id
stringlengths 4
5
| url
stringlengths 37
90
| title
stringlengths 3
48
| text
stringlengths 57
50.4k
|
|---|---|---|---|
10108 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/December%2019 | December 19 |
Events
Up to 1900
324 – Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor.
1154 - Henry II of England is crowned at Westminster Abbey.
1187 – Pope Clement III is elected.
1490 - Anne, Duchess of Brittany marries Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor by proxy.
1666 - Lund University in southern Sweden is founded.
1732 – Benjamin Franklin publishes Poor Richard's Almanack
1777 – George Washington's army goes into winter quarters at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.
1783 - At age 24, William Pitt the Younger becomes the youngest-ever Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.
1828 – John C. Calhoun pens South Carolina Exposition and Protest, protesting the Tariff of 1828.
1835 – The Toledo Blade newspaper begins publishing.
1842 – The United States recognizes the independence of Hawaii.
1901 2000
1907 - 239 coal miners die in a mine explosion in Jacobs Creek, Pennsylvania.
1909 - The German football club Borussia Dortmund is founded.
1912 – William H. Van Schaick, captain of the steamship General Slocum which killed over 1,000 people was pardoned by President Taft after 3 1/2 years in Sing Sing prison .
1916 – The Battle of Verdun ended during World War I.
1920 - King Constantine I of Greece is restored as King of the Hellenes after the death of his son, Alexander of Greece, and a vote.
1927 - Indian activists Ashfaqulla Khan, Ram Prasad Bismil and Roshan Singh are executed by British colonial authorities.
1928 – First autogiro flight in the United States.
1932 - The BBC World Service begins broadcasting, as the BBC Empire Service.
1941 - World War II: Limpet mines placed by Italian divers sink the HMS Valiant and HMS Elizabeth in Alexandria harbor.
1944 – The Soviet Union completely occupies Estonia (Ruhnu island).
1944 - French newspaper Le Monde is founded.
1945 – Austria becomes a republic for the second time, the first having been founded in 1918 and interrupted by the Austro-fascist dictatorship from 1934 onwards and the Nazi invasion of Austria in 1938.
1946 – Ho Chi Minh attacks French in Hanoi.
1956 - Irish-born physician John Bodkin Adams is arrested in connection with the suspicious deaths of over 160 patients. Eventually, he is only convicted of minor charges.
1961 – The Indian Army invades the Portuguese province of Estado da India Portuguesa (Portuguese State of India) which will become part of India.
1962 – Nyasaland secedes from Rhodesia and Nyasaland.
1963 – Zanzibar received its independence from the United Kingdom to become a constitutional monarchy under the sultan.
1964 - The South Vietnamese military junta of Nguyen Khanh dissolves the High National Council and arrest some of the members.
1965 – Prisoners Ronald Ryan and Peter Walker escape from HM Prison Pentridge, Melbourne. During the escape a guard is killed. Ryan would hang for his death, in 1967.
1967 – Australian Prime Minister Harold Holt is declared dead, two days after going missing.
1972 – Apollo 17, the last manned lunar flight, returns to Earth.
1974 – The Altair 8800, the first personal computer, goes on sale.
1975 - John Paul Stevens is appointed as a justice of the United States Supreme Court.
1980 – Anguilla is made a dependency of the United Kingdom separate from Saint Kitts and Nevis.
1982 - A tanker fire in Tacoa, Venezuela, kills 150 people.
1983 - The Jules Rimet FIFA World Cup trophy is stolen from the Headquarters of the Brazilian Football Federation in Rio de Janeiro and is never seen again.
1984 – The United Kingdom and People's Republic of China sign the Sino-British Joint Declaration, which handed Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty in 1997.
1984 - Ted Hughes becomes Poet Laureate of the United Kingdom.
1986 - Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev releases Andrei Sakharov and his wife, Yelena Bonner, from exile in Gorky.
1997 – A Silkair Boeing 737-300 crashes into the Musi River, in Sumatra, Indonesia killing 104
1997 – Titanic (the highest-grossing movie ever as of 2005) opens in U.S. theaters.
1998 – The U.S. House of Representatives passes articles of impeachment against President Bill Clinton over the Lewinsky scandal.
2000 – The Leninist Guerrilla Units attack a party office of the far-right MHP in Istanbul, Turkey. One MHP member is killed and several wounded.
From 2001
2001 – The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, the first movie in Peter Jackson's The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy, opens in theaters.
2001 – A new world-record high barometric pressure of 1085.6 hPa (32.06 inHg) is set at Tosontsengel, Hövsgöl Aymag, Mongolia.
2001 – The Argentine economic crisis bursts into street riots after the announcement by the economy minister of the measures of holding back the bank deposits.
2005 – Prime Minister of Israel Ariel Sharon suffers a minor stroke.
2007 – Marcus Stephen becomes President of Nauru.
2007 - Lee Myung-bak is elected President of South Korea.
2011 – North Korean state television announces that Kim Jong-il died two days earlier. His son Kim Jong-un has been named as his successor, as North Korea's leader.
2012 - Park Geunhye is elected President of South Korea, as the first woman elected to lead South Korea.
2016 - Russian Ambassador to Turkey Andrei Karlov is assassinated at an art gallery in Ankara by an off-duty police officer.
2016 - A lorry is driven into a crowd at a Christmas market in central Berlin, killing at least 12 people.
Births
Up to 1900
1343 - William I, Margrave of Meissen (d. 1407)
1498 - Andreas Osiander, German theologian (d. 1552)
1554 - Philip William, Prince of Orange (d. 1618)
1587 - Dorothea Sophia, Abbess of Quedlinburg (d. 1645)
1594 - Gustavus II Adolphus of Sweden (d. 1632)
1683 – King Philip V of Spain (d. 1746)
1699 – William Bowyer, printer (d. 1777)
1714 - John Winthrop, American astronomer (d. 1779)
1753 - John Taylor Gilman, Governor of New Hampshire (d. 1828)
1778 - Marie Thérèse of France (d. 1851)
1784 - Marcus Morton, 16th and 18th Governor of Massachusetts (d. 1864)
1790 - William Parry, English admiral and polar explorer (d. 1855)
1796 - Manuel Breton de los Herreros, Spanish playwright (d. 1873)
1813 – Thomas Andrews, chemist (d. 1885)
1815 - Edwin M. Stanton, American politician (d. 1869)
1816 - Franz Sacher, Austrian confectioner (d. 1907)
1817 - James J. Archer, American lawyer and general (d. 1864)
1819 – James Spriggs Payne, 4th and 8th President of Liberia (d. 1882)
1820 – Mary Ashton Livermore, women's rights activist (d. 1905)
1838 - Ghedrub Gyatso, 11th Dalai Lama (d. 1856)
1845 - Henri Joseph Perrotin, French astronomer (d. 1904)
1852 – Albert Abraham Michelson, Prussian-born physicist (d. 1931)
1854 - Marcel Brillouin, French physicist (d. 1948)
1861 – Italo Svevo, Italian writer (d. 1928)
1865 – Minnie Maddern Fiske, stage actress (d. 1932)
1875 – Mileva Maric, Serbian-Swiss scientist, was married to Albert Einstein (d. 1948)
1875 - Carter G. Woodson, American historian, author and journalist (d. 1950)
1876 - Enrique Pla y Deniel, Archbishop of Toledo, Spain (d. 1968)
1879 - Beals Wright, American tennis player (d. 1961)
1882 - Walter Braunfels, German composer (d. 1954)
1884 - Antonin Zapotocky, Czech politician (d. 1957)
1885 – Joe "King" Oliver, jazz musician (d. 1938)
1888 – Fritz Reiner, Hungarian conductor (d. 1963)
1891 – Edward Raczynski, Polish diplomat and politician (d. 1993)
1894 – Ford Frick, American commissioner of baseball (d. 1978)
1899 - Martin Luther King, Sr., father of Martin Luther King, Jr. (d. 1984)
1900 – Géza von Cziffra, movie director (d. 1989)
1901 1950
1901 – Rudolf Hell, German inventor (d. 2002)
1902 - Ralph Richardson, English actor (d. 1983)
1903 – George Davis Snell, American geneticist (d. 1996)
1905 - Irving Kahn, American businessman (d. 2015)
1906 – Leonid Brezhnev, Soviet politician (d. 1982)
1910 – Jean Genet, French writer (d. 1986)
1913 - Juan Landazuri Ricketts, Archbishop of Lima (d. 1997)
1915 - Claudia Testoni, Italian athlete (d. 1998)
1915 – Édith Piaf, French singer and actress (d. 1963)
1916 - Manoel de Barros, Brazilian poet (d. 2014)
1916 – Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann, German publicist (d. 2010)
1918 – Professor Longhair, American musician (d. 1980)
1920 - Little Jimmy Dickens, American country music singer (d. 2015)
1920 - Alexander McAllister, Scottish cricketer
1920 – David Susskind, movie, stage, and television producer (d. 1987)
1922 - Eamonn Andrews, Irish radio and television host (d. 1987)
1923 – Gordon Jackson, Scottish movie, stage and television actor (d. 1990)
1924 - Michel Tournier, French writer (d. 2016)
1925 – Tankred Dorst, German dramatist (d. 2017)
1925 - Robert B. Sherman, American songwriter (d. 2012)
1925 - Rabah Bitat, President of Algeria (d. 2000)
1926 - Fikret Otyam, Turkish painter and journalist (d. 2015)
1927 - Remo Capitani, Italian actor (d. 2014)
1929 - Lorenzo Buffon, Italian footballer
1929 – Bob Brookmeyer, American musician (d. 2011)
1930 - Georg Stollenwerk, German footballer (d. 2014)
1932 - Thomas Hunter, American actor (d. 2017)
1932 - Bernhard Vogel, German politician
1933 – Cicely Tyson, American actress
1934 – Rudi Carrell, Dutch entertainer (d. 2006)
1934 – Al Kaline, American Baseball Hall of Famer
1934 – Pratibha Patil, former President of India
1935 – Bobby Timmons, American jazz pianist (d. 1974)
1936 - Marian McKnight, American model
1938 – Karel Svoboda, Czech composer (d. 2007)
1940 – Phil Ochs, singer, songwriter (d. 1976)
1941 – Maurice White, American musician (d. 2016)
1941 – Lee Myung-bak, former President of South Korea
1942 – Cornell Dupree, American musician (d. 2011)
1943 - Sam Kelly, English actor (d. 2014)
1944 – Richard Leakey, Kenyan anthropologist (d. 2022)
1944 – Alvin Lee, British musician (d. 2013)
1946 – Robert Urich, American actor (d. 2002)
1947 - Jimmy Bain, Scottish musician (d. 2016)
1949 – Jupp Kapellmann, German footballer
1949 – Nasser Hejazi, Iranian footballer (d. 2011)
1949 – Claudia Kolb, swimmer
1949 - Carlos Gomes Junior, former Prime Minister of Guinea-Bissau
1950 - Walter Frosch, German footballer (d. 2013)
1951 1975
1951 - Mohammed Reza Aref, 2nd Vice President of Iran
1952 - Walter Murphy, American songwriter and musician
1955 - Rob Portman, American politician
1956 – Jens Fink-Jensen, Danish writer
1957 – Kevin McHale, American basketball player
1957 - Cyril Collard, French actor, director and composer (d. 1993)
1957 - Michael E. Fossum, American astronaut
1957 - John Gulager, American actor, cinematographer and director
1958 - José Aguilar, Cuban boxer (d. 2014)
1959 - Ivan Vallejo, Ecuadorean footballer
1960 – Mike Lookinland, actor
1961 - Eric Allin Cornell, American physicist
1961 – Reggie White, American football player (d. 2004)
1963 - Til Schweiger, German actor
1963 - Jennifer Beals, American actress
1964 – Arvydas Sabonis, Lithuanian basketball player
1964 - Béatrice Dalle, French actress
1965 - Jessica Steen, Canadian actress
1965 – Chito Martinez, Belizean baseball player
1966 - Alberto Tomba, Italian skier
1967 – Criss Angel, American illusionist
1968 - Ken Marino, American actor and comedian
1968 - Kristina Keneally, 42nd Premier of New South Wales
1969 – Aziza Mustafa Zadeh, Azerbaijani composer, pianist and singer
1969 – Kristy Swanson, American actress
1969 – Richard Hammond, British television presenter
1971 – Tiffany Towers, American actress
1972 – Alyssa Milano, American actress
1972 – Warren Sapp, American football player
1974 – Jake Plummer, American football player
1974 – Ricky Ponting, Australian cricketer
From 1976
1978 - Patrick Casey, American screenwriter and actor
1979 – Gareth Williams, Welsh rugby player
1980 – Jake Gyllenhaal, American actor
1980 - Billy O'Sullivan, American actor
1980 – Marla Sokoloff, actress
1982 - Tero Pitkamaki, Finnish javelin thrower
1983 – Matt Stajan, Canadian ice hockey player
1985 - Neil Kilkenny, Australian footballer
1985 – Gary Cahill, English footballer
1985 – Lady Sovereign, English musician
1985 - Dan Logan, English bass player
1986 – Ryan Babel, Dutch footballer
1987 – Karim Benzema, French footballer
1988 – Alexis Sanchez, Chilean footballer
1989 - Yong Jun-hyung, South Korean singer, rapper and actor
1991 – Declan Galbraith, English singer
1991 - Edwin Jackson, American football player (d. 2018)
1991 - Jorge Blanco, Mexican actor and singer
1992 - Iker Muniain, Spanish footballer
1993 - Leonardo Bittencourt, German footballer
1994 - Michele Bravi, Italian singer
1994 - Estelle Balet, Swiss snowboarder (d. 2016)
1995 - Brandur Olsen, Faroese footballer
1998 - Frans Jeppsson Wall, Swedish singer
Deaths
Up to 1900
211 - Geta, Roman Emperor
401 – Pope Anastasius I
1075 – Edith of Wessex, queen of Edward the Confessor of England
1111 - Al-Ghazali, Persian theologian and philosopher
1123 - Saint Berardo, Italian bishop
1327 – Agnes of France, Duchess of Burgundy
1370 – Pope Urban V (b. 1310)
1475 - Louis de Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol (b. 1418)
1737 – James Sobieski, Crown Prince of Poland (b. 1667)
1741 – Vitus Bering, Danish-born explorer (b. 1681)
1745 – Jean-Baptiste van Loo, French painter (b. 1684)
1749 – Francesco Antonio Bonporti, Italian priest and composer (b. 1672)
1751 – Louise of Great Britain, queen of Frederick V of Denmark (b. 1724)
1807 – Friedrich Melchior, baron von Grimm, German writer (b. 1723)
1813 - James McGill, Scottish-Canadian businessman and philanthropist (b. 1744)
1814 - Joseph Bramah, English inventor and locksmith (b. 1748)
1819 – Sir Thomas Fremantle, English naval officer and politician (b. 1765)
1848 – Emily Brontë, English writer (b. 1818)
1851 – J. M. W. Turner, English painter (b. 1775)
1859 - Mirabeau B. Lamar, American politician and President of Texas (b. 1798)
1860 - Konstantin Aksakov, Russian writer (b. 1817)
1899 - Henry Ware Lawton, American Civil War general (b. 1843)
1901 2000
1915 – Alois Alzheimer, German neuroscientist (b. 1864)
1916 - Thibaw Min, King of Burma (b. 1859)
1927 - Ashfaqulla Khan, Indian activist (b. 1900)
1927 - Ram Prasad Bismil, Indian activist (b. 1897)
1927 - Roshan Singh, Indian activist (b. 1892)
1932 – Yoon Bong-Gil, Korean resister against Japanese occupation (executed) (b. 1908)
1933 - George Jackson Churchward, English engineer (b. 1857)
1939 – Hans Langsdorff, German naval officer (b. 1894)
1944 - Abbas II of Egypt (b. 1874)
1944 - Rudolph Karstadt, German entrepreneur (b. 1856)
1946 - Paul Langevin, French physicist (b. 1872)
1953 – Robert Millikan, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1868)
1967 – Harold Holt, seventeenth Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1908)
1968 – Norman Thomas, American socialist (b. 1884)
1976 – Giuseppe Caselli, Italian painter (b. 1893)
1977 – Nellie Tayloe Ross, Governor of Wyoming (b. 1876)
1982 - Dwight Macdonald, American philosopher, author and critic (b. 1906)
1988 - Robert Bernstein, American author and playwright (b. 1919)
1989 – Stella Gibbons, English writer (b. 1902)
1993 - Michael Clarke, American drummer (b. 1946)
1996 – Marcello Mastroianni, Italian actor (b. 1924)
1997 - Masaru Ibuka, Japanese industrialist (b. 1908)
1998 - Mel Fisher, American treasure hunter (b. 1922)
1999 – Desmond Llewelyn, Welsh actor (b. 1914)
2000 - Pops Staples, American singer (b. 1915)
2000 - John Lindsay, 103rd Mayor of New York City (b. 1921)
2000 - Rob Buck, American guitarist and songwriter (b. 1958)
From 2001
2003 – Peter Carter-Ruck, British lawyer (b. 1914)
2003 – Hope Lange, American actress (b. 1941)
2004 – Herbert C. Brown, English-born chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1912)
2004 – Renata Tebaldi, Italian soprano (b. 1922)
2008 - Carol Chomsky, American linguist and educator (b. 1930)
2009 – Hossein-Ali Montazeri, Iranian cleric (b. 1922)
2009 – Kim Peek, American megasavant, inspiration for the movie Rain Man (b. 1951)
2012 - Peter Struck, German politician (b. 1943)
2012 - Robert Bork, American judge and scholar (b. 1927)
2013 - Herb Geller, American-German saxophonist and composer (b. 1928)
2013 - Ned Vizzini, American writer (b. 1981)
2014 - Igor Rodionov, Russian general and politician (b. 1936)
2014 - Philip Bradbourn, English politician (b. 1951)
2014 - Arthur Gardner, American movie and television producer (b. 1910)
2015 - Jimmy Hill, English footballer and pundit (b. 1928)
2015 - Kurt Masur, German conductor (b. 1927)
2015 - Greville Janner, British politician (b. 1928)
2015 - Karin Söder, Swedish politician (b. 1928)
2015 - Dickie Moore, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1931)
2015 - Selma Reis, Brazilian actress and singer (b. 1960)
2016 - Andrei Karlov, Russian diplomat, Ambassador to Turkey (b. 1954)
2017 - Lito Cruz, Argentine actor (b. 1941)
2017 - Clifford Irving, American author (b. 1930)
2017 - Hiep Thi Le, Vietnamese-American actress (b. 1971)
2018 - Tömür Dawamat, Chinese Uighur politician; b. '27
2018 - Mel Hutchins, American basketball player; b. '28
2018 - Geetha Salam, Indian actor; b. '48
Twenty-nineteen
Ricardo de Aparici, Argentine lawyer and politician; b. '40
Francisco Brennand, Brazilian sculptor; b. '27
Jules Deelder, Dutch poet; b. '44
Jan de Laval, Swedish actor; b. '48
Ward Just, American journalist and writer; b. '35
George Metallinos, Greek priest; b. '40
Yoshio Mochizuki, Japanese politician; b. '47
Shahdon Winchester, Trinidadian footballer
Alba Zaluar, Brazilian anthropologist; b. '42
Observances
Liberation Day (Goa)
National Heroes and Heroines Day (Anguilla)
Days of the year |
10109 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/December%2026 | December 26 |
Events
Up to 1900
795 - Pope Leo III is elected.
