, aneey aef. aef neecha pawan pratikaar maate prabhavshali daava karvaamaa aavyaa hataa. october coach bildaro dwara bandhvama aavelu beey seater hardtop koop version uplabdh thayu hatoo, aneey shrenee october october trana darvajana estate varzannaa umera saathe purn thaee hatee, jemaa bodee conversionno upyog karvaamaa aavyo hato, jemaa lakadano vyaapak upyog karvaamaa aavyo hato, jene march march ola-steel bodee dwara badalvama aavyo hato. hato estate, tenaa steel bodee, anugaameeoni jaim, 'saarvtrik' tareeke branded karvaamaa aavee hatee. technical. hatomaaan 684 siseenu beey cylindernu beey-stroqa angine hatoo, jeey lonch samaye 23 beeaechpeenu output aape chhe. saloon maate 100 kimee/kalaak (62 mile/kalaak) nee mahattam zadap ('saarvtrik' estate maate 95 kimee/kalaak/59 mile/kalaak) noow daavo karvaamaa aavyo hato. angine paanithi thandu hatoo, parantu tyaan paanino pump nahoto. thandak samvahan-aadharit thermociphone pranali dwara karvaamaa aavtee hatee. aagalnaa wheelsne trana speed manual gear booaks dwara angine saathe jodvama aavyaa hataa, jeey dashes-booard mount thayel "crookstoxchaltung" leaver dwara niyantrit karvaamaa aavyaa hataa, jeey pachhini pedhheeo maate citroen citroen aneey renault 4 maan tenaa upyogthi parichit hataa. utpadanna anta taraf mesterclass parr chaar speed manual booaks ofara karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.

dee. key. doubleu. seedhe9 dee. key. doubleu. meisterclass (angrezeeh "master class"), jise dee. key. doubleu. seedhe9 key naam seey bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, 1950 aur 1954 key beach "auto union jee. aim. bee. aich." dwara nirmit ack compact front-wheel drive sailoon haye. yeh 1949 mein paschim mein vyavasaay kii punah sthaapana key baad paschim germany mein naee auto union company dwara nirmit pahali yatri kaar thee. karkhana. berlin-spandau mein poorv dee. key. doubleu. karkhane key alawa, auto union key vinirmaan sanyantra zvikaau, camnitz aur zschopou mein saxony mein sthit they jaba 1942 mein yuddh ney yatri vaahan utpaadan koo samaapt curr diyaa thaa. yuddh key baad company abb soviyat kabje vaale kshetra mein apani utpaadan suvidhaon taka pahunchane mein saksham naheen thee. isaliye yuddh key baad key pahale dee. key. doubleu. koo dusseldorf mein rhinematal-boursig dwara ack navinikrit sanyantra mein anubandh key tahat banaaya gayaa thaa. utpatti. seedhe9 ney apane aadhar koo dee. key. doubleu. doubleu key saath saajha kiya joe 1939 aur 1942 key beach upalabdh thaa, lekin seedhe9 mein dee. key. doubleu. doubleu key aadhar parr ack steel boddy haye, ack prototype joe seedhe seedhe koo badal detaa aggar yuddh ney hastakshep naheen kiya hotaa. haalaanki usa sanyantra mein kaee machine upkaran 1945 mein soviyat sangh koo bheje gaye they, zvikaau key nae niyantrakon ney bhee dee. key. doubleu. doubleu prototype kaa apana sanskaran banaaya, aur vaastav mein purvi sanskaran koo aaee. aff. aeye. doubleu key roop mein utpaadan mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, shayed dusseldorf dwara seedhe9 key nirmaan seey kuchh samay pahale. seedhe9 yuddh key baad auto union dwara nirmit pahala vaahan naheen thaa. yeh sammaan dee. key. doubleu. seedhe9 ell "snellaster" koo jaataa haye, joe angreji mein "rapid transporter" haye, ack hii chessis parr nirmit aur usee injan/sancharan package kaa upayog karate hue ack dilchasp aadhunik halki vaine haye, jise 1949 mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa. shareer koo. sailoon key shareer kaa roop yuddh seey pahale key dee. key. doubleu. doubleu kaa nikatata seey anusaran kartaa thaa. haalaanki, pahale key design parr vyaapak 'suvyavasthit' lagu kiya gayaa thaa, aur seedhe9 key cumm havaa pratirodh key liye prabhaavshaali daave kiye gaye they. 1951 mein coach builders dwara nirmit dou-seater hardtop koop sanskaran upalabdh huaa, aur yeh renz octuber 1951 mein teen-darwaaje vaale estate sanskaran koo jodane key saath poori hui, jisamen ack shareer roopaantaran koo niyojit kiya gayaa thaa jisane lakadi kaa vyaapak upayog kiya, jise march 1953 mein ack poorna-steel shareer dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. seedhe9 estate koo, isake ispat key shareer vaale uttaradhikariyon kii tarah, 'saarvbhaumik' key roop mein branded kiya gayaa thaa. takniki. seedhe9 mein 684 cc kaa dou-cylinder dou-stroke injan thaa, joe launch key samay 23 bhp kaa utpaadan kartaa thaa. sailoon key liye 100 kimmy/ghanta (62 meal/ghanta) kii adhikatam gati ('saarvbhaumik' sampatti key liye 95 kimmy/ghanta/59 meal/ghanta) kaa daavaa kiya gayaa thaa. injan paani seey thandaa thaa, lekin paani kaa pump naheen thaa. sheetlan ack samvahan-adharit thermociphan pranali dwara kiya jaataa thaa. saamane key pahiyon koo ack dashboard parr lagey "crookstoxchaltung" leaver key madhyam seey niyantrit teen-gati manual gear boxes key madhyam seey injan seey jodaa gayaa thaa, joe kii baad kii peedhiyon key liye citron citron aur reynolt 4 mein isake anuprayog seey parichit thaa. utpaadan key anta mein, mesterclass parr ack chaar-gati manual boxes kii peshkash kii gaee thee.

dii. keey. doubleu. eff89 dii. keey. doubleu. mysterclass (inglish "master classes"), dii. keey. doubleu. eff89 endoo kareyalpaduttade, idu 1950 mattu 1954rahra naduve "auto union gmbhech" tayaarisida compact front-wheel drive saloon aagide. 1949ralli pashchimadalli vyaapaaravannu punah sthaapisida nantara paschima germaniyalli hosa auto union kampaniyu tayaarisida modala prayanika kaaru idaagide. karkhane. burlin-spaandaudallina hindina dii. keey. doubleu. karkhaneya horataagi, auto union utpadana ghatakagalu 1942ralli yuddhavu prayanikara vaahana utpaadaneyannu konegolisidaga zwika, kemnitz mattu jhschopougalallina saxoniallive. yuddhada nantara soviyat akramana valayadalli tanna utpadana soulabhyagalannu padeyalu kampanige sadhyavagalilla. aaddarinda modala yuddhaanantarada dii. keey. doubleu. galannu daseldarfnalliruva rainmetal-boursig navikarisida sthaavaradalli oppandada adiyalli nirmisalaayitu. moola. 1939 mattu 1942rahra naduve labhyavidda dii. keey. doubleu. eff8/'mysterclass' nondige eff89 tanna aadhaaragalannu hanchikonditu, aadare eff89 dii. keey. doubleu. eff9annu aadharisida ukkina dehavannu hondide, idu yuddhavu madhyapraveshisadiddare jhvikaau utpadana maargagalalli eff8annu neravagi badalaayisabahudittu. aaa sthaavaradallina aneka yantropakaranagalannu 1945ralli jodisi soviyat okkootakke ravaanisalaagiddaru, jwikouna hosa niyantrakagalu tammade aada dii. keey. doubleu. eff9 mulamaadariya aavruttiyannu nirmisidaru, mattu vaastavaagi purvada aavruttiyannu aii. eff. aa. eff9 endu utpaadanege taralaayitu, bahushah dusseldorff eff89 annu nirmisuva swalpa samayada modalu. eff89 yuddhada nantara auto union nirmisida modala vahanavagiralilla. aaa gouravavu dii. keey. doubleu. eff89 ell "snellaster" ge hoguttade, inglishnalli "rapid transporter", adhe chaasisnalli nirmisalaada kutuhalakaariyaagi aadhunika laghu wyaan mattu adhe engine/transmission package annu balasuttade, idannu 1949 ralli parichayisalaayitu. deha. saloon dehavu yuddhapurva dii. keey. doubleu. eff9 annu nikatavagi anusarisitu. aadaagyoo, hindina vinyaasakke vyaapakavaada 'streamlining' annu anvayisalaagittu, mattu eff89naa kadime gaaliya pratirodhakkagi prabhavashali hakkugalannu maadalaayitu. 1951ralli coach bildargalaada hebmullar off whuppertal nirmisida eradu asanagala haard top koope aavruttiyu labhyavaayitu, mattu mooru-bagilina estate aavruttiyannu serisuva moolaka ee shreniyannu october 1951ralli poornagolisalaayitu, idu vyaapakavaada marada balakeyannu maadida deha parivartaneyannu balasikonditu, idannu march 1953ralli sampoorna-ukkina dehadinda badalaayisalaayitu. eff89 estate annu, adara ukkina deha, uttaraadhikaarigalante, 'saarvatrika' endu brand maadalaayitu. taantrikavaagi. eff89 684 sisi saamarthyada eradu-cylinder eradu-stroke engine annu hondiddu, bidugadeya samayadalli 23 bihechpi utpaadisuttade. saloonge garishta 100 kimee/gumm (62 mph) vegavannu (95 kimee/gumm/59 mph 'saarvatrika' estatege) nidalaayitu. engine annu neeru tampaagisalaagittu, aadare neerina pump iralilla. samvahana-aadhaarita thermociphan vyavastheyinda tampagisuvike untaayitu. mumbhagada chakragalannu dashes-board mounted "cruxtoxchaltang" liver moolaka niyantrisalaaguva mooru-vegada manual gair boxes moolaka enginnondige samparkisalaayitu, idu nantarada piligege citroen 2sivi mattu renault 4 ralli adara anvayadinda parichitavaagide. utpaadaneya koneyalli naalku-vegada manual boxes annu mysterclassionalli nidalaayitu.

dii. keey. dablyu maatti eph89 1950num idayil "oottoo union gmbh" nirmmicha compact frond wheel drive saloonaanu dii. keey. dablyu. maatti ennum ariyappedunna dii. keey. dablyu. maisterclass (engleesha "maasttar klaas"). 1949ll padinjaaru bisinesses punasthaapichathinethudar padinjaaran germmaniyil puthiya oottoo union kambani nirmmicha aadyathe passenture kaaraayirunnu ithu. factory. berlin-spaandauvile muun dii. keey. dablyu factoric purame, 1942ll yuddham yaathraavimaanangalude uthppaadanam avasaanippichappol oottoo yooniyante nirmmaana plaantukal swikkou, kemnits, schopou ennividangalile saxonyil sthithi cheythirunnu. yudhaanantharam kambanikku soviyatt adhinivesha mekhalayile ulppaadana soukaryangal upayogikkaan kazhinjilla. athinaal yudhaananthara aadya dii. keey. dablyu. kall dasseldorfile rainmettaal-borsig naveekaricha plaantil karar prakaram nirmmichu. uthbhavam. uthbhavam 1939num idayil labhyamaayirunna dii. keey. dablyu. dablyu yumayi maatti athinte adithara pankittu, ennaal maattinaiiii dii. keey. dablyu. eiii adisthaanamaakkiyulla oru steel body undu, ithu yuddham edapettillaayirunnel swikkou ulppaadana lainukalile lainukalile nerittu maattisthaapikkumaayirunnu. aaa plaantile pala yanthropakaranangalum 1945-ll court cheyth soviyatt unionilekku kayatti ayachirunnuvenkilum, svikkouvinte puthiya kantrolarmaar avarude swantham dii. keey. dablyu eiii prototype pathipum nirmmichu, vaasthavathil dusseldorff maatti nirmmikkunnathin thottumunbu aii. eph. eiii eiii aayi kizhakkan pathipp nirmikkappettu. yudhaanantharam oottoo union nirmmicha aadyathe vaahanamaayirunnilla maatti. 1949ll avatharippicha athe enchin/transmission paakkej upayogichu athe chassisil nirmmicha rasakaramaaya aadhunika laitt vaan aaya engleeshile "rapid transporter" aaya dii. keey. dablyu maatti ell "snellaastarin aaa bahumati labhikkunnu. shareeram. salooninte shareerathinte roopam yudhathinu munbulla dii. keey. dablyu eph 9 neey aduthu pinthudarnnu. ennirunnaalum, munbathe roopakalppanayil vipulamaaya 'streamlining' prayogikkukayum eph 89-nte kuranja kaatt prathirodhatthinu aakarshakamaaya avakaashavaadangal unnayikkukayum cheythu. 1951-ll coach nirmmaathaakkalaaya hebmullar oof wuppertal nirmmicha rund seettar hardtop kooppe pathipp labhyamaayi, 1951 octoberil moonnu doorr estettu pathipp cherthu eee shreni poortthiyaakki, thadi vipulamaayi upayogicha oru body parivartthanam upayogichu, athu 1953 maarchil oru ool-steel body upayogichu maatti. maatti estettu, athinte urukk bodid, pingaamikaleppole, 'saarvathrika' ennu brand cheyyappettu. saankethikamaayi. vikshepana samayat 23 bhp karuth uthpaadippikkunna 684 sisi rund silindar rund strock enchinaanu maatti-ll undaayirunnathu. salooninu paramavadhi 100 kilometer/manikkoor (62 mile/manikkoor) vegatha ('yoonivezhsal' estettinu 95 kilometer/manikkoor/59 mile/manikkoor) avakashappettu. enchin vaattar cooled aayirunnu, pakshe vaattar pump undaayirunnilla. samvahanathe adisthaanamaakkiyulla thermosiphone samvidaanathiloodeyaanu thanuppikkal. sitroon sitroon, renault 4 ennivayile prayogatthil ninnu pilkkala thalamurakalk parichithamaayathin samanamaaya dash-board gadippicha "chrextoxchaltung" liver vazhi niyanthrikkappedunna moonnu speed maanuval gear boxes vazhiyaan munchakrangal enchinumaayi bandhippichathu. ulppaadanathinte avasaanathil maisterclassil naalu speed maanuval boxes vaagdaanam cheythu.

dii. keey. doubleu. eff. 89 dii. keey. doubleu. meisterclass (ingrajih "master class"), jyala dii. keey. doubleu. eff. 89 asehi mhanatat, heey 1950 teey 1954 darmyan "auto union jee. emm. bii. etch.". neey tayar kelele eka sankshipt front-vheel drive saloon aahe. 1949 madhye paschim germanymadhye vyavasayachya punarsthapanenantar paschim germanytil naveen auto union companyne tayar keleli hii pahili pravasi qaar hotee. karkhana. berlin-spandau yetheel purvichya dii. keey. doubleu. karkhanyashivay, 1942 madhye yuddhane pravasi vahananche utpadan thambavale tevha auto unionche utpadan prakalp zvikau, camnitz aanee zschopau yetheel saxony yethe hote. yuddhanantar companyla soviet vyavasay kshetrat tyachya utpadan suvidhanmadhye pravesh karata aala nahee. tyamule yuddhanantarche pahile dii. keey. doubleu. dusseldorfmadhil rhinematol-boursig yanni nutanikaran kelelya prakalpat kararanusar bandhale gele. utpatti. tantrikaneeii tyache aadhar dii. keey. doubleu. doubleu saha samayik kele jeey 1939 aanee 1942 darmyan upalabdh hote, parantu tantrikamdhye dii. keey. doubleu. doubleu aadharit steel boddy aahe, eka namuna jyane zvikau utpadan marganvaril marganvaril chee thet jaaga ghetali asatee. jaree tyaa karkhanyatil anek yantrachi sadhane 1945 madhye tayar karoon soviet unionla pathavali gelee asali taree zvikauchya naveen niyantrakannehi dii. keey. doubleu. eff. 9 prototypechi tyanchi swatachi aavrutti tayar kelee aanee kharey tarr purvekadil aavrutti aay. eff. aii. eff. 9 mhanoon utpadanat aanali gelee, kadachit dusseldorfne eff. 89 bandhanyachya kahee kaal aadhi. yuddhanantar auto unionne bandhalele tantrik heey pahile vahan navhate. haah sanman dii. keey. doubleu. eff. 89 ell. "snellaster", ingrajitil "rapid transporter", tyach chesisvar bandhaleli aanee 1949 madhye sadar kelelya tyach engine/transmission package vapar karnari eka vichitra aadhunik halki vanla jaato. shareer. saloonchya sharirache swaroop yuddhapoorv dii. keey. doubleu. eff. 9 chey agadi jawalun anusaran karate. tathapi, purvichya rachnevar vyapak 'suvyavasthit' lagoo kele gele hote aanee eff. 89 chya qamee qamee pratikarasathi prabhavi dave kele gele hote. 1951 madhye koch builders hebmueller auph woopertal yanni bandhaleli done aasananchi hardtop koop aavrutti upalabdh jhaali aanee aktoobar 1951 madhye teen-darvajanchya istet aavruttichi bharr ghaloon hii shreni purn karnyat aalee, jyat mothya pramanat lakadacha vapar vapar shareer rupantaranacha vapar karnyat aala, jyachi jaaga march 1953 madhye sampoorn steelchya sharirane ghetali. tantrik estatela, tyachya poladyukt, poladyukt, 'sarvatrik' mhanoon chinhankit karnyat aale hote. tantrik. tantrik madhye 684 sisiche done-cylinderche done-stroke engine hote, jeey prakshepanachya velee 23 bhpche utpadan darshavate. saloonsathi 100 kiimii/tashi (62 mail/tashi) kamal gaticha dawa keela gela ('sarvatrik' malmattesathi 95 kiimii/tashi/59 mail/tashi). engine panyane thund hote, parantu panyacha pump navhata. shitkaran heey sanvahan-aadharit thermociphan pranalidware hote. pudhchya chakanna engineshee teen-speed manual gear boxdware jodanyat aale hote, jeey dash-boardwar basavalelya "crookstoxchaltung" liverdware niyantrit hote, jeey nantarchya pidhyanna citroen citroen aanee reynolt 4 madheel tyachya vaparapasoon parichit hote. utpadanachya shevati, mysterclassvar chaar-speed manual boxes deu karnyat aala hota.

dkw ef89 da dickedablu meisterclass (angrejih "master class"), jaslai dickedablu ef89 pani bhaninchha, sann 1950 rar 1954 ko bichma "ato union gmbh" dwara nirmit ek compact front-wheel drive selun how. yo 1949 maa paschimma wyawasayako punah sthapana pachhi paschim germanyma nayan ato union companyle nirman gareko pahilo yatru carr thiyo. karkhana. berlin-spandauko purva decadablu karkhana bahek, ato unionko nirman plantharu jwikau, kemnitz rar jschopauma saxonyma awasthit thie jab yuddhale 1942 maa yatru sawari utpadanlai antya gareko thiyo. yuddha pachhi companyle sobhiyat kabja kshetrama afno utpadan suwidhaharu pahunch garna saksham thiena. tyasaile yuddhapachhiko pahilo dii. key. dablyuharu daseldorfko reinmatel-borsigle nawikaran gareko plantma samjhauta antargat nirman garieko thiyo. utpatti. ef89 ley yasako adharharu dkw ef8/'meisterclass' sanga sajha garyo june 1939 rar 1942 ko bichma upalabdha thiyo, tara ef89 sanga dkw ef9 maa adharit still buddy chha, ek prototype jasle sidha pratisthapan garne thiyo. yadyapi tyas plantma dherai messin upkaranharu sann 1945 maa crate up gari sobhiyat sanghama pathaiyo, jwikauka nayan niyantrakharule pani dickedablu ef 9 prototypeko afnai sanskaran nirman gare, rar wastawma purvi sanskaranlai eaf ef 9 ko rupma utpadanma rakhieko thiyo, sambhawatah daseldorfle ef 89 nirman garnubhanda kehi samaya aghi. ef89 yuddhapachhi ato uniondwara nirman garieko pahilo wahn thiena. tyo samman dii. key. w. ef89 ell "snellaster", angrejima "rapid transporter", eutai chesisma banaieko rar uhi injin/transmission package prayog garera sann 1949 maa prastut garieko ek jigyasu adhunik light bhyanma janchha. sharira. salunko sharirko ruple yuddhapurwako decadablu ef 9 lai najikbata pachhyaiyo. yadyapi, pahileko designma wyapak 'suwyawasthit' lagu garieko thiyo, rar ef 89 ko cum hawa pratirodhka lagi prabhawashali dawiharu garieko thiyo. sann 1951 maa koch builder hebmueller aff wupertaldwara nirmit dui-sitko hardtop kup sanskaran upalabdha bhayo, rar yo dayara october 1951 maa tean-dhoka estate sanskaranko thapsangai pura bhaeko thiyo, jasma sharira rupantaranlai prayog gari wyapak prayog gariyo. ef89 estate, yasako ispat sharira, uttaradhikariharu jastai, 'vishwawyapi' ko rupma brand garieko thiyo. prawidhik. ef89 maa 684 sisiko dui cylinder dui-stroke injin thiyo, june prakshepanko samayama 23 bhpko output thiyo. salunka lagi 100 kimmy/ghanta (62 mile prati ghanta) ko adhikatam gati ('universal' astateka lagi 95 kimmy/ghanta/59 mile prati ghanta) davi garieko thiyo. injin panile chiso thiyo, tara tyahan paniko pampa thiena. shitlan sanwahan-adharit thermociphan pranalidwara thiyo. front pangraharu dyas-board mount garieko "crockstokschaltung" libhar marfat niyantrit tean-speed manual gear buxko madhyambata enginema jodieka thie june citroen 2sibhi rar reynault 4 maa yasako anuprayogbata pachhika pustaharulai parichit thiyo. utpadanko antyatira mysterclasma chaar-speed manual bucks prastawa garieko thiyo.

dii. kee. dablyu. aif. 89 dii. kee. dablyu. meisterclass (ingrajeeh "master class"), jaahaa dii. kee. dablyu. aif. 89 naamare madhya janashuna, 1950 ru 1954 madhyare "auto union jii. emm. bii. etch" dwara nirmita eka compact front-whill drive selun . 1949 ray paschimare byabasajara punah pratistha parey paschima germanyre nutan auto union company dwara nirmita ehaa pratham jatribahi carr . karkhana. berlin-spandaure thiba purbatana dii. kee. dablyu. karkhana byatita, auto unionara utpadana karkhana jawikau, cheminitz ebong jschopaure thiba saxonire abasthita thila jetebele 1942 ray juddha jatri yaana utpadanaku samapta karithila. juddha parey company aau sobhiet dakhal anchalare ehara utpadana subidha prabesha karibaku sakhyama nathila . tenu pratham juddha parabarti dii. kee. dablyu. gudika daseladorfare reinmetal-boursig dwara eka nabikarana karajaithiba karakhanare chuktinama anujai nirmita hoithila . utpatti. 1939 ebong 1942 madhyare upalabdha thiba dii. kee. dablyu. aif. 8/'meisterclass' sahita aif. 89 ehara aadhaaraku anshidara karithila, kintu aif. 89rahr eka ispat buddy rahichhi jaahaa dii. kee. dablyu. aif. 9 upare aadharita, eka prototype jaahaa sidhasalakha badalaithanta aif. 8 juddha hastakhyepa karinathile jawikau utpadana linere. jadio sehi karakhanara aneka messin upakarana 1945 ray crate curry sobhiet junianku pathajaithila, jawikaunka nutan controllermane madhya dikedablyu aif 9 prototypra nijaswa sanskarana nirmana karithile, ebong bastabare purba sanskaranaku ifa aif 9 bhabare utpadana karajaithila, sambhabatah dosseldorf aif 89 nirmana karibara kichhi samai purbaru . juddha parey auto union dwara nirmita aif89 pratham yaana nathila . sehi sammana ingrajire "druta paribahanakaree", dii. kee. dablyu. aif. 89 ell "schnellaster" ku diajae, jaahaa samaana chesisare nirmita eka kautuhalara adhunika haluka bhyan ebong samaana injin/transmission package byabahara kare, jaahaa 1949 ray prabartita hoithila . sharira. seleuner sharira rupati juddha purba dii. kee. dablyu. aif. 9 ku ati nikatatar bhabare anusarana karithila. tathapi, purba designre byapaka 'streamlining' prajoga karajaithila, ebong aif. 89 rahr hrass pabana pratirodha paain chittakarshaka daabi karajaithila . 1951 masihare coach nirmata hebmularanka dwara nirmita eka dui aasana bisista hardtop kupa sanskarana upalabdha helah, ebong october 1951ray eka tini-dwara bisista estate sanskarana sahita ehi parisara sampurna helah, jeunthire eka sharira paribartanaku nijojita karajaithila jaahaa kathara byapaka byabahara karithila, jaahaa march 1953ray eka sampurna ispat sharira dwara pratisthapita hoithila. aif89 estate, ehara ispat sharira, uttaradhikareenka pari, 'sarbajaneena' bhabare brand karajaithila . baishajika. aif89rahreeii 684 sisi bisista dui-cylinder bisista dui-stroke injin thila, jahara utpadana 23bhp thila. selun paain sarbadhika 100 kii. mea./ghanta (62 mile/ghanta) bega daabi karajaithila ('sarbajaneena' estate paain 95 kii. mea./ghanta/59 mile/ghanta). engineti paani-shital thila, kintu paani pump nathila . eka paribardhana-aadharita thermociphan pranali dwara sheetalata thila . aaga chakiaaku eka dyasa-board mount hoithiba "cruckstokschaltunga" libhar madhyamare nijantrita eka tini-speed manual gear bucks madhyamare injin sahita sanjukta karajaithila jaahaa parabarti pidhi paain parichita thila, citroen 2sibhi ebong reynolt 4 ray ehara prajogaru. utpadana rahr shesh aadaku eka chaari-speed manual bucks meisterclass upare diajaithila .

dee. keey. w. eff. 89 dee. keey. w. mesterclass (angrezawi "maastar class"), jiss noon dee. keey. w. aif. 89 vee kiha jaanda haii, ikk sankhep front-wheel drive sailoon haii joe 1950 atey 1954 dey vichkaar "auto union jee. aim. bee. aich" duaara nirmit keeta giaa see. ih pahili yaatari qaar see jiss daa nirman pachmi germany witch naveen auto union company duaara 1949 witch pachham witch carobar dee mudd sathapana toon baad keeta giaa see. factory. barlin-spendo vikhe sabka dee. keey. dablioo. factory toon ilava, auto union dey nirman plant zavikaoo, camnitz atey zashopau vikhe saxony witch sathit sunn jadon 1942 witch yuddh neey yaatari vaahan utpadan noon khatam qarr ditta see. yuddh toon baad company soviat kabza khetar witch aapniaan utpadan sahulatan takk pahunch curran dey yog naheen see. iss laee yuddh toon baad dey pahile dee. keey. dablioo. noon dusseldorf witch rhinematal-borsig duaara ikk navinikrit plant witch ikrarname tehat banaiaa giaa see. mool. eff89 neey aapne adhaar noon dee. keey. w. eff8/'mesterclass' naal sanjha keeta joe 1939 atey 1942 dey vichkaar upalbadh see, parr eff89 daa ikk steel baadi haii joe dee. keey. w. eff9 dey adhaar teey haii, ikk prototype joe siddhe taur 'teey badal jaanda eff8 zavikaoo utpadan lines' teey jey yuddh neey dakhal naheen ditta hunda. halanki uss plant dey bahut saare masheen tools noon 1945 witch soviat union noon bnnh keey bhejiaa giaa see, zavikaoo dey navein controlleran neey vee dee. keey. w. aif 9 prototype daa aapna sanskaran banaiaa see, atey asal witch purbi sanskaran noon aaee. eff. aii. eff 9 dey roop witch utpadan witch rakkhiaa giaa see, shayed dusseldorf dey eff 89 dey nirman toon thodhi dair pahilan. yuddh toon baad auto union duaara banaiaa giaa eff89 pahila vaahan naheen see. ih sanman angrezi witch "rapid transporter", dee. keey. w. aif. 89 ail "schnellaster noon jaanda haii, ikk dilchsap aadhunik light vain joe use chassy utte banayi gaee haii atey use injan/transmission package dee varton kardi haii, joe 1949 witch pesh keeti gaee see. sareer noon. sailoon dey sareer daa roop privar dee. keey. dablioo. eff. 9 dey roop daa nediyon paalan karda haii. halanki, pichle design 'teey viaapak' streamlining 'lagu keeti gaee see, atey eff. 89 dey ghatt havaa pratirodh laee prabhavshali daave keete gaye sunn. 1951 witch coach builder habmueller duaara wupertal daa banaiaa giaa ikk doou seetan vaala hardtop koop sanskaran upalbadh hoiaa atey ih seema aktubar 1951 witch tinn darwaziaan vaale astet sanskaran noon joden naal puurii keeti gaee, jiss witch ikk sareer parivartan noon lagaiaa giaa jiss neey viaapak varton keeti lakkad, jiss noon march 1953 witch ikk aal-steel baadi duaara badliaa giaa see. eff89 astet noon, iss dey steel bodyd, uttradhikariaan dee tarahan, 'universal' vajon brand keeta giaa see. takniki. eff89 witch 684 cc daa doou silandar vaala doou-stroke injan see, joe lanch vele 23 bee. aich. pee. daa output dinda see. sailoon laee 100 kilometer pratee ghanta (62 meal pratee ghanta) dee vaddh toon vaddh gatee ('universal' astet laee 95 kilometer pratee ghanta/59 meal pratee ghanta) daa daava keeta giaa see. injan paanee naal thanda see, parr paanee daa pump naheen see. thanda karna ikk convection-adharat thermociphan pranali duaara see. front wheel injan naal tinn-speed manual geear boxes dey zariye jude hoye sunn joe ikk daish-board mount keete "cruckstoxeltung" leaver duaara niyantrit keete gaye sunn joe kii baad deeaan peedhiaan noon citroen 2seevi atey renault 4 witch iss dee varton toon jaanhu sunn. utpadan dey ant witch ikk chaar-speed manual boxes dee peshkash keeti gaee see.

dee. key. doubleu. ef89 dee. key. doubleu. masterclass (aanglah "master class"), dee. key. doubleu. ef89 iti namna api prasidhah, 1950 taha 1954 paryantam "aato-union-jee. emm. bee. ech" ityanena nirmitah compact-front-wheel-drave-saloon asti. 1949 tame varshe paschimadishi vyavasaayasya punah sthapananantaram pashchim-germany-deshe nutanena aato-union-kampenee ityanena nirmitah prathamah yaatri-kaar aasit. karakhana. berlin-spaandau-nagarasya poorvasya dee. key. doubleu.-karakhanam atirichya, 1942 tame varshe yadaa yuddhen yaatri-vaahan-utpaadanam samaaptam abhavat tadaa zvikaau, kemnitz, zschopau cha ityatra saxony-nagare aato-unions-ityasya utpaadana-samyantraani aasan. yuddhanantaram kampanee soviyat-adhinivesha-kshetre swasya utpaadana-suvidhaanaam prapyatam naa praapnot. ataha yuddhanantaram prathamaani dee. key. doubleu.-vimaanaani dusseldarf-nagarasya rainmetal-borsig ityanena naveekruta-karakhanayam anubandhena nirmitaani aasan. mulani. 1939 taha 1942 paryantam upalabhyamaanen dee. key. doubleu. ef8/'masterclass' ityanena saha ef89 swamoolyam vahyat, parantu ef89 madhye dee. key. doubleu. ef9 ityasya aadhaaren ekaha steel-baadee asti, ekaha prototap yah pratyakshataya zvikaau-utpaadana-rekhaasu ef8 ityasya sthaane aagacchati sma yadi yuddhen hastakshepah naa krutah. yadyapi tasmin karakhanayaha aneke yantropakaranaani 1945 tame varshe crate krutvaa soviyat-sangham prati preshitaah, tathaapi zvikaau ityasya nootananiyantrakaah api dee. key. doubleu. ef9 prototap ityasya swakeeyam samskaranam niramaat, vastutah poorveeyam samskaranam aii. ef. e. ef9 iti rupena utpaaditam, sambhawatah dasseldorf-ityasya ef89 ityasya nirmanat kinchitkaalapoorvam. yuddhanantaram aato-unionena nirmitam prathamam vaahanam ef89 naa aasit. ayam sammaanah dee. key. doubleu. ef. 89 ell "snellaster" ityasmai, anglabhashayam "druta-parivahana-yantram" ityasmai, samaan-chesisa-upari nirmitam, 1949 tame varshe pravartitam, samaan-yantram/preshana-pyaakej upayujya, ekam utkantaajanakam aadhunikam laghu-yaanam, prati gacchati. shareeram. saloon ityasya sharirasya roopam yuddhapoorvasya dee. key. doubleu. ef9 ityasya roopam anusarata. tathaapi, poorvanirdhaarane vistrutam 'suvyavasthitam' upayoktum shakyate sma, tathaa cha ef89 ityasya nyoon-vaayu-pratirodhasya krute prabhaavashaali-daavaani krutaani. 1951 tame varshe, kocha-nirmaatrubhihi, veptor-leey-ityasya hebbmueller ityanena nirmitam, dwiseetiya-hardtop-koop-samskaranam upalabhyat, tathaa cha 1951 october-maase tri-dwaarayuktasya estate-samskaranasya yojanena, shareer-parivartanam prayuktvaa, yasya upayogena kaashtasya vyaapakah upayogah abhavat, yasya sthaane 1953 maarch-maase poorna-steel-shareeram asthaapayat. ef89 iti sampattih, tasya ukku-sharirasya, uttaradhikarinaha iva, 'saarwatrikah' iti mudritah aasit. taantrikam. ef89 madhye 684 see. see. ityasya dwi-cylinder-dwi-stroke-angine aasit, yasya nirgamane 23 bee. ech. pee. ityasya nirneeta-utpaadanam aasit. saloon ityasya adhikatamm vegaha 100 kii. mee./ghantaa (62 mail pratighantaam) iti abhiprayat ('universal' state ityasya krute 95 kii. mee./ghantaa/59 mail pratighantaam). yantram jala-sheetalam aasit, parantu jala-pampah naseet. shitalikaranam ushnaparichalan-aadhaarit-thermociphan-pranalidwara aasit. agrachakraani dyaash-board-aarohitasya "cruckstoltung" liver-dwara niyantritaah tri-speed-myaanuval-gerr-baaks-dwara angine-dwara sambadhaah aasan, yat citron 2seevee tathaa renault 4 madhye tasya prayogaat pashchat peedhim yaavat parichitam aasit. utpadanasya ante masterclass-madhye chatuhu-speed-myaanuval-baaks praadarsheeyat.

dii. kae. doublue eff89 dii. kae. doublue. phii89 endrum azhaikkappadum dii. kae. doublue. maisterclass (aangilam "maastar classes"), 1950 mattrum 1954 kku idaiyil "automobile union jii. emm. pii. ech" thayaariththa oru siriya muun sakkara oottunar varavaerparai aagum. 1949 ill maerkil vanigam meendum niruvappattathaith thodarnthu maerku germanyil puthiya vaagana thozhirchanga niruvanatthaal thayaarikkappatta muthal payanigal kaarr idhuvaagum. thozhirchaalai. berlin-spaandaavil ulla munnaal dii. kae. doublue thozhirsaalaiyaith thavira, 1942 aam aandil poar payanigal vaagana urpaththiyai mudivukkuk konduvanthapoathu, vaagana ontriyaththin urpaththi aalaikal swikav, kemnits mattrum scobavil ulla saaksaniyil amainthirunthana. poarukkup piragu niruvanatthaal soviyath aakiramippu mandalaththil adhan urpaththi vasathigalai anuga mudiyavillai. enavae poarukkup pinththaiya muthal dii. kae. doublue. kkal dusseldorpil ulla rhinemedal-poarsik enbavaraal pudhuppikkappatta aalaiyil oppanththaththin keezh kattappattana. thoattram. 1939 mattrum 1942 kku idaiyil kidaittha dii. kae. doublue eff8/'maisterclass' udan eff89 adhan adiththalangkalaip pagirnthu kondadhu, aanaal eff89 dii. kae. doublue eff9 aii adippadaiyaagak konda oru efku udalaik kondullathu, idhu oru munmathiri, idhu neradiyaaga maattrappattirukkum swikav urpaththi koadugalil eff8 poar thalaiyidavillai endraal. antha aalaiyil ulla pala iyanththirak karuvigal 1945 aam aandil thogukkappattu soviyath unionukku anuppappattaalum, swikaavin puthiya kattuppaattaalargal dii. kae. doublue eff 9 munmaathiriyin sontha pathippai uruvaakkinar, maelum unmaiyil kilakku pathippu aifa eff 9 aaga thayaarikkappattathu, anegamaaga dusseldorf eff 89 aii kattuvatharku sattru munbu. poarukkup piragu vaagana thozhirsangaththaal kattapatta muthal vaaganam eff89 alla. antha mariyaathai dii. kae. doublue eff89 ell "snellaster", aangkilaththil "viraivaana transporter", athae saesisil kattapatta oru aarvamulla naveena olii vaen mattrum athae iyanththiram/transmission thoguppaip payanpaduththi, 1949 ill arimugappaduththappattathu. udal. varavaerparaiyin udalin vadivam poarukku munththaiya dii. kae. doublue eff 9 aii nerukkamaagap pinthodarnthathu. iruppinum, munththaiya vadivamaippil virivaana 'nerippaduththuthal' payanpaduththappattathu, maelum eff 89 inn kuraindha kaattru ethirppukku eerkkakkoodiya koottrukkal seiyappattana. 1951 aam aandil, woobertallin payirchiyaalar builtergal hepmueller kattiya irandu irukkaikal konda haartaap koop pathippu kidaiththathu, maelum october 1951 ill moontru kadhavugal konda estate pathippaich serppathan moolam inththa varambu mudikkappattathu, idhu virivaana maraththaip payanpaduththiya udal maattraththaip payanpaduththiyathu, idhu maarch 1953 ill anaitthu efku udalaal maattrappattathu. eff89 estate, adhan efku udalamaippaip poalavae, vaarisugalaiyum 'ulagalaaviya' endru mutthirai kuththappattathu. thozhilnutpam. eff89 paikkil 684 sisi thiran konda irandu silindar konda irandu stroke enjin poruththappattullathu, idhu 23 php pavarai velippaduththum thiran kondadhu. varavaerparaikku adhigapatcha vaegam manikku 100 kimee (manikku 62 mile) ('ulagalaaviya' thoattaththirku manikku 95 kimee/manii/manikku 59 mile) endru koorappattathu. iyanththiram thanneeraal kulirchchiyadaindhadhu, aanaal thanneer pump illai. veppachalana adippadaiyilaana thermosifan amaippu moolam kulirvikkappattathu. muun chakkarankal citron 2sivi mattrum renault 4 ill adhan payanpaattilirunthu pirkaala thalaimuraigalukku nanku therinthathaip poalavae, oru daash-poardu porutthappatta "cruxtoxsaltong" nembukoal vazhiyaaga kattuppaduththappadum moontru vaeka kaiyedu kier backs moolam iyanththiraththudan inaikkappattana. urpaththiyin mudivil naanku vaeka kaiyedu petti mysterclassil vazhangkappattathu.

dqu eff89 decadablue mysterclass (anglam "master class"), dheenini decadablue eff89 anie kooda pilustaaru, idhi 1950 mariyu 1954 madhya "auto union gmbhech" tayaaru chesina compact front-wheel drive seloon. 1949loe paschima germanylo vyaparam tirigi sthaapinchabadina taruvaata paschima germanylo kotta auto union company tayaaru chesina modati prayaaneekula kaaru idhi. factory. berlin-spaandaulooni maajee dii. keey. doubleu. karmagaram kakunda, auto union yokka tayari karmagaralu 1942loe yuddhamlo prayaaneekula vaahanaala utpattiki mugimpu palikinapudu zwika, kemnitz mariyu zchopou vadda saxonylo unnaayi. yuddham taruvaata company soviet aakramana jonelo thana utpatti soukaryaalanu pondalekapoyindi. anduvalla modati yuddhaanantara dii. keey. doubleu. lanu dasseldorfloni rainmetal-boursig punaruddharinchina karmagaramlo oppandamtho nirminchaaru. muulaalu. 1939 mariyu 1942 madhya andubaatulo unna dickedableu eff8/'mysterclass' thoo eff89 thana aadhaaraalanu panchukundi, ayithe eff89 dickedableu eff9 aadhaaramgaa ukku sariiraanni kaligi undhi, idhi yuddham jokyam chesukokapothe zwika utpatti shrenulalo eff8 nii neerugaa bharti chese namuunaa. aaa karmagaramloni aneka yantra parikaraalanu 1945loe crate chesi soviet unionku ravana chesinappatiki, zwika yokka kotta controllerlu kooda vaari swantha dqu eff9 namuunaanu nirminchaaru, vaastavaaniki thoorpu samskarananu aifa eff9గaaa utpatti chesaaru, bahusha dusseldorff eff89నii nirminchadaaniki kontakaalam mundu. yuddham taruvaata auto union nirminchina modati vahanam eff89 kaadu. aaa gowravam aanglamlo "rapid transporter" ayina dii. keey. doubleu. eff89 ell "snellasterku velutundi, adhe chatrampai nirminchina mariyu 1949loe pravesapettina adhe injin/transmission pyaakaejeeni upayoginchi oka aasaktikaramaina aadhunika telikapati vyaan. sareeram. seloon yokka sareeram yokka roopam yuddhaaniki mundu unna dii. keey. doubleu. eff9 nuu daggaragaa anusarinchindi. ayithe, munupati roopakalpanaku vistrutamaina 'streamlining' vartinchabadindi, mariyu eff89 yokka takkuva gaali nirodhakata kosam aakattukune vaadanalu cheyabaddaayi. 1951loe coach builderlu hebmullar off woopertal nirminchina rendu seetla hardtop koope version andubaatuloki vachindi, mariyu moodu-dorla estate versionnu jodinchadamtho eee shreni october 1951loe puurtayimdi, vistrutamgaa kalapanu upayoginchina boddy conversionnu upayoginchindi, idhi marchi 1953loe puurti-steel baadiitoe bharti cheyabadindi. eff89 estate, daani ukku shareera, vaarasula maadirigaane, 'saarvatrika' gaa brand cheyabadindi. saanketikamgaa. eff89లoouu 684 sisi saamarthyam gala rendu cylinderla rendu-stroke injin undhi, idhi prayoga samayamlo 23 bihechpi pavarnu utpatti chestundi. seloon kosam garishta vegam 100 kimmy/gamm (62 maillu) ('universal' estateku 95 kimmy/gamm/59 maillu) anie paerkonnaaru. injin neetitho challabadedi, conny neeti pampu ledhu. ushnaprasarana aadhaarita thermosiphone vyavastha dwara sheetaleekarana jarigindi. mundu chakralu citroen 2sivi mariyu renault 4loe daani application nundi taruvaati taraalaku telisina maadirigaane daash-board mounted "cruxtoxchaltung" liver dwara niyantrinchabade moodu-speed manueval gair baaks dwara engineku anusandhaninchabaddayi. utpatti runn mugimpulo naalugu-speed manueval baxnu measterclasslo andinchaaru.

ddee kay dabliyo aif 89 ddee kay dabliyo mesterclass (angrezi: "maaster klaas")yee jasay ddee kay dabliyo aif 89 bhee kahaa jaataa hay eek compact frunt waheel drive seelon hay jasay "auto union jee ayem bee aich" nay 1950 aur 1954 kay darmiyan tayaar kiyaa thaa. yaha pehli musafir kaar thee jasay 1949 mein maghrab mein karobar kay dobarah qayaam kay baad maghrabi germani mein nayee auto union company nay tayaar kiyaa thaa. factory. barlan-spandao mein saabiq ddee kay dabliyo factory kay alawah auto union kay menofecturing plants zokao chementz aur zashupao mein sexoni mein waaqa thay jabb 1942 mein jung nay musafir gaadiyon kii paidawar kuu khatam kirr diyaa thaa. jung kay baad company soweet qabze waalay elaqay mein apnee paidawari sahuliyaat takk rasayi haasil karnay kay qaabil nahein thee. iss liye jung kay baad kay pehley ddee kay dabliyo kuu disaldorf mein raain mettle borsig kay zariah eek tajdid shadah plant mein muahide kay tahat banaya gayaa thaa. asl. aif 89 nay apnee bunyadi khususiyat ddee kay dabliyo aif 8/'mesterclass' kay saath shayer kein juu 1939 aur 1942 kay darmiyan dastiyaab thein leakin aif 89 mein ddee kay dabliyo aif 9 parr mubni steel baadi hay eek proto type juu zawakao production linon parr aif 8 kuu braah raast tabdil kirr deeta agar jung madakhilat naha karti. agarcha iss plant kay behat say masheen toles kuu 1945 mein creat kiyaa gayaa aur soweet union kuu bhej diyaa gayaa thaa leakin zokao kay nayey controllers nay ddee kay dabliyo aif 9 proto type kaa apnaa warzan bhee banaya aur darhaqiqat mashriqi warzan kuu aayee aif aey aif 9 kay toor parr tayaar kiyaa gayaa shayed disaldorf kay aif 89 kii tameer say kachh arsah pehley. aif 89 jung kay baad auto union kii taraf say banayi gayee pehli gaadi nahein thee. yaha aizaz ddee kay dabliyo aif 89 eel "shanilalaster" kuu jaataa hay juu angrezi mein "rapped transporter" hay eek hyee cheesis parr banayi gayee aur asee anjan/transmission package kaa istemaal kartay hoay eek dilchasp jadeed halki ween hay jasay 1949 mein mutaarif karaya gayaa thaa. jasm. seelon kay jasm kii shakal jung say pehley kay ddee kay dabliyo aif 9 kii shakal kay qareeb say peervi karti thee. tahim pehley kay design parr wasee 'stream lining' kaa itlaaq kiyaa gayaa thaa aur aif 89 kii hawaa kii mazahimat mein kamee kay liye mutasir kunn daway kiye gayey thay. 1951 mein duu nashaston waala haard topp cope version jasay coach bananay waalay haib moller aaf vipertal nay banaya thaa dastiyaab hawaa aur yaha renj aktobar 1951 mein teen darwazon waalay steat warzan kay izaafe kay saath makmal hoyee jiss mein jasm kii tabdili kuu istemaal kiyaa gayaa jiss mein lakdi kaa wasee istemaal kiyaa gayaa jasay maarch 1953 mein aal steel baadi nay tabdil kirr diyaa. aif 89 steat iss kay steel bodded janashinon kii tarah 'universal' kay toor parr braand kiyaa gayaa thaa. takniki. aif 89 mein 684 see see kaa duu slunder waala duu stroke anjan thaa jiss kii 23 bee aich pee kii aaot putt laanch kay waqat batayi gayee thee. seelon kay liye 100 chlometer phee ghantah (62 meel phee ghantah) kii ziyadah say ziyadah raftaar kaa daawi kiyaa gayaa thaa ('universal' steat kay liye 95 chlometer phee ghantah/59 meel phee ghantah). anjan paani say thandaa thaa leakin paani kaa pump nahein thaa. thandak eek convection parr mubni thermosphone system kay zariye thee. saamney kay pahiyon kuu teen raftaar waalay dasti gair baaks kay zariye anjan say jodaa gayaa thaa juu eek desh board parr nasb "kirk stock shalting" leaver kay zariye control kiyaa jaataa thaa juu kahh baad kii naslon kuu citervine 2 see wee aur renault 4 mein iss kay itlaaq say waaqif thaa. paidawar kay ikhtatam parr mesterclass parr chaar raftaar waala dasti baaks paish kiyaa gayaa thaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1402270

Associated Press NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award

Associated Press NFL Defensive Player of the Year Award American football award The Defensive Player of the Year Award is given by the Associated Press (AP) to the most outstanding defensive player in the National Football League (NFL) at the end of every season. It has been awarded since 1971. The winner is decided by votes from a panel of 50 AP sportswriters. Since 2011, the award has been presented at the annual NFL Honors ceremony the day before the Super Bowl, along with other AP awards, such as the AP NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award, AP NFL Most Valuable Player Award, and AP NFL Rookie of the Year Award. The most recent winner of the AP Defensive Player of the Year award is defensive end Nick Bosa of the San Francisco 49ers. Lawrence Taylor, J. J. Watt, and Aaron Donald are the only three-time winners of the award. Joe Greene, Ray Lewis, Mike Singletary, Bruce Smith, and Reggie White have each won it twice. Taylor is the only player to win the award as a rookie, doing so in 1981. In 2008, James Harrison became the only undrafted free agent to win the award. White is the only player to win the award with two different teams, winning in 1987 with the Philadelphia Eagles and again with the Green Bay Packers in 1998. J. J. Watt is the only player to win the award unanimously, receiving 50 out of 50 first place votes in 2014. He was also a near-unanimous winner in 2012 as he earned 49 out of 50 votes. As of the end of the 2022 NFL season, linebackers have won the award seventeen times, more than any other position. A defensive end has won fourteen times, followed by ten defensive tackles, six cornerbacks, and five safeties. Only two winners of the AP Defensive Player of the Year Award have also won the AP's Most Valuable Player Award for the same season: defensive tackle Alan Page in 1971 for the Minnesota Vikings and linebacker Lawrence Taylor in 1986 for the New York Giants. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

xongslisto press eno. ef. el. defencive player owo dyo bosor botaa bosoror protirokhyamulok kheluoir botaa xongslisto press (epi)-ror dwara protitu sijonor xexot rastriyo football leeg (nfl)-ror ataitkoi utkristo protirokhyamulok kheluoiloi diya hoy. 1971 sonor poraa iyak prodan koraa hoise. bijoyir xiddhanto 50 john e. pi. krira lekhokor penelor bhutor dwara luwa hoy. 2011 sonor poraa, supar bulor aagdina barxik eno. ef. el. xonman onusthanot ei botaa prodan koraa hoise, logote onyanyo e. pi. botaa, jene e. pi. eno. ef. el. aakromonatmok kheluoir bosortur botaa, e. pi. eno. ef. el. ataitkoi mulyowan kheluoir botaa, aaru e. pi. eno. ef. el. ruki owo dyo bosor botaa. lo "rains tailor, je. je. waat aaru aaron donald hoise kewol tinibarkoi ei botar bijoyi. ju green, rey luis, maik singletori, bruch smith aaru regee huwait protyekei dubarkoi joyee hoise. 1981 sonot rukee hisape botaa laabh koraa tailor ekmatro kheluwoi aasil. 2008 sonot james herison ei botaa laabh koraa ekmatro undrafted free agent hoi porisil. bogaa hoise dutaa beleg beleg dolor xoite botatu laabh koraa ekmatro kheluwoi, 1987 sonot philadelphia eegolor xoite aaru 1998 sonot punor xeujiya bey pekorxokolor xoite joylabh korisil. je. waat hoise 2014 sonot 50taa prothom sthanor bhutor bhitorot 50taa laabh kori xorboxomotobhabe botatu laabh koraa ekmatro kheluwoi. teu 2012 sonot 50taar bhitorot 49taa bhut laabh korar baabe praay xorbonirpekhyo bijoyi aasil. 2022 eno. ef. el. sijonor xexoloike, linebakerxokole xotorbar botatu laabh korise, aan jikunu sthanotkoi odhik. etaa defencive ende souddobar joy korise, taar pisot dohta defencive tekel, soita kornarbek aaru pasta chefty aase. ep defencive player owo dyo bosoror botar maatro dujon bijoyiye eke sijonor baabe epor ataitkoi mulyowan kheluoir botau laabh koriseh 1971 sonot minexuta bhaikingsor baabe defencive tekel aalan page aaru 1986 sonot nework jayantsor baabe linebacker lo "rains tailor. nik busa hoise 2022 eno. ef. el. sijonor baabe ei botaa laabh korar dayitwobhari byokti.

sangshlishto presha enn. eff. ell defencive player off dya ear puraskar proti morshumer sheshe jatiya football liger (enn. eff. ell) sabcheye asamanno protirokkhamulok kheloadke sangshlishto presha (ayee. pii) dwara bochorer sera protirokkhamulok kheloader puraskar deoa hoy. 1971 saal theke etty pradan koraa hachche. 50 john kridavidder ekti paneler bhoter madhyome vijayi nirdharan koraa hoy. 2011 saal theke, super boler ager deane barshik enn. eff. ell somman anusthane anyanno ayee. pii puroskarer saathe eyi puraskar pradan koraa hoy, jemon ayee. pii. enn. eff. ell. borshosera akromonattok kheload puraskar, ayee. pii. enn. eff. ell. sorbadhik mulyaban kheload puraskar ebong ayee. pii. enn. eff. ell. bochorer sera kheload puraskar. laurence telor, jeey. jeey. oyata ebong aaron donald hollen eyi puroskarer ekmatro tinbarer vijayi. jooe grin, reey luis, maik singlatory, bruce smith ebong reggy hoait protteke doo 'barr korey jiteche. telor hollen ekmatro kheload jini 1981 saale ekjon nobagoto hisabe puroskarti jitechilen. 2008 saale, james harrison ekmatro undrafted phri agent hoye puroskarti jitechilen. saadaa ekmatro kheload jini duti vinno doler saathe puraskar jitechen, 1987 saale philadelphia eegoler saathe ebong abar 1998 saale sobuj beey pyakarder saathe jitechen. jeey. oyata sorbosommotobhabe puroskarti joyee ekmatro kheload, 2014 saale 50tii prothom sthaner modhye 50tii bhot peyechilen. tini 2012 saale pray sorbosommoto vijayi chhilen kaaron tini tini modhye 49tii bhot orjon korechilen. 2022 enn. eff. ell morshumer shesh porjonto, linebackerra sotero barr puraskar jiteche, onno jey konao abosthaner cheye beshi. ekti rokkhonattok pranto chauddabar jiteche, tarpore dashti rokkhonattok tackle, chhoyti cornerback ebong panchti sefti. bochorer sera ayee. pii. defencive kheloader puroskarer matro dui vijayi ekoi morshumer jonno ayee. pii-rawr sabcheye mulyaban kheloader puroskaro jiteche 1971 saale minnesota vikings-err jonno defencive tackle alan peza ebong 1986 saale neu eork jayantder jonno linebacker laurence telor. 2022 nfl morshumer jonno puroskarti jitechen nick bosa.

associated presa aena. aef. aela. defencive player off dhaa year award darek seasonna ante raashtriy football leag (aena. aef. aela.) maan sauthee utkrusht rakshanatmak khelaadeene sambandhit presa (aepee) dwara varshno rakshanatmak khelaadeeno puraskar aapvama aave chhe. teey 1971 thee enayat karvaamaa aave chhe. vijeta 50 aepee ramatvironi panelnaa mutt dwara nakki karvaamaa aave chhe. 2011 thee, aaa puraskar super bolnaa aek divas pahelaa vaarshik aena. aef. aela. sanmaan samarohma anya aee. pii. puraskaaro saathe aapvama aave chhe, jaim keey aee. pii. aena. aef. aela. aakramak khelaadeeno varshno puraskar, aee. pii. aena. aef. aela. sauthee mulyavaan khelaadeeno puraskar aneey aee. pii. aena. aef. aela. rookie off dhaa year puraskar. laurence taylor, jeey. jeey. voota aneey aaron donald maatra trana vakhat aaa puraskaarnaa vijeta chhe. jooe greene, reey louis, mike singletary, bruce smith aneey regee white darekae tene beey vaar jeetyu chhe. taylor ekmatra khelaadi chhe jene rookie tareeke award jeetyo hato, 1981maan aama karyoo hatoo. 2008maan, james harrison award jitnaar ekmatra undrafted free agent banyaa hataa. safed beey judee judee teamo saathe award jitnaar ekmatra khelaadi chhe, jene 1987maan philadelphiya garud saathe aneey fareethi 1998maan green beey packers saathe jeet melvee hatee. jeey. voota sarvsanmatithi award jitnaar ekmatra khelaadi chhe, jemane 2014maan 50maanthi 50 pratham sthaannaa mutt melvyaa hataa. teo 2012maan pann lagbhag sarvasanmat vijeta hataa kaaran keey temane 50maanthi 49 mutt melvyaa hataa. 2022 aena. aef. aela. seasonna anta sudhimaa, linebakeroae anya koipan sthitee karataa vadhu, sattar vakhat award jeetyo chhe. aek rakshanatmak anta chaud vakhat jeetyo chhe, tyarbad dass rakshanatmak tackles, chh cornerbacks aneey paanch salaamateeo chhe. aepee defencive player off dhaa year awardna maatra beey vijetaoae aee jaj season maate aepeeno sauthee mulyavaan khelaadi award pann jeetyo chheh 1971maan minnesota wikings maate defencive tackle aelan pej aneey 1986maan newyork giants maate linebacker laurence taylor. niqa bosaa aaa puraskaarnaa vartmaan dhaarak chhe, jemane tene 2022 aena. aef. aela. season maate jeetyo hato.

sambaddh press aine. aff. ell. varsh kaa rakshaatmak khilaadi puraskar varsh key rakshaatmak khilaadi kaa puraskar pratyek satra key anta mein rashtriya football leag (aine. aff. ell.) mein sabse utkrisht rakshaatmak khilaadi koo sambaddh press (aeye. pee.) dwara diyaa jaataa haye. yeh 1971 seey sammaanit kiya jaa rhaa haye. vijeta kaa faisala 50 aeye. pee. khel lekhakon key panel key maton seey kiya jaataa haye. 2011 seey, yeh puraskar super baul seey ack dinn pahale vaarshik aine. aff. ell. sammaan samaroh mein anya aeye. pee. puraskaron key saath pradaan kiya jaataa haye, jaise kii aeye. pee. aine. aff. ell. aakramak khilaadi varsh kaa puraskar, aeye. pee. aine. aff. ell. sabse moolyavaan khilaadi puraskar, aur aeye. pee. aine. aff. ell. rookie varsh kaa puraskar. laurence teller, jey. jey. vaat aur aaron donald kewal teen baar key puraskar vijeta hain. joe green, ray luis, mike singlatory, broose smith aur reggy white ney ise dou baar jeetaa haye. teller ack navodit khilaadi key roop mein puraskar jeetane vaale ekmatra khilaadi hain, jinhone 1981 mein aisaa kiya thaa. 2008 mein, james harrison puraskar jeetane vaale ekmatra swatantra agent bunn gaye. safed dou alag-alag teams key saath puraskar jeetane vaalaa ekmatra khilaadi haye, jisane 1987 mein philadelphia eagle key saath aur phir 1998 mein green bey packers key saath jeetaa. jey. vaat sarvasammati seey puraskar jeetane vaale ekmatra khilaadi hain, jinhone 2014 mein 50 pratham sthaan key maton mein seey 50 praapt kiye they. way 2012 mein lagbhag sarvasammati seey vijeta bhee they kyonki unhone 50 mein seey 49 mutt arjit kiye they. 2022 aine. aff. ell. season key anta taka, linebackers ney satrah baar puraskar jeetaa haye, joe kissy bhee anya sthiti seey adhik haye. ack rakshaatmak anta ney chaudah baar jeet hassil kii haye, usake baad duss rakshaatmak tackle, chhah cornerback aur paanch surakshaaen hain. varsh key aeye. pee. rakshaatmak khilaadi key puraskar key kewal dou vijetaon ney usee satra key liye aeye. pee. kaa sabse moolyavaan khilaadi puraskar bhee jeetaa haih 1971 mein minnesota wikings key liye rakshaatmak tackle alaan pays aur 1986 mein newyork diggajon key liye linebacker laurence teller. nick bosa iss puraskar key maujooda dhaarak hain, jinhone ise 2022 aine. aff. ell. satra key liye jeetaa haye.