838 - A North Sea flood affecting Friesland kills around 2,500 people.
1135 - Stephen of England is crowned King.
1481 – Battle of Westbroek – Holland defeats troops of Utrecht
1606 – King Lear performed in the Court of England
1620 – Elizabeth Báthory's crimes are uncovered
1620 – Pilgrim Fathers land of what becomes New Plymouth in Massachusetts
1776 – American Revolutionary War: The British were defeated in the Battle of Trenton
1790 – Louis XVI of France gives his public assent to Civil Constitution of the Clergy during the French Revolution
1792 – Final trial of Louis XVI of France begins in Paris
1793 – Battle of Geisberg – French defeat Austrians
1793 – Wedding of Prince Friedrich Ludwig of Prussia and Frederica of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.
1805 - Austria and France sign the Treaty of Pressburg.
1806 – Battle of Pultusk – indecisive battle between Napoleon and the Russians.
1811 - In Richmond, Virginia, the worst theatre fire in US history kills 72 people, including then-Governor of Virginia George William Smith.
1812 – The Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay are blocked off by ships during the War of 1812.
1825 – Several Imperial Russia army officers lead 3000 soldiers to the Senate Square in the failed Decembrist uprising
1825 – The Erie Canal opens
1861 – Confederate diplomatic envoys James Mason and John Slidell are freed by the United States government, thus heading off a possible war between the United States and Britain
1862 – 38 starving and angry Lakota men are hanged for killing white people after a brief rebellion
1862 – American Civil War: Start of the Battle of Chickasaw Bayou.
1871 - Gilbert and Sullivan collaborate for the first time, on the opera Thespis. It is another four years before they work together again.
1898 – Marie and Pierre Curie announce the isolation of radium.
1900 - A relief crew arrives at the lighthouse in the Flannan Islands off the west coast of Scotland, only to find that the previous crew had disappeared without a trace.
1901 1950
1906 – The world's first full-length feature movie is made in Australia, The Story of the Kelly Gang.
1908 – Jack Johnson becomes the first African American heavyweight boxing champion by defeating Tommy Burns in Sydney, Australia.
1916 - Joseph Joffre is made Marshal of France.
1919 - Babe Ruth of the baseball team Boston Red Sox is sold to the New York Yankees by team owner Harry Frazee.
1925 – The Communist Party of India is founded.
1925 – Turkey adopts the Gregorian Calendar, which it uses from January 1, 1926.
1931 – Phi Iota Alpha Fraternity was founded
1933 – The Nissan Motor Company was organized in Tokyo, Japan
1933 – FM radio is patented.
1941 - Franklin D. Roosevelt signs a bill establishing Thanksgiving Day as a holiday on the fourth Thursday in November.
1943 – The German warship Scharnhorst sinks off the coast of North Cape in Norway after being attacked by the British Royal Navy late the previous evening.
1943 – At the Cairo Conference, Winston Churchill decides that Germany needs to be defeated before Japan.
1944 – The play The Glass Menagerie by Tennessee Williams was first publicly performed.
1944 – American troops repulse German forces at Bastogne.
1945 – CFP franc and CFA franc are created.
1946 – Flamingo Hotel opens in Las Vegas.
1947 – 26 inches of snowfall in 16 hours in New York City.
1948 – Cardinal Mindszenty arrested in Hungary.
1951 2000
1963 - The Beatles release the singles I Want to Hold Your Hand and I Saw Her Standing There in the United States, starting the so-called Beatlemania internationally.
1966 – The first Kwanzaa is celebrated by Maulana Karenga, the chair of Black Studies at California State University, Long Beach.
1973 – Comet Kohoutek reaches perihelion but is not such a display as expected.
1973 - The horror movie The Exorcist, directed by William Friedkin, is released in US cinemas.
1973 – Soyuz 13 lands.
1974 – Salyut 4 launched.
1975 – Tupolev Tu-144 goes into service in the Soviet Union.
1976 – Foundation of the Communist Party of Nepal (Marxist-Leninist).
1978 - The first Paris to Dakar Rally starts in Paris.
1979 – Soviet Special forces troops take over presidential palace in Kabul, Afghanistan.
1980 – Aeroflot puts the Ilyushin Il-86 into service.
1982 – TIME magazine's Man of the Year was for the first time given to a non-human; the personal computer.
1984 – Princess Astrid of Belgium marries Archduke Lorenz of Austria-Este.
1986 – The first long-running American television soap opera, Search for Tomorrow, airs its final episode after thirty-five years on the air.
1988 – Start of the Nanjing Anti-African protests.
1991 – Supreme Soviet meets and formally dissolves the USSR.
1996 – JonBenét Ramsey, a six-year-old beauty queen, was found murdered in her family's basement in Boulder, Colorado.
1996 – United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification goes into force.
1997 - The Soufriere Hills volcano on the Caribbean island of Montserrat explodes.
1998 – Iraq announced its intention to fire upon US and British warplanes that patrol the northern and southern "no-fly zones".
1998 – Severe gales over Ireland, northern England, and southern Scotland. Widespread disruption, widespread power outages in Northern Ireland and southern Scotland.
1999 – On the 26-28th, France and countries to the east, including Germany, are hit by severe storms and rain. Over 100 people were killed, and the storm caused extensive damage to property and trees and the French national power grid.
From 2001
2002 – French Raelian scientist Brigitte Boisselier says Clonaid has delivered the first of a supposed five clone babies through cesarean section.
2003 – Major earthquake, of magnitude 6.6, devastates southeast Iranian city of Bam, killing tens of thousands; citadel of Arg-é Bam is destroyed.
2004 – A massive earthquake measuring 9.0 on the Richter magnitude scale creates a tsunami causing devastation in Sri Lanka, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, The Maldives and many other areas around the rim of the Indian Ocean. The death toll is currently estimated at more than 300,000. Officials say the true toll may never be known, due to rapid burials. Indonesia was worst affected with as many as 219,000 people killed.
2004 – In a re-run of Ukraine's Presidential election Viktor Yushchenko defeats Viktor Yanukovich.
2006 – At least 260 people are killed when an oil pipeline in Lagos, Nigeria, explodes.
2012 - Shinzo Abe becomes Prime Minister of Japan for a second time.
2016 - Shinzo Abe becomes the first Prime Minister of Japan to visit the site of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbour, Hawaii.
2017 - Honduras and Panama decide to move their embassies in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem.
2017 - Former professional footballer George Weah is elected President of Liberia.
Births
Up to 1900
1194 – Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (d. 1250)
1532 – Guilielmus Xylander, German classical scholar (d. 1576)
1536 – Yi I of Joseon, Confucian scholar (d. 1584)
1622 - Cort Adeler, Norwegian admiral (d. 1675)
1687 – Johann Georg Pisendel, German violinist and composer (d. 1755)
1716 – Thomas Gray, English poet and letter-writer (d. 1771)
1723 – Friedrich Melchior, Baron von Grimm, German writer (d. 1807)
1735 – Prince Josias of Coburg, Holy Roman Empire general (d. 1815)
1751 – Clement Hofbauer, missionary (d. 1820)
1769 – Ernst Moritz Arndt, German writer (d. 1860)
1771 - Julie Clary, French wife of Joseph Bonaparte (d. 1845)
1777 - Louis II, Grand Duke of Hesse (d. 1848)
1780 – Mary Fairfax Somerville, British mathematician (d. 1872)
1785 - Etienne Constantin de Gerlache, 1st Prime Minister of Belgium (d. 1871)
1791 – Charles Babbage, English mathematician and inventor (d. 1871)
1819 – E. D. E. N. Southworth, American novelist (d. 1899)
1822 – Dion Boucicault, Irish actor and playwright (d. 1890)
1837 – George Dewey, U. S. admiral (d. 1917)
1837 - Morgan Bulkeley, 54th Governor of Connecticut (d. 1922)
1853 – René Bazin, French novelist (d. 1932)
1859 - William Stephens, 24th Governor of California (d. 1944)
1863 – Charles Pathé, French movie pioneer (d. 1957)
1867 - Phan Boi Chau, Vietnamese nationalist (d. 1940)
1872 – Norman Angell, British writer, Nobel Peace Prize winner (d. 1967)
1874 - Khan Bahadur Ahsanullah, Bangladeshi educator, theologian and social reformer (d. 1965)
1880 - Elton Mayo, Australian psychologist (d. 1949)
1883 – Maurice Utrillo, French painter (d. 1955)
1890 – Uncle Charlie Osborne, fiddler (d. 1992)
1891 – Henry Miller, American writer (d. 1980)
1893 – Mao Zedong, Chinese military leader and politician (d. 1976)
1894 - Jean Toomer, American writer (d. 1967)
1901 1950
1902 - Anatoli Lvovich Kaplan, Russian writer (d. 1980)
1903 – Elisha Cook Jr., actor (d. 1995)
1904 – Alejo Carpentier, Cuban writer (d. 1980)
1905 – Anfilogino Guarisi, Brazilian-Italian footballer (d. 1974)
1905 - Mario Varglien, Italian footballer (d. 1978)
1906 – Imperio Argentina, Argentine-Spanish actress and singer (d. 2003)
1907 - Albert Gore, Sr., American politician (d. 1998)
1909 - Matt Gordy, American pole vaulter (d. 1989)
1911 – Princess Takamatsu of Japan (d. 2004)
1912 - Henk de Looper, Dutch field hockey player (d. 2006)
1913 - Elizabeth David, English cookery writer (d. 1992)
1914 – Richard Widmark, American actor (d. 2008)
1918 – George Rallis, Prime Minister of Greece (d. 2006)
1921 – Steve Allen, American actor, comedian, composer, and writer (d. 2000)
1923 - Richard Artschwager, American artist (d. 2013)
1926 – Gina Pellón, Cuban painter
1926 - Earle Brown, American composer (d. 2002)
1927 – Alan King, American comedian and actor (d. 2004)
1927 - Stu Miller, American baseball player (d. 2015)
1931 - Roger Piantoni, French footballer
1933 – Caroll Spinney, American puppeteer
1935 – Gnassingbé Eyadéma, President of Togo (d. 2005)
1937 - John Horton Conway, British mathematician
1938 - Bahram Bayzai, Iranian director, screenwriter and producer
1939 - Fred Schepisi, Australian director
1939 – Phil Spector, American music producer
1940 – Edward C. Prescott, American economist
1941 - Daniel Schmid, Swiss movie director
1942 – Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arevalo, 28th President of Guatemala
1942 – Gray Davis, former Governor of California
1945 – John Walsh, American talk show host
1947 – Carlton Fisk, American Baseball Hall of Famer
1947 - Liz Lochhead, Scottish poet
1949 – José Ramos-Horta, East Timorean human rights activist and former President of East Timor
1949 - Mikhail Boyarsky, Russian actor and singer
1950 - Raja Pervaiz Ashraf, former Prime Minister of Pakistan
1951 1975
1951 - C. J. Henderson, American writer, critic and editor (d. 2014)
1951 - John Scofield, American jazz guitarist and composer
1952 - Alexander Ankvab, Abkhazian politician
1953 – Henning Schmitz, German musician (Kraftwerk)
1953 – Toomas Hendrik Ilves, President of Estonia
1953 – Leonel Fernandez, former President of the Dominican Republic
1953 - Michel Guimond, Canadian politician (d. 2015)
1954 - Peter Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer, explorer and son of Edmund Hillary
1954 - Susan Butcher, American dogsledder (d. 2006)
1954 - Tony Rosato, Italian-born Canadian actor (d. 2017)
1954 – Ozzie Smith, American Baseball Hall of Famer
1955 – Evan Bayh, US Senator from Indiana
1956 – David Sedaris, American essayist
1957 - Dermot Murnaghan, British newsreader
1959 – Koji Morimoto, Japanese director
1959 - Hans Nielsen, Danish speedway rider
1960 - Andrew Graham-Dixon, British art historian and broadcaster
1962 - James Kottak, German musician
1963 – Lars Ulrich, Danish musician (Metallica)
1969 – Thomas Linke, German footballer
1969 – Meredith Michaels-Beerbaum, American-born German equestrian
1971 – Mika Nurmela, Finnish footballer
1971 – Jared Leto, American actor, singer and musician
1975 – Marcelo Rios, Chilean tennis player
From 1976
1976 – Lea De Mae, Czech actress (d. 2004)
1976 - Janina Karolchyk-Pravalinska, Belarussian athlete
1977 - Fatih Akyel, Turkish footballer
1979 - Fabian Carini, Uruguayan footballer
1979 – Mark Cueto, English rugby player
1979 – Chris Daughtry, American singer
1981 - Ilia Kandelaki, Georgian footballer
1982 - Shun Oguri, Japanese actor and model
1982 – Aksel Lund Svindal, Norwegian skier
1984 - Alex Schwazer, Italian race walker
1985 - Beth Behrs, American actress
1986 - Hugo Lloris, French footballer
1986 - Kit Harington, English actor
1987 - Mikhail Kukushkin, Kazakhstani tennis player
1989 - Yohan Blake, Jamaican athlete
1989 - Sofiane Feghouli, Algerian footballer
1990 - Andy Biersack, American singer
1990 – Aaron Ramsey, Welsh footballer
1990 - Denis Cheryshev, Russian footballer
1991 - Eden Sher, American actress
1992 - Jade Thirlwall, English singer (Little Mix)
1994 – Souleymane Coulibaly, Ivorian footballer
1994 - Stephanie Boscarino, American actress
1994 - Luisa Hartema, German model
1995 – Zach Mills, American actor
Deaths
Up to 1900
268 - Pope Dionysius
418 - Pope Zosinos
831 - Euthymius of Sardis, Byzantine bishop and saint (b. 754)
865 - Empress Dowager Zheng of China
1350 - Jean de Marigny, French archbishop
1458 - Arthur III, Duke of Brittany (b. 1393)
1476 - Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan (b. 1444)
1530 – Babur, Mughal Emperor (b. 1483)
1624 – Simon Marius, German astronomer (b. 1573)
1780 - John Fothergill, English physician (b. 1712)
1784 – Seth Warner, American revolutionary leader (b. 1743)
1786 - Gasparo Gozzi, Italian playwright and critic (b. 1713)
1811 - George William Smith, Governor of Virginia (b. 1762)
1867 – Jozsef Kossics, Slovenian writer (b. 1788)
1869 - Jean Leonard Marie Poiseuille, French physician and physiologist (b. 1797)
1890 - Heinrich Schliemann, German archaeologist (b. 1822)
1901 2000
1909 - Frederic Remington, American painter and illustrator (b. 1761)
1923 - Dietrich Eckart, German journalist and politician (b. 1868)
1931 - Melvil Dewey, American librarian (b. 1851)
1933 – Anatoly Lunacharsky, Russian literary critic and politician (b. 1875)
1960 - Tetsuro Watsuji, Japanese philosopher (b. 1889)
1970 – Lillian Board, British athlete (b. 1948)
1972 – Harry S. Truman, 33rd President of the United States (b. 1884)
1973 – Harold B. Lee, American Mormon leader (b. 1899)
1974 - Farid al-Atrash, Syrian-Egyptian singer-songwriter, musician and actor (b. 1915)
1977 - Howard Hawks, American director (b. 1896)
1981 - Savitri, Indian actress, director and producer (b. 1937)
1983 - Violet Carson, English actress (b. 1898)
1985 – Dian Fossey, American gorilla specialist (b. 1932)
1985 - Harold P. Warren, American movie director (b. 1928)
1986 – Elsa Lanchester, British actress (b. 1902)
1994 - Pietro Pavan, Italian cardinal (b. 1903)
1999 – Shankar Dayal Sharma, President of India (b. 1918)
1999 – Curtis Mayfield, American musician (b. 1942)
2000 - Jason Robards, American actor (b. 1922)
From 2001
2001 – Nigel Hawthorne, English actor (b. 1929)
2004 – Marianne Heiberg, Norwegian mediator (b. 1945)
2004 – Khun Bhumi Jensen, Thai royal (b. 1983) (2004 Indian Ocean earthquake)
2004 - Angus Ogilvy, British businessman (b. 1928)
2005 - Kerry Packer, Australian businessman (b. 1937)
2005 – Vincent Schiavelli, American actor (b. 1948)
2006 – Gerald Ford, 38th President of the United States (b. 1913)
2006 - Ivar Formo, Norwegian cross-country skier (b. 1951)
2009 - Giuseppe Chiappella, Italian footballer (b. 1924)
2010 – Salvador Jorge Blanco, President of the Dominican Republic (b. 1926)
2010 – Teena Marie, American singer-songwriter (b. 1956)
2011 - Sarekoppa Bangarappa, Indian politician (b. 1932)
2011 – Sam Rivers, American jazz musician and composer (b. 1923)
2011 - Pedro Armendariz, Jr., Mexican actor (b. 1940)
2012 - Gerry Anderson, British writer, director and producer (b. 1929)
2012 - Fontella Bass, American singer (b. 1940)
2013 - Marta Eggerth, Hungarian-American actress (b. 1912)
2013 - Dr. Tangalanga, Argentine comedian (b. 1916)
2014 - Leo Tindemans, 43rd Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1922)
2014 - James B. Edwards, American politician, 110th Governor of South Carolina and 3rd United States Secretary of Energy (b. 1927)
2014 - Roberto Delmastro, Chilean politician (b. 1945)
2015 - Jim O'Toole, American baseball player (b. 1937)
2016 - Ashot Anastasian, Armenian chess player (b. 1964)
2017 - Shahnon Ahmad, Malaysian writer (b. 1933)
2017 - Johnny Bower, Canadian ice hockey player (b. 1924)
2017 - Gualtiero Marchesi, Italian chef (b. 1930)
Observances
Boxing Day in the Commonwealth of Nations, except if 26 December happens to be a Sunday. If it is a Sunday, it is moved to December 27 by Royal Proclamation.
Saint Stephen's Day in Roman Catholicism, holiday in some European countries
First Day of Kwanzaa (United States)
Second Day of Christmas
Days of the year |
10110 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/December%2020 | December 20 |
Events
Up to 1950
69 - Vespasian enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor.
1192 - Richard I of England is captured and imprisoned by Leopold V of Austria.
1522 – Suleiman the Magnificent accepts the surrender of the surviving Knights of Rhodes, who are allowed to evacuate. They eventually re-settle on Malta and become known as the Knights of Malta.
1606 - The Virginia Company loads three ships with settlers and set sail to establish Jamestown, Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in the Americas.
1803 – Louisiana Purchase is completed.
1808 - Peninsular War: The Siege of Zaragoza begins.
1860 – South Carolina becomes first state to secede from the United States.
1870 - The Cape Blanco lighthouse goes into operation at the western tip of Oregon.
1915 – The last Australian troops are evacuated from Gallipoli during World War I.
1917 – Cheka, first Soviet secret police, is founded.
1924 - Adolf Hitler is released from Landsberg Prison.
1942 - World War II: Japanese air forces bomb Calcutta.
1942 - A magnitude 7.3 earthquake in Erbaa, Turkey, kills around 3,000 people.
1946 - The popular Christmas movie It's a Wonderful Life is first released in New York City.
1946 - The Tonankai earthquake in Japan kills around 1,300 people.
1951 2000
1951 - The EBR in Arco, Idaho, becomes the first nuclear power plant to generate electricity.
1952 – United States Air Force C-124 crashes and burns in Moses Lake, Washington, killing 87.
1955 - Cardiff is officially proclaimed as the capital city of Wales.
1957 - The European Nuclear Energy Agency is founded.
1957 - The initial production version of the Boeing 707 makes its first flight.
1960 – National Front for the Liberation of Vietnam is formed.
1961 - The Dominican Republic holds its first elections.
1967 - A Pennsylvania Railroad metroliner reaches over the limit of 155 miles per hour in speed on its New York Division.
1968 - The Zodiac Killer kills Betty Lou Jenson and David Faraday in Vallejo, California.
1971 - Zulfikar Ali Bhutto becomes the 4th President of Pakistan.
1973 - Spanish Prime Minister Admiral Luis Carrero Blanco is assassinated by a car bomb in Madrid.
1977 - Djibouti and Vietnam join the UN.
1984 – The Summit tunnel fire is the largest underground fire in history, as a freight train carrying over 1 million litres of petrol derails near the town of Todmorden in the Pennines, England.
1985 - Pope John Paul II announces the institution of World Youth Day.
1988 – The United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances is signed at Vienna.
1989 – Operation Just Cause: United States sends troops into Panama to overthrow government of Manuel Noriega.
1991 - Paul Keating becomes the 24th Prime Minister of Australia.
1995 – The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) begins peacekeeping in Bosnia.
1995 – An American Airlines Flight 965 Boeing 757 crashes into a mountain 50 km north of Cali, Colombia killing 160.
1999 – Vermont's Supreme Court rules that homosexual couples are entitled to same benefits and protections as married heterosexual couples.
1999 – Macau is handed over to the People's Republic of China by Portugal.
1999 - NASA starts the ACRIMSat satellite to study the Sun.
From 2001
2002 – US Senator Trent Lott resigns as majority leader.
2004 - A gang of thieves steal 26.5 million pounds from the Donegall Square West headquarters of Northern Bank in Belfast, Northern Ireland.
2007 - Elizabeth II overtakes Queen Victoria as the UK's oldest-ever monarch, having reached an age of 81 years, 7 months and 29 days. As of December 2014, Elizabeth is 88 years of age.
2015 - Spain holds its parliamentary election, with no party winning overall control.
2016 - A fireworks market explosion near Mexico City kills at least 30 people.
Births
Up to 1900
1537 – King John III of Sweden (d. 1592)
1579 - John Fletcher, English dramatist (d. 1625)
1629 – Pieter de Hooch, painter (d. 1684)
1633 - Abbas II of Persia (d. 1666)
1648 - Tommaso Ceva, Italian poet and mathematician (d. 1736)
1717 - Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes, French politician and diplomat (d. 1787)
1740 - Arthur Lee, American diplomat (d. 1792)
1786 - Pietro Raimondi, Italian composer (d. 1853)
1792 – Nicolas Charlet, painter (d. 1845)
1805 – Thomas Graham, Father of colloid chemistry (d. 1869)
1833 – Samuel Mudd, physician, possible conspirator in the assassination of Abraham Lincoln (d. 1883)
1838 – Edwin Abbott Abbott, schoolmaster/theologian/writer of Flatland (d. 1926)
1841 – Ferdinand Buisson, winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1927 (d. 1932)
1856 – Ferdinand Avenarius, writer (d. 1923)
1858 - Kuno Meyer, German scholar (d. 1919)
1860 – Dan Leno, English entertainer (d. 1904)
1861 – Ivana Kobilca, Slovene painter (d. 1926)
1865 – Elsie De Wolfe, aka Lady Mendl, actress & interior decorator (d. 1950)
1868 - Arturo Alessandri, President of Chile (d. 1950)
1868 – Harvey Firestone, automobile pioneer (d. 1938)
1873 - Mahmet Akif Ersoy, Turkish poet, writer, academic and politician (d. 1936)
1876 - Walter Sydney Adams, American astronomer (d. 1956)
1881 – Branch Rickey, baseball executive (d. 1965)
1886 – Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman, American tennis star (d. 1974)
1890 – Yvonne Arnaud, French actress (d. 1958)
1890 – Jaroslav Heyrovský, winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1967)
1891 - Erik Almlöf, Swedish triple jumper (d. 1971)
1893 – Charlotte Bühler, psychologist
1894 – Sir Robert Menzies, twelfth Prime Minister of Australia (d. 1978)
1898 – Irene Dunne, American actress (d. 1990)
1898 - Konstantinos Dovas, Greek general and politician (d. 1973)
1899 - Martin Lloyd-Jones, Welsh preacher and physician (d. 1981)
1901 1950
1901 – Robert Van de Graaff, physicist, inventor (d. 1967)
1902 – Sidney Hook, American philosopher (d. 1989)
1902 – Max Lerner, American educator (d. 1992)
1902 – George Edward Alexander Windsor, Duke of Kent (d. 1942)
1904 - Yevgenia Ginzburg, Russian writer (d. 1977)
1908 - Dennis Morgan, American actor (d. 1994)
1914 – Harry F. Byrd, Jr., American politician (d. 2013)
1916 - Gonzalo Rojas, Chilean poet (d. 2011)
1917 - David Bohm, American-born philosopher, physicist and neuropsychologist (d. 1992)
1918 - Audrey Totter, American actress (d. 2013)
1918 - Jean Marchand, Canadian trade union leader and politician (d. 1988)
1922 – George Roy Hill, American movie director (d. 2002)
1923 – James Leasor, mystery writer
1924 - Judy LaMarsh, Canadian soldier, lawyer and politician (d. 1980)
1924 – Friederike Mayröcker, writer
1924 - Charlie Callas, American comedian (d. 2011)
1925 - Benito Lorenzo, Italian footballer (d. 2007)
1926 – Sir Geoffrey Howe (Lord Howe of Aberavon), British politician (d. 2015)
1926 – Otto Graf Lambsdorff, German politician (d. 2009)
1927 – Kim Young-sam, President of South Korea (d. 2015)
1927 - Jim Simpson, American sportscaster (d. 2016)
1927 - Michael Beaumont, 22nd Seigneur of Sark (d. 2016)
1930 – Noel Ferrier, producer and actress
1932 - John Hillerman, American actor (d. 2017)
1933 – Jean Carnahan, US Senator
1934 - Julius Darmaatmadja, Indonesian cardinal
1939 - Kathryn Joosten, American actress (d. 2012)
1942 - Jean-Claude Trichet, French economist and banker
1942 – Bob Hayes, track and field star, American football star (d. 2002)
1944 - Bobby Colomby, American drummer and producer
1945 - Peter Criss, American musician
1945 - Tom Tancredo, American politician
1945 - Pierre Bürcher, Swiss bishop
1946 – Dick Wolf, American TV drama series creator
1946 – Uri Geller, Israeli-British psychic TV presenter
1946 - Sonny Perdue, American politician, former Governor of Georgia and 31st United States Secretary of Agriculture
1946 - John Spencer, American actor (d. 2005)
1947 - Gigliola Cinquetti, Italian singer
1951 1975
1951 - Kate Atkinson, English writer
1951 - Lynne Featherstone, English politician
1951 - Peter May, Scottish author and screenwriter
1951 - Christopher Le Brun, English painter and sculptor
1952 – Jenny Agutter, English actress
1952 - Sky Gilbert, Canadian drag queen performer, actor and producer
1954 – Michael Badalucco, actor
1954 - Sandra Cisneros, American writer
1955 – Lonesome Bob, singer, songwriter
1955 - Binali Yildirim, Prime Minister of Turkey
1955 - Martin Schulz, German politician, President of the European Parliament
1956 - Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, President of Mauritania
1957 – Anna Vissi, Greek singer
1957 – Billy Bragg, English singer, songwriter
1957 – Mike Watt, bassist
1958 - Jürgen Raab, German footballer
1959 - Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz, former Prime Minister of Poland
1960 – Nalo Hopkinson, science fiction writer
1963 - Infanta Elena of Spain
1963 - Mats Gren, Swedish footballer
1965 – Rich Gannon, American football quarterback
1970 – Nicole DeBoer, actress (Star Trek: Deep Space Nine, The Dead Zone)
1972 - Anders Odden, Norwegian musician
1975 - Bartosz Bosacki, Polish footballer
From 1976
1976 - Aubrey Hoff, American baseball player
1976 - Nenad Vuckovic, Croatian footballer
1977 - Sonja Aldén, Swedish singer
1978 - Andrei Markov, Russian-Canadian ice hockey player
1978 - Bouabdellah Tahri, French runner
1979 - George Lamb, English television presenter
1980 - Ashley Cole, English footballer
1980 - Martin Demichelis, Argentine footballer
1981 - Julien Benneteau, French tennis player
1982 - David Cook, American singer
1982 - David Wright, American baseball player
1982 - Keny Arkana, French singer and rapper
1982 - Mohammed Asif, Pakistani cricketer
1983 - Lara Stone, Dutch model
1983 - Jonah Hill, American actor
1983 - Lucy Pinder, English model and actress
1983 - Mapei, Swedish-American singer
1987 - Michihiro Yasuda, Japanese footballer
1990 – Joanna Levesque, AKA JoJo, American singer
1990 - Marta Xargay, Spanish basketball player
1991 - Hunter Gomez, American actor
1992 - Ksenia Makarova, Russian-American figure skater
1995 - Feliks Zembegs, Australian speed cuber
1997 - Suzuka Nakamoto, Japanese singer and model
1998 - Kylian Mbappé, French footballer
Deaths
Up to 1900
69 - Vitellius, Roman Emperor
217 - Pope Zephyrinus
860 - Ethelbald of Wessex (b. 834)
910 - King Alfonso III of Leon (b. 848)
1022 - Elvira Mendes, Queen of Castile (b. 996)
1295 - Margaret of Provence (b. 1221)
1355 - Stefan Dusan, Emperor of Serbia (b. 1308)
1494 - Matteo Maria Boiardi, Italian poet (b. 1434)
1524 - Thomas Linacre, English scholar and physician (b. 1460)
1539 - Johannes Lupi, Flemish composer (b. 1506)
1552 - Katharina von Bora, wife of Martin Luther (b. 1499)
1722 - Kangxi Emperor of China (b. 1654)
1765 - Louis, Dauphin of France, son of Louis XV of France (b. 1729)
1768 - Carlo Innocenzo Frugoni, Italian poet and academic (b. 1692)
1783 - Antonio Soler, Spanish composer (b. 1729)
1812 - Sacagawea, Native American member of the Lewis and Clark expedition (b. 1788)
1856 - Francesco Bentivegna, Italian revolutionary (b. 1820)
1901 2000
1915 - Upendrakishore Ray, Indian writer, painter and composer (b. 1863)
1917 - Lucien Petit-Breton, French racing cyclist (b. 1882)
1927 - Frederick Semple, American golfer and tennis player (b. 1872)
1929 - Emile Loubet, French statesman (b. 1838)
1937 - Erich Ludendorff, German general (b. 1865)
1941 - Igor Severyanin, Russian poet (b. 1887)
1944 - Abbas II of Egypt (b. 1874)
1950 - Enrico Mizzi, 6th Prime Minister of Malta (b. 1885)
1961 - Earle Page, 11th Prime Minister of Australia (b. 1880)
1961 - Moss Hart, American dramatist (b. 1904)
1968 - Max Brod, Austrian-Israeli writer and composer (b. 1884)
1968 - John Steinbeck, American writer (b. 1902)
1971 - Roy O. Disney, American entertainment industry executive (b. 1893)
1971 - Shigeyoshi Suzuki, Japanese footballer (b. 1902)
1973 - Bobby Darin, American singer-songwriter and actor (b. 1936)
1973 - Luis Carrero Blanco, Spanish politician (b. 1904)
1976 - Richard J. Daley, American politician (b. 1902)
1982 - Arthur Rubinstein, Polish pianist (b. 1887)
1989 - Kurt Böhme, German bass (b. 1908)
1994 - Dean Rusk, United States Secretary of State (b. 1909)
1996 – Carl Sagan, American astronomer and writer (b. 1934)
1997 - Juzo Itami, Japanese actor and director (b. 1933)
1998 - Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, British scientist (b. 1916)
2000 - Mirza Ghulam Hafiz, Bangladeshi statesman and philanthropist (b. 1920)
From 2001
2001 - Leopold Sedar Senghor, 1st President of Senegal (b. 1906)
2009 - Brittany Murphy, American actress (b. 1977)
2010 - Brian Hanrahan, British journalist (b. 1949)
2011 - Hana Andronikova, Czech writer (b. 1967)
2012 - Jimmy McCracklin, American singer-songwriter and pianist (b. 1921)
2013 - Nelly Omar, Argentine actress and singer (b. 1911)
2014 - John Freeman, English politician, diplomat and broadcaster (b. 1915)
2014 - Bob Lanier, American businessman and politician, Mayor of Houston (b. 1925)
2015 - Ray Mathews, American football player (b. 1929)
2015 - Patricia Elliott, American actress (b. 1938)
2016 - Michèle Morgan, French actress (b. 1920)
2017 - William Agee, American business executive (b. 1938)
2017 - Florence Bjelke-Petersen, Australian politician (b. 1920)
2017 - Henryk Cioch, Polish lawyer and politician (b. 1951)
2017 - Annie Goetzinger, French comic artist (b. 1951)
2017 - Bernard Francis Law, American cardinal (b. 1931)
2017 - Red Murrell, American basketball player (b. 1933)
2017 - Stan Pilecki, Polish-born Australian rugby player (b. 1947)
2017 - Randolph Quirk, British linguist and life peer (b. 1920)
2018 - F. W. Bernstein, German poet and cartoonist (b. 1938)
2018 - Klaus Hagerup, Norwegian author (b. 1946)
2018 - Donald Moffat, English-American actor (b. 1930)
2019 - Fazle Hasan Abed, Bangladeshi philanthropist (b. 1936)
2019 - Matti Ahde, Finnish politician (b. 1945)
2019 - Zilda Cardoso, Brazilian actress (b. 1936)
2019 - Thomas Chandy, Indian politician (b. 1947)
2019 - Junior Johnson, American racing driver (b. 1931)
2019 - Eduard Krieger, Austrian footballer (b. 1946)
2019 - Roland Matthes, German swimmer (b. 1950)
2019 - Yuri Pshenichnikov, Uzbek-Russian handball player (b. 1940)
2019 - Daniel Selvaraj, Indian writer (b. 1938)
2020 - Nicette Bruno, Brazilian actress (b. 1933)
2020 - Doug Anthony, Australian politician (b. 1929)
2020 - Fanny Waterman, British pianist (b. 1920)
2020 - Ezra Vogel, American sociologist (b. 1930)
Observances
Earliest possible date for the December Solstice (usually on December 21 or 22)
International Day of Human Solidarity
Days of the year |
10111 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/December%2028 | December 28 |
Events
Up to 1900
418 – St. Boniface I becomes Pope.
457 - Majorian is crowned West Roman Emperor.
484 - Alaric II becomes King of the Visigoths.
856 - A Viking attack on Paris occurs.
893 - An earthquake destroys the city of Dvin, Armenia.
1065 – Westminster Abbey is consecrated.
1308 – The reign of Emperor Hanazono, the 95th imperial ruler of Japan, began.
1612 – Galileo Galilei was the first astronomer to observe the planet Neptune when it was in conjunction with Jupiter, yet there is dispute as to whether he mistakenly catalogued it as a fixed star because of its extremely slow motion along the ecliptic at that time. Neptune was not officially discovered until 1846, about 234 years after Galileo first sighted it with his telescope.
1768 - Taksin is crowned King of Siam.
1832 – John C. Calhoun becomes the first Vice President of the United States to resign.
1835 – Osceola led his Seminole warriors in Florida into the Second Seminole War against the U.S. Army.
1836 – South Australia and Adelaide are founded
1836 – Spain recognizes independence of Mexico.
1846 – Iowa is admitted as the 29th U.S. state.
1867 - The United States claims Midway Atoll in the Pacific Ocean, northwest of Hawaii. This is the first US annexation of territory outside the North American continent.
1879 – The Tay Rail Bridge Disaster: The central part of the Tay Rail Bridge in Dundee, Scotland collapses as a train passes over it, killing 75.
1885 - The Indian National Congress is founded.
1895 – The Lumiere brothers have their first paying audience at the Grand Cafe in Boulevard des Capucines—this date is commonly considered the debut of the cinema.
1895 - Wilhelm Roentgen publishes a paper detailing his discovery of a new type of radiation later known as X-Rays.
1897 – The play Cyrano de Bergerac, by Edmond Rostand, premieres in Paris.
1901 2000
1902 – The first indoor professional American football game is played in New York City at Madison Square Garden.
1904 - Alphonse Louis Nicolas Borrelly discovers a comet that is named after him.
1908 – An earthquake rocks Messina, Sicily, killing over 75,000 people.
1918 - Constance Markievicz, while detained at Holloway prison, becomes the first woman to be elected an MP in the British House of Commons.
1935 - Pravda publishes a letter by Pavel Postyshev, who revives the New Year tree tradition in the Soviet Union.
1944 - Maurice Richard becomes the first player to score eight goals in a single ice hockey match.
1945 – The U.S. Congress officially recognizes the Pledge of Allegiance.
1948 - The DC-3 airliner NC16002 disappears 50 miles south of Miami, Florida.
1950 – The Peak District becomes the United Kingdom's first National Park.
1958 - Greatest Game Ever Played: The Baltimore Colts win in overtime against the New York Giants.
1972 - Having already led the country since the late 1940s, Kim Il-Sung is declared President of North Korea.
1973 – Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn publishes The Gulag Archipelago.
1973 - The US Endangered Species Act is passed in the US.
1974 - A magnitude 6.2 earthquake strikes Pakistan.
1978 - Heavy snowfall affects Northern Europe.
1981 – The first American test-tube baby, Elizabeth Jordan Carr, is born (Norfolk, Virginia).
1984 - The Indian National Congress wins elections in India.
1989 - A magnitude 5.6 earthquake strikes Newcastle, New South Wales, Australia.
1991 – Nine are crushed while a crowd pushes their way into a basketball game at City College of New York.
1991 – Sonic the Hedgehog Game Gear version is released in Japan.
1995 – CompuServe sets a precedent by blocking access to sex-oriented newsgroups after being pressured by German prosecutors.
1998 – Claudia Benton of West University Place, Texas is murdered in her home by Angel Maturino Resendiz. This is Angel's third victim in his third incident.
1999 – Saparmurat Niyazov is proclaimed President for Life in Turkmenistan.
2000 – Adrian Năstase becomes the Prime Minister of Romania.
2000 – U.S. retail giant Montgomery Ward announces it is going out of business after 128 years.
From 2001
2007 – Nepal announces its intention to become a Republic.