sambandhita patrika enfl varshada rakshanaatmaka atagara prashasti prati rtuvina koneyalli rashtriya football leigh (enfl) nalli atyuttama rakshanaatmaka aatagaaranige varshada rakshanaatmaka atagara prashastiyannu sambandhita patrika (ap) niiduttade. niiduttade idannu nidalaaguttade. vijetarannu 50 aa. pii. creeda barahagarara samitiya matagalinda nirdharisalaaguttade. nirdharisalaaguttade, suuper boulge ondu dina modalu nadeyuva varshika enfl gaurava samaarambhadalli, itara ap prashastigalaada varshada apnfl akramanakari atagara prashasti, apnfl atyanta moulyayuta atagara prashasti mattu varshada apnfl rookie prashastigalondige ee prashastiyannu nidalaaguttade. laurence taylor, zhe. zhe. wyaat mattu aaron donald maatra mooru baari prashastiyannu geddiddaare. zoo green, ray levis, mike singlatory, broose smith mattu reggi white talaa eradu baari geddiddaare. geddiddaare ee prashastiyannu gedda ekaika atagara taylor. taylor james harrison ee prashastiyannu gedda ekaika undrafted free agent aadaru. white eradu vibhinn tandagalondige prashastiyannu gedda ekaika atagaranagiddu, atagaranagiddu philadelphia haddugalondige mattu matte matte green bay pyakargalondige geddaru. zhe. zhe. zhe 2012ralli 50 prathama sthaanagalannu padeda wyaat, sarvaanumatadinda prashastiyannu gedda ekaika atagara. atagara 2012ralli 49 matagalannu galisiddarinda avaru sarvaanumatada vijetaraagiddaru. 2022rahra enfl rtuvina antyada velege, linebackergalu hadinelu baari prashastiyannu geddiddaare, idu bere yaavude sthaanakkinta hecchu. ondu rakshanaatmaka antyavu hadinaalku baari geddide, nantara hattu rakshanaatmaka tacklegalu, aaru carnerbackgalu mattu aidu sephtigalu. varshada aa. pii. defensive player prashastiya ibbaru vijetaru maatra adhe rtuvinalli aa. pii. yaya atyanta moulyayuta atagara prashastiyannu geddiddaareh 1971 ralli minnesota wikingsgaagi defensive tackle alan pages mattu 1986 ralli newyork daityarigaagi linebacker laurence taylor. nick bosa avaru 2022rahra enfl rtuvinalli prashastiyannu geddiddaare.

associate pras enn. eph. ell defensive player oof dhaa iyar award ellah seasonukaludeyum avasaanathil deseeya football leagile (enfl) ettavum mikacha prathirodha kalikkaaran anubandha pras (epi) aanu defensive player oof dhaa iyar award nalkunnathu. 1971 muthal ithu nalkivarunnu. 50 eiii. pii. kaayika ezhuthukaarude panalil ninnulla vottukaliloodeyaanu vijayi theerumaanikkunnathu. 2011 muthal, suuppar boulinte thaledivasam nadakkunna vaarshika enn. eph. ell. bahumanaarhamaaya chadangil, eiii. pii. enn. eph. ell. aakramanathmaka kalikkaaran oof dhaa iyar award, eiii. pii. enn. eph. ell. ettavum moolyavathaaya kalikkaaran award, eiii. pii. enn. eph. ell. rookie oof dhaa iyar award thudangiya mattu eiii. pii. avaardukalkkoppam eee award nalkunnundu. laurence tailor, jeey. jeey. vaatt, aaron donald ennivar maathramaan moonnu thavana puraskaaram nediyathu. joou green, reey luis, mike singletary, broose smith, reggy vaitt ennivar rund thavana veetham vijayichittund. 1981ll oru puthumukhamenna nilayil award nediya eaka kalikkaranaanu tailor. 2008ll jaims haarisan maathramaan award nediya eaka swatantra ejantu. 1987ll philadelphia kazhukanmarkkoppam veendum 1998ll green bay paakkarmarkkoppam vijayicha rund vyathyastha teamukalulla eaka kalikkaranaanu vaitt. jeey. 2014ll 50ll 50 onnaam sthaana vottukal nediya vaatt maathramaan ekakandamaayi puraskaaram nediya eaka kalikkaaran. 2012ll 50ll 49 vottukal nediya addeham eathaandu ekakanda vijayiyaayirunnu. 2022 enfl seasoninte avasaanathode, mattethoru sthaanathekkaalum kooduthal, linebackermar pathinezh thavana award nediyittundu. oru defensive end pathinaalu thavana vijayichu, thudarnnu patthu defensive taakkilukal, aarr cornerbackukal, anchu sephttikal enniva. eiii. pii defensive player oof dhaa iyar avaardile rund vijayikal maathramaan ore seasonile eiii. piyude ettavum moolyavathaaya kalikkaaranulla award nediyathu 1971 ll minnesota vaikkinginayi defensive tackle alaan peju, 1986 ll newyork jayantsinu vendi linebacker laurence tailor. 2022 enn. eph. ell. seasonil puraskaaram nediya nick bosayaanu nilavile udama.

sambandhit press aine. eff. ell. bachavatmak varshatil sarvottam kheladu puraskar varshatil sarvottam bachavatmak kheladucha puraskar pratyek hangamachya shevati rashtriy football leegmadhil (aine. eff. ell.) sarvat utkrusht bachavatmak kheladula sambandhit press (aii. pii.) dware deela jaato. 1971 pasoon haah puraskar deela jaat aahe. 50 aii. pii. creeda lekhakanchya panelchya matandware vijeta tharavala jaato. 2011 pasoon, haah puraskar super ballchya aadalya divashi varshik aine. eff. ell. sanman samarambhat, aii. pii. aine. eff. ell. aakramak kheladu auph daad ear puraskar, aii. pii. aine. eff. ell. sarvat maulyavan kheladu puraskar aanee aii. pii. aine. eff. ell. rookie auph daad ear puraskar yasarkhya itar aii. pii. puraskaransah pradan keela jaato. laurence teller, jeey. jeey. watt aanee aaron donald heey keval teen vela yaa puraskarache vijete aahet. joou greeney, reey louis, mike singlatory, broos smith aanee reggy white yanni pratyeki donada haah kitab jinkla aahe. 1981 madhye asey karat, naveen kheladu mhanoon haah puraskar jinkanara teller haah ekmev kheladu aahe. 2008 madhye james harrison haah puraskar jinkanara ekmev mukt pratinidhi banala. 1987 madhye philadelphiya garud aanee punha 1998 madhye green beey packers jinkat, done vegvegalya sanghansah puraskar jinkanara pandhara haah ekmev kheladu aahe. jeey. jeey. 2014 madhye 50 paiki 50 pratham sthan matey midvat, sarvanumate haah puraskar jinkanara watt haah ekmev kheladu aahe. 2012 madhye 50 paiki 49 matey midvat too jawaljawal sarvasamaveshak vijeta dekhil hota. 2022 aine. eff. ell. hangamachya akheris, linebackersney itar konatyahi sthanapeksha adhik satra vela haah puraskar jinkla aahe. bachavatmak shevat chauda vela jinkla aahe, tyanantar daha bachavatmak tackle, sahaa cornerback aanee paach surakshitata aahet. aii. pii. defencive player auph daad ear puraskaratil keval done vijetyanni tyach hangamasathi aii. pii. chaa sarvat maulyavan kheladu puraskar dekhil jinklah 1971 madhye minnesota vhayakingjasathi defencive tackle alaan pages aanee 1986 madhye newyork giantsasathi linebacker laurence teller. nick bosa haah puraskar 2022 aine. eff. ell. hangamasathi jinkanara vidyaman dharak aahe.

associated press nfl defencive player aff da ear award warshako rakshatmak kheladiko puraskar sambandhit press (ap) dwara pratyek sijanko antyama rashtriya football ligg (nfl) maa sabaibhanda utkrishta rakshatmak kheladilai diinchha. yo sann 1971 dekhi pradan hundai aeko chha. wijetako nirnaya 50 ap khelkud lekhakharuko panelko matadwara garinchha. sann 2011 dekhi, yo puraskar super balko aghillo dina warshik nfl samman samarohma anya ap puraskarharu, jastai ap nfl akramak kheladiko warshako puraskar, ap nfl sabaibhanda mulyawan kheladi puraskar, rar ap nfl rukiko warshako puraskar pradan garieko chha. lawrence taylor, jey. jey. watt rar aaron donald matra tinn patakko puraskar vijeta hun. jo green, rey luis, mick singlatory, bruce smith rar reggy whitele dui-dui patak yo upadhi jiteka chhan. taylor ek matra kheladi hun jasle 1981 maa nausikhiyako rupma puraskar jiteka thie. 2008 maa james harrison puraskar jitne ek matra undrafted free agent bane. seto dui farak toliharusanga puraskar jitne ek matra kheladi how, 1987 maa filadelfia igalharu rar feri 1998 maa hariyo bey pyakarharusanga jityo. jey. watt sann 2014 maa 50 madhye 50 pratham sthan prapta gardai sarwasammatile puraskar jitne ek matra kheladi hun. uni sann 2012 maa 50 madhye 49 mutt prapta garera lagbhag sarwasammat vijeta pani thie. 2022 nfl sijanko antyama, linebackerharule satraun patak puraskar jiteka chhan, kunai pani anya sthiti bhanda badhi. ek rakshatmak antyale chaudha patak jiteko chha, tyasapachhi das rakshatmak tackleharu, chha karnarbyakharu, rar panchwata sefatiharu chhan. ap defencive player aff da ear awardka dui vijetaharule pani uhi sijanka lagi epiko sabaibhanda mulyawan kheladi puraskar jiteka chhanh 1971 maa minesota bhaikingska lagi defencive tackle alan page rar 1986 maa newyork giantska lagi linebacker lawrence taylor. nick bosa 2022 nfl sijanka lagi puraskarko wartaman dharak hun.

samprukta press enn. aif. ell. defencive player off dee iyar puraskara pratyeka sijin sheshare jatiah football ligg (enn. aif. ell.) rahr sabutharu ullekhaneeah rakhyanatmaka khelalinku associated press (aii. pii.) dwara defencive player off dee iyar puraskara pradan karajae. 1971 masiharu ehaa pradan karajauchhi. 50 john epi krida lekhakanka pyanelara bhot dwara bijeta sthira karajae . 2011 masiharu, ehi puraskara super bolra purbadina barshika enn. aif. ell. sammana samarohare pradan karajauchhi, anya epi puraskara sahita, jepariki epi enn. aif. ell. aakramanatmaka khelali off dee iyar puraskara, epi enn. aif. ell. sabutharu mulyabana khelali puraskara, ebong epi enn. aif. ell. rookie off dee iyar puraskara. lawrence taylor, jay. jay. waata ebong aaron donald heuchhanti ehi puraskarara ekamatra tinithara bijeta. joe green, ray louis, mick singaletari, bruce smith ebong reggy white pratyeka duithara lekhaen jitichanti. 1981 masihare ehi puraskara jitithiba taylor heuchhanti ekamatra khelali, 2008 masihare james harrison ehi puraskara jitithiba ekamatra anah-mukta agent hoithile. white heuchhanti ekamatra khelali jie duiti bhinna dala sahita ehi puraskara jitithile, 1987 ray philadelphia eagle ebong puni 1998 ray green bay packers sahita jitithile. jay. waata heuchhanti sarbasammatikrame ehi puraskara jitibare ekamatra khelali, 2014 ray 50 tii pratham sthana bhot madhyaru 50 tii paithile. shay madhya 2012 ray praiah sarbasammatikrame bijai thile kaaran shay 50 tii bhot madhyaru 49 tii jitithile . 2022 enn. aif. ell. sijin shesh suddha, linebackermane anya kaunasi sthana tulanare saturi thara ehi puraskara jitichanti. eka rakhyanatmaka ended chaud thara jitichhi, taa 'parey dashati rakhyanatmaka tackle, chhaati karnarbyak ebong panchti sephati. epi defencive player off dee iyar puraskarara kebala dui bijeta madhya sehi rutu paain epira sabutharu mulyabana khelali puraskara jitichantih 1971 ray minnesota vaikings paain defencive tackle alan pages ebong 1986 ray nyujarka giants paain linebacker laurence taylor . 2022 enn. aif. ell. sijin paain ehi puraskara jitithiba nick bosa ehi puraskarara barttamanara dharaka.

sambandhit presses ainn. eff. aill. saal daa rakhiaatmak khidari puraskar saal daa rakhiaatmak khidari puraskar harek season dey ant witch rashtari football leeg (nfl) witch sabh toon shandar rakhiaatmak khidari noon sambandhit presses (appy) duaara ditta jaanda haii. ih 1971 toon ditta jaa riha haii. jetu daa faisla 50 appy khed lekhakan dey panel deeaan votan duaara keeta jaanda haii. saal 2011 toon, ih puraskar super baool toon ikk dinn pahilan salana nfl sanman samaroh witch pesh keeta giaa haii, naal hii horr appy puraskaran, jiven kii apnfl saal daa hamlawar khidari puraskar, apnfl sabh toon keemati khidari puraskar, atey apnfl rookie saal daa puraskar. laurence teller, jey. jey. vaat atey aaron donald siraf tinn vaar puraskar dey jetu hunn. joye green, reey luis, mike singlatory, broos smith atey raigi white neey doou-doou vaar ih jittiaa haii. teller iklauta khidari haii jiss neey 1981 witch ikk naujwan dey roop witch puraskar jittiaa see. 2008 witch, james harrison puraskar jittan vaala iklauta gair-mukat free agent bann giaa. chitta doou vakkh-vakkh teaman naal puraskar jittan vaala iklauta khidari haii, jiss neey 1987 witch fildelfia eagles naal atey firr 1998 witch green beey packers naal jittiaa see. jey. vaat sarabsanmati naal puraskar jittan vaala iklauta khidari haii, jiss neey 2014 witch 50 vicchon 50 pahile sathaan deeaan votan prapat keetiaan sunn. uh 2012 witch vee lagbhag sarabsanmati naal jetu see kiunki usne 50 vicchon 49 votan prapat keetiaan sunn. 2022 nfl season dey ant takk, linebackers neey sataran vaar puraskar jittiaa haii, joe kise vee horr sathiti naalon vaddh haii. ikk rakhiaatmak ant neey chaudan vaar jittiaa haii, iss toon baad dass rakhiaatmak taekal, chhe carnerback atey panj surakhiaavan hunn. saal dey aii. pee. rakhiaatmak khidari dey puraskar dey siraf doou jetuaan neey use season laee aii. pee. daa sabh toon keemati khidari puraskar vee jittiaa haiyav 1971 witch minnesota wikings laee rakhiaatmak taakel alan pej atey 1986 witch newyork giants laee linebacker laurence teller. nick bosa iss puraskar dey maujuda dhaarak hunn, jinhan neey iss noon 2022 nfl season laee jittiaa haii.

sambaddham press enn. ef. ell. defensive player aaf da iyar puraskaarah varshasya rakshaatmak-kreedaaluh puraskaarah sambaddh-press (e. pi.) dwara rashtriya-football-leag (enn. ef. ell.) madhye atyantam utkrushtam rakshaatmak-kreedaaluh prati pratyekasya satrasya ante deeyate. 1971 tamaat varshaat etat puraskrutam bhavati. 50 e. pi. kridaalekhakaanaam pyanal ityasya mataihi vijetuhu nirdhaaritah bhavati. 2011 tamaat varshaat aarabhy, soopar-baul ityasya poorvadinam vaarshik-enn. ef. ell. sammaan-samaarohe, anyaih e. pi. puraskaaraih saha, yathaa e. pi. enn. ef. ell. akramanatmaka-player-aaf-da-iyar-puraskaarah, e. pi. enn. ef. ell. sarvaadhika-mulyavana-player-puraskaarah, e. pi. enn. ef. ell. rookee-aaf-da-iyar-puraskaarah cha, ayam puraskaarah pradatta asti. laurence teller, jey. jey. vyaat, aaron donald cha eva trivaaram puraskaaravijetaarah santi. jo green, rey levis, maik singlatory, broos smit, regee vait cha pratyekam dvivaaram vijetavantah santi. teller ityeshah ekamaatrah kreedakah asti yah 1981 tame varshe navaagatatvena puraskaram avaapnot. 2008 tame varshe james harrison ityayam puraskaram avaapnot ekamaatrah undrafted-free-agent abhavat. shwetah eva ekamaatrah kreedakah asti yah dwayoh bhinnadalayoho puraskaram avaapnot, 1987 tame varshe philadelphia-eagles ityanena, 1998 tame varshe punah green-bey-packers ityanena cha vijet. jey. 2014 tame varshe 50 madhye 50 prathamasthanani praapya sarvasammatam puraskaram praaptah ekamaatrah vyaat iti kreedakah asti. 2012 tame varshe 50 madhye 49 mataan praapya saha sarvasammati-vijetaa api aasit. 2022 enn. ef. ell.-kreedaarutuh samaapteh samaye, laik-backer-kreedakaah saptadashavaaram puraskaram praaptavantah, anyasya sthanasya apekshayaa adhikam. rakshaatmak-antimam chaturdashah vijayam praapnot, tadanantaram dash rakshaatmak-tackley, shut carn-backs, pancha cefties cha praaptaani. e. pee. defencive player aaf da iyar puraskaarasy kevalam dwau vijetaah eva tasmin eva rutau e. pee. ityasya atyamoolyah kreedakaah puraskaarah api praaptavantah-1971 tame varshe minnesotaa wackings ityasya krute defensive tackle alan page, 1986 tame varshe nyuyaark giants ityasya krute lanbacker laurence teller cha. nick bosaa ityeshah 2022 enn. ef. ell.-rutau puraskaarasy vartamaanah dhaarakah asti.

thodarpudaiya paththirigai enn. eff. ell. aandin tharkaappu veerar viruthu aandin tharkaappu veerar viruthu ovvoru paruvaththin mudivilum thaesiya kaalpandhu leakil (enn. eff. ell) migavum sirantha tharkaappu veerarukku thodarpudaiya paththirigaigalaal (aee. pii) vazhangkappadukirathu. idhu 1971 muthal vazhangkappadukirathu. vetrtriyaalar 50 aepi vilayaattu ezhuththaalargalin kuzhuvin vaakkugalaal theermaanikkappadugiraar. 2011 muthal, inththa viruthu varudaanthira enn. eff. ell kaurava vizhaavil suuppar pavulukku munththaiya naall, aandin aepi enn. eff. ell thaakkuthal veerar viruthu, aepi enn. eff. ell migavum mathippumikka veerar viruthu mattrum aepi enn. eff. ell rookie viruthu poantra pira aepi viruthugaludan vazhangkappadukirathu. laurence dailor, jay. jay. vaat mattrum aaron donault mattumae moontru murai viruthai ventravargal. joow green, raey levis, maik singledary, broose smith mattrum rekki oyit aagiyoar thalaa irandu murai ventrullanar. 1981 aam aandil oru puthiya veeraraaga viruthai ventra oray veerar dailor aavaar. 2008 aam aandil, james haarisan mattumae viruthai ventra oray ilavasa mugavar aanaar. irandu vevvaeru anigaludan viruthai ventra oray veerar vellai aavaar, 1987 aam aandil philatelpia kazhugugaludan ventraar, meendum 1998 aam aandil pacchai pae paekkarkaludan ventraar. jay. 2014 aam aandil 50 muthal ida vaakkugalil 50 vaakkugalaip pettru, orumanathaaka viruthai ventra oray veerar vaat aavaar. avar 50 vaakkugalil 49 vaakkugalaip pettrathaal 2012 aam aandil kittatthatta orumanathaaka ventraar. 2022 enfl season mudivil, linebakergal pathinaezhu murai viruthai ventrullanar, vaeru endha nilaiyaiyum vida. oru tharkaappu mudivu pathinaanku murai ventrullathu, adhaith thodarnthu paththu tharkaappu daakkalkal, aaru kaarnpaekkugal mattrum ainthu paathukaappukal ullana. aandin aepi tharkaappu veerarin viruthil irandu vetrtriyaalargal mattumae athae paruvaththirkaana aepi inn migavum mathippumikka veerar viruthaiyum ventrullanar 1971 aam aandil minnesota wikings mattrum 1986 aam aandil newyorg jaambavaangalukkaana linebacker laurence daelarukkaaga tharkaappu takel alan pakkam. nick bosa inththa viruthai 2022 enfl seesanukku ventrullaar.

anubandha press nfl defensive player off dhi iyar avaardu prati season mugimpulo jaateeya football leag (nfl) loe atyanta atyuttama rakshanaatmaka aatagaadiki anubandha press (epi) dwara defensive player off dhi iyar avaardu ivvabadutundi. idhi 1971 nundi pradaanam cheyabadutondi. vijaetanu 50 mandhi creeda rachayitala panel nundi otla dwara nirnayistaaru. 2011 nundi, eee avaardunu suupar baul mundu roeju vaarshika nfl gourava vedukalo, itara epi avaardulatoe paatu, epi nfl offensive player off dhi iyar avaardu, epi nfl most valuel player avaardu mariyu epi nfl rookie off dhi iyar avaardu vanti itara avaardulatoe pradaanam chestunnaru. laurence taylor, zhe. zhe. vaat, mariyu aaron donald matrame moodu saarlu avaardu vijaetalu. jooe green, rae levis, mike singlatory, broose smith mariyu rege white okkokaru rendusaarlu gelichaaru. gelichaaru rookeegaa avaardunu geluchukunna ekaika aatagadu taylor. taylor, james haarisan eee avaardunu geluchukunna ekaika undrafted free agent ayyadu. rendu ververu jatlatho avaardunu geluchukunna ekaika aatagadu white, white philadelphia eagles thoo mariyu mallee mallee green bay packers thoo gelichaadu. zhe. zhe 50 modati sthaanam otlalo 50 otlu andukuni, ekagreevamgaa avaardunu geluchukunna ekaika aatagadu vaat. athanu athanu 50 otlalo 49 otlu sampaadinchadamtho dadapuga sarva-sarva-vijaetagaa kooda nilichaadu. 2022 nfl season mugimpu natiki, linebackerlu yea itara sthaanam kante padihedu saarlu avaardunu geluchukunnaru. defensive end padnaalugu saarlu gelichindi, taruvaata padhi defensive tackles, aaru carnerbacklu mariyu aidu saefteelu unnaayi. epre defensive player off dhi iyar avaardu yokka iddaru vijaetalu matrame adhe seasonlo epi yokka atyanta viluvaina aatagadi avaardunu kooda geluchukunnaruh geluchukunnaruh minnesota wikings kosam defensive taakil alan pages mariyu mariyu newyork giants kosam linebacker laurence taylor. nick bosa eee avaardunu kaligi unnaaru, 2022 nfl season kosam dheenini geluchukunnaru.

aisosi atted prais aine aif eel defencive player aaf dee aiyar aiward saal kaa dafayi khilaadi kaa aiward harr seezan kay ikhtatam parr qomi fitt baal leeg (aine aif eel) kay sabb say shandar dafayi khilaadi kuu aisosi atted prais (aey pee) kay zariye diyaa jaataa hay. yaha 1971 say diyaa jaa rehaa hay. faatah kaa faislah 50 aey pee sports ryters kay pinal kay woton say kiyaa jaataa hay. 2011 say yaha aiward spir bawal say eek dunn pehley salanah aine aif eel aanarz taqrib mein paish kiyaa jaataa hay iss kay saath saath deegar aey pee ewards jeesay aey pee aine aif eel jarhana player aaf dee aiyar aiward aey pee aine aif eel sabb say qeemati khilaadi aiward aur aey pee aine aif eel rooki aaf dee aiyar aiward bhee paish kiye jaatay haine. larns teller jay. jay. waat aur aaron donald sarf teen baar aiward jeetnay waalay haine. juu grain ray leos mayik singletri brose samath aur reegi waait nay asay duu duu baar jeeta hay. teller waahid khilaadi haine jinhon nay 1981 mein batoor rooki yaha aiward jeeta thaa. 2008 mein jaims herison yaha aiward jeetnay waalay waahid ghair faal free agent bunn gayey. waait waahid khilaadi hay jiss nay duu mukhtalif teamon kay saath aiward jeetaa 1987 mein fladelfia aqaabon kay saath aur phir 1998 mein grain bay packers kay saath jeeta. jay. waat waahid khilaadi haine jinhon nay mutafaqah toor parr aiward jeetaa 2014 mein 50 mein say 50 pehli position kay woat haasil kiye. wah 2012 mein bhee taqriba mutafaqah faatah thay keunkah inhon nay 50 mein say 49 woat haasil kiye thay. 2022 aine aif eel seezan kay ikhtatam takk line beek karnay waalon nay yaha aiward satrah baar jeeta hay juu kasee bhee dosri position say ziyadah hay. eek dafayi ikhtatam nay chodah baar kamiyabi haasil kii hay iss kay baad duss dafayi teckles chh kaaran beks aur paanch seifties haine. aey pee defencive player aaf dee aiyar aiward kay sarf duu fateheen nay asee seezan kay liye aey pee kaa sabb say qeemati player aiward bhee jeeta hay: 1971 mein menisota waikings kay liye defencive tekal ailan paij aur 1986 mein neoyork kay jinaat kay liye line bekar larns teller. nikk bosa iss aiward kay maujudah holder haine jinhon nay asay 2022 aine aif eel seezan kay liye jeeta hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=72267155

Ormond Square, Dublin

Ormond Square, Dublin Square in Dublin, Ireland Ormond Square () is a square on the northside of Dublin city. History. Ormond Square sits on the site of the former Ormond Market. Along with Ormond Quay, the square is named after James Butler, 1st Duke of Ormond. Ormond Market appears on maps of Dublin in 1684, and was built on an area formerly known as The Pill. The Pill was a small river inlet which branched off the River Liffey at the estuary of the River Bradogue and the area around it, and formed part of the land granted to St Mary's Abbey. The inlet was later removed when the River Liffey was confined by the Quay walls and the land was reclaimed. Ormond market. The public market building was built by Sir Humphrey Jervis. It consisted of an open central rotunda with 70 stalls. When the new city markets were built on Mary's Lane, the Ormond Market was demolished in 1890 and public housing was later built on the site. It was then renamed Ormond Square. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

ormond scower, doublin ormond scower () hoise doublin sohoror uttor dixot thoka etaa borgo. itihax. ormond scower purbor ormond bojaror sthanot owosthito. ormond kuwer logote ei borgotu ormondor prothom diuk james batoloror naamere naamkoron koraa hoise. 1684 sonot doublinor manchitrot ormondo bojar dekha yaay, aaru purbote pill naamere jonajat etaa oncholot nirman koraa hoisil. ei piltu aasil etaa xoru nodir prowex poth ji bradog nodir muhona aaru iyar sariufalor oncholot liphi nodir poraa xakhajukto hoi saint meris ebe 'koo diya bhumir ongxo hisape gothon korisil. pisot liphe nodikhon kuwe berere aabodho kori maati punor dokhol korar xomoyot ei prowex pothtu aatorai peluwa hoisil. badamor bojar. rajohuwa bojar bhowontu chaar humphrey jarbhise nirman korisil. iyat 70taa stolor xoite etaa mukoli kendriyo rutanda aasil. jetiya merir lenot notun sohor bojar nirman koraa hoisil, 1890 sonot ormond bojartu dhongxo koraa hoisil aaru pisot xei sthanot rajohuwa griho nirman koraa hoisil. taar pisot iyak ormond scower buli punor naamkoron koraa hoisil.

ormond square, doublin ormond borgokhetro () doublin shohorer uttor dike abosthito ekti borgokhetro. itihas. badamer borgokhetroti praktan badam bajarer jaiga abosthito. ormond koer pashapashi, borgokhetrotir namkaran koraa hoyeche james buttler naame, ormonder 1maum diuka. 1684 saale doubliner manchitre badamer bazar dekha yaay ebong etty agey pill naame porichito ekti elaka nirmito hoyechilo. pilti chhilo ekti chhoto nodee probeshpoth jaa bradog nadeer mohna liffy nadeer shakha ebong err charpasher anchal theke bichchinno hoye seenta merris abeke prodotto jomir ongsho gathon korechilo. liffy naditi jokhon bandher deyal dwara seemaboddho chhilo ebong jomiti punoruddhar koraa hoyechilo tokhon probeshpothti porey sorano hoyechilo. badamer bazar. public market buildingti syara humphrey gervice dwara nirmito hoyechilo. etty 70tii stall soho ekti khola kendriya ghurnayman brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar brittakar. jokhon merir golite notun shohorer bazarguli nirmito hoyechilo, 1890 saale ormond bajarti venge fela hoyechilo ebong porey eyi sthane jonosadharoner abason nirmito hoyechilo. erpor err naam poriborton korey ormond square rakha hoy.

ormond square, doublin ormond square () aee doublin shahernee uttar bajuae aavelo aek choras chhe. itihas. badaamno choras vistaar agaauna badaam bajaarnaa sthal parr aavelo chhe. ormond kwe saathe, chorasnu naam james butler, ormandnaa pratham dukena naam parthee rakhvama aavyu chhe. badaamnu bajaar 1684maan doublinna naksha parr dekhaay chhe, aneey teey agau golee tareeke odakhaata vistaar parr bandhvama aavyu hatoo. golee aek naanee nadeeni praveshdwaar hatee jeey bradog nadeena mukh aneey tenee aaspasna vistaarmaa liffy nadeeni shaakhao dharaave chhe aneey saint marries aebeene aapvama aaveli jameenno aek bhaag banaave chhe. jyaare liffy nadeene kaanthaani diwalo dwara maryadit karvaamaa aavee hatee aneey jameenne fareethi praapt karvaamaa aavee hatee tyaare pravesh dwaarne paachhalthi door karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. badaamnu bajaar. jaaher bajaarni imaarat surr humphrey jervice banaavi hatee. temaa 70 stoll saathe aek khullu kendreey gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola gola jyaare shahernaa navaa bajaaro mereeni galee parr bandhvama aavyaa hataa, tyaare 1890maan badaam bajaarne todee padvama aavyu hatoo aneey pachhithi aaa sthal parr jaaher aavaas banavvama aavyu hatoo. tyarbad tenu naam badaline ormond square rakhvama aavyu hatoo.

ormond squire, doublin ormond varg () doublin shahar key uttar kii or ack varg haye. itihas. badam chauk poorv badam bajar key sthaan parr sthit haye. badam key saath, varg kaa naam james butler, badam key pahale duke key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye. badam kaa bajar 1684 mein doublin key maanchitron parr dikhaai detaa haye, aur ise ack aise kshetra mein banaaya gayaa thaa jise pahale goli key naam seey jaanaa jaataa thaa. goli ack chhoti nadee kaa pravesh dwaar thaa joe bradog nadee key muhaane aur usake aspas key kshetra mein liffy nadee seey nikalati thee, aur sent mairi key mathh koo dee gaee bhoomi kaa hissa thee. inlet koo baad mein hataa diyaa gayaa thaa jaba nadee liffy koo tata kii divaaron seey seemit curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur bhoomi koo phir seey hassil curr liya gayaa thaa. badam bajar. saarvajanik bajar bhawan kaa nirmaan surr humphrey jervice ney kiya thaa. isamen 70 stalls key saath ack khula kendriya rotunda shamil thaa. jaba mairi kii gully mein nae shahar key bazar banaae gaye, tou 1890 mein badam bazar koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa aur baad mein iss jagah parr saarvajanik awas kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa. isake baad iska naam badalkar ormond squire curr diyaa gayaa.

ormand square, doublin ormand square () embudu doublin nagarada uttara bhagadalliruva ondu chaukavagide. itihaasa. ormand chaukavu hindina ormand marukatteya sthaladallide. ee chaukakke ormand kway jotege, ormandna 1neey duke james buttler avara hesarannu idalaagide. 1684ralli doublin naksegalalli badamiya marukatteyu kaanisikolluttade mattu idannu hinde matre endu kareyalaaguttidda pradeshadalli nirmisalaagittu. ee matreyu ondu sanna nadiya olaharivu aagiddu, idu broadog nadiya nadimukhadalli liffi nadiya shakhegalannu mattu adara suttalina pradeshavannu hondiddu, saint marise abbege niidalaada bhumiya bhagavagittu. liffi nadiyu kadalatadiya godegalinda simitagondaga mattu bhoomiyannu marali padedaga olaharivannu nantara tegeduhaakalaayitu. badamiya marukatte. saarvajanika marukatte kattadavannu surr humphry jervis nirmisidaru. idu 70 maligegalannu hondiruva tereda kendra rotandavannu olagondittu. meriya lennalli hosa nagara maarukattegalannu nirmisidaaga, 1890ralli badamiya maarukatteyannu kedavalaayitu mattu nantara aaa sthaladalli saarvajanika vasatigalannu nirmisalaayitu. nantara adannu ormand square endu marunamakarana maadalaayitu.

oormandu square, doublin doublin sittiyude vadakku bhaagathulla oru chathuramaanu oormandu square (). charithram. muun oormandu maarkkattinte sthalathaanu oormandu square sthithi cheiyunnathu. oormandu kveykkoppam, oormandinte aadya duke jaims butlerude perilaanu eee chathuram ariyappedunnathu. 1684-ll doublin maappil oormandu maarkkat prathyakshappedunnu, munbu gulika ennariyappettirunna oru pradeshathaanu ithu nirmmichathu. bradog nadiyude azhimukhathum athinu chuttumulla pradeshathum liphi nadiyil ninnu shaakhakalulla oru cheria nadeethadamaayirunnu gulika, ithu sent marries abback anuvadicha bhoomiyude bhaagamaayirunnu. liphi nadhi thadaaka mathilukalaal parimithappedutthukayum bhoomi veendedukkukayum cheythappol inlettu pinneedu neekkam cheythu. oormandu maarkkat. sarr humphry jervis aanu pothu vipani kettidam nirmmichathu. 70 staalukalulla oru ooppan central rottanda ithil ulppedunnu. meriyude pathayil puthiya nagara vipanikal nirmmichappol, 1890-ll oormandu maarkkat polichuneekkukayum pinneedu aaa sthalathu pothu bhavanangal nirmmikkukayum cheythu. pinneedu ithine oormandu square ennu punarnaamakaranam cheythu.

ormond square, doublin ormond square () haah doublin shaharachya uttarela asalela eka chauras aahe. itihas. purvichya badamachya bajarpethechya thikani badam chauras aahe. ormond quesah, chaukonala james butler, ormandcha pahila duke yache naav denyat aale aahe. 1684 madhye doublinchya nakashanvar badamachi bajarpeth disate aanee tee purvi golee mhanoon olakhalya olakhalya bhagavar bandhali gelee hotee. golee hii eka chhoti nadee praveshmarg hotee jee bradog nadichya mukhajavalil liffy nadichya shakhanpasun aanee tyachya sabhovatalachya bhagatoon shakha hote aanee seent mereechya mathala dilelya jaminicha bhag bunley. liffy nadee tatbandichya bhintinni bandist jhaali aanee jameen punha midavali gelee tevha nantar praveshmarg kadhoon taknyat aala. badam bajar. sarvajanik bajarpethechi imarat surr humphrey jervice yanni bandhali hotee. tyat 70 stalls khulya madhyavarti gola golakar pattyacha samavesh hota. jevha mereechya gallit naveen shahar bajarpetha bandhalya gelya, tevha 1890 madhye badam bajarpeth padnyat aalee aanee nantar tyaa thikani sarvajanik ghare bandhanyat aalee. tyanantar tyache naav badaloon ormond square asey karnyat aale.

ormand squire, doublin ormond squire () doublin saharko uttartira raheko euta warga how. itihas. ormand squire purva ormand bajarko cytema baschha. ormond kwesangai, wargako naam james buttler, ormandko pahilo dukeko namama rakhieko chha. badam bazar sann 1684 maa dablinko naksama dekha pardachha, rar pahile goli bhanera chinine kshetrama nirman garieko thiyo. goli euta sano nadi prawesh dwar thiyo june brodog nadiko mohana rar yasako warparko kshetrama liffy nadiko shakhaharubata kholiyo, rar cent meriko mathlai diieko bhumiko bhag banyo. pachhi liffy nadilai tatako parkhalle banda garepachhi rar jamin punah prapta garda inlet hataiyo. badam bazar. sarvajanik bazar bhawan sear humphrey jarbhisdwara nirman garieko thiyo. yasama 70 wata stalharu bhaeko khula kendriya rotanda samawesh thiyo. jab nayan sahar bajarharu meriko lenma nirman gariyo, sann 1890 maa badam bazar dhwasta bhayo rar pachhi yass cytema sarvajanik awas nirman gariyo. tyasapachhi yasalai ormond squire naam diiyo.

ormond squara, doublin ormond berg () heuchhi doublin saharar uttara parsware thiba eka berg. itihas. ormanda squara purbatana ormanda bajaara sthanare abasthita. ormanda kwe sahita, bargakhetrara naama ormandra pratham dick james batalaranka naamare rakhajaichhi. 1684 masihare doubliner manachitrare badam bajaara dekhajaithila, ebong ehaa purbaru 'daa pill' naamare janashuna eka anchalare nirmita hoithila. ehi pilty eka chhot nadee prabesha path thila jaahaa bradog nadira mohana ebong ehara akhpakh anchalare liphi nadeeru sakhaprashakha karithila ebong cent merries aabiku diajaithiba jamira eka ansha gathan karithila . liphi nadeeti nadibandha prachira dwara seemita hoi rahithiba bele ebong jami punaruddhara heba parey ehi prabesha pathaku hatai diajaithila. badam bajaara. sarbajaneena bajaara bhabanati saar humphrey jarwisnka dwara nirmita hoithila. ethire ethire stall sahita eka khola kendriah rotanda thila. jetebele nutan sahara bajaara mereenka lenare nirmita hoithila, 1890 ray ormanda bajaraku bhangi diajaithila ebong parey sehi sthanare sarbajaneena abas nirmana karajaithila . ehapare ehara naama paribartana curry 'ormanda squara' rakhajaithila.

ormand varag, doublin ormand varag () doublin shehar dey uttar vaale paase ikk varag haii. itihaas. ormand varag sabka ormand markeet dee jagha 'teey sathit haii. ormand kavey dey naal, varag daa naam james buttler, ormand dey pahile diook dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa haii. ormand markeet 1684 witch doublin dey nakshiaan utte dikhai dindi haii, atey ikk khetar utte banayi gaee see jiss noon pahilan goli vajon janhiaa jaanda see. goli ikk chhoti jihi nadee daa pravesh duaar see joe nadee dey muhane atey iss dey aale duaale dey khetar witch liffy nadee toon vakkh hundi see, atey cent mairi dey aibe noon ditti gaee zameen daa hissa see. baad witch jadon liffy nadee noon kandhe deeaan kandhan duaara seemat qarr ditta giaa see atey zameen noon mudd prapat qarr liaa giaa see taan pravesh duaar noon hataa ditta giaa see. badaam markeet. jantak baazaar dee imaarat sarr humphrey jervice duaara banayi gaee see. iss witch 70 stalan dey naal ikk khullah kendri rotunda shamal see. jadon mairi dee glee utte shehar dey navein baazaar banaae gaye sunn, taan 1890 witch ormand markeet noon dhaah ditta giaa see atey baad witch iss jagha utte jantak rihaish banayi gaee see. firr iss daa naam badal keey ormand varag rakkhiaa giaa.

ormand square, doublin ormand square () iti doublin-nagarasya uttardishi sthitah ekaha vargah asti. itihaasah. ormand-square iti poorvatan-ormand-vipanyasthale sthitah asti. ormand kwe ityanena saha, asya vargasya naam ormand-ityasya prathama-duke james buttler ityasya namna krutam asti. 1684 tame varshe doublin-nagarasya manachitreshu ormand-vipanihi drushyate, poorvam matrayaha namna prasidhah pradesha api nirmitah aasit. golee ekaa laghu-nadee-praveshamaargah aasit, yaa bradag-nadyaah mohane liffy-nadyaah shakham krutvaa tasya paritah cha kshetreshu shakham krutvaa sent merries-mathaaya dattasy bhoomyaah bhaagah abhavat. pashchat yadaa liffy-nadee tatabhittidwara seemitah aasit, bhoomih punah praaptah cha tadaa praveshamaargah apasaaritah. aramand-vipanah. saarvajanikavipanya-bhavanam surr humphrey gervice ityanena nirmitam aasit. asmin 70 stall-yuktah muktah kendriya-rotandaa aasit. yadaa merry-maarge nootanaani nagaravipanyaani nirmitaani, 1890 tame varshe ormand-vipanyaam dhvamsam abhavat, anantaram tasmin sthaane saarwajanik-aavaasasya nirmanam cha krutam. tatah asya naam armond square iti krutam.

oormand sathuram, dublin oormaand sathuram () enbathu dublin nagaraththin vadakkup paguthiyil ulla oru sathuramaagum. varalaaru. munnaal aaramand santhaiyin idaththil aaramand sathukkam amainthullathu. inththa sathukkam, aaramand kuvaevudan saernthu, 1vadhu tuke off aaramand james patlarin peyaraal azhaikkappadukirathu. 1684 aam aandil dublin varaipadangkalil aaramand santhai thoandrugirathu, maelum idhu munbu maaththirai endru alaikkappatta paguthiyil kattappattathu. maaththirai oru siriya nadhi nuzhaivaayilaaga irunththathu, idhu piradaak aattrin mugaththuvaaraththilum athaich suttriyulla paguthiyilum liffy aattril irunthu kilaikkirathu, maelum saint marris abekku valangkappatta nilaththin oru paguthiyaaga amainthathu. liffy nadhi kadaloara suvarkalaal adaikkappattapoathu nuzhaivaayil pinnar agattrappattathu mattrum nilam meettedukkappattathu. aaranjchu santhai. pothuch santhai kattidam charr humbry jervis enbavaraal kattappattathu. idhu 70 kadaikalaik konda oru thirantha matthiya suzharchiyaik kondirundhadhu. maeriyin paathaiyil puthiya nagara santhaigal kattappattapoathu, 1890 aam aandil aaramand santhai idikkappattathu, pinnar antha idaththil podhu veedugal kattappattana. pinnar adhu aaramand sathuram endru marupeyaridappattathu.

ormand square, doublin ormand square () anedi doublin nagaraniki uttaraana unna oka chadarapu. charitra. ormand square puurvapu ormand market unna pradaesamloe undhi. armond kwetho paatu, eee chaturasraaniki 1 va duke off armond james butler paeru pettaru. 1684loe doublin maplalo baadam market kanipistundi, idhi gatamlo maatra anie piluvabade praantamloo nirminchabadindi. eee maatra oka chinna nadhi inlet, idhi broadog nadhi estury vadda liffi nadhi nundi mariyu daani chuttoo unna praantam nundi saakhalu kaligi undhi, mariyu seyint maries abbeku manjuru chesina bhoomilo bhaagamgaa erpadindi. liffi nadini gattu godala dwara parimitam chesi, bhoomini tirigi swaadheenam chesukunnappudu eee pravesha dwaaram taruvaata tolaginchabadindi. aratipandu market. public market bhavananni surr humphrey jervis nirminchaaru. indulo 70 stallsto kuudina open central rotunda undedi. maries laine loe kotta nagara marketlu nirminchinappudu, 1890loe ormand market koolchiveyabadindi mariyu taruvaata aaa pradaesamloe praja gruhalu nirminchabaddaayi. appudu dheeniki ormand square anie paeru marcharu.

ormand marbaa doublin ormand marbaa () doublin shehar kay shamaal kii taraf eek marbaa hay. tareekh. ormand marbaa saabiq ormand market kii jagah parr waaqa hay. ormand kaway kay saath iss marbaa kaa naam jaims butler awal ddiok aaf ormand kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa hay. aamad market 1684 mein doublin kay naqshon parr zahir hoti hay aur asay eek aisey elaqay parr banaya gayaa thaa jasay pehley golee kahaa jaataa thaa. golee eek chhota saa daryaa kaa darah thaa juu daryaae breadog kay dahanay aur iss kay aas paas kay elaqay mein daryaae lafee say shakhein milaa hawaa thaa aur sent meeri kay aibi kuu dee gayee zameen kaa hasah thaa. baad mein iss inlet kuu hataa diyaa gayaa jabb daryaae lafee kuu kinaray kii dewaron say mahdud kirr diyaa gayaa aur zameen kuu dobarah haasil kirr liyaa gayaa. aam bazaar. awami bazaar kii emarat sarr humphry jewars nay banayi thee. yaha 70 staalon kay saath eek khilaa markazi rotanda parr mushtamil thaa. jabb meeri kii glee parr shehar kay nayey bazaar banaye gayey tuu 1890 mein armond bazaar kuu manhadam kirr diyaa gayaa aur baad mein iss jagah parr awami rehaish tameer kii gayee. iss kay baad iss kaa naam badal kirr ormand squire rakh diyaa gayaa.

fffb31e06e7c4954bd2774bad766948c99ac676430c720bc1ec50f6e9df86ce2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1812774

Fiume Road Graveyard

Fiume Road Graveyard Cemetery in Budapest, Hungary Kerepesi Cemetery (Hungarian: "Kerepesi úti temető" or "Kerepesi temető", official name: "Fiumei úti nemzeti sírkert", i.e. "Fiume Road National Graveyard") is the most famous cemetery in Budapest. It is one of the oldest cemeteries in Hungary, and has been almost completely preserved. Overview. Founded in 1847, Kerepesi is located in outer Józsefváros, near Keleti pályaudvar (Eastern Railway Station), and can be reached via Budapest Metro line 2. It is the innermost cemetery of Budapest, although it still lies about 2 km from the downtown centre. Kerepesi is one of the biggest national pantheons in Europe and the biggest outdoor statue park with its area of about . It is sometimes referred to as the Père Lachaise of Budapest. The cemetery's first burial took place some two years after its opening, in 1849. Since then numerous Hungarian notables (statesmen, writers, sculptors, architects, artists, composers, scientists, actors and actresses etc.) have been interred there, several of them in ornate tombs or mausoleums. This was encouraged by the decision of the municipal authorities to declare Kerepesi a "ground of honour" in 1885. The first notable burial was that of Mihály Vörösmarty in 1855. Until the 1940s, several tombs were removed to this cemetery from others in Budapest – for example, it is the fourth resting place of the poet Attila József. The cemetery was declared closed for burials in 1952. This was partly because it had become damaged during World War II, and partly for political reasons, as the Communist government sought to play down the graves of those who had "exploited the working class". At one point it was intended to build a housing estate over the cemetery. Part of the grounds were in fact handed over to a nearby rubber factory and were destroyed in 1953. In 1958, a Mausoleum for the was created by Olcsai-Kiss Zoltán. During the Communist period (which lasted from 1948 till 1989 in Hungary) this was the only part of the cemetery highlighted or even mentioned by the authorities. After the fall of communism, Kerepesi was still considered by some as a Communist cemetery (for example a son of Béla Bartók forbade his father's ashes to be interred there). The cemetery, with its extended parks among the graves and monuments, is open to the public, but interments have ceased. The Salgotarjani Street Jewish Cemetery is actually the eastern corner of the Kerepesi Cemetery, but it is separated from it by a stone wall. In summer 2007, some of the filming for The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas (film) was completed at the cemetery. Special sections. In 1874, a special parcel was established for those who were denied a church funeral (those who committed suicide and those executed). The cemetery is also famous for its arcades, built between 1908 and 1911, recalling the style of Northern Italian cemeteries. The artists' sector – in which each tomb contains a notable Hungarian representative of the arts – was created in 1929. Interments. Kerepesi contains mausoleums of three leading Hungarian statesmen: also, the mausoleum of Ábrahám Ganz (iron-foundry pioneer in Hungarian heavy industry), built to the plans of Miklós Ybl in 1868. other interments: This list is incomplete. The full list of notable persons is about 700 names, available in a free booklet at the cemetery. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

fiyam road xomadhikhyetro kerepesi cemetry (hangerianoh "kerepesi üti temetó" baa "kerepesi temet", sorkari naam "fiyami üti nemzeti sírkart", i.ee. "fiyam road rastriyo koborsthan") hoise budapestor ataitkoi bikhyat koborsthan. eitu hangarir ataitkoi puroni xomadhikhetroxomuhor bhitorot etaa, aaru pray xompurnorupe xongrokhito hoi aase. ek aabhax. 1847 sonot protistha huwa kerepesi kelti paliaudobharor (pubo rey "lo steson) usoror baahiror jo" sefbharsot owosthito, aaru budepest metro "line 2 ror joriyote paab paari. jodiu ee etiyau budepestor bhitoror cemetry, jodiu ee downtownor kendror poraa pray 2 kilometer durot owosthito. kerepesi hoise europor ataitkoi dangor rastriyo poriswor aaru iyar elekar xoite ataitkoi dangor baahiror protimurti udyan. iyak ketiyaba budapestor pere lasais buli kuwa hoy. ei xomadhikhyetror prothom xomadhistholkhon iyar mukoli huwar pray dubosoror pisot 1849 sonot onusthito hoisil. tetiyar poraa oxongkhyo hangerian bixisto byokti (rajneetibid, lekhok, bhaskorjoxilpi, sthopotibid, xilpi, xurkar, bigyani, obhineta aaru obhinetri ityadi).) taat xomadhistho koraa hoise, taare keibatau olongkrito xomadhi baa xomadhikhyetrot. 1885 sonot kerepsik "xonmanor sthan" hisape ghuxona korar pour kortripokhyor xiddhantor dwara iyak utxahito koraa hoisil. 1855 sonot prothom ullekhjugyo xomadhisthol aasil mihali bhorusarti. 1940 sonoloike, budapestor aanburor poraa ei koborxalaloi keibatau xomadhi aatorai peluwa hoisil-udahoronsworupe, ee kobi aatila jo 'sofor soturtho bisramstholi. 1952 sonot xomadhikhyetrotu xomadhistho korar baabe bondho ghuxona koraa hoisil. eitu angxikbhabe aasil kaaron dwitiyo biswojudhor xomoyot ee khyotigrosto hoisil, aaru angxikbhabe rajnoitik karonot, jihetu communist sorkare "sromik shrenik xuxon koraa" lukoxokolor koborbur dhongxo koriboloi chesta korisil. etaa xomoyot koborsthanor uporot etaa griho nirmanor uddesyere nirman koraa hoisil. khelpotharor etaa ongxo prokritote usoror etaa robor karkhanaloi hostantor koraa hoisil aaru 1953 sonot dhongxo koraa hoisil. 1958 sonot ulsai-kich zoltane ei xomadhir baabe etaa xomadhir sristi korisil. communist jugot (ji 1948 sonor poraa 1989 sonoloike hangarit solisil) eitu kortripokhyoi alukpat koraa baa aanoki ullekh koraa koborsthanor ekmatro ongxo aasil. xamyobador potonor pisot, kerepixi etiyau kisumane communist koborsthan hisape bibesona korisil (udahoronsworupe belaa bartukor ejon putre teur pitrir saai taat xomadhistho koriboloi nixedh korisil). xomadhikhyetrotu, xomadhi aaru smritixoudhor maajot iyar xomproxarito udyanxomuhor xoite, jonoxadharonor baabe mukoli, kintu ontordhan bondho hoi goise. salgutarjani poth ihudi koborsthantu prokritote kerepesi koborsthanor pubo kunot aase, kintu iyak etaa xilor dewalere iyar poraa prithok koraa hoise. 2007 sonor grishmokalot, rajokiyo paijamat (solositro) lo "raatur kichu sitrogrohon koborsthanot xompurno hoisil. bixex bibhag. 1874 sonot, jixokole girjar ontyestikriyar poraa bonchito hoisil (jixokole atmohoitya korisil aaru mrityudondo diya hoisil) teulukor baabe ek bixex parchel sthapon koraa hoisil. 1908 sonor poraa 1911 sonor bhitorot nirmito ei xomadhikhyetrotu uttor italy xomadhikhyetror xoilir kotha smoron kori iyar arcador babeu bikhyat. xilpir khondo-zo 'too protitu xomadhir kolar ek ullekhjugyo hangeriyo protinidhi aase-1929 sonot sristi koraa hoisil. ontorbhukto koraa. kerepsot tinijon aagxarir hangeriyo rastropotir xomadhi aaseh logote, 1868 sonot mikluch wiblor porikolpona onuxori nirman koraa abraham ganojor xomadhi (hangerian godhur udyugor luha-foundryr pothoprodorxok). onyanyo ontorbhuktixomuhoh ei talika oxompurno. ullekhjugyo byoktixokolor xompurno talika pray 700 naamor, ji xomadhikhyetrot etaa binamuliya pustika upolobdho.

fiam road kabarasthan kerepesi kabarasthan (hangerian "kerepesi üti temetó" baa "kerepesi temito", sarkari naam "fiamyi üti nemzeti sírkert", i.ee. "fiam road jatiya kabarasthan") holl budapester sabcheye bikhyato kabarasthan. etty hangerir prachintama kabarasthangulir modhye ekti ebong pray sampurnarupe sanrakkhito royeche. sangkhipto biboron. 1847 saale protisthito, kerepesi baire josefvarose, keleti paliaudvar (purbo rail steshana) kachhe abosthito, ebong budapest metro line 2 err madhyome pouchano jete paare. etty budapester bhitorer kabarasthan, jodio etty ekhono shohorer kendra theke pray 2 kilometres doore abosthito. kerepesi europer brihottomo jatiya panthiongulir modhye ekti ebong pray pray elaka soho brihottomo bahirangan murti uddan. kokhono kokhono etike budapester perey lachez hisabe ullekh koraa hoy. 1849 saale koborsthaner prothom dafon shuru howar pray dui bochor porr, tarpor theke asankhya hangerian bishishto byakti (rashtranayak, lekhok, bhaskar, sthopoti, shilpi, surkar, bigyani, abhineta ebong abhinetri ityadi).) sekhane somahito koraa hoyeche, taader modhye besh koyekti alangkrito samadhi baa samadhisoudhe royeche. 1885 saale pour kortripokkher serepisike "sommaner sthan" ghoshana korar siddhanter foley etty utsahito hoyechilo. 1855 saale prothom ullekhjoggo dafon chhilo mihali versemartyr. 1940-err doshok porjonto, budapester anyanno kabarasthan theke eyi koborsthane besh koyekti samadhi sariye fela hoyechilo-udahoronsorup, etty cobby atila jojefer choturtho bishramsthal. 1952 saale kabarasthanti dafon korar jonno bondho ghoshana koraa hoyechilo. etty angshikbhabe dwitiya bishwojuddher somoy khotigrosto howar karone ebong angshikbhabe rajnaitik karone, kaaron communist sarkar "shromik shrenike shoshan" korechilo taader kabarguli namiye aanar chesta korechilo. eka porjaye koborsthaner upor ekti abason esteta nirmaner uddeshya chhilo. matther kichhu ongsho asle nikatbarti ekti rabar karkhanar kachhe hastantar koraa hoyechilo ebong 1953 saale dhongso koraa hoyechilo. 1958 saale, olsai-keys zoltan dwara ekti samadhi toiri koraa hoyechilo. communist amle (jaa 1948 theke 1989 saal porjonto hangerite sthayi hoyechilo) etty chhilo koborsthaner ekmatro ongsho jaa kortripokkho dwara highlite koraa hoyechilo baa emonki ullekh koraa hoyechilo. communismer potoner poreo keu keu kerepisike communist kabarasthan hisebe bibechona korten (udahoronsorup bella bartoker putro taanr babar chitabhasma sekhane somahito koraa nishiddho korechilen). kobor ebong smritisoudhgulir modhye prosarito uddan soho kabarasthanti jonosadharoner jonno unmukto, tobey antarbas bondho hoye geche. salgotarjani rastar ihudi kabarasthan asle kerepesi koborsthaner purbo koona, tobey etty ekti pathorer prachir dwara prithak koraa hoyeche. 2007 saaler grisse, dharalo payjama (cholochchitro)-teey chheletir jonno kichhu chitrogrohon koborsthane somponno hoyechilo. bishesh bibhag. 1874 saale, jaaraa girjar antyeshtikriya prottakhyan koraa hoyechilo (jaaraa atmohotta korechilo ebong jaader mrityudanda deoa hoyechilo) taader jonno ekti bishesh percel protisthito hoyechilo. kabarasthanti taar arcader jonnou bikhyato, jaa 1908 theke 1911 saaler modhye nirmito hoyechilo, jaa uttor italiya koborsthaner shoilike smaran korey. shilpider sector-jekhane protiti samadhite shilpokolar ekti ullekhjoggo hangerian protinidhi royeche-1929 saale toiri koraa hoyechilo. antarbarti. kerepisite tinjan prodhan hangerian rashtranaiker samadhi royeche echhadao, 1868 saale miklos ibler porikolponar jonno nirmito abraham ganz (hangerian bharee shilpe loha-protisthar aggragami) err samadhi. anyanno antarbartih eyi talikati asampurna. ullekhjoggo byaktider sampurna talika pray 700 joner naam, jaa koborsthane ekti binamulye pustika pawa yaay.

fiyama rooad kabrastan carapacy kabrastan (hungarian "carapacy üti temetó" athavaa "carapacy temto", sattavaar naam "fiyamee üti nemzeti sírkert", i.ee. "fiyama rooad raashtriy kabrastan") aee badapestma sauthee prasiddh kabrastan chhe. teey hangerimaa sauthee junaa kabrastaanmaanu aek chhe, aneey lagbhag sampurnpane sanrakshit chhe. zankhi. 1847maan sthapaayel, carapacy, keletee palyauvar (purveey railway station) najik, baahy jozefvarosma stheet chhe, aneey budapest metro line 2 dwara pahonchi shakaay chhe. teey badapestnu sauthee aantarik kabrastan chhe, jooe keey teey haju pann downtown kendrathi lagbhag 2 kimee door aavelu chhe. carapacy yuropnaa sauthee motaa raashtriy mandiromaanu aek chhe aneey tenaa vistaar saathe sauthee motoo outdoor statue paark chhe. tene ketalikvaar badapestna pere lachais tareeke odakhvaamaa aave chhe. kabrastanni pratham dafanvidhi tenaa udghaatannaa lagbhag beey varsh pachhi, 1849 maan thaee hatee. tyaarthi sankhyaabandh hungarian nondhpaatra (rajkarnio, lekhako, shilpkaro, architects, kalakaro, sangeetkaaro, vaignaniko, abhinetao aneey abhinetrio vagere).) tyaan dafnavvama aavyaa chhe, temaanna ketlaak alankrut kabaro athavaa makbaromaa chhe. 1885maan nagar nigamnaa sattavalaoae kerepesine "sanmaannu sthal" jaaher karvaanaa nirnaythi aaa baabatne protsaahan malyun hatoo. 1855maan pratham nondhpaatra dafanvidhi mihali warsemartyni hatee. 1940 sudhee, aaa kabrastaanmaa anya kabrastanmathi ketalik kabarone door karvaamaa aavee hatee-udaaharan tareeke, teey kavee atila jozefnun chothu vishram sthal chhe. 1952maan kabrastanne dafanvidhi maate bundh jaaher karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. aaa anshatah etalaa maate hatoo kaaran keey teey beeja vishvyuddh darmiyan kshatigrast thayu hatoo, aneey anshatah raajkeey kaaranosar, kaaran keey saamyavaadi sarkaare "kaamdaar vargnoo shoshan karnara" lokonee kabarone neeche utaarvaani maang curry hatee. aek samaye teey kabrastan parr aavaas estate banaavvaano irado hato. medaanno aek bhaag hakeekatma najiknaa rabarnaa karkhaanaane sonpavama aavyo hato aneey 1953maan teno naash karvaamaa aavyo hato. 1958maan, olkasai-kiss zolton dwara aaa maate aek makbaro banavvama aavyo hato. saamyavaadi samaygaalaa darmiyan (jeey 1948 thee 1989 sudhee hangerimaa chaalyu hatoo) kabrastaanno aaa ekmatra bhaag hato jene adheekario dwara prakashit karvaamaa aavyo hato athavaa teno ullekh pann karvaamaa aavyo hato. samyvadna patan pachhi, kerepesine haju pann ketlaak loko dwara saamyavaadi kabrastan tareeke ganvaamaa aavtu hatoo (udaaharan tareeke belaa bartoknaa putrae tenaa pitani raakhne tyaan dafnavva parr pratibandh mookyo hato). kabrastan, kabaro aneey smaarako vachche tenaa vistrut udhyaano saathe, jaaher janata maate khullu chhe, parantu aantarlaao bundh thaee gayaa chhe. salgotarjani sheree yahudi kabrastan vaastavma carapacy kabrastaanno purveey khoono chhe, parantu teey pattharni diwal dwara tenaathi alag padey chhe. 2007naa unalama, pattawali pyjama (film) maan chhokaranu ketalunk filmankan kabrastaanmaa purn thayu hatoo. vishesh vibhago. 1874maan, jeo churchma anteem sanskaarthi vancheet hataa (jemane aatmahatya curry hatee aneey jaimne faansi aapvama aavee hatee) temnaa maate aek vishesh parcelni sthaapnaa karvaamaa aavee hatee. aaa kabrastan tenaa arcade maate pann prakhyaat chhe, jeey 1908 aneey 1911 nee vachche bandhvama aavyu hatoo, jeey uttareey italian kabrastanni shaileene yaad karey chhe. kalakaronu kshetra-jemaa darek kabarmaa kalaana nondhpaatra hungarian pratinidhi chhe-1929 maan banavvama aavyu hatoo. aantarkriya. kerepesimaa trana agranee hungarian rajdvariona makbaro chheh 1868maan miqalosa viableni yojnaoma bandhvama aavel, abraham gaanz (hungarian bhaare udhogma lokhand-foundry pioneer) noon makbaro pann. anya aantarkriyaoh aaa yaadee adhuri chhe. nondhpaatra vyaktioni sampoorn yaadee lagbhag 700 naamo chhe, jeey kabrastaanmaa mafat pustikaoma uplabdh chhe.

fiyam road kabristan kerepesi kabristan (hangeriyanah "kerepesi üti temetó" yaa "kerepesi temto", aadhikarik naam "fiyami üti nemzeti sírkert", i.ee. "fiyam road rashtriya kabristan") badapest mein sabse prasiddh kabristan haye. yeh hangri mein sabse puraane kabristanon mein seey ack haye, aur lagbhag poori tarah seey sanrakshit kiya gayaa haye. avalokan. 1847 mein sthaapit, kerepesi baahari jozefvaaros mein, keleti palyaudavar (purvi railway station) key paas sthit haye, aur budapest metro line 2 key madhyam seey pahuncha jaa sakata haye. yeh badapest kaa sabse bheetari kabristan haye, halanki yeh abhee bhee shahar key kendra seey lagbhag 2 kimmy door haye. kerepesi europe key sabse badey rashtriya deva-devtaon mein seey ack haye aur lagbhag apane kshetra key saath sabse badaa baahari pratima udyaan haye. ise kabhi-kabhi badapest key perey lachez key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. kabristan kaa pahala dafan 1849 mein isake udghaatan key lagbhag dou saal baad huaa. taba seey kaee hangerian ullekhaniya (rajneta, lekhak, moortikaar, vastukar, kalakar, sangeetkaar, vaigyaanik, abhineta aur abhinetriyaan aadi).) vahaan dafnaya gayaa haye, unamen seey kaee alankrit kabron yaa makbaron mein hain. ise 1885 mein nagar nigam key adhikaariyon key nirnay seey protsaahit kiya gayaa thaa kii unhone kerepesi koo "sammaan kaa maidan" ghoshit kiya thaa. 1855 mein pahala ullekhaniya dafan mihali vorcemarty kaa thaa. 1940 key dashak taka, buddepest mein anya kabristanon seey kaee kabron koo iss kabristan mein hataa diyaa gayaa thaa-udaaharan key liye, yeh kavi atila jozef kaa chautha vishram sthal haye. 1952 mein kabristan koo dafanaane key liye bund ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. yeh aanshik roop seey isaliye thaa kyonki yeh dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran kshatigrast hoe gayaa thaa, aur aanshik roop seey raajneetik karanon seey, kyonki communist sarkaar ney una logon kii kabron koo neeche utaarane kii koshish kii thee jinhone "shramik varg kaa shoshan kiya thaa. ack samay parr kabristan key oopar ack awas sampatti banaane kaa irada thaa. maidan kaa ack hissa vaastav mein paas key ack rubber karkhane koo saunp diyaa gayaa thaa aur 1953 mein nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1958 mein, olkasai-kiss zolton dwara ack makbara banaaya gayaa thaa. saamyavaadi kaal key dauran (joe 1948 seey 1989 taka hangri mein chalaa) yeh kabristan kaa ekmatra hissa thaa jise adhikaariyon dwara ujagar kiya gayaa thaa yaa yahaan taka kii iska ullekh bhee kiya gayaa thaa. saamyvaad key patan key baad, kerepesi koo abhee bhee kuchh logon dwara ack saamyavaadi kabristan key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa (udaaharan key liye bella bartok key ack bete ney apane pitaa kii raakh koo vahaan dafanaane seey manaa curr diyaa thaa). kabron aur smarakon key beach apane vistaarit udyaanon key saath kabristan janata key liye khula haye, lekin antarvaas bund hoe gaye hain. salgotarjani sadak yahudi kabristan vaastav mein kerepesi kabristan kaa purvi cona haye, lekin yeh ack patthar kii deewaar seey alag haye. 2007 kii garmiyon mein, dhaaridaar pyjama (film) mein ladke key liye kuchh filmancan kabristan mein puuraa kiya gayaa thaa. vishesh khand. 1874 mein, una logon key liye ack vishesh parcel sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa jinhen church key antim sanskar seey incar curr diyaa gayaa thaa (jinhone aatmahatya kii aur jinhen fansi dee gaee). kabristan apane arcade key liye bhee prasiddh haye, joe 1908 aur 1911 key beach banaaya gayaa thaa, joe uttari italvi kabristanon kii shally koo yaad kartaa haye. kalakaron kaa kshetra-jisamen pratyek makbare mein kalaa kaa ack ullekhaniya hangerian pratinidhi hotaa haye-1929 mein banaaya gayaa thaa. antahkaran. kerepesi mein teen pramukh hangerian raajnetaon kaa makbara haih 1868 mein miklos yabal kii yojanaon key liye nirmit, abraham gaanz (hangerian bhaari udyog mein lohe kii neenv kaa agrani) kaa makbara bhee. anya antah yeh soochi adhuri haye. ullekhaniya vyaktiyon kii poori soochi lagbhag 700 naamon kii haye, joe kabristan mein ack muft pustika mein upalabdh haye.

fiem raste smashana kerepesi smashana (hangerian "kerepesi üti temetó" athawa "kerepesi temeto", adhikruta hesaru "fiamee üti nemzeti sírkert", i.ii. "fiem road rashtriya smashana") budapestnalliruva atyanta prasiddha smashaanavaagide. idu hangariya atyanta haleya smashaanagalalli ondaagide mattu bahuteka sampoornavaagi samrakshisalpattide. avalokana. 1847ralli sthaapaneyaada kerepesiu horagina josephwarosnalli, keleti palyadvar (purva railway nildaana) bully ide mattu idannu budapest metro line 2 moolaka talupabahudu. idu budapestna atyanta olagina smashaanavaagide, aadaroo idu innoo downtown kendradinda sumaru 2 kii. mea. dooradallide. kerepesi europina atidodda rashtriya devategalalli ondaagide mattu sumaru sumaru vistirnavannu hondiruva atidodda horaangana pratime udyaanavaagide. idannu kelavomme badapestna pere latchise endu kareyalaaguttade. smashaanada modala samadhi adara udghaataneya sumaru eradu varshagala nantara, 1849 ralli nadeyitu. andininda halavaaru hangerian ganyaru (raajakaaranigalu, barahagararu, shilpigalu, vaastushilpigalu, kalaavidaru, samyojakaru, vignaanigalu, nataru mattu natiyaru ityaadi).) allie samadhi maadalaagide, avugalalli halavaaru alankruta samadhigalu athawa samadhigalalli samadhi madalpattive. 1885ralli kerepesiyannu "gouravada nela" endu ghooshisuva purasabheya adhikaarigala nirdhaaradinda idu proothsaahisalpattitu. 1855ralli modala gamanarhavada samadhi mihali vorsmaartiyaddaagittu. 1940rahra dashakadavarege, budapestnalliruva itararinda halavaaru samadhigalannu ee smashanakke tegeduhaakalaayitu-udaaharanege, idu kavi atila josephna nalkane vishraanti sthalavagide. 1952ralli smashaanavannu samadhigagi muchchalaagide endu ghooshisalaayitu. idu bhagashah eradane mahayuddhada samayadalli haanigolagaagittu mattu bhagashah rajakiya karanagaligagi, communist sarkaaravu "kaarmika vargavannu shoshisida" janara samadhigalannu kelagilisalu prayatnisitu. ondu hantadalli smashaanada mele vasati estate nirmisuva uddeshavittu. maidaanada ondu bhagavannu vaastavaagi hattirada rabbar karkhanege hastaantarisalaayitu mattu 1953ralli naashapadisalaayitu. 1958ralli, olkay-kiss zoltan avaru samadhigagi ondu samadhiyannu rachisidaru. communist avadhiyalli (idu 1948rinda 1989ravarege hangariyalli nadeyitu) idu smashaanada ekaika bhagavagittu athawa adhikaarigalu idannu ullekhisiddaru. communismn patanada nantara, kerepesiyannu innoo kelavaru communist smashaanavendu pariganisiddaru (udaaharanege, belaa bartakna maganu tanna tandeya chitaabhasmavannu allie samadhi maaduvudannu nishedhisidanu). samadhigalu mattu smarakagala naduve vistarisida udyaanavanagalondige smashaanavu saarvajanikarige muktavaagide, aadare antarangagalu sthagitagondive. salgotarjani beedi yahoodi smashaanavu vaastavaagi kerepesi smashaanada purva mooleyallide, aadare idu kallina godeyinda berpattide. 2007rahra besigeyalli, patteyulla paijamagala (chalanachitra) hudugana kelavu chitrikaranavannu smashaanadalli poornagolisalaayitu. vishesha vibhagagalu. 1874ralli, church antyakriyeyannu nirakarisidavarige (atmahatye maadikondavarige mattu maranadandane vidhisidavarige) vishesha parcel annu sthaapisalaayitu. ee smashaanavu 1908 mattu 1911rahra naduve nirmisalaada adara aarkedgalige hesaruvaasiyaagide, idu uttara italian smashanagala sailiyannu nenapisuttade. kalaavidara valaya-idaralli prati samadhiyalloo kalegala gamanarha hangerian pratinidhigaliddaare-idannu 1929ralli rachisalaayitu. antaragalu. kerepesiu mooru pramukha hangerian raajakaaranigala samadhigalannu hondideh 1868ralli miklos viblen yojanegalige anugunavagi nirmisalaada abraham ganj (hangerian bhaaree udyamadalli kabbina-foundry pravartaka) naa samadhiyannoo saha. itara madhyasthikeh ee pattiyu apoornavaagide. gamanarha vyaktigala sampoorna pattiyu sumaru 700 hesarugalannu hondiddu, smashaanadalli uchita kirupustakadalli labhyavide.

fiyam road smashanbhoomi kerepesi smashanbhoomi (hungarianh "kerepesi üti temetó" kinwa "kerepesi temto", adhikrut navah "fiumei üti nemzeti sírkert", i.eae. "fiyam road rashtriy smashanbhoomi") heey budapestmadhil sarvat prasiddha smashanbhoomi aahe. heey hangeritil sarvat junya smashanbhuminpaiki eka aahe aanee jawaljawal purnapane jatan kele gele aahe. vihangavalokan. 1847 madhye sthapan jhaleli, kerepesi, keleti palyadvar (purv railway sthanak) jawal, bahya jozefvarosmadhye aahe aanee budapest metro marg 2 dware pohochata yete. jaree tee ajunahi shaharachya madhyabhagapasun sumare 2 kiimii antaravar asali taree budapestchi sarvat aateel smashanbhoomi aahe. kerepesi heey europemadhil sarvat mothya rashtriy devatanpaiki eka aahe aanee sumare kshetrafal asalele sarvat mothe bahya putale udyan aahe. yala kadhikadhi budapestache pere lachez mhanoon sambodhale jaate. dafanbhumiche pahile daphan samarambh tyachya udghatanapasun sumare done varshanni, 1849 madhye jhaale. tevhapasoon asankhya hangeritil ullekhaneey (rajkarani, lekhak, shilpkar, vastuvisharad, kalakar, sangitkar, shastradnya, abhinete aanee abhinetrya ii.).) tyanna tethe daphan karnyat aale aahe, tyapaiki anek alankrut kabare kinwa samadhimadhye aahet. 1885 madhye kerepesila 'sanmananiy sthal' mhanoon ghoshit karnyachya nagarpalika adhikadhyanchya nirnayamule yala protsahan midale. 1855 madhye mihali worressmartyche pahile ullekhaneey daphan hote. 1940 chya dashkaparyant, budepestmadhil itarankadun yaa smashanbhumit anek kabare kadhoon taknyat aalee hotee-udaharanarth, kavee atila jozef yanche heey chauthe vishrantiche thikan aahe. 1952 madhye dafanbhoomi dafanvidhisathi bund ghoshit karnyat aalee. yache kaaran anshatah dusya mahayuddhadarmyan nuksan jhaale hote aanee anshatah rajkiy karananmule, kaaran communist sarkarne "kamgar vargache shoshan karnanyanchya" kabarinna khalee khechanyacha prayatna keela hota. ekekali smashanbhumivar gruhnirman malmatta bandhanyacha hetu hota. maidanancha kahee bhag pratyakshat jawalchya rubber karkhanyakade sopavanyat aala aanee 1953 madhye too nasht karnyat aala. 1958 madhye, olsai-kiss zolton yanni eka samadhi tayar kelee. samyavadi kalat (jeey 1948 teey 1989 paryant hangerimadhye chalale) smashanbhumicha haah ekmev bhag hota jyavar adhikaanyaanee prakash takala kinwa tyacha ullekhahi keela. samyavadachya patananantar, kerepesila ajunahi kahee lock samyavadi smashanbhoomi manat hote (udaharanarth belah bartokchya mulane tyachya vadilanchya asthee tethe daphan karnyas manai kelee). kabari aanee smarkanmadhil vistarit udyanansah smashanbhoomi lokansathi khulee aahe, parantu antarvas thambale aahet. salgotarjani rastyavaril jyoo smashanbhoomi hii kharetar kerepesi smashanbhumicha purv kopra aahe, parantu tee eka dagadi bhintine tyachyapasun vegali aahe. 2007 chya unhalyat, pattankit pyjama (chitrapat) madheel mulache kahee chitrikaran smashanbhumit purn jhaale. vishesh vibhag. 1874 madhye, jyanna charchmadhye antyasanskar karnyas nakar denyat aala (jyanni aatmahatya kelee aanee jyanna fashi denyat aalee) tyanchyasathi eka vishesh parcel sthapan karnyat aale. heey smashanbhoomi 1908 teey 1911 darmyan bandhalelya tyachya aarkedsathi dekhil prasiddha aahe, jyat uttar italian smashanbhumichya shailichi aathvan yete. kalakaranche kshetra-jyamadhye pratyek thadgyat kalecha hungarian ullekhaneey pratinidhi asato-1929 madhye tayar karnyat aale. madhyasthi. kerepesimadhye hangerichya teen pramukh mutsadyanchi samadhi aaheh tasech, 1868 madhye miklos vaay. bii. ell. chya yojanannusar bandhanyat aalele abraham ganz (hungarian avjad udhyogatil loh-payabharaniche pranete) yanche makbare. itar madhyasthih hii yadee apoorn aahe. ullekhaneey vyaktinchi sampoorn yadee sumare 700 nave aahet, jee smashanbhumitil mofat pustiket upalabdh aahet.

fiyam road kabristan kerepesi kabristan (hangerih "kerepesi üti temetó" wa "kerepesi temto", adhikarik naam "fiyumei üti nemzeti sírkert", i.ei. "fiyam road rashtriya kabristan") budapestako sabaibhanda prasidha kabristan how. yo hangeriko sabaibhanda purano kabristanharu madhye ek how, rar lagbhag purna rupma sanrakshit garieko chha. awalokan. sann 1847 maa sthapit, kerepesi bahiri josefbharosma, keleti palyaudwar (purvi railway station) najikai awasthit chha, rar budepest metro line 2 marfat pugna sakinchha. yo budepestako bhitri kabristan how, yadyapi yo ajhai pani downtown kendrabata lagbhag 2 kilometer tadha chha. kerepesi yuropko sabaibhanda thulo rashtriya panthiyanharu madhye ek how rar yasako kshetrafalko sath sabaibhanda thulo bahiri murti park how. yasalai kahilekaahin budapestako pere lachise bhaninchha. chihanko pahilo dafan yasako udghatanko lagbhag dui warshapachhi, sann 1849 maa bhaeko thiyo. tyasapachhi dherai hangeri prasidhaharu (rajnitigya, lekhak, murtikar, wastukar, kalakar, sangitkar, vaigyanik, abhineta rar abhinetriharu adi).) tyahan gadiyo, tiniharu madhye dherai alankrit chihanharu wa makbareharuma. sann 1885 maa kerepesilai "sammanko maidan" ghoshana garne nagarpalika adhikariharuko nirnayale yasalai protsahit protsahit. pahilo ullekhaniya dafan sann 1855 maa mihli woresmartyko thiyo. sann 1940 ko dashaksamma, budapestama raheka anya chihanharubata yass chihanma dherai chihanharu hataiyo-udaharanka lagi, yo kawi atila jojefko chautho vishram sthal how. sann 1952 maa kabristanlai dafanka lagi banda ghoshana garieko thiyo. yo anshik rupma dosro wishwayuddhako samayama kshatigrasta bhaeko thiyo, rar anshik rupma rajnitik karanharule garda, communist sarkarle "mazdur wargako shoshan garne" ko chihanlai tall jharna khojyo. ek binduma kabristanma awas estate nirman garne uddeshya thiyo. maidanko kehi bhag wastawma najikaiko robber karkhanalai hastantaran garieko thiyo rar sann 1953 maa nashta bhaeko thiyo. sann 1958 maa, olasai-kiss joltendwara yasako lagi euta makbara sirjana garieko thiyo. communist kalma (june 1948 dekhi 1989 samma hangerima chalyo) yo kabristanko ek matra bhag thiyo june adhikariharule highlite gare wa ullekha pani gare. samyawadko patanpachhi, kerepesilai ajhai pani kehile communist kabristanko rupma maneka thie (udaharanka lagi bela bartoka chhorale afno bubako aserlai tyahan gadna nishedh gare). chihanharu rar smarakharu bichma yasako wistarit parkharusahit chihanharu janataka lagi khula chhan, tara antaranharu banda bhaeka chhan. salgotarjani sadak yahudi kabristan wastawma kerepesi kabristanko purvi kuna how, tara yo dhungako parkhalle alag gareko chha. sann 2007 ko garmima, pattedar payajama (film) maa balakka lagi kehi chhayangkan kabristanma sampanna bhaeko thiyo. vishesh khandaharu. sann 1874 maa, charchako antyeshti sanskar garna aswikar garneharuka lagi (atmahatya garne rar mrityudanda dineharuka lagi) vishesh parcel sthapana garieko thiyo. uttari italian kabristanharuko shaililai smaran gardai sann 1908 rar 1911 ko bichma nirman garieko yo chihan yasako archedharuka lagi pani prasidha chha. kalakarharuko khetra-jasma pratyek chihanma kalako ullekhaniya hangeri pratinidhi samawesh chha-1929 maa sirjana garieko thiyo. antarkriya. kerepesima tinn pramukh hangeri rajnitigyaharuko makbara chhah sathai, sann 1868 maa miklos yabalko yojanama nirman garieko abram ganz (hangeriko bhari udyogma falam-foundry agragami) ko makbara. anya antaralharuh yo suchi apurna chha. ullekhaniya wyaktiharuko purna suchi lagbhag 700 namharu chhan, june kabristanma nihshulk pustikama upalabdha chha.

fiam road kabarasthana kerepesi kabarasthana (hangereejah "kerepesi üti temetó" kimba "kerepesi temto", sarkari naama "fiyumei üti nemzeti sírkert", i.ee. "fiam road jatiah kabarasthana") heuchhi budapestara sabutharu prasidha kabarasthana . ehaa hangerira sabutharu puruna kabarasthana madhyaru gotie, ebong praiah sampurna bhabe sanrakhita hoi rahichhi. samikhya karantu. 1847 masihare sthapita, kerepesi, keliti palyoudwara (purba rela station) nikatare, bahya josephabharosare abasthita, ebong budapest metro line 2 madhyamare pahanchiheba. ehaa budapestara aabhyantareen kabarasthana, jadio ehaa ebe madhya downtown kendraru praiah 2 kilometer doorare abasthita . kerepesi heuchhi yuropara sarbabruhata jatiah mandiragudika madhyaru gotie ebong ehara khetraphala pakhapakhi pakhapakhi thiba sarbabruhat bahya pratimurti udyan. ehaaku belebele budapestara pere lachages bhabare ullekha karajae . ehara udghatanara praiah dui barsha parey, 1849 masihare, kabarasthanara pratham samadhi hoithila. taa 'paratharu aneka hangereeja bisista byakti (rajneta, lekhaka, shilpi, sthapati, kalakara, surakara, baigyanika, abhineta ebong abhinetri ityadi).) sethare kabara diajaichhi, semananka madhyaru aneka alankruta samadhi kimba samadhi sthanare achanti. 1885 masihare, 'kerepesi' ku 'sammanara sthala' bhabe ghoshana kariba laagi poura kartupakhyanka nishpatti dwara ehaa prostahita hoithila. 1855 masihare pratham ullekhaneeah samadhi thila 'mihali vorosamarti'. 1940 dashaka parjyanta, budapestare thiba anyamananka thaaru ehi kabarasthanaku aneka samadhi hatai diajaithila-udaharana swaroopa, ehaa kabi atila jojefanka chaturtha bishram sthana . 1952 masihare kabarasthanaku samadhi paain banda ghoshana karajaithila. ehaa aanshika bhabare kaaran ehaa dwiteeja biswajudha samajare khyatigrasta hoithila, ebong aanshika bhabare rajanaitika karanaru, kaaran communist sarkar "sramika bargaku shoshan karithiba" lokanka kabaraku talaku aanibaku chesta karithile. gotie samajare kabarasthana upare eka abasasthali nirmana karibara uddeshya thila. bastabare, ehi khetrara kichhi ansha nikatasta rabar karakhanaku hastantara karajaithila ebong 1953 masihare ehaaku nust karidiajaithila. 1958 masihare, olasai-kiss jolatanka dwara eka samadhi nirmana karajaithila. communist shasson kaalare (jaahaa (jaahaa 1989 parjyanta hangerire chalithila) ehaa kabarasthanara ekamatra ansha thila jaahaa kartupakhyanka dwara highlite karajaithila kimba epariki ullekha karajaithila . communismra patana parey, kerepesinku keteka lock communist kabarasthana bhabe bibechana karuthile (udaharana swaroopa belah bartokanka jane pua taanka pitanka chitabhasmaku sethare kabara deba paain manah karideithile). kabara ebong smaraki madhyare ehara bardhita park sahita kabarasthana janasadharananka paain khola achhi, kintu antarina banda hoijaichhi . salagotarajani street ihudi kabarasthana bastabare kerepesi kabarasthanara purba konare achhi, kintu ehaa eka pathara kanth dwara ehatharu pruthaka . 2007 grishma ruture, striped paijama (chalachitra) ray thiba balaka paain kichhi suting kabarasthanare samapta hoithila . swatantra bibhaga. 1874 masihare, jeunmananku church antim sanskara paain manah karajaithila (jeunmane aatmahatya karithile ebong jeunmane fashi deithile) semananka paain eka swatantra parcel pratistha karajaithila. ehi kabarasthana ehara arcade paain madhya prasidha, jaahaa 1908 ru 1911 madhyare nirmita hoithila, jaahaa uttara italiah kabarasthanara saileeku maneh pakaae . kalakaranka khetra-jeunthire pratyeka samadhire kalaara jane ullekhaneeah hangereeja pratinidhi achanti-1929 ray srusti karajaithila . antarina. kerepesithare tini pramukh hangereeja rajanetanka samadhi rahichhih ahuri madhya, 1868 masihare miklos jiblanka yojana anujai nirmita abram ganz (hangereeja bhaari shilpare luha-foundry agrani) rahr samadhi. anyanya hastakhyepah ehi talika asampurna rahichhi. ullekhaneeah byaktinka sampurna talikare praiah 700 naama rahichhi, jaahaa kabarasthanare eka magana pustikare upalabdha.

fimmy road kabarstan kerepesi kabarstan (hangrian "kerepesi üti temetó" jaan "kerepesi temto", adhikarat naam "fimiyi üti nemzeti sírkert", i.ee. "fiam road national kabarstan") budapest daa sabh toon mashur kabarstan haii. ih hangri dey sabh toon purane kabarstanan vicchon ikk haii atey lagbhag puurii tarahan surakhiat haii. sankhep jankari. sann 1847 witch sathapit, kerepesi baahari josafvaros witch, keleti paliaoovar (purbi railway station) dey nede sathit haii, atey budepest metro line 2 raahin pahunchiaa jaa sakda haii. ih budepest daa sabh toon andruni kabarstan haii, halanki ih ajey vee shehar dey kendra toon lagbhag 2 kilometer door haii. kerepesi yoorap dey sabh toon vadde rashtari devtiaan vicchon ikk haii atey lagbhag lagbhag dey khetar dey naal sabh toon vadda baahari murti park haii. iss noon kaee vaar budepest dey pere latches vajon janhiaa jaanda haii. kabarstan dee pahili dafnaun dee rasam iss dey udghatan toon lagbhag doou saal baad, sann 1849 witch hoee see. udon toon kaee hangri dey prasidh (rajneta, lekhak, murtikar, architect, kalakar, sangeetkar, vigiaani, adakar atey abhinetariaan aadi).) noon utthe dafnaiaa giaa haii, unhan vicchon kaee alankrit kabran jaan makbare witch dafnaiaa giaa haii. iss noon mioonspal adhikariaan dey 1885 witch kerepesi noon "sanman daa maidaan" ghoshit curran dey faisle duaara utshahit keeta giaa see. pahila mahattavpuran dafnaiaa 1855 witch mihli vrosemarty daa see. 1940 dey dahake takk, kaee kabran noon iss kabarstan witch budepest witch doojiaan toon hataa ditta giaa see-udaharan vajon, ih kavee atila joseph daa chautha aaram sathaan haii. kabarstan noon 1952 witch dafnaun laee bnd qarr ditta giaa see. ih kujh hadd takk iss laee see kiunki ih dooje vishav yuddh dauran nuksaniaa giaa see, atey kujh hadd takk rajneetik kaarnan karke, kiunki communist sarkaar neey unhan lokan deeaan kabran noon hethan utaran dee koshish keeti see jinhan neey "mazdoor varag daa shoshan keeta see. ikk samein kabarstan dey uppar ikk rihaishi astet banaun daa irada see. asal witch maidaan daa ikk hissa nede dee rubbed dee factory noon saunp ditta giaa see atey 1953 witch tabah qarr ditta giaa see. 1958 witch, olsai-kiss zolton duaara iss laee ikk makbara banaiaa giaa see. communist qaal dauran (joe 1948 toon 1989 takk hangri witch riha) ih kabarstan daa ikko ikk hissa see jiss noon adhikariaan duaara ujagar keeta giaa see jaan ithon takk kii zikar keeta giaa see. communism dey patan toon baad, kerepesi noon ajey vee kujh lokan duaara ikk communist kabarstan manniaa jaanda see (udaharan vajon bella bartok dey ikk puttar neey aapne pitaa deeaan asthiaan noon utthe dafnaun toon manha qarr ditta see). kabarstan, kabran atey smarkan dey vichkaar iss dey vistrit parkan dey naal, janata laee khullah haii, parr andruni andruni halat bnd hoow gaye hunn. salgotarjani glee yahudi kabarstan asal witch kerepesi kabarstan daa purbi cona haii, parr ih ikk patthar dee kandh duaara iss toon vakkh keeta giaa haii. garmiaan 2007 witch, dharidar payjama (film) witch munde laee kujh shooting kabarstan witch puurii keeti gaee see. vishesh bhaag. 1874 witch, uhanan lokan laee ikk vishesh parcel sathapat keeta giaa see jinhan noon church dey antim sanskar toon inkaar qarr ditta giaa see (jinhan neey aatam hattiaa keeti atey jinhan noon fansi ditti gaee). kabarstan aapne arcade laee vee mashur haii, joe 1908 atey 1911 dey vichkaar banaiaa giaa see, joe uttri italian kabarstan dee shaili noon yaad karda haii. kalakaran daa khetar-jiss witch harek kabar witch kalavan daa ikk mahattavpuran hangri numainda hunda haii-1929 witch banaiaa giaa see. antral. kerepesi witch tinn pramukh hangri rajneta daa makbara haiyav iss toon ilava, aberham gaanz (hangri dey bhaari udyog witch lohe dee neenh rakkhan vaala pioneer) daa makbara, 1868 witch miklos vaaee. bee. ail. deeaan yojnavan anusar banaiaa giaa see. horr rukavataon ih suchi adhuri haii. prasidh viaktiaan dee puurii suchi lagbhag 700 naavan dee haii, joe kabarstan witch ikk mufat pustika witch upalbadh haii.

fiyem-maarga-kabristaanam kerepesi-kabristaanam (hangeree-pradesha "kerepesi üti temetó" athavaa "kerepesi temato", adhikarikanama "fiyami üti nemzeti sírkert", i.ee. "fiyem-road-rashtriya-kabristaanam") budapest-nagarasya prasidhatamam kabrasthaanam asti. ayam hangeree-nagarasya prachinatameshu shmashaaneshu anyatamah asti, praayah purnataya samrakshitah asti. avalokanam karotu. 1847 tame varshe sthaapitam, kerepesi, keletee palyadwar (poorveeya-relasthanakam) ityasya sameepe, baahyajosephvaaros-madhye sthitam asti, tathaa cha budepest-metro-maarga-2 dwara gantum shakyate. yadyapi idaaneemapi nagarakendrat praayah 2 kii. mee. doore asti, tathaapi budepest-nagarasya antahstham shmashanam vartate. kerepesi iti europe-deshasya bruhattameshu rashtriya-deva-devateshu anyatam asti, bruhattamam baahya-pratimaa-udyaanam api asti, yasya kshetrafalam praayah asti. kadaachit etat budapest ityasya pere lachais iti namna nirdishyate. asya kabrasthaanasy prathamam samaadhih tasya udghaatanasy praayah varshadvaye, 1849 tame varshe abhavat. tatah param aneke hangeree-pramukhah (rajanitidnyaha, lekhakaah, shilpakaraha, vaastukaarah, kalakaraha, sangitakaraha, vaidnyaanikah, abhinetrayah, abhinetrayah ityaadayah).) tatra samaadhisthaani santi, teshu bahavah alankruta-samaadhishu athavaa samaadhishu vaa santi. 1885 tame varshe kerepesi-nagaram "sammanasya sthalam" iti ghoshayitum nagarapalakadhikarinam nirnayena etat protsaahitam abhavat. prathamam ullekhaneeyam samaadhih 1855 tame varshe mihli woresmarty ityasya aasit. 1940 tamam dashakaparyantam, budepest-nagarasya anyaih aneke samaadhih asmin shmashaane apasaaritaah-yathaa, kavihi atila joseph ityasya chaturthah vishraamasthalam asti. 1952 tame varshe idam shmashanam samadhisthanam kartum bandham iti ghoshitam. dviteeyavishvayuddhe kshitam abhavat iti aamshikaroopena, aamshikaroopena rajanaitikakaranaih cha, yatah saamyavaadeesarvakaarah "shramikavargasya shoshanam" krutaanaam samaadhim nyoonam kartum prayatat. ekasmin samaye, smashanasya upari aawaas-bhoomih nirmayitum uddeshitam aasit. vastutah asya kshetrasya bhaagah samipasthasya rubber-karakhanayaha krute samarpitah, 1953 tame varshe cha nashtah abhavat. 1958 tame varshe olkasai-kiss-zoltan ityanena asya krute samaadhih nirmitah. saamyavaadakaale (yat 1948 taha 1989 paryantam hangari-nagare aasit), idam eva smashanasya ekamaatram bhaagam aasit, yasya vishaye adhikaarinah prakaasham akurvan athavaa ullekham api akurvan. saamyavaadasy patananantaram, kerepesi iteedam kechan adyaapi samyavada-samaadhigruham iti manyante sma (udaharanartham belaa bartok ityasya putrah swapituh asthim tatra samaadhisthum vilambam akarot). samaadhih, samaadhi-smaarakeshu cha vistruta-udyaanebhyah saha, janaanaam krute udghaatitah asti, parantu antaranaani samaaptaani santi. salgoterjani-veethi-yahudee-shmashanam vastutah kerepesi-shmashanam poorvakone asti, parantu tatt shiladiranena pruthak asti. 2007 tame varshe grishmakaale, pattika-yuktte payajama (chalacchitram) ityasmin balasya chitranam smashanasthane eva poornam abhavat. visheshavibhaagaah. 1874 tame varshe, ye charch-antimasamskaaram naa apekshynt (ye atmahatyam akurvan, mrutyudandam praaptaah cha) teshaam krute vishesham parles sthaapitam. 1908 taha 1911 paryantam nirmitanam arcade-krute api idam shmashanam prasidham asti, yat uttar-italian-kabrasthananam shailim smaryate. kalaavidaanaam kshetram-yatra pratyekasmin samaadhau kalanam ullekhaneeyah hangeree-pratinidhihi asti-1929 tame varshe nirmitah. antaraale. kerepesi ityasmin tribhihi pramukhanam hangeriyan-raajaneetigyaanaam samaadhih santi. api cha, 1868 tame varshe miklos-yibble ityasya yojanam prati nirmitam abraham-gaanj (hangeriyan-bhaaree-udyogasya loha-samsthaapanaa-pravartakah) ityasya samaadhih. anyaani antarweshaah eshaa soochee asampoornam asti. ullekhaniyanam vyaktinaam purnasuchim praayah 700 naamaani santi, ye smashanasthayam nihshulkapustake upalabhyante.

fiyam saalai kallarai kerebesi kallarai (hangaeriya mozhif "kerebesi üti temetó" allathu "kerebesi temeto", athikaarappoorva peyar "fiyamee üti nemzeti sírkert", i.eee. "fiyam saalai thaesiya kallarai") enbathu pudaapaestil ulla migavum pirabalamaana kallarai aagum. idhu hangeriyil ulla migap palamaiyaana kallaraigalil ontraakum, maelum idhu kittatthatta muzhumaiyaagap paathukaakkappattullathu. kannoattam. 1847 aam aandil niruvapatta kerebesi, kelitti palyavudvar (kilakku rayil nilaiyam) arugae velippura josephrosil amainthullathu, maelum idhu boodabest metro paathai 2 vazhiyaaga adaiyappadalaam. idhu budebestin udpura kallarai, iruppinum idhu innum nagara maiyaththilirunthu sumar 2 kii. mee tholaivil ullathu. iroappaavin migapperiya thaesiya bandians mattrum adhan parappalavu konda migapperiya velippura silai poongaavil ondru kerebeesi. idhu sila nerangalil budabestin perae lachais endru kurippidappadugiradhu. kallaraiyin muthal adakkam adhan thirappukkup piragu sumar irandu aandugalukkup piragu, 1849 ill nadanthathu. adhan piragu aeraalamaana hangaeriya pirabalangkal (arasiyalvaathigal, ezhuththaalargal, sirpikal, kattidak kalaignargal, kalaignargal, isaiyamaippaalargal, vinjnaanigal, nadigaigal mattrum nadigaigal poantravai).) angku adakkam seiyappattullana, avattril pala alangarikkappatta kallaraigal allathu kallaraigalil ullana. 1885 aam aandil kerepsy "kavuravamaana idam" endru arivikkum nagaraatchi athikaarigalin mudiwal idhu ookkuvikkappattathu. 1855 aam aandil mihali worsemardyin muthal kurippidatthakka adakkam aagum. 1940kall varai, pala kallaraigal inththa kallaraiyil mattravarkalidamirunthu agalappattana-eduththukkaattaaga, idhu kavignar adila josepin naankaavathu oaivu idamaagum. 1952 aam aandil kallarai adakkam seiyappaduvatharkaaga moodappattathaaga arivikkappattathu. idhu irandaam ulagap poarin poathu sethamatainthathaal oralavu irunththathu, maelum oralavu arasiyal kaaranangalukkaaga, communist arasaangkam "thozhilaala varkaththai surandiya"varkalin kallaraigalai keezhae poada muyantrathu. oru kattaththil adhu kallaraikku mael oru veettuvasathi thoattaththai kattum noakkam kondadhu. inththa maithaanaththin oru pakuthi unmaiyil arugilulla rubber thozhirchaalaiyidam oppadaikkappattathu mattrum 1953 ill azhikkappattathu. 1958 aam aandil, oolsaai-kiss soltanol oru kallarai uruvaakkappattathu. communist kaalaththil (idhu 1948 muthal 1989 varai hangeriyil neediththathu) idhu kallaraiyin oray paguthiyaagum, idhu athikaarigalaal munnilaippaduththappatta allathu kurippidappattathu. communisathin veezhchchikkup piragu, kerepsy innum oru communist kallaraiyaaga silaraal karudhappattathu (eduththukkaattaaga belah partokin magan thanathu thanthaiyin saambalai angku adakkam seivathaith thadai seithaar). kallaraigal mattrum ninaivuchchinnangalukku idaiyil adhan neettikappatta poongkaakkaludan kallarai podhumakkalukku thirakkappattullathu, aanaal idainilaigal nirutthappattullana. salkodarjani theru yootha kallarai unmaiyil kerepsy kallaraiyin kilakku moolaiyil ullathu, aanaal adhu oru cull suvar moolam pirikkappattullathu. 2007 koadaiyil, pattai konda baijaamaavil (padam) siruvanukkaana sila padappidippu kallaraiyil niraivadainthathu. sirappu pirivugal. 1874 aam aandil, devalaya iruthich sadangu marukkappattavargalukkaa (thartkolai seithu kondavargal mattrum thookkilidappattavargal) oru sirappu paarsal niruvappattathu. inththa kallarai adhan valaivukalukkaagavum pirabalamaanathu, idhu 1908 mattrum 1911 kku idaiyil kattappattathu, idhu vadakku itaaliya kallaraigalin paaniyai ninaivukoorukirathu. kalaignargalin thurai-idhil ovvoru kallaraiyilum kalaikalin kurippidatthakka hangaeriya pirathinithi ullaar-1929 ill uruvaakkappattathu. idaimaraikal. kerebeesiyil moontru munnani hangaeriya arasiyalvaathigalin kallaraigal ullanah maelum, 1868 aam aandil miklos ypl thittangalukku kattapatta abram cons (hangaeriya kanaraga thozhilthuraiyil irumbu-adiththala munnoadigal) kallarai. pira idaiyoorugal inthap pattiyal muzhumaiyadaiyavillai. kurippidatthakka nabarkalin muzhu pattiyalum sumar 700 peyarkal aagum, idhu kallaraiyil oru ilavasa puththagaththil kidaikkirathu.

fiam road smasaanavaatika kerepesi smasaanavaatika (hangerian "kerepesi üti temetó" ledhaa "kerepesi temeto", adhikaarika paeruh "fiami üti nemzeti sírkert", i.ii. "fiyame road national graviored") budapestloni atyanta prasiddha smasaanavaatika. idhi hangareelooni puraatana samaadhulalo okati, mariyu daadaapu puurtigaa samrakshinchabadindi. sameeksha. 1847loe sthaapinchabadina kerepesi, keleti palyoudvar (thoorpu railway station) sameepamlo bayati jojsephwaroslo undhi, mariyu budapest metro line 2 dwara cherukovacchu. idhi budapest yokka lopali smasaanavaatika, ayinappatikee idhi ippatikee down town center nundi 2 kii. mea. dhooramlo undhi. kerepesi airopaloni atipedda jaateeya devatalalo okati mariyu daani vistiirnamtoe atipedda bahiranga vigraha udyaanavanam. dheenini konnisaarlu budapest yokka pere latchoys anie pilustaaru. smasaanavaatika praarambhamaina rendu samvatsaraala taruvaata, 1849loe, modati khananam jarigindi. appati nundi aneka mandhi hangerian pramukhulu (raajaneetignulu, rachayitalu, shilpulu, vaastusilpulu, kalaakaarulu, swarakartalu, saastravettalu, natulu mariyu nateemanulu modalainavi).) akkada khananam cheyabaddaaru, vaatilo chaalaa varaku alankarinchabadina samadhulu ledhaa samaadhulalo unnaayi. 1885loe kerepeseeni "gouravapradamaina pradaesam" gaa prakatinchaalani purapalaka adhikarulu teesukunna nirnayam dheenini prothsahinchindi. 1855loe modati mukhyamaina khananam mihali vorsemarty. 1940la varaku, budapestloni itarula nundi eee smasaanavaatikaku aneka samadhulu tolaginchabaddaayi-udaaharanaku, idhi kavi atila jojsafe yokka nalgava vishraanti sthalam. 1952loe smasaanavaatikanu khananam kosam moosivesinatlu prakatinchaaru. idhi paakshikamgaa rendava prapancha yuddham samayamlo debbatinnanduna, mariyu paakshikamgaa raajakeeya kaaranaala valla, communist prabhutvam "kaarmika varganni dopidi chesina vaari samaadhulanu kuulchivaeyadaaniki prayatninchindi". okanoka samayamlo smasaanavaatikapai gruha nirmaanaanni nirminchaalani uddesinchabadindi. maidaanamlo kontha bhaganni vaastavaaniki sameepamloni rabbaru karmaagaaraaniki appaginchaaru mariyu 1953loe naasanam chesaaru. 1958loe, olsaay-kiss zolton chetha oka samadhini srushtinchaaru. communistu kaalamlo (1948 nundi 1989 varaku hangareelo konasaagindi) idhi smasaanavaatikalo unna ekaika bhaagam, adhikarulu highlight chesaaru ledhaa prastaavinchaaru kooda. communism patanam taruvaata, kerepeseeni ippatikee kondaru communist smasanavatikaga bhaavinchaaru (udaaharanaku baelaa bartok kumarudu thana tandri buudidanu akkada khananam cheyadaanni nishedhinchaadu). samadhulu mariyu smaaraka chihnala madhya vistarinchina udyaanavanaalato smasaanavaatika prajalaku terichi undhi, conny antaraayaalu aagipoyaayi. salgoterjani veedhi yoodula smasaanavaatika vaastavaaniki kerepesi smasaanavaatika yokka thoorpu muulaloe undhi, conny idhi daani nundi raathi goda dwara vaeru cheyabadindi. 2007 vesavilo, chaarala pyjamalo (chitram) baludi kosam kontha chitreekarana smasaanavaatikalo puurtayimdi. pratyeka vibhagalu. 1874loe, charchi antyakriyalaku niraakarinchabadina vaari kosam (aatmahatya chesukunna vaaru mariyu uriteeyabadina vaaru) oka pratyeka parshil erpaatu cheyabadindi. eee smasaanavaatika 1908 mariyu 1911 madhya nirminchina daani aarkedlaku kooda prasiddhi chendindi, idhi uttara italian smasaanavaatikala sailini gurtuchestundi. kalaakaarula vibhagam-indulo prati samaadhilo kalala yokka pramukha hangerian pratinidhi unnaaru-1929loe srushtinchabadindi. madhyavartitvam. kerepesilo mugguru pramukha hangerian raajaneetignula samadhulu unnaih 1868loe miklos vible pranaalikala prakaram nirminchina ibraham ganj (hangerian bhaarii parisramalo inupa-foundry maargadarsakudu) samadhi kooda. itara jokyalu eee jabita asampuurnamainadi. gurtinchadagina vyaktula puurti jabita sumaru 700 paerlatoe undhi, idhi smasaanavaatikalo uchita bookletlo andubaatulo undhi.

fayom road qabristan caripacy qabristan (hungri: "caripacy üti temetó" yaa "caripacy temeto"yee sarkaari naam: "fimayi üti nemzeti sírkert"yee i.ayee. "fayom road national qabristan") buddapist kaa sabb say mashhur qabristan hay. yaha hungri kay qadeem tareen qabristanon mein say eek hay aur taqriba makmal toor parr mahfuz hay. jaizah. 1847 mein qayem kiyaa gayaa caripacy beruni joziforos mein cality peliaodor (mashriqi railway station) kay qareeb waaqa hay aur buddapist metro line 2 kay zariye pahuncha jaa saktaa hay. yaha buddapist kaa androni qabristan hay halankah yaha abb bhee shehar kay markaz say taqriba 2 chlometer kay fasilay parr waaqa hay. caripacy europ kay sabb say baday qomi dewataon mein say eek hay aur taqriba apnay raqbe kay saath sabb say badaa beruni mujasmah paark hay. asay baaz auqaat buddapist kaa peeri lacheez kahaa jaataa hay. qabristan kii pehli tadfin iss kay iftatah kay taqriba duu saal baad 1849 mein hoyee. iss kay baad say mutadid hungri kay namur shaqsiyat (seyasat daan masnafeen mujasmah saaz mamaar fankaar mausiqar sciencedan adakaar aur adakarayein waghairah).) kuu wahaan dafan kiyaa gayaa hay inn mein say kayee kuu aarasta qabron yaa maqbaron mein dafan kiyaa gayaa hay. iss kii huslah afzayi municiple hakaam kay 1885 mein caripacy kuu "aizaz kaa maqaam" qaraar deenay kay faislay say hoyee. pehli qaabil zakar tadfin 1855 mein mehli versemarty kii thee. 1940 kii dahayi takk buddapist mein mojud deegar qabristanon say kayee maqbaray iss qabristan mein hataa diye gayey thay-misaal kay toor parr yaha shayer atlaa josaf kii chothi aaraam gaah hay. qabristan kuu 1952 mein tadfin kay liye bund qaraar diyaa gayaa thaa. iss kii jazwi wajah yaha thee kahh dosri jung azeem kay doraan asay nqsan pahuncha thaa aur jazwi toor parr seyasi wajuhaat kii banaa parr keunkah communist hukumat nay inn logon kii qabron kuu neechey ataarnay kii koshish kii thee jinhon nay "mahnat kash tabqe kaa istehsaal kiyaa thaa". eek moqaa parr qabristan kay oopar eek housing steat bananay kaa aradah thaa. medaan kaa kachh hasah darhaqiqat qareebi rabad kii factory kay hawalay kirr diyaa gayaa thaa aur 1953 mein tabaah kirr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1958 mein aulkasai-kiss zolton nay iss kay liye eek maqbarah banaya thaa. communist door kay doraan (juu 1948 say 1989 takk hungri mein jaari rehaa) yaha qabristan kaa waahid hasah thaa jasay hakaam nay numayan kiyaa yaa yahaan takk kahh iss kaa zakar bhee kiyaa. communism kay zawal kay baad caripacy kuu kachh loag abb bhee communist qabristan samajhte thay (misaal kay toor parr beela bartok kay betay nay apnay waalid kii raakh kuu wahaan dafan karnay say manaa kirr diyaa thaa). qabristan qabron aur yaadgaaron kay darmiyan apnay tausiyi parkon kay saath awaam kay liye khilaa hay leakin ankhala bund how chakay haine. salgotarjani strait yahudi qabristan darasil caripacy qabristan kaa mashriqi konay mein hay leakin yaha iss say eek pathar kii dewaar say alg hay. 2007 kay mosam garma mein putty daar pajame (film) mein ladkay kii kachh film bundi qabristan mein makmal hoyee. khususi hasay. 1874 mein inn logon kay liye eek khususi parcel qayem kiyaa gayaa thaa jinhein charch mein janazay say ankaar kirr diyaa gayaa thaa (jinn logon nay khudkashi kii aur jinn kuu phansi dee gayee). yaha qabristan apnay arcade kay liye bhee mashhur hay juu 1908 aur 1911 kay darmiyan tameer kiyaa gayaa thaa juu shamali atalvi qabristanon kay andaaz kuu yaad kartaa hay. funkaron kaa shobah-jiss mein harr maqbaray mein funn kaa eek qaabil zakar hungri kaa numaindah hotaa hay-1929 mein banaya gayaa thaa. madakhilat. caripacy mein teen sarkardah hungri seyasat daanon kaa maqbarah mojud hay: neez ibrahim gaanz (hungri kii bhaari sanaat mein lohay kii foundation kaa alambardar) kaa maqbarah 1868 mein macles yabal kay mansubon kay mutabiq banaya gayaa. deegar taamlat: yaha fehrist namukamil hay. qaabil zakar afraad kii makmal fehrist taqriba 700 naamon parr mushtamil hay juu qabristan mein eek mufta kitabche mein dastiyaab hay.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=23271162

Invisible City (film)

Invisible City (film) 2009 Canadian documentary film Invisible City is a 2009 documentary film by Hubert Davis about young Black Canadian men at risk in Toronto's Regent Park district. Davis spent three years filming two boys in their final years of high school. The primary subjects of the film are Kendell and Mikey, students at Nelson Mandela Park Public School. "Invisible City" follows their struggles with academic and behavioral issues, and their sense of futility. "Invisible City" is produced by Industry Pictures/Shine Films in co-production with the National Film Board of Canada. Reception. "Invisible City" received the Best Canadian Feature Documentary award at the 2009 Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival. In announcing its decision, the Hot Docs festival jury stated: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />The Award goes to a film that weds form and content with extraordinary grace and intelligence. It is no small feat to maintain a focus on the raw material of real human experience while honouring the documentary as a cinematic art form. Because it does all these things, and because it maintains the dignity of its subjects’ lives while asking difficult questions about the conditions under which those lives are lived, the jury has chosen Hubert Davis’s "Invisible City" as the best Canadian feature. The film opened theatrically at the Royal Theatre in Toronto in February 2010, before premiering on TVOntario. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

odrishyo sohor (solositro) odrishyo sohor hoise 2009 sonot hubert debhisor ekhon tothyositro ji torontur regent park jilat bipodot thoka juwo krishnango kanadian puruxor bixoye. debhise haiskulor xex bosorot dujon lo "raar sitrogrohon kori tini bosor otibahito korisil. sobikhonor prathomik bixoixomuh hoise nelson mondela park rajohuwa bidyaloyor saatro-chatri kendel aaru maiki. "odrishyo sohor"-e xoikhyik aaru aasorongot bixoixomuhor xoite teulukor xonggram aaru teulukor orthohinotar bhawona onuxoron kore. "odrishyo sohor" kanadar rastriyo solositro porixodor xoite xoho-projujonat udyugor sobi/soksoke solositroxomuhe projujona kore. obhyorthona. "odrishyo sohor"-e 2009 sonor hott dox kanadian antohrastriyo tothyositro mohutxowot shrestho kanadian fisar tothyositro botaa laabh korisil. iyar xiddhanto ghuxona kori hott dox festival jureeye koichiloh 2010 sonor february maahot torontur royel theaterot sobikhon theaterot mukoli hoisil, aaru iyar purbe tiviantario "too primiyar hoisil.

adrishya shohor (cholochchitro) adrishya shohor holl hubert deviser 2009 saaler ekti tothyochitro jaa torrontor regent park jelaay jhunkite thaka torun krishnanga kanadian purushder niye nirmito. davies taader uchcho bidyalayer shesh bochorgulite dui chheler chitrogrohon korte tinn bochor byoy korechilen. cholochchitrotir prathomik vishay holl nelson mandela park public skooler chhatro kendell ebong maiki. "adrishya shohor" taader academic ebong acharangato samasya ebong taader nirorthokota bodher saathe taader sangramke anusaran korey. "adrishya shohor" kanadar jatiya cholochchitro boarder saathe soho-projojonai shilp chhobi/chokchoke cholochchitro dwara nirmito hoy. abhyarthana. "2009 saaler hott docks kanadian antorjatik tothyochitro utsabe "invisible city" sera kanadian fitcher documentary puraskar peyeche. taar siddhanta ghoshana korar somoy, hott docks festival jurie boleche 2010 saaler februaryte torrontor rajakiya prekkhagrihe cholochchitroti prekkhagrihe mukti paay, ebong tarpor ontariote premiere hoy.

adrashya shaher (film) adrashya shaher aee hubert devisnee 2009nee dastaveji film chhe, jeey torrentona kaarbhaari paark jeellama jokhamma rahela yuvan kaalaa kenediyan purusho vishe chhe. devize temnaa highschoolna anteem varshomaa beey chhokaraonu filmankan karvaamaa trana varsh gaadyaa hataa. filmnaan praathmeek vishhayo candell aneey maiki chhe, jeey nelson mandela paark public skoolnaa vidhyarthio chhe. "adrashya shaher" shaikshanik aneey vartanukeey muddaao saathena temnaa sangharsho aneey temnee nirarthaktaani bhaavnaane anusare chhe. "adrashya shaher" noon nirmaan udhyognaa chitro/chamakati filmo dwara kenedana raashtriy film booard saathe saha-nirmanma karvaamaa aave chhe. swaagat. "adrashya shaher" neey 2009naa hooat docks kenediyan aantarrashtriy dastaveji mahotsavma shreshth kenediyan feature dastaveji puraskar malyo hato. tenaa nirnayni jaaherat karatee vakhate, hooat docks festival jurie janaavyu hatoo keh aaa film februari 2010maan torrentona shaahee theatrema theatrema sharoo thaee hatee, teey pahelaa tenu premiere television parr thayu hatoo.

adrishya shahar (film) adrishya shahar hubert davis kii 2009 kii ack vrittachitra film haye joe torrento key regent park jile mein jokhim mein yuva kaale kanadai purushon key baare mein haye. davis ney hyee school key antim varshon mein dou ladakon key filmancan mein teen saal bitaaye. film key praathamik vishay nelson mandela park public school key chhaatr kendall aur maiki hain. "adrishya shahar" shaikshanik aur vyavhaar sambandhi muddon key saath unake sanghrshon aur unaki nirarthakta kii bhavna kaa anusaran kartaa haye. "adrishya shahar" kaa nirmaan kanada key rashtriya film board key saath saha-nirmaan mein udyog kii tasveeron/chamak vaali filmon dwara kiya jaataa haye. swaagat. "adrishya shahar" koo 2009 key hott docks kanadian antarrashtriya vrittachitra samaroh mein sarvshreshth kanadai feature vrittachitra puraskar milaa. apane nirnay kii ghoshana karate hue, hott docks festival juurii ney kahaah film farwari 2010 mein torrento key shaahi theatre mein cinemagharon mein shuru hui, isase pahale kii iska premiere torrento mein huaa.

adrushya nagara (chalanachitra) adrushya nagaravu torontoda rajapratinidhi udyana jilleyalli apaayadalliruva yuva kappu kenadian purushara bagge hubert davis avara 2009rahra saakshyachitravaagide. davis tamma proudhashaaleya koneya varsagalalli ibbaru hudugara chitrikaranadalli mooru varshagalannu kaledaru. nelson mandela park public shaleya kendell mattu maiki ee chitrada praathamika vishayagalaagive. "adrushya nagara" vu shaikshanika mattu nadavalikeya samasyegalondigina avara horatagalannu mattu avara nirarthakateya pragneyannu anusarisuttade. "adrushya nagara" vannu kenadaada rashtriya chalanachitra mandaliyondige saha-nirmaanadalli udyamada chitragalu/holeyuva chalanachitragalu nirmisuttave. svaagata. "2009rahra hott doxes kenadian international documentary festivalnalli "invisible city" atyuttama kenadian feature documentary prashastiyannu padeyitu. tanna nirdhaaravannu ghooshisuvaaga, hott doxes festival tirpugaararu heege helidaru ee chalanachitravu 2010rahra phebravariyalli torontoda raayal theaternalli terekanditu, nantara idu torontodalli prathama pradarshanagonditu.

adrishya nagaram (chalachithram) torrentoyile reejant paarkk jillayil apakadasaadyathayulla karutha canadian yuvaakkalekkurich hubert davis 2009 ll samvidaanam cheytha oru documentary chithramaanu invisible sitti. haiskoolinte avasana varshangalil rund aankuttikalude thithreekaranatthinaayi davis moonnu varsham chelavazhichu. nelson mandela paarkk public skoolile vidyaarthikalaaya kendell, maikki ennivaraanu chithratthinte praadhamika vishayangal. "adrishya nagaram" academic, perumatta prasnangalumaayulla avarude poraattangaleyum avarude vyarthathayude bodhatheyum pinthudarunnu. "kaanadayile deseeya chalachithra bordumaayi sahanirmmichu vyavasaya chithrangal/shine sinimakal nirmmikkunna 'adrishya nagaram'. sweekaranam. "2009leeii hoott doxes canadian internaashanal documentary festivalil "invisible sitti" mikacha canadian feature documentary award nedi. athinte theerumaanam prakhyapikkunnathil, hoott doxes festival juurii prasthaavichu 2010 februvariyil torrentoyile royal thiyettaril chithram theaterukalil pradharshippichu, ontaariyoyil premiier cheiyunnathinumumbu.

adrushya shahar (chitrapat) invisible ciity' haah hubert devisacha 2009 saalee pradarshit jhalela mahitipat aahe, joou torontochya rajpratinidhi udyan jilhyatil dhokyat asalelya tarun krishnavarniy canadian purushambaddal aahe. devisne tyanchya madhyamik shalechya shevatchya varshant done mulanche chitrikaran karnyasathi teen varshe ghalavali. nelson mandela park public skoolmadheel vidyarthi, kendall aanee maiki heey yaa chitrapatache prathamik vishay aahet. "adrushya shahar' heey shaikshanik aanee vartanukichya samasyanshi tyanche sangharsh aanee tyanchya nirarthakta bhavaneche anusaran karate. "canadachya rashtriy chitrapat mandalachya saha-nirmitimadhye 'adrushya shahar' heey chitrapat udhyogatil chitre/chamkanare chitrapat tayar karatat. swagat. "2009 chya hott docks canadian aantarrashtriy mahitipat mahotsavat 'invisible ciity' laa sarvotkrusht canadian feature mahitipat puraskar midala. aapala nirnay jaheer kartana, hott docks festival jurine mhatleh haah chitrapat februwari 2010 madhye torrentochya shahee natyagruhat chitrapatgruhat pradarshit jhaala, tyanantar too televisionvar pradarshit jhaala.

adrishya sahar (chalchitra) adrishya sahar sann 2009 maa hubert devisdwara torantoko regent park jillama jokhimma raheka yuwa callo canadian purushharuko barema banaieko writtachitra how. devisle afno hai schoolko antim warshama dui ketaharuko chhayangkan garna tean warsha bitae. chalchitraka prathamik vishayaharu kendell rar maiki hun, nelson mandela park public schoolka vidyarthiharu. "adrishya sahar" ley shaikshik rar wyawaharka muddaharu rar uniharuko nirarthaktako bhawanasanga uniharuko sangharshalai pachhyauncha. "adrishya sahar" udyogka taswirharu/chamkaune chalchitraharudwara canadako rashtriya film boardsanga saha-nirmanma nirman garieko how. swagat. "adrishya sahar" ley 2009 hutt docks canadian antarrashtriya writtachitra mahotsavma sarwashreshtha canadian fitcher writtachitra puraskar prapta garyo. afno nirnaya ghoshana garda, hutt docks festival jyurile bhaneh chalchitra february 2010 maa torantoko shahi thieterma thieterma kholieko thiyo, televisionma premiere hunu aghi.

adrushya sahara (chalachitra) adrushya sahara heuchhi hubert devisnka dwara 2009 masihar eka documentary chalachitra jaahaa torantore regent park jillare bipadare thiba juba kalaa canadia purushanka bishajare . devis semanankara highschooler shesh barshare dui puanku suting karibare tini barsha bitaithile. ehi chalachitrara prathamika bishai heuchhi nelson mandela park public schooler chhatra kendell ebong maiki. "adrushya sahara" semananka shaikhyika ebong acharanagata samasya ebong nirarthakata bhabana sahita sangharshaku anusarana kare . "adrushya sahara" kanadara jatiah chalachitra board sahita saha-nirmanare shilpa chitra/chamaka chalachitra dwara nirmita . swagata. "2009rahr hutt docks canadian antarjatija documentary mahostabare "invisible city" shrestha canadian fitcher documentary puraskara paithila. ehara nishpatti ghoshana curry, hutt dox festival jurie kahichhih ehi chalachitrati februari 2010 ray turrentore rayal thietarare thietarare kholithila, ebong ehaa purbaru ehaa tibhinore premiyara hoithila .