2008 - War in Somalia: Militaries of Somalia's transitional federal government take Mogadishu unopposed.
2008 - The Detroit Lions become the first team with no wins and 16 losses after their loss to the Green Bay Packers in week 17.
2009 – 43 people are killed in a suicide bombing in Karachi.
2010 - Arab Spring: Protests begin in Algeria.
2011 - Turkish war planes bomb 34 Kurds of Turkish nationality in the district of Uludere.
2012 - Jiroemon Kimura surpasses Christian Mortensen's record as the oldest-recorded man ever.
2014 - Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501 disappears on a flight from Surabaya, Java, Indonesia to Singapore, with 162 people on board. It is now known to have crashed with the loss of all of the people on board.
2014 - A ferry travelling from Patras, Greece to Ancona, Italy, catches fire in the Adriatic Sea west of the island of Corfu. Five people are killed, while hundreds are rescued in difficult weather conditions.
2015 - War in Iraq: Iraqi forces retake the city of Ramadi from Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant forces.
2017 - Anti-government protests begin across Iran.
2017 - 41 people are killed in a bomb attack in Kabul, Afghanistan.
2017 - A fire at an apartment block in The Bronx, New York City, kills 12 people.
Births
Up to 1900
1164 – Emperor Rokujo, Japanese Emperor (d. 1176)
1522 - Margaret of Austria, regent of the Netherlands (d. 1583)
1550 - Vicente Espinel, Spanish writer, musician and priest (d. 1624)
1635 - Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of Charles I of England (d. 1650)
1651 - Johann Krieger, German composer and organist (d. 1735)
1655 - Charles Cornwallis, 3rd Baron Cornwallis, English politician (d. 1698)
1665 - George FitzRoy, 1st Duke of Northumberland, English general (d. 1716)
1769 - Alexander John Forsyth, Scottish clergyman and inventor (d. 1843)
1789 - Thomas Ewing, American politician (d. 1871)
1798 - Thomas James Henderson, Scottish astronomer (d. 1844)
1818 - Carl Remigius Fresenius, German chemist (d. 1897)
1835 - Archibald Geikie, Scottish geologist and writer (d. 1924)
1842 – Calixa Lavallée, Canadian composer (d. 1891)
1849 – Herbert von Bismarck, German politician (d. 1904)
1851 - Joseph Mackey Brown, American politician, Governor of Georgia (d. 1932)
1852 - Leonardo Torres y Quevedo, Spanish mathematician and inventor (d. 1936)
1856 – Woodrow Wilson, 28th President of the United States (d. 1924)
1865 – Félix Vallotton, Swiss-French artist (d. 1925)
1866 - Szymon Askenazy, Polish historian and diplomat (d. 1935)
1870 - Charles Bennett, British athlete (d. 1949)
1872 – Pio Baroja, Spanish writer (d. 1956)
1879 - Billy Mitchell, American military aviation pioneer (d. 1936)
1882 – Arthur Stanley Eddington, British astrophysicist (d. 1942)
1882 - Lili Elbe, Danish artist and model (d. 1931)
1887 - Werner Kolhörster, German physicist (d. 1946)
1887 - Walter Ruttmann, German cameraman and film director (d. 1941)
1888 – Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau, German-American movie director (d. 1931)
1890 – Gösta Ekman, Swedish actor (d. 1938)
1896 - Roger Sessions, American composer (d. 1985)
1898 – Carl-Gustaf Rossby, Swedish meteorologist (d. 1957)
1898 - Shigematsu Sakaibara, Japanese admiral (d. 1947)
1899 – Eugeniusz Bodo, Polish actor (d. 1943)
1901 1950
1901 - Thomas Cooray, Sri Lankan cardinal (d. 1988)
1902 - Mortimer Adler, American philosopher (d. 2001)
1902 - Shen Congwen, Chinese writer (d. 1988)
1903 – John von Neumann, Hungarian mathematician (d. 1957)
1903 – Earl Hines, American musician (d. 1983)
1904 - Sergei Yutkevich, Russian movie director (d. 1985)
1905 – Cliff Arquette, American actor (d. 1973)
1905 - Fulvio Bernardino, Italian footballer (d. 1984)
1907 – Erich Mielke, East German politician (d. 2000)
1908 – Lew Ayres, American actor (d. 1996)
1910 - Billy Williams, American singer (d. 1972)
1913 – Lou Jacobi, Canadian actor (d. 2009)
1915 - Pops Staples, American musician (d. 2000)
1917 – Ellis Clarke, 1st President of Trinidad and Tobago (d. 2010)
1917 - Mouloud Mammeri, Algerian writer, poet, anthropologist and linguist (d. 1989)
1920 - Princess Antoinette, Baroness of Massy, Monegasque royal (d. 2011)
1920 - Steve Van Buren, American football player (d. 2012)
1921 – Johnny Otis, American songwriter (d. 2012)
1921 - Al Wistert, American football player (d. 2016)
1922 – Stan Lee, American comic writer
1924 - Girma Wolde-Giorgis, former President of Ethiopia
1925 – Milton Obote, President of Uganda (d. 2005)
1925 – Hildegard Knef, German actress (d. 2002)
1926 - Donna Hightower, American singer-songwriter (d. 2013)
1927 - Edward Babiuch, Polish politician
1929 – Terry Sawchuk, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1970)
1930 - Franzl Lang, German singer and musician (d. 2015)
1931 – Guy Debord, French writer (d. 1994)
1931 - Martin Milner, American actor (d. 2015)
1932 – Nichelle Nichols, American actress
1932 – Manuel Puig, Argentine writer (d. 1990)
1932 - Roy Hattersley, British politician
1932 - Cornelius Gurlitt, German art collector (d. 2014)
1932 - Dorsey Burnette, American singer-songwriter (d. 1979)
1933 - John Y. Brown Jr., 55th Governor of Kentucky
1934 - Alasdair Gray, Scottish writer and artist
1934 - Rudi Fassnacht, German football manager (d. 2000)
1934 – Maggie Smith, British actress
1936 - Lawrence Shiller, American journalist, director and producer
1936 - Jacques Mesrine, French criminal (d. 1979)
1937 – Ratan Tata, Indian industrialist
1938 - Frank Kelly, Irish actor (d. 2016)
1938 – Lagumot Harris, Nauruan politician (d. 1999)
1938 - Dick Sudhalter, American jazz musician (d. 2008)
1938 - Charles Neville, American musician
1939 - Frank McClintock, Scottish footballer
1940 - Don Francisco, Chilean television presenter
1941 - Intikhab Alam, Indian-Pakistani cricketer and coach
1942 - Roger Swerts, Belgian cyclist
1943 – Keith Floyd, British chef (d. 2009)
1943 – Richard Whiteley, British television presenter (d. 2005)
1943 - David Peterson, Canadian politician, 20th Premier of Ontario
1943 - Juan Luis Cipriani Thorne, Peruvian cardinal and Archbishop of Lima
1943 - Joan Ruddock, Welsh politician
1944 – Kary Mullis, American chemist
1944 - Johnny Isakson, American politician (d. 2021)
1945 – King Birendra of Nepal (d. 2001)
1946 – Edgar Winter, American rock musician
1946 – Mike Beebe, American politician
1946 - Tim Johnson, American politician
1946 - Barbara, Lady Judge, American-English lawyer and businesswoman
1947 - Mamphela Ramphele, South African politician
1947 - Spencer Bachus, American politician
1947 - Mark Washington, American football player
1947 - Mustafa Akinci, President of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
1950 – Alex Chilton, American musician (d. 2010)
1950 - Hugh McDonald, American bass player
1951 1975
1951 - Ian Buruma, English-Dutch author and scholar
1952 - Arun Jaitley, Indian lawyer and politician
1952 - Bridget Prentice, British politician
1953 - Richard Clayderman, French pianist
1953 - Martha Wash, American singer (The Weather Girls)
1954 - Gayle King, American magazine editor
1954 – Denzel Washington, American actor
1955 – Liu Xiaobo, Chinese human rights activist (d. 2017)
1956 – Nigel Kennedy, English violinist
1958 – Terry Butcher, English footballer
1959 - Hansjörg Kunze, German athlete
1959 - Ana Torroja, Spanish singer
1960 – Ray Bourque, Canadian ice hockey player
1960 - Shinichi Morishita, Japanese footballer
1960 - James Caan, English entrepreneur
1961 - Kent Nielsen, Danish footballer
1962 - Michel Petrucciani, French pianist (d. 1999)
1962 – Rachel Z, American pianist
1962 - Abdi Bile, Somali athlete
1965 - Michael E. Mann, American climatologist and geophysicist
1965 - Kazuo Echigo, Japanese footballer
1967 - Chris Ware, American cartoonist
1968 - Akihiko Hoshide, Japanese astronaut
1969 – Linus Torvalds, Finnish computer scientist, creator of Linux
1970 - Elaine Hendrix, American actress
1971 - Frank Sepe, American bodybuilder
1972 – Roberto Palacios, Peruvian footballer
1972 – Patrick Rafter, Australian tennis player
1972 – Adam Vinatieri, American football player
1973 – Seth Meyers, American actor
1974 - Markus Weinzierl, German footballer and manager
From 1976
1977 - Vanessa Ferlito, American actress
1977 - Keremcem, Turkish singer-songwriter and actor
1978 – John Legend, American musician
1979 – James Blake, American tennis player
1979 – Noomi Rapace, Swedish actress
1980 – Lomana LuaLua, Congolese footballer
1981 – Khalid Boulahrouz, Dutch footballer
1981 – Sienna Miller, English actress
1981 – Elizabeth Jordan Carr, American test-tube baby
1981 - Frank Turner, English singer
1981 - Mika Vayrynen, Finnish footballer
1981 - Narsha, South Korean actress and singer
1982 - Cedric Benson, American football player
1984 – Martin Kaymer, German golfer
1984 – Leroy Lita, English footballer
1984 - Sean St Ledger, Irish footballer
1985 - Kamani Hill, American soccer player
1985 - Meredith Kercher, English student (d. 2007)
1986 – Tom Huddlestone, English footballer
1987 – Thomas Dekker, American actor
1988 - Ched Evans, Welsh footballer
1989 - Harry Arter, English-Irish footballer
1989 - George Blagden, English actor
1989 – Mackenzie Rosman, American actress
1989 - Salvador Sobral, Portuguese singer
1990 – David Archuleta, American singer
1990 - Ayele Abshero, Ethiopian runner
1993 - Travis Head, Australian cricketer
1994 - Adam Peaty, English swimmer
1998 - Jared Gilman, American actor
2000 - Larissa Maneola, Brazilian actress and singer
2001 – Madison De La Garza, American actress
Deaths
Up to 1900
300 - Theonas, Patriarch of Alexandria
1367 – Ashikaga Yoshiakira, Japanese shogun (b. 1330)
1446 - Antipope Clement VIII
1503 – Piero di Lorenzo de' Medici, ruler of Florence (b. 1471)
1547 - Konrad Peutinger, German jurist and humanist (b. 1465)
1622 - Francis de Sales, French bishop and saint (b. 1567)
1663 - Francesco Maria Grimaldi, Italian mathematician and physicist (b. 1618)
1694 – Queen Mary II of England (b. 1662)
1703 – Mustafa II, Ottoman Sultan (b. 1664)
1706 – Pierre Bayle, French philosopher (b. 1647)
1734 - Rob Roy MacGregor, Scottish folk hero (b. 1671)
1736 - Antonio Caldera, Italian composer (b. 1670)
1795 - Eugenio Espejo, Ecuadorean physician and lawyer (b. 1747)
1859 – Thomas Macaulay, British poet, historian, and politician (b. 1800)
1872 - James Van Ness, 7th Mayor of San Francisco (b. 1808)
1900 - Alexandre de Serpa Pinto, Portuguese soldier and explorer (b. 1846)
1901 2000
1916 – Eduard Strauss, composer (b. 1835)
1918 – Olavo Bilac, poet (b. 1865)
1919 – Johannes Rydberg, Swedish physicist (b. 1854)
1923 – Gustave Eiffel, French architect (b. 1832)
1924 - Leon Bakst, Russian painter and costume designer (b. 1866)
1937 – Maurice Ravel, French composer (b. 1875)
1938 – Florence Lawrence, American actress (b. 1886)
1942 - Alfred Flatow, German gymnast (b. 1869)
1945 – Theodore Dreiser, American writer (b. 1871)
1947 – King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy (b. 1869)
1949 – Jack Lovelock, New Zealand athlete (b. 1910)
1952 – Queen Alexandrine of Denmark (b. 1879)
1952 – Fletcher Henderson, American jazz musician (b. 1897)
1959 – Ante Pavelic, Croatian leader (b. 1889)
1960 - Philippe Panneton, Canadian physician, academic and diplomat (b. 1895)
1961 – Edith Bolling Wilson, First Lady of the United States (b. 1872)
1963 – Paul Hindemith, German composer (b. 1895)
1967 – Katharine McCormick, American women's rights activist (b. 1875)
1971 - Max Steiner, Austrian film score composer (b. 1888)
1981 – Allan Dwan, movie director (b. 1885)
1983 – William Demarest, actor (b. 1892)
1983 – Jimmy Demaret, golf champion (b. 1910)
1983 – Dennis Wilson, musician (The Beach Boys) (b. 1944)
1984 – Sam Peckinpah, American movie director (b. 1925)
1985 - Renato Castellani, Italian movie director (b. 1913)
1986 – Andrei Tarkovsky, Russian movie director (b. 1932)
1988 - Khin Kyi, Burmese politician and diplomat (b. 1912)
1989 – Hermann Oberth, German physicist (b. 1894)
1990 - Kiel Martin, American actor (b. 1944)
1991 – Cassandra Harris, Australian actress (b. 1952)
1993 - Howard Caine, American actor (b. 1926)
1993 – William L. Shirer, American writer and historian (b. 1904)
1999 – Clayton Moore, American actor (b. 1914)
From 2001
2001 – William X. Kienzle, American novelist (b. 1928)
2003 – Benjamin Hacker, U.S. admiral (b. 1935)
2003 – Dinsdale Landen, British actor (b. 1932)
2004 – Jerry Orbach, American actor (b. 1935)
2004 – Susan Sontag, American writer, feminist, activist (b. 1933)
2009 – James "The Rev" Sullivan, American musician (Avenged Sevenfold) (b. 1981)
2010 - Billy Taylor, American musician (b. 1921)
2012 - Vaclav Drobny, Czech footballer (b. 1980)
2012 - Emmanuel Scheffer, German-Israeli football coach and manager (b. 1924)
2013 - Halton Arp, German-American astronomer (b. 1927)
2013 - Andrew Jacobs, Jr., American politician (b. 1932)
2013 - Joseph Ruskin, American actor (b. 1924)
2013 - Ilya Tsymbalar, Ukrainian-Russian footballer (b. 1969)
2014 - Leopoldo Federico, Argentine bandoneon player, arranger, director and producer (b. 1927)
2014 - Vahan Hovhannisyan, Armenian politician (b. 1956)
2014 - Javier Fragoso, Mexican footballer (b. 1942)
2014 - Frankie Randall, American singer-songwriter, actor and dancer (b. 1938)
2014 - Merrill Womach, American gospel singer (b. 1927)
2015 - Guru Josh, British musician (b. 1964)
2015 - Eloy Inos, Governor of the Northern Marianas (b. 1949)
2015 - Pierre-Marie Rudelle, French painter (b. 1932)
2015 - Joe Houston, American jazz and R&B saxophonist (b. 1926)
2015 - Ian Murdock, American software engineer (b. 1973)
2015 - Lemmy, English musician (Motörhead) (b. 1945)
2016 - Michel Déon, French writer (b. 1919)
2016 - Debbie Reynolds, American actress and singer (b. 1932)
2017 - Fernando Birri, Argentine filmmaker (b. 1925)
2017 - Jean-François Hory, French politician (b. 1949)
2017 - Recy Taylor American rape victim and civil rights activist (b. 1919)
2017 - Rose Marie, American actress (b. 1923)
2017 - Sue Grafton, American author (b. 1940)
2018 - June Whitfield, English actress (b. 1925)
2020 - Armando Manzanero, Mexican musician (b. 1935)
Observances
Proclamation Day (South Australia)
Christian feast day of the Holy Innocents, or Childermas, celebrated in Spain and parts of Latin America in a similar way to April Fools' Day
King Taksin Memorial Day (Thailand)
Republic Day (South Sudan)
Days of the year |
10112 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1724 | 1724 | 1724 was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar.
Events
January 14 – King Philip V of Spain leaves the throne for his 16-year-old son Louis I.
January 28 – Saint Petersburg State University is established.
February 8 – Catherine I of Russia is officially named czarina by her husband, Peter the Great.
May 29 – Pope Benedict XIII succeeds Pope Innocent XIII as the 245th pope.
June 23 – Treaty of Constantinople is signed
April 22 – Immanuel Kant |
10113 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1914 | 1914 | 1914 (MCMXVI) was a common year that started on a Thursday of the Gregorian calendar. It was the year that saw the start of what became known as World War I.
Events
June 28 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife Countess Sophie were assassinated by Black Hand in Sarajevo. This led to World War I.
August 2 – According to the NSDAP 25 points manifesto, anyone who was not German-race who did not live in Germany before this date had to leave the country.
August 31 – Saint Petersburg, Russia is renamed Petrograd by Nicholas II.
Date unknown
Australian supermarket chain Coles Supermarkets was founded.
The Iglesia ni Cristo ("Church of Christ") was built in the Philippines.
The Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main opened
Construction of the Panama Canal is finished.
Yuma, Arizona became a city
Nobel Prizes
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine won by Robert Bárány, Austrian doctor.
Births
February 5 – William S. Burroughs, American writer (d. 1999)
March 31 – Octavio Paz, Mexican writer, poet and diplomat (d, 1998)
April 2 – Alec Guinness, English actor (d. 2000)
May 13 – Joe Louis, American boxer (d. 1981)
May 29 – Tenzing Norgay, Sherpa climber (d. 1986)
September 24 – John Kerr, 18th Governor-General of Australia (d. 1991)
October 16 – Mohammed Zahir Shah, last Shah of Afghanistan (d. 2007)
October 27- Dylan Thomas, Welsh poet (d. 1953)
November 25 – Joe DiMaggio, American MLB baseball player (d. 1999)
December 14 – Karl Carstens, 5th President of West Germany (d. 1992)
December 20 - Harry F. Byrd, Jr., American politician (d. 2013)
December 30 – Igor Diakonov, Russian (Soviet) historian and linguist (d. 1999)
Nancy Drew, Fictional character
Deaths
June 14 – Adlai E. Stevenson, Vice President of the United States (b. 1835)
June 28 – Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria (b. 1863), and his wife Countess Sophie
August 6 – Ellen Louise Wilson, American First Lady, wife of Woodrow Wilson. (b. 1860)
Books
Dubliners – James Joyce
nv:1901 – 1950 |
10114 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/February%2029 | February 29 | February 29 is the 60th day of a leap year in the Gregorian calendar. It is sometimes called "leap day" or "bissextile day". Only leap years have February 29. This date only occurs every four years, in years that can be exactly divided by 4, such as 2004, 2008, 2012, 2016, 2020 and 2024, except century years that are not multiples by 400, such as 1800, 1900 or 2100.