adikh shehar (film) adikh shehar hubert davis duaara 2009 dee ikk dastavezi film haii joe torranto dey regent park zilhe witch khatre witch naujwan kaale canadian purshan baare haii. davis neey aapne hyee school dey aakhri saalan witch doou mundiaan dee shooting witch tinn saal bitaae. film dey muddhale vishe nelson mandela park public school dey vidiaarthi candle atey mikey hunn. "adikh shehar" akadamik atey vivharak muddiaan atey unhan dee viarth bhavna naal unhan dey sangharshan dee palna karda haii. "adikh shehar" daa nirman canada dey rashtari film board dey naal sahi-nirman witch udyog deeaan tasviran/chamakdar filman duaara keeta jaanda haii. suagat. "adikh shehar" noon 2009 dey hott docks canadian antarashtari dastavezi utsav witch sarbottam canadian feature dastavezi puraskar miliaa. aapne faisle dee ghoshna karde hoye, hott docks festival jioori neey kihaau ih film farvari 2010 witch torranto dey shaahi theatre witch theatre witch khullhi, iss toon pahilan kii television utte premiere keeta jaave.

adrushyanagarm (chalacchitram) adrushyanagarm 2009 tame varshe hubert davis ityanena torrento-nagarasya regent-paark-mandale krushnavarniyanam kenadaadeshasy yuvaanaam vishaye nirmitam vruttachitram asti. davis-varyaha ucchavidyaalayasya antimavarsheshu baalakayoh chitrikaranartham varshatrayam vyateetavaan. chalacchitrasya praathamikavishayaah kendel tathaa maikee iti santi, ye nelson mandelaa paark public school ityasya chhaatraah santi. "adrushyanagarm" iti shaikshanik-vyavahaar-samasyaih saha teshaam sangharsham, teshaam nirarthakataayaah bhaavam cha anugunam bhavati. "adrushyanagarm" iteedam kenada-deshasya rashtriya-chalacchitra-mandalasya saha-nirmanartham udyoga-chitraihi/shain-chalachchitraih nirmitam asti. sweekaranam. "adrushyanagarm" 2009 tame varshe haat docks-kanadian-antarashtriya-vruttachitra-mahotsave sarvashreshtam kanadian-feature-vruttachitram praapnot. swasya nirnayasya ghoshanayam, haat docks-utsavasya nirnaayakamandalen avadat yat - 2010 februvari-maase torrento-nagarasya raaj-natyashalayam, tontario-nagare prathamapradarshanat poorvam, chalacchitrasya natyashalasu udghaatanam krutam.

kannukkuth theriyaatha nagaram (thiraippadam) kannukkuth theriyaatha nagaram enbathu torrandovil ulla regent paark maavattaththil aapaththil irukkum ilam karuppina kanediya aangalaip pattri hoobert davis ezhuthiya 2009 aam aandu aavanappadamaagum. davis uyarnilaip palliyin iruthi aandugalil irandu siruvarkalai padamaakka moontru aandugal kaliththaar. nelson mandela paark podhup palliyin maanavargalaana kendell mattrum maikki aagiyoar padaththin muthanmaip paadangkal. "kannukkuth theriyaatha nagaram" enbathu kalvi mattrum nadaththai pirachchanaikal mattrum avarkalin payanattra unarvu aagiyavattrudan avarkalin poaraattangkalaip pinthodarkirathu. "kanadaavin thaesiya thiraippada vaariyaththudan inainthu thayaarikkappadum "kannukkuth theriyaatha nagaram" thiraippadath thurai padangkal/pirakaasikkum thiraippatankalaal thayaarikkappadukirathu. varavaerpu. "2009 hott toxes kanadiyan sarvadesa aavanappada vizhaavil "insibivis chitty" sirantha kanadiya amsa aavanappada viruthaip pettrathu. adhan mudivai arivippathil, hott toxes thiruvilaa naduvar mandram kooriyathu inththa padam pipravari 2010 ill torrandovil ulla arasa thiraiyarangkil thiraiyarangukalil thirakkappattathu, idhu onraariyoavil thiraiyidappattathu.

adrushya nagaram (chitram) adrushya nagaram anedi torranto yokka regent park jillaalo pramaadamloo unna yuva nallajati kenadian purushula gurinchi hubert davis roopondinchina 2009 documentary chitram. davis vaari unnata paatasaala chivari samvatsaraallo iddaru abbayila chithreekaranalo moodu samvatsaraalu gadiparu. nelson mandela park public schoolloni kendell mariyu mikey vidyaarthulu eee chitraaniki praathamika amsaalu. "adrushya nagaram" anedi vidyaaparamaina mariyu pravartanaa samasyalatho vaari pooraataalanu mariyu vaari vyardha bhavanni anusaristundi. "adrushya nagaram" nuu kenada jaateeya chalanachitra mandalitho kalisi parisrama chitraalu/prakaasinchae chitraalu nirmistaayi. swaagatam. "2009 hott doxes kenadian international documentary festivallo "adrushya nagaram" uttama kenadian feature documentary avaardunu andukundi. thana nirnayaanni prakatistuu, hott doxes festival jurie ilaa perkondih eee chitram 2010 fibravarilo torantoloni raayal theatres theatres praarambhamaindi, aaa tarvaata idhi tvlo pradarsinchabadindi.

poshidah shehar (film) poshidah shehar 2009 kii eek dastawezi film hay juu hubert ddios nay torrento kay regent paark zalaa mein khatray mein naujawan seeyah faam canadian mardon kay baaray mein banayi hay. ddios nay hayee school kay aakhri saalon mein duu ladkon kii film bundi mein teen saal guzaray. neelson mandila paark publik school kay talbaa candle aur mayiki film kay bunyadi mazamin haine. "poshidah shehar" taleemi aur tarz amal kay masail kay saath inn kii jadujahad aur inn kii bay sood kay ahsaas kii peervi kartaa hay. "poshidah shehar" canada kay qomi film board kay saath mushtarkah production mein industry kii tasavir/chamakti hoyee filmon kay zariah tayaar kiyaa jaataa hay. isteqbaliya. "insobil stee" kuu 2009 kay hott ddaaks canadian international dastawezi melay mein behtareen canadian fatcher dastawezi film kaa aiward milaa. apnay faislay kaa aalaan kartay huay hott ddaaks festival jewari nay kahaa: yaha film faroori 2010 mein torrento kay raail theater mein theater mein khill kirr saamney aayee iss say pehley kahh iss kaa premier oontario mein hawaa.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=38116529

Chapanov Peak

Chapanov Peak Chapanov Peak (, ) is the rocky, partly ice-free peak rising to 680 m in Metlichina Ridge on Oscar II Coast, Graham Land in Antarctica. It is overlooking Punchbowl Glacier to the north-northeast and Borima Bay to the south. The feature is named after the meteorologist Tsoncho Chapanov (1930-1971), the first Bulgarian scientist to have worked in Antarctica, at the Soviet base Mirny in January–April 1967. Location. Chapanov Peak is located at , which is 1.95 km northwest of Diralo Point, 2.58 km southeast of Zahariev Peak and 5.85 km west of Kaloyanov Peak in Poibrene Heights. British mapping in 1974. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> External links. "This article includes information from the Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria which is used with permission."

sapanov sringo sapanov sringo (,) hoise ostokriyar graham bhumir oskar dwitiyo upokulor melikina rijot 680 mitaroloike ukh xilamoy, angxikbhabe borof-mukto sringo. ee uttor-uttor-pubot punchball himbah aaru dokhyine borima upoxagoror faale saai aase. 1967 sonor january-aprilot sobhiyet ghaati mirneet entarkotikat kaam koraa prothom bulgarian bigyani botor bigyani sunsu sapanovor (1930-1971) naamere ei boixistyor naamkoron koraa hoise. owosthan. sopanov sringotu diralu pointor poraa 1.95 kilometer uttor-poschimot, jahoriyebh sringor poraa 2.58 kilometer dokhyin-pubot aaru poo "ibrin uschotat kaal" yanubh sringor poraa 5.85 kilometer poschime owosthito. 1974 sonot britis mapping.

chapanov shikhar chapanov shringo (Камоного, сачаноесо, сачаноесо, сачаноесо, сатесор, сасссар, сататича) holl pathure, angshikbhabe baraf-mukto shringo jaa ashtarkatikar graham bhumite askar 2 upokule meltichina shailashira 680 mitter porjonto unchu. etty uttor-uttor-purbe punchbole himbah ebong dakkhine borima uposagorke upekkha korche. 1967 saaler januari-aprile soviet ghanti mirnite antercticker prothom bulgarian bigyani abhawabid soncho chapanover (1930-1971) naame eyi boishistatir namkaran koraa hoyeche. abosthan. chapanov shringoti abosthito, jaa diralo pointer uttor-poschime 1.95 kilometres, jahariyev shikharer dakkhin-purbe 2.58 kilometres ebong pybrine uchchotai kaloanov shikharer poschime 5.85 kilometres doore abosthito. 1974 saale british mapping.

chapanov shikhar chapanov shikhar (,) aee khadkaal, anshatah baraf mukt shikhar chhe jeey oskar II dariyakanthe metalichina parvatmalama 680 meater sudhee vadhe chhe, jeey entarcticama graaham jameen chhe. teey uttar-uttarpurvmaa punchball himnadi aneey dakshinma borima khaadi taraf najar raakhe chhe. aaa lakshannu naam havamanshastri tsoncho chapanov (1930-1971) naa naam parthee rakhvama aavyu chhe, jemane january-april january-april soviyet bays mirney khaate entarcticama kaama karnaar pratham bulgarian vaignanik hataa. sthaan. chapanov shikhar aheen aavelu chhe, jeey diralo binduthi 1.95 kimee uttarpashchimma, zahreev shikharthi 2.58 kimee dakshinpurvma aneey poibrin unchaima kaloyanov shikharthi 5.85 kimee pashchimma aavelu chhe. chhe british mapping.

chapanov shikhar chapanov shikhar (,) chattani, aanshik roop seey burf mukt shikhar haye joe auskar II tata parr metalichina riz mein 680 meater taka badh rhaa haye, antarctica mein graham bhoomi. yeh uttar-uttar poorv mein panchbol glacier aur dakshin mein borema khaadi koo dekh rhaa haye. iss visheshta kaa naam mausam vigyaani tsoncho chapanov (1930-1971) key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye, joe janwari-aprail 1967 mein soviyat bases mirney mein antarctica mein kaam karane vaale pahale bulgarian vaigyaanik they. sthaan. chapanov choti, joe diralo bindu seey 1.95 kimmy uttar-paschim mein, zahariyev choti seey 2.58 kimmy dakshin-poorv mein aur poebreen oonchaai mein kaloynov choti seey 5.85 kimmy paschim mein sthit haye. 1974 mein british maanchitran.

chapanov sikhara chapanov shikharavu (,) antaarktikaada graham bhumiya askar II karavaliya metlichina parvatashreniyalli 680 meater ettarada kallina, bhagashah manjugadde mukta shikharavaagide. idu uttara-eeshaanyadalli punchbaul himanadi mattu dakshinadalli borima kolliyannu noduttade. 1967rahra janavari-aprilnalli soviyat bays mirneally antaarktikaadalli kelasa maadida modala bulgarian vignaani, havaamaanashaastragna tsoncho chapanov (1930-1971) avara hesarannu ee vaishishtyakke idalaagide. sthala. chapanov shikharavu diralo binduvininda vaayuvyakke 1.95 kii. mea., jhahariev shikharadinda agneyakke 2.58 kii. mea. mattu poebreen ettaradalli kaloyanov shikharadinda paschimakke 5.85 kii. mea. dooradallide. 1974ralli british nakshe.

chapanov kodumudi antaarttikkayile graham landile ooskaar II theerathe metlichina ridjil 680 meter vare uyaramulla paarakkettukalulla, bhaagikamaayi manjumukthamaaya kodumudiyaanu chapanov kodumudi. vadakku-vadakkukizhakku punchball himani thekk borima ulkkadalum ithinu abhimukhamaayi kaanapedunnu. 1967 januvari-epril maasangalil soviyatt bays mirneyil antaarttikkayil pravarthicha aadyathe bulgarian shaasthranjanaaya kalavastha shaasthranjanaaya soncho chapaanovinte (1930-1971) peraanu eee savisheshathaykk nalkiyirikkunnath. sthalam. diralo pooyintil ninnu 1.95 kilometer vadakkupadinjaarum, sahariyev kodumudiyil ninnu 2.58 kilometer thekkukizhakkum, kaloyanov kodumudiyil ninnu 5.85 kilometer padinjaarum poebreen uyarathilaanu chapanov kodumudi sthithi cheiyunnathu. 1974-leeii britiish mapping.

chapanov shikhar chapanov shikhar (,) heey antarcticamadhil grahamchya oskar II II metalichina parvataranget 680 meetarparyant unchavalele khadkal, anshatah barfmukt shikhar aahe. uttar-ishanyela panchbaul himnadi aanee dakshinela borima upasagar heey tyache darshan ghadavatat. yaa vaishishtyala havamanshastradnya tsoncho chapanov (1930-1971), jyane janewari-april 1967 madhye, mirney yetheel soviet talavar, antarcticamadhye kaam kelele pahile bulgarian shastradnya, yanche naav denyat aale aahe. thikan. chapanov shikhar yethe aahe, jeey diralo binduchya vayvyes 1.95 kiimii, zahareev shikharapasun aagneyela 2.58 kiimii aanee poebreen unchivar kailoyanov shikharapasun paschimes 5.85 kiimii antaravar aahe. 1974 madhye british nakash.

chapanobh shikhar chapanobh shikhar (,) chattan, anshik rupma baraf-mukta shikhar how june oskar II tatama metlichina rizma 680 mittersamma uklanchha, entarcticako graham bhumi. yasale uttar-uttarpurvama panchbol himnadi rar dakshinma borima khadilai heriraheko chha. yo suwidhako naam mausamvid tsoncho chapanobh (1930-1971) ko nambata rakhieko chha, jo janawari-april 1967 maa sobhiyat bases mirnima antarcticama kaam garne pahilo bulgariali vaigyanik thie. sthan. chapanobh shikharma awasthit chha, june diralo bindubata 1.95 kimmy uttarapashchimma, zaribh shikharbata 2.58 kimmy dakshinpurvama rar poebrain uchaima kaloyanobh shikharbata 5.85 kimmy paschimma chha. sann 1974 maa britis mapping.

chapanov shikhar chapanov shikhar (,) heuchhi pathara, aanshika baraf mukta shrunga jaahaa antarctikara graham bhumire oskara-2 upakoolare thiba metlichina rijare 680 mitter parjyanta uthithae . ehaa uttara-uttara-purba digare punchbole glacier ebong dakhina digare borima upasagaraku dekhuchhi. 1967 masiha januari-april maasare sobhieta bases mirnithare antarkatikare karjya karithiba pratham balgaria baigyanika panipaga bigyani soncho chapanov (1930-1971) nka naamare ehi baisistyara namakarana karajaichi. sthana. chapanov shrunga abasthita, jaahaa diralo paentaru 1.95 kilometer uttara-paschimare, jahariv shikhararu 2.58 kilometer dakhina-purbare ebong paybrin uchchatare kalojanov shikhararu 5.85 kilometer paschimare abasthita . 1974 masihare british manachitra.

chapanov choti chapanov choti (,) ikk pathrili, anshak taur utte baraf-mukat choti haii joe aaskar II tatt utte metlichina rij witch 680 meeter takk ucchi haii, joe kii antarctica witch graham lend haii. ih uttar-uttar-purab witch panchbaul glacier atey dakkhan witch borima khaadi noon vekh riha haii. iss visheshta daa naam mausam vigiaani soncho chapanov (1930-1971) dey naam utte rakkhiaa giaa haii, joe kii janwari-aprail 1967 witch soviat bases marnee witch antarctica witch kamm curran vaale pahile bulgarian vigiaani sunn. sathaan. chapanov choti utte sathit haii, joe kii diralo bindu toon 1.95 kilometer uttar-pachham, zahreev choti toon 2.58 kilometer dakkhan-purab atey poebreen uchaiaan witch kloyanov choti toon 5.85 kilometer pachham witch haii. 1974 witch british mapping.

chaponov shikharam chaapaanov shikharh (,) ekaha shilaayuktah, aamshikaroopena himamuktah shikharh asti, yah antarctica-pradeshasya oscar-dwiteeya-tatasya metlichinaa-parvatashrenyaam 680 meater yaavat oordhvatamaanah asti. asya uttar-eeshaanye panchabol-himanadi, dakshine borima-upasaagarah cha drushyate. asya visheshataayaah naam, 1967 janavaree-april-maase, soviyat-bess mirney ityatra, antarctica-deshe karyam krutasya prathamasya bulgarian-vaidnyaanikasya, havaamaanashaastradnyasya tsoncho chapaanov (1930-1971) ityasya namna asti. sthaanam. chapaanov-shikharam deeraalo-bindunah vaayavyadishi 1.95 kii. mee. doore, zahareev-shikharasy dakshinapoorvadishi 2.58 kii. mee. doore, kalayoyaanov-shikharasy paschimadishi 5.85 kii. mee. doore cha sthitam asti. 1974 tame varshe british-manachitranam krutam.

sabanov sigaram sabanov sigaram (Chapanov pick) enbathu andaardigaavil ulla kiraham nilaththil ulla aaskar II kadarkaraiyil metlichina malaiththodarin 680 meettar varai uyaramulla paarai, oralavu panii illaatha sigaram aagum. idhu vadakizhakkil panchpoal panippaaraiyaiyum, therkil porima virigudaavaiyum paarkkirathu. 1967 janavari-aepral maathangkalil, andaardigaavil soviyath thalamaana mirneyil paniyaattriya muthal palkeriya vinjnaaniyaana vaanilai aaivaalar sonso sabanov (1930-1971) enbavarin peyaraal inththa amsam peyaridappattullathu. idam. saibanov sigaram tyralo pullikku vadamaerkae 1.95 kimee tholaivilum, saharev sigaraththirku thenkizhakkae 2.58 kimee tholaivilum, kalayoyanov sigaraththirku maerkae 5.85 kimee tholaivilum amainthullathu. 1974ill british varaipadam.

chapanov sikharam chapanov sikharam (,) anedi antaarkitikaaloni graham bhuubhaagamlooni askar II teeramlo metlichina sikharamlo 680 meterla varaku edige raathi, paakshikamgaa manchu laeni sikharam. idhi uttara-eshaanyamlo punchbaul himaninadam mariyu dakshinaana borima baenu chustundi. 1967 janavari-eprillo soviet bays mirneylo antarciticalo panichesina modati bulgarian shaastravetta vaataavarana shaastravetta tsoncho chapanov (1930-1971) paeru meeda eee lakshanaaniki paeru pettaru. sthaanam. chapanov sikharam diralo paayintku vaayuvya disalo 1.95 kimmy, jahariv sikharaaniki aagneyamgaa 2.58 kimmy mariyu poebreen ettulo kalayoyanov sikharaaniki paschimaana 5.85 kimmy dhooramlo undhi. 1974loe british mapping.

chapanof chooti chapanof chooti (yee) chataani jazwi toor parr barf say paak chooti hay juu aaskar II saahil parr metlichina rajj mein 680 metter takk buland hay intarctka mein graham lend. yaha shamaal-shamaal mashriq mein pinch bawal glasheer aur janub mein khaleej borima kuu deekh rehaa hay. iss khususiyat kaa naam maahir mausamiyat soncho chapanof (1930-1971) kay naam parr rakhaa gayaa hay juu balgharbi kay pehley sciencedan thay jinhon nay januri-apreel 1967 mein soweet bees marnee mein intarctka mein kaam kiyaa thaa. maqaam. chapanof chooti waaqa hay juu deralo point say 1.95 chlometer shamaal maghrab mein zahirio chooti say 2.58 chlometer janub mashriq mein aur pobrin kii bulandiyon mein kalwanof chooti say 5.85 chlometer maghrab mein waaqa hay. 1974 mein bartanvi nqsha saazi.

fffb40977e4fe6fb3846cb74b4e68b27f75f81d3b0ff6d9b8f5999961665ef46

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2871613

The Jewel of the Nile

The Jewel of the Nile 1985 adventure comedy film by Lewis Teague The Jewel of the Nile is a 1985 American action-adventure romantic comedy film directed by Lewis Teague and produced by Michael Douglas, who also starred in the lead role, reuniting with co-stars Kathleen Turner and Danny DeVito, reprising their roles from the 1984 action-adventure film "Romancing the Stone". Like "Romancing the Stone", the opening scene takes place in one of Joan's novels. This time, instead of Jesse and Angelina in Joan's wild-west scenario, Joan and Jack are about to be married when pirates attack their ship. "The Jewel of the Nile" sends its characters off on a new adventure in a fictional African desert, in an effort to find the fabled "Jewel of the Nile". The song performed by Billy Ocean, "When the Going Gets Tough, the Tough Get Going", became a major international hit, reaching #1 in the UK and #2 in the US.<templatestyles src="Template:TOC limit/styles.css" /> Plot. Six months after the original events in "Romancing the Stone", Joan Wilder's (Kathleen Turner) and Jack Colton's (Michael Douglas) romance has grown stale. While moored at a port in the South of France, Joan, suffering writer's block, wants to return to New York, while Jack prefers aimlessly sailing the world on his boat, the "Angelina". At a book signing engagement, Joan meets Omar Khalifa (Spiros Focás), a charming Arab ruler who wants Joan to write his biography. Joan accepts and leaves with Omar over Jack's protests. Jack later runs into Ralph (Danny DeVito), the swindler from Jack and Joan's previous adventure in Colombia, who demands Jack turn over the stone Jack and Joan found. Shortly after, an Arab, Tarak (Paul David Magid), informs Jack about Omar's true intentions and claims that Omar has the "Jewel of the Nile"; just as Tarak finishes his explanations, the "Angelina" explodes from a bomb set by one of Omar's men. Ralph and Jack team up to find Joan and the fabled jewel. Joan soon discovers that Omar is a brutal dictator rather than the enlightened ruler which he claimed will unite the Arab world. In the palace jail, Joan encounters "Al-Julhara" (Avner Eisenberg), a holy man who is, in fact, the "Jewel of the Nile" and whom Omar fears. Al-Julhara tells Joan that Omar plans to declare himself ruler of all of the Arab world at a ceremony in the city of Kadir. Realizing that Al-Julhara is the only one who can stop Omar, Joan decides to escort him to Kadir herself. The pair escape and find Jack, and they flee into the desert in Omar's hijacked F-16 fighter jet. Ralph is captured by Tarak's rebel Sufi tribe who are sworn to protect the Jewel so he can fulfill his people's destiny. After encountering a Nubian mountain tribe, Joan and Jack's romance is rekindled. Joan tells Jack that the jewel is not a gem stone but Al-Julhara. In Kadir, Omar intends to use a smoke-and-mirror special effect provided by a British rock promoter to convince onlookers that he is the prophet who will unite the Arab world. Jack, Joan, and Al-Julhara arrive to expose Omar but are captured. Omar suspends Jack and Joan with ropes over a deep pit (a scenario taken from Joan's biggest-selling novel, "The Savage Secret") while Al-Julhara is in a stockade. Ralph, along with the Sufi tribe, arrives in time to rescue the three prisoners. As Omar takes center stage to address the Arab people, Jack and Joan disrupt the ceremony while the Sufi battle Omar's guards. A fire breaks out, engulfing Omar's stage. Jack and Joan are separated, and Omar corners Joan atop the burning scaffolding. Ralph, using a giant crane, helps Jack reach Joan in the nick of time; he kicks Omar over the side and down into the raging flames, killing him. Al-Julhara rises and safely walks through the blazing inferno, fulfilling the prophecy that he is the true spiritual leader. The following day, Jack and Joan are married by Al-Julhara. While Ralph is genuinely happy for Jack and Joan, he laments once again having gained nothing for his efforts, but Tarak acknowledges that he is a true Sufi friend and presents him with a jeweled dagger as Jack and Joan happily sail away down the Nile. Cast. <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> * Paul David Magid as Tarak * Howard Jay Patterson as Barak * Randall Edwin Nelson as Karak * Samuel Ross Williams as Arak * Timothy Daniel Furst as Sarak Production. With a $21 million budget, principal photography began April 22, 1985 with filming wrapped on July 25, 1985. Location shooting took place at Villefranche-sur-Mer and the Palais des Festivals et des Congrès, Cannes, France, Ait Benhaddou near Ouarzazate and Meknes, Morocco, among other locations, including Zion National Park, Springdale, Utah. At the time, both Kathleen Turner and Michael Douglas only made the sequel because they were contractually obligated to do so, although Douglas was much more invested in the film as its producer. At one point during pre-production, Turner tried to back out of the project because she found the script "terrible, formulaic, sentimental", until 20th Century Fox threatened her with a $25 million lawsuit for breach of contract. Douglas intervened on her behalf and ensured that a rewrite was made. Turner was disappointed that Douglas did not ask Diane Thomas, the writer who had penned the script for "Romancing the Stone", to return for the sequel, apparently because he decided her asking price was too high. When Douglas agreed to undertake rewrites to please Turner, Thomas was asked to consult on alterations, but Turner remained disappointed with the script. She elaborated in an interview in 2018: <templatestyles src="Template:Blockquote/styles.css" />"...ultimately I read the script on a plane to Morocco, where the film was shooting, and I was furious. It didn’t have what Michael said it’d have. When I got to the hotel in Fez, Michael and I sat down on the floor with three versions of the script. We were trading pages to get a script that was acceptable to both of us. It was, '“I’ll do this if you’ll do that.”' It was frustrating." Turner, Douglas and DeVito would later reunite in the unrelated film "The War of the Roses". Filming in North Africa was dogged with problems from unbearable 120-degree-Fahrenheit heat to problems with the local crew but the most troubling concern was that the director showed that he was not up to the task of helming an action film. After one massive night scene that was hours in setup, and cast and crew in place, it was only then that someone noticed that there was no film in the cameras. As producer, Michael Douglas exploded; the whole debacle had to be re-filmed another day, only after the raw film stock was finally located. More problems with local customs cropped up, with film and equipment mysteriously held up by customs until the requisite bribes were paid. In the end, being only three weeks behind schedule was a minor triumph for Douglas. Approximately two weeks before principal photography began, an aircraft carrying Richard Dawking (production designer) and Brian Coates (production manager) crashed during location scouting over the countryside of Morocco, killing all on board. The film is dedicated to the memory of Dawking and Coates, as well as screenwriter Diane Thomas, who had died in an automobile accident six weeks before the film's release. During filming in Morocco, Douglas and Turner, flying in an executive jet aircraft, had a near-accident when their aircraft wing struck the runway in a heavy landing. The use of a General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon mockup was a key element of the main characters' escaping from a fortified town. The wooden, styrofoam and fibreglass mockup was built on an automobile chassis and powered by a 350ci Chevrolet engine. As with the first film, the novelization of the sequel was credited to Joan Wilder, the character played by Kathleen Turner; both books were actually ghostwritten by Catherine Lanigan. "The Jewel of the Nile" was the final film released on the RCA SelectaVision CED video format. It was also released in other media formats. Soundtrack. "When the Going Gets Tough, the Tough Get Going", performed by Billy Ocean, and "The Jewel of the Nile", performed by Precious Wilson, play during the film and in the end credits respectively. Douglas, Turner, and DeVito also co-starred with Ocean in the MTV music video of the same name. The soundtrack features 1980s rap group Whodini and their single "Freaks Come Out at Night" as Michael Douglas and company make their way through the desert on camel back as well as "Party (No Sheep Is Safe Tonight)" by The Willesden Dodgers during the campfire party scene. Arista released a soundtrack album on record, cassette and compact disc. <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css"/> Reception. While "The Jewel of the Nile" grossed almost as much as its predecessor, the film was much less successful critically and effectively killed the franchise. Critics felt the film was loaded with numerous plot holes and that it lacked the first film's original charm. "The New York Times" opened its review by writing, "There's nothing in "The Jewel of the Nile" that wasn't funnier or more fanciful in "Romancing the Stone"." Roger Ebert agreed that "... it is not quite the equal of "Romancing the Stone"," but praised the interplay between Douglas and Turner. "It seems clear," he wrote, "that they like each other and are having fun during the parade of ludicrous situations in the movie, and their chemistry is sometimes more entertaining than the contrivances of the plot." Colin Greenland reviewed "The Jewel of the Nile" for "White Dwarf" #77, and stated that ""The Jewel of the Nile" is the sequel to "Romancing the Stone", another adventure fantasy with just the right pinch of preposterousness. Against all odds, this is a sequel as enjoyable and endearing as the original." "The Jewel of the Nile" holds a rating of 46% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 26 reviews. The critical consensus reads: "The sense of romantic spark has waned and the prevalence of stereotypes has grown in "Jewel of the Nile", although there is still plenty of swooning action for fans of the first adventure." Then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan viewed this film at Camp David in January 1986. Unproduced sequels. Talk of a third film, again starring Douglas, Turner and DeVito, never got beyond a draft. In "The Crimson Eagle", Jack and Joan take their two teenage kids to Thailand where they are blackmailed into stealing a priceless statue. The project languished until 1997, when Douglas as tentative producer, announced he was no longer interested. In 2005 and again in 2008, Douglas was working on a second sequel, entitled "Racing the Monsoon", although there have been no further developments in recent years. Since 2007, Fox considered a remake of "Romancing the Stone" with the possibility of a "reboot" of a series. The roles of Jack and Joan would be filled by Taylor Kitsch (or Gerard Butler) and Katherine Heigl. By 2011, the remake was re-worked as a television series. Notes. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> Sources. <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />

nailor rotno dyo juwel owo dyo naail hoise 1985 sonor aamerikan ekson-advencer romantik comedy sobi, lewis tigor dwara porisalito aaru michael dogolasor dwara projujit, jiye mukhyo soritrot obhinoy korisil, xoho-taroka kethlin turner aaru danny debhitur xoite punor milito hoisil, 1984 sonor ekson-advencer sobi "romancing dyo stone" ror poraa teulukor soritro punorabritti korisil. romanching dyo stone" ror dore, prarombhik drishyotu junor ekhon uponyaxot xonghotit hoy. eibar, junor wild-west poristhitit jese aaru angeliner poriworte, june aaru jek biyaa hoh 'boloi goi aase jetiya jolodosyuxokole teulukor jahajot aakromon kore. "dyo juwel owo dyo naail"-e iyar soritroxomuhok kalponik african morubhumit ek notun duxahxik obhijanor baabe preron kore, jaar folot "" nailor rotno "" bisari puwa yaay. bilee oh 'chenor dwara poriwexon koraa gittu, "jetiya juwatu kothin hoi pore, kothin hoi pore", ek guruttopurno antohrastriyo hitt hoi porisil, ji eu. key. too #1 aaru aamerika juktorastrot #2 too uponeet hoisil. plot. romanching dyo stone" ror mool ghotonaxomuhor choy maahor pisot, june wilder (kethlin turner) aaru jek colton (michael doglas) ror romanch puroni hoi porise. francer dokhyinor etaa bondorot bondho kori thokar xomoyot, raitars blokot akranto june niuyorkoloi ubhoti ahibo bisare, aanhate jeke teur naau "angelina" too uddesyohinbhabe biswokhon bhromon koriboloi posondo kore. ekhon kitap swakhyorito xomporkor xomoyot, june umor kholifa (spire "cho pho" kaach) koo log paay, ji ejon monumuha aarob xaxok jiye june teur jiwani likhibo bisare. jo 'ney jekor protibadok loi umarok swikar kore aaru eri yaay. jek pisot kolombiyat jek aaru junor purbor duxahxik obhijanor sundolar ralof (danny debhitu) ror xoite log hoy, jiye jekok stone jektu ghurai diboloi aaru junok bisare. iyar kichu xomoyor pisote, ejon aarob, toroke (poll david magid), jekok umoror prokrito uddesyor bixoye obogoto kore aaru daabi kore je umoror "nailor rotno" aase; thik jenedore toroke teur byakhya xex kore, umoror ejon manuhe sthapon koraa bumar poraa "angelina" bisfuron hoy. ralf aaru jekor dole juwan aaru kalponik gohonatu bisari uliyay. june oti xunkalei gom paay je umor ejon nisthur swoiroxaxok, teu aarob biswok ekotrito koribo buli daabi koraa progyahin xaxokor poriworte. praxador karagarot june "aal-julhara" (aabhoner eisenborg) naamor ejon pobitro byoktir mukhamukhi hoy, ji prokritote "nailor rotno" aaru jaak umore bhoy kore. aal-julharai juwanok koy je umare kaadir sohorot onusthito ek onusthanot nijoke xomogro aarob biswor xaxok hisape ghuxona korar porikolpona korise. aal-julharai ekmatro jiye umorok rudh koribo paare buli upolobdhi kori, june teuk nije kadiroloi loi juwar xiddhanto loy. ei jutikhone polayon kori jek bisari paay, aaru teuluke umoror opohoron koraa ef-16 jujaru bimanot morubhumit polayon kore. ralfok taarokor bidruhi sufi jonojatiye bondi kore jiye rotnotu xurokhito korar xopot loy jaate teu nijor lukoxokolor bhagyo puron koribo paare. etaa nubian porbotiyo jonojatir mukhamukhi huwar pisot, june aaru jekor romanch punor jwoluwa hoy. june jekok koy je gohonatu rotnor xil nohoy, kintu aal-julhara. kadirot, umore ejon britis rok promuteror dwara prodan koraa dhuwa-aaru-miror bixex probhab byobohar koriboloi bisare jaate dorxokxokolok biswax koribo paari je teu hoise nobi jiye aarob biswok ekotrito koribo. jek, june aaru aal-julharai umorok prokax koriboloi uposthito hoy kintu bondi koraa hoy. aal-julhara etaa stockedot thokar xomoyot umore jek aaru junak etaa gobhir gaator uporot rosire jhulai diye (juwanor ataitkoi besi bikri huwa uponyax "dyo bheyaj sikret" ror poraa luwa etaa drishyo). ralfe sufi jonojatir xoite xomoymote aahi tinijon bondik uddhar kore. umore aarob lukoxokolok xombudhon koriboloi kendriyo moncho grohon korar loge loge, jek aaru june xufi juddho umoror rokhyixokole onusthantu byahot kore. etaa juir jwola-puraa hoi umoror monchotu aawori roi yaay. jek aaru june prithok hoi aase, aaru umor kornar juwan jwoluwa scafe 'ldingor uporot aase. ralfe etaa bixal krain byobohar kori jekok xomoyor thik xomoyot junor usoroloi jaboloi xohay kore; teu umorok kaxor uporere aaru tolot urbor juir bhitoroloi laathi maare, jaar folot teuk hotya kore. aal-julharai uthi aaru nirapode jwolonto jahannamor maajere khuj karhibo, teu prokrito adhyatmik netaa buli bhobisyodwani puron koribo. pisdina jek aaru juwane aal-julharar xoite bibahpaxot aabodho hoy. ralfe jek aaru junor baabe xosakoiye xukhi huwar biporite teu punor ebaar teur prochestar baabe eku laabh nokorar baabe bilap kore, kintu tarake swikar kore je teu ejon prokrito sufi bondhu aaru jek aaru june xukhere nailor poraa aatori juwar xomoyot teuk etaa rotnojukto khongro xoite uposthapon kore. utpadon. 21 nijut dollar bajetor xoite, 1985 sonor 22 aprilot 25 july, 1985 tarikhe sitrogrohon xompurno kori prodhan photography aarombho hoisil. owosthanor swuting villefrangse-sur-mer aaru peleis des festival ett des congress, kenoch, france, oh "arjajetor usoror aait benhadu aaru macness, morokku, jion rastriyo udyan, sprindale, utahoke dhori onyanyo sthanxomuhot hoisil. xei xomoyot, kethlin turner aaru michael doglas duyujone kewol xiqueltu nirman korisil kaaron teuluke suktibhittikbhabe xeitu koriboloi badhyo aasil, jodiu dogolasok iyar projujok hisape sobikhonot odhik biniyug koraa hoisil. praak-projujonar xomoyot etaa xomoyot, turnere prokolpotur poraa aatori jaboloi chesta korisil kaaron teu sitronatyotu "bhoyongkor, xutratmok, abegik" buli paisil, 20 xotikar foxe teuk sukti bhongo korar baabe 25 nijut dollar gusor ruju korar bhabuki diyar aagoloike. dogolase teur hoi hostokhyep korisil aaru nischito korisil je punor likha hoise. turner hotax hoisil je dogolase "romanching dyo stone" ror baabe sitronatyo likha lekhok diane thomasok xikweloloi ubhoti jaboloi kuwa nasil, spostokoi kaaron teu xiddhanto loisil je taair bisari thoka mulyo oti besi. jetiya dogolase turnerok xontusto koriboloi punor likhiboloi xonmot hoisil, tetiya thomasok poribortonor bixoye poramorxo lo "boloi kuwa hoisil, kintu turnere scripttur uporot hotax hoi thakil. 2018 sonot ek xakhyatkarot teu bixodbhabe koichiloh turner, doglas aaru debhituwe pisoloi xomporkito solositro "dyo waar owo dyo ror 'jos" too punor milito hoisil. uttor africat sitrogrohon korar xomoyot oxohoniyo 120 degree-fahrenheit goromor poraa aarombho kori sthaniyo kormosarixokolor xoite xomosyar xonmukhin hoisil jodiu ataitkoi udwegjonok kothatu aasil je porisalokjone dekhuwaisil je teu etaa ekshyon solositro porisalona korar kaamor baabe upojukto nohoy. ghonta ghonta dhori soli thoka etaa bixal raatir drishyor pisot, aaru cust aaru krubure xei thait thokar pisote kunubai lokhyo korisil je kemerat kunu solositro naai. projujok hisape michael dogolasor bisfuron hoisil; kewol kewol kewol kewol rey film stock owoxexot owosthan huwar pisote xomogro porajoytu aan edin punor sitrogrohon koribo logaa hoisil. sthaniyo reeti-nitir xoite odhik xomosyar sristi hoisil, proyujoniyo utkuch diya nuhuwaloike solositro aaru xojuli rohosyojonokbhabe reeti-nitir dwara rokha hoisil. owoxexot, nirdharito xomoyor poraa maatro tini xoptah pich pori thokatu dogolasor baabe ek xoru bijoy aasil. prodhan photography aarombho huwar pray duxoptah aagote, rechard dodd 'king (production designer) aaru briyan kutt (production menezar) loi juwa ekhon biman morokkur gramyo oncholot owosthan onuxondhanor xomoyot durghotonagrosto hoy, jaar folot bimankhonot thoka xokolu lukor mrityu hoy. sobikhon muktir choy xoptah purbe ek automobile durghotonat mrityu huwa dodd 'king aaru kutor logote sitronatyokar diane thomasor smritit utxorgito. morokkut sitrogrohonor xomoyot, doglas aaru turnere etaa karzobahi jett bimanot uri thokar xomoyot, teulukor bimanor uinge ek godhur owotoronot ranwet aaghat korar xomoyot ek pray durghotona ghotisil. ef-16 jujaru baajor nokolor xadharon gotibidyar byobohar etaa xurokhito sohoror poraa polayon koraa mukhyo soritror ek mool upadan aasil. kaathor, styre "pho" moo aaru fibergress mockup ekhon automobile sesisot nirman koraa hoisil aaru 350siai chevrolet enginor dwara salit hoisil. prothom sobikhonor dore, xiqueltur uponyaxokoronor krititwo diya hoisil june wilderok, kethlin turnere obhinoy koraa soritro; duyuta kitap prokritote ketherin lenigane bhutere likhisil. "dyo juwel owo dyo naail" aasil aar. chi. e. sectovision chi. ee. di. video 'formatot mukti puwa suranto solositro. iyak onyanyo miriya formatotu mukoli koraa hoisil. soundtrack. "jetiya juwatu kothin hoi pore, bilee oh 'chenor dwara poriwexon koraa kothintu aaru mulyowan uilsonor dwara poriwexon koraa" dyo juwel owo dyo naail "krome sobikhonor xomoyot aaru xexot creditburot khelaa hoy. doglas, turner aaru debhituweu eke naamor mtv music video 'too xagoror xoite xoho-obhinoy korisil. soundtractut 1980-ror doxokor rape groop hodini aaru teulukor ekok "raatire ulai ohaa" michael doglas aaru companye morubhumit utor pithito goi partit thokar logote campfire partyr drishyor xomoyot wilsden dojarxokole "party (aaji raati kunu bhera xurokhito nohoy)" koo dekhuway. aaristai record, keset aaru compact discot etaa soundtrack elbam mukoli korisil. obhyorthona. dyo juwel owo dyo naail"-e iyar purboxuror dore pray uparjon korar biporite, sobikhon xomaluchonamulokbhawe komm xofol hoisil aaru pholoproxubhabe francisetur mrityu hoisil. xomalusokxokole onubhob korisil je sobikhon bohutu kahinir fakere bhori aasil aaru iyat prothom sobikhonor mool aakorxonor obhab aasil. "nework timese iyar porzaluchona aarombho kori likhisil," "nailor rotnot ene eku naai ji" "xiltur romanch korat" "odhik aamudjonok baa kolponapurno nasil."ror 'gaar aberte xei kothat xonmot hoisil... ee "romanching dyo sto" ror xoman nohoy, kintu dogla aaru turner maajor aantohkriyar proxongxa kore. "eitu sposto zen lagise", teu likhisil, "teuluke ijone xijonok bhaal paay aaru solositrokhonot haisyorxatmok poristhitir pareador xomoyot mojaa kori aase, aaru teulukor roxayon ketiyaba kahinir kouxolotkoi odhik monuronjonmulok hoy." kolin greenlande "bogaa baamon" #77 ror baabe "dyo juwel owo dyo naail" ror porzaluchona korisil aaru koichil je "dyo juwel owo dyo naail" hoise "romanching dyo stone" ror uttoradhikar, jitu kewol xothik simtir orthohinotar xoite aan etaa duxahxik kolpona. xokolu protikulotar biporite, eikhon mool sobikhonor dore anondodayok aaru priyo etaa xiquel." "26taa porzaluchonar uporot bhitti kori "dyo juwel owo dyo naail"-e pocha bilahir khetrot 46 xotangxo rating laabh korise. xomaluchonamulok oikyomote eidore koicheh "romantik sfulingor budh hraax paise aaru dharabahikotar pradurbhab" rotnor rotno "too briddhi paise, jodiu prothom duxahxik obhijanor onuragixokolor baabe etiyau jothesto mursa diya karjyo aase." tarpisot-eu.ess. rastropoti ronald rigane 1986 sonor januaryt kemp devidot ei sobikhon dekhisil. oprokaxito xiquel. punor doglas, turner aaru debhitu obhineet tritiyokhon solositror kotha ketiyau khosorar bahirot juwa nasil. dyo rimchon eegol" too, jek aaru june teulukor dui kixur xixuk thailandoloi loi yaay zo 'too teulukok etaa omulyo murti suri koriboloi blackmail koraa hoy. 1997 sonoloike ei prokolpotu sthogito aasil, jetiya osthayi projujok hisape dogolase ghuxona korisil je teu aaru aagrohi nohoy. 2005 sonot aaru punor 2008 sonot dogolase "resing dyo manchun" xirxok dwitiyo sikuwelor uporot kaam kori aasil, jodiu xehotiya bosorburot aaru kunu unnoyon huwa naai. 2007 sonor poraa foxe etaa sringkholar "ri-boot" korar xombhawonar xoite "romanching dyo stone" ror punor nirman buli bibesona korisil. jek aaru junor soritrobur tailor kitch (baa gerard baatolor) aaru ketherin heigole puron koribo. 2011 sonor bhitorot punor nirmantu etaa television dharabahik hisape punor kaam koraa hoisil.

neeler ratna dya juel off dya nail 1985 saaler ekti american action-adventure romantic comedy cholochchitro jaa luis tigg dwara porichalito ebong michael doglass dwara projojito, jini prodhan bhumikai abhinoy korechilen, soho-abhineta cathlin turner ebong danny devitor saathe punra milit hohn, 1984 saaler action-adventure cholochchitro "romancing dya stone" theke taader bhumikar punorabritti corren. pathorer proti romans"-err moto, udwodhoni drishyoti joaner ekti uponyasher modhye ghote. ebar, joaner bonno-poschim drishyopoter jesha ebong angelina-rawr poriborte, joann ebong jack biye korte cholechen jokhon jaladasyura taader jahaz akraman korey. "" "dya juel off dya nail" "taar choritrogulike ekti kalponik african morubhumite ekti notun adventure preron korey, kolpito" "nailer ratna" "khunje pawar prayase. billy oshaner poribeshon koraa ganti, "jokhon kathin hoye yaay, kathin hoye yaay", ekti borh antorjatik hitt hoye othe, juktorajye #1 ebong markin juktorashtre #2 pouche yaay. plot. romancing dya stone"-err mool ghotonar chhoy maas porr, joone wilder (cathlin turner) ebong jack colton (michael doglass)-err romans bassie hoye geche. francer dakkhine ekti bondore bandha thakakalin, raitarsa blocker shicker joone neu iyarke firey jete chaay, jekhane jack taar "angelina" nauka uddeshyohinbhabe bishwa bhromon korte pochondo korey. ekti boi swakkhorer somoy, joann omor khalifar (spiros focus) saathe dekha korey, ekjon akarshaniya arob shasok jini chaan jey joann taar jeeboni likhuk. jacker protibader jonno joone omarke grohon korey ebong taar saathe choley yaay. porey jack columbia jack ebong joaner ager adventurer protarok ralfer (danny devito) saathe dekha korey, jey jacke pathorer jack ebong joanke khunje pawar daabi korey. err alpo kichudin porei, ekjon arob, tarok (poll david magid), jacke omorer prokrito uddeshya somporke jaanaay ebong daabi korey jey omorer kachhe "nailer ratna" royeche; thhik jokhon tarak taar byakhya shesh korey, tokhon omorer eka byaktir dwara seeta koraa boma theke "angelina" bishforito hoy. ralf ebong jack joann ebong kolpito ratnati khunje berr korar jonno doll bendheche. joann shighroi abishkar corren jey omor ekjon nisthur swairashasak, borong seii alokito shasoker poriborte jey arob bishwoke oikyoboddho korbe boley tini daabi korechilen. prasader karagare, joone "all-zulhara" (avnar eisenberg)-err mukhomukhi hohn, jini ekjon pobitro byakti, jini asle "neeler ratna" ebong jaake omor bhoy paay. all-zulhara joanke bollen jey, qadir shohore ekti anusthane omor nijeke somogro arob bishwer shasok ghoshana korar parikalpana korechen. all-zulhara ekmatro byakti jini omarke thamate paren taa bujhte perey joone taake kadirer kachhe niye yawar siddhanta nene. eyi jutee paliye yaay ebong jacke khunje paay ebong taaraa omorer apohrito eff-16 juddhobimane korey morubhumite paliye yaay. taraker bidrohi sufi upojati ralfke dhorey feley, jaaraa ratnati rakkha korar shopoth neyo jaate seey taar jonogoner bhagyo puron korte paare. ekti nubian parbotto upojatir mukhomukhi howar porr, joone ebong jacker romans punra jagroto hoy. joone jacke boley jey ratnati ratna pathor noy borong all-zulhara. kadire, omor ekjon british rock probortoker dwara prodotto ekti dhonya-ebong-dorpon bishesh prabhab byabohar korte chaay dorshokder bojhanor jonno jey tiniyi seii nobee jini arob bishwoke ekotrito korben. jack, joone ebong all-zulhara omarke prakash korte aase kintu dhora porey. all-zulhara jokhon ekti mojuter modhye thaake, tokhon omor jack ebong joneke ekti govir gorte dadi diye jhuliye rakhe (joaner sabcheye beshi bikrito uponyas, "dya savage secret" theke neoa ekti drishya). sufi upojatir sange ralf samaymato eshe tinn bondike uddhar korey. omor jokhon arob jonogonke sambodhan korar jonno kendriya monche aase, tokhon jack ebong joone anusthanti byahoto korey jokhon sufi juddher omorer rakkhira. ekti agun jolote thaake, jaa omorer monchoke grass korey. jack ebong joone alada hoye yaay ebong jolonto scaffoldinger upore joanke omor koona diye koona korey. ralf, ekti bishalakar krena byabohar korey, jacke thhik somoye joaner kachhe pouchate sahajyo korey; seey omarke pasher upor diye ebong niche prochondo aguner agune lathi maarey, taake hotya korey. all-zulhara uthhe aase ebong nirapode jolonto noroker modhyo diye hente yaay, eyi bhabishyadwaniti puron korey jey tiniyi prokrito adhyattik neta. porer deane, jack ebong joone all-zulhara saathe bibah bondhone aboddho hohn. ralf jack ebong joaner jonno sottii khushi holeo, seey taar prochestar jonno arr kichhu naa peye abaro bilap korey, kintu tarak sweekar korey jey seey ekjon satyikarer sufi bondhu ebong jack ebong joone anander saathe nailer niche choley yawar somoy taake ekti ratnajukta chhuri upohar deyo. utpadon. 2 kotee 10 lokkho dollar bajeter saathe, prodhan photography 22shhey april, 1985 saale 25shhey julai, 1985-ayee chitrogrohon shesh korey shuru hoy. villefranch-soor-merr ebong palace days festival ett days congresses, cans, france, auerjazeter kachhe eit benhadu ebong macons, morocco soho anyanno sthaner modhye zion jatiya uddan, springdale, utah soho anyanno sthane abosthaner shooting hoyechilo. seii somoye, cathlin turner ebong michael doglass ubhayi shudhumatra sequelti toiri korechilen kaaron taaraa chuktiboddhobhabe etty korte badhyo chhilen, jodio doglass cholochchitrotir projojok hisabe onek beshi biniyog korechilen. praka-projojonar somoy eka porjaye, turner prokolpoti theke sorey aasaar chesta korechilen kaaron tini chitronattotike "bhayankar, sutrogoto, abegprobon" boley money korechilen, 20 shotoker fox taake chukti longghoner jonno 2 kotee 50 lokkho dollar mamla korar humki deyo. doglass taar pokkhe hostokkhep corren ebong nischito corren jey ekti punarlikhan koraa hoyeche. turner hotash hoyechilen jey doglass diane thomaske, jini "romancing dya stone"-err jonno chitronatto likhechilen, sequele firey aste bolenni, kaaron tini siddhanta niyechilen jey taar jigyasa korar mulya khub beshi. doglass jokhon turnerke khushi korar jonno punarlikhan korte raji hohn, tokhon thomaske poribortoner bishoye poramorsho korte bolla hoy, kintu turner chitronatto niye hotash hohn. tini 2018 saale ekti sakkhatkare bistaritovabe bolechilenoh turner, doglass ebong devito porey samparkahin cholochchitro 'dya oyara off dya roges'-ayee punra milit hohn. uttor africa chitrogrohon asahaniya 120 degree fahrenheit taap theke shuru korey sthaniya karmider samasya niye samasya porechilo kintu sabcheye udwegjonok udweg chhilo jey porichalok dekhiyechilen jey tini ekti action cholochchitro porichalonar kaajti korte parben naa. ekti bishal raater drishyer porey jaa setupe ghanta chhilo, ebong cust ebong krura jaiga chhilo, tokhonyi keu lakkhya korechilo jey cameragulite konao film nei. projojok hisabe, michael doglass bishforito hohn; puro biporyoti arow ekdin punra chitrayit korte hoyechilo, kebolmatro kancha cholochchitrer stock abosheshe sonakto howar porey. sthaniya shulker saathe arow samasya dekha deyo, prayojaniya ghush naa deoa porjonto cholochchitro ebong saranjam rahasyajanakbhabe shulk dwara atke rakha hoy. shesh porjonto, nirdharito somoyer matro tinn saptaha pichhiye thaka doglasser jonno ekti chhoto joy chhilo. prodhan photography shuru howar pray dui saptaha agey, richarda docking (pradakashana designer) ebong bryan coat (pradakashana manager) bohonkari ekti biman moroccore gramanchale abosthan onusondhaner somoy biddhosto hoy, etey arohira sobai nihoto hoy. cholochchitroti docking ebong koter pashapashi chitronatyokar diane thomaser smritite nibedito, jini cholochchitroti muktir chhoy saptaha agey ekti gaadi durghotonai maaraa giechilen. morokkote chitrogrohoner somoy, doglass ebong turner ekti executive jeeta bimane udchila, jokhon taader bimaner wing ekti bharee abotorone ranwete aghat korey tokhon ekti durghotona ghote. ekti sadharan gotibidya eff-16 fiting bajpakhi mockuper byabohar chhilo ekti surokkhito shohor theke palanor prodhan choritrogulir ekti mool upadan. kaather, styrophome ebong fiberglass mockup ekti automobile chassy-teey nirmito hoyechilo ebong ekti ekti shevrolet injina dwara chaalito hoyechilo. prothom cholochchitrer moto, sequeltir uponyasher krititto deoa hoyechilo joone wilderke, cathlin turner abhineet choritroti; duti boii asle cathryn lanniganer dwara bhute lekha hoyechilo. "dya juel off dya nail" chhilo rca selectavision seedy vdo formatte mukti pawa chudanta cholochchitro. etty anyanno midia formatteo mukti paay. soundtrack. "jokhon egote kathin hoye yaay, tokhon billy oshan dwara poribeshito kathin kaaj shuru hoy ebong mulyaban willson dwara poribeshito" dya juel off dya nail "jothakrome cholochchitrer somoy ebong shesh porjonto krititter saathe bajay. doglass, turner ebong devito ekoi naamer mtv music videote samudrer saathe soho-abhinoy korechen. soundtracke 1980-err doshoker ryapa group hodini ebong taader ekok "frics night out out" dekhano hoyeche jokhon michael doglass ebong company marubhumir modhyo diye uter pichhone yawar pashapashi campfire partyr drishyer somoy willsden dozzerder dwara "party (aaz raate konao bheda nirapada noy)" korey. arista record, casset ebong compact diske ekti soundtrack album prakash korechen. abhyarthana. jodio "dya juel off dya nail" taar purbosurir motoi pray aay korechilo, cholochchitroti samalochanamulakbhabe onek qama sofol hoyechilo ebong karjokorbhabe franchiseeke hotya korechilo. samalochakra money corren jey cholochchitroti asankhya plot gorte bhora chhilo ebong etey prothom cholochchitrer mool akorshoner abhab chhilo. "neu eork times" "taar porjalochonati likhe shuru korey," "nailer ratna" "-ayee emon kichui nei jaa" "pathorer saathe romans korar" "modhye mojadar baa arow kalpanaprasuta chhilo naa."roser ebert taate raji hohn... etty "pathorer proti romans"-err soman noy, tobey doglass ebong turner modhye parosporik crear proshongsha korey. "etaa sposhto boley money hachche", tini likhechen, "taaraa eke oporke pochondo korey ebong cholochchitrer hasyokor poristhitir pareder somoy moja korche, ebong taader rasayan kokhono kokhono ploter kaushaler cheye beshi binodonmulok hoy." collin greenland "saadaa bamon" #77-err jonno "dya juel off dya nail"-err porjalochona corren ebong bollen jey "dya juel off dya nail" holl "pathorer proti romans"-err sequel, jaa thhik sothik chimti ajouktikata soho arekti adventure fantacy. samasta protikulotar biporite, etty multir motoi upobhoggo ebong priya ekti sequel." "26tii porjalochonar vittite pocha tometor jonno 'dya juel off dya nail'-err retting 46 shotangsho. samalochanamulak oikomotte lekha aacheh "romantic sphulinger anubhuti hrass peyeche ebong stereotypegulir pradurbhab" nailer ratna "-ayee briddhi peyeche, jodio prothom adventurer bhoktoder jonno ekhono prachur jhankuni deoa action royeche." tarpor-eu.esha. rashtrapati ronald rigan 1986 saaler januaryte camp david-ayee eyi cholochchitroti dekhechilen. aprokashito sequel. doglass, turner ebong devito abhineet tritiya ekti cholochchitrer kotha bolla, kokhonyi khasda atikram korte pareni. dya crimson eegol"-ayee, jack ebong joone taader dui kishore santanke thylande niye yaay jekhane taader ekti amulya murti churi korar jonno blackmail koraa hoy. 1997 saal porjonto prokolpoti sthogito chhilo, jokhon asthayi projojok hisabe doglass ghoshana korechilen jey tini arr agrahi nonn. 2005 saale ebong abar 2008 saale, doglass "racing dya monsun" shironame ekti dwitiya sequeler kaaj korchilen, jodio samprotik bochorgulite arr konao unnayan hoyney. 2007 saal theke, fox ekti sirijer "reboot"-err sombhabona soho "romancing dya stone"-err punarnirman hisabe bibechona korey. jack ebong joaner bhumikaguli tailor kitsh (baa gerard buttler) ebong cathryn heggle dwara purno koraa hobey. 2011 saaler modhye, punarnirmanti ekti television sirij hisabe punra kaaj koraa hoyechilo.

neelnu ratna dhaa jewel off dhaa nile aee aee american action-adventure romentic komedi film chhe, jenu nirdeshan louis tigg dwara karvaamaa aavyu chhe aneey michael daglas dwara nirmeet chhe, jemane mukhya bhoomikama pann abhinay karyo hato, saha-kalakaro kathleen turner aneey denny devito saathe pharii jodaya hataa, hataa action-adventure film "romancing dhaa stone" maanthi temnee bhoomikaonu punraavartan karyoo hatoo. patthar parr romancing" nee jaim, praarambhik drashya jonani aek navalkathaamaa jovaa maley chhe. aaa vakhate, jonanaa jungley-pashchimna drashyamaa jais aneey angelina badale, joona aneey jeeka lagna karvaanaa chhe jyaare chaanchiyaao temnaa jahaaj parr humalo karey chhe. "nilenun ratna" tenaa paatrone kaalpaneek african ranmaa aek navaa saahas parr mokale chhe, kaalpaneek "" nilenun ratna "" shodhvaanaa prayasma ". biilii ocean dwara rajoo karaayelu geet, "jyaare mushkel baney chhe, tyaare mushkel baney chhe", aek motee aantarrashtriy hita bunny, yukemaa #1 aneey yuu. aesa. maan #2 sudhee pahonchi gayoo. plooat. romancing dhaa stone" maan mool ghatanaona chh maheena pachhi, joona wilder (kathleen turner) aneey jeeka colton (michael daglas) noow romans vaasee thaee gayo chhe. jyaare francenaa dakshinma aek bandar parr bandhaayel, joona, raitara blokthee pidaataa, newyork paachha farvaa maange chhe, jyaare jeeka tenee hoady, "angelina" parr udeshya vagar vishwani suffer karvaanu pasand karey chhe. aek pustak parr hastakshar karatee sagaima, joona oomar khalifa (spirose focas) neey maley chhe, jeey aek mohak aarab shaasak chhe, jeey jonane potaanu jivancharitra lakhvaa maange chhe. joona jeknaa virodhne sweekari leey chhe aneey omer saathe neekali jaay chhe. jeeka paachhalthi ralf (denny devito) saathe maley chhe, jeey jeeka aneey jonanaa kolambiyama agaauna saahasno thug chhe, jeey jackne pattharnaa jeeka aneey jonane shodhvaani maang karey chhe. thodaa samay pachhi, aek aarab, taarak (poola david maggid), jackne omarnaa saacha iradao vishe jaana karey chhe aneey daavo karey chhe keey omer paase "nilenun ratna" chhe; jaim taarak tenee spashtata purn karey chhe, tema omarnaa manasomathi aek dwara seeta karelaa bombmathi "angelina" visfot thaay chhe. ralf aneey jeeka joona aneey kaalpaneek ratna shodhvaa maate aek saathe aave chhe. jonane toonk samayma khabar padey chhe keey oomar aee prabuddh shaasakne badale aek kroor sarmukhtyar chhe jeno tene daavo karyo hato keey teey aarab vishvane aek karashe. mahelnee jailma, joona "all-julhara" (avner eisenberg) noow saamno karey chhe, jeey aek pavitra maanas chhe, jeey hakeekatma "nileno ratna" chhe aneey jene omer daraave chhe. all-julhara jonane kahe chhe keey oomar kadeer shaherma aek samarohma potaane samagr aarab vishvanaa shaasak jaaher karvaanee yojnaa dharaave chhe. all-julhara ekmatra vyaktee chhe jeey omarne roqee shake chhe teey samajeene, joona tene pote kaadirma laee javaanu nakki karey chhe. aaa jodee bhaagi jaay chhe aneey jackne shodhe chhe, aneey teo omarnaa apaharan karaayela aef-16 ladaaku vimaanmaa ranmaa bhaagi jaay chhe. ralfne taaraknee badvakhor soofee janjaati dwara kabaje karvaamaa aave chhe, jeo ratnani raksha karvaanee shapath leey chhe jethee teey tenaa lokonee niyateene purn curry shake. nubian parvateey janjatine malyaa pachhi, joona aneey jackno romans pharii jivant thaay chhe. joona jackne kahe chhe keey aaa ratna ratna patthar nathee parantu all-julhara chhe. kaadirma, omer british roqa promoter dwara pradaan karvaamaa aaveli smoke-anned-mirror spatial effectno upyog karvaano irado dharaave chhe jethee darshakone samjavi shakaay keey teey jaj prabodhak chhe jeey aarab vishvane aek karashe. jeeka, joona aneey all-julhara omarno pardafash karvaa aave chhe parantu pakadai jaay chhe. jyaare all-julhara aek bhandarma hoya tyaare omer jeeka aneey jonane aek undaa khaada (jonani sauthee vadhu vechaati navalkathaa, "dhaa savage secret" maanthi levaamaa aavel drashya) parr dorada vade latkaave chhe. ralf, soofee janjaati saathe, trana kedeeone bachavva maate samaysar pahonche chhe. jaim jaim omer aarab lokone sambodhvaa maate kendra sthaane aave chhe, jeeka aneey joona samarambhma vikshep paade chhe jyaare soofee yuddh omarnaa rakshako. aek aag faatee nikale chhe, jeey omarnaa manchane gheree leey chhe. jeeka aneey joona alag padey chhe, aneey omer jonane salagata scaffoldingni upar mooke chhe. ralf, aek vishaal krainno upyog kareene, jackne samaynee saathe joona sudhee pahonchvaamaa madad karey chhe; teey omarne baajuni upar aneey neeche ugra jwalaoma laat maare chhe, aneey tene maaree naakhe chhe. all-julhara uthe chhe aneey salgatee narakmathi suraksheet reete chaale chhe, teey bhavishyavanine purn karey chhe keey teey saacho aadhyatmik netaa chhe. beeja divase, jeeka aneey joona all-julhara dwara lagna karey chhe. jyaare ralf jeeka aneey joona maate kharekhar khush chhe, tyaare teey pharii aekvaar tenaa prayatno maate kanee naa melvyaa hovaano vilaap karey chhe, parantu taarak sweekaare chhe keey teey aek saacho soofee mitra chhe aneey jeeka aneey joona khushithi nilethi door jataa tene aek ratnani khanjar rajoo karey chhe. utpaadan. 21 million dollarnaa budget saathe, mukhya photographyni sharuaat 22 april, julai roj 25 julai, julai roj filmankan saathe thaee hatee. sthaannu shooting willefranche-suur-mair aneey payless days festival aeta days congress, canes, france, ovarzazet najik aeta benhadu aneey mcness, morokko, xion raashtriy udhyaan, springdale, utaah saheet anya sthalomaa thayu hatoo. teey samaye, kathleen turner aneey michael daglas banneae maatra sikwal banaavi hatee kaaran keey teo karaarbaddh reete aama karvaa maate bandhaayela hataa, jooe keey daglasne tenaa nirmata tareeke filmmaan vadhu rokaan karvaamaa aavyu hatoo. purv-nirmaan darmiyan aek tabakke, turnerae projectmaanthi bahaar nikalvaano prayaas karyo kaaran keey teneene script "bhayanak, sutraatmak, bhavnatmak" laagee hatee, hatee sadeena shiyaalae tene karaarnaa ullanghan maate $25 millionna mukadmani dhamki aapee hatee. daglase tenaa vatee dakhal curry aneey khaatari curry keey fareethi lakhvaamaa aave. turner nirash hataa keey daglase "romancing dhaa stone" maate patkathaa lakhanaar lekhak diane thomasne sikwal maate paachha farvaa maate kahyoo naa hatoo, dekheeti reete kaaran keey tene nakki karyoo hatoo keey teneeni maang keemat khoob vadhaare chhe. jyaare daglas turnerne khush karvaa maate fareethi lakhvaa maate sammat thayaa, tyaare thomasne ferfaro parr salah levaanu kahevama aavyu, parantu turner scriptthee nirash rahyaa. temane 2018 maan aek mulakatma vigatvaar janaavyu hatuh turner, daglas aneey devito paachhalthi asambandhit film "dhaa voora off dhaa rose" maan pharii jodaya hataa. uttar africama filmankan 120 degree fahrenheetni asahy garameethi laeene sthaaneek cru saatheni samasyao saathe sankalaayelu hatoo, parantu sauthee vadhu chintajanak chinta aee hatee keey digdarshake bataavyu hatoo keey teey action filmnun nirdeshan karvaa maate taiyar nathee. aek vishaal ratrina drashya pachhi jeey seeta apmaa kalaako hatoo, aneey cast aneey cru sthaane hataa, tyaare jaj koiae nondhyu keey camerama koee film nathee. nirmata tareeke, michael daglas visfot thayo; samagr parajayne beeja divase fareethi filmankan karavu padyu, aakhare kaacha film stocknee shodh thaee teey pachhi. sthaaneek rivajo saathe vadhu samasyao oobhi thaee, jyaan sudhee jaroori laanch chukavvama naa aave tyaan sudhee film aneey saadhno rahasyamay reete rivajo dwara rakhvama aavyaa. ante, nirdharit samay karataa maatra trana athvadiya paachhal rahevu aee daglas maate aek naano vijay hato. mukhya photography sharoo thayaana lagbhag beey athvadiya pahelaa, richard docking (production designer) aneey bryan coats (production manager) neey laee jatun vimaan morokkona graamy vistaroma location scouting darmiyan crash thayu hatoo, jemaa savaar tamaam loko maarya gayaa hataa. aaa film daaking aneey coats temaj patkathaa lekhak diane thomasnee yaadmaa samarpeet chhe, jeo filmnee rajuaatnaa chh athvadiya pahelaa automobile akasmatma mrutyu pamya hataa. morokkoma filmankan darmiyan, executive jett vimaanmaa udataa daglas aneey turnerni najikni durghatnaa thaee hatee jyaare temnaa vimanni paankh bhaare utaraanmaa runway saathe athadai hatee. aef-16 ladata baajnaa nakali kapadnee saamanya gatishilataano upyog aee mukhya paatro killebandhiwala shahermathi chhataki javaanu mukhya tatva hatoo. lakadana, styrophome aneey fiberglass mockup automobile chassis parr banavvama aavyaa hataa aneey aneey shevrolet angine dwara sanchaalit hataa. pratham filmnee jaim, sikvalnaa navalkathaakaranno shrey joona wilderne aapvama aavyo hato, jeey kathleen turner dwara bhajvaayel paatra hatoo; banne pustako vaastavma kethrin lannigan dwara bhuteeya lakhvaamaa aavyaa hataa. "dhaa jewel off dhaa nile" aee rca selectavision seeda videeyo formate parr rajoo thayelee anteem film hatee. teey anya media formatemaa pann rajoo karvaamaa aavee hatee. soundtrack. "jyaare aagad vadhavu mushkel baney chhe, tyaare biilii ocean dwara rajoo karaayel" "mushkel" "aneey kimmatee willson dwara rajoo karaayel" "dhaa jewel off dhaa nile" ", anukrame film darmiyan aneey ante shreyma bhajve chhe". daglas, turner aneey devitoae pann aaa jaj naamnaa mtv music videeyoma samudra saathe saha-abhinay karyo hato. soundtrackma soundtrackma daaykaanu rape jooth, vodeeni aneey temnu aekal "vichitra loko raatre bahaar aave chhe", kaaran keey michael daglas aneey kampani untanee peeth parr ranmathi pasaar thaay chhe temaj campfire party drashya darmiyan willsden dosers dwara "party (koee ghetaa aajnee raat salaamat nathee)" darshavvama aavyu chhe. arista reqorda, casset aneey compact disk parr soundtrack album bahaar paadyu hatoo. swaagat. jyaare "dhaa jewel off dhaa nile" aee tenaa purogami jetali kamaani curry hatee, tyaare film vivechako dwara ghanee ochhi safal rahee hatee aneey franchiseene asarkarak reete maaree nankhi hatee. vivechakone laagyu keey aaa film asankhya kathavastuma khaamiothi bharelee chhe aneey temaa pratham filmna mool aakarshanno abhaav chhe. "dhaa nyu york timese" "tenee samiksha lakheene sharoo curry," "nailnaa ratnamaa aevu kanee nathee jeey" "pattharnaa romansingma" "vadhu ramooji athavaa vadhu kaalpaneek naa hatoo"."rojar ebert teey maate sammat thayaa"... teey "patthar saathe romans" karvaa samaan nathee, parantu douglus aneey turner vachchena aantarkriyani prashansa karey chhe. "teey spasht laage chhe", temane lakhyu, "teo aekbeejaane pasand karey chhe aneey filmmaan hasyaspad paristhitioni pareda darmiyan majaa maanee rahyaa chhe, aneey temnee rasayanshastra kyarek kathaana hetuo karataa vadhu manoranjak hoya chhe." collin greenlande "safed dwarf" #77 maate "dhaa jewel off dhaa nile" nee samiksha curry hatee aneey janaavyu hatoo keey "dhaa jewel off dhaa nile" aee "romancing dhaa stone" nee sikwal chhe, jeey maatra yogya chapatee murkhtaa saatheni anya saahseek kalpanaa chhe. tamaam avrodho saame, aaa mulnee jaim anandprad aneey premaal sikwal chhe." "26 samikshaona aadhare suddy gayelaa tametaa parr 'dhaa jewel off dhaa nile' noon rating 46 takaa chhe. vivechanaatmak sarvasanmati vaanche chheh "romentic sparkney bhaavnaa ghatee gaee chhe aneey rudhichustataaono vyaap" nailnaa ratna "maan vadhyo chhe, jooe keey pratham saahasnaa chaahako maate haju pann pushkal murkhtapurn kriyaa chhe." pachhi-yuu.aesa. pramukh roownald reegne january january camp david khaate aaa film joee hatee. unproduced sikwal. douglus, turner aneey devito abhineet triji filmnee vaat kyaarey drafthee aagad vadhee naa hatee. dhaa crimson igal" maan, jeeka aneey joona temnaa beey kishore baadakone thailenda laee jaay chhe jyaan temne aek amoolya pratimani choree karvaa maate blackmail karvaamaa aave chhe. aaa project 1997 sudhee atakee gayo, jyaare kaamchalaau nirmata tareeke daglase jaaherat curry keey temne havey rus nathee. nathee aneey fareethi fareethi, daglas "racing dhaa monsoon" naamnee beejee sikwal parr kaama curry rahyaa hataa, joke taajetarnaa varshomaa vadhu koee vikaas thayo nathee. 2007 thee, foxe shreneena "reboot" nee sambhavna saathe "romancing dhaa stone" nee remack ganaavi. jeeka aneey jonani bhoomikao taylor kitts (athavaa gerard butler) aneey kethrin hagel dwara bharvama aavashe. 2011 sudhimaa, remakene television shrenee tareeke fareethi kaama karvaamaa aavyu hatoo.

neel kaa gahana dha jewel off dha nile 1985 kii ack americi action-adventure romantic comedy film haye jiska nirdeshan luis teag ney kiya haye aur michael dugglus dwara nirmit haye, jinhone mukhya bhoomika mein bhee abhinay kiya, saha-kalakar cathleen turner aur danny devito key saath phir seey judate hue, 1984 kii action-adventure film "romans dha stone" seey apani bhoomikaon koo dohraya. patthar parr romans" kii tarah, udghaatan drishya johnn key upanyason mein seey ack mein hotaa haye. iss baar, johnn key jangli-paschimi paridrishya mein jesse aur angelina key bajaay, jaba samudri daku unake jahaaj parr hamla karate hain tou johnn aur jack shaadi karane vaale hotey hain. "nile kaa gahana" apane paatron koo ack kaalpanik african registan mein ack nae romanch parr bhejata haye, ack prayaas mein kii "nile kaa gahana" "dhoondhen. billy ocean dwara prastut geet, "jaba jaanaa kathin hoe jaataa haye, tou mushkil hoe jaataa haye", ack pramukh antarrashtriya hitt bunn gayaa, joe yuu. key. mein #1 aur yuu. aiss. mein #2 taka pahunch gayaa. plot. romans dha stone" mein mool ghatnaaon key chhah maheene baad, johnn wilder (cathleen turner) aur jack colton (michael dugglus) kaa romans purana hoe gayaa haye. france key dakshin mein ack bandargah parr baandhate hue, lekhak key block seey peedit johnn, newyork lautana chaahata haye, jabaki jack apani naav, "angelina" parr duniya koo uddeshyaheen roop seey naukaayan karna pasand kartaa haye. ack pustak parr hastakshar karane kii sagaai mein, johnn kii mulakat umar khalifa (spiros focas) seey hoti haye, joe ack aakarshak arab shaasak haye joe johnn koo apani jeevani likhana chaahata haye. johnn jack key virodh koo sweekaar kartaa haye aur omar key saath chhod detaa haye. jack baad mein ralf (danny devito) mein bhaag jaataa haye, joe jack aur columbia mein johnn key pichhale romanch seey aaya thaa, joe jack koo patthar key jack aur johnn koo badalane kii maang kartaa haye. isake turant baad, ack arab, taarak (paul david maggid), jack koo omar key sachche iradon key baare mein soochit kartaa haye aur daavaa kartaa haye kii omar key paas "nile kaa gahana" haye; jaise hii taarak apana spashteekaran samaapt kartaa haye, "angelina" omar key purushon mein seey ack dwara sett kiye gaye bumm seey visfot hoe jaataa haye. ralf aur jack kii team johnn aur kalpit ratna khojane key liye taiyar hoti haye. johnn koo jald hii pataa chalata haye kii umar ack prabuddh shaasak key bajaay ack kroor tanashah haye, jiska usane daavaa kiya thaa kii vaha arab duniya koo ekjut karega. mahal kii jail mein, johnn kaa saamana "all-julhara" (avner eisenberg) seey hotaa haye, joe ack pavitra vyakti haye, joe vaastav mein "nile kaa gahana" haye aur jise omar dartaa haye. all-julhara johnn koo bataata haye kii umar kadir shahar mein ack samaroh mein khud koo sabhi arab duniya kaa shaasak ghoshit karane kii yojana banaa rhaa haye. yeh mahsoos karate hue kii all-julhara ekmatra vyakti haye joe omar koo roque sakata haye, johnn usey khud kadir leey jaane kaa faisala kartaa haye. yeh jodee bhaag jaati haye aur jack koo dhoondh letee haye, aur way omar key apaharan kiye gaye aff-16 ladaakoo vimaan mein registan mein bhaag jaate hain. ralf koo taarak key vidrohi soofi janjaati dwara pakad liya jaataa haye joe ratna kii raksha karane kii shapath lete hain taaki vaha apane logon key bhaagya koo puuraa curr sakey. ack nubian pahaadi janjaati kaa saamana karane key baad, johnn aur jack kaa romans phir seey jug jaataa haye. johnn jack koo bataata haye kii gahana ack ratna patthar naheen haye balki all-julhara haye. kadir mein, omer ack british rock promoter dwara pradaan kiye gaye dhuein aur darpan vishesh prabhaav kaa upayog karane kaa irada rakhta haye taaki darshakon koo yeh samajhaaya jaa sakey kii vaha paigambar haye joe arab duniya koo ekjut karega. jack, johnn aur all-julhara umar koo ujagar karane key liye aatey hain lekin pakad liye jaate hain. umar jack aur johnn koo ack gahare gaddhe parr rassiyon key saath latkaataa haye (johnn key sabse adhik bikane vaale upanyaas, "dha savage secret" seey liya gayaa ack paridrishya) jabaki all-julhara ack bhandar mein haye. ralf, soofi janjaati key saath, teen kaidiyon koo bachaane key liye samay parr pahunchata haye. jaise hii umar arab logon koo sambodhit karane key liye kendra munch letaa haye, jack aur johnn samaroh koo baadhit karate hain jabaki soofi yuddh umar key gaard. ack aag fatati haye, joe omar key munch koo gher letee haye. jack aur johnn alag hoe jaate hain, aur jalate hue machaan key oopar omar corner johnn hotey hain. ralf, ack vishal crain kaa upayog karate hue, jack koo samay key saath johnn taka pahunchane mein madad kartaa haye; vaha or seey aur ugra lapaton mein neeche kii or laat maartaa haye, jisase vaha marr jaataa haye. all-julhara uthh jaataa haye aur surakshit roop seey jalati hui narak seey gujarta haye, iss bhavishyavani koo puuraa kartaa haye kii vaha sachcha aadhyatmik netaa haye. agale dinn, jack aur johnn kii shaadi all-julhara dwara kii jaati haye. jabaki ralf jack aur johnn key liye vaastav mein khush haye, vaha ack baar phir vilaap kartaa haye kii usane apane prayason key liye kuchh bhee hassil naheen kiya haye, lekin taarak sweekaar kartaa haye kii vaha ack sachcha soofi dost haye aur usey jack key roop mein ack ratnadaar khanjar key saath prastut kartaa haye aur johnn khushi-khushi nile seey door chalaa jaataa haye. utpaadan. 21 million dollar key bajat key saath, pramukh photography 22 aprail, 1985 koo 25 julaai, 1985 koo filmancan key saath shuru hui. sthaan shooting willefranche-sur-meir aur palace days festival aitt days congress, cance, france, overzazet key paas aitt benhadu aur mcness, morakko, zian rashtriya udyaan, springdale, utaah sahit anya sthaanon parr hui. usa samay, cathleen turner aur michael dugglus donon ney kewal agali kadee banaai kyonki way anubandh key aadhar parr aisaa karane key liye baadhya they, halanki dugglus ney isake nirmaata key roop mein film mein bahut adhik nivesh kiya thaa. poorv-nirmaan key dauran ack bindu parr, turner ney pariyojana seey baahar nikalane kii koshish kii kyonki usane patkatha koo "bhayaanak, sootra, bhaavnaatmak" paaya, 20 veen shatabdi taka lomdi ney usey anubandh key ullanghan key liye $25 million key mukadame kii dhamki dee. dugglus ney unaki or seey hastakshep kiya aur sunishchit kiya kii ack punarlekhan kiya jaae. turner nirash thaa kii dugglus ney dyne thomas, lekhak jinhone "patthar parr romans karane" key liye patkatha likhi thee, seey agali kadee key liye lautane key liye naheen kahaa, jahira taur parr kyonki usane faisala kiya kii usaki keemat bahut adhik thee. jaba dugglus kripaya turner key liye punarlekhan karane key liye sahmat hue, tou thomas koo parivartanon parr paramarsh karane key liye kahaa gayaa, lekin turner patkatha seey nirash rahey. unhone 2018 mein ack sakshatkar mein vistaar seey bataayah turner, dugglus aur devito baad mein asambandhit film "dha warr off dha rose" mein phir seey judenge. uttar africa mein filmancan asahaniya 120-degree-fahrenheit garmi seey laker sthaaniya chaalak dall key saath samasyaon seey grast thaa, lekin sabse pareshan karane vaali chinta yeh thee kii nirdeshak ney dikhaaya kii vaha ack action film kaa nirdeshan karane key kaam key liye taiyar naheen they. ack badey raat key drishya key baad joe sett mein ghanton thaa, aur kalakaron aur chaalak dall key sadasyon ney jagah banaai, tabhi kissy ney dekhaa kii camers mein koee film naheen thee. nirmaata key roop mein, michael dugglus visfot hoe gayaa; poori haar koo ack aur dinn phir seey filmana padaa, kewal kachche film stock key anta mein sthit honey key baad. sthaaniya seema shulk key saath aur adhik samasyaaen utpann huin, film aur upkaran rahasyamay tareeke seey seema shulk dwara taba taka rakhe gaye jaba taka kii aavashyak rishwat kaa bhugtan naheen kiya gayaa. anta mein, nirdhaarit samay seey kewal teen saptah peechhe honah dugglus key liye ack chhoti see jeet thee. mukhya photography shuru honey seey lagbhag dou saptah pahale, richard docking (production designer) aur bryan coats (production manager) koo leey jaa rhaa ack vimaan morakko key graameen ilaakon mein sthaan kii khoj key dauran durghatanagrast hoe gayaa, jisamen savaar sabhi loga maare gaye. yeh film docking aur coats key saath-saath patkatha lekhak dyne thomas kii smriti koo samarpit haye, jinaki film kii release seey chhah saptah pahale ack automobile durghatana mein mrityu hoe gaee thee. morakko mein filmancan key dauran, dugglus aur turner, ack karyakari jett vimaan mein udate hue, ack durghatana key karib they jaba unake vimaan kaa pankh ack bhaari landing mein runway seey takra gayaa. aff-16 ladaakoo baaz mockup kaa upayog ack samanya gatishilata kaa upayog thaa joe ack kileband shahar seey bhaagne vaale mukhya paatron kaa ack pramukh tatva thaa. lakadi, styrophome aur fiberglass mockup koo ack automobile chessis parr banaaya gayaa thaa aur 350ci chevrolet injan dwara sanchaalit kiya gayaa thaa. pahali film key saath, agali kadee key upanyaas kaa shreya johnn wilder koo diyaa gayaa thaa, cathleen turner dwara nibhaae gaye charitra; donon pustaken vaastav mein catherine lannigan dwara bhootiya roop seey likhi gaee theen. "dha jewel off dha nile" rca selectivision see. ee. dee. video praarup parr jaari kii gaee antim film thee. ise anya media praarupon mein bhee jaari kiya gayaa thaa. soundtrack. "jaba aage badhana kathin hoe jaataa haye, tou mushkil hoe jaataa haye", billy mahasagar dwara pradarshan kiya jaataa haye, aur "nile kaa gahana", keemati willson dwara pradarshan kiya jaataa haye, kramshah film key dauran aur anta mein shreya mein khela jaataa haye. dugglus, turner aur devito ney bhee isi naam key mtv sangeet video mein samudra key saath saha-abhinay kiya. soundtrack mein 1980 key dashak key rapp samooh kii visheshta haye, joe raat mein baahar aatey hain aur unake ekal "vichitra loga" jaise michael dugglus aur company oonta parr registan key madhyam seey apana raasta banaate hain aur saath hii saath "party (koee bhed aaj raat surakshit naheen haye)" willsden dozers dwara campfire party drishya key dauran. arista ney record, casset aur compact disk parr ack soundtrack album jaari kiya. swaagat. jabaki "dha jewel off dha nile" ney apane poorvavarti kii tarah lagbhag utani hii kamai kii, film aalochanatmak roop seey bahut cumm safal rahee aur prabhaavi roop seey matadhikar koo maar daala. alochakon ney mahsoos kiya kii film mein kaee kathaanak chhed they aur isamen pahali film key mool aakarshan kii kamee thee. "dha nyu york times" ney apani sameeksha koo likhate hue khola, "" nile key ratna mein aisaa kuchh bhee naheen haye joe "" patthar key romans "" mein majedar yaa adhik kaalpanik naheen thaa. "roser abert ney iss parr sahamati vyakt kii... yeh "patthar key saath romans karane" key barabar naheen haye, lekin dugglus aur turner key beach paraspar kriya kii prashansa kii. "yeh spasht lagata haye", unhone likhaa, "kii way ack-dusare koo pasand karate hain aur film mein hasyaspad sthitiyon kii pared key dauran mastee curr rahey hain, aur unaki chemistry kabhi-kabhi kathaanak kii sajishon kii tulanaa mein adhik manoranjak hoti haye." collin greenland ney "safed baune" #77 key liye "nile key ratna" kii sameeksha kii, aur kahaa kii "nile kaa ratna" "patthar parr romans karane" kii agali kadee haye, joe ack aur saahasik kalpana haye jisamen sirf sahee chutaki kii betuki bhavna haye. sabhi baadhaon key bavjood, yeh mool key roop mein ack sukhad aur priya seekwal haye." "nile kaa gahana" 26 sameekshaon key aadhar parr sadey hue tamatar parr 46 pratishat kii rating rakhta haye. aalochanatmak sarvasammati mein likhaa haih "romantic chingari kii bhavna cumm hoe gaee haye aur roodhivaadita kii vyaapaktaa" nile key ratna "mein badhee haye, halanki pahale saahasik kaary key prashansakon key liye abhee bhee bahut saaree murkhtapurna kaarravaai haye." taba-yuu.aiss. rashtrapati ronald reegan ney janwari 1986 mein camp david mein iss film koo dekhaa. aprakaashit seekwal. dugglus, turner aur devito abhineet teesari film kii baat kabhi bhee ack masaude seey parey naheen rahee. laal eagle" mein, jack aur johnn apane dou kishore bachchon koo thyland leey jaate hain jahan unhein ack amulya moorti churaane key liye blackmail kiya jaataa haye. yeh pariyojana 1997 taka baadhit rahee, jaba dogglus ney asthaayi nirmaata key roop mein ghoshana kii kii unhein abb koee dilchaspi naheen haye. 2005 mein aur phir 2008 mein, dugglus "racing dha mansoon" naamak doosari agali kadee parr kaam curr rhaa thaa, halanki haal key varshon mein aage koee vikas naheen huaa haye. 2007 seey, fox koo ack shrinkhala key "reboot" kii sambhavana key saath "romans dha stone" kaa remake maanaa jaataa haye. jack aur johnn kii bhoomikaon koo teller kitts (yaa gerard butler) aur catherine hegel dwara bharaa jaayega. 2011 taka, remake koo ack television shrinkhala key roop mein phir seey kaam kiya gayaa thaa.

nailna ratna dhii jewell off dhii nail 1985rahra american auction-adventure romantic kamidi chalanachitravagiddu, levis teag nirdeshisiddare mattu micheal douglus nirmisiddaare, avaru saha-nataraada cathleen turner mattu danny devito avarondige matte saeri, 1984rahra auction-sahasa chalanachitra "romancing dhii stone" ninda tamma patragalannu punaraavartisiddaare. romans dhii stone" nante, arambhika drashyavu zoan avara kadambarigalalli wandannu olagondide. ee baari, zoan avara wild-west sanniveshadalli jesse mattu angelina badalige, kadalgallaru avara hadagina mele daali madidaga zoan mattu jack maduveyagaliddare. "nailna ratna" "tanna patragalannu kaalpanika african marubhoomiyalli hosa saahasakke kaluhisuttade, kalpita" "nailna ratna" "vannu hudukuva prayatnadalli". billi ocean haadida "even dhii goying guts tuff, dhii tuff gett goying", pramukha antaaraashtriya hitt aayitu, idu yukeyalli #1 mattu usnalli #2 annu talupitu. plat. romans dhii stone" naa moola ghatanegala aaru tingala nantara, zoan wilder (cathleen turner) mattu jack colton (micheal douglus) avara pranayavu halataagide. fransna dakshinadalliruva bandarinalli langaru hakidaga, raitars blackninda balaluttiruva zoan newyorkge maralalu bayasuttaane, aadare jack tanna dooni "angelina" dalli guriyillade jagattannu naukaayaana maadalu bayasuttaane. pustaka sahi nishchitaarthadalli, zoan tanna jivanacharitreyannu bareyalu bayasuva akarshaka arab dore omer khalifa (spiros phocas) avarannu bhetiyaguttane. jackna pratibhatanegala bagge zoan oppikolluttaane mattu omarnondige horatu hoguttaane. nantara jack kolombiyaadalli jack mattu jone hindina saahasada vanchaka ralf (danny devito) annu bhetiyaguttane, avanu jaakge stone jack mattu zoan annu tirugisalu ottaayisuttaane. swalpa samayada nantara, arab, tarak (paul david magid), omarna nijavaada uddeshagala bagge jackgay tilisuttaane mattu omarge "nail ratna" ide endu heluttaane; tarak tanna vivaranegalannu mugisidanteye, omarna purusharalli obbaru haakida bambninda "angelina" spotagolluttade. ralf mattu jack john mattu kalpita aabharanavannu hudukalu tandavagi seruttaare. arab jagattannu oggoodisuttade endu taanu helikonda gnanodayagonda aadalitagaarana badalige omer kroora sarvaadhikaariyendu zoan shighradalle kandukolluttaane. aramaneya jailinalli, zoan, "nailna ratna" mattu omarge bhayabheetaraagiruva pavitra vyaktiyaada "all-zulhara" (avner aisenberg) avarannu edurisuttaane. kadir nagaradalli nadeda samaarambhadalli omer tannannu taanu arab prapanchada ellah arasarendu ghoshisikollalu yojisiddaane endu all-zulhara jonge heluttaane. all-zulhara maatra omer annu tadeyaballavanu endu arita zoan, avanannu swatah kadeerge karedoyyalu nirdharisuttaane. ee jodiyu tappisikondu jaak annu kandukolluttade, mattu avaru omarna apaharanagonda eff-16 fighter jetnalli marubhoomige odihoguttaare. tanna janara hanebarahavannu puraisalu ratnavannu rakshisuvudaagi pratigne maaduva tarakna bandaya sufi budakattu janangavu raalphnannu serehidiyuttade. nubian parvata budakattu janangavannu edurisida nantara, zoan mattu jack avara pranayavu marukalisuttade. aaa aabharanavu ratnada kallalla, aadare all-zulhara endu zoan jackgay heluttaane. kaadirinalli, omer taanu arab jagattannu oggoodisuva pravaadi endu vikshakarige manavarike maadalu british rock pravartakarinda odagisalaada hoge mattu kannadi vishesha parinaamavannu balasalu uddeshisiddaane. jack, zoan mattu all-zulhara omer annu bahirangapadisalu agamisuttare aadare serehidiyuttaare. all-zulhara daastaaninalliddaaga omer jack mattu zoan avarannu aalavaada gundiya mele haggagalinda amaanatugolisuttaane (zoan avara athi hecchu maaratavaada kadambari "dhii savage secret" ninda tegedukollalaada sannivesha). ralf, soofi budakattu janangadondige, moovaru kaidigalannu rakshisalu samayakke sariyagi agamisuttane. omer arab janarannu uddeshisi maatanaadalu kendra vedikeyannu tegedukolluvaga, jack mattu zoan samaarambhavannu addipadisuttaare, aadare soofi yuddha omarna kaavalugaararu. omer vedikeyannu aavarisiruva benki hottikondide. jack mattu zoan berpattiruttaare, mattu omer carninggalu uriyuttiruva scaffoldingna mele zoan annu hondive. ralf, daitya crain annu balasikondu, jaakge samayadolage zoan talupalu sahaaya maaduttaane; avanu omer annu badiyalli mattu kelakke odeyuttaane mattu avanannu kolluttaane. all-zulhara eddu, taanu nijavaada aadhyaatmika nayakanemba bhavishyavaaniyannu puraisuva moolaka holeyuttiruva narakada moolaka surakshitavagi nadeyuttaane. marudina, jack mattu zoan all-zulhara avarannu vivahavaguttare. ralf jack mattu jonge nijavagiyoo santoshavaagiddaroo, tanna prayatnagalinda enannoo galisalilla endu mattomme vishaadisuttaane, aadare tarak taanu nijavaada soofi sneehitanendu oppikolluttaane mattu jack mattu zoan santoshadinda nailninda horahoguvaga avanige ratnada kathareyannu niiduttaane. utpaadane. $21 dasalaksha bajetnondige, pradhana chayagrahanavu 1985rahra april 22randu praarambhavaayitu, julai 25,1985randu chitrikaranavannu poornagolisalaayitu. sthala chitrikaranavu willefranche-surr-merr mattu fransna canessna palais dess festivals ett dess congress, ourjajet baliya ait benhaddou mattu mcness, morocco, jhiyon rashtriya udyaanavana, springdale, utah seridante itara stalagalalli nadeyitu. aaa samayadalli, cathleen turner mattu micheal daglas ibbaroo uttarabhaagavannu maatra maadidaru ekendare avaru haage maadalu oppandada baddhateyannu hondiddaru, aadaagyoo daglas adara nirmaapakaraagi chalanachitradalli hecchu hoodike maadiddaru. purva-nirmaanada samayadalli ondu hantadalli, turner avaru ee yojaneyinda hinde sariyalu prayatnisidaru, ekendare avaru script annu "bhayanaka, sutrabaddha, bhavanatmaka" endu kandukondaru, 20 neey shatamaanada foxes oppandada ullanghanegaagi $25 million mokaddameyannu edurisuvudaagi bedarike haakitu. douglus aakeya paravagi madhyapraveshisi, marubarahavannu maaduvudannu khachitapadisikondaru. romans dhii stone" gaagi chitrakatheyannu bareda barahagara diane thamus avarannu mundina bhagakke maralalu douglus kelada kaarana turner niraashegondaru, ekendare avaru avala keluva bele tumba hechchaagide endu nirdharisidaru. turner annu mechchisalu douglus avaru marubarahavannu kygollalu oppikondaga, thamus avarannu badalaavanegala bagge samalochisalu kelalaayitu, aadare turner avaru script bagge niraashegondaru. 2018ralli needida sandarshanadalli avaru ee kelaginante vivarisiddaareh turner, daglas mattu devito nantara sambandhavillada chalanachitra "dhii waar off dhii rose" nalli matte ondaadaru. uttara aafrikaadalli chitrikaranavu asahaneeyavaada 120 degree fahrenheit ushnateyinda hididu sthaliya sibbandiyondigina samasyegalavarege samasyegalannu edurisuttittu, aadare atyanta tondaredaayakavaada kalajiyendare, nirdeshakaru taavu auction chalanachitravannu nirdeshisuva kelasakke siddarilla endu torisidaru. gantegala kaala setapnallidda ondu brihat ratri drashyada nantara, mattu patravarga mattu sibbandi sthaladalli, aaga maatra cameragalalli yaavude chalanachitravilla endu yaaraadaru gamanisidaru. nirmaapakaraagi, micheal douglus spotisidaru; kachcha chalanachitrada daastaanu antimavagi patteyaada nantarave idee solannu mattondu dina maru-chitrikarisabekayitu. sthaliya kastamsnondige hecchina samasyegalu udbhavisidavu, agatya lanchagalannu paavatisuvavarege chalanachitra mattu upakaranagalannu customs nigoodhavaagi hididittukondittu. koneyalli, nigadita samayakkinta kevala mooru vaaragala hinde iruvudu daglasge ondu sanna vijayavagittu. pradhana chayagrahana praarambhavaaguva sumaru eradu vaaragala modalu, richard docking (nirmaana vinyaasaka) mattu brian kotgalannu (nirmaana vyavasthapaka) hotta vimaanavu morokkoda grameena pradeshagalalli sthalada shodhane maduvaga apaghaatakkidaagi, adarallidda ellaroo saavannappidaru. ee chalanachitravu docking mattu kotgala nenapigaagi, jotege chitra bidugadeya aaru vaaragala modalu automobile apaghaatadalli nidhanaraada chitrakathegaara diane thamus avara nenapigaagi samarpisalaagide. morakodalli chitrikaranada samayadalli, daglas mattu turner, karyanirvahaka jett vimaanadalli haraduttiddaga, avara vimaanada rekke bhaaree iliyuvikeyalli ranvege dikki hodedaaga apaghaata sambhavisitu. eff-16 fighting falcon mockupn saamaanya dynamicsna balakeyu mukhya patragalu koteya pattanadinda tappisikolluva pramukha amshavaagittu. marada, styrophome mattu fiber glass mockup annu automobile chaasisnalli nirmisalaagide mattu 350aisi chevrolet enginninda chaalitavaagide. modala chalanachitradanteye, uttarabhaagavannu kadambarikararannagi maadida kirti cathleen turner nirvahisida patravada zoan wilderge salluttade; eradoo pustakagalannu vaastavaagi catherine lannigan avaru pretavagi barediddaare. "dhii jewell off dhii nail" aarr. sii. aa. selectavition sed video svaroopadalli bidugadeyaada koneya chitravagide. idannu itara madhyama svaroopagalalliyoo bidugade maadalaayitu. soundtrack. "hoguvudu kathinavadaga, billi ocean pradarshisida kathinavaadaddu, mattu amoolya willson pradarshisida" nail ratna ", kramavagi chalanachitrada samayadalli mattu koneyalli creditgalannu aaduttave. daglas, turner mattu devito saha adhe hesarina mtv music veediyodalli ocean jote natisiddaare. soundtracknalli 1980 rahra rahra raap gumpu vodini mattu avara ekageete "ratriyalli vichitraru horabaruttaare" micheal daglas mattu kampani wanteya himbhagadalli marubhumiya moolaka haaduhoguttaare mattu campfire party drashyadalli willesden dodgersninda "party (indu ratri yaavude kuri surakshitavaagilla)". arista dhwanimudrana, casset mattu compact diskgala mele dhwanipathada album annu bidugade maadidaru. svaagata. dhii jewell off dhii nail" tanna poorvavartiyashte galisidaroo, ee chitravu vimarshaatmakavaagi kadime yashasviyaayitu mattu franchise annu parinamakariyagi naashapadisitu. ee chalanachitravu halavaaru kathaavastuvina randhragalinda tumbide mattu modala chitrada moola akarshaneya korateyide endu vimarshakaru bhavisidaru. "newyork times" "tanna vimarsheyannu praarambhisi," "nail ratnadalli" "kallina premakatheyalli tamashe athawa hecchu kaalpanikavaagirada yaavudoo illa"."roser ebert adannu wappikondaru... idu "kallina premakathe" ge samanagilla, aadare daglas mattu turner naduvina paraspara kriyeyannu shlaaghisitu. "avaru obbarannobbaru ishtapaduttaare mattu chalanachitradalli hasyamaya sanniveshagala meravanigeya samayadalli anandisuttiddare embudu spashtavagide, mattu avara rasaayanashaastravu kelavomme kathaavastuvina kalpanegaliginta hecchu manaranjaneyagide" endu avaru barediddaare." collin greenland "white dwarf" #77 gaagi "nailna ratna" vannu vimarshisidaru mattu "nailna ratna" vu "kallina premakatheya" uttarabhaagavaagide endu helidaru, idu kevala sariyaada chucchumaddina asambaddhateyondige mattondu sahasa fantacy aagide. ellah adetadegala viruddha, idu moola chitradanteye anandadayaka mattu preetiya uttarabhaagavaagide." "26 vimarshegala aadhaarada mele koleta tometogala mele "nail ratna" 46 pratishatadashtu rating hondide. vimarshaatmaka ommatavu heege heluttadeh "pranaya spark pragneyu ksheeniside mattu modala saahasada abhimaanigalige innoo saakashtu moorchisuva auction iddaroo, stereotypegala haraduvikeyu" nail ratna "dalli beledide." nantara-yuu.ess. adhyaksha ronald reegan ee chalanachitravannu 1986rahra janavariyalli camp davidnalli vikshisidaru. utpattiyagada seekvelgalu. douglus, turner mattu devito natisida moorane chalanachitrada bagge maatanaaduvudu endigoo draft annu meeri hogilla. dhii crimson eegal" nalli, jack mattu zoan tamma ibbaru hadihareyada makkalannu thylandge karedoyyuttaare, allie avaru amoolyavaada pratimeyannu kadiyalu blackmail maaduttaare. 1997ralli taatkaalika nirmaapakaraagi douglus avaru tamage innu munde aasaktiyilla endu ghoshisuvavaregu ee yojaneyu sthagitagonditu. 2005ralli mattu matte 2008ralli, douglus "racing dhii mansoon" emba shirshikeya eradane uttarabhaagavannu nirmisuttiddaru, aadaagyoo ittichina varsagalalli yaavude belavanigegalu kandubandilla. 2007rinda, foxes saraniyannu "reboot" maaduva saadhyateyondige "romans dhii stone" naa remake endu pariganiside. jack mattu zoan patragalannu taylor kitts (athawa gerard buttler) mattu catherine hagel tumbidaru. 2011rahra hottige, ee remake annu duradarshana saraniyagi maru-nirmisalaayitu.

nailinte ratnam levis teag samvidaanam cheyth maikkal dougless nirmmicha 1985 leeii american aakshan-adventure romaantik komadi chithramaanu dhii juval oof dhii nail, sahatharangalaaya kathleen turnerumayum daani devittoyumaayum veendum onnichu 1984 leeii aakshan-adventure chithramaaya "romansingh dhii stoon" enna chithratthile avarude veshangal aavarthikkunnu. romansingh dhaa stoon" pole, joninte novalukalilonnil udghaadana rangam nadakkunnu. ithavana, joninte wilde-vestt saahacharyathil jessic anjaleenaykkum pakaram, kadalkkollakkar avarude kappaline aakramikkumbol john jack vivaahitharaakaan pookunnu. "nailinte ratnam" enna kathaapaathrathe oru saangalppika aafrikkan marubhoomiyile oru puthiya saahasikathayilekku ayaykkunnu, kalpithamaaya "" nailinte ratnam "" kandethanulla shramathil ". billie ooshyan avatharippicha "even dhaa goying goying gold, dhaa haard goying" enna gaanam oru pradhana anthaaraashtra hittayi maari, yukeyil #1 lum usil #2 lum ethi. plott. romansingh dhaa stoon" enna chithratthile yadhaartha sambhavangalkk aarumaasathinusesham, joonn wilderinteyum (kathleen turner) jacq coltoninteyum (maikkal dougless) pranayam pazhakiyirikkunnu. fraansinu thekk oru thuramukhathu nirtthumbol, raittezhs block baadhicha joonn newyorkkilekku madangaan aagrahikkunnu, athesamayam jacq thante bottaaya "anjaleena" yill lokamembaadum lakshyamillathe sanjarikkaan eshtappedunnu. oru pusthaka oppidal vivaahanishchayathil, joonn thante jeevacharitram ezhuthaan aagrahikkunna aakarshakamaaya arab bharanadhikaariyaaya omaar khaleefaye (spiros focas) joonn kandumuttunnu. jaakkinte prathishedhathe joonn amgeekarikkukayum omarumaayi pookukayum cheiyunnu. jacq pinneedu jaakkil ninnulla thattippukaranaaya ralfine (daani devitto) kandumuttunnu, kolambiyayile johninte muun saahasikata, avan jacq stoon jackineyum johnin tirikkaan aavashyappedunnu. taamasiyaathe, oru arab, tarak (pooll david magid), omarinte yadhaartha uddeshyangalekkurichu jackine ariyikkukayum omarinu "nailinte ratnam" undennu avakaashappedukayum cheiyunnu; tarak thante vishadeekaranangal poortthiyaakkumbol, omarinte aalukaliloraal sthaapicha bombil ninnu "anjaleena" pottitherikkunnu. john aaa kettukadhayaaya ratnavum kandethaan ralf jack othukoodunnu. arab lokathe onnippikkumenn thaan avakashappetta prabudhanaaya bharanaadhikaariyekkaal krooranaaya oru svechaadhipathiyaanu omar ennu joonn taamasiyaathe kandethunnu. kottara jaililvechu, omar bhayappedunna, vaasthavathil "nailinte ratnam" aaya oru vishudhanaaya "alle-julhara" (avner aisenberg) yeei joonn kandumuttunnu. khaadir nagaratthil nadanna oru chadangil arab lokathinte muzhuvan bharanadhikaariyaayi svayam prakhyapikkaan omar padhathiyidunnathaayi alle-julhara joninode parayunnu. omarine thadayaan alle-julharayk maathrame kazhiyoo ennu manassilakkiya joonn avane kadeerilekku thanne kondupokaan theerumaanikkunnu. iruvarum rakshappett jackine kandethukayum omarinte thattikkondupoya eph-16 yudhavimaanathil marubhoomiyilekku oodippookukayum cheiyunnu. thante janangalude vidhi niravettunnathinaayi rathnathe samrakshikkumennu prathijnjayedukkunna thaarakkinte vimatha soofi gothram ralfine pidikoodunnu. oru nubian parvatha gothrathe kandumuttiyathinusesham, joninteyum jackinteyum pranayam veendum jwalikkunnu. aaa ratnam oru ratnakkallennum alle-julharayanennum joonn jackinode parayunnu. arab lokathe onnippikkunna pravaachakan thaanaanennu kaazhchakkaare bodhyappeduthunnathinayi oru britiish roock promoter nalkunna smoke aandu mirror special ephakt upayogikkaan omar uddeshikkunnu. jacq, joonn, alle-julhara ennivar omarine thurannukattunnathinaayi athunnu, pakshe avar pidikkappedunnu. alle-julhara oru stokkedilaayirikkum omar jackineyum johnin oru aazhathilulla kuzhikku mukaliloode kayarukal kondu suspended cheiyunnu (joninte ettavum kooduthal vitazhikkappetta novalaaya "dhaa sevej secrut" ll ninnu edutha oru rangam). moonnu thadavukaare rakshikkaan ralf soofi gothravum krithyasamayathu athunnu. arab janataye abhisambodhana cheyyaan omar kendra vediyilethumbol, soofi yudhathil omarinte kavalkkar nadakkunna chadangil jack john thadassappeduthunnu. oru theepiduttham pottippurappedukayum omarinte vedhi ulkkollukayum cheiyunnu. jack john verpeduthappedukayum omar konukal joonn kathunna chaaruthaykk mukalil vaykkukayum cheiyunnu. oru bheeman crain upayogichu ralph, krithyasamayathu jonilek athicheraan jackine sahayikkunnu; avan oomarine vashathekku thallukayum pottitherikkunna theepiduthatthilekku thaazhekku thallukayum avane kollukayum cheiyunnu. alle-julhara uyarnnuvarikayum thaan yadhaartha athmeeya neethaavaanenna pravachanam niravettunna agnikkirayiloodeyaanu surakshithamaayi nadakkunnathu. pittennu jack john alle-julhara vivaham kazhikkunnu. jackin joninum vendi ralph sarikkum santhushtanaayirikkumbol, thante parisramangalkku onnum nediyittillennu addeham veendum vilapikkunnu, ennaal thaan oru yadhaartha soofi suhruthaanennu tarak amgeekarikkukayum jack john santhoshathode nailil ninnu kadakkunna oru aabharana kataara addehathinu sammanikkukayum cheiyunnu. uthppaadanam. 21 dasalaksham dollar chelavil, pradhana photography 1985 epril 22 nuu aarambhichu, 1985 juulai 25 nuu chithreekaranam poortthiyaakki. lokkeshan shooting willefranche-surr-merr, fraansile canus, palays dess festivalukal ettu dess kongras, auvaarsasettinaduthulla aitt benhado, mcness, moroco, siyoon naashanal paarkk, springdale, utta ulppedeyulla mattu sthalangal ennividangalil nadannu. akkaalat, kathleen tenarum maikkal dougless thudarcha nirmmichathu karar baadhyathakalullathinaal maathramaan, ennirunnaalum dougless chithratthinte nirmmathavenna nilayil kooduthal nikshepichu. pree-production samayat oru ghattathil, thirakkatha "bhayanakavum soothravaakyaparavum vaikaarikavum" aanennu kandethiyathinal tainer padhathiyil ninnu pinmaran shramichu, 20-aamm noottaandile kurukkan karar lamghichathinu 25 dasalaksham dollar cases nalkumennu bheeshanippedutthi. dougless avalkkuvendi edapedukayum oru thiruthiyezhuthal nadathumennu urappakkukayum cheythu. romansingh dhaa stoon" enna chithrathinu thirakkatha ezhuthiya ezhuthukaariyaaya diane thomasinodu thudarchayilekku madangaan dougless aavasyappedaathathil tainer niraashanaayirunnu, kaaranam aval chodikkunna vila valare uyarnnathaanennu addeham theerumaanichu. turnere preethippeduthunnathina thiruthiyezhuthal ettedukkaan dougless sammathichappol, mattangalekkurichu koodiyaalochikkaan thomasinode aavasyappettenkilum thirakkadhayil turner niraashanaayi. 2018-ll oru abhimukhathil avar vishadeekarichu tainer, dougless, devitto enniva pinneedu bandhamillaattha "dhii vaar oof dhii rosapoos" enna chithratthil veendum onnichu. 120 digri fahrenheit choodu muthal praadeshika samghavumaayulla prasnangal vare thaangaanaavaatha prasnangal vadakkan aafrikkayile thithreekaranatthinu undaayirunnu, ennaal ettavum aashankaajanakamaaya aashanka oru aakshan chithram samvidaanam cheyyaanulla chumatala thanikk illennu samvidaayakan kaanichuvennathaayirunnu. manikkoorukalolam pravarthicha oru valia ratri ramgathinum abhinethaakkalum samghavum avide undaayirunnathinuseshamaanu camerakalil sinimayillennu aarenkilum shradhichathu. nirmmathavenna nilayil, maikkal dougless pottitherichu; muzhuvan parajayavum mattoru divasam veendum chithreekarikkendivannu, oduvil asamskritha philim stokku kandethi. praadeshika kasttams mekhalayile kooduthal prasnangal uyarnnu, aavashyamaaya kaikkooli nalkunnathuvare sinimayum upakaranangalum kasttams rahasyamaayi thadanjuvechu. oduvil, shedyulil ninnu moonnaazhcha maathram pinnilaayirunnath daglasine sambandhichidatholam oru cheria vijayamayirunnu. pradhana photography aarambhikkunnathin ekadesham randaazhcha munbu, richard dokingineyum (production designer) bryan kottukaleyum (production maanejar) vahichirunna oru vimanam morocoyude graamapradesangalil lokkeshan scoutinginide thakarnn vimaanathilundaayirunnavirum marichu. chithram purathirangunnathinu aarr aazhcha munbu oru vaahanaapakadathil maricha dackinginteyum kottukaludeyum thirakkathaakruthu diane thomasinteyum oormmaykkaayi samarppichirikkunnu. morocoyil chithreekaranam nadathumbol, executive jettu vimaanathil paranna dougless turner avarude vimaanathinte chirak kanatha landingle ranveyil idichappol apakadatthinu aduthirunnu. oru kottakettya pattanatthil ninnu rakshappedunna pradhana kathaapaathrangalude oru pradhana gadakamaayirunnu eph-16 faitting faalkkan mokkappinte pothuvaaya chalanaathmakathayude upayogam. maram, stairophom, fiberglass mockup enniva oru automobile chesiyil nirmmichathum 350sii chevrolatt enchinaanu. aadya chithrathilennapole, thudarbhaagatthinte novalvalkkaranatthinte bahumati kathleen tainer avatharippicha kathaapaathramaaya joonn wilderinumaanu; rund pusthakangalum yadhaarthathil catherine laninayirunnu ezhuthiyathu. "rca selectivision sedu viidiyoo formaattil purathirangiya avasana chithramaayirunnu "dhii juval oof dhii nail". mattu maadyama roopangalilum ithu puratthirangi. soundu track. "munnott pogunnathu kadinamaakumbol, billie ooshyan avatharippikkunna kadinamaaya munnettavum vilayeriya vilson avatharippikkunna" dhaa juval oof dhaa nail "yathaakramam sinimaykkidayilum avasana kredittukalilum kalikkunnu. dougless, turner, devitto ennivarum athe perilulla emm. tii. vii music veediyoyil samudrathodoppam abhinayichu. maikkal dougless kambaniyum ottakathil marubhoomiyiloode kadannupokumbol 1980 kalile rapp grouppaaya vodiniyum avarude single "freekkukalum raathriyil purathuvarunnu", koodaathe camp fayar party ramgathil willesdon dodgermar "party (innu ratri aadukalonnum surakshithamalla)" ennivayum sountraakkil ulppedunnu. record, kaasatt, compact disk ennivayil oru sountraakku aalbam aristta puratthirakki. sweekaranam. dhaa juval oof dhaa nail" athinte mungaamiyeppole thanne varumanam nediyappol, chithram niroopaka vijayam kuravaayirunnu, koodaathe franchiseye phalapradamaayi nashippichu. niravadhi ithivrithangal niranja chithramaanithennum aadya chithrathinu yadhaartha aakarshanam illennum niroopakar abhiprayappettu. "newyork times" "athinte avalokanam aarambhichu," "kallumaayi pranayikkunnathil rasakaramo kooduthal saangalppikamo allathathaayi" "nailinte rathnathil onnumilla"."rogger ebert athu sammathichu... ithu "kallumaayi pranayikkunnathinu" thulyamalla, pakshe daglaasukalum turner thammilulla paraspara bandhathe prashamsichu. "avar parasparam eshtappedunnuvennum sinimayile parihasyamaaya saahacharyangalude paredil aaswadikkunnuvennum vyakthamaanennu thonnunnu, avarude rasathanthram chilappol ithivrithathinte thanthrangalekkaal kooduthal rasakaramaan", addeham ezhuthi." vaitt dwarf" #77 ennathinu "nailinte ratnam" ennu collin greenland avalokanam cheyyukayum "nailinte ratnam" ennathu "kallumaayi pranayikkunna" thinte thudarchayaanennu prasthavikkukayum cheythu, ithu sariyaaya nurungulla oru saahasika faantasiyaanu. ellah prathikoola saahacharyangalkkum ethiraayi, ithu orijinal pole thanne rasakaravum manoharavumaaya oru thudarchayaanu." "26 avalokanangalude adisthaanathil cheenja urulakkizhanginu 'dhaa jeweller oof dhaa nail' 46 sathamaanam rating nalkunnu. vimarsanaathmakamaaya samavayam iprakaaram vaayikkunnu "aadya saahasikathayude aaraadhakarkk ippozhum dhaaraalam maduppikkunna aakshan undengilum, romaantik theeppori kurayukayum steeriyodaippukalude vyaapanam" neyil rathnathil "valarukayum cheythu." appol-yuu.ezz. 1986 januvariyil camp davidilvechu president ronald reegan eee chithram kandu. nirmmikkaatha thudarchakal. dougless, turner, devitto ennivar veendum abhinayicha moonnaamathe chithrathekkurichu samsaarikkunnath orikkalum oru draftinappurathekku poyilla. dhii krimson eegil" enna chithratthil jack john thangalude kaumaarakkaraaya rund kuttikale thaaylandilekk kondupookukayum avide vilamathikkaanaavaatha oru prathima moshtikkaan avare black meyil cheyyukayum cheiyunnu. 1997ll thaalkkaalika nirmmathavenna nilayil dougless thanikk thaalpparyamillenn prakhyaapikkunnathuvare padhathi mudangi. 2005lum 2008lum dougless "racing dhaa mansoon" enna peril randaamathe thudarchayude pravarthanatthilaayirunnu, ennirunnaalum sameepa varshangalil kooduthal sambhavavikasangalonnum undayittilla. 2007 muthal, oru parambarayude reboot cheyyaanulla saadhyathayode "romansingh dhii stoon" enna chithratthinte remake phoox kanakkakki. tailor kittsh (allengil jerard buttler), catherine heigel ennivar chernnaanu jackinteyum joninteyum veshangal nirvahichathu. 2011 aayappozhekkum remake oru television parambarayaayi punarnirmikkappettu.