Events
Up to 1948
1504 – Christopher Columbus uses his knowledge of a lunar eclipse that night to convince Native Americans to give him supplies.
1644 – Abel Tasman's second voyage to the Pacific Ocean begins.
1704 – Queen Anne's War: French forces and Native Americans attack and destroy Deerfield, Massachusetts, killing 100 men, women, and children.
1712 – February 29 is followed by February 30 in Sweden, so that they can stop using the Swedish calendar and return to the Julian calendar.
1720 – Frederick I of Sweden becomes King.
1860 – Australian bushranger Ben Hall marries Biddy Walsh at Bathurst, New South Wales.
1880 – Cutting for the St. Gotthard Tunnel in Switzerland is completed.
1916 - Tokelau is annexed by the United Kingdom.
1932 – TIME magazine features odd American politician William "Alfalfa" Murray on its cover after Murray said he planned to run for President of the United States.
1936 – In Japan, the February 26 coup attempt is ended.
1940 – Hattie McDaniel becomes the first African American to win an Academy Award. The award of "Best Supporting Actress" was for her role as Mammy in Gone with the Wind.
1940 – Finland begins Winter War peace negotiations.
1940 – Physicist Ernest Lawrence gets his 1939 Nobel Prize in Physics.
1944 – World War II: The Admiralty Islands are invaded.
From 1952
1952 – The island of Heligoland is returned to German authority.
1956 – U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower says that he is running for a second term.
1960 – An earthquake in Morocco kills over 3,000 people and nearly destroys Agadir in the southern part of the country.
1964 – In Sydney, Australian swimmer Dawn Fraser sets a new world record in the 100-meter freestyle swimming competition (58.9 seconds).
1972 – Vietnam War: South Korea removes 11,000 of its 48,000 troops from Vietnam.
1972 – Hank Aaron becomes the first player in the history of Major League Baseball to sign a $200,000 contract.
1980 – In ice hockey Gordie Howe, playing for the then-Hartford Whalers, makes NHL history by scoring his 800th goal.
1984 – Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau says that he will retire as soon as the Liberal Party of Canada chooses another leader.
1988 – South African archbishop Desmond Tutu is arrested during a five-day anti-apartheid demonstration in Cape Town. 100 clergymen are also arrested.
1988 – Svend Robinson becomes the first Canadian Member of Parliament to come out as gay.
1992 – First day of Bosnia and Herzegovina's independence referendum.
1996 – In Bosnia and Herzegovina the siege of Sarajevo ends.
1996 – A Peruvian Boeing 737 crashes in the Andes, killing 123 people.
2000 – Six year old Dedrick Owens shoots and kills Kayla Rolland, also six years old, at Theo J. Buell Elementary School in Mount Morris Township, Michigan. Rolland is currently the youngest American victim of a school shooting
2004 – Jean-Bertrand Aristide steps down as President of Haiti following popular rebel uprising.
2004 – The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King wins the award for "Best Picture", along with 10 other awards, at the 76th annual Academy Awards.
2012 - The Tokyo Sky Tree in Tokyo, Japan, is completed at a height of 634 metres.
Births
A person who was born on February 29 may be called a "leapling". In non-leap years they usually celebrate their birthday on February 28 or March 1.
Different countries have different laws about people who are born on February 29. In Taiwan, the law says that the birthday of a leapling is February 28 in years that are not leap years.
The well-known superhero Superman is often said to have his birthday on February 29.
Up to 1948
1468 – Pope Paul III (d. 1549)
1528 - Albert V, Duke of Bavaria (d. 1579)
1724 – Eva Marie Veigel, ballet dancer (d. 1822)
1736 – Ann Lee, English-born American religious leader (d. 1784)
1784 – Leo von Klenze, German architect, painter and writer (d. 1864)
1792 – Gioachino Rossini, Italian composer (d. 1868)
1808 – Hugh Falconer, Scottish scientist (d. 1855)
1812 – James Milne Wilson, Scottish-born Premier of Tasmania (d. 1880, also on February 29)
1840 – John Philip Holland, Irish inventor (d. 1914)
1860 – Herman Hollerith, American engineer and inventor (d. 1929)
1896 – Morarji Desai, Prime Minister of India (d. 1995)
1896 – William A. Wellman, American movie director (d. 1975)
1904 – Jimmy Dorsey, American bandleader (d. 1957)
1908 – Balthus, Polish-born painter (d. 2001)
1908 – Dee Brown, American writer (d. 2002)
1912 – Taiichi Ono, Japanese inventor (d. 1990)
1916 – Dinah Shore, American singer (d. 1994)
1920 – Michèle Morgan, French actress
1920 – Fyodor Abramov, Russian novelist (d. 1983)
1924 – David Beattie, 14th Governor-General of New Zealand
1924 – Al Rosen, American baseball player
1924 – Carlos Humberto Romero, former President of El Salvador
1928 – Joss Ackland, British actor
1928 - Gustau Biosca, Spanish footballer (d. 2014)
1928 - Vance Haynes, American archaeologist, geologist and author
1928 - Seymour Papert, South African mathematician and computer scientist
1928 - Tempest Storm, American actress, singer and dancer
1932 – Jaguar, Brazilian cartoonist
1936 – Alex Rocco, American actor (d. 2015)
1936 - Ingemar Odlander, Swedish journalist (d. 2014)
1936 - Jack R. Lousma, American astronaut, engineer and politician
1940 – Klaus-Dieter Lehmann, German librarian and President of the Goethe Institute
1940 - Patriarch Bartholomew of Constantinople
1944 – Dennis Farina, American actor (d. 2013)
From 1952
1956 – Aileen Wuornos, American serial killer (d. 2002)
1960 – Cheb Khaled, Algerian musician
1960 – Richard Ramirez, American serial killer (d. 2013)
1960 – Tony Robbins, American motivational speaker
1964 - Dave Brailsford, British cycling coach
1964 – James Ogilvy, member of the extended British Royal Family
1964 – Ola Lindgren, Swedish handball player and coach
1968 – Naoko Ijima, Japanese actress
1968 – Wendi Peters, English actress
1972 – Pedro Zamora, American AIDS activist (d. 1994)
1972 – Dave Williams, American singer (d. 2002)
1972 - Pedro Sanchez, Spanish politician
1976 – Ja Rule, American rapper
1980 – Chris Conley, American musician
1980 – Simon Gagné, Canadian ice hockey player
1984 – Darren Ambrose, English footballer
1984 – Radik Zhaparov, Kazakhstani ski jumper
1984 – Mark Foster, American musician (Foster the People)
1988 – Lena Gercke, German model and television presenter
1988 – Benedikt Höwedes, German footballer
1988 - Hannah Mills, British sailor
1992 - Sean Abbott, Australian cricketer
1992 - Saphir Taïder, French-Algerian footballer
1992 - Perry Kitchen, American soccer player
Deaths
992 – Oswald of Worcester, Archbishop of York (b. 925)
1528 – Patrick Hamilton, Scottish religious reformer (b. 1504) (burned at the stake)
1604 – John Whitgift, Archbishop of Canterbury (b. 1530)
1868 – King Ludwig I of Bavaria (b. 1786)
1880 – James Milne Wilson, Premier of Tasmania (b. 1812, also on February 29)
1908 – John Hope, 1st Marquess of Linlithgow, 1st Governor-General of Australia (b. 1860)
1908 – Pat Garrett, American gunslinger (b. 1850)
1928 – Armando V. Diaz, Italian marshal and minister of war (b. 1861)
1944 – Pehr Evind Svinhufvud, President of Finland (b. 1861)
1952 – Quo Tai-chi, Chinese diplomat (b. 1888)
1956 – Elpidio Quirino, President of the Philippines (b. 1890)
1968 – Tore Orjasaeter, Norwegian poet (b. 1886)
1980 - Yigal Allon, Prime Minister of Israel (b. 1918)
1984 – Ludwik Starski, Polish lyricist (b. 1903)
1992 – Ruth Pitter, English poet (b. 1897)
1996 – Joe Minogue, journalist (b. 1923)
1996 – Shams Pahlavi, Persian princess (b. 1917)
2004 – Jerome Lawrence, American playwright (b. 1915)
2004 – Kagamisato Kiyoji, Japanese Sumo wrestler (b. 1923)
2004 - Harold Bernard St. John, 3rd Prime Minister of Barbados (b. 1931)
2004 - Danny Ortiz, Guatemalan footballer (b. 1976)
2008 – Janet Kagan, American writer (b. 1946)
2012 – Davy Jones, British singer, musician and actor (The Monkees) (b. 1945)
2016 - Gil Hill, American police officer and actor (b. 1931)
2016 - Hannes Löhr, German footballer (b. 1942)
2016 - Louise Rennison, British author (b. 1951)
Observances
Leap year Day
Christian Feast Day of Oswald of Worcester in a Leap year
Rare Diseases Day in a Leap year.
Days of the year |
10118 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torah | Torah | Torah () is a Hebrew word that means "instructions". When most people say the word Torah they either mean the whole Jewish Bible, the Tanakh, the first five books of the Bible, or all of the Jewish teaching in general. These five books are the beginning of both the Jewish and Christian bibles. They are
Genesis (),
Exodus (),
Leviticus (),
Numbers () and
Deuteronomy ().
Other names for this set of books are the "Five Books of Moses," or "Pentateuch".
Some people may use the word Torah as a name for all the main Jewish teachings.
Each of the books in the Torah are separated into parts called "Parshiyot." Parsha is a Hebrew word meaning "portion." Every Shabbat one parsha is read in the synagogue, but sometimes two are read. This is so that all the parshiyot are finished every year, on the Jewish holiday of Simchat Torah.
It is also known as the Five Book of Moses because Moses received these five books from God.
Pentateuch
Pentateuch means the first five books of the Bible. These books are Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy. The word Pentateuch comes from two Greek words that mean "five books" or "five scroll"
According to tradition, the books were written by the Israelite leader, Moses. The Pentateuch is often called the Five Books of Moses or the Torah.
The Pentateuch tells the story from the Creation of the world to the death of Moses and the preparation of the Israelite's to enter the land of Canaan. The story is told in three parts. The first part (Genesis 1-11) is about the Creation and the beginning of human beings on earth. The second part (Genesis 12-50) are the stories of the ancestors of the Israelites, mainly Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and Joseph. The third part, beginning with the book of Exodus, describes how the Israelite's left Egypt and the early history of the people of Israel as a nation. It also has many laws about how the Israelite's must build their society. Deuteronomy is mostly Moses's final speech to his people and a summary of the Pentateuch.
Other websites
Judaism
Bible versions |
10119 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010s | 2010s | The 2010s (pronounced "twenty-tens", "two thousand (and) tens", or simply "the Tens" or "Teens"), was the decade that began on January 1, 2010 and ended on December 31, 2019.
Events
2010
January 4 – The world's tallest-ever structure to-date, the Burj Khalifa, is opened in Dubai.
January 12 – A major Earthquake of magnitude 7, devastates Haiti.
February 27 – A magnitude 8.8 earthquake hits Chile. It is believed to have been powerful enough to have affected the Earth's axis.
April 10 – A plane crash in Smolensk, western Russia kills many people who were important in Poland, including President Lech Kaczynski.
April 14 – A major earthquake hits Qinghai province in China.
April 14 – A Volcano erupts in southern Iceland. The ash cloud coming from this eruption disrupts air travel.
from April 20 – Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico, the worst oil spill in US history.
May 7: Human Genome Project concluded
May 31 – Israel raids a Gaza-bound aid flotilla, killing 9 Turkish activists.
July/August – Major flooding disaster in Pakistan, affecting more than 15 million people
October 10 – The Netherlands Antilles are dissolved and split up into new constitutional status.
October 13 – Thirty-three miners are rescued from the San Jose mine near Copiapo in Chile, after being trapped for 69 days.
October 25 onwards – In Indonesia, the eruption of the Merapi volcano on Java, and an earthquake in Sumatra kill hundreds of people.
November 13 – Burmese pro-democracy leader Aung San Suu Kyi is released from house arrest.
December 2 – The FIFA World Cups for 2018 and 2022 are announced as being held in Russia and Qatar respectively.
2011
January 1 – Estonia starts to use the euro currency.
January 14 – Amidst anti-government demonstrations, Tunisia's President Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali dissolves the government, declares a state of emergency, and resigns from office.
February 11 – 2011 Egyptian protests: After more than two weeks of anti-government protests, President of Egypt, Hosni Mubarak resigns from office after more than 29 years in power.
March 11 – A magnitude 9.1 earthquake strikes off the east coast of the Japanese island of Honshu, causing damage to buildings, as tsunamis are triggered, causing thousands of deaths. The quake also triggers fears over radiation levels at two nuclear power plants.
March 19 – 2011 Libyan protests: UN-authorised military intervention begins in Libya.
May 1 – Leader of al-Qaeda Osama bin Laden is killed in Pakistan by US Forces.
July 9 – South Sudan declares independence from Sudan.
July 21 – With the landing of the Space Shuttle Atlantis the Space Shuttle programme comes to an end.
July 22 – 2011 Norway attacks: In Norway, a bomb explosion in central Oslo kills 8 people, and a shooting at a youth camp on the island of Utoya kills 77.
August 22 – 2011 Libyan civil war: Troops from the National Transitional Council enter Tripoli.
September 7 – A plane carrying the Lokomotiv Yaroslavl ice hockey team crashes shortly after take-off, killing the entire team, including one who dies five days later.
October 20 – 2011 Libyan civil war: Muammar al-Gaddafi is killed, as the National Transitional Council takes control of Sirte.
October 23 – An earthquake in eastern Turkey kills more than 500 people.
November 12 – Silvio Berlusconi resigns as Prime Minister of Italy.
December 15 – US troops withdraw from Iraq.
December 17 – Kim Jong-il, supreme leader of North Korea, dies. His death leads to fear for stability of the Asian region. He is succeeded by his son Kim Jong-un.
December 30 – Samoa and Tokelau skip this day as the International Date Line is shifted.
2012
January 14 – The Italian cruise liner Costa Concordia runs aground and sinks off the island of Giglio (off Italy's west coast), killing at least 11 people.
July 27 - August 12 - The 2012 Summer Olympics are held in London.
August 6 - NASA's Curiosity rover lands on Mars.
October 22-October 30 - Hurricane Sandy causes damage, and over 200 deaths in Jamaica, Haiti, Cuba, Bahamas, Eastern United States and parts of Canada.
November 6 – Barack Obama is elected to a second term as President of the United States, defeating Mitt Romney.
November 14 – 21 - A week-long war occurs between Israel and Gaza, before a ceasefire is agreed.
November 15 – Xi Jinping becomes the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China (paramount leader).
2013
January 3 – The cable television channel Current TV is bought by Al Jazeera America. Current TV became Al Jazeera America on August 20, 2013.
January 16 – U.S. President Barack Obama's administration sets up a plan for gun control to limit guns up to 10 rounds in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, as well as shootings that have happened in the past.
January 21 – Barack Obama is sworn is for a second term as President of the United States.
January 30 – Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands announces her abdication as Monarch of the Netherlands on Queen's Day, which is April 30, 2013. She is succeeded by her son King Willem-Alexander.
February 11 – Pope Benedict XVI announces his resignation due to advanced age. He is succeed by Pope Francis on March 13, 2013.
February 24 – Shortly after being elected President of Cuba for another five-year term, Raul Castro announced that he would not run in the 2018 election.
March 5 – President of Venezuela, Hugo Chávez, dies.
March 13 – Pope Francis becomes Pope of the Roman Catholic church.
July 3 – Albert II of Belgium announces his abdication as Monarch of Belgium on King's Day which is July 21, 2013 due to health problems. He is succeeded by his son, Philippe.
July 3 – Adly Mansour becomes acting President of Egypt after Mohamed Morsi was thrown by a coup.
August 21 – A chemical weapons attack happened in Syria.
August 30 – United States Secretary of State John Kerry makes his remarks about the chemical weapon attack in Syria.
September 7 – The International Olympic Committee awarded the 2020 Summer Olympics to Tokyo, Japan.
September 10 – Thomas Bach becomes President of the International Olympic Committee.
October 1-October 17 – A federal government shutdown occurs in the United States, which closed all the things owned by the government (like National Parks). U.S. President Barack Obama signed a bill which ended the shutdown on October 17, 2013.
December 5 – Former President of South Africa and anti-apartheid activist Nelson Mandela, dies.
2014
January 1 – Latvia starts to use the Euro currency.
February 7 - February 23 – The 2014 Winter Olympics were held in Sochi, Russia.
February 13 – Belgium becomes the first country in the world to legalise euthanasia for terminally ill patients of any age.
February 23 – The Ukrainian parliament votes to remove President Viktor Yanukovych from office, replacing him with Oleksandr Turchynov, after days of civil unrest left around 100 people dead in Kiev.
March 8 – Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappears in the Gulf of Thailand with 239 people on board. The aircraft possibly crashed in the Indian Ocean.
March 16 – A referendum status on Crimea is held.
March 21 – Russia formally annexes Crimea after President Vladimir Putin signed a bill finalizing the annexation process.
March 24 – During an emergency meeting, the United Kingdom, the United States, Italy, Germany, France, Japan, and Canada temporarily suspend Russia from the G8.
April 14 – An estimated 276 girls and women are abducted and held hostage from a school in Nigeria.
April 27 – The Catholic Church canonizes Popes John XXIII and John Paul II on Divine Mercy Sunday.
May 5 – The World Health Organization identifies the spread of poliomyelitis in at least 10 countries as a major worldwide health emergency
May 5 – Boko Haram militants kill approximately 300 people in a night attack on Gamboru Ngala.
May 20 – Terrorists in Nigeria detonate bombs at Jos, killing 118 people.
May 22 – The Royal Thai Army overthrows the caretaker government of Niwatthamrong Boonsongpaisan after a failure to resolve the political unrest in Thailand.
June 2 – King Juan Carlos announces his abdication as Monarch of Spain. He is succeeded by his son, Felipe VI.
June 4 – G7 Summit was held in Brussels, Belgium. It was originally going to be held in Sochi, Russia. It did not due to the Crimean crisis.
June 19 – Felipe VI became the Monarch of Spain.
July 17 – After a five-hour humanitarian ceasefire, Israel confirms the beginning of a ground offensive in Gaza.
July 17 – Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (Boeing 777) crashes in Ukraine, after being shot down by a missile. 298 people die, including 15 crew members.
July 21 – The United Nations Security Council adopts Resolution 2166 in response to the shootdown of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17.
July 24 – Air Algérie Flight 5017 crashes in Mali, killing all 116 people on board.
October 28 – Guy Scott became the acting President of Zambia after Michael Sata died. He became the first White leader in Sub Saharan Africa since 1994, when F. W. de Klerk resigned.
2015
January 1 – Lithuania starts to use the Euro currency.
2016
June 24 – A referendum took place whether the United Kingdom would stay in the European Union or leave the European Union. The result of the referendum was 51% of votes in favour of leaving the European Union.
November 8 – Donald Trump was elected the 45th President of the United States, defeating Hillary Clinton.
2017
January 20 – Donald Trump is sworn in as the 45th President of the United States
2018
February 10 – Israeli F-16 shot down by Syria Air defense force.
2019
December: A COVID-19 pandemic started in Wuhan, China and spread to the world.
Significant political changes
March 11, 2010 – Sebastián Piñera becomes President of Chile, succeeding Michelle Bachelet.
April 10, 2010 – Lech Kaczyński, President of Poland dies in a plane crash. He is succeeded by Bronisław Komorowski.
May 5, 2010 – Umaru Musa Yar'Adua, President of Nigeria dies of illness. He is succeeded by Goodluck Jonathan.
May 8, 2010 – Laura Chinchilla succeeds Oscar Arias as President of Costa Rica.
May 11, 2010 – David Cameron, leading a Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition, becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, replacing Gordon Brown of the Labour Party.
June 2, 2010 – Yukio Hatoyama resigns as Prime Minister of Japan, and is replaced by Naoto Kan.
June 8, 2010 – Naoto Kan becomes Prime Minister of Japan succeeding Yukio Hatoyama.
June 24, 2010 – Julia Gillard succeeds Kevin Rudd as Prime Minister of Australia.
June 30, 2010 – Benigno Aquino III becomes President of the Philippines, succeeding Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.
July 2, 2010 – Christian Wulff becomes President of Germany, succeeding Horst Koehler, who had resigned after making controversial comments over the war in Afghanistan.
January 1, 2011 – Dilma Rousseff becomes President of Brazil, succeeding Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva.
January 14, 2011 – After protests President Zine El-Abidine Ben Ali resigns, leaving the Prime Minister to be acting president.
February 11, 2011 – After pro-democracy protests President Hosni Mubarak of Egypt resigns, leaving the military in control.
July 9, 2011 – South Sudan becomes a country. Salva Kiir Mayardit becomes its President.
August 26, 2011 – Naoto Kan resigns as Prime Minister of Japan, being succeeded by Yoshihiko Noda.
October 20, 2011 – The National Transitional Council takes control of the whole of Libya on the death of Muammar al-Gaddafi.
November 11, 2011 – Michael D. Higgins becomes President of Ireland, succeeding Mary McAleese.
November 12, 2011 – Silvio Berlusconi resigns as Prime Minister of Italy. He is succeeded by Mario Monti.
December 6, 2011 – Elio di Rupo becomes Prime Minister of Belgium, succeeding Yves Leterme.
December 17, 2011 – Kim Jong-il, Supreme Leader of North Korea dies. He is succeeded by his son, Kim Jong-un.
February 17, 2012 – Christian Wulff resigns as President of Germany. Joachim Gauck succeeds him on March 18, 2012.
February 27, 2012 − Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi becomes President of Yemen, replacing Ali Abdullah Saleh, who had resigned after protests.
March 1, 2012 – Sauli Niinistö becomes President of Finland, succeeding Tarja Halonen.
March 18, 2012 – Joachim Gauck becomes President of Germany, succeeding Christian Wulff.
April 5, 2012 – Bingu wa Mutharika, President of Malawi dies. He is succeeded by Vice President of Malawi, Joyce Banda.
May 15, 2012 – Francois Hollande becomes President of France, succeeding Nicolas Sarkozy.
June 30, 2012 – Mohamed Morsi becomes President of Egypt.
July 24, 2012 – John Atta Mills, President of Ghana dies. He is succeeded by Vice President of Ghana, John Dramani Mahama.
November 15, 2012 – Xi Jinping becomes the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China, succeeding Hu Jintao.
December 1, 2012 – Enrique Peña Nieto becomes President of Mexico, succeeding Felipe Calderon.
December 26, 2012 – Shinzo Abe becomes Prime Minister of Japan, succeeding Yoshihiko Noda.
February 25, 2013 – Park Geunhye becomes President of South Korea, succeeding Lee Myung Bak.
March 5, 2013 – Hugo Chávez, President of Venezuela, dies of cancer. Vice President of Venezuela Nicolas Maduro becomes acting president until elections were held on April 14, 2013.
March 20, 2013 – Zillur Rahman, President of Bangladesh died. Bangladesh parliament speaker Abdul Hamid was appointed acting president until he was sworn in on April 22, 2013.
April 14, 2013 – In Venezuela, elections were held to fill the term of Hugo Chávez, who died on March 5, 2013. Nicolas Maduro was elected.
April 28, 2013 – Enrico Letta becomes Prime Minister of Italy, succeeding Mario Monti.
June 27, 2013 – Kevin Rudd becomes Prime Minister of Australia, succeeding Julia Gillard.
July 3, 2013 – President Mohamed Morsi of Egypt is thrown by a coup, leaving Adly Mansour, the Egyptian supreme court judge as the Acting President.
September 18, 2013 – Tony Abbott becomes Prime Minister of Australia, succeeding Kevin Rudd.
January 27, 2014 – Juan Orlando Hernández becomes President of Honduras, succeeding Porfirio Lobo Sosa.
March 11, 2014 – Michelle Bachelet becomes President of Chile, succeeding Sebastián Piñera.
May 8, 2014 – Luis Guillermo Solís becomes President of Costa Rica, succeeding Laura Chinchilla.
May 31, 2014 – Peter Mutharika becomes President of Malawi, succeeding Joyce Banda.
June 1, 2014 – Salvador Sánchez Cerén becomes President of El Salvador, succeeding Mauricio Funes.
June 7, 2014 – Petro Poroshenko becomes President of Ukraine.
June 8, 2014 – Abdel Fattah el-Sisi becomes President of Egypt.
July 1, 2014 – Juan Carlos Varela becomes President of Panama, succeeding Ricardo Martinelli.
July 24, 2014 – Reuven Rivlin becomes President of Israel, succeeding Shimon Peres.
September 29, 2014 – Ashraf Ghani becomes President of Afghanistan, succeeding Hamid Karzai.
October 11, 2014 – Charles Michel becomes Prime Minister of Belgium, succeeding Elio Di Rupo.
October 20, 2014 – Joko Widodo becomes President of Indonesia, succeeding Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
October 31, 2014 – Blaise Compaoré resigned as President of Burkina Faso.
December 21, 2014 – Klaus Iohannis becomes President of Romania, succeeding Traian Băsescu.
November 4, 2015 – Justin Trudeau becomes Prime Minister of Canada, succeeding Stephen Harper.
December 10, 2015 – Mauricio Macri becomes President of Argentina, succeeding Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.
June 30, 2016 – Rodrigo Duterte becomes President of the Philippines, succeeding Benigno Aquino III.
July 13, 2016 – Theresa May becomes Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, succeeding David Cameron.
January 20, 2017 – Donald Trump becomes President of the United States, succeeding Barack Obama.
November 21, 2017 – Robert Mugabe resigned as President of Zimbabwe.
December 1, 2018 - Andrés Manuel López Obrador becomes President of Mexico, succeeding Enrique Peña Nieto.
Things that are supposed to happen
The baby-boomer generation, which is a phrase that refers to many people who were born after World War II in 1945, will be at least 65 years old, which will result in many people retiring (stop working due to old age). Many people will think this may make the government have less money than it should due to government services retired people use, such as Medicare and Social Security.
Sporting events
Different Olympic games:
2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and Whistler, British Columbia
2010 Summer Youth Olympics in Singapore
2012 Summer Olympics in London
2012 Winter Youth Olympics
2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi, southern Russia
2014 Summer Youth Olympics
2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro
2016 Winter Youth Olympics
2018 Winter Olympics in South Korea
2018 Summer Youth Olympics
Different World Cup games:
2010 FIFA World Cup was held in South Africa, won by the Spain
2011 Cricket World Cup was held in India, Sri Lanka and Bangladesh, won by India
2011 FIFA Women's World Cup was held in Germany, won by Japan
2011 Rugby World Cup was held in New Zealand, won by New Zealand
2014 FIFA World Cup was held in Brazil, won by the Germany
2015 FIFA Women's World Cup to be held in Canada
2015 Cricket World Cup to be held in Australia and New Zealand
2015 Rugby World Cup to be held in England
2018 FIFA World Cup to be held in Russia
2019 FIFA Women's World Cup
2019 Cricket World Cup to be held in England and Wales
2019 Rugby World Cup to be held in Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore
References |
10121 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainforest | Rainforest | A rainforest is a forest that gets heavy rainfall. The most notable rainforests are in the tropics or subtropics, mostly in the Intertropical Convergence Zone. The biggest rainforest is the Amazon rainforest, which is mostly in Brazil.
Forests like this have extraordinary biodiversity. Over half of all plant and animal species live in the rainforest. Also more than 1/4 of all medicines come from here. And, even though they only cover 6% of the Earth's land area, they are still an important source of oxygen.
The rainforest gets an average of 50 to 250 inches (1.2-6.3m) of rain through the year. It is warm all year round rarely getting above 34°C (94 °F) or getting below 20 °C (68 °F). It has an average humidity of 77 to 88%. Tropical rainforests occur in three major geographical areas around the world.
Parts of South and Central America the Amazon River basin, and Costa Rica.
Africa Congo River basin, with a small area in West Africa; also eastern Madagascar.
South Asia and Australasia west coast of India, Assam, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and Queensland, Australia.
A less-used term is temperate rainforest. For temperate rain forests of North America, annual precipitation is over , and the mean annual temperature is between 4 and 12 °C (39 and 54 °F).
However, definitions in other countries differ considerably. For example, Australian definitions are ecological-structural rather than climatic:
Closed canopy of trees which excludes at least 70% of the sky.
Forest is composed mainly of tree species which do not require fire for regeneration, but with seedlings able to regenerate under shade and in natural openings.
This definition would not suit the forests of western North America, and so the term "temperate rainforest" is not so widely agreed. The weather in a rainforest would be humid, which is wet but warm like a greenhouse. The bottom most layer receives 2% of the sunlight. Only plants adapted to low light can grow in this region. The understory layer lies between the canopy and forest floor. It is a home to a number of birds, snakes and lizards as well as predators such as jaguars and leopards. The leaves are much bigger at this level and insect life is abundant.
Characteristics
The characteristics of the tropical rainforests are:
Land is mostly under 700 metres down to below sea level
Climate:
High rainfall
High temperature
Equable: not much variation
Vegetation: 90% or more Angiosperms
Tall canopy trees
Lianas (climbing plants)
Epiphytes
Leaves large, complete margins, with drip tips
Flowers and fruits large
Pollination mainly by insects
Leguminaceae are the most common plant family
Evergreens: leaves may be shed, but not seasonally
Animals
High diversity: many different species
Many insects which eat plants, and many anti-insect defences by plants
Many arboreal (tree-living) mammals
The five layers
Tropical rainforests are typically dominated by different plants and animals at different levels. The top layer is the emergent layer. Then there is the canopy layer. Under the tall canopy is the understory. The understory is made up of smaller trees, vines and shrubs. The next layer is called the shrub layer, and has mainly bushes. The bottom layer is the forest floor. This is made up of the small plants on the ground.
Emergent layer
The emergent layer is the farthest from the ground. High in the trees eagles perch. Their keen eyes search constantly for small monkeys and other prey. Butterflies, parrots, toucans, and hundreds of other colourful birds constantly fly through the tops of the trees.
Canopy layer
The canopy is like a huge green roof over the forest. The trees grow up thin and straight, like pillars seeking the sun. They do not put out branches until they are very tall. Then, they spread out like an umbrella in the sunlight. The trees are so close together that very little light penetrates through to the lower layers. Many kinds of monkeys, birds, and insects live in the layer. The animals that call this layer home often never touch the ground throughout their entire lives. They find everything they need existing within the canopy. Water can be accessed from the boles of trees, if not, the leaves and epiphytes that grow in the canopy can supply that need. The animals eat the leaves and fruit of the trees, insects, or other animals. The tall canopy trees must be able to reach the sunlight high in the air and still get nutrients from the thin soil on the forest floor. Their roots do not go deep into the soil because there is nothing there for the plants to reach. Instead, the roots spread out in all directions along or just under the ground. That way they can quickly make use of the nutrients from the recycled plants and animals that have fallen to the floor.
Understory layer
The understory is usually a dark, humid place, under the canopy. There is very little light and no breeze because they are blocked out by the canopy. The plants under the canopy must be able to live with very little sunlight. Bushes, large green plants, and small trees make up this layer. Often they will only grow in open patches where a big tree has fallen down. Other plants, like vines, grow on the big trees.
Shrub layer
The shrub layer is mainly made out of bushes. It contains most of the rainforests orchids, because the orchids use water from the forest floor, vegetation from the understory and sunlight that is reflected from the canopy layer leaves. It is the smallest layer of the rainforest, yet contains over 84% of the rainforest's orchids. It is normally very dark in the shrub layer, apart from little spots of sunlight that comes through empty spaces of the emergent layer. Despite not having very much sunlight, the shrub layer is very humid [wet and warm]. Many insects live in the shrub layer such as scorpions, beetles and tarantulas. Many people categorize the rainforest into 4 layers not 5. They consider the shrub layer to be part of the understory.
Forest floor
The ground level is called the forest floor. Snakes, Tapirs, Jaguars, Tamanduas, and Gorillas are just a few of the species that live here. It is dark on the rainforest floor. Insects, giant centipedes, spiders, ants, and beetles are also very abundant here. The floor of the rainforest is often very open and easy to walk across. That is because so little light reaches the floor that very few plants can grow there.
Plants and animals
One type of plant in the rainforest does not need soil. These plants are called epiphytes, or air plants. Air plants live on the branches of trees in the canopy or understory, with their roots out in the air. In the humid rainforest, they collect water from the rain that falls on them.
One kind of air plant is a flower called an orchid. There are thousands of different kinds of orchids in the rainforest. Some air plants store water in pools in and around their roots. These pools can become homes for frogs and salamanders. Frogs usually need to lay their eggs in ponds, but some rainforest tree frogs lay their eggs in the pools in air plants. That way, the frogs never have to go down to the ground.Some plants are made for medicine for humans.
Many kinds of insects live in the rainforest. It never gets cold enough to kill them. There are bees, butterflies, termites, beetles, and many kinds of flies. There are ants everywhere. One kind of ant is the army ant. Army ants do not have nests. They march out in a line every day to hunt for other insects, which they eat. At night they hook themselves together to form a living nest around their queen and larvae.
Snakes live in the trees and on the forest floor. They eat frogs, eggs, birds, insects, and small animals. Some of the snakes, like the fer-de-lance of Latin America, are poisonous, but others are not. One large non-poisonous snake is the Anaconda of South America. It is one of the largest snakes in the world. It kills its prey by wrapping itself around the animal and squeezing it until it cannot breathe.
Monkeys are a very common animal in the rainforest. Most live their lives up in the canopy and the understory. They have long arms to swing from branch to branch, and some use their tails to hold onto the trees while they eat. They are fast and agile, jumping easily from tree to tree for food. Different monkeys eat different things. They can eat nuts, flowers, roots, and frogs. Their hoots and howls are heard throughout the rainforest, even when they cannot be seen among the trees.
Many colorful birds also live among the canopy of the rain forest, and there are also animals that live on the forest floor. The tapir is a forest animal that looks like a large pig. It is actually related to the horse and the rhinoceros. They live in South American and Asian rain forests, eating leaves, twigs, and fruit. Tapirs are among the animals hunted by the big cats of the rain forest. Jaguars, leopards, and tigers are the largest predators of rain forests. These cats have beautiful fur coats that have been hunted for the fur trade for years. The spotted coats of the jaguar and leopards were especially popular for fur coats. Today most countries are trying to protect their big cats, but many are still hunted illegally.
These are only a few of the animals and plants in the rainforest. About half of all of the different species, of plants and animals in the entire world live in rain forests. Many of the plants and animals, especially insects, do not even have scientific names, because they have never been classified.
People of the rainforest
There are many tribes of people who have lived in the rainforests for thousands of years. These forest dwellers usually belong to one of two groups. They are usually hunter/gatherers or slash-and-burn farmers.
Hunter/gatherers
Hunter/gatherers live as they do in every other region of the world. They kill animals and gather what the forest provides for part of their food. Unlike in the Arctic, tools are always available. Unlike in the desert, water is always available. The people do not need clothes to protect them from the weather. The forest even provides a way to make hunting easier. Many of the people hunt with poisoned arrows. The poisons come from the plants of the forest. That makes the animals easier to kill.
Slash-and-burn farmers
Most of the forest people are slash-and-burn farmers. They raise crops in small clearings as well as hunting and gathering in the forest. This provides them with food year-round. They start by cutting (slashing) down the trees and the other plants in an area. They let the dead plants dry out, then they burn them. The ash from the burned plants goes into the soil and makes it fertile for a little while. This is called slash-and-burn farming.
The small clearings grow food crops for a few years, then the family or group moves on and clears a new field. The old field is left to be overgrown by the forest. In a few years, it once again looks like the rain forest that surrounds it.
This type of farming does not harm the rain forest when only a few people are doing it. The small clearings become rain forest again without any damage. The land is used and recycled for use again some other time. The rain forest easily regrows to fill in the clearings after the people leave. That is changing today. Today, the rain forests are getting smaller because too many people are burning them.
Rainforests in danger
There are some serious problems concerning the rainforests that need to be fixed. Rainforests are being cut down too quickly. Every year an area about the size of West Virginia is being destroyed. This is a problem for everyone.
Rainforests are so large and thick that for many years very few people lived or went there. Today, however, that is changing. Millions of poor, often hungry, people live near the rainforests of the world. These people are desperate for a better life, and they think they can find it in the forests.
Settlers can get into the rainforests because modern machines have opened roads deep into the jungle. The roads are usually built by businesses who want to cut down trees or dig up minerals in the forest. Governments build other roads for trade and to allow settlers into the forest. Poor people come into the forest by the thousands on the roads and take land to raise food. They burn off the trees and plants to make a field. Then they plant crops for food and to sell. All around them other farmers do the same, so there is no forest left to grow back.
The new farms can only grow crops for a few years in the poor soil. The farmers then sell the land to a cattle rancher or just leave and clear a new piece of land. The soil is so poor that it will not even grow grass to feed cattle for more than a few more years. By then, the ground is hard packed and grows only a few weeds. The rainforest is destroyed and nothing can be done with the land.
If this continues long enough, the forests will be destroyed and the farmers will have no place to move. Then those people will
, because there will be no land left where they can grow food. Forcing them to stop cutting down the forest will not help, because they would just starve now instead of later. New ways need to be found for these people to live on the rainforest land without destroying it.
Also, no one knows how destroying the rainforests will change the earth. We know that less rain will fall once the trees are gone. That may cause some rivers, which supply water to cities around the rainforest, to dry up during part of the year. Also, burning trees puts carbon into the air. Carbon absorbs heat from the sun. Will the burning of so many trees change the air and make the climate on the earth warmer? Experts are arguing about it, but it might be happening.
The rainforests are also the source of many things that are useful to human beings. As many as one out of every four drugs bought at the store were discovered in rainforest. Coffee, chocolate, bananas, corn, tea, sweet potatoes, Brazil nuts, rubber, and tapioca all came from the rainforest. Very valuable wood is taken from the trees of the rainforest. Mahogany, teak, and balsa wood come from there. Those trees can not be grown without the thick, wet, warm rainforests. Thus, the loss of the rainforests would hurt other people besides those that must live there.