nilcha ratna daad jewel auph daad nail haah 1985chaa american action-adventure pranayramya vinodi chitrapat aahe, jyache digdarshan louis teag yanni kele aahe aanee nirmiti michael dugglus yanni kelee aahe, jyanni saha-kalakar cathleen turner aanee danny devito yanchyasobat punha ekatra kaam kele aanee 1984 chya action-adventure chitrapat 'romans daad stone' madheel tyanchya bhoomikanchi punaravrutti kelee. romans daad stone' sarkhe, suruvatiche drushya jonachya eka kadambarimadhye ghadate. yaveli, jonachya wilde-west paristhitit jessy aanee angelinaivaji, jevha samudri chachyanni tyanchya jahajavar hallah keela tevha johnn aanee jacq lagn karnar aahet. "nilecha ratna' tyachya patranna kalpanik african valvantatil eka naveen sahsasathi, nilecha kalpit ratna shodhanyachya prayatnat pathavate. biilii oshanane sadar kelele gaane, "jevha katheen hote, katheen jaate", heey eka mothe aantarrashtriy hiit tharale, jeey yukemadhye #1 aanee usmadhe #2 paryant pohochale. plot. romans daad stone' madheel mool ghatananchya sahaa mahinyanantar, johnn wilder (cathleen turner) aanee jacq colton (michael douglus) yancha pranay juna jhaala aahe. francechya dakshinekadil bandaravar bandhalele asatana, lekhakanchya gatatoon trast asalelya jonala newyorkla parat jayache aahe, tarr jacq tyachya 'angelina' yaa botivar uddeshaheenpane jug firavane pasant karato. eka pustak swaksharichya samarambhat, jonachi bhet omer khalifa (spiros focas) yaa eka aakarshak arab shaskala hote, jyala jonane tyache charitra lihave asey vatate. jackchya nishedhamule johnn swikarato aanee omarla gheuun nighun jaato. jacq nantar ralf (danny devito) yaa jacq aanee jonachya colombiatil aadhichya sahasmadhil fasavanuk karananya vyaktila bhetato, joou jacquela stone jacq aanee joanla sapadun takanyachi magani karato. tyanantar thodyach velat, eka arab, tarak (paul david magid), jacquela omarchya khyan hetubaddal mahitee deto aanee dawa karato qee omarkade "nilecha ratna" aahe; jyapramane tarak tyache spashtikaran sampavato, tyach prakare omarchya eka mansane thevalelya bombmadhun "angelina" chaa sphot hoto. ralf aanee jacq ekatra yeuun johnn aanee kalpit ratna shodhatat. johnla lavkarach kalate qee omer haah eka prabuddh shasak nasoon eka kroor hukumshaha aahe, joou arab jagala ekatra aanel assa dawa tyane keela hota. rajvadyachya turungat, jonala 'all-julhara' (avner eisenberg) haah eka pavitra manus bhetato, joou kharey tarr 'nilecha ratna' aahe aanee jyala omer ghabarato. all-julhara jonala sangato qee kadir shaharatil eka samarambhat omer swatahla serve arab jagacha shasak ghoshit karanyachi yojana aakhat aahe. omarla thambavu shakanara ekmev all-julhara aahe heey lakshat yetach, johnn tyala swatah kadirkade nenyache tharvato. hii jodee paloon jaate aanee jacq shodhate aanee teey omarchya apaharan kelelya eff-16 ladhau vimanatoon valvantat paloon jaatat. ralfala tarakchya bandkhor soofi jamatine pakadale aahe, jeey ratnache rakshan karanyachi shapath ghetat jenekarun too tyachya lokanche bhavitavya purn karoo shakel. nubian parvatiy jamaticha samna kelyanantar, johnn aanee jackcha pranay punha jagrut hoto. johnn jacquela sangato qee too ratna ratna nasoon all-julhara aahe. kadirmadhye, omer haah arab jagala ekatra aananara toch sandeshta aahe heey prekshakanna patvoon denyasathi british rock pravartakane pradan kelelya smoke-andd-mirror special effectcha vapar karnyacha irada balgato. jacq, johnn aanee all-julhara omarcha pardafash karnyasathi yetat parantu tyanna pakadale jaate. all-julhara sathyat asatana omer jacq aanee jonala eka khol khaddyavar (jonachya sarvat jaast vikalya jaananya kadambari 'daad savage secret' madhoon ghetaleli eka drushya) dorkhandane latkavato. teen kaidyanchi sutka karnyasathi ralf, soofi jamatisah velevar pohochato. omer arab lokanna sambodhit karnyasathi madhyavarti manchavar asatana, jacq aanee johnn samarambhat vyatyay aanatat, tarr soofi yuddh omarche rakshak. aag petoon omarchya manchala vedhate. jacq aanee johnn vegale kele jaatat aanee jalatya farsha varr omer coone johnn asatat. ralf, eka vishal crain vaparoon, jacquela velechya oghat jonparyant pohochanyas madat karato; too orala bajula aanee khalee usalananya jwalanmadhye laath marto, jyamule too marla jaato. all-julhara uthato aanee too kharaa aadhyatmik neta aahe yaa bhavishyavanichi purtata karat, jalatya narkatoon surakshitpane chalato. dusya divashi, jacq aanee jonache lagn all-julhara yachyashi hote. ralf jacq aanee jonasathi kharokharach anandi asatana, too punha ekada tyachya prayatnansathi kahihi naan midalyacha vilap karato, parantu tarak kabool karato qee too eka kharaa soofi mitra aahe aanee jacq aanee johnn anandane nailmadhun nighun jaat asatana tyala eka ratnayukt khanjir sadar karato. utpadan. $21 dashalakshchya andajpatrakasaha, mukhya chhayachitran 22 april 1985 roji 25 julai 1985 roji purn chitrikaranasaha suru jhaale. thikan chitrikaran willefranche-suur-meer aanee palace days festivals ett days congress, cance, france, auverzazetjaval ett benhaddu aanee makeness, morokko, zian rashtriy udyan, springdale, utahsah itar thikanansah jhaale. tyaveli, cathleen turner aanee michael dugglus yaa doghannihi keval pudhcha bhag banavala kaaran teey tase karnyas kararbaddha hote, jaree dugglus yanni chitrapatache nirmate mhanoon yaa chitrapatat adhik guntavanuk kelee hotee. purv-nirmitidarmyan eka tappyavar, turnerne yaa prakalpatoon maghar ghenyacha prayatna keela kaaran teela patkatha "bhayanak, sutrabaddha, bhavnik" vatali, 20 vya shatkatil kolha teela kararachya ullanghanasathi $2 kotee 50 lakhancha khatala dakhal karanyachi dhamki dett hota. douglessney tichya vatine hastakshep keela aanee punarlekhan kele jaeel yachee khatri kelee. daad stone' yaa chitrapatachi patkatha lihinanya lekhak diane thomas yanna douglessney uttarbhagasathi parat yenyas sangitale nahee, heey pahoon turner nirash jhaala, kaaran tyane tharavale qee tine tichi kimmat khoop jaast vicharali aahe. jevha douglessney turnerla prasann karnyasathi punarlekhan karnyas sahmati darshavali, tevha thomas yanna badalambabat sallah ghenyas sangitale gele, parantu turner patkathebaddal nirash rahila. 2018 madhye eka mulakhatit tine tapshilvar sangitaleh turner, dugglus aanee devito nantar 'daad warr auph daad roses' yaa asambandhit chitrapatat punha ekatra aale. uttar aafriketil chitrikaranala asahya 120-degree-fahrenheit ushnatepasun teey sthanik karmchanyanchya samasyanparyantchya samasyancha samna karava lagla hota, parantu sarvat trasdayak chinta ashee hotee qee digdarshakane dakhavun dile qee too eka thararpat digdarshit karnyachya kamasathi tayar nahee. eka mothya ratrichya drushyanantar, jeey setafmadhil taas, aanee kalakar aanee karmchari tyaa jaagi hote, tevhach konitari lakshat aale qee cameanmadhye chitrapat nahee. nirmata mhanoon, michael douglesscha sphot jhaala; sampoorn parabhavache punha chitrikaran karave lagale, keval kachchya chitrapatacha satha shevati sapadlyanantar. aavashyak laach mileparyant simashulkane chitrapat aanee upkarane rahasyamaypane rokhoon thevalyane sthanik simashulkanchya adhik samasya nirman jhalya. akheris, niyojit velepeksha keval teen aathvade mage rahane haah daglassathi eka kirkol vijay hota. mukhya chhayachitran suru honyachya andaje done aathvade aadhi, richard docking (nirmiti designer) aanee bryan coat (nirmiti vyavasthapak) gheuun jaanare viman morokkochya grameen bhagat thikan shodh ghet asatana kosalale, jyat sarvancha mrutyu jhaala. haah chitrapat docking aanee coat tasech chitrapat pradarshit honyachya sahaa aathvade aadhi eka vahan apghatat mrutyu jhalelya patkathalekhak diane thomas yanchya smaranarth samarpit aahe. morokkomadhye chitrikaranadarmyan, dugglus aanee turner, karyakari jett vimanat udat asatana, tyanchya vimanachya pankhancha dhavpattivar jordar landingmadhye apghat jhaala. eff-16 ladhau bajanchya mcupcha vapar haah mukhya patrancha tatbandi asalelya shaharatoon paloon jaanyacha eka pramukh ghatak hota. lakadi, styrophome aanee fiberglass mockup heey automobile chesisvar bandhale gele hote aanee 350ci shevrolet injindware chalavale gele hote. pahilya chitrapatapramanech, sequelchya navinyapurn rachaneche shrey johnn wilder yanna dile gele, cathleen turnerne sakarleli vyaktirekha; donhi pustake pratyakshat catherine laniganane bhute lihileli hotee. "daad jewel auph daad nail' haah aar. see. aii. nivadak see. dii. video swarupavar pradarshit jhalela shevatcha chitrapat hota. too itar madhyam swarupat dekhil pradarshit karnyat aala. dhwanimudran. "jevha pudhe jaane katheen hote, tevha biilii oshanane sadar kelele katheen pudhe jaate aanee maulyavan willsonne sadar kelele" daad jewel auph daad nail "anukrame chitrapatadarmyan aanee shevati shrey mhanoon khelatat. dugglus, turner aanee devito yannihi tyach navachya emm. tii. vhee. sangeet vhidiomadhye mahasagarasobat saha-abhinay keela. yaa dhvanimudrikemadhye 1980 chya dashkatil rapp gut, vodini aanee tyanche ekal 'vichitra lock ratri baher yetat' asey darshavile aahe, kaaran michael dugglus aanee company untavar parat valvantatun margkraman karatat tasech campfire partychya drushyadarmyan willsden dosersdware 'party (aaj ratri konatihi mendhare surakshit naheet)'. aristane dhwanimudran, casset aanee compact discover eka dhwanimudrit dhwanimudrit album prakashit keela. swagat. daad jewel auph daad nile' neey tyachya purvavartinitakich kamai kelee, parantu haah chitrapat samikshatmakdrushtya khoopach qamee yashasvi tharala aanee prabhavipane franchiseecha naash keela. haah chitrapat anek kathankanshi nigadit aahe aanee tyat pahilya chitrapatachya mool aakarshanancha abhav aahe asey samikshakanna vatale. "daad newyork timesney" "nilechya ratnamadhye asey kahihi nahee jeey" "dagadavar prem karane" "madhye majedar kinwa adhik kalpanik navhate asey lihoon tyache punaravalokan suru kele"."roser ebertney teey manya kele... heey 'dagadavar prem karane' barobar nahee, parantu douglus aanee turner yanchyatil parasparsanvadache kautuk kele. "heey spasht disate", tyane lihile, "qee teey ekmekanna aavadatat aanee chitrapatatil hasyaspad paristhitichya sanchalanadarmyan majaa karat aahet aanee tyanchi chemistry kadhikadhi kathankatil yuktivadapeksha adhik manoranjak asate." collin greenlandne 'white dwarf' #77 sathee 'daad jewel auph daad nail' chaa aadhava ghetala aanee sangitale qee 'daad jewel auph daad nail' haah 'daad romancing daad stone' chaa pudhcha bhag aahe, joou keval yogya chimata murkhapana asalela aanakhi eka sahsi kalpanaramya chitrapat aahe. serve pratikool paristhitinviruddha, haah mool chitrapatasarkhach aanandadayak aanee premal assa pudhcha bhag aahe." "26 punaravalokananchya aadhare sadalelya tomotyanvar 'daad jewel auph daad nail' chey 46 takke moolyankan aahe. samikshakanchya ekmatat asey lihile aaheh "pahilya sahasachya chahatyansathi ajunahi bharpur murkhpanachi krutee asali taree, pranayramya sphurtichi bhavna qamee jhaali aahe aanee rudhiprayogancha prasar 'nilechya ratnat' vadhala aahe." mug-yuu.ess. rashtradhyaksh ronald rigan yanni haah chitrapat janewari 1986 madhye camp david yethe pahila. aprakashit sequel. douglus, turner aanee devito yanchya bhoomika asalelya tisya chitrapatachi charcha kadhihi masudyachya palikade gelee nahee. daad crimson eagle' madhye, jacq aanee johnn tyanchya done kishoravayin mulanna thayalandala gheuun jaatat jithe tyanna eka amoolya putala choranyasathi blackmail kele jaate. haah prakalp 1997 paryant rakhadala, jevha tatpurata nirmata mhanoon douglessney tyala aata swarasya nasalyache jaheer kele. 2005 madhye aanee punha 2008 madhye, dugglus 'racing daad mansoon' yaa dusya sequelver kaam karat hota, jaree alikadchya varshant pudhil konatihi pragati jhaleli nahee. 2007 pasoon, foxney malikechya 'reboot' chya shakytesah 'romans daad stone' chee punarnirmiti karnyacha vichar keela. jacq aanee johnn yanchya bhoomika teller kitts (kinwa gerard butler) aanee catherine hegel yanni purn kelya. 2011 paryant, punarnirmiti durdarshan malika mhanoon punha kelee gelee.

nilko gahana da jewel aff da nile 1985 ko americi exon-adventure romantic kamedi film how june luis tigdwara nirdeshit rar micheal dagalasdwara nirmit chha, jasle saha-kalakar cathlin turner rar denny debhitosanga punah milera mukhya bhumikama abhinaya gareka thie, 1984 ko exon-adventure film "romans da stone" batt uniharuko bhumikalai दोहोऱ्याउँदै।. romancing da stone" jastai, udghatan drishya joneko euta upanyasma hunchha. yass patak, joneko wild-west paridrishyama jesse rar angelinako satta, john rar jack vivaha garna jandaichhan jab samudri dakuharule uniharuko jahajma akraman garchhan. "nailko gahana" ley afna patraharulai kalpanik africi marubhumima nayan sahasik yatrama pathaunchha, kalpit "nailko gahana" khojne prayasma. billy osanle prastut gareko geet, "jab zahn gahro hunchha, gahro zahn", belayatma #1 rar americama #2 samma pugdai ek pramukh antarrashtriya heat bhayo. plut. romancing da stone" maa muel ghatanaharuko chha mahina pachhi, john wilder (cathlin turner) rar jack colton (micheal douglus) ko romans purano bhaeko chha. franceko dakshinma raheko bandargahma bandha lagaieko bela, reuters blockbatt pidit john newyork farkan chahanchhan, jabki jack afno dunga, "angelina" maa uddeshyarahit rupma sansarko yatra garna ruchaunchhan. euta pustakma hastakshar garne sagaima jonele ek akarshak arab shasak omer khalifa (spiros focas) lai bhetchhan, jo jonele afno jiwani lekhna chahanchhan. jonele jacko virodhlai swikar gardacha rar omarsanga janchha. pachhi jack ralf (denny devito) sanga bhagchha, columbiama jack rar joneko aghillo sahasik karyako thagai garne, jasle jacklai stone jack rar jonelai fela parne mag gardacha. tyasko kehi samayapachi, ek arab, tarak (pall devid magid) ley jacklai omarko saancho uddeshyako barema jankari dinchha rar omarsanga "nailko gahana" raheko dabi gardacha; tarakle afno wyakhya samapta garesangai, "angelina" omarka ek wyaktile sett gareko bambata wisfot hunchha. ralf rar jackley john rar kalpit gahana khojna tolly banaunchhan. jonele chaandai thaha paunchhan kii umer ek prabudha shasakko satta ek krur tanashah how jasle arab sansarlai ekjut garne dabi gareko thiyo. darbarko jailma jonele "all-julhara" (ebhanera eisenberg), ek pawitra manis jo wastawma "nailko gahana" how rar jaslai omer daraunchha, unko samana garchha. all-julharale jonelai bhane kii umarle kadira saharma bhaeko samarohma afulai sampurna arab sansarko shasak ghoshana garne yojana banaeko chha. all-julhara matra omarlai rokna sakne wyakti how bhanne mahasus gardai jonele usalai kadirma nai laijan nirnaya garchhan. tee jody bhagchhan rar jack fela parchhan, rar tiniharu omarko apharan garieko ef-16 ladaku jetma marubhumima bhagchhan. ralflai tarakko vidrohi sufi janajatile samatchha jasle ratnako raksha garne shapath linchhan taaki usale afno janatako bhagya pura garna sakos. ek nubian pahadi janajatiko samana garepachhi, john rar jacko romans punah jagaunchha. jonele jacklai gahana ratna hoina tara all-julhara how bhanera bataunchhan. kadirma, umarle arab sansarlai ekjut garne agamawakta afu nai hun bhanera darshakharulai vishwas dilauna britis ruck pramotardwara pradan garieko dhuwaan rar darpan vishesh prabhawa prayog garna chahanchha. jack, john rar all-julhara omarlai ujagar garna aipugchhan tara samatinchhan. all-julhara bhandarma hunda umarle jack rar jonelai gahiro gaddhema dorile nilamban gardacha (joneko sabaibhanda dherai bikri hune upanyas, "da sevez sikret" batt liieko paridrishya). sufi janajatisanga ralf tinjana kaidiharulai bachauna samayamai aipugchhan. jab umarle arab janatalai sambodhan garna kendra manch linchha, jack rar jonele sufi yuddha omarka gardharu hunda samarohma badha puryaunchhan. omarko stagema ago lageko chha. jack rar john alag hunchhan, rar omarle jaleko machanma jonelai kuna gardacha. ralfle vishal crain prayog garera jacklai samayanusar jonasamma pugna maddat gardacha; usale omarlai chheuma rar tall ugra agoma laat hanchha, usalai marchha. all-julhara uthcha rar surakshit rupma ujyalo narakbata hindchha, uu saancho adhyatmik neta how bhanne bhavishyavani pura gardacha. bholipalta, jack rar jonele all-julharasanga vivaha garchhan. ralf jack rar joneka lagi sanchchai khusi bhae tapani, usale afno prayaska lagi kehi pani prapta nagarekoma feri ekpatak wilap garchha, tara tarakle afu saancho sufi sathi bhaeko swikar gardacha rar jack rar john khushisath nailabata tadha janka lagi usalai ratnayukta khanjar prastut gardacha. utpadan. $21 millionko bajetko sath, pramukh fotography 22 april 1985 maa july 25,1985 maa chhayangkan samapta bhaeko thiyo. sthan chhayangkan bhilefranch-sur-merr rar peris days festival att days congress, kyan, france, aurjajet najikai att benhadu rar mcness, morokko, jion rashtriya nikunj, springdale, utaha sahit anya sthanharuma bhaeko thiyo. tyas samayama, cathlin turner rar micheal douglus duwaile sequel matra banae kinbhane tiniharu kararbadha rupma tyaso garna badhya thie, yadyapi dagalaslai yasako nirmatako rupma chalchitrama dherai lagani garieko thiyo. purva-utpadanko samayama ek binduma, turnerle pariyojanabata bahira niskane prayas gare kinbhane unle script "darlagdo, sutratmak, bhawanatmak" pae, 20 aun shatabdiko faksle unlai samjhauta ullanghanko lagi $2 karod 50 lakhko mudda dayar garne dhamki die. dagalasle unko tarfabata hastakshep gare rar punarlekhan garieko sunishchit gare. dagalasle "romancing da stone" kaa lagi patakatha lekheka lekhak diane thomaslai siquelka lagi farkan nachaheka karan turner nirash bhae, spashta rupma unle unko mag mulya dherai uccha bhaeko nirnaya gare. jab dagalasle turnerlai khusi parne punarlekhan garna sahamat bhae, thomaslai pariwartanharuma paramarsha garna bhanieko thiyo, tara turner scriptbata nirash bhae. unle sann 2018 maa ek antarwartama wistarpurwak bhaninh turner, douglus rar devito pachhi asambandhit film "da warr aff da rose" maa punah bhela bhae. uttari africama chhayangkan asahaniya 120 degree fahrenheit garmidekhi sthaniya chalak dalka sath samasyaharusammako samasyaharusanga grasta thiyo tara sabaibhanda chintajanak chinta yo thiyo kii nirdeshakle afu exon film nirdeshan garne kamma asamartha bhaeko dekhae. setupny ghantaunko euta vishal ratko drishya, rar cast rar kruko thaunma, tyasapachhi matrai kasaile camerama kunai film nabhaeko thaha pae. nirmataka rupma, micheal douglus wisfot bhayo; kachcha film stock antatah patta lagepachhi matra sampurna parajaya arko dina punah film banaunuparyo. sthaniya bhansarsanga thap samasyaharu utpanna bhae, film rar upkaranharu rahasyamaya rupma bhansardwara rakhieko thiyo jabasamma awashyak ghusa bhuktan garieko thiena. antyama, nirdharit samayabhanda tean hapta matra pachhadi hunu dagalaska lagi sano vijaya thiyo. principle fotography suru hunubhanda lagbhag dui hapta aghi, richard docking (prodoxon designer) rar bryan kote (prodoxon manager) bokeko viman morokkoko gramin ilakama sthan scouting garda durghatanagrasta bhayo, jasma sawar sabaiko mrityu bhayo. yo film docking rar kotka sathai chalchitra rilij hunubhanda chha hapta aghi automobile durghatanama mrityu bhaeko patakatha lekhak diane thomasko samjhanama samarpit chha. morakkoma chhayangkanko kramama, douglus rar turner, karyakari jett vimanma uddai, uniharuko wimanko wing bhari awataranma ranavema thokkinda najikaiko durghatana bhayo. ef-16 ladaku bajko makapko samanya gatishilta prayog mukhya patraharu 'killa bhaeko saharbata bhagne' ko ek pramukh tatwa thiyo. kath, styrophome rar fibreglass mockup automobile chesisma banaieko thiyo rar 350siai chevrolet injindwara sanchalit thiyo. pahilo chalchitrako rupma, sikwelko nawanirmanko shreya john wilderlai diieko thiyo, cathlin turnerle kheleko charitra; duwai pustakharu wastawma catherine lanigandwara bhutle lekhieka thie. "da jewel aff da nile" arasie selectvision sid bhidiyo dhanchama rilij bhaeko antim film thiyo. yasalai anya midia dhanchama pani jaari garieko thiyo. soundtrack. "jab chaliraheko kathina hunchha, kathina chaliraheko chha", billy mahasagardwara pradarshan garieko, rar bahumulya wilsondwara pradarshan garieko "nailko gahana", kramashah chalchitrako samayama rar antyama credit khelchhan. douglus, turner rar devitole pani uhi namko mtv music bhidiyoma mahasagarsanga saha-abhinaya gare. soundtrackma 1980 ko dashakko rapp samuha hodini rar tiniharuko ekal "ratma frickharu bahira aunchhan" micheal douglus rar companyle untama marubhumima afno bato banaunchhan sathai "party (az raati bheda surakshit chhaina)" willsden dosersdwara campfire party drishyako samayama. aristale record, casset rar compact diskma soundtrack album jaari gare. swagat. jabki "da jewel aff da nile" ley yasako purwawartiko jastai lagbhag dherai kamaeko thiyo, film alochanatmak rupma dherai cum safal thiyo rar prabhawkari rupma frenchaijilai mareko thiyo. samikshakharule film dherai kathanak pwalharule bharieko rar yasama pahilo filmko maulik akarshanko abhawa raheko mahasus gare. "da newyork times" ley afno samiksha kholdai lekhe, "" nailko gahanama tyasto kehi chhaina june "" pattharko romans "" maa ramailo wa badhi kalpanik thiena. "roser abert yasama sahamat bhae... yo "dhungako romans" barabar chhaina, tara douglus rar turner bichko antarkriyako prashansa gardacha. "yo spashta dekhinchha", unle lekhe, "uniharule ekarkalai munn paraunchhan rar chalchitrama hasyaspad paristhitiharuko paredko samayama ramailo gariraheka chhan, rar tiniharuko chemistry kahilekaahin kathanakko shadyantra bhanda badhi manoranjanatmak hunchha." collin greenlandle "seto bauna" #77 kaa lagi "nailko gahana" ko samiksha gare, rar bhane kii "nailko gahana" "dhungako romans" ko sequel how, arko sahasik kalpana kewal sahi chimatiko murkhata. sabai badhaharuka viruddha, yo muel jastai ramailo rar manmohak sequel how." "26 wata samikshaka adharma sadeko tamatarma 'da jewel aff da nile' ley 46 pratishat mulyankan gareko chha. alochanatmak sahamatima lekhieko chhah "romantic sparkko bhawana cum bhaeko chha rar stereotypeharuko prachalan" nailko gahana "maa badheko chha, yadyapi pahilo sahasik karyaka prashansakharuka lagi ajhai pani dherai murkhatapurna karyaharu chhan." tyasapachhi-yu.ess. rashtrapati ronald riganle janawari 1986 maa camp devidma yo chalchitra here. aprastut sikwelharu. douglus, turner rar devito abhinit tesro filmko kura kahilyai draftbhanda bahira bhaena. da crimson igal" maa, jack rar john afna dui kishore bachchaharulai thyland laijanchhan jahaan uniharulai amulya murti chorna blackmail garinchha. yo pariyojana sann 1997 samma susta rahyo, jab dagalasle asthayi nirmatako rupma ghoshana gare kii uni ab icchuk chhainan. sann 2005 maa rar feri sann 2008 maa, dagalasle "resing da mansun" shirshakko dosro sequelma kaam gariraheka thie, yadyapi halka warshaharuma thap kunai vikas bhaeko chhaina. sann 2007 dekhi, faksle shringkhalako "reboot" ko sambhawanaka sath "romancing da stone" ko remake manyo. jack rar joneko bhumika taylor kitts (wa gerard buttler) rar catherine hegelle bharidieka thie. sann 2011 sammama, rimeklai television shringkhalako rupma punah kaam garieko thiyo.

nailra ratna daa jual off daa nile heuchhi 1985 masihar eka americae axon-duhsahasika romantic kamedi chalachitra, jahara nirdeshana deichhanti louis tigg ebong prajojana karichanti michael dougles, jie madhya mukhya bhumikare abhinai karithile, saha-abhineta cathlin turner ebong daani devitonka saha puni ekathi hoithile, 1984rahr axon-duhsahasika chalachitra "romansing daa stone" ru semanankara bhumikaku doharaithile. romansing daa stone" bhali, udaghatani drushyati jonnka upenyas madhyaru gotiere ghatithae . ether, joananka wild-westa drushyare jays ebong angelina paribarte, joanne ebong jack bibaha karibaku jauchhanti jetebele jaladasyumane semananka jahaz upare aakraman karanti . "nailra ratna" ehara charitramananku eka kalpanika african marubhumire eka nutan duhsahasika abhijanare pathaithae, eka prajasare kalpita "" nailra ratna "" khojiba paain . billy osananka dwara paribeshana karajaithiba geeta, "jetebele kathina hoithae, kathina hoithae", eka pramukh antarjatija heat hoithila, jaahaa britenare #1 ebong aamerikare #2 ray pahanchithila . plut. romansing daa stone" rahr moola ghatanara chhaa maasa parey, john wilder (cathlin turner) ebong jack colton (michael doglass) nka prem puruna hoijaichhi . francer dakhinare eka bandara banda thiba bele, raitars blakare peedita john nyujarka pheribaku chahunchhanti, jetebele jack taanka danga "angelina" ray lakhyaheena bhabare biswa jatra karibaku pasanda karanti . eka pustaka swakhyarita nirbandhare, joanne jane aakarshaneeah arab shasaka omar khalifa (spiros focas) nku bhetichanti, jie joananku taanka jeebani lekhibaku chahunchhanti. jyaknka pratibadaku nei john sweekara karanti ebong omar sahita chalijanti . parey jack ralf (daani debhito) nka saha bheta huanti, jie kalambiaare jack ebong jonnka purba duhsahasika abhijanara thaka, jie jyaknku stone jack ebong jonnku pheraibaku daabi karanti. ehara kichhi samai parey, jane arab, tarak (pull devida magid), jacku omarnka prakruta uddeshya bishajare suchana dianti ebong daabi karanti je omer pakhare "nailra ratna" achhi; jetebele tarak tankara byakhya samapta kare, "angelina" omarnka jane byaktinka dwara sett hoithiba bomaru bisphorana hue . ralf ebong jack john ebong kalpita ratna khojiba paain dala gathan karanti . john shighra janibaku paile je omer jane nisthura ekachhatrabadee, barang shay jane prabudha shasaka bolly daabi karithile, jie arab biswaku ekjut karibe. prasad karagarare, joanne "all-zulhara" (aavanara eisenberg) nku bhetithae, jane pabitra byakti jie bastabare "nailra ratna" ebong jaahaaku omer bhaja kare . all-zulhara joananku kuhanti je kadira saharare eka samarohare omar nijaku samagra arab biswara shasaka ghoshana karibaku yojana karichanti. all-zulhara ekamatra byakti jie omarnku atakai paribe bolly hrudajangama curry, john tanku nije kadiraku neba paain nishpatti nianti . ehi jodi palajana curry jyaknku khojanti, ebong semane omarnka apaharan hoithiba aif-16 juddha bimanare marubhumiku palai jaanti . ralphanku tarakanka bidrohi sufi janajati bandi karanti jeunmane ratnaku surakhya deba paain shapath karanti jaahaa dwara shay taanka lokanka bhagya purana kariparibe . eka nubian parbatyanchala janajatira sammukheen heba parey, joanne ebong jyaknka prem punah jagrata hue . john jacku kuhanti je ehi ratnati ratna pathara nuhen barang all-zulhara. kadirare, omer jane british pathara pramotaranka dwara pradan karajaithiba eka smoke-anded-mirror swatantra prabhaba byabahara karibaku chahunchhi jaahaa darshakamananku biswasa karaibaku chahunchhi je shay heuchhanti jane bhabishyadwakta jie arab biswaku ekjut karibe . jack, john ebong all-zulhara omaranku unmochan karibaku pahanchanti kintu bandi huanti . all-zulhara eka bhandarare thibabele omer jack ebong jonnku eka gabhira gartta upare dadi sahita nilambita kare (jonnka sabutharu adhika bikri heuthiba upenyas, "daa sebhej secret" ru niajaithiba eka drushya) . sufi janajati sahita ralf, tini john bandeenku uddhara karibaku thick samajare pahanchanti . jehetu omer arab lokamananku sambodhita kariba paain kendra mancha grahan karanti, jack ebong john samarohare baadha srusti karanti jetebele sufi juddha omaranka gardmane . eka niaan laagi omarnka manchaku grass karidie. jack ebong john alga hoijaichhanti, ebong omar karnar john jalanta scaffolding upare achanti . ralf, eka bishala crain byabahara curry, jyaknku thick samajare jonnka nikatare pahanchibare sahajya kare; shay omarnku parsware ebong talaku prachanda nianre piti maridele, tanku hatya kale . all-zulhara uthi surakhita bhabare jwalanta narka madhya dei chaali jaanti, bhabishyabaneeku purana karanti je shay prakruta adhyatmika neta . pardin, jack ebong john all-julaharanka dwara bibaha karanti . jetebele ralf jack ebong jonnka paain prakrutare khusi, shay puni thare taanka prayasa paain kichhi laabh karinathiba nei duhkha kare, kintu tarak sweekara kare je shay jane prakruta sufi bandhu ebong jack ebong john khusire nile talaku jatra karuthibabele tanku eka ratnajukta chhuri pradan kare . utpadana. $21 nijuta budget sahita, mukhya photography 22 april, 1985 ray july 25,1985 ray suting samapta sahita arambha hoithila. vilephrancha-sur-meera ebong palace dosses festival ait dosses kangres, cance, frances, ourjajet ebong mcness, morocco nikatabartee ight benahadure location suting hoithila, anya sthana madhyare, jion jatiah udyan, springadela, utaha . sehi samajare, ubhaja cathlin turner ebong michael doglass kebala sequel nirmana karithile kaaran semane chuktinama anujai epari karibaku badhya thile, jadio doglass ehara nirmata bhabare chalachitrare adhika binijoga karithile . eka samajare pri-prodoxon samajare, turner ehi prakalparu pachaku hatibaku chesta karithile kaaran shay skriptaku "bhajankara, sutratmaka, abegaprabana" bolly bibechana karithile, 20shaa shatabdir foxes tanku chukti bhanga paain $25 nijuta makaddama dair karibaku dhamaka deithile. doglass taanka tarapharu hastakhyepa karithile ebong punarbara lekhiba sunishchita karithile. turner nirash hoithile je dougles diane thomasanku, jieki 'romansing daa stone' paain script lekhithile, sequel paain pheribaku kahi nathile, spastatah kaaran shay nishpatti neithile je taanka maguthiba mulya bahuta adhika . jetebele doglass turnernku khusi kariba paain punarbara lekhiba paain raaji hoithile, thomasanku paribartana upare paramarsha karibaku kuhajaithila, kintu turner skriptaku nei nirash hoithile. 2018 ray eka sakhyatakarare shay bistruta bhabare barnana karithileh turner, doglass ebong debhito parey samparkahina chalachitra "daa waar off daa rojas" ray punarbara ekathi hoithile. uttara africare suting asahya 120 degree-fahrenheit uttapa thaaru arambha curry sthaniah krunka samasya parjyanta samasyare jarjarita thila kintu sabutharu chintajanaka chinta thila je nirdeshaka darshaithile je shay eka axon chalachitra nirdeshana deba karjya paain prastuta nuhnti . ghanta ghanta dhari setup hoithiba eka bishala raati drushya parey, ebong cast ebong kru sthanare, ehaa setebele thila jetebele kehi jane lakhya karithile je camerare kaunasi chalachitra naahin . nirmata bhabe, michael douglass bisphorana ghataithile; samagra parajayara punarbara suting aau eka deane karibaku padithila, kebala kanchamalra stock sheshare chinhat heba parey. sthaniah seema shulka sahita adhika samasya srusti hoithila, aabasyaka lanch pradan naheba parjyanta chalachitra ebong upakarana rahasyamai bhabare seema shulka dwara atakai rakhajaithila . sheshare, nirdharita samajatharu maatra tini saptaha bilambare rahiba doglass paain eka chhot bijai thila. mukhya photography arambha hebara praiah dui saptaha purbaru, richard dakinga (prodoxon designer) ebong brian coat (prodoxon manager) nku nei jauthiba eka biman moroccore gramanchalare location skauting samajare durghatanagrasta hoithila, jeunthire boardre thiba samastankara mrutyu hoithila . ehi chalachitrati dakinga ebong coat, tatha chalachitra muktilabhara chhaa saptaha purbaru eka automobile durghatanare mrutyubarana karithiba chitranatya lekhaka diane thomasanka smrutire utsargeekruta . morokkore suting samajare, doglass ebong turner, eka karjyanirbahee jett bimanare udaana karuthibabele, eka durghatana ghatithila jetebele semanankara bimanara wing eka bhaari abataranare ranawere dhakka deithila . eka sadharana gatishila aif-16 juddha baaj mockup byabahara eka surakhita sahararu palajana karuthiba mukhya charitramankara eka pramukh upadan thila . kaath, styrophome ebong fiberglass mockup eka automobile chassis upare nirmita hoithila ebong eka 350ci shevrolet injin dwara parichalita . pratham chalachitra bhali, parabarti bhagara upanyaseekaranara shreya cathlin turnernka dwara abhineet charitra john wildernku diajaithila; ubhaja pustaka bastabare catherine laniganka dwara bhutware likhita thila . "daa jual off daa nile" thila aarr. sii. aii. selectvision sii. ee. dii. bhidio pharmatare muktilabha karithiba antim chalachitra. ehaa anya midia pharmatare madhya muktilabha karithila. soundtrack. "jetebele gati kathina hoijae, billy mahasagar dwara paribeshana karajaithiba kathina karjya arambha hue, ebong mulyabana wilsonanka dwara paribeshana karajaithiba" nailra ratna "jathakrame chalachitra samajare ebong sheshare credit khelanti . doglass, turner ebong debhito madhya samaana namara emm. tii. bhi music bhidiore mahasagar sahita saha-abhinai karithile. soundtrakare 1980 dashkar raap group whodinee ebong semanankara ekaka "frakes raatire bahari aasanti" kaaran michael doglass ebong company marubhumi madhyadei oat upare jatra karanti ebong campfire party drushya samajare willsden dajarsanka dwara "party (aaji raatire kaunasi mendha surakhita nuhen)" . arista record, casset ebong compact diskare eka soundtrack album jaari karithile. swagata. daa jual off daa nile" ehara purbabarti chalachitra bhali praiah setiki aaja karithila, kintu chalachitrati samalochakamananka thaaru bahuta comm saphala hoithila ebong phalaprad bhabe franchaijku maari deithila. samalochakamane anubhaba karithile je ehi chalachitrati aneka kahanire trutipurna thila ebong ethire pratham chalachitrara moola akarshanara abhaba thila. "nyujarka times ehara samikhya arambha curry lekhithila," "nailra ratnare epari kichhi naahin jaahaa" "patharaku romans karibare mazadar kimba adhika kalpanashila nathila."roser ebert ethire raaji hoithile..... ehaa "pathara sahita prem samparka" sahita samaana nuhen, kintu dougles ebong turner madhyare parasparika kriyara prashansa karichhi. "ehaa spust laguchhi", shay lekhichhanti, "semane parasparaku pasanda karanti ebong chalachitrare hasyaspada paristhitira pareda samajare majaa karuchanti, ebong semanankara rasayan belebele kahanitira sadajantra apekhya adhika manoranjanakari ." white bammon" #77 paain "" daa jual off daa nile "" ku samikhya curry collin greenland kahithile je "" daa jual off daa nile "heuchhi" "romansinga daa stone" "rahr parabarti bhaga, jaahaa anya eka duhsahasika kalpana jeunthire kebala sathika chimati byangikata rahichhi. samasta badhabighna satwe, ehaa moola chalachitra bhali eka anandadajaka ebong priya parabarti bhaga." "26tii samikhya aadhaarare 'daa jual off daa nile "sadi jaithiba tomato upare 46 pratishata reting rakhichhi. samalochanamoolaka sahamatire kuhajaichhih "romantic sparker bhabana hrass paichi ebong stereotypeser prasara" nailra ratna "ray brudhi paichi, jadio pratham duhsahasara prashansakanka paain eparjyanta prachur murcha karjya achhi ." taa 'parey-jayu.ess. rastrapati ronald rigan januari 1986 ray camp debhidare ehi chalachitra dekhithile. aprakashita parabarti bhaga. dougles, turner ebong debhito abhineet truteeja chalachitra bishajare alochana kebe bii draft bahare nathila . crimson eagle" ray, jack ebong john semanankara dui kishore pilamananku thailandaku nei jaanti jeunthare semananku eka mulyabana pratimurti chori karibaku blackmail karajae . ehi prakalpa 1997 masiha parjyanta ataki rahithila, jetebele doglass asthajee nirmata bhabare ghoshana karithile je shay aau agrahi nuhnti. 2005 ray ebong puni 2008 ray, doglass dwiteeja siquelare kaama karuthile, jahara shirshaka thila "resing dee mansun", jadio nikata ateetare aau kaunasi bikash hoinahin . 2007 masiharu, foxes eka sirijara "reboot" rahr sambhabana sahita "romansing daa stone" rahr remake bhabare bichara karithila . jack ebong jonnka bhumika taylor kitsch (kimba gerard buttler) ebong catherine heglanka dwara purana heba . 2011 masiha suddha, ehi remake eka television dharabahika bhabe punah karjya karajaithila.

neel daa gahina dha jaival aaf dha nile 1985 dee amriki action-adventure romantic kamedi film haii jiss daa nirdeshan luis teeg duaara keeta giaa haii atey michael dougles duaara nirmit haii, jiss neey mukkh bhumika witch vee kamm keeta, sahi-kalakar cathleen turner atey danny devito naal dubara mill keey, 1984 dee action-adventure film "romance dha stone" toon aapniaan bhumikavan noon duhraiaa. patthar naal romance" dee tarahan, shuruati drish john dey ikk nawal witch hunda haii. iss vaar, john dey jangli-pachmi drish witch jesse atey angelina dee bajaae, john atey jaik daa viaah honn vaala haii jadon samundari daku unhan dey jahaz utte hamla karde hunn. "neel daa gahina" aapne patran noon ikk kalpanik african maruthal witch ikk navein saahas utte bhejda haii, ikk yatan witch kii "" neel daa gahina "" labbhan dee koshish witch. billie ocean duaara pesh keeta giaa geet, "jadon jaanha mushkal hoow jaanda haii, taan mushkal challna", ikk vaddi antarashtari hitt bann giaa, joe yuke witch #1 atey us witch #2 takk pahunch giaa. plaat. romance dha stone" witch mool ghatnavan dey chhe mahiniaan baad, john wilder (cathleen turner) atey jaik colton (michael dougles) daa romance purana hoow giaa haii. jadon france dey dakkhan witch ikk bandargah utte bnnhiaa hoiaa haii, john, lekhak dey block toon peedat, newyork waps jaanha chahunda haii, jadon kii jaik aapni kishti, "angelina" utte udeshheen taur utte dunia noon chalauna pasand karda haii. ikk pustak utte hastakhar curran dee mung utte, john dee mulakat umar khalifa (spiros focas) naal hundi haii, joe ikk manmohak arab shask haii joe john noon aapni jeevani likhan laee chahunda haii. john jaik dey virodh noon savikar karda haii atey umar naal chalaa jaanda haii. jaik baad witch columbia witch jaik atey john dey pichle saahas dey dhokhebaaz ralf (danny devito) naal bhajjda haii, joe jaik toon patthar dey jaik noon moden atey john noon labbhan dee mung karda haii. iss toon thodhi dair baad, ikk arab, tarak (paal david maggid), jaik noon omar dey sacche iradiaan baare soochit karda haii atey daava karda haii kii omar cole "nile daa gahina" haii; jiven hii tarak aapni viaakhiaa puurii karda haii, "angelina" omar dey ikk aadmi duaara rakkhe bumb toon fatt jaanda haii. ralf atey jaik john atey kissa gahina labbhan laee team banaunde hunn. john noon jaldi hii pataa lagg jaanda haii kii umar ikk gyanwan shask dee bajaae ikk berhim tanashah haii jiss daa usne daava keeta see kii uh arab sansar noon ikjutt karega. mahil dee jailh witch, john daa sahmana "all-julhara" (avner eisenberg) naal hunda haii, ikk pavittar aadmi joe asal witch "neel daa gahina" haii atey jiss toon umar darda haii. all-julhara john noon dassda haii kii umar neey kadir shehar witch ikk samaroh witch aapne aap noon saare arab sansar daa shask ghoshit curran dee yojna banayi haii. ih mahisus karde hoye kii all-julhara iklauta haii joe umar noon roque sakda haii, john neey uss noon khud kadir takk lijaan daa faisla keeta. ih jodda bhajj jaanda haii atey jaik noon labhda haii, atey uh umar dey agwa keete eff-16 ladaku jahaz witch maruthal witch bhajj jaande hunn. ralf noon tarak dey baagi soofi kabile duaara fadd liaa jaanda haii joe gahine dee rakkhiaa curran dee sahun khaande hunn taan joe uh aapne lokan dee kismat noon poora qarr sake. ikk neubian pahadi kabile daa sahmana curran toon baad, john atey jaik daa romance dubara jagmagaunda haii. john jaik noon dassda haii kii ih gahina koee rattan patthar naheen haii balki all-julhara haii. kadir witch, umar ikk british chattan promoter duaara pardan keete gaye dhunaan atey shishe dey vishesh prabhav dee varton curran daa irada rakkhda haii taan joe darshakan noon yakeen diwa sake kii uh nabii haii joe arab sansar noon ikjutt karega. jaik, john atey all-julhara umar daa pardafash curran laee pahunchade hunn parr fadey jaande hunn. umar jaik atey john noon ikk dunghe toye (john dey sabh toon vaddh vikann vaale nawal, "dha saivej secret" toon liaa giaa ikk drish) utte rassiaan naal muattal qarr dinda haii jadon kii all-julhara ikk bhandar witch hunda haii. ralf, soofi kabile naal, tinn kaidiaan noon bachaun laee samein sir pahunchada haii. jiven hii umar arab lokan noon sambodhan curran laee kendra munch lainda haii, jaik atey john samaroh witch vighan paunde hunn jadon kii soofi umar dey gaard yuddh karde hunn. ikk agg lagg jaandi haii, jiss neey omer dey stage noon gher liaa. jaik atey john vakkh hoow jaande hunn, atey omar coney balde manje dey uppar john hunde hunn. ralf, ikk vishal crain dee varton karde hoye, jaik noon samein dey naal john takk pahunchan witch madad karda haii; uh omer noon paase toon atey hethan bhadakdi agg witch kuttda haii, jiss naal uh marr jaanda haii. all-julhara uthhada haii atey surakhiat dhang naal baldi hoee narak vicchon langhda haii, iss bhavikhbani noon poora karda haii kii uh saccha adhiaatmik neta haii. agle dinn, jaik atey john daa viaah all-julhara duaara keeta jaanda haii. jadon kii ralf jaik atey john laee sachmuch khush haii, uh ikk vaar firr aapne yatnan laee kujh vee prapat naa curran 'teey sog karda haii, parr tarak savikar karda haii kii uh ikk saccha soofi dosat haii atey uss noon ikk gahiniaan vaala khanjar pesh karda haii jiven kii jaik atey john khushi naal nile toon door jaande hunn. utpadan. 21 million dallar dey buzzet naal, principle photography dee shuruat 22 aprail, 1985 noon 25 julai, 1985 noon film banaun dey naal hoee see. sathaan dee shooting willefrenche-surr-merr atey palace days festivals atey days congress, canes, france, aurzazet dey nede aett benhaddou atey mcness, moraco samet horr sathanan 'teey hoee see, jiss witch zion national park, springdale, utaah shamal hunn. uss samein, cathleen turner atey michael dougles dovan neey siraf seekaval banaiaa kiunki uh ikrarname anusar ajiha curran laee zimmevar sunn, halanki dougles neey film dey nirmata vajon film witch bahut ziaada nivesh keeta see. pree-production dauran ikk bindu 'teey, turn neey project toon pichhe hattan dee koshish keeti kiunki uss neey script noon "bhiaanak, farmula, bhavnatmak" paaiaa, 20 veen sadee dey fox neey uss noon ikrarname dee ulanghna laee $25 million dey mukkadme dee dhamki ditti. dougles neey uss vallon dakhal ditta atey ih yakini banaiaa kii ikk mudd likhat keeti jaave. turner iss gall toon nirash see kii dougles neey diane thoms, lekhak jiss neey "patthar naal romance curran" laee script likhi see, noon seekaval laee waps naheen puchhiaa, jahar taur 'teey iss laee kii usne faisla keeta kii uss neey uss dee keemat bahut ziaada mangi see. jadon dougles neey turn curran vaale noon khush curran laee dubara likhan laee sehmati ditti, taan thoms noon tabdiliaan baare salaah lainn laee kiha giaa, parr turner script toon nirash riha. uss neey 2018 witch ikk interview witch vistaar naal dassiaao turn, dougles atey devito baad witch ann-sabandhat film "gulaban dee jung" witch dubara ikkathe hoye. uttri africa witch shooting noon 120 digri fahrenheit dee asehansheel garmi toon lae keey sathanak amale naal samassiaavan naal joojhna piaa see parr sabh toon vaddh preshan curran vaali chinta ih see kii nirdeshak neey dikhaiaa kii uh ikk action film dey nirdeshan dey kamm laee tiaar naheen see. raat dey ikk vishal drish toon baad joe kii setup witch ghante see, atey cast atey chaalak dall dee jagha 'teey see, udon hii kise neey dekhiaa kii kaimriaan witch koee film naheen see. nirmata dey roop witch, michael dougles neey dhamaka keeta; puurii haar noon ikk horr dinn dubara filmaiaa jaanha piaa, jadon kacchi film daa stock aakharkar labbh liaa giaa see. sathanak customs naal horr samassiaavan paida hoow gaeeaan, jadon takk lodindiaan rishwatan daa bhugtan naheen keeta jaanda, film atey upkarnan noon customs duaara rahassmai dhang naal rakkhiaa giaa. ant witch, nirdharat samein toon siraf tinn hafte pichhe honaa dougles laee ikk chhoti jihi jitt see. principle photography shuru honn toon lagbhag doou hafte pahilan, ikk jahaz jiss witch richard docking (production designer) atey bryne coats (production manager) swaar sunn, morakko dey pendu khetran witch sathaan dee khoj dauran hadsagrast hoow giaa, jiss witch swaar saare lokan dee maut hoow gaee. ih film docking atey coats dey naal-naal patkatha lekhak diane thoms dee yaad noon samarpit haii, jiss dee film dee rileez toon chhe hafte pahilan ikk automobile hadse witch maut hoow gaee see. moraco witch shooting dauran, dougles atey turner, ikk karajkari jett jahaz witch udaann bharr rahey sunn, ikk durghatna dey nede sunn jadon unhan dey jahaz dey wing neey ikk bhaari landing witch runway naal takra ditta. ikk aam gatishilta eff-16 fighting baaz makhaute dee varton mukkh patran dey ikk kilhe vaale shehar toon bhajjan daa ikk mukkh tatt see. lakkad, styrophome atey fiberglass mokup ikk automobile chassy utte banaiaa giaa see atey ikk ikk shevrolet injan duaara sanchalit see. pahili film dee tarahan, seekaval dey navalkaran daa sihra john wilder noon ditta giaa see, cathleen turner duaara nibhaiaa giaa kirdaar; doven kitaban asal witch catherine lannigan duaara bhoot-pret duaara likhiaan gaeeaan sunn. "dha jaival aaf dha nile" aar. see. aii. selectavision see. dee. vdo format utte rileez hoee aakhri film see. iss noon horr media formattan witch vee jaari keeta giaa see. soundtrack. "jadon challna mushkal hoow jaanda haii, taan billi ocean duaara pesh keeta giaa", "atey keemati wilson duaara pesh keeta giaa" "nyle daa gahina", kramvaar film dey dauran atey ant witch credit witch khedada haii. dougles, turner atey devito neey vee isey naam dey aimm. tii. vee. sangeet vdo witch samunder naal sahi-abhinai keeta. soundtrack witch 1980 dey dahake dey raip group vodini atey unhan dey single "freaks raat noon bahr aaunde hunn" jiven kii michael dougles atey company utt dee pitth utte maruthal vicchon langhde hunn atey naal hii campfire party dey drish dauran wilsdon dajjarz duaara "party (koee vee bhed ajj raat surakhiat naheen haii)" keeti jaandi haii. arista neey ricard, casset atey sankhep disk utte ikk soundtrack album jaari keeti. suagat. jadon kii "dha jewal aaf dha nile" neey aapne puravarti dey lagbhag jinni kamai keeti, film aalochnatmak taur 'teey bahut ghatt safal rahee atey prabhavshali dhang naal franchisee noon khatam qarr ditta. aalochakan neey mahisus keeta kii film witch kaee kathavan witch kamiaan sunn atey iss witch pahili film dey mool suhaj dee ghaat see. "dha newyork times neey aapni samikhiaa dee shuruat ih likh keey keeti," "nile dey gahine witch ajiha kujh vee naheen haii joe" "patthar naal romance curran witch mazedar jaan vadhere kalpanasheel naheen see."rojar abert iss gall naal sehmat hoow giaa... ih "patthar naal romance curran" dey barabar naheen haii, parr dougles atey turner dey vichkaar persper prabhav dee parshansa keeti. "ih spasht japda haii", usne likhiaa, "uh ikk dooje noon pasand karde hunn atey film witch hasohiniaan sathitiaan dee pred dauran mazey qarr rahey hunn, atey uhanan dee chemistry kaee vaar kahani dey mansubiaan naalon vadhere manoranjak hundi haii." collin greenland neey "chitte baune" #77 laee "nile dey gahine" dee samikhiaa keeti, atey kiha kii "nile daa gahina" "patthar naal romance curran" dee agli kadee haii, joe kii ikk horr saahas kalpana haii jiss witch siraf sahee chutki dee betuki bhavna haii. saariaan aukdan dey bavjood, ih mool dey roop witch ikk mazedar atey piaari seekaval haii." "neel daa gahina" 26 samikhiaavan dey adhaar teey sadde hoye tamataran utte 46 pratishat dee rating rakkhda haii. aalochnatmak sehmati witch likhiaa haiyav "romantic changiaadi dee bhavna ghatt gaee haii atey rudhivadiyan daa prasaar" neel dey gahiniaan "witch vadhiaa haii, halanki pahile saahas dey parshanskan laee ajey vee bahut saare dhundle action hunn." firr-yuu.aiss. rashtarpati ronald reegan neey ih film janwari 1986 witch camp david witch vekhi see. ann-tiaar keete seekaval. dougles, turner atey devito dee bhumika vaali tiji film dee gall kadey vee draft toon parey naheen gaee. laal baaz" witch, jaik atey john aapne doou kishore bacchiaan noon thyland lae jaande hunn jitthe unhan noon ikk anmol murti chori curran laee blackmail keeta jaanda haii. ih project 1997 takk latakda riha, jadon doggles neey asthai nirmata vajon ailaan keeta kii uh hunn dilchaspi naheen rakkhda. 2005 witch atey firr 2008 witch, dougles ikk dooje seekaval 'teey kamm qarr riha see, jisda sirlekh see "racing dha monsoon", halanki haal hii dey saalan witch koee horr vikas naheen hoiaa haii. 2007 toon, fox neey ikk luddy dey "reboot" dee sambhavna dey naal "romance dha stone" daa remake manniaa. jaik atey john deeaan bhumikavan teller kitsch (jaan gerard buttler) atey catherine hegel duaara bhariaan jandiaan sunn. 2011 takk, remake noon ikk television ladiwar dey roop witch dubara kamm keeta giaa see.

nilasya ratnam da jewel aaf da nail iti 1985 tame varshe nirmitam american-aakshan-edabhenchar-romantic-kamedi-chalacchitram asti, yasya nirdeshaka levis teag asti, tathaa cha nirmiti mckell dougles asti, yah saha-nataih kaithleen turner tathaa danny devito ityanena saha punah abhinayam akarot, 1984 tame varshe aakshan-edabhenchar-chalacchitrasya "romansing da stone" ityasmin swapaatraani punaraavartayat. romansing da stone" ityadini udghaatan-drushyam, john ityasya ekasmin upanyaase bhavati. asmin samaye, john ityasya weld-west-drushye jesse tathaa angelina ityetayoho sthaane, john tathaa jyaak vivaahitaa bhavitum arhanti yadaa samudrapakshaah teshaam naukaayaanasy akramanam kurvanti. "nail ityasya ratnam" iti kathitam "nail ityasya ratnam" iti kalpitam anveshtum prayaase, kaalpanik-aafrikan-marubhoomau nootan-sahasasya krute swapaatraani preshayati. bilee ocean ityanena pradarshitam geetam, "yadaa kathinam bhavati, kathinam bhavati" iti, pramukham antarashtriya-hitt abhavat, yat yoo. key. madhye #1, yoo. ess. madhye #2 cha praapnot. plut. romansing da stone" ityasmin mool-ghatanaabhyah shut masanantaram, john-valder (kaithleen-turner) tathaa jyaak-colton (mckell-dougles) ityetayoho romans-kathaa vruthaa abhavat. france-deshasya dakshinadishi ekasmin naukaashraye sthite sati, ratters-blaak ityanena peeditah john nyuyaark-nagaram pratyaagantum icchati, yadaa kii jyaak swasya "angelina" iti naukayam lakshyarahitaroopen vishvam naukaayaanam kartum icchati. pustaka-hastaakshar-vivaah-nishchaye, john ityeshah omer khalifa (spiros focas) ityanena saha militavaan, yah ekaha aakarshakah arab-shaasakah asti, yah john ityenam swasya jeevanavruttam likhitum icchati. jaan ityayam jyaak ityasya virodhasya vishaye omer ityanena saha sveekrutya nirgacchati. anantaram jyaak ralf (danny devito) ityenam prati dhaavati, yah jyaak ityasya tathaa john ityasya poorvasya columbia-nagarasya sahasasya kapatakaarakah asti, yah stone-jyaak ityasya, john ityasya cha upari jyaak ityasya parivartanam praarthayati. tadanantaram sheeghramev, ekaha arab-taarak (paal-david-magid), jyaak ityasmai omer ityasya satyaam uddeshyanam vishaye soochitavaan, tathaa cha omer ityasya "nail ityasya ratnam" asti iti pratipaadayati; yathaa tarak swasya vivaranam samaapyate, tathaiva omer ityasya purusheshu ekena sthapitat visphotanaat "angelina" visphotayati. ralf tathaa jyaak ityeshaa john tathaa kalpitam ratnam anveshtum samasamooham kurvanti. john ityeshah sheeghramev dnyaatavaan yat omer ityeshah ekaha kroorah tanashaha asti, naa tu gyaanodayaa shaasakah, yah arab-vishvam ekam karishyati iti saha avadat. prasadasya karagarasya ante, john ityeshah "all-julhara" (avner aisenbarg) ityenam prativeshtati, yah vastutah "nail ityasya ratnah" asti, yasya omer-bhayam karoti. all-julhara-varyaha john ityasmai vadati yat omaar-varyaha kadeer-nagare ekasmin samaarohe sampornasya arab-vishvasya shaasakah iti ghoshayitum yojanam karoti. all-julhara eva ekamaatrah yah omaar-nagaram pratirodhayitum shaknoti iti dnyaatvaa, john swayam saha kadeer-nagaram prati sahaayitum nishchinoti. dampatee palaayanam krutvaa jyaak ityetam anvishya, omer ityasya apaharanam krutasya ef-16 yuddhavimaane marubhoomim palaayanam kurvanti. ralf ityeshah taarak ityasya vidrohinaa sufi-janajatiya gruheetah, ye ratnasya rakshanarthm shapatham kurvanti yena saha swajanaanaam niyataam poorayitum shaknoti. nubian-parvata-janajatinam sammukheekrutya, john-jyaak-ityetayoho pranaym punah jwaalayati. john jyaak ityasmai vadati yat ratnam ratnashilam naa apitu all-julhara iti. kadeer-nagare, omer ityeshah british-raak-promoter ityanena pradattasy smoke-and-mirror-vishesha-prabhaavasya upayogam kartum icchati, yena saha eva arab-vishvam ekam karishyati iti prekshakaah pratyoohayanti. jyaak, john, all-julhara cha omer ityasya aavishkaaraartham aagacchanti parantu gruheetaah bhavanti. omer ityayam jyaak-john ityetaan gabheer-garte (john ityasya sarwaadhikawikrayamaanaayah upanyasat "da savage secret" ityatah gruheetam drushyam) upari rashibhihi asthaapayati, yadaa all-julhara ekaha bhandaarah asti. ralf, sufi-janajaateeyen saha, trayanam bandinaam rakshane samayochitah aagacchati. yadaa omer-varyaha arab-janaan sambodhayitum kendra-mancham sweekaroti, tadaa jyaak-john-ityetau samaroham vighatayanti, yadaa sufi-yuddha-omer-ityasya rakshakaah bhavanti. omer ityasya mancham paryakramayan agnihi praavartate. jyaak-john-ityetau pruthak bhavanti, omer-carners-john ityetau jwaalayitasya paritah upari santi. ralf, vishaalam crain upayujya, jyaak ityenam samayaantare john-nagaram praaptum sahayyam karoti; saha omer ityenam paarshwatah adhah cha ugrajwaalaasu utkrutya tam maarayati. all-julhara utthaya, surakshitataya agniparvatasya madhyamena gacchati, saha satyaat adhyatmikaha netaa iti bhavishyadvaaneem poorayati. agrime dine, jyaak-john-ityetau all-julhara ityanena parineetau. yadaa ralf jyaak-john-ityetayoho krute yatharthataya prasanah bhavati, tadaa saha punah vilaapayati yat tasya prayatnanam krute kimapi naa praaptam iti, parantu taarak swasyaah satyasya sufi-mitram iti angeekaroti, tathaa cha jyaak-john-ityetau sukhena nail-nadyaah adhah naukaayaanam kurvan ratnayuktam kathaari samarpayati. utpaadanam. $21 dashalakshasy aayavyay-vyaya-sahitam, pramukha-chaayaachitranasya aarambhah 1985 april 22 dinaanke abhavat, tasya chitragrahanam 1985 julai 25 dinaanke samaaptam abhavat. sthana-chitreekaranam vilephraanch-sur-merr ityatra, tathaa cha france-deshasya kens-nagare, palais-days-festivals-ett-days-kaangres-nagare, ouverjazet-nagarasya sameepe ait-benhaddau ityatra, makes-nagare, morokko-nagare cha, anyasthaaneshu, yathaa zion-rashtriya-udyaanam, springdale-nagare, utaah-nagare cha abhavat. tasmin samaye, kaithleen turner tathaa mckell dougles ityeshaa dwau api kevalam uttarabhagam eva nirmame, yatah te anubandhanusaram tatt kartum baadhyau aasan, yadyapi dougles ityayam chalacchitrasya nirmaatruroopen adhikatayaa niveshitah aasit. ekasamaye poorva-nirmanasya samaye, turner ityeshaa pariyojanaat bahihi gantum prayatatam yatah saa chitrakathaam "bhayanakam, sutratmakam, bhaavapoornam" iti dnyaatavatee, 20 shataabdyaah faaks ityanena tam anubandhasya ullamghanasya $25 dashalakshasy davaya dhamayat. dougles ityeshaa tasyaah pakshatah hastkshepam krutvaa punarlekhanm sunishchitavatee. dougles ityayam "romansing da stone" ityasya chitrakathaam likhitasya lekhakam dayen thaamas ityenam uttarabhagaya punaraagamanam naa prahrayat iti turnerah niraashah abhavat, praayah yatah saha tasyaah prarthanamoolyam atyadhikam iti nishchitavaan. yadaa dougles-varyaha turner-varyam prasannam kartum punarlekhanm kartum sammatam krutavaan, tadaa thaamas-varyaha parivartanavishaye paraamarsham kartum prushtah, parantu turnerah chitrakathayaa niraashah abhavat. saa 2018 tame varshe ekasmin sakshatkare vistaaren avadat. turnerah, dougles, devito cha pashchat "da vaar aaf da roses" iti asambadhachalachchitre punah militavantah. uttar-africa-deshe chalacchitrasya chitreekaranam asahaniya-120-degree-fahrenheit-ushnatayaha samasyaih sthaniya-chaalakadalasy samasyaih saha sankate aasit, parantu sarvaadhikam chintaajanakam yat nirdeshaka ekam aakshan-chalacchitrasya nirdeshanasy kaarye naa samarthah iti darshayat iti aasit. ekam vishaalam raatrikaalasy drushyam, yat ghantamanam yaavat sthaapitam aasit, tathaa cha paatravargah, chaalakadalah cha sthaane aasan, tadaa eva kechan drushtavantah yat chitrakarmeshu chalacchitram naasti iti. nirmaatruroopen, mckell dougles ityasya visphotah abhavat; sampornasya paraajayam anyadine punah chalacchitranam kartavyam aasit, yadaa antatah chalacchitrasya mool-stack praaptam. sthaniya-aachaar-vyavasthaasu adhika-samasyaah utpannaani, chalacchitra-upakaranani cha yathakale aawashyak-laanch-pradanam naa bhavati taavat rahasyarupena aachaar-vyavasthayaa rakshitaani aasan. ante, kevalam saptaahatrayam yaavat niyata-samayaat anativruttam bhavati sma, dougles-ityasya krute laghu-vijayah aasit. pradhaan-chaayaachitranasya arambhat praayah saptaahadwayaanantaram, richard-daakking (nirmaana-vinyaasakah), brian-coats (nirmaana-prabandhakah) cha vahati vimaanam morokko-deshasya graminakshetre sthana-anveshanasya samaye durghatitah, yena vimaane savaarah sarve mrutaah. etat chalacchitram daakking-kott-ityasya, tathaa cha chitrakathakarasya dian thaamas ityasya cha smrutim prati samarpitam asti, yah chalacchitrasya pradarshanasy shut saptahat poorvam vaahan-durghatanayam mrutah aasit. morokko-deshe chitragrahanakaale, daglas-turner-vimanayoho karyakari-jett-vimaaneshu uddiyamanaha, yadaa teshaam vimana-ving-pakshah bhaaree-patane runn-ve-madhye apatitavan tadaa praayah durghatanaa abhavat. samanya-gatividnyaanasya ef-16 yuddhasya falcon-moke-up ityasya upayogah, durgayukta-nagaraat palayanasya mukhyapatranam pramukhah ghatakah aasit. kaashtasya, starophom ityasya, faberglass ityasya cha moke-up iteedam vaahanasya chesise nirmitam aasit, 350see. aii. chevrolet-anginena cha chaalitam aasit. prathamachalacchitrasya iva, uttarabhagasya navakalpanaa, kaithleen turner ityanena abhineetasy paatrasya john valder ityasmai krutavatee; dwayoh pustakayoho vastutah catherine lanigan ityanena bhootalekhaah aasan. "da jewel aaf da nail" iti aar. see. e.-selectavision-see. dee. veediyo-rupena pradarshitam antimam chalacchitram aasit. anyeshu madhyamanam roopeshu api etat pradarshitam. dhwanimudranam bhavati. "yadaa gatihi kathinah bhavati, tadaa kathinah gatihi praapyate" iti bilee ocean ityanena pradarshitam, tathaa cha "da jewel aaf da nail" iti bahumulya-willson ityanena pradarshitam, chalacchitrasya samaye, ante cha kramashah kreeditaani bhavanti. dougles, turner, devito cha api tathaiva naamnah emm. tea. vee. music-veediyo ityasmin samudrena saha saha-abhinayam krutavantah. dhvanimudrikayam 1980 tame dashake raap-samoohah vodinee, teshaam ekasyaah "freaks-aut-att-nait" iti geetam cha drushyate, yadaa mckell daglas tathaa kampanee, marubhoomau oontasya upari gacchan, tathaa cha "party (adya raatrau meshah surakshitah naasti)" iti kemp-fair-party-drushye willsden-dodger-dwara bhavati. arista ityeshaa dhwanimudrikaayaah dhwanimudrikaayaah, casset ityasya, compact disk ityasya cha prakaashanam krutavatee. sweekaranam. da jewel aaf da nail" iti chalacchitram poorvavartinah apekshayaa praayah adhikam dhanam arjayat, tathaapi chalacchitram vimarshaatmakadrushtyaa atyalpam safalam aasit, tathaa cha matadhikarasya prabhaawen cha hatam. chalacchitram anekaih kathaavastu-chhidraihi pooritam aasit iti vimarshakah avadat, tathaa cha prathamasya chalacchitrasya mool-aakarshanasy abhaawah aasit iti. "da nyuyaark tams" iti patrikayaa swasya samiksham udghaatya likhitam, "da jewel aaf da nail" ityasmin kimapi naa asti yat "romansing da stone" ityasmin haasyam vaa adhikam kaalpanikam vaa naa aasit."roser ebert ityanena tatt sweekrutam... etat "romansing da stone" ityasya samaanam naa asti, parantu daglas-turnerayoho madhye antarkriyayaha prashamsaam akarot. "etat spashtam asti", saha likhitavaan, "te parasparm rochanti, chalachchitre haasyakrutyasya pared-madhye aanandam cha kurvanti, teshaam rasayanashastram kathaavastunah yuktteh apekshayaa kadaachit adhikam manoranjakam bhavati." collin greenland-varyaha "shveta-baunasya" "nail-ratnasya" samiksha krutavaan, tathaa cha "nail-ratnasya" uttaram "romansing-da-stone" iti, anyat saahasik-kalpanaa asti, yatra kevalam yathartham alpam murkhata asti iti avadat. sarvanam pratikulatanam viruddham, etat mulasya sadrusham anandadayakam, priyam cha uttaram asti." "26 samikshanam aadhaaren "da jewel aaf da nail" ityasya sikta-tametau ityasya 46 pratishatam maanakam vartate. vimarshaatmak-sarvasammati-lekhane likhitam asti-"pranayaramy-spark-ityasya bhaawah ksheenah abhavat, tathaa cha roodhi-siddhantanam vyaapakataa" jewal aaf da nail "ityasmin vardhitaa asti, yadyapi prathama-sahasasya prashamsakebhyah adyaapi paryaaptaani moorcchaneeyaani kriyaapravruttayah santi." tatah-yu.ess. rashtrapatihi ronald reegan ityeshah 1986 janavaree-maase kemp-david-madhye etat chalacchitram drushtavaan. aprastutam uttarabhagam. punah dougles, turner, devito cha abhineetasy truteeyachalachitrasya charchaa kadaapi praarupaat param naa abhavat. da crimson eegal" ityasmin, jyaak, john cha swa kishoravayaskau baalakau thaylyand-desham prati netum aagacchanti, yatra te amoolyam pratimam choritum blackmail-dwara praavartante. 1997 tamavarshaparyantam iyam pariyojanaa naa vilambitaa, yadaa douglass ityeshah asthaayeenirmaatroopen, swasya ruchihi naa asti iti ghoshayat. 2005 tame varshe, punah 2008 tame varshe cha, dougles ityeshah "resing da mansoon" iti sheershake dwiteeyasya uttarabhage karyam kurvan aasit, yadyapi sadyah varsheshu adhikam vikaasah naa abhavat. 2007 tamaat varshaat aarabhy, faaks "romansing da stone" ityasya punarnirmitam, shrunkhalaayaah "reboot" ityasya sambhaavyaa saha, manayat. jyaak-john-paatraani teller kitts (athavaa gerard buttler) tathaa kethareen hegel ityetabhyam pooritaani aasan. 2011 tame varshe asya punarnirmanam dooradarshan-dhaaraavaahikaroopen punah nirmitam.

nailin nagai thii jeval off thii nail enbathu 1985 aam aandu levis teak iyakkiya america athiradi-saagasa kaathal nagaichchuvai thiraippatamaagum, maelum michael tuckless thayaaritthaar, avarum mukiya kathaapaaththiraththil naditthaar, saga nadigargalaana kathleen turner mattrum danny tevito aakiyoarudan meendum inainthu, 1984 aam aandu athiradi-saagasa thiraippatamaana "romancing thii stone" ill irunthu thangal paaththirangkalai meendum nadikkiraar. romancing thii stone" poala, thodakkak kaatchi joanin naavalkalil ondril nadaiperukirathu. inththa murai, joanin kaattu-maerku soozhnilaiyil jessy mattrum aenchalinaavukkup pathilaaka, kadarkollaiyargal thangal kappalaith thaakkumpoathu joann mattrum jaak tirumanam seithu kollap poakiraargal. "nailin nagai" "adhan kathaapaaththirangalai oru karpanaiyaana aaprikka paalaivanaththil oru puthiya saagasaththirku anuppukirathu, karpanaiyaana" "nailin nagai" "aik kandupidikkum muyarchiyil". billie oasan nigazhththiya paadal, "poakumpoathu kadinamaaga irukkumpoathu, kadinamaaga sellum", oru periya sarvadesa vetrtriyaaka maariyathu, englaanththil #1 mattrum americavil #2 aii ettiyathu. sathi. romancing thii stone" endra asal nigazhvugal nadanthu aaru maathangkalukkup piragu, joann wilder (kathleen turner) mattrum jaak colton (michael tucklasses) aagiyoarin kaathal pazhaimaiyaanathaakivittathu. brancin therkil ulla oru thuraimugaththil adaikkappattirunthapoathu, raitars pilaak noayaal paathikkappatta joann, newyoarkkirkuth thirumba virumbukiraar, athae neraththil jaak thanathu padagaana "aenjalinaa" ill ulagai nokkamintri payanikka virumbukiraar. oru puththaga kaiyoppa nichayathaarththaththil, joann thanathu suyasaridhaiyai ezhutha vaendum endru virumbum oru azhagaana arabu aatchiyaalaraana oomar kalifawai (sprose phogas) santhikkiraar. jackin ethirppukalukku joann omer udan aetrtrukkondu purappadugiraar. jaak pinnar jaak mattrum kolambiyaavil joanin munththaiya saagasaththilirunthu moasadi seibavaraana ralf (danny tevito) enbavarai santhikkiraar, avar cull jaak mattrum joann kandupidikappatta jackai tiruppa vaendum endru koorugiraar. sirithu neeraththirkup piragu, oru arabu, taarak (paal davit majit), oomarin unmaiyana nokkangkalaip pattri jaakkirkuth therivikkiraar, maelum oomar "nailin nagai" endru koorukiraar; taarak thanathu vilakkangkalai mudikkumpoathu, oomarin aatkalil oruvar amaiththa vediyundil irunthu "aenjalinaa" vedikkirathu. joann mattrum kattukkathaiyaagach sollappatta nagaikalaik kandupidikka ralf mattrum jaak kuzhusaerkindranar. arabu ulagai ontrinaippathaaka avar kooriya arivoli pettra aatchiyaalarai vida oomar oru mirugaththanamaana sarvadhigari enbathai joann viraivil kandupiditthaar. aranmanai siraiyil, joann "all-julhara" (avnar aisanperk) endra punitha manitharai ethirkolkiraar, avar unmaiyil "nailin nagai" mattrum oomar anjugiraar. kaathir nagaril nadantha oru vizhaavil oomar thannai arabu ulagam muzhuvatharkum aatchiyaalaraaka arivikka thittamittullathaaka all-julhara jonidam koorukiraar. all-julhara mattumae oomaraith thaduka mudiyum enbathai unarnthu, joann avarai kaathiridam alaiththuch sella mudivu seikiraar. inththa jody thappikkirathu mattrum jaak kandupidikka, avarkal oomar kadatthappatta eff-16 poar jedd paalaivanaththil thappi oada. taarakkin kilarchi sufi palangkudiyinaraal ralf pidikkappadugiraar, avarkal nagaiyaip paathukaappathaaka sathiyam seikiraargal, ithanaal avar thanathu makkalin vithiyai niraivaettra mudiyum. oru nubian malai palangkudiyinarai santhiththa piragu, joann mattrum jackin kaathal meendum puththuir perukirathu. antha nagai oru rathinak cull alla, aanaal all-julhara endru joann jaakkidam koorukiraar. kathir paguthiyil, oomar oru british raak vilambarathaarar valangkiya pugai mattrum kannadi sirappu vilaivaip payanpaduththa virumbukiraar, arabu ulagaththai ontrinaikkum theerkkatharisi thaan endru paarvaiyaalargalai namba vaikkiraar. jaak, joann mattrum all-julhara aagiyoar oomarai ambalappaduththa varukiraargal, aanaal avarkal pidikkappadugiraargal. all-julhara oru stockatil irukkumpoathu, oomar jaak mattrum joanai oru aalamaana kuzhiyin meethu kayirugalaal idaineekkam seikiraar (joanin migapperiya virpanaiyaana navalaana "thii kaattumiraandittanamaana ragasiyam" ilirunththu edukkappatta oru kaatchi). ralf, sufi pazhangkudiyinarudan, moontru kaithigalai meetka sariyaana neraththil varukiraar. oomar arabu makkalai uraiyaattra maiya arangkai edukkumpoathu, jaak mattrum joann sufi poar oomarin kaavalargal irukkumpoathu vizhaavai seerkulaiththanar. oru thee vibaththu aerpattu, oomarin maedaiyai soozhnthullathu. jaak mattrum joann pirikkappattullanar, maelum oomar moolaigal eriyum sarakkattu meethu joann. ralf, oru maaperum graenaip payanpaduththi, jaak joanai sariyaana neraththil adaiya udhavugiraar; avar oomarai pakkavaattil udhaiththu, pongki ezhum theeppizhambugalil keezhae udhaikkiraar, avaraik kolgiraar. all-julhara ezhunththu, avar thaan unmaiyana aanmeegath thalaivar endra theerkatharisanaththai niraivaettri, eriyum naragaththin vazhiyaaga paathukaappaaka nadanthu selkiraar. aduththa naall, jaak mattrum joann all-julhara enbavaraal tirumanam seithu kollappadugiraargal. jaak mattrum joann meethu ralf unmaiyilaeyae magizhchchiyaaga irukkumpoathu, thanathu muyarchigalukkaaga ethuvum peravillai endru meendum oru murai pulambukiraar, aanaal taarak thaan oru unmaiyana sufi nanbar enbathai oppukkolkiraar, maelum jaak mattrum joann magizhchchiyudan nail kappalil payanikkumpoathu avarukku oru nagaik kaththiyai valangkukiraar. urpaththi. 21 million dollar patjettil, muthanmai pugaippadam eduththal aepral 22,1985 ill juulai 25,1985 andru padappidippu mudivadainthathu. idam padappidippu willefranch-suur-merr mattrum palais tess festivals edd tess congress, canes, brance, avursaasaedukku arugilulla aid benhado mattrum magnus, moraco, jion thaesiya poongaa, springtale, utta ullitta pira idangkalil nadanthathu. antha neraththil, kathleen turner mattrum michael tucklasses iruvarum thodarchchiyai mattumae uruvaakkinar, aenenil avarkal oppanthappadi avvaaru seiya vaendiya kattaayam irunththathu, iruppinum tucklasses adhan thayaarippaalaraaga padaththil adhiga muthaleedu seithaar. thayaarippukku munththaiya oru kattaththil, turner inththa thittaththilirunthu vilaga muyantraar, aenenil script "payankaramaanathu, sooththiramaanathu, unarchchipoorvamaanathu" endru avar kandarindhaar, 20 aam noottraandin fax oppanthaththai meeriyatharkaaga $25 million vazhakkaith tharuvathaaga achuruththiyathu. tucklasses avarathu saarbaaga thalayittu oru maruu ezhuththu seiyappaduvathai uruthi seithaar. romancing thii stone" endra kadhaikkaana thiraikkathaiyai ezhuthiya ezhuththaalar diane thaamasai duckless aduththa kattaththirkuth thirumbumpadi ketkavillai endru turner aemaattramadainththaar, aenentraal avar kaetkum vilai miga athigamaaga irunththathu endru avar mudivu seithaar. tucklasses turnerype piriyappaduththuvatharkaaka maruu ezhuthuthalgalai maerkolla oppukkondapoathu, thamas maattrangkal kuritthu aaloasanai seiyumaaru ketkappattaar, aanaal turner scriptil aemaattramadainththaar. 2018 aam aandil oru nerkaanalil avar virivaaga vlakkinaar turner, tucklasses mattrum davito pinnar thodarpillaatha thiraippatamaana "roajaakkalin poar" ill meendum ontrinaivaargal. vada aaprikkaavil padappidippu thaanga mudiyaatha 120 digiri fahrenheit veppam muthal ulloor kuzhuvinarudanaana pirachchanaikal varai sikkalkalaik kondirundhadhu, aanaal migavum thontharavaana kavalai ennaventraal, iyakkunar oru athiradi thiraippataththai iyakkum panikku thayaaraaga illai enbathaik kaattinaar. manikkanakkil amaikappatta oru periya iravu kaatchikkup piragu, nadigargal mattrum kuzhuvinar antha idaththil irunthapoathuthaan, kemaraakkalil padam illai enbathai yaravathu kavaniththanar. thayaarippaalaraaga, michael tucklasses vediththaar; muzhu thoalviyum mattroru naall meendum padamaakkappada vaendiyirunththathu, moola thiraippada pangku iruthiyaaka kandupidikappatta pinnarae. ulloor sungath thuraikalil maelum pirachchanaikal uruvaagina, thevaiyaana lanjam vazhangkappadum varai sungath turaiyaal marmamaana muraiyil padamum ubakaranangkalum thadutthu vaikappattana. iruthiyil, thittamittathai vida moontru vaarangkal mattumae thaamathamaaga iruppathu duclassuku oru siriya vetrtriyaaka irunththathu. muthanmai pugaippadam eduththal thodanguvatharku sumar irandu vaarangkalukku munbu, richard tocking (thayaarippu vadivamaippaalar) mattrum praiyan coats (thayaarippu maelaalar) aagiyoarai aetrtrich sendra vimaanam morakovin kiraamappurangalil iruppida thaeduthalin poathu vibaththukkullaanathu, athil irunththa anaivarum kollappattanar. padam veliyidappaduvatharku aaru vaarangkalukku munbu oru vaagana vibaththil iranththa tocking mattrum koattugal, athae poal tiraikkathai ezhuththaalar diane thamas aagiyoarin ninaivaaga inththa padam arppanikkappattullathu. moracovil padappidippin poathu, tucklasses mattrum turner, oru nirvaaga jedd vimanaththil paranthu kondirunthapoathu, avarkalin vimaanap pirivu kanaraga tharaiyirakkaththil oodupaathaiyil moathiyapoathu oru vibaththu aerpattathu. eff-16 fiting falcon moakappin podhuvaana iyakkaviyalaip payanpaduththuvathu oru arann seiyappatta nagaraththilirunthu mukiya kathaapaaththirangal thappikkum mukiya amsamaagum. maraa, styrophome mattrum fiber classes macub oru automobile saesil kattappattathu mattrum mattrum chevrolet iyanththiraththaal iyakkappadukirathu. muthal padaththaip poalavae, thodarchchiyin naaval mayamaakkalum joann wilder enbavarukku vazhangkappattathu, kathleen turner nadiththa kathaapaaththiram; irandu puththagangkalum unmaiyil keththarin laniganol paei ezhuthappattana. "thii jewel off thii nail" enbathu aarr. chii. aee selectavision chett veediyoa vadivaththil veliyidappatta iruthi padamaagum. idhu pira uudaga vadivangkalilum veliyidappattathu. olippathivu. "kadinamaaga irukkumpoathu, kadinamaaga sellum", billie ooshan nigazhththugiraar, mattrum vilaimathippattra willson nigazhththiya "nailin nagai", muraiyae padaththin poathu vilaiyaadugirathu mattrum iruthiyil varavugal. tucklasses, turner mattrum tevito aagiyoar athae peyaril ulla emm. dii. vii music veediyoavil kadaludan inainthu nadiththanar. 1980 kalin raap kuzhu voadini mattrum avarkalin ottrai "freaks eravil veliyae varukiraargal" michael tucklasses mattrum niruvanam ottagaththin pinpuraththil paalaivanaththil thangal vazhiyai uruvaakkuvathoadu, campfire virunththu kaatchiyin poathu willston daatjargalaal "virunththu (intriravu aadugal paathukaappaaka illai)" aagiyavai olippathivil idampettrullana. arista pathivu, caset mattrum compact disk aagiyavattril oru olippathivu aalpaththai veliyittaar. varavaerpu. thii jewel off thii nail" adhan munnoadiyaip poalavae kittatthatta vasooliththaalum, padam vimarsana reethiyaaga migak kuraivaana vetrtriyaip pettrathu mattrum urimaiyai thirampada kondrathu. inththa padam pala kadhaikkala thulaikalaal nirambiyiruppathaagavum, muthal padaththin asal kavarchi adharku illai endrum vimarsagargal karudhinar. "thii newyorg times" "thanathu mathippaaivaith thiranthu," "nailin aabaranaththil" "ethuvum illai, adhu" "kallai kaathal seivathil" "vaedikkaiyaagavoa allathu karpanaiyaagavoo illai"."rojar ebert adhai oppukkondaar... idhu "kallai kaathalippatharku" samamaaga illai, aanaal ducklackalukkum turnerukkum idaiyilaana thodarbaip paaraattiyathu. "avarkal oruvarukkoruvar virumbukiraargal, maelum thiraippataththil nagaichchuvaiyaana soozhnilaigalin anivaguppin poathu vaedikkaiyaaga irukkiraargal, maelum avarkalin vaethiyiyal sila nerangalil kadhaikkalaththin soozhchchigalai vida migavum pozhuthupoakkaaga irukkirathu enbathu thelivaagath therikirathu" endru avar ezhuthinaar." kolin greenlandhu "vellai kullan" #77 kkaana "nailin nagai" aii mathippaaivu seithaar, maelum "nailin nagai" enbathu "kallai kaathal seivatharkaana" thodarchchiyaagum, idhu sariyaana pinch muttaalthanaththudan koodiya mattroru saagasa karpanai endru koorinaar. anaitthu muranpaadugalukkum ethiraaga, idhu asal poalavae suvarasyamaana mattrum anbaana thodarchchiyaagum." "26 vimarsanangkalin adippadaiyil azhugiya thakkaali meethu "thii jewellel off thii nail" 46 sathaveetham mathippeettaik kondullathu. vimarsana reethiyaaga orumittha karutthu pinvarumaaru "kaathal theepporiyin unarvu kuraindhuvittathu mattrum stereodypeugalin paraval" nailin nagai "ill valarnththullathu, iruppinum muthal saagasaththin rasikarkalukku innum aeraalamaana mayakkum nadavadikkai ullathu." pinnar-yuu.ess. janathipathi ronault reegan inththa thiraippataththai janavari 1986 ill camp davitil paarthaar. thayaarikkappadaatha thodarchchigal. tucklasses, turner mattrum tevito nadiththa moontraavathu padam pattri paesuvathu, orupoathum varaivaith thaandavillai. sivappu kazhugu" endra padaththil, jaak mattrum joann thangal irandu denage kuzhandhaigalaiyum thaailaanthirku alaiththuch selkiraargal, angku avarkal oru vilaimathippattra silaiyaith thiruduvathaaga blackmail seiyappadugiraargal. 1997 aam aandu varai inthath thittam thaekka nilaiyil irunththathu, appoathu thartkaalika thayaarippaalaraaga tucklasses, thanakku inii aarvam illai endru arivitthaar. 2005 aam aandilum meendum 2008 aam aandilum, tucklasses irandaavathu thodarchchiyil paniyaattri vanthaar, idhu "racing thii mansoon" endra thalaippil irunththathu, iruppinum sameepathiya aandugalil maelum munnaettrangkal ethuvum aerpadavillai. 2007 muthal, fax oru thodarin "maruthodakkam" saaththiyaththudan "romancing thii stone" inn maruu aakkamaaka karudhappattathu. jaak mattrum joann vaedangkalil dailor kitch (allathu jerard butler) mattrum keththarin heigal aagiyoar nadippaarkal. 2011 vaakkil, inththa maruu aakkam oru tholaikaatchi thodaraaga meendum thayaarikkappattathu.

nail yokka aabharanam dhi jewell off dhi nail anedi anedi vacchina american action-adventure romantic comedy chitram, dheeniki levis teag darsakatvam vahinchaaru mariyu pradhana paatralo natinchina maikhel douglus nirminchaaru, saha natulu cathleen turner mariyu daanii devitolatho tirigi kalisi, kalisi vacchina action-adventure chitram "romancing dhi stone" nundi vaari paatralanu punaraavrutam chesaaru. romancing dhi stone" laaga, prarambha drushyam john navalalo okadaanilo jarugutundi. esaari, john yokka wild-west drushtaamtamlo jesse mariyu angelinaku badulugaa, samudrapu dongalu vaari oodapai daadi chesinappudu john mariyu jaak vivaham chesukobotunnarani telustondi. "nail yokka aabharanam" "kalpita" "nail yokka aabharanam" "nuu kanugone prayatnamlo, oka kalpita african edaarilo kotta saahasaaniki daani paatralanu pamputundi". billie oshan pradarsinchina paata, "velladam kathinamgaa marinappudu, kashtamgaa velladam", oka pradhana antarjaateeya hitt ayindi, idhi idhi #1 mariyu mariyu #2 kii cherukundi. plaat. romancing dhi stone" looni asalu sanghatanala tarvaata aaru nelala taruvaata, john wilder (cathleen turner) mariyu jaak colton (maikhel douglus) prema paatadigaa maarindi. fraansku dakshinaana unna odarevulo mooyabadinappudu, raitars block thoo badhapaduthunna john, newyork kuu tirigi raavaalani korukuntadu, ayithe jaak thana padava "angelina" loe prapanchaanni lakshyam lekunda prayaaninchadaaniki ishtapadataadu. oka pustaka santakam nischitaartham samayamlo, john thana jeevita charitranu vraayaalani korukune manoharamaina arab palakudu omer khalifa (spiros focas) nuu kalustaadu. jaak yokka nirasanalanu angeekarinchi, omartho vellipotaadu. jaak taruvaata columbialo jaak mariyu john yokka munupati saahasaaniki chendina mosagadu ralf (daanii devito) nuu kalustaadu, athanu jaak stone jaak mariyu john kanugonabadaalani demand chestaadu. kontakaalam tarvaata, oka arab, tarak (paal david mageed), omer yokka nijamaina uddeshaala gurinchi jaakku teliyajestaadu mariyu omarku "nail yokka aabharanam" undani paerkontaadu; tarak thana vivaranalanu puurti chesinatle, omer manushulalo okaru sett chesina bambu nundi "angelina" pelutundi. ralf mariyu jaak kalisi john mariyu kalpita aabharanaanni kanugontaaru. arab prapanchaanni ekam chestaanani taanu perkonna ghnaanoodayam pondina palakudu kakunda omar krooramaina niyanta anie john tvaralo telusukuntaadu. pales jailulo, john "all-zulhara" (avner isenberg) anae pavitra vyaktini edurkontaadu, athanu vaastavaaniki "nail yokka aabharanam" mariyu omer bhayapadevadu. kadir nagaramlo jarigina oka vedukalo omer tananu taanu arab prapanchaaniki palakudiga prakatinchukovaalani yochistunnatlu all-zulhara jontho chebutaadu. all-zulhara matrame omer nuu aapagaladani grahinchina john, atanni kadeer vaddaku teesukellaalani nirnayinchukuntaadu. eee janta tappinchukuni jaaknu kanugontaaru, mariyu vaaru omer yokka haizak chesina eff-16 faitar jetlo edaariloki paaripotaaru. tarak yokka tirugubaatu suufii tega raalfnu bandhistundi, athanu thana prajala vidhini neraverchagalagadaaniki aabharanaanni rakshistaanani pramaanam chestaadu. oka nubian parvata teganu edurkonna taruvaata, john mariyu jaak prema tirigi punjukuntundi. aaa aabharanamu ratna raayi kaadani, all-zulhara anie john jaakku chebutaadu. kadeerlo, omer arab prapanchaanni ekam chese pravakta thaane anie prekshakulanu oppinchadaaniki british rock promoter andinchina poga-mariyu-addam pratyeka prabhavanni upayoginchaalani bhaavistaadu. jaak, john mariyu all-zulhara omer nuu bahirgatam cheyadaaniki vastaaru, conny pattubadataaru. all-zulhara oka stacklo unnappudu omer jaak mariyu jonnu oka lothaina goyyi (john yokka atyadhikamgaa ammudaina navala "dhi savage secret" nundi teesukunna drushyam) meeda taadulatoe velaadadeestaadu. mugguru khaideelanu rakshinchadaaniki ralf, suufii thegatho kalisi samayaniki cherukuntaadu. arab prajalanu uddesinchi prasanginchadaaniki omar kendra vedikanu teesukuntunnappudu, jaak mariyu john vedukaku antaraayam kaliginchagaa, suufii yuddha omar yokka gaardulu. omer vedikanu chuttumutty mantalu chelaregaayi. jaak mariyu john vaeru cheyabaddaaru, mariyu mandutunna paranjaapai omar john moolallo unnaaru. ralf, oka pedda kraennu upayoginchi, jaak nirneeta samayamlo jonnu cherukovadaniki sahaayapadataadu; athanu omer nuu pakkaki mariyu krindiki ugramaina mantalaloki tannadu, atanni champutaadu. all-zulhara lechi, taanu nijamaina aadhyaatmika nayakudu anae pravachananni neraverchutuu, mandutunna narakam gundaa surakshitamgaa nadustaadu. marusati roeju, jaak mariyu jonlanu all-zulhara vivaham chesukuntaru. jaak mariyu john kosam ralf nijamgaa santoshamgaa undagaa, athanu thana prayatnaala kosam aemee pondaledani marosari vilapistaadu, conny tarak taanu nijamaina suufii snehitudini anie angeekaristaadu mariyu jaak mariyu john santoshamgaa nail nundi prayaanistunnappudu ataniki aabharanaala baaku istaadu. utpatti. $21 millionla budjetto, pradhana photography april april juulai 25,1985naa chithreekaranatho praarambhamaindi. location shooting willefranche-surr-merr mariyu palais dess festivals ett dess congress, canness, france, aurjajet sameepamloni ight benhaddou mariyu mcness, moraco, zian national park, springdale, utaatho sahaa itara pradaesaalaloo jarigindi. aaa samayamlo, cathleen turner mariyu maikhel douglus iddaroo seekvelnu matrame chesaaru, endukante vaaru alaa cheyadaaniki oppandabaddhamgaa kattubadi unnaaru, ayinappatikee douglus daani nirmaatagaa eee chitramlo chaalaa ekkuva pettubadi pettaru. prii-production samayamlo oka samayamlo, turner eee project nundi vaidolagadaaniki prayatninchaadu, endukante aame script "bhayankaramainadi, suutrapraayamainadi, bhavodvegabharitamainadi" anie bhaavinchindi, 20va sataabdapu nakka oppandaanni ullanghinchinanduku $25 millionla daavaato bedirinchindi. aame tarapuna douglus jokyam chesukuni, tirigi vraayabadindani nirdhaarinchaadu. romancing dhi stone" kosam script raasina rachayita diane thaamasnu seakwell kosam tirigi raavaalani douglus adagakapovadam patla turner niraasa chendaadu, endukante aame adige dhara chaalaa ekkuvagaa undani athanu nirnayinchukunnadu. turnernu santoshapettadaaniki douglus tirigi vraayadaaniki angeekarinchinappudu, maarpulapai sampradinchamani thaamasnu koraru, conny turner script patla niraasa chendaadu. chendaadu icchina oka interviewlo aame ilaa vivarinchindihi turner, douglus mariyu devito taruvaata sambandham laeni chitram "dhi waar off dhi roses" loe tirigi kalusukunnaru. uttara aafrikaalo chitreekarana bharinchaleni 120-degreela-fahrenheit vaedi nundi sthaanika sibbandito samasyala varaku samasyalatho koodi undhi, ayithe atyanta ibbandikaramaina aandolana emitante darsakudu oka action chitraaniki darsakatvam vahinche paniki taanu siddhamgaa laenani choopinchaadu. gantala tarabadi setup cheyabadina oka bhaarii raatri drushyam, mariyu taaraaganam mariyu sibbandi sthaanamlo, appudu matrame cameralalo cinema ledani evarainaa gamaninchaaru. nirmaatagaa, maikhel douglus pelipoyadu; mottam parajayam maroka roeju tirigi chithreekarinchaalsi vachindi, mudi film stock chivaraku kanugonabadina tarvaata matrame. sthaanika aachaaraalato marinni samasyalu talettaayi, avasaramaina lanchaalu chellinche varaku chalanachitram mariyu parikaraalanu customs rahasyamgaa nilipivesindi. chivariki, schedule kante kevalam moodu vaaralu venukabadi undatam daglasku oka chinna vijayam. pradhana chayachitrana praarambhaaniki sumaru rendu vaaraala mundu, richard docking (production designer) mariyu brian coats (production manager) lanu mosukeltunna vimanam moraco graameena praantaallo location scouting samayamlo koolipoyindi, andulo unna vaarandaruu maraninchaaru. eee chitram docking mariyu coats, alaage chitra vidudalaku aaru vaaraala mundu automobile pramaadamloo maraninchina screen raitar diane thamus ghnaapakaartham ankitam cheyabadindi. moracolo chitreekarana samayamlo, executive jett vimaanamlo egurutunna douglus mariyu turner, vaari vimaana rekka bhaarii landinglo ranvenu dheekonadamtho dadapuga pramaadaaniki gurayyayi. oka saadhaarana dynamics eff-16 fighting falcon mackup vadakam pradhana paatralu oka balavardhakamaina pattanam nundi tappinchukovadamlo keelaka amsam. chekka, styrophome mariyu fiber glass mackupnu automobile chatrampai nirminchaaru mariyu mariyu chevrolet injinto saktini pondaaru. modati chitram maadirigaane, seakwell yokka navakalpana john wilderku ghanata pondindi, cathleen turner pooshinchina paatra; rendu pustakaalu vaastavaaniki catherine lanigan chetha deyyam vrayabaddayi. "dhi jewell off dhi nail" anedi aarr. sii. yea. selectavision sed veediyo formatlo vidudalaina chivari chitram. idhi itara media formatlalo kooda vidudalaindi. soundtrack. "velladam kashtamainappudu, billie oshan pradarsinchina kathinamaina pani, mariyu viluvaina willson pradarsinchina" dhi jewell off dhi nail ", varusaga cinema samayamlo mariyu chivariki creditlanu pradarsistaayi. douglus, turner mariyu devito kooda adhe paerutoe unna mtv music veediyolo samudramtho kalisi natinchaaru. soundtracklo 1980la raap group vodini mariyu vaari single "ratriputa bayataku vachhe vichitraalu" unnaayi, maikhel douglus mariyu company onte meeda edaarilo tama maargam sugamam chestaayi, alaage campfire party sannivesamlo willisden dodgers "party (eee raatri gorrelu surakshitamgaa laevu)" chestaaru. arista record, casset mariyu compact disclapy soundtrack albumnu vidudala chesindi. swaagatam. dhi jewell off dhi nail" daani munupati chithramtho samanamga vasoolu chesinappatiki, eee chitram vimarsanaatmakamgaa chaalaa takkuva vijayanni saadhinchindi mariyu fraanchaijeeni samarthavantamgaa champindi. eee chitram aneka kathaamsa lopalatho nindi undani, modati chitram yokka asalu aakarshana ledani vimarsakulu bhaavinchaaru. "newyork times" "thana sameekshanu praarambhinchi," "dhi jewell off dhi nail" "loe" "romancing dhi stone" "loe funny ledhaa marinta kaalpanikamainadi aemee ledhu"."roser ebert dheeniki angeekarinchaadu... idhi "raayi preminchadam" thoo samanam kaadu, conny daglas mariyu turner madhya paraspara charyanu prasamsimchimdi. "vaaru okarinokaru ishtapadataarani mariyu sinimaaloni haasyaaspada paristhitula kavaatu samayamlo aanandistunnaarani, mariyu vaari chemistry konnisaarlu kathaamsam yokka kutra kante ekkuva vinodaatmakamgaa untundani spashtamgaa anipistundi" anie ayana raasaaru." collin greenland "white dwarf" #77 kosam "dhi jewell off dhi nail" nuu sameekshinchaaru, mariyu "dhi jewell off dhi nail" anedi "romancing dhi stone" kii konasagimpu anie paerkonnaaru, idhi kevalam saraina chitikedu asambaddhatato kuudina maroka sahasa kalpana. anni asamaanatalaku vyatiraekamgaa, idhi original maadirigaane aanandadaayakamaina mariyu manoharamaina seakwell." "26 sameekshala aadhaaramgaa kullina tamotalapai "dhi jewell off dhi nail" 46 saatam ratingnu kaligi undhi. vimarsanaatmaka ekaabhipraayam ilaa undih "srungaara spark yokka bhaavam ksheeninchindi mariyu modati sahasam yokka abhimanulaku inca chaalaa moorchinche charyalu unnappatikee," nail yokka aabharanam "loe moosapothala praabalyam perigindi." appudu-yuu.ess. adhyakshudu ronald reegan eee chitraanni 1986 janavarilo camp david loe chuusaaru. utpatti kaani sequevels. douglus, turner mariyu devito natinchina moodava chitram gurinchi matladatam, eppuduu draft daatipoledu. dhi crimson eegil" loe, jaak mariyu john tama iddaru teanage pillalanu thaayilaandku teesukuvelataaru, akkada vaaru amoolyamaina vigrahanni dongilinchela blockmail cheyabadataru. 1997 varaku eee project nilichipoyindi, taatkaalika nirmaatagaa douglus tanaku ikapai aasakti ledani prakatinchaaru. prakatinchaaru mariyu mallee mallee, douglus "racing dhi mansoon" anae paerutoe rendava seakwell meeda pani chestunnaru, ayithe iteevali samvatsaraalalo tadupari parinaamaalu jaragaledu. 2007 nundi, faaks oka syries yokka "reboot" avakaasamtoe "romancing dhi stone" yokka punarnirmaanamgaa pariganinchabadindi. jaak mariyu john paatralanu taylor kitts (ledhaa gerard butler) mariyu catherine hagel pooshinchaaru. 2011 natiki, eee punarnirmaanam television dhaaraavahikamgaa tirigi roopondinchabadindi.

neel kaa zewar dee jewal aaf dee neel 1985 kii eek americi action adventure romantik comedy film hay jiss kii hidayat kaaree leos teeg nay kii hay aur asay michael diggles nay prodios kiyaa hay jiss nay markazi kirdaar mein bhee kaam kiyaa shareek adakaar cathleen turner aur deaney deuto kay saath dobarah mill kirr 1984 kii action adventure film "romansing dee stone" say apnay kirdaron kuu dohraya. pathar parr romans karnay" kii tarah iftatahi manzar joaan kay naawalon mein say eek mein hotaa hay. iss baar joaan kay wild vest manzar naamay mein jaisi aur anjalina kay bajaye joaan aur jeek shaadi karnay waalay haine jabb qazaaq inn kay jehaaz parr hamlah kartay haine. "neel kaa zewar" apnay kirdaron kuu eek afsanvi afriqi sahra mein eek nayey muham joyee parr bhejta hay jiss mein afsanvi "" neel kaa zewar "" talaash karnay kii koshish kii jaati hay. bully aushin kaa gaana "jabb chalna mashkal how jaataa hay mashkal chull rehaa hay"yee eek badaa beenn alaqwami hutt bunn gayaa juu bartaniah mein #1 aur america mein #2 takk pahunch gayaa. plaat. romansing dee stone" kay asl waaqiaat kay chh maah baad joone wilder (cathleen turner) aur jeek coulton (michael diggles) kaa romans paala how gayaa hay. france kay janub mein eek bandargah parr bund kiye jaanay kay doraan joaan ryters block kaa shakaar neoyork waps jaana chahta hay jabkah jeek apnee kashti "anjalina" parr baghair maqsad kay duniya kuu safar karnaa pasand kartaa hay. eek kitaab parr dastakhat karnay kii mangani mein joone kii mulaqat amar khalifah (spiros focus) say hoti hay juu eek dilkash arab hukmaran hay juu chahta hay kahh joone apnee sawanah umri likhay. joone jeek kay ahtajaj kuu qabool kartaa hay aur amar kay saath chalaa jaataa hay. jeek baad mein columbia mein jeek aur joone kay pachlay muham joyee kay dhokay baaz raalif (deaney deuto) say milta hay juu jeek say stone jeek aur joone kuu milnay kaa mutalibah kartaa hay. iss kay foraa baad eek arab taarak (paal dude majad)yee jeek kuu amar kay haqeeqi aradon kay baaray mein matlaa kartaa hay aur daawi kartaa hay kahh amar kay paas "neel kaa zewar" hay. jeesay hyee taarak apnee wazahat khatam kartaa hay "anjalina" amar kay aadmiyon mein say eek kay nasb kardah bumm say phatt jaataa hay. raalif aur jeek joaan aur afsanvi zewar talaash karnay kay liye mill kirr kaam kartay haine. joone kuu jald hyee patah chalta hay kahh amar eek roshan khayaal hukmaran kay bajaye eek safaak dictator hay jiss kay baaray mein iss nay daawi kiyaa thaa kahh wah arab duniya kuu muthad karay gaa. mahal kii jail mein joone kaa saamna "aljolhaar" (avenar aaizan burg) say hotaa hay juu eek muqadas aadmi hay juu darhaqiqat "neel kaa zewar" hay aur jiss say amar dartaa hay. aljalhara nay joaan kuu bataya kahh amar qaadir shehar mein eek taqrib mein khood kuu tamaam arab duniya kaa hukmaran qaraar deenay kaa aradah rakhta hay. yaha mahsus kartay hoay kahh aljalhara waahid hay juu amar kuu rook saktaa hay joone khood asay qaadir kay paas lay jaanay kaa faislah kartaa hay. yaha jodee faraar how jaati hay aur jeek kuu dhondti hay aur wah amar kay aghwa shadah aif-16 ladaka tayaray mein sahra mein bhaag jaatay haine. ralf kuu taarak kay baaghi soofi qabeelay nay pakad liyaa hay juu iss zewar kii hifazat karnay kii qasm khaatay haine taakah wah apnay logon kii taqdir poori kirr sakay. nobeen pahaadi qabeelay kaa saamna karnay kay baad joone aur jeek kaa romans dobarah zindah how jaataa hay. joone jeek kuu batata hay kahh yaha zewar koyee jawahir nahein balkah aljalhara hay. qaadir mein amar eek bartanvi raak promoter kii taraf say farahim kardah dhawaan aur ameeq khususi asar istemaal karnay kaa aradah rakhta hay taakah nazireen kuu yaha yaqeen dilaya jaa sakay kahh wah nabee hay juu arab duniya kuu muthad karay gaa. jeek joone aur aljolhaar amar kuu bay nqab karnay kay liye pahunchtay haine leakin pakday jaatay haine. amar jeek aur joone kuu eek gehrey garhay parr rasiyon say latka deeta hay (yaha manzar naamah joaan kay sabb say ziyadah farokhat honay waalay naawal "dee sawej secret" say liyaa gayaa hay) jabb kahh aljharah eek zakhirah mein hay. ralaf soofi qabeelay kay saath teenon qaidiyon kuu bachanay kay liye waqat parr pahunchta hay. jeesay hyee amar arab logon say khataab karnay kay liye markazi stage parr pahunchta hay jeek aur joone taqrib mein khalal daaltay haine jabkah soofi jung amar kay muhafiz. aag bhadakti hay aur amar kay stage kuu apnee lapet mein lay leeti hay. jeek aur joone alg how jaatay haine aur amar konay jaltay hoay sahan kay oopar joone hotay haine. raalif eek devhikal kareen kaa istemaal kartay huay jeek kuu waqat kay saath joone takk pahunchnay mein madad kartaa hay. wah aumaar kuu eek taraf say aur neechey bhadaktay hoay sholon mein laat maarta hay jiss say wah halaak how jaataa hay. aljalhara uthta hay aur aag say mahfuz tareeqe say guzarta hay iss pation goyee kuu poraa kartaa hay kahh wah sachaa rohani rehnuma hay. aglay dunn jeek aur joone kii shaadi aljalhara say hoti hay. jabb kahh raalif jeek aur joone kay liye waaqee khush hay wah eek baar phir apnee koshishon kay liye kachh haasil naha karnay parr maatam kartaa hay leakin taarak tasleem kartaa hay kahh wah eek sachaa soofi dost hay aur asay eek zewar daar khajoor paish kartaa hay jabb jeek aur joone khushi say neel say utartay haine. paidawar. 21 millin ddaalar kay bujjet kay saath principle foto girafi kaa aaghaz 22 apreel 1985 kuu 25 jolayi 1985 kuu film bundi kay saath hawaa. location shoting walee franche sarr meer aur peers ddais festivals aett ddais congress canes france auwarzaziyat kay qareeb aett benahdu aur mcnace marako sameet deegar maqamat parr hoyee jinn mein zewan national paark springdale yutah shaamil haine. iss waqat cathleen turner aur michael diggles donon nay sarf sequil banaya keunkah wah muahidah kay mutabiq aisa karnay kay paband thay halankah diggles nay film kay producer kay toor parr iss mein behat ziyadah sarmayah kaaree kii thee. paree production kay doraan eek moqaa parr turner nay iss mansubay say peeche hatnay kii koshish kii keunkah asay script "khufnaak farmolai jazbati" lagaa 20 wein sadee takk lomdi nay asay muahide kii khalaaf warzi parr 2.5 millin ddaalar kay moqhadhime kii dhamki dee. diggles nay iss kii taraf say madakhilat kii aur iss baath kuu yaqeeni banaya kahh dobarah likhaa jaaye. turner kuu mayusi hoyee kahh diggles nay ddiyaan thamas say jiss masnaf nay "pathar parr romans karnay" kay liye script likhaa thaa sequil kay liye waps aaney kay liye nahein kahaa bazahir iss wajah say kahh iss nay faislah kiyaa kahh iss kii maang kii qeemat behat ziyadah hay. jabb diggles nay turner kuu khush karnay kay liye dobarah likhnay parr ittefaq kiyaa tuu thamas say kahaa gayaa kahh wah tabdiliyon parr mashurah karein leakin turner script say mayus rahay. inhon nay 2018 mein eek intervieve mein wazahat kii: turner diggles aur devito baad mein ghair mutaliqah film "dee waar aaf dee gulabiz" mein dobarah akthay hoay. shamali afriqah mein film bundi naqabil bardasht 120 digri faarin hight garmi say lay kirr maqami amley kay saath masail say dochaar thee leakin sabb say preshan kunn tashwesh yaha thee kahh hidayat kaar nay dikhaya kahh wah eek action film kii hidayat kaaree kay kaam kay liye tayaar nahein thay. eek baday raat kay manzar kay baad juu seet app mein ghanton thaa aur cast aur amley kay arkaan kii jagah parr tubb hyee kasee nay mahsus kiyaa kahh cameron mein koyee film nahein hay. batoor producer michael diggles phatt gayey. khaam film kaa zakhirah aakhir kaar milnay kay baad hyee poori shakast kuu eek aur dunn dobarah filmana padaa. maqami rasm woo rawaj kay saath mazeed masail paida huay film aur saamaan kuu prasrar toor parr rasm woo rawaj kay zariye iss waqat takk rook diyaa gayaa jabb takk kahh matlubah rashwat adaa naha kii jaaye. aakhir mein muqarrah waqat say sarf teen haftay peeche honaa diggles kay liye eek mamuli fatah thee. principle foto girafi sharoo honay say taqriba duu haftay pehley richard ddaaking (production designar) aur brine coats (production maneejar) kuu lay jaanay waala eek tayarah marakash kay deehi elaqon mein location scouting kay doraan girr kirr tabaah how gayaa jiss mein sawaar tamaam afraad halaak how gayey. yaha film ddaaking aur coats kay saath saath screen ryter ddiyaan thamas kii yaad mein waqaf hay juu film kii release say chh haftay qabal eek automobile haadise mein halaak how gayey thay. marakash mein film bundi kay doraan eek execto jait tayaray mein udtay hoay diggles aur turner kaa eek qareeb haadsah hawaa jabb inn kay tayaray kaa wing bhaari lending mein runn way say takra gayaa. aif-16 fighting falcon maak app kaa istemaal eek qalah bund shehar say faraar honay waalay markazi kirdaron kaa eek aham ansar thaa. lakadi styrophom aur fibre glaas maak app eek automobile cheesis parr banaya gayaa thaa aur 350 see aayee sheverlet anjan say chalta thaa. pehli film kii tarah sequil kii naawal saazi kaa sehra joone wilder kuu diyaa gayaa juu kirdaar cathleen turner nay adaa kiyaa thaa. donon kitabein darasil catherine lenigan kay zariye bhoot likhee gayee thein. "dee jewal aaf dee neel" aar see aey slecket vision seed video formate parr release honay waali aakhri film thee. asay deegar mediya formats mein bhee jaari kiyaa gayaa thaa. sound track. "jabb chalna mashkal how jaataa hay mashkal chull jaataa hay" bully aushin kay zariah paish kiyaa gayaa aur "neel kaa zewar"yee qeemati walasan kay zariah paish kiyaa gayaa baltarteeb film kay doraan aur aakhir mein creadt mein kheelta hay. diggles turner aur devito nay bhee asee naam kii ayem tye wee music video mein samandar kay saath kaam kiyaa. sound track mein 1980 kii dahayi kaa reep grop vodini aur inn kaa waahid "freks raat kuu baahir nikaltay haine" jeesay michael diggles aur company oont kii peeth parr sahra say guzartay haine aur saath hyee camp fayer paarti kay manzar kay doraan wilsden dojaron kay zariah "paarti (aaj raat koyee bhed mahfuz nahein hay)" kii khususiyat haine. arsta nay record cast aur compact disk parr eek sound track album jaari kiyaa. isteqbaliya. agarcha "dee jewal aaf dee neel" nay apnay paishro kii tarah taqriba atnee hyee kamayi kii leakin yaha film tanqidi toor parr behat kumm kamiyab rahee aur moasir tareeqe say frunchise kuu maar daala. naqdin nay mahsus kiyaa kahh yaha film mutadid plaat surakhon say bharee hoyee hay aur iss mein pehli film kii asl dilkashi kaa faqdan hay. "dee neoyork times nay" "neel kay zewar" "mein aisa kachh bhee nahein hay juu" "pathar parr romans karnay" "mein mazhakah khaiz yaa ziyadah khayali naha how."rogar ebert nay iss baath say ittefaq kiyaa... yaha "pathar kay saath romans karnay" kay baraabar nahein hay leakin diggles aur turner kay darmiyan bahami taamil kii tareef kii. "yaha waazah malum hotaa hay" inhon nay likhaa "kahh wah eek dosray kuu pasand kartay haine aur film mein mazhakah khaiz halaat kii pred kay doraan tafrih kirr rahay haine aur inn kii chemistry kabhi kabhi plaat kii sazishon say ziyadah dall lagee hoti hay." colan grain lend nay "waait duarf" #77 kay liye "dee jewal aaf dee neel" kaa jaizah liyaa aur kahaa kahh "dee jewal aaf dee neel" "pathar parr romans karnay" kaa sequil hay juu kahh eek aur adventure fantasi hay jiss mein sarf saheeh chatki kii bay waqufi hay. tamaam mashkalaat kay bawajood yaha asl kii tarah hyee khushgawar aur dilkash sequil hay." "dee jewal aaf dee neel" 26 jaizon kii bunyaad parr saray hoay timater parr 46 faisad kii darjah bundi rakhta hay. tanqidi ittefaq raaye mein likhaa hay: "romanvi changari kaa ahsaas kumm how gayaa hay aur daqyanosi tasvaraat kaa phailao" neel kay zewar "mein badh gayaa hay halankah pehley muham joyee kay shaiqeen kay liye ubhee bhee kaafi ghanudgi kaa amal baaqi hay." phir-yuu.aiss. sadr ronald reegan nay yaha film januri 1986 mein camp dude mein dekhi. ghair tayaar shadah sequil. eek teesri film kii baath jiss mein dobarah diggles turner aur devito nay adakari kii kabhi bhee draft say baahir nahein hoyee. dee karmas aqaab" mein jeek aur joone apnay duu noamar bachon kuu thayee lend lay jaatay haine jehaan inhein eek anmol mujasmah choori karnay kay liye bleek meel kiyaa jaataa hay. yaha mansubah 1997 takk rakk gayaa jabb doggles nay aarizi producer kay toor parr aalaan kiyaa kahh wah abb dilchaspi nahein rakhtay haine. 2005 mein aur phir 2008 mein diggles dosray sequil parr kaam kirr rahay thay jiss kaa anwaan "resing dee maanson" thaa halankah haaliyah barson mein mazeed paish raft nahein hoyee hay. 2007 say faaks nay kasee seerez kay "reboat" kay amkaan kay saath "romansing dee stone" kaa remake samjha. jeek aur joone kay kirdaar teller cutsch (yaa jairard butler) aur catherine hagel say bharay jayein gay. 2011 takk remake kuu eek teeli vision seerez kay toor parr dobarah kaam kiyaa gayaa.

fffb40eaa2f1da10ed617cb0799ff9332c89e8fba8bfe384a680b64d42c410de

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=73563638

Police Trail

Police Trail Trail in British Columbia built during the Klondike Gold Rush The Police Trail (or Police Road) was built across parts of northern British Columbia as an alternate, overland route to the Yukon gold fields in 1897. It was used by only a few miners during the Yukon gold rush and fell into disrepair, but parts are still used by local hunting guides, hunters, outfitters and trappers. History. After mid-19th century gold rushes in British Columbia, in 1896, gold was found at Bonanza Creek, a tributary to the Klondike River near Dawson City, Yukon, and the Klondike Gold Rush began. Many miners tried to reach the Yukon overland from Edmonton, Alberta. In the chaos of "prospectors attempting to reach the gold fields overland through northeastern BC, starvation, violence, and disorder inevitably surfaced." The Canadian government commissioned the North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) to find or build a passable trail. Mills noted that, The Northwest Mounted Police Trail (NWMP Trail) was initially one of numerous Aboriginal or "native walking" trails that laced through the valleys and passes of the northern Rockies. Archaeological evidence indicates that some of these trails may well be thousands of years old. These trails were a vital connection between families and communities, and between hunting and gathering areas for the original inhabitants of the land.The task was assigned to Inspector J. D. Moodie and crew of the North-West Mounted Police. In 1897 Moodie's team, with First Nations guides, cut a trail up Cypress Creek (tributary to Halfway River), over Laurier Pass and down the Ospika River to Fort Graham. The road building involved cutting into hillsides to make a level road grade wide enough for a small cart; but fills were not used, presumably because of the difficulty of reinforcing and maintaining them. The NWMP used and patrolled the trail for another 10 years, after which it was not formally maintained. However, the trail was used by First Nation communities, local hunters and trappers, geographical surveyors, and adventurers. The making of the Police Trail and a subsequent trail up the Columbia Trench from Fort Graham, has been described by R. M. Patterson in "Finlay's River" Other management and protected areas. The Muskwa-Kechika Management Area, created by the provincial government in 1998, encompasses the Cypress Creek drainage and the eastern portion of the Police Trail. The Graham-Laurier Park, established by the provincial government in 1999, encompasses the headwaters of Cypress Creek and Laurier Pass, through which the Police Trail passes. Current Use. In 1970, at least the eastern part of this trail up to the height of the Rockies near Mt. Lady Laurier was still in use by local trappers and hunters and by guide-outfitter R. Lynn Ross and his guides and clients whose tenure was west of Pink Mountain, B.C. Prior to hunting season, Ross sent guides and ranch hands along his trails to cut out any fallen timber and make them passable for a pack train of horses. The Police Trail was the southern-most of Ross's three main hunting trails. The Halfway First Nation has preserved the Police Trail as far west as Laurier Pass. The guiding tenure is now owned by the Blueberry First Nations. Access to the area is by road from the community of Pink Mountain or by resource roads from the community of Upper Halfway River. Motorized access to the Police Trail is not permitted, but a trail suitable for motorized access (REC6804) runs adjacent to it. References. <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />

aarokhyir poth prodorxon 1897 sonot uttor britis columbier kichu ongxot eukon xunor potharoloi ek bikolpo, stholpoth hisape aarokhyi poth (baa aarokhyi poth) nirman koraa hoisil. iyak eukon xunor bhiror xomoyot maatro keibajonu khoni sromikoi byobohar korisil aaru ee nosto hoi porisil, kintu kichu ongxo etiyau sthaniyo sikar guide, sikari, outfater aaru traperxokole byobohar kore. itihax. 19 xotikar majbhagot britis kolombiyat xunor rasor pisot, 1896 sonot, yukonor dauson sohoror usoror clondike nodir uponodi bob 'nanja khaarit xun puwa goisil aaru clondike gold raas aarombho hoisil. bohutu khoni sromikoi elberter admontonor poraa eukon stholbhagoloi jaboloi chesta korisil. khristopurbo uttor-pubor maajere stholbhagor xunor potharot uponeet hoh "boloi chesta koraa" onwexonkarixokol "ror bisringkholotat onahar, hingxa aaru bisringkholota onibarzobhabe dekha disil."kanada sorkare uttor-poschim mounted aarokhyik (nwmp) etaa paar hoi juwa poth bisari uliyaboloi baa nirman koriboloi nijukto korisil. milxomuhe ullekh korisil je, uttor-poschimor mounted aarokhyi trail (nwmp trail) prothomote uttor rokir upotyoka aaru pasor maajere thoka oxongkhyo aadim baa "sthaniyo khuj karhiboloi" juwa trailor bhitorot etaa aasil. puratatwik promanoi ingito diye je ei pothburor kisuman haajar haajar bosor puroni hoh 'bob paare. ei pothoxomuh poriyal aaru xomprodayor maajot aaru bhumir mool baxindaxokolor baabe sikar aaru xongroho koraa oncholor maajot ek guruttopurno xongzug aasil.ei kaamtu poridorxok je-koo diya hoisil. di. uttor-poschimor mudi aaru kormosarixokole aarokhyir xoite milito hoisil. 1897 sonot mudir doltuwe prothom rastror poth prodorxokxokolor xoite cypress khaari (aadha nodir uponodi), lo "rear pasor uporere aaru ospika nodir poraa fort grahamoloi etaa poth katisil. poth nirmanot paharor paarot kaati xoru gaari ekhonor baabe jothesto bohol etaa xomotol poth grade toiyar koraa hoisil; kintu bhoron byobohar koraa huwa nasil, xombhobotoh xeibur xoktixali koraa aaru rokhyonabekhyon korat oxubidhar baabe. nwmp-ye aan 10 bosor dhori pothtu byobohar korisil aaru tohol disil, jaar pisot iyak anusthanikbhabe rokhyonabekhyon koraa huwa nasil. obosye, ei pothtu prothom jaatir xomproday, sthaniyo sikari aaru traper, bhougulik joripkari aaru duxahxikxokole byobohar korisil. aarokhyir poth nirman aaru taar pisot graham durgor poraa kolombiya trensor uporoloi juwa pothor bixoye aar. em. finole 'jo ribhar" too paterson" onyanyo byowosthapona aaru xurokhito onchol. 1998 sonot pradexik sorkare sristi koraa muskowa-kesika byowosthapona oncholot cypress khaari niskaxon aaru aarokhyi pothor pubo ongxo xamori luwa hoise. 1999 sonot pradexik sorkare sthapon koraa graham-laurier udyankhone cypress khaari aaru laurier pasor mool jolaxoixomuhok xamori loiche, jaar maajere aarokhyir poth paar hoi yaay. bortoman byobohar. 1970 sonot, ontotoh ei pothor pubo ongxotu em. ti.-ror usoror rokir uschotaloike. leady lo "rear etiyau sthaniyo traper aaru sikari aaru guide-outfitter aar-ror dwara byobohar koraa hoisil. linn roch aaru teur poth prodorxok aaru mokkelxokol jaar karjokal aasil gulapi porbotor poschime, kho.chi. sikar ritur purbe, rose pothor kaxot poth prodorxok aaru poxu-paalonor haat pothiyaisil jaate jikunu pori juwa kaath kaati ghurar etaa pek trainor baabe xeibur paar hoh 'bob paare. rosor tinita mukhyo sikar pothor bhitorot aarokhyir poth aasil ataitkoi dokhyinor. prothom rastroi poschimor poraa lariyar pasoloike aarokhyir poth xongrokhyon korise. poth prodorxokor karjokal etiya bluebory prothom rastror malikanadhin. gulapi porbotor xomprodayor poraa pothor joriyote baa nodir uporor aadha nodir xomprodayor poraa xompod pothor joriyote oncholtut prowex koribo paari. aarokhyi potholoi motorjukto prowexor onumoti diya nohoy, kintu motorjukto prowexor baabe upojukto etaa poth (rek 6804) iyar kaxot sole.

pulisher nazardari 1897 saale eucon swarnakkhetrer bikalpa stholpoth hisabe uttor british columbier kichhu ongsho judey pulish trail (baa pulish road) nirmito hoyechilo. etty eucon sonara bhider somoy matro koyekjon khoni shromik dwara byabohrito hoyechilo ebong meramoter modhye porechilo, tobey ongshoguli ekhono sthaniya shicker guide, shikari, poshak prostutkarok ebong trapperder dwara byabohrito hoy. itihas. british columbia 19 shotoker majhamajhi somoye, 1896 saale, euconer dauson shohorer kachhe clondike nadeer ekti uponodi bonanza khandi theke swarner sandhan pawa yaay ebong clondike sonara bhid shuru hoy. onek khoni shromik alberter edmonton theke stholbhage eucon pouchanor chesta korechilo. khristopurbo uttor-purber modhyo diye stholbhage sonara khete pouchanor chesta koraa "anusandhankarider bishrinkhalar modhye, anahar, hingsa ebong bishrinkhala onibarjobhabe dekha diyechilo."kanadian sarkar ekti jatayatojoggo poth khunje berr baa nirmaner jonno uttor-poschim mounted pulish (nwmp) keey nijukto korey. milguli ullekh koreche jey, uttor-poschim mounted pulish trail (nwmp trail) prathomikbhabe uttor rakigulir upottoka ebong pasgulir modhyo diye thaka asankhya adibasi baa "sthaniya hantar" trailgulir modhye ekti chhilo. protnotattik proman theke jaanaa yaay jey, eyi pothogulir modhye koyekti hazar hazar bochorer purno hotey paare. eyi pathguli poribar oo sampradayer modhye ebong jomir mool basindader jonno shicker oo sangraher khetrogulir modhye ekti guruttopurno sangjog chhilo.eyi kaajti insapektara jeey-keey deoa hoyechilo. dii. uttor-poschimer moody ebong kru policeke nijukto korey. 1897 saale prothom jaatir pothprodorshokder niye mudir doll cyprus khandi (ardhek nadeer uponodi), laurier paaser upor diye ebong ospica nadeer niche phorta graham porjonto ekti poth ketey deyo. rasta nirmaner jonno pahader dhaare kaata hoto jaate ekti samtal rastar grade ekti chhoto gaadir jonno jotheshto proshosto hoy; tobey bharatguli byabohar koraa hoyney, sombhoboto taader shaktishali koraa ebong rokkhonabekkhoner asubidhar karone. enn. dobleeu. emm. pii arow 10 bochor dhorey trailty byabohar oo tohol deyo, jaar porey etty anusthanikbhabe rakkhanabekkhan koraa hoyney. tobey, prothom jaati sampradai, sthaniya shikari oo trapper, bhougolik joripkari ebong dushahosikra eyi pothti byabohar koroto. pulish trail toiri ebong phorta graham theke kalambia parikha porjonto poroborti trail, arr dwara bornona koraa hoyeche. emm. finley' shha river '-ayee patterson" anyanno byabosthapona oo surokkhito elaka. 1998 saale pradeshik sarkar dwara nirmito muskwa-kechika porichalon elakati cyprus khandi nishkashon ebong pulish trailer purbo ongshoke antarbhukta korey. 1999 saale pradeshik sarkar kortrik protisthito graham-laurier parkti cypress khandi ebong laurier paaser mool jolke ghire rekheche, jaar modhyo diye pulish trailty yaay. bortoman byabohar. 1970 saale, ontoto eyi pother purbo ongshoti emm. tii-rawr kachakachi rakigulir uchchota porjonto. sthaniya trapper ebong shikari ebong guide-outfitter arr dwara lady laurier ekhono byabohrito hoto. lynne ross ebong taanr pothprodorshok ebong makkelder karjokal chhilo golapi porboter poschime, kho.shee. shikarer morshumer agey, ross taar pother upor guide ebong khamar haat pathiyechilen jaate konao potito kaatth ketey fela yaay ebong segulike ghodar ekti packett trainer jonno jatayatojoggo korey tola yaay. pulish trail chhilo roser tinti prodhan shikarer trailer dakkhintama. prothom deshti pray poschime laurier pusses porjonto pulish trailty sanrakkhan koreche. pothprodorshoker meyad ekhon blueberry first nationser malikanadhin. golapi pahader sampradai theke sadakpathe baa uporer ardhek nadeer sampradai theke sompod sadak dwara eyi anchale probesh koraa yaay. pulish traile motor chaalito probeshadhikar onumodito noy, tobey motor chaalito probeshadhikarer jonno upojukto ekti trail (reeka 6804) err sanglagna.