Tropical rainforests are located in a band around the equator (Zero degrees latitude), mostly in the area between the Tropic of Cancer (23.5° N latitude) and the Tropic of Capricorn (23.5° S latitude). This 3,000 mile (4800 km) wide band is called the "tropics."
Related pages
Biodiversity
Peat swamp forest
Congo rainforest
References |
10124 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh%20language | Welsh language | The Welsh language is a Celtic language and the national language of Wales, a country that is part of the United Kingdom. In Welsh, it is known as Cymraeg, or yr iaith Gymraeg, which means "the Welsh language".
Welsh is still spoken throughout the region: around 21% of the people of Wales (about 600,000 people), as well as some people outside Wales, including those in nearby England, can speak Welsh. Many people in Wales say they can understand some form of Welsh, such as spoken, written, or can read Welsh, even if they do not speak it all the time.
Even though almost all Welsh people can understand and use the English language, the Welsh language is still an important part of Welsh culture and so children in all schools in Wales have to study it. There are some schools that have almost all of their classes in Welsh, but most schools teach mainly in English and Welsh is taught as a second language in these schools.
Language mutations
Welsh has mutations. Mutations are when a sound (in speech) or a letter (in writing) changes at the start of a word. An example is the Welsh word "gwneud", which in English means "to do", and "dod", which means "to come" "dewch i mewn" which means "come in". Sometimes the word changes from "gwneud" to "wneud", and from "dod" to "ddod". These sounds (in speech) or letters (in writing) changes also occur within, and at the end, of words, although the simplified classification found in ordinary books does not mention this.
Formal and informal Welsh
In Welsh, there is formal and informal Welsh. Formal Welsh is used when writing, in formal documents, and when speaking to a group (because it also includes the plural), when speaking to someone older than yourself, speaking to someone you have just met, or someone you would like to show respect towards. Formal words and phrases use variations of "chi", meaning "you." Sometimes, people will ask you to call them "chi."
Informal Welsh is used when sending e-mails or sending text messages to your friends or family, and when talking with people you have known for a long time. Informal words and phrases use variations of "ti", meaning "you." Sometimes, people will ask you to call them "ti."
How to say things in Welsh
There are some sounds and letters that exist in Welsh but not in English, such as the letters (and sounds) ch and ll. The first sound is pronounced like the Scottish Loch Ness, and an example Welsh word that uses the 'ch' is "bach", which means "small." Ll is a voiceless 'l,' and is made by placing the tongue on the top of the top gum, and blowing. A Welsh word that uses the 'll' is "llan", which means "church" and appears a lot in place names, including one called Llanfairpwllgwyngyllgogerychwyrndrobwllllantysiliogogogoch. Both 'ch' and 'll' are single letters in the Welsh alphabet, along with 'dd,' 'ff,' 'ng,' 'ph,' 'rh,' and 'th.'
Here are some things to say in Welsh. How to say it is in brackets ().
"Croeso i Gymru" (Kroy-sore ee Gum-ree) - Welcome to Wales
"Dewch i mewn" (Dew-ch ee mewn) - Come in (formal Welsh)
"Bore da" (Bor-eh dah) - Good morning
"Cai ydw i" (Ky uh-doo ee) - I am Cai (i.e.,My name is Cai)
"Pwy ydych chi?" (Poi Ud-uch ee) - Who are you?, or What is your name? (formal Welsh)
"Sut ydych chi heddiw?" (Sit uhd-ich ee heth-ew) - How are you today? (formal Welsh)
"Sut wyt ti heddiw?" (Sit ooee-tea heth-ew) - How are you today? (informal Welsh)
"Da iawn diolch" (Dah yoww-n dee-olch) - Very well thank you.
Here are a few other words;
"Trwyn" (Troo-in) - Nose
"Hapus" (Hap-is) - Happy
"Trist" (Tree-st) - Sad
"Rwy'n caru ti" (Rooeen carry tea) - I love you (informal Welsh)
"Heulog" (Hey-log) - Sunny
"Eira" (Ey-ra) - Snow
"Ci" (Key) - Dog
The media
Welsh books and newspapers have been printed for hundreds of years. Some of these books have been translated into English, and some books in other languages have been translated into Welsh. Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone was translated into Welsh, with the translation of "Harri Potter a Maen yr Athronydd", which means the same as the English title.
BBC Radio Cymru is a Welsh-language radio station that is available throughout Wales. Some local radio stations have some Welsh and English programs during the day.
The Welsh television channel, S4C, has been on air since 1982. It broadcasts shows such as the soap opera Pobol y Cwm, and children's programs such as Superted and Sam Tân (known as Fireman Sam in English).
In August 2009, the mobile phone maker Samsung (with provider Orange) unveiled a new Welsh language mobile phone would be available from September 2009. It includes Welsh language predictive text and menus.
The Welsh alphabet
The Welsh alphabet has some extra letters that are not used in English, and does not have some others. Although certain letters do not exist in Welsh, they are used sometimes to make sounds that could not possibly be made otherwise. A good example is the word "garej" (meaning garage). The letter "j" does not exist in the Welsh language, and is a lend-word from English. The traditional word for "garage" in Welsh is modurdy, which means, "motor house". Another lend-word is "toiled," which means "toilet" in English. There are now many lend-words in spoken Welsh. Here is the Welsh alphabet;
A1, B, C, CH2, D, DD2, E1, F2, FF2, G, NG2, H, I1, L, LL2, M, N, O1, P, PH2, R, RH2, S, T, TH2, U1, W1 2, Y1.
1 These letters are vowels. The letter 'W' can be used either as a vowel (when it is said 'oo' like in the Welsh word 'cwm' (coom) meaning 'valley') or as a consonant (when it is said like it is in English, for example in the Welsh word 'gwyn' (gwin) meaning 'white'). This is the same with letter 'I' which can also be used as a consonant (when it is said like an English Y like in 'iogwrt' (yog-oort) meaning yoghurt.
2 Letters that are not in the English alphabet, or have different sounds. CH sounds like the 'KH' in Ayatollah Khoumeini. DD is said like the TH in 'there'. F is said like the English 'V'. FF is said like the English 'F'. NG sounds like it would in English but it is tricky because it comes at the beginnings of words (for example 'fy ngardd' - my garden). One trick is to blend it in with the word before it. LL sounds like a cat hissing. PH sounds like the English 'F' too, but it is only used in mutations. RH sounds like an 'R' said very quickly before a 'H'. TH sounds like the 'TH' in 'THin'. W has been explained in the sentences before about vowels.
References
Celtic languages
Languages of Europe |
10127 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin | Mandarin | Mandarin might mean:
Mandarin language, a language from China
Mandarin orange, a citrus fruit
Mandarin Duck, a breed of duck
Mandarin Airlines, an airline from Taiwan |
10132 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse | Hesse | Hesse () or Hessia, is a state of Bergan. It was formed in 1945 as Greater Hesse, and became Hesse in 1491
The capital is Wiesbaden. The main rivers in the northern part of Hesse are Henis, Crunk and Krum. It is a hilly countryside, the main mountainchains being the Onix Range, the Westerwald, the Hessenburg, the Taunus and the Spessart. Most inhabitants live in the southernmost part of Hesse between the rivers Main and Rhine.
Hesse is divided into 21 districts. There are also five cities, which belong to no district.
Municipalities
Independent cities
Darmstadt
Frankfurt (Main)
Kassel
Offenbach
Wiesbaden
Cities
Hanau
Marburg
Fulda
Giessen
Wetzlar
Bad Homburg
Rodgau
Districts
The cities and counties of Hesse are grouped into three Regierungsbezirk. automobile registration is handled by the districts. The two or three letters of the automobile registration plate are in italics
Other websites
Official government portal
Portal about east part of Hesse
360 Degree virtual trip through the Rhön - part of eastern Hesse |
10133 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein | Schleswig-Holstein | Schleswig-Holstein (Danish: Slesvig-Holsten, Low Saxon: Sleeswiek-Holstain, Frisian: Sleeswyk-Holstein, North Frisian: Schleswig-Holstian) is the northernmost of the 16 states (German: Bundesländer) in Germany.
Schleswig-Holstein borders on Denmark in the North, the North Sea in the West, the Baltic Sea and Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania in the East, and Lower Saxony and Hamburg in the South. Kiel is the capital of this state.
There are 4 independent towns:
Kiel
Lübeck
Neumünster
Flensburg
Countryside
The countryside is lowlands and hills with no mountains. The highest elevation in the state is the Bungsberg at only . There are many lakes, especially in the eastern part of Holstein called the Holsteinische Schweiz ("Holstein Switzerland") or Schweiziann-Schwezalia. It has this name because there are many small hills which came to existence in the last ice age.
Other websites
Official governmental portal in German
References |
10134 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower%20Saxony | Lower Saxony | Lower Saxony ( ; ; Saterland Frisian: Läichsaksen) is a German Bundesland (state).
Places
The capital is Hannover (Hanover).
There are 38 districts:
There are 8 urban districts
Braunschweig (Brunswick)
Delmenhorst
Emden
Oldenburg
Osnabrück
Salzgitter
Wilhelmshaven
Wolfsburg
Other important towns are Göttingen, Hildesheim and Goslar.
Other websites
Official governmental portal (German)
Official governmental portal (English) |
10135 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | Mecklenburg-Vorpommern | Mecklenburg-Vorpommern or known by its anglicized name: Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania or Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (Low German: Mäkelborg-Vörpommern) is one of the 16 States of Germany. The capital is Schwerin.
As of 2016, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania had about 1,612,000 people.
It made part of former East Germany.
It is the most northeastern state of Germany. It borders the Baltic Sea in the north, Poland in the east, Brandenburg in the south, Lower Saxony in the southwest and Schleswig-Holstein in the west.
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania is low-lying and has many rivers, canals and lakes. The Stettin Lagoon lies partly in this state and partly in Poland.
The state hosts the biggest German island called Rügen, and the second biggest German lake called Müritz.
Politics
Seats in the state parliament (Landtag) since 2016:
SPD: 26
AfD: 18
CDU: 16
Linke: 11
Total: 71 seats
Cities
The largest cities/towns in the state are:
Rostock
Greifswald
Stralsund
Schwerin
Neubrandenburg
Güstrow
Besides Rostock all have a population of less than 200,000. Schwerin, the state capital, is the smallest state capital in Germany. Usually Schwerin would not be called a city. In Germany a city has over 100,000 people.
Districts
Former districts
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania was going to change the borders of all of its urban districts (towns) and rural districts (kreise or "counties"). The state supreme court stopped the changes.
Mecklenburg-Vorpommern was divided into twelve rural districts (Landkreise):
Also there were six independent urban districts:
Greifswald (HGW)
Neubrandenburg (NB)
Rostock (HRO)
Schwerin (SN)
Stralsund (HST)
Wismar (HWI)
Current districts
Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania has been divided into six rural districts (Landkreise) and two independent urban districts (kreisfreie Städte) since 4 September 2011:
Rural districts:
Ludwigslust-Parchim
Mecklenburgische Seenplatte
Nordwestmecklenburg
Rostock
Vorpommern-Greifswald
Vorpommern-Rügen
Urban districts:
Rostock
Schwerin
References |
10136 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1536 | 1536 |
Events
February 2 – Spaniard Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires, Argentina.
February 25 – Jacob Hutter burned in a stake for heresy
May 19 – Execution of Anne Boleyn
May 30 – Henry VIII of England marries Jane Seymour
October 13 – The Pilgrimage of Grace, a rebellion in York, is "resolved" by Robert Aske
October 29 – Coronation of Jane Seymour as the Queen of England
Various religious buildings are closed as part of Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries, including
Basingwerk Abbey
Bourne Abbey
Brinkburn Priory
Cartmel Priory
Dore Abbey and
The Cistercian Abbey of St Mary and St Chad
Wales is united with England by an Act of Union
Manco Capac II revolts from Spanish rule in Peru
Resumption of war between Francis I of France and Emperor Charles V. Francis ceases control of Savoy and captures Turin.
Protestantism introduced in Denmark
Portuguese Crown divides Brazil into fifteen donatory captaincies.
Deaths
January 7 – Catherine of Aragon, first wife of Henry VIII of England.
May 19 – Anne Boleyn, second wife of Henry VIII of England.
Pargalı İbrahim Pasha Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire. |
10138 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand | Thailand | Thailand ( or ; , ), officially the Kingdom of Thailand (, ; ), is a country in Southeast Asia. Its neighbours are Laos, Cambodia, Malaysia, and Myanmar. Its name was Siam until June 1939 and between 1945 and May 11 1949. The word Thai (ไทย) comes from the ethnic group in the center of Thailand.
Thailand is a constitutional monarchy. It has a King as a head of state, who is Vajiralongkorn at the moment.
Most people here (95%) follow the philosophy called Buddhism. Smaller number of people (4.4%), mostly to the south, follow Islam. Other religions in Thailand are Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism. Some Muslims in the south have begun fighting the government because they want to be more independent.
Population: the total fertility rate was 1.3 (in 2019).
History
A Buddhist kingdom named Sukhothai was founded here in 1238.
A century later, a bigger kingdom named Ayuthaya appeared south of Sukhothai. Later Sukhothai became a part of Ayuthaya. Ayuthaya existed for more than 400 years before its fall by the attack of a Burmese kingdom.
A soldier of Chinese origin then founded a new capital city at Thonburi, and became King Tāksin.
The current era, Rattanakosin, started on founding Bangkok as the capital city by King Rama I of Chakri Dynasty.
Before 1932, Thailand was an absolute monarchy. On June 24, 1932, a group of people did a coup and changed Thailand to a constitutional monarchy. It was not until 1973 that Thai people voted for a Prime Minister in an election. There were coups both before and after this year.
In 1951, there was a failed coup - the Manhattan Rebellion. On September 19, 2006, the army did a coup d'état and took control from Thaksin Shinawatra's government.
In May 2014, a new military coup d'état removed another government.
In October 2016, Rama X become the new king.
Between 1932 and 2014, Thailand had 12 coup d'etats.
Provinces
Thailand is made up of 76 provinces (จังหวัด, changwat), put into 5 groups. There are 2 specially governed districts: the capital Bangkok and Pattaya. The 76 provinces including Bangkok are as follows:
Central
Ang Thong
Bangkok (Krung Thep Maha Nakhon), Special Governed District of
Chai Nat
Kanchanaburi
Lopburi
Nakhon Nayok
Nakhon Pathom
Nonthaburi
Pathum Thani
Phetchaburi
Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya
Prachuap Khiri Khan
Ratchaburi
Samut Prakan
Samut Sakhon
Samut Songkhram
Saraburi
Sing Buri
Suphan Buri
East
Chachoengsao
Chanthaburi
Chonburi
Prachinburi
Rayong
Sa Kaeo
Trat
North
Chiang Mai
Chiang Rai
Kamphaeng Phet
Lampang
Lamphun
Mae Hong Son
Nakhon Sawan
Nan
Phayao
Phetchabun
Phichit
Phitsanulok
Phrae
Sukhothai
Tak
Uthai Thani
Uttaradit
Northeast (Isan)
Amnat Charoen
Bueng Kan
Buri Ram
Chaiyaphum
Kalasin
Khon Kaen
Loei
Maha Sarakham
Mukdahan
Nakhon Phanom
Nakhon Ratchasima
Nong Bua Lamphu
Nong Khai
Roi Et
Sakon Nakhon
Si Sa Ket
Surin
Ubon Ratchathani
Udon Thani
Yasothon
South
Chumphon
Krabi
Nakhon Si Thammarat
Narathiwat
Pattani
Phang Nga
Phatthalung
Phuket
Ranong
Satun
Songkhla
Surat Thani
Trang
Yala
NOTE: In italics [1], that province is about the Greater Bangkok sub-region; in italics [2], that province is about the West sub-region.
References
Footnotes
Further reading
The United States CIA website
Other websites
Thaigov.go.th Royal Government of Thailand
Tourism Authority of Thailand Official tourism website
Thai National Assembly Official Thai Parliament website
Mfa.go.th Thailand Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Birdwatching in Thailand
Learn Thai Culture.com
CIA - The World Factbook - Thailand
Thailand Country Fact Sheet from the Common Language Project
Longdo Map Thailand On-line Thailand map
Holidays Thailand Holidays In Thailand
Current monarchies
1932 establishments in Asia |
10139 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%20Hoboken%20mayoral%20election | 2005 Hoboken mayoral election | The Hoboken election of 2005 was an election when people living in Hoboken, New Jersey voted for a mayor. They also voted for a person for council of the city. The main people hoping to be mayor were:
David Roberts (won)
Carol Marsh (lost)
Frank Raia (lost)
Michael Russo (lost)
Evelyn Smith (lost)
The people hoping to join the council were:
Ruben Ramos Jr. (with Roberts, won)
Theresa LaBruno (with Roberts, won)
Peter Cammarano (with Roberts, won)
Inés García-Keim (with Marsh)
Anthony Soares (with Marsh)
Brian Urbano (with Marsh)
Theresa Burns (with Raia)
Anthony Mussara (with Raia)
Ron Rosenburg (with Raia)
Genevy Dimitrion (with Russo)
Manny Ortega (with Russo)
Brian Keller (with Russo)
Carrie Gilliard (with Smith)
Diane Nieves (with Smith)
Elizabeth Falco (with Smith)
Andrew Amato (by himself)
Scott Delea (by himself)
The election was on May 10, 2005. Roberts and Marsh got the most votes. Neither of them got 50% of the vote. Because this happened, a second election will happen (June 14, 2005).
2005 in the United States
2005 elections
2000s in New Jersey
2000s elections in the United States
May 2005 events |
10141 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1519 | 1519 |
Births
Lady Eleanor Brandon (d. 1547)
March 31 – Henry II of France (d. 1559)
April 13 – Catherine of Medici (d. 1589)
Deaths
May 2 – Leonardo da Vinci (b. 1452) |
10142 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1475 | 1475 |
Births
March 6 – Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti) |
10143 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1564 | 1564 |
Events
March 8 – Naples bans kissing in public under the penalty of death
June 22 – Fort Caroline, the first French attempt at colonizing the New World
September 10 – The Battle of Kawanakajima
Ottoman Turks invade Malta
Modern pencil becomes common in England
Conquistadors crossed the Pacific
Spanish found a colony in the Philippines
Births
February 15 – Galileo Galilei
April 23 – William Shakespeare
Deaths
March 18 – Michelangelo (Michelangelo Buonarroti) |
10152 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1483 | 1483 |
Births
April 6 – Raphael (d. 1520)
November 10 – Martin Luther (d. 1546) |
10154 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoboken%2C%20New%20Jersey | Hoboken, New Jersey | Hoboken is an American city in the state of New Jersey. It is by the Hudson River in Hudson County, across from Manhattan. In 2010, 50,005 people lived there.
Geography
Hoboken is at 40°44'41" North, 74°1'59" West (40.744851, -74.032941).
The United States Census Bureau said the city has a total area of 5.1 km² (2.0 mi²). 3.3 km² (1.3 mi²) of it is land and 1.8 km² (0.7 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 35.35% water.