police track police pageru (athavaa police rooad) 1897maan yukon sonaana khetaromaa vaikalpik, jameen parnaa maarg tareeke uttar british columbiana ketlaak bhagoma banavvama aavyu hatoo. teno upyog yukon sonaana dhasaaro darmiyan maatra thodaa khaaniyaao dwara karvaamaa aavto hato aneey teey jarjarit thaee gayo hato, parantu bhaago haju pann sthaaneek shikaar margdarshikao, shikaareeo, outfitters aneey trapers dwara upyogmaa levaay chhe. itihas. british kolambiyama 19mee sadeena madhyamaa sonaani dhasaaro pachhi, 1896maan, yukonnaa dausan shaher najik clondic nadeeni sahayak bonanza khaadimaa sonoo malee aavyu hatoo aneey clondic gold rush sharoo thayo hato. ghanaa khaniyaoae admonton, albertathi yukon overland sudhee pahonchvaano prayaas karyo. ee. saes. purve uttarpurviy vistaromathi jameen parr sonaana khetaro sudhee pahonchvaano prayaas curry rahela "nirikshakoni andhadhundhima, bhukhmaro, hinsa aneey avyavastha aneevarypane saame aavee hatee."kenediyan sarkaare uttar-pashchim mounted police (endablyupi) neey pasaar curry shakaay tevee pagdandi shodhvaa athavaa banaavvaa maate niyukt curry. miloae nondhyu hatoo keey, uttarpashchim mounted police trail (endablupipi trail) sharuaatmaa asankhya adivasi athavaa "mool walking" trailsmanthi aek hatoo jeey uttareey khadakoni kheeno aneey pasmathi pasaar thaay chhe. puratatviy puraava soochave chhe keey aamaana ketlaak rastaao hajaaro varsh junaa hoi shake chhe. aaa rastaao parivaaro aneey samudaayo vachche aneey jameenna mool rahevasio maate shikaar aneey bhegee karvaanaa vistaaro vachcheno aek mahatvapurn sambandh hato.aaa kaary nirikshak jeey. neey sonpavama aavyu hatoo. dii. uttar-pashchimna moody aneey kruae police tainaat curry hatee. 1897maan moodini teame first nationsnaa maargdarshako saathe, cyprus khaadi (adadhi nadeeni sahayak), laurier paas parr aneey ospica nadeeni neeche phorta graaham sudhee pageru kaapyu. rastaana nirmanma naanee gaadee maate purtaa pramanma paholaa rastaa grade banaavvaa maate tekreeo kaapvaano samaavesh thato hato; parantu puravaniono upyog karvaamaa aavto naa hato, kadaach temne majboot karvaa aneey jalavama mushkeleene kaarane. endablupy anya 10 varsh sudhee pageraano upyog karyo aneey patrolling karyoo, jeey pachhi tenee aupcharik reete jaalvani karvaamaa aavee naa hatee. jooe keey, pageru pratham raashtra samudaayo, sthaaneek shikaareeo aneey trapers, bhaugolik sarvekshako aneey saahseek loko dwara upyogmaa levaatu hatoo. police pageru banaavvu aneey phorta graahamthee kolambiya khaai sudhee anugaamee pageru, aar dwara varnavama aavyu chhe. aema. finaleni nadee" maan patterson" anya vyavsthaapan aneey sanrakshit kshetro. 1998maan praantiy sarkaar dwara banavvama aavel muskava-kechika vyavsthaapan vistaar cyprus khaadinaa gutter aneey police pageraana purveey bhagne aavari leey chhe. 1999maan praantiy sarkaar dwara sthaapit graaham-laurier parkma cyprus khaadi aneey laurier paasnaa mukhya paanino samaavesh thaay chhe, jemathi police pageru pasaar thaay chhe. vartmaan upyog. 1970maan, ochhama ochhu aaa pagerunno purveey bhaag aema. tii. najik rokeesni unchai sudhee. lady laurierno upyog haju pann sthaaneek trapers aneey shikaareeo dwara aneey maargdarshak-outfitter aar. lyne roosa aneey temnaa maargdarshako aneey graahako jaimno kaarykaad gulabi parvatni pashchimma hato, bii.see. shikaarnee mosam pahelaa, rosse pattharo parr maargdarshako aneey khetaro mokalya hataa jethee koee pann puddy gayelaa lakadane kaapee shakaay aneey temne ghodaani aek tolu train maate pasaar curry shakaay. police pageru rosnaa trana mukhya shikaarnaa pageranmathi sauthee dakshinma hatoo. adadhaa pahelaa raashtre door pashchimma laurier paas sudhee police pageru saachavyu chhe. maargdarshak kaarykaad havey blueberry first raashtroni malikino chhe. gulabi parvat samudaymathi maarg dwara athavaa upali adadhi nadeena samudaymathi sansadhan margo dwara aaa vistaar sudhee pahonch chhe. police pageru sudhee motoryukt praveshnee manjuri nathee, parantu motoryukt pravesh (reqa 6804) maate yogya pageru tenee bajuma chaale chhe.

pulis kaa peechha pulis trail (yaa pulis road) koo uttari british kolambiya key kuchh hisson mein 1897 mein yucon soney key kheton key liye ack vaikalpik, bhoomi maarg key roop mein banaaya gayaa thaa. iska upayog kewal kuchh khanikon dwara yucon soney kii bheed key dauran kiya gayaa thaa aur yeh kharaab hoe gayaa thaa, lekin kuchh hisson kaa upayog abhee bhee sthaaniya shikaar guide, shikari, outfitters aur trapper dwara kiya jaataa haye. itihas. british kolambiya mein 19veen shatabdi key madhya mein soney kii daud key baad, 1896 mein, sonaa bonanza khaadi mein paaya gayaa, joe dosson shahar, yucon key paas clondike nadee kii ack sahayak nadee haye, aur clondike gold rush shuru huaa. kaee khanikon ney admonton, alberta seey eucon overland taka pahunchane kii koshish kii. poorvottar eesaa poorv key madhyam seey bhoomi key oopar soney key kheton taka pahunchane kaa prayaas karane vaale "prospectors" kii arajakta mein, bhukhmari, hinsa aur avyavastha anivarya roop seey saamane aaee."kanadai sarkaar ney uttar-paschim ghudsavaar pulis (aine. doubleu. aim. pee.) koo ack gujarane yogya pagadandi khojane yaa banaane key liye niyukt kiya. milon ney nott kiya kii, uttar-paschim mein ghudsavaar pulis trail (aine. doubleu. aim. pee. trail) shuru mein kaee adiwasi yaa "deshi paidal" trails mein seey ack thaa joe uttari chattanon kii ghaatiyon aur darron seey hocker gujarta thaa. puraataatvik sakshya ingit karate hain kii inmein seey kuchh raaste hajaaron saal puraane hoe sakate hain. yeye maarg parivaaron aur samudaayon key beach aur bhoomi key mool nivaasiyon key liye shikaar aur ikattha karane vaale kshetron key beach ack mahatvapurna sambandh they.yeh kaary nireekshak jey koo saunpa gayaa thaa. dee. uttar-paschim key moody aur chaalak dall ney pulis koo tainaat kiya. 1897 mein moody kii team ney pahale rashtra key guides key saath, cyprus creak (aadhi nadee kii sahayak), laurier darre key oopar aur ospica nadee seey neeche fort graham taka ack pagadandi kaat dee. sadak nirmaan mein ack chhoti gaadi key liye paryaapt sadak grade chauda banaane key liye pahaadiyon mein katauti karna shamil thaa; lekin bharane kaa upayog naheen kiya gayaa thaa, sambhavatah unhein majboot karane aur banaae rakhane mein kathinaaee key kaaran. aine. doubleu. aim. pee. ney ack aur 10 varshon key liye pagadandi kaa upayog aur gasht kii, jisake baad ise aupchaarik roop seey banaae naheen rakhaa gayaa. haalaanki, iss pagadandi kaa upayog pratham rashtra samudaayon, sthaaniya shikariyon aur trappers, bhaugolik sarvekshankartaon aur sahsi logon dwara kiya jaataa thaa. pulis pagadandi key nirmaan aur kille graham seey columbia khaai taka ack baad key pagadandi kaa varnan aar dwara kiya gayaa haye. aim. finley kii nadee" mein patterson" anya prabandhan aur sanrakshit kshetra. 1998 mein praantiya sarkaar dwara banaaya gayaa muskava-kechika prabandhan kshetra, cyprus creak jall nikasi aur pulis trail key purvi hisse koo shamil kartaa haye. 1999 mein praantiya sarkaar dwara sthaapit graham-laurier park mein cyprus creak aur laurier paas key pramukh jall shamil hain, jinase pulis trail gujarati haye. vartamaan upayog. 1970 mein, cumm seey cumm iss pagadandi kaa purvi bhaag aim. tii. key paas chattanon kii oonchaai taka. lady laurier abhee bhee sthaaniya trappers aur shikariyon aur guide-outfitter aar dwara upayog mein thaa. linn rose aur unake guide aur graahak jinka karyakal gulabi pahaad key paschim mein thaa.see. shikaar key mausam seey pahale, rose ney apane raaston key saath guide aur khet key haath bheje taaki kissy bhee giri hui lakadi koo kaat diyaa jaa sakey aur unhein ghodon kii ack paik train key liye paar kiya jaa sakey. pulis trail rose key teen mukhya shikaar trails mein seey sabse dakshini thaa. aadhe raaste mein pahale rashtra ney pulis pagadandi koo sudur paschim mein laurier darre key roop mein sanrakshit kiya haye. maargdarshak karyakal abb blueberry first nation key swaamitva mein haye. gulabi pahaad key samudaay seey sadak maarg seey yaa oopari nadee key aadhe raaste key samudaay seey sansaadhan sadakon dwara iss kshetra taka pahunch haye. pulis pagadandi taka motor chaalit pahunch kii anumati naheen haye, lekin motor chaalit pahunch (reek 6804) key liye upayukt ack pagadandi isake buggle mein chalati haye.

police trial 1897ralli yukan chinnada holagalige paryaya, bhoopradeshada maargavaagi uttara british kolambiyaada kelavu bhagagalalli police jaadu (athawa police raste) annu nirmisalaayitu. idannu yukan chinnada harivina samayadalli kelave ganigararu maatra balasuttiddaru mattu durastige olagaaguttiddaru, aadare bhagagalannu innoo sthaliya bete maargadarshakaru, betegaararu, batte haakuvavaru mattu bale haakuvavaru balasuttaare. itihaasa. british kolambiyaadalli 19neey shatamaanada madhyabhaagadalli chinnada harivina nantara, 1896ralli, yukanna dasson nagarada baliya clandike nadiya upanadiyaada bonanja kreeknalli chinnavu kandubanditu mattu clandike chinnada harivu praarambhavaayitu. aneka ganigararu albertaada edmantanninda yukan bhoopradeshavannu talupalu prayatnisidaru. cree. poo. eeshaanyada moolaka bhoogatavaagi chinnada holagalannu talupalu prayatnisuttiruva anveshakaru, hasivu, himsachara mattu avyavasthe anivaryavagi horahommida avyavastheyalli."kenadaada sarkaaravu vayuvya mounted police (enn. doubleu. emm. pii) annu haduhogabahudada jaadu hudukalu athawa nirmisalu niyojisitu. vayuvya dikkinalliruva police jaadu (enn. doubleu. emm. pii. jaadu) aarambhadalli uttarada rakigala kanivegalu mattu haadigala moolaka haaduhoguva halavaaru moolanivasi athawa "sthaliya walking" jadugalalli ondaagittu endu giranigalu gamanisive. ee haadigalalli kelavu saaviraaru varshagalashtu haleyadaagirabahudu endu puratatva puraavegalu soochisuttave. ee haadigalu kutumbagalu mattu samudaayagala naduve mattu bhumiya moola nivasigalige beteyaaduvudu mattu sangrahisuva pradeshagala naduve pramukha samparkavannu hondiddavu.ee kaaryavannu inspector zhe. ge vahisalaayitu. dii. moody mattu vayuvya bhagada sibbandigalu polisarannu niyojisidaru. 1897ralli mudiya tandavu, modala rashtragala maargadarshigalondige, cyprus kollige (ardha nadiya upanadi), laurier paas mele mattu ospica nadiya kelage fort grahange haadiyannu kattarisitu. raste nirmaanavu bettada badigalannu kattarisuvudannu olagondittu, sanna bandige saakashtu agalavaada raste darjeyannu maadalu; aadare avugalannu balapadisuva mattu nirvahisuva kashtadindaagi tumbuvikeyannu balasalagalilla. enn. doubleu. emm. pii. yuu innoo 10 varshagala kaala jaadu hidiyalu mattu gastu tirugalu balasitu, nantara adannu oupachaarikavaagi nirvahisalaagalilla. aadaagyoo, ee jaadu modala raashtrada samudaayagalu, sthaliya betegaararu mattu bale biruvavaru, bhougolika sarveyargalu mattu saahasigaru balasuttiddaru. fort graahamninda columbia kandakada mele police jaadu mattu nantarada jadugalannu aarr. vivarisiddaare. emm. finley 's rivernalli" patterson" itara nirvahanaa mattu samrakshita pradeshagalu. 1998ralli praantiya sarkaaravu rachisida muskwa-kechika nirvahanaa pradeshavu cyprus kolli olacharandi mattu police jadugala purva bhagavannu olagondide. 1999ralli praantiya sarkaaravu sthaapisida graham-laurier udyaanavanavu cyprus kolli mattu laurier pasgala hedvaatargalannu olagondide, adara moolaka police trial haaduhoguttade. prastuta balake. 1970ralli, kanishta ee jadugala purva bhagavu emm. tii. bully rakigala ettaradavarege ittu. lady laurier annu innoo sthaliya balehoraguvavaru mattu betegaararu mattu margadarshi-outfitter aarr. linn rose mattu avana maargadarshigalu mattu grahakaru, avara adhikaravadhiyu gulabi parvatada pashchimadallittu, bii.sii. beteya rtuvige modalu, rose tanna haadigala uddakkoo margadarshigalannu mattu jaanuvaarugalannu kaluhisi, yaavude bidda maragalannu kattarisi avugalannu kuduregala pyaak railige sulabhavaagi talupuvante maadidanu. rosna mooru pramukha bete haadigalalli police jaadu dakshinada tudiyagittu. ardhadaariyalle modala raashtravu police jadugalannu doorada paschimakke laurier paas varege samrakshiside. margadarshi adhikaravadhiyu eega blueberry modala rashtragala odetanadallide. gulabi parvatada samudaayadinda rasteya moolaka athawa nadiya meelbhaagada ardhabhaagada samudaayadinda sampanmoola rastegala moolaka ee pradeshakke praveshavide. police jaaduge motaru chaalita praveshavannu anumatisalaaguvudilla, aadare motaru chaalita praveshakke sooktavaada jaadu (reck 6804) adara pakkadalli haaduhoguttade.

police track 1897ll vadakkan britiish kolambiyayude chila bhaagangalil yookkon svarnnappaadangalilekkula oru badal, karamargamulla paathayaayi police trial (allengil police rooad) nirmikkappettu. yookkon swarnna thirakkinide kurachu khanithozhilaalikal maathrame ithu upayogichirunnulloo, ennaal bhagangal ippozhum praadeshika vettayaadal gaidukal, vettakkar, vasthradhaaranakkaar, trappermar ennivar upayogikkunnu. charithram. pathonpathaam noottaandinte madhyathil britiish kolambiyayil swarnna kuthippin sesham, 1896-ll yookkonile dausan nagaratthinaduthulla clontic nadiyude poshakanadiyaaya bonanza kreekkil swarnam kandethi, clontic swarnna tirakk aarambhichu. niravadhi khanithozhilaalikal alberta edmundanil ninnu yookkon bhoopradeshathu ethaan shramichu. bisi vadakkukizhakkan mekhalayiloode karayile svarnnappaadangalil ethaan sramikkunna anweshakarude araajakathvathil pattiniyum akramavum kramakkedum anivaryamaayum uyarnnuvannu."canaden sarkkar vadakku-padinjaaru mounded poleesine (enn. dablyu. emm. pii) oru kadannupokaavunna paatha kandethunnathino nirmmikkunnathino niyogichu. vadakkupadinjaaran mounded police trial (enn. dablyu. emm. pii trial) thudakkathil vadakkan rokkikalude thaazhvarakaliloodeyum churangaliloodeyum kadannupokunna niravadhi thaddesheeya allengil "thaddesheeya nadattham" pathakalil onnaanenn mills abhiprayappettu. eee pathakalil chilath aayirakkanakkin varsham pazhakkamullathaayirikkamenna puraavastu thelivukal soochippikkunnu. eee pathakal kudumbangalum samoohangalum thammilulla oru pradhana bandhamaayirunnu, koodaathe raajyathe yadhaartha nivaasikalkkaayi vettayaadunnathum shekharikkunnathumaaya pradeshangal thammilulla oru pradhana bandhamaayirunnu.inspector jeey. yeyaanu chumathalappeduthiyathu. dii. moody vadakku-padinjaaran jeevanakkarum poleesine vinyasichu. 1897-ll moodiyude team, phastt nations gaidukalumaayi, cypress creak (paathivazhiyile nadiyude poshakanadi), laurier churam, oospika nadikku thazheyaayi fort graham vare oru paatha murichu. oru cheria vandikku mathiyaya veethi oru level rooad grade undakkaan rooad kettidatthil kunnukal murichumaattunnathu ulppedunnu; ennaal avaa shakthippeduthunnathinum paripalikkunnathinum budhimuttu ullathinaal fillukal upayogichilla. enn. dablyu. emm. pii mattoru 10 varshathekku paatha upayogikkukayum patrolling nadathukayum cheythu, athinusesham athu aupachaarikamaayi paripalikkappettilla. ennirunnaalum, aadya deseeya samoohangal, praadeshika vettakkar, trappermar, bhoomishaasthra surveyarmaar, saahasikar ennivar eee paatha upayogichirunnu. police paathayude nirmmanavum fort graahathil ninnu columbia trenchilekkulla thudarnnulla pathayum aarr vivarichittundu. emm. finleyude nadhi" enna chithratthile paattezhsan" mattu maanejment, samrakshitha mekhalakal. 1998ll pravishya sarkkar srishticha muskwa-kechika maanejment eriyayil cypress creak drainage police trialinte kizhakkan bhaagavum ulppedunnu. 1999ll pravishya sarkkar sthaapicha graham-laurier paarkk, police trial kadannupokunna cypress kreekkinteyum laurier churatthinteyum uthbhavasthaanangal ulkkollunnu. nilavile upayogam. 1970ll, eee paathayude kizhakkan bhaagamenkilum emm. tii. kku sameepamulla rokkikalude uyaram vare. praadeshika trapermaarum vettakkaarum guide-auttfittar aarr. yum lady laurier ippozhum upayogichirunnu. lyne roses addehathinte guideukalum idapaadukaarum pink parvathathinu padinjaaraayirunnu. bii.sii. vettayaadal seasoninu munbu, rooss thante paathakaliloode vazhithetti veena thadikal murichu kuthirakalude oru koottam theevandiyil ethikkaan guideukaleyum krishiyidangaleyum ayachirunnu. rosinte moonnu pradhana vettayaadal pathakalil ettavum thekke attathaayirunnu police paatha. aadya raajyathinte paathivazhiyil laurier paas vare padinjaaru police paatha samrakshikkappettu. maarganirddesha kaalavadhi ippol blueberry phastt raajyangalude udamasthathayilaanu. pink parvathatthinte samoohathil ninnu rooad vazhiyo mukalile paathivazhiyile nadiyude samoohathil ninnulla resource rodukaliloodeyo aanu eee pradeshathekku praveshanam. police traililekk motor gadippicha praveshanam anuvadaneeyamalla, pakshe motor gadippicha praveshanathinu anuyojyamaaya oru trial (reck 6804) athinaduthaayi oodunnu.

polisancha maag 1897 madhye yucon sonyachya shetat jaanyasathi paryayi, jaminivaril marg mhanoon uttar british kolambiyatil kahee bhaganmadhye polis trail (kinwa polis rasta) bandhanyat aala hota. yucon sonyachya gardichya velee keval kahee khaan kamgaranni tyacha vapar keela hota aanee too kharab jhaala hota, parantu kahee bhag ajunahi sthanik shikar margdarshak, shikari, outfitters aanee trappers vapartat. itihas. british kolambiyamadhye 19vya shatkachya madhyat sonyachya dhavalinantar, 1896 madhye, yuconmadhil dosson shaharajavalil claundic nadichi upanadi asalelya bonanza khadivar sone sapadale aanee claundic sonyachi dhawali suru jhaali. anek khaan kamgaranni admonton, alberta yethoon yuconchya jaminivaril bhagat pohochanyacha prayatna keela. ii. sha. puu. chya ishanyekadil sonyachya shetat pohochanyacha prayatna karananya "sakshami" lokanchya gondhalat, upasamar, hinsachar aanee avyavastha apariharyapane samore aalee."canadachya sarkarne vayvyekadil ghudsavar polisanna (aine. doubleu. emm. pii.) marg shodhanyasathi kinwa tayar karnyasathi niyukt kele. giranyanni namood kele qee, vayvyekadil aarohit polis marg (aine. doubleu. emm. pii. marg) haah suruvatila uttarekadil khadakanchya dyaa aanee khinditoon jaananya asankhya aadivasi kinwa "sthanik chalanyachya" marganpaiki eka hota. puratatviy purave soochit karatat qee yapaiki kahee paywate hajaro varshe junie asoo shakatat. heey marg kutumbe aanee samuday yanchyatil aanee jaminichya mool rahivashansathi shikar aanee gola karnyachya kshetranmadhil eka mahattvapoorn sambandh hote.heey kaam nirikshak jeey. yanna sopavanyat aale hote. dii. moody aanee vayvyekadil karmchari police tainat hote. 1897 madhye moodichya chamoone, first nationchya margdarshakansah, cyprus khadee (ardhya nadichya upanadi), laurier khindivarun aanee ospica naditoon phorta grahamparyantcha eka paywata kapla. rastyachya bandhkamat chhotya gadisathi puresa rund rasta tayar karnyasathi dongarranganna kapane samavisht hote; parantu bharane vaparale gele nahee, bahudha tyanna balkat karane aanee tyanchi dekhbhal karane katheen asalyamule. aine. doubleu. emm. pii. neey aanakhi 10 varshe yaa margacha vapar aanee gast ghatali, jyanantar tyachi aupcharik dekhbhal karnyat aalee nahee. tathapi, yaa margacha vapar pratham rashtra samuday, sthanik shikari aanee sapale, bhaugolik sarvekshak aanee sahsi lock karat asat. police margachi nirmiti aanee tyanantar phorta grahampasoon kolambiya khandkaparyantcha marg, aar. yanni varnan keela aahe. emm. finale' sha river 'madheel patterson" itar vyavasthapan aanee sanrakshit kshetre. 1998 madhye prantiy sarkarne tayar kelelya muskava-kechika vyavasthapan kshetrat cyprus khadicha nichara aanee polis margacha purv bhag samavisht aahe. 1999 madhye prantiy sarkarne sthapan kelelya graham-laurier udyanat cyprus khadee aanee laurier khindiche mukhya paanee samavisht aahe, jyatoon polis marg jaato. sadhyacha vapar. 1970 madhye, kiman yaa margacha purvekadil bhag emm. tii. jawal khadakanchya unchiparyant. lady laurier ajunahi sthanik sapalakhor aanee shikari aanee margdarshak-outfitter aar. dware vaparat hote. lyne ross aanee tyache margdarshak aanee grahak jyancha karyakal gulabi parvatachya paschimes hota, buub.see. shikar hangamapurvi, rosney tyachya payyanvar margdarshak aanee shetjameen pathavali jenekarun padalele lakud kapale jaau shakel aanee ghodyanchya eka tatasathi teey sahajpane jaau shaktil. polisancha paywata haah rosschya teen mukhya shikar marganpaiki sarvat dakshinekadil paywata hota. ardhya margavar asalelya pahilya rashtrane pashchimekadil laurier khindiparyant polisancha marg jatan keela aahe. margdarshak karyakal aata blueberry first nationchya malkicha aahe. gulabi parvatachya samudayatoon rastyane kinwa varchya ardhya nadichya samudayatoon sansadhan rastyandvare yaa bhagat pravesh aahe. motaryukt margane polis margavaril praveshas parvanagi nahee, parantu motaryukt praveshasathi yogya asalela marg (aar. eae. see. 6804) tyachya shejari dhavto.

police trail sann 1897 maa yukon sunka khetharuma vaikalpik, bhumimargako rupma uttari britis columbiaca kehi bhagharuma police trail (wa police sadak) nirman garieko thiyo. yo yukon sunko bhidma kehi khani majdurharule matra prayog gareka thie rar marmatma pareka thie, tara bhagharu ajhai pani sthaniya sikar guideharu, sikarharu, outfaterharu rar trapersharudwara prayog garinchha. itihas. 19 aun shatabdiko madhyama britis columbiama sunko daudapachhi, sann 1896 maa, yukonko dousen sahar najikaiko clondike nadiko sahayak nadi bonanja khadima suna fela pareko thiyo rar clondike gold rus suru bhayo. dherai khani majdurharule admonton, albertabata yukon overlandma pugne prayas gare. isapurva uttarpurvi hundai sunka khetharuma pugna khojne "anweshakharuko" arajaktama, bhokamari, hinsa rar awyawastha aniwarya rupma dekha paryo."canadali sarkarle uttar-paschim mounted police (nwmp) lai parr garna sakine trail fela parne wa nirman garna adesh diyo. milharule ullekha gare kii, uttarapashchimma mount garieko police trail (nwp trail) suruma dherai adiwasi wa "native waking" trailharu madhye ek thiyo june uttari rakiharuko upatyaka rar pasharu marfat rakhieko thiyo. puratatwik pramanharule yee madhye kehi trailharu hajaraun warsha purano huna sakchha bhanne sanket gardacha. yee margharu pariwar rar samudayharu bichko mahatwapurna sambandha thie, rar bhumiko muel basindaharuka lagi sikar rar bhela garne kshetraharu bitch.yo karya nirikshak jey lai tokieko thiyo. dee. uttar-pashchimka moody rar chalak dall sawar prahari. sann 1897 maa mudiko tolile pratham rashtraka guideharusanga cyprus khadi (adha nadiko sahayak), lorier pass rar ospika nadibata fort grahamsammako trail katchha. sadak bhawanma sano cartka lagi paryapta samatal sadak grade chauda banauna pahadharuma katne samawesh thiyo; tara bharneharu prayog garieko thiena, sambhawatah tiniharulai baliyo banauna rar marmat garna gahro bhaeko karan. nwmplay arko 10 warshasamma trail prayog rar gasti gasti, tyasapachhi yasalai aupacharik rupma marmat garieko thiena. yadyapi, trail pahilo rashtra samudayharu, sthaniya shikariharu rar trappers, bhaugolik sarwekshankartaharu, rar sahasiharudwara prayog garieko thiyo. police trailko nirman rar fort grahambata columbia trenchma arko trail, arr dwara warnan garieko chha. emm. finless ribhar" maa patterson" anya wyawasthapan rar sanrakshit kshetraharu. sann 1998 maa prantiya sarkarle sirjana gareko muskawa-kechika wyawasthapan kshetrale cyprus khadi jaal nikasi rar police trailko purvi bhaglai sametchha. sann 1999 maa prantiya sarkarle sthapana gareko graham-laurier parkley cyprus khadi rar laurier pasko headwaterlai sametchha, jasbata police trail bagchha. wartaman prayog. sann 1970 maa, kamtima yass trailko purvi bhag mt najikaiko rakiko uchaisamma. leady larier ajhai pani sthaniya traperharu rar shikariharu rar guide-outfitter arr dwara prayogma thiyo. lyne ross rar unka guideharu rar grahakharu jasko karyakal gulabi parwatko paschimma thiyo, bee.see. sikarko mausamaghi, rosle kunai pani khaseko kath katna rar ghodaharuko pyak trainka lagi parayogya banaunaka lagi afno trailharuma guideharu rar khetharu pathae. police trail rosko tinn mukhya sikar trailharu madhye sabaibhanda dakshini thiyo. adha bato pahilo rashtrale sudur paschimma lorier pasasamma police traillai surakshit gareko chha. marganirdeshak karyakal ab blueberry pratham rashtraharuko swamitwama chha. yass kshetrama pahunch gulabi parwatko samudayabata sadakdwara wa mathillo adha nadiko samudayabata srota sadakharudwara hunchha. police trailma motoryukta pahunchko anumati chhaina, tara motoryukta pahunchka lagi upayukta trail (rek 6804) yasako chheuma chalcha.

police trail 1897 masihare yukona suna khetaku eka bikalpa, stalapatha marga bhabare uttara british columbiar kichhi anshare police trail (kimba police road) nirmana karajaithila. yukona suna bhida samajare ehaa kebala alpa kichhi khani shramikanka dwara byabahruta hoithila ebong maramati ray padijaithila, kintu kichhi ansha sthaniah shikara guide, shikari, outfater ebong trapper dwara byabahruta hue . itihas. british kalambiaare unabinsha shatabdir madhyabhagare suna dhainba parey, 1896 masihare, yukonra dousen sahara nikatare clondic nadira upanadi bonanza crick thaare suna milithila ebong clondic gold rush arambha hoithila. aneka khani sramika albertar edamantanru yukan bhuprusthare pahanchibaku chesta karithile. khreestapoorba uttara-purba dei sthalabhagare suna khetare pahanchibaku udyama karuthiba "anusandhanakareenka" bishrunkhalare anahar, hinsa ebong bishrunkhala anibarjya bhabare dekhadeithila ."kanada sarkar eka sugama path khojiba kimba nirmana kariba paain uttara-paschima mounted police (enn. dablyu. emm. pii.) ku nijukta karithile. mills ullekha karithile je, uttara-paschima mounted police trail (enn. dablyu. emm. pii. trail) prathame aneka adibasi kimba "sthaniah chaliba" trail madhyaru gotie thila jaahaa uttara rakij upatyaka ebong passes dei prabahita hoithila . pratnatatwika pramanaru janapadichhi je ehi pathgudika madhyaru keteka hazar hazar barsha puruna hoipare. ehi pathgudika paribara ebong sampradai madhyare ebong jamira moola adhibasimananka paain shikara ebong sangraha khetra madhyare eka gurutwapurna sanjoga thila .ehi karjyati inspector jay. nku diajaithila. dii. uttara-paschima digaru mudi ebong karmacharimane polisku nijojita karithile. 1897 masihare, pratham rastrara pathapradarshakamananka sahita, mudinka dala cypros crick (nadee madhyabhagara upanadi), laurijara passes upare ebong ospica nadee talaku fort graham parjyanta eka path katithile. eka chhot gaadi paain yathesta eka stara sadaka grade prasasta kariba paain rasta bildingre pahad parsware katiba antarbhukta; kintu purana byabahara karajai nathila, sambhabatah segudiku majboot kariba ebong rakhyanabekhyana karibare asubidha hetu . enn. dablyu. emm. pii. aau 10 barsha parjyanta ehi pathara byabahara ebong gasti karithila, jaahaa parey ehaaku aanusthanika bhabare rakhyanabekhyana karajai nathila. tebe, pratham rastra sampradai, sthaniah shikari ebong fand, bhougolika sarbekhyanakaree ebong duhsahasikanka dwara ehi path byabahara karajaithila. police trailra nirmana ebong fort grahamaru kalambia trench parjyanta parabarti trailku r dwara barnana karajaichi. emm. finley 'saas rivara" ray patterson" anyanya parichalana ebong sanrakhita khetra. 1998 masihare pradeshika sarakaranka dwara srusti hoithiba muskawa-kechika parichalana khetra cypros creak drenez ebong police trailra purba bhagaku antarbhukta kare . 1999 masihare pradeshika sarakaranka dwara sthapita graham-laurier park cypros crick ebong laurier passes rahr mukhya jalaku antarbhukta kare, jaahaa dei police trail atikrama kare . barttamanara byabahara. 1970 masihare, ati kamare ehi pathara purba bhaga emm. tii. nikatare rakigudikara uchchata parjyanta. ledi laurier ebe madhya sthaniah fashithiba byakti ebong shikarimananka dwara ebong guide-outfitter aarr. nka dwara byabahruta heuthila. lyn rus ebong taanka guide ebong grahaka, jahanka karjyakala golapi parbata, bii. rahr paschimare thila.sii. shikara rutu purbaru, roses taanka pathare pathapradarshaka ebong pasuchasha haata pathaithile, jahaphalare kaunasi padi jaithiba kaath kaati segudiku eka pack ghoda train paain jatajatajogya kariheba. police trail rosra tinoti mukhya shikara trail madhyaru dakhina-sarbadhika thila . pratham rastrara adhaa rasta, paschima digaru laurijara passes parjyanta police trail ku sanrakhita karichhi . margadarshaka karjyakala bartamana blueberry pratham rastramananka malikanare achhi . golapi parbata sampradajaru sadaka pathare kimba upara adhaare thiba nadira sampradajaru sambala rasta dwara ehi anchalaku prabesha karajaipariba. police trailku motorjukta prabesha anumathi naahin, kintu motorjukta prabesha paain upajukta eka trail (reka 6804) ehaa nikatare chalithae .

pulis track pulis trail (jaan pulis road) uttri british columbia dey kujh hissiaan witch 1897 witch yukon sone dey khetan witch ikk badalven, zamini raste vajon banayi gaee see. iss dee varton yukon sone dee bheed dauran siraf kujh minoran duaara keeti gaee see atey murammat witch aaa gaee see, parr kujh hisse ajey vee sathanak shikar guide, shikari, outfitter atey trapperan duaara varte jaande hunn. itihaas. british columbia witch witch sadee dey addh toon baad, 1896 witch, soona bonanza creak vikhe miliaa see, joe kii dosson shehar, yukon dey nede claundic nadee dee ikk sahaik nadee haii atey claundic sone dee bheed shuru hoee see. bahut saare khanan neey admunton, alberta toon yukon overland takk pahunchan dee koshish keeti. uttar-purbi eesa purav raahin sone dey khetan takk pahunchan dee koshish qarr rahey sanketkan dee arajakta witch, bhukhmari, hinsa atey gadbad lazmi taur 'teey sahmane aaee."canadian sarkaar neey ikk langhan yog trail noon labbhan jaan banaun laee uttar-pachham mounted pulis (nwmp) noon niyukat keeta. millan neey nott keeta kii, uttar-pachmi mounted pulis trail (nwmp trail) shuru witch kaee aadivasi jaan "mool paidal" trailan vicchon ikk see joe uttri rockies deeaan vaadiaan atey paasan vicchon langhdi see. puratattav saboot darsaunde hunn kii inhan vicchon kujh raste hazaran saal purane hoow sakde hunn. ih raste parivaran atey bhaichariaan darmiaan atey zameen dey mool vasnikan laee shikar atey ikkathe curran vaale khetran vichkaar ikk mahattavpuran sambandh sunn.ih kamm inspector jey. noon saunpiaa giaa see. dee. uttar-pachham dey moody atey chaalak dall neey pulis noon tainat keeta. sann 1897 witch moody dee team neey pahile rashter dey guides naal, cyprus creak (addhe dariaa dee sahaik), laurier paas atey ospica nadee toon hethan fort graham takk ikk trail kattiaa. sadak dee usari witch pahadi kinariaan noon kattna shamal see taan joe ikk padhri sadak grade noon ikk chhoti gaddi laee kaafi chauda banaiaa jaa sake; parr bharai dee varton naheen keeti gaee see, sambhav taur 'teey uhanan noon mazboot curran atey rakkh-rakhaa witch mushkal dey caarn. ainn. dablioo. aimm. pee. neey agle 10 saalan takk trail dee varton atey gashat keeti, jiss toon baad iss noon rasmi taur 'teey kaaim naheen rakkhiaa giaa see. halanki, iss maarag dee varton pahile rashter bhaichariaan, sathanak shikariaan atey trapperan, bhugolik surveiran atey saahsi lokan duaara keeti gaee see. pulis trail banaun atey iss toon baad fort graham toon columbia khaee takk jaanh daa varnan aar duaara keeta giaa haii. aim. finley dee nadee" witch patterson" horr parbandhan atey surakhiat khetar. 1998 witch subai sarkaar duaara banaiaa giaa maskwa-kechika parbandhan khetar, cyprus creak drainage atey pulis trail dey purbi hisse noon shamal karda haii. 1999 witch subai sarkaar duaara sathapit graham-laurier park witch cyprus creak atey laurier paas dey mukkh paanee shamal hunn, jiss vicchon pulis trail langhdi haii. maujuda varton. sann 1970 witch, ghatto ghatt iss trail daa purbi hissa aimm. tii. dey nede rockies dee uchaee takk. lady laurier ajey vee sathanak trapperan atey shikariaan duaara atey guide-outfitter aar duaara varti jaandi see. linn ross atey uss dey guide atey gaahak jinhan daa karajkal gulabi pahaad dey pachham witch see, bee.see. shikar dey mausam toon pahilan, ross neey aapne raahan dey naal guide atey khet dey hatth bheje taan joe kise vee dhiggi hoee lakkad noon kattiaa jaa sake atey unhan noon ghodiaan dee ikk paek railgaddi laee pahunchyog banaiaa jaa sake. pulis trail ross dey tinn mukkh shikar trailan vicchon sabh toon dakkhni see. pahile desh neey pulis trail noon pachham witch laurier paas takk surakhiat rakkhiaa haii. guide daa karajkal hunn blueberry pahile deshan dee malkiat haii. gulabi pahaad dey bhaichare toon sadak raahin jaan uparle addhe nadee dey bhaichare toon sarot sadkan duaara iss khetar takk pahunch haii. pulis trail takk motor naal pahunchan dee aagiaa naheen haii, parr motor naal pahunchan laee dhukvan trail (reek 6804) iss dey naal chalda haii.

aarakshak-maargah 1897 tame varshe uttar-british-columbia-deshasya keshuchit bhaageshu, yukaan-swarnakshetranam prati vaikalpikaroopen, sthalamaargaroopen aarakshak-maargah (athavaa aarakshak-maargah) nirmitah aasit. yukaan-swarna-dhastankasya samaye kevalam katipayeshu khanikaaraih eva asya upayogah krutah, apooritah cha abhavat, parantu bhagaha adyaapi sthaniya-shikaar-maargadarshakaih, shikaareebhih, vastra-nirmaatrubhihi, trappers-dwara upayujyante. itihaasah. 19 shataabdyaah madhyabhaage british-columbia-deshe swarna-pravaahasya anantaram, 1896 tame varshe, yukaan-nagarasya daaksan-nagarasya sameepe clondic-nadyaah upanadee, bonanza-creak ityatra swarnam praaptam, clondic-swarna-pravaahah aarabhat. aneke khanakaah alberta-nagarasya edmunton-nagaraat yukaan-bhoo-bhubhagam praaptum prayatanta. saa. sha. poo. eeshanyadishi suvarnakshetraani praaptum prayatamananam anveshakanam araajakate, anaharaha, himsaa, avyavasthaa cha anivaryataya udabhavitaani."kenada-sarwakaarah uttarapashchim-ashwaarohee-arakshakan (enn. doubleu. emm. pi.) paaragamanayogy-margasya anveshanaartham vaa nirmanartham vaa niyojayat. mills ityanena suchitam yat, vaayavya-parwatayuktah aarakshak-maargah (enn. doubleu. emm. pi. maargah) praarambhe uttar-raakees-kshetrasya upatyakaasu, maargeshu cha sthitanam anekaasu adima-vaa "deshiyeshu padayaatraasu" maargeshu anyatamah aasit iti. puraatatva-pramaanaani soochayanti yat eteshu kaanichan maargaani sahasravarshaani prachinaha bhaveyuhu iti. ete maargaah parivaaraanaam samudayanam cha madhye, tathaa cha bhoomyaah mulanivasinam krute shikaar-sangraha-kshetraanaam madhye mahattvapoornam samparkam aasan.tatt karyam nirikshakasya jey. ityasmai niyuktam aasit. dee. uttarapashchimasy moody tathaa chaalakadalah cha arohitan arakshakanam krute niyuktavantah. 1897 tame varshe moody ityasya dalah prathamaraashtrasy maargadarshakaih saha, saipras-creak (ardhanadee ityasya upanadee), laurier-paas ityasya upari, ospica-nadyaah adhah fort graham-paryantam maargam akreedat. maarga-nirmanasya krute laghuvaahanasya krute paryaaptam samatal-maarga-shrenee-vistrutam kartum parvata-paarshveshu katanam bhavati sma; parantu pooranam naa prayuktam, sambhawatah teshaam sudrudeekaranasya, nirvahanasya cha kashtasya karanat. enn. doubleu. emm. pi. ityanena anyatamaah 10 varshaani yaavat margasya upayogah gastee cha krutam, tadanantaram aupachaarikaroopena tasya rakshanm naa krutam. parantu, prathamaraashtr-samudayaha, sthaniya-shikaaree-trapper-janaah, bhaugolika-sarwekshakaah, saahasik-janaah cha asya margasya upayogah akurvan. aarakshakaabhiyaanasy nirmaanam, tadanantaram graham-durgaat columbia-parikhaa-upari cha margasya varnanam aar-ityanena krutam asti. emm. finless riverse" ityasmin petarsanah" anyaprabandhanakshetrani samrakshitakshetraani cha. 1998 tame varshe praanteeyasarwakaaren nirmitam muskwaa-kechikaa-prabandhanakshetrm saipras-creak-jalanirgamanam, aarakshak-margasya poorvabhaagah cha antarbhavati. 1999 tame varshe praanteeyasarwakaaren sthaapitam graham-laurier-udyaanam, saipras-creak-ityasya, laurier-paas-ityasya cha mukhyajalm aacchaadayati, yasmaat arakshaka-maargah gacchati. vartamaanam upayogam. 1970 tame varshe, asya margasya poorvabhaagah nyunatinyoonam emm. tii. ityasya sameepe raakees-shikharaparyantm aasit. leady-laurier iteedam adyaapi sthaniyaihi trapper-dwara, shikaareebhih cha, gaid-autfitar aar ityanena cha upayujyate sma. linn rose tathaa tasya maargadarshakaah grahakaha cha, yasya karyakalaha pink parwatah paschimadishi aasit, b.sii. shikarakalat poorvam, rose-varyaha swasya margasya paarshve maargadarshakaah, pashu-kshetrasya hastaah cha preshitavaan yena kinchan patitam kaashtam kaapayitum, ashvanam sanchita-relayaanasy krute cha gantum shakyate. rose ityasya treeni mukhyaani shikaar-maargaani, dakshinatamam arakshakabhimukham aasit. prathama-rashtrasya ardhabhaagah, sudoor-paschimadishi laurier-paas-paryantam aarakshak-maargam samrakshayat. maargadarshak-karyakalaha adhunaa blueberry-prathama-rashtranam svaamitvam vartate. asya kshetre praveshah gulaabiparwat-samudayat margamargena athavaa upari-ardha-nadee-samudayat samsaadhana-maargaih bhavati. aarakshak-margasya motoryukt-praveshah naa anumanyate, parantu motoryukt-praveshasya krute upayuktah maargah maargah tasya sameepe eva pravahati.

bolees thadam bolees paathai (allathu bolees saalai) vadakku british kolambiyaavin sila pakuthikalil 1897 aam aandil yugaon thanga vayalkalukku oru maattru, nilaparappu paathaiyaaka kattappattathu. idhu yugaon thanga avasaraththin poathu oru sila surangath thozhilaazhargalaal mattumae payanpaduththappattathu mattrum pazhuthadainthuvittathu, aanaal sila pakuthikal innum ulloor vaettaiyaadum vazhikaattikal, vaettaikkaarargal, aadai thayaarippaalarkal mattrum poriyaalarkalaal payanpaduththappadugindrana. varalaaru. 19 aam noottraandin naduppaguthiyil british kolambiyaavil thanga viraivugalukkup piragu, 1896 aam aandil, yougan dassen nagaraththirku arugilulla clontic aattrin thunai nathiyaana ponansa sittroadaiyil thangam kandupidikkappattathu, maelum clontic thanga viraivu thodangiyathu. pala surangath thozhilaazhargal alberdavin edmandanil irunthu yugaon nilaparappai adaiya muyantranar. kimu vadakizhakku vazhiyaaga nilaparappai adaiya muyarchikkum "nilatthai muttrukaiyidupavargal" kuzhappam aerpattathaal, pattini, vanmurai mattrum seerkulaivu thavirkka mudiaamal velippattathu."kanediya arasaangkam vadamaerku mounded kaavalthuraiyai (enn. doublue. emm. pii) oru kadanthu sellakkoodiya paathaiyaik kandupidikka allathu uruvaakka niyamiththathu. vadamaerku mounded bolees paathai (enn. doublue. emm. pii paathai) aarambaththil vadakku raakkigalin pallaththaakkugal mattrum kanavaaigal vazhiyaaga amaikappatta aeraalamaana pazhangudi allathu "poorveega nadaipaathaigalil" ontraakum endru aalaikal kuripittana. inththa paathaikalil sila aayirakkanakkaana aandugal pazhamaiyaanavai endru tholporul saandrugal suttikkaattukintrana. inththa paathaikal kudumbangalukkum samoogangalukkum idaiyaeyaana mukiya inaippaagavum, nilaththin asal kudiyiruppaalargalukku vaettaiyaaduvatharkum sekarikkum pakuthikalukkum idaiyaeyaana mukiya inaippaagavum irunththana.inthap panii inspector jay. kku odhukkappattathu. dii. vadamaerkin moodi mattrum kuzhuvinar bolees padaiyil aerinar. 1897 aam aandil, moodi kuzhuvin muthal naadugalin vazhikaattikaludan, cypress sittroadai (paathiyilaeyae aattrin thunai nadhi), laurier kanavaai mattrum aspica aattrin keezh kiraham koattaikku oru paathaiyai vettinar. saalai kattidam oru siriya vandikku poathumaana agalamaana oru samamaana saalaiyai uruvaakka malaippaguthigalil vettuvathai ulladakkiyathu; aanaal nirappalkal payanpaduththappadavillai, anegamaaga avattrai valuppaduththuvathilum paraamarippathilum ulla siramam kaaranamaaga irukkalaam. enn. doublue. emm. pii maelum 10 aandugalukku paathaiyaip payanpaduththi roanthu seithathu, adhan piragu adhu muraiyaaga paraamarikkappadavillai. iruppinum, inththa paathai muthal thaesiya samoogangal, ulloor vaettaikkaarargal mattrum pidippavargal, puviyiyal sarvaeyargal mattrum saagasakkaarargalaal payanpaduththappattathu. bolees paathaiyai uruvaakkuvathu mattrum koattai kirahaamil irunthu kolambiya agazhikku aduthaduththa paathai aagiyavai aarr. emm. finlace nadhi" ill patterson" pira maelaanmai mattrum paathukaakkappatta pakuthikal. 1998 aam aandil maagaana arasaangkaththaal uruvaakkappatta muskwa-kesika maelaanmai pakuthi, cypress sittroadai vadikaal mattrum bolees paathaiyin kizhakkup paguthiyai ulladakkiyathu. 1999 aam aandil maagaana arasaangkaththaal niruvapatta kiraham-laurier poongaa, cypress sittroadai mattrum laurier kanavaai aagiyavattrin thalaimaiyagaththai ulladakkiyathu, idhan vazhiyaaga bolees paathai selkirathu. tharpoothaiya payanpaadu. 1970 aam aandil, kurainthapatcham inththa paathaiyin kizhakkup paguthiyaiyaavathu emm. dii. kku arugilulla raakkigalin uyaram varai. laedi laurier innum ulloor pidippavargalaalum vaettaikkaarargalaalum mattrum vazhikaatti-awoodfitter aarr. linn roas mattrum avarathu vazhikaattikal mattrum vaadikkaiyaalargal, avarkalin padhavikkaalam ilanjchivappu malaiyin maerkae irunththathu, pii.chii. vaettaiyaadum kaalaththirku munbu, roas thanathu paathaikalil vazhikaattigalaiyum kaalnadaigalaiyum anuppi, vilunththa marangkalai vetti, avattrai oru pothi kuthiraigal rayilukku sellakkoodiyathaaga aakkinaar. rossin moontru mukiya vaettaip paathaikalil therku munai bolees paathaiyaaka irunththathu. paathiyilaeyae muthal naadu laurier kanavaai varai maerkae bolees paathaiyai paathukaaththullathu. vazhikaattum padhavikkaalam ippoathu blueberry muthal naadugalukku sonthamaanathu. ilanjchivappu malai samoogaththilirunthu saalai vazhiyaagavoa allathu mael paathiyilaeyae ulla aattrin samoogaththilirunthu vala saalaigal moolam inthap pakuthikku anugalaam. bolees paathaikku motor porutthappatta anugal anumathikkappadavillai, aanaal motor porutthappatta anugalukku porutthamaana oru paathai (reck 6804) adhai ottiyullathu.

pooliisula jaada police trail (ledhaa police road) nuu uttara british kolambiyaaloni konni praantaalalo 1897loe yucan bangaaru kshetraalaku pratyaamnaaya, bhusambandhamaina maargamgaa nirminchaaru. dheenini yucan bangaaru raddi samayamlo koddi mandhi mainarlu matrame upayoginchaaru mariyu marammatu cheyabadaledu, ayithe konni bhaagaalanu ippatikee sthaanika vaeta maargadarsakulu, vetagallu, dustulanu dharinchevaaru mariyu tropperlu upayogistunnaru. charitra. british columbialo 19va sataabdam madhyakaalamlo bangaaru pravaham taruvaata, 1896loe, yukaanlooni doxon nagaraniki sameepamlo unna clandike nadiki upanadi ayina bonanja creak vadda bangaaram kanugonabadindi mariyu clandic goaled rush praarambhamaindi. chaalaa mandhi mainarlu edmonton, alberta nundi yucan bhuubhaagaaniki cherukovadaniki prayatninchaaru. cree puu eshaanya praantam gundaa bhoomi meedugaa bangaaru kshetraalanu cherukovadaniki prayatnistunna anveshakula gandaragolamlo, aakali, himsa mariyu gandaragolam anivaryamgaa bayatapaddayi."kenadian prabhutvam vaayuvya mounted police (enn. doubleu. emm. pii) nuu oka prayaaninchadagina kaalibaatanu kanugonadaaniki ledhaa nirminchadaaniki niyaminchindi. vaayuvya mounted police trail (enn. doubleu. emm. pii trail) praarambhamlo uttara rockies loyalu mariyu kanumala gundaa vellae aneka aadima ledhaa "sthaanika nadaka" kalibatallo okati anie millulu perkonnaayi. eee kalibatallo konni vaela samvatsaraala nativi kaavacchani puraavastu aadharalu suuchistunnaayi. eee margalu kutumbaalu mariyu samaajaala madhya, mariyu aaa bhuumilooni asalu nivaasitula kosam vaeta mariyu sekarana praantaala madhya oka mukhyamaina anusandhanam.eee panini inspector zhe. kuu ketaayinchaaru. dii. moody mariyu vaayuvya sibbandi pooliisulanu moharinchaaru. 1897loe moody brundam, modati deshaala maargadarsakulato, cyprus creak (sagam nadiki upanadi), laurier paas meedugaa mariyu ospikaa nadhi krinda fort graham varaku oka kaalibaatanu kattirinchindi. rahadari nirmaanamloo oka chinna bandiki taginanta vedalpu gala rahadari sthaayini cheyadaaniki kondapraantaalalo kattirinchadam jarigindi; conny vaatini balopetam cheyadam mariyu nirvahinchadamlo ibbandi unnanduna nimpadam upayoginchabadaledu. enn. doubleu. emm. pii maroe 10 samvatsaraalu eee kaalibaatanu upayoginchi, gastee chesindi, aaa taruvaata daanini adhikarikamga nirvahinchaledu. ayithe, eee marganni modati jaathi sanghaalu, sthaanika vetagallu mariyu tropperlu, bhougolika surveyarlu mariyu saahasopetulu upayoginchaaru. fort graham nundi columbia kandakam varaku pooliisu trial nirmaanam mariyu tadupari trial gurinchi aarr. emm. finless river" loe patterson" itara nirvahana mariyu rakshita praantaalu. 1998loe praantiiya prabhutvam roopondinchina muskwa-kechika nirvahana praantam, cyprus creak paarudala mariyu pooliisu trial yokka thoorpu bhaganni kaligi undhi. 1999loe praantiiya prabhutvam sthaapinchina graham-laurier park, cyprus creak mariyu laurier paas yokka pradhana jalaalanu kaligi undhi, dheeni gundaa pooliisu trial velutundi. prastuta upayogam. 1970loe, kaneesam eee kalibata yokka thoorpu bhaagam mt sameepamlo rockies etthu varaku. laedii laurier ippatikee sthaanika tropperlu mariyu vetagallu mariyu guide-avtfitter aarr. linn rose mariyu athani maargadarsakulu mariyu clientlu, vaari padaveekaalam pink parvataaniki paschimaana undhi, b.sii. vaeta seasonku mundu, rose thana kaalibaatalloni maargadarsini mariyu gaddibeedulanu pampi, padipoyina kalapanu kattirinchi, vaatini gurraala sanchi railuku cherela chesaadu. rose yokka moodu pradhana vaeta margalalo pooliisu maargam dakshinaana undhi. sagam modati desham chaalaa paschimaana laurier paas varaku pooliisu kaalibaatanu samrakshinchindi. maargadarsaka padaveekaalam ippudu blueberry fust nations yajamanyamlo undhi. gulabi parvatam yokka community nundi roddu maargam dwara ledhaa eguva sagam nadhi yokka community nundi vanarula rahadaarula dwara eee praantaaniki cherukovacchu. pooliisu kaalibaataku motaarugaa vellae maargam anumatinchabadadu, conny motaarugaa vellae maargam (reck 6804) daani prakkane nadustundi.

police kaa saraag lagaana police trail (yaa police road) shamali bartanvi columbia kay kachh hasoon mein 1897 mein yukoon sonay kay kheeton kay liye eek mutabadil zamini raastay kay toor parr banaya gayaa thaa. asay yukoon sonay kay rash kay doraan sarf chand kaan kanoon nay istemaal kiyaa thaa aur marmat mein girr gayaa thaa leakin kachh hasay abb bhee maqami shikaar guides shakaari labaas saaz aur trapers istemaal kartay haine. tareekh. bartanvi columbia mein 19 wein sadee kay wast mein sonay kii dhadkan kay baad 1896 mein sonaa bonanza crack say milaa juu deoson shehar yukoon kay qareeb clondike nadee kii eek maawan nadee hay aur clondike gold rash sharoo hawaa. behat say kaan kanoon nay admenton alberta say yukoon auvar lend takk pahunchnay kii koshish kii. shamaal mashriqi qabal maseeh kay zariye zameen parr sonay kay kheeton takk pahunchnay kii koshish karnay waalay qayaas aaraiyon kii afratafri mein faaqah kashee tashdad aur inteshaar lamuhalah saamney aayaa."canada kii hukumat nay shamaal maghrabi mounted police (aine dabliyo ayem pee) kuu eek qaabil guzar raastah talaash karnay yaa bananay kaa kaam sonpa. milon nay nott kiyaa kahh shamaal maghrabi pahaadi police trail (aine dabliyo ayem pee trail) ibtadayi toor parr mutadid maqami yaa "maqami paidal chalnay" kay raaston mein say eek thaa juu shamali rakeez kii waadiyon aur guzargahon say guzarta thaa. aasaar qadimah kay shawahid say patah chalta hay kahh inn mein say kachh raastay hazaaron saal paraaney how saktay haine. yaha raastay khandanon aur baradariyon kay darmiyan aur zameen kay asl baashindon kay liye shikaar aur jamaa karnay kay elaqon kay darmiyan eek aham taaluq thay.yaha kaam inspector jay kuu tafviz kiyaa gayaa thaa. ddee. shamaal maghrab kay mody aur amley nay police kuu sawaar kiyaa. 1897 mein mody kii team nay frust nations guides kay saath cypers crack (aadhay daryaa kii maawan nadee)yee lariyar paas kay oopar aur aaspika nadee kay neechey fort graham takk eek pagdandi cott dee. sadak kii tameer mein pahadiyon kay kinaray kaatna shaamil thaa taakah eek satah kii sadak kuu eek chhoti cart kay liye kaafi chodaa banaya jaa sakay. leakin bharnay kaa istemaal nahein kiyaa gayaa ghaliba inn kuu mazboot karnay aur barqarar rakhnay mein dushwari kii wajah say. aine dabliyo ayem pee nay mazeed 10 saal takk trail kaa istemaal aur gasht kiyaa jiss kay baad asay bazabtah toor parr barqarar nahein rakhaa gayaa. tahim iss raastay kuu pehli qomi baradariyon maqami shikariyon aur trapers geografiyayi sarverz aur muham jowon nay istemaal kiyaa thaa. police trail kii tashkil aur fort graham say columbia khandaq takk jaanay waalay trail kuu aar nay biyaan kiyaa hay. ayem. funlay kay daryaa" mein patterson" deegar intezami aur mahfuz elaqay. maskwa-kichika intezami alaqah jasay 1998 mein soobayi hukumat nay banaya thaa cypers crack nikasi aab aur police trail kay mashriqi hasay parr maheet hay. graham-lariyar paark juu soobayi hukumat nay 1999 mein qayem kiyaa thaa cypers crack aur lariyar paas kay head waater parr maheet hay jiss say police trail guzarta hay. maujudah istemaal. 1970 mein kumm az kumm iss pagdandi kaa mashriqi hasah ayem tye kay qareeb rakeez kii oonchayi takk. leady laurier abb bhee maqami trapers aur shikaari aur guide aaot fitter aar kay zariah istemaal mein thaa. linn raas aur iss kay rehnuma aur moakal jinn kaa door गुलाबी pahaad kay maghrab mein thaa bub.see. shikaar kay mosam say pehley raas nay guides aur kheet kay haath apnay raaston kay saath bhejay taakah kasee bhee girti hoyee lakdi kuu cott kirr inhein ghodon kii eek peek train kay liye qaabil rasayi banaya jaa sakay. police trail raas kay teen aham shikaar kay raaston mein say sabb say janubi thaa. nasf awal milk nay police kii pagdandi kuu maghrab mein laurier paas takk mahfuz rakhaa hay. rehnuma madat abb blue barry frust nations kii malkiyat hay. iss elaqay takk rasayi gulaabi pahaadi community say sadak kay zariye yaa opri aadhay daryaa kii community say resource sadkon kay zariye hay. police trail takk motor say rasayi kii ajazat nahein hay leakin motor say rasayi kay liye mozon trail (reek 6804) iss kay saath saath chalta hay.