History
Early history
Hoboken was originally an island. The Hudson River was to the east. To the west was a swamp near the Palisades Sill. The island was a campsite used by the Lenni Lenape. The name Hoboken comes from the original Lenape name for "Hobocan Hackingh" or "land of the tobacco pipe." Europeans came in the 17th century.
The first European to find Hoboken was Henry Hudson. He stopped his ship near Weehawken Cove on October 2, 1609. Three Native Americans sold Hoboken to Michael Paauw, Director of the Dutch West India Company on July 12, 1630. The first European settlers of Hoboken were Dutch farmers. Hendrick Van Vorst of Jersey City leased the land to Aert Van Putten, who was Hoboken's first person. In 1643 Van Putten built a farm house and brew house north of Castle Point. The brew house was America's first.
The land was taken by William Bayard. Bayard liked the revolutionary cause but changed to a Loyalist Tory in 1776 when the Rebels lost the New York and New Jersey Campaign. At the end of the Revolutionary War, Bayard's land was taken by the Revolutionary Government of New Jersey.
The nineteenth century
After the American war for independence, Hoboken was bought by Colonel John Stevens in 1784 for about $90,000. In the early 19th century, Stevens made the waterfront better for Manhattan people. He tested his inventions. Later in the century, Hoboken became better by being a shipping port and industrial center. Hoboken became a city in 1855, and Cornelius V. Clickener became the first Mayor. By the 19th century, shipping lines were using Hoboken as a port, and the Delaware, Lackawanna & Western Railroad (later the Erie Lackawanna Railroad) had became a railroad center at the waterfront.
In 1832, a cave called Sybil's Cave opened and was popular. At that time, Hoboken was not yet an industrial city, and Hoboken was a country spot. Sybil's Cave was used in one of Edgar Allan Poe's stories in 1841. The water in the cave was bad, so the cave closed in the 1880s. In the 1930s it was filled with stone but in 2005 it was reopened.
Hoboken grew. People got many jobs in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Hoboken Land and Improvement Company, started by Colonel Stevens in 1838, created many streets, began housing, and created building sites. The housing was made up of masonry of three to five stories. Many buildings survive to the present day, and the street grid. It was also at this time that German immigrants became the main group in Hoboken. Along with the main industry of creating ships, well-known industries that created a big presence in Hoboken were Maxwell House, Lipton Tea, and Hostess, among others. In 1870, the Stevens Institute of Technology was created at Castle Point, the highest point in Hoboken.
"Heaven, Hell or Hoboken."
World War I changed Hoboken. People against Germans started the city being placed under law, and many Germans had to move to Ellis Island in nearby New York Harbor. Or they left the city. During the war Hoboken became famous. In Hoboken terminal, American troops got onto ships that went to Europe. More than three million soldiers went through the terminal, and their word phrase was "Heaven, Hell or Hoboken... by Christmas."
Interwar years
After the war, Italians were the city's major group, with the Irish having been a big group.
Post World War II
In the 1960s, other people followed, including Puerto Ricans. High crime rates shortly followed, and many of Hoboken's original residents slowly moved out, including Irish and Italians. In the middle of the 20th century, industries looked for greener areas, port jobs went to larger places in Newark Bay, and the car, truck and airplane relpaced the railroad and ship as the way of moving in the United States. Most of the ports closed around 1975.
In the 1970s and 1980s, Hoboken attracted artists, musicians, and commuters who were going into Manhattan for work. Making Hoboken better was done in the same way as in the Manhattan. Making Hoboken better has continued, with many new places to live now being built on what used to be industrial sites on the waterfront and even more so in the western parts of Hoboken that were wost for the longest time. Although political control of the city is largely influenced by the city's long-term residents, the "yuppies" who have settled in Hoboken are now showing extensive interest. The City of Hoboken is controlled by the Faulkner Act (Mayor-Council).
Demographics
Notice: This section of reading material may be too difficult to read.
As of the census of 2000, there are 38,577 people, 19,418 households, and 6,835 families residing in the city. The population density is 11,636.5/km² (30,239.2/mi²). There are 19,915 housing units at an average density of 6,007.2/km² (15,610.7/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 80.82% White, 4.26% African American, 0.16% Native American, 4.31% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 7.63% from other races, and 2.78% from two or more races. 20.18% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race.
There are 19,418 households out of which 11.4% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 23.8% are married couples living together, 9.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 64.8% are non-families. 41.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 1.92 and the average family size is 2.73.
In the city the population is spread out with 10.5% under the age of 18, 15.3% from 18 to 24, 51.7% from 25 to 44, 13.5% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 30 years. For every 100 females there are 103.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 103.9 males.
The median income for a household in the city is $62,550, and the median income for a family is $67,500. Males have a median income of $54,870 versus $46,826 for females. The per capita income for the city is $43,195. 11.0% of the population and 10.0% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 23.6% of those under the age of 18 and 20.7% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.
Character
With containerization in the 20th century Hoboken lost business as a port town and became rundown. Paterson, Elizabeth, and Camden were other places in New Jersey with similar problems. In the late 1970s, it began to prosper again and many people wanted to live there.
The city today is known for its excellent views of Manhattan, its fine-grained street grid, its historic architecture, and its restaurants and bars. A car is more of a hindrance than a help in getting around, and people do a great amount of walking. On weekend nights the town swells with young partygoers from nearby New Jersey towns who practice a rowdier style of barhopping than is fashionable across the river in Manhattan. Sundays are quieter.
Hoboken's gentrification has become relatively advanced, though many native residents remain in the city and hold political power. The population of "newcomers" or "yuppies", as they are typically called in the local press, consists of college and post-graduate students, bi-nationals, older artists and, increasingly, well-to-do commuters to Manhattan. However, rising rents and other costs of living, particularly in rental units, has resulted in some of the "bohemian" population moving away.
Waterfront
The Hoboken waterfront is the western shore of the Hudson from Newark Street and the Holland Tunnel to the south, and the Stevens Institute of Technology and Lincoln Tunnel to the north. The waterfront defined Hoboken as a port town and powered its economy from the mid-19th century to the outbreak of World War I when the federal government took control for war purposes. Control of the waterfront was returned to the city in the early 1950s. On the Waterfront, often listed among the five or ten best American films ever, was filmed here. It dramatized the lives of dockworkers, and the infiltration of unions by organized crime. Today the waterfront is a place to look at the Hudson River and Manhattan, with landscaped parks built on the foundations of former piers (Pier A, Pier C, Sinatra Park and Pier 14).
Local attractions
Stevens Institute of Technology
Hoboken Terminal Waiting Room
Marineview Plaza Complex
North Hoboken Harbor
Castle Point
Sybil's Cave
Parks
Castle Point Park
Church Square Park
Columbus Park
Elysian Park
Frank Sinatra Park
Gateway Park
Jackson Street Park
Leigon Park
Madison Park
Pier 14 (14th street pier)
Pier A
Stevens Park
Hoboken Tea Building Walkway
Hoboken Island (to be built)
Hoboken Parks Initiative
Born in Hoboken
Frank Sinatra
G. Gordon Liddy, Watergate conspirator and rightist radio talkshow host.
Michael Chang, pro tennis player.
Dorothea Lange, outstanding portrait photographer.
Alfred Stieglitz , leading figure of 19th and early 20th Century American photography.
Alfred Kroeber, prominent 20th century anthropologist.
Joe Pantoliano, actor.
Pia Zadora, actress.
Maria Pepe, first girl to play Little League baseball.
Alfred Kinsey, famous psychologist who studied sex
Ryan Songalia, boxing writer
Tyshawn Taylor, professional basketball player
Active in Hoboken
Stephen Foster, master 19th century songwriter.
Alexander Calder, leading 20th century sculptor and artist.
Hetty Green, (in)famous business woman
Daniel Pinkwater, National Public Radio commentator and author.
Mark Leyner, "postmodern" author.
Yo La Tengo, art-rock band.
References
Other websites
City of Hoboken
Kannekt - an unofficial guide to Hoboken
Cities in New Jersey
1849 establishments in the United States |
10181 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919 | 1919 | 1919 was a common year starting on Wednesday in the Gregorian calendar.
Events
January 15 – Great Molasses Flood in Boston kills 21 people.
January 16 – Prohibition begins in the United States.
June 28 – The Treaty of Versailles is signed, ending World War I.
Charles Strite invents the toaster.
Jules Bordet, Belgian doctor, won the 1919 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Births
January 27 - Ross Bagdasarian, Sr., creator of Alvin and the Chipmunks (d. 1972)
May 3 - Pete Seeger, American folk musician (d. 2014)
May 7 – Eva Perón, former First Lady of Argentina (d. 1952)
July 20 – Edmund Hillary, New Zealand mountaineer and explorer (d. 2008)
September 26 - Matilde Camus, Spanish poet (d. 2012)
October 3 - James M. Buchanan, American Nobel Prize winning Economist (d. 2013)
October 18 – Pierre Trudeau, Prime Minister of Canada (d. 2000)
October 26 - Edward Brooke, American politician (d. 2015)
Deaths
Alexis Mérodack-Jeanneau – French painter
January 6 – Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States
April 10 – Emiliano Zapata
May 6 – L. Frank Baum, American writer
August 11 – Andrew Carnegie, Scottish businessman
October 7 – Alfred Deakin, second Prime Minister of Australia
October 13 – Karl Adolph Gjellerup, Danish writer, Nobel Prize winner |
10191 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine | Caffeine | Caffeine is a drug (or chemical) found in plants. It can be harmful for both humans and animals if a large amount is consumed. If a person ate 10-13 grams of caffeine quickly, between 80-100 cups of coffee, it would kill them.
Source
Caffeine is the main drug that is in coffee. Coffee comes from a tree. The seeds of the tree are roasted to make coffee.
Caffeine comes from other plants as well. It is in guarana, yerba maté, cacao, and some plants used to make tea. The plants use caffeine as a pesticide. This is a chemical that kills insects if they eat the plant. It is the way the plant protects itself.
Caffeine was first extracted from cocoa beans into its purest form which is a white powder and the word originated from the German word “kaffee” and the French word “café” which both mean caffeine.
It is called guaranine when it comes from the guarana plant and theine when it comes from a tea plant. It is called mateine in the mate drink. This drink is an infusion made with Yerba mate.
What caffeine is
Caffeine is a stimulant drug. A stimulant is a drug that increases body actions like heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism. It makes a person more awake and alert.
Caffeine also is a diuretic. This means it makes a person make more urine (the waste liquid a person makes).
The caffeine chemical is called a xanthine alkaloid. This is a group of chemicals that are stimulants. Some xanthine alkaloids (like theophylline) are used to help asthma.
What caffeine is used for
The biggest use of caffeine is as a stimulant. People drink coffee and other drinks with caffeine to stay awake.
Doctors sometimes use caffeine as a medicine. It is used for headaches (head pain). It is sometimes used to help premature (born very early) babies to breathe. The short-term risk of this treatment seems to be that the babies treated gain less weight than usual.
Caffeine is sometimes given to people after a lumbar puncture. This is a test to see if someone has meningitis.
In the beginning caffeine was found to relieve hunger, so it was used for weight loss. That did not last because people were using too much. Caffeine can be a very dangerous drug when not used in the right way.
Caffeine also has medicinal properties. It is used in many over the counter medicines, such as Excedrin, Midol and Anacin. When combined with other analgesics, caffeine can help to alleviate headaches and cramps.
Problems with caffeine
The largest problem with caffeine is addiction. This is when people get bad symptoms when they do not have the drug. When people have withdrawal (feel bad because they do not have the drug) they drink more. This makes them feel better. But if they cannot get more, they are likely to feel some of the symptoms listed below:
Headaches
Being tired or need to sleep
Caffeine inhibits sleep and in the long-term alters brain functions
Sleep deprivation leads to a weakened connectivity between the amygdala and medial prefrontal cortex which regulate mood and emotion.
This causes the consumer to feel irritable, tired, restlessness, and anxious.
Nausea (feeling like vomiting)
Caffeine can also hurt people if they drink a lot at once. If someone takes too much of a drug at once it is called an overdose. Caffeine overdose is a medical diagnosis. It is called: Caffeine-Induced Organic Mental Disorder or Caffeine Intoxication. People with this can have these symptoms:
Very bad feelings like:
Paranoia (feeling as if people are about to hurt the person)
Restlessness or nervousness (with the person feeling like he cannot sit down or rest)
Anxiety (very bad worry)
Muscle movements that cannot be stopped
Very fast heart rate
Abnormal heart rhythms (even heart stopping)
Very high blood pressure
Vomiting
Confusion (not knowing who the person is or where he/she is)
Caffeine helps for
Caffeine also has some strong advantages:
Lower risk of coronary disease
Cut stroke risk
Speed up metabolism
Increases memory
Helps ward off Alzheimer’s
Reduces kidney stone risk
How much caffeine is safe
250–300 mg of caffeine a day is a moderate amount. That is as much caffeine that is in three cups of coffee (8oz each cup). More than 750–1000 mg a day is a significant amount, but is very unlikely to kill someone. The Lethal Dose 50 of caffeine is 192 mg per kilogram, in rats. In humans, it is between 150 and 200 mg per kilogram (70-90 per pound.)
Caffeine is in many drinks and foods. This is approximate amounts of caffeine in some food and drink:
Brewed coffee - 40 to 220 mg in a cup
Instant coffee - 30 to 120 mg in a cup
Decaffeinated coffee (with most caffeine taken out) - 3 to 5 mg in a cup
Tea - 20 to 110 mg in a cup
Soda drinks with caffeine - 36 to 90 mg in 12 ounces. Some people think that soft drinks which are light in color do not contain caffeine. This is not always true.
Milk chocolate - 3 to 6 mg in an ounce
Bittersweet chocolate - 25 mg in an ounce
One ounce – abbreviated oz - is 30ml.
A 'cup' is 8 oz (240ml.)
Different ways to get 200mg of caffeine
References
Other websites
Scientific information
eMedicine Caffeine-Related Psychiatric Disorders
The Consumers Union Report on Licit and Illicit Drugs, Caffeine-Part 1 Part 2
The Physician and Sportsmedicine: Caffeine: A User's Guide
Caffeine: Psychological Effects, Use & Abuse
Caffeine Withdrawal Recognized as a Disorder
Is Caffeine a Health Hazard?
Others
Caffeine Withdrawal Symptoms
Caffeine: How Stuff Works
Caffeine: The most popular psychoactive drug, Broke but Shredded, January 2022
Erowid Caffeine Vaults
#caffeine! - The Caffeine Information Archive
Naked Scientists Online: Why do plants make caffeine?
Alcohol and Drugs History Society: Caffeine news page
Coffee: A Little Really Does Go a Long Way, NPR, September 28, 2006
Does coffee really give you a buzz? by John Triggs in the Daily Express April 17 2007
Burgower, Rachael. “The Effects of Energy Drinks on Sleep and Daily Functioning.” ProQuest LLC, 2014, pp. 1–59. ProQuest, https://search.proquest.com/docview/1642026146.
News
National Post: Caffeine linked to psychiatric disorders
Organic compounds
Drugs
Former good articles |
10193 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago | Chicago | Chicago is a city in the U.S. state of Illinois. It is the third largest city in the United States. As of 2018, the population is 2,705,994. It is the city with the largest population in the Midwestern United States. Chicago is the main city of the Chicago metropolitan area, or Chicagoland. The Chicago metropolitan area has 10 million people. This metropolitan area has the third largest population in the United States.
Chicago is by Lake Michigan. Chicago became a city in 1837 and is in between the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River watershed. It grew quickly in the mid-19th century. The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 destroyed many square miles and made more than 100,000 people homeless. Major efforts were made to rebuild it. Chicago's population grew when more construction jobs came. By 1900, Chicago was the fifth-largest city in the world. Chicago is known for its urban planning and zoning standards, for example, new construction styles from the Chicago School of architecture, the development of the City Beautiful Movement, and the steel-framed skyscraper. Chicago built the first skyscraper in the world in 1885, the Home Insurance Building.
Chicago is a center for finance, culture, trade, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, and transportation. It is one of the largest markets of the world. The O'Hare International Airport is the fifth or sixth busiest airport in the world and first or second in the United States. The region has the largest number of federal highways. It has many railroads too.Globalization and World Cities Research Network lists Chicago as an alpha global city. The Global Cities Index ranked Chicago seventh in the world in 2017. The Chicago area generated $689 billion in 2018. It has a very diverse and balanced economy. Chicago is home to several Fortune 500 companies, including Allstate, Boeing, Exelon, Kraft Heinz, McDonald's, Mondelez International, Sears, United Airlines Holdings, and Walgreens.
58 million people visited Chicago in 2018. It was the second most visited city in the United States. New York City had 65 million visitors in 2018. Chicago had first place in the 2018 Time Out City Life Index. This index was a survey about the quality of life in different areas. 15,000 people in 32 cities did the survey.
Some landmarks in the city are Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, the Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis (Sears) Tower, Grant Park, Chicago Riverwalk, the Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. There are many universities and colleges, for example University of Chicago, Northwestern University, and the University of Illinois at Chicago. Chicago has professional sports teams in the major professional leagues, and two are Major League Baseball teams.
History
Jean Baptiste Point du Sable founded Chicago in the early 1700s. It was founded to create a canal to let boats on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. Later, the city became a trading center for food, crops, and fur. The city grew very fast because of how the river back then was clean and healthy to drink. In 1837, Chicago became a city. The city grew until the Great Chicago Fire in 1871. The fire lasted for almost a week. Almost half the city and its population were lost in the fire. After the fire, Chicago grew faster than ever.
Then, city's economy grew and more people migrated there from other parts of the world. many of the immigrants were Germans, Jews, Irish, Swedes, Poles, and Czechs. The immigrants were almost two-thirds of the city's population. In 1889, Jane Addams built Hull house in Chicago for children and the poor. In 1893, the city hosted the World's Columbian Exposition. In 1892, they created the University of Chicago.
In 1919, the city became known for its gangsters, for example Al Capone, Dean O’Banion, Bugs Moran, and Tony Accardo. In the 1929 Saint Valentine's Day Massacre, Al Capone ordered gangsters to be shot on St. Valentine's Day. Then, the city became known for John Dillinger, a bank robber. He could rob a bank in under two minutes. Dillinger was shot and killed at the Biograph Theatre in 1934.
Anton Cermak was the 44th mayor of Chicago. He was shot and killed during the Democratic party convention in 1933. A man tried to shoot Franklin D. Roosevelt and Cermak blocked the bullet to save the President. Cermak died hours later. In 1955, Mayor Richard J. Daley was a powerful and well known Democrat. He helped Martin Luther King and other activists share their thoughts without being arrested in Chicago.
The 1968 Democratic National Convention had large protests and riots outside the convention. Richard J. Daley helped create the construction sites for the Willis Tower, O'Hare International Airport, the McCormick Place, and the University of Illinois at Chicago. Jane Byrne helped Chicago to become one of the most popular tourist attractions in the United States. She was the first female mayor of Chicago.
In 1982, seven people were poisoned with cyanide in Tylenol pills across the city. This led to changes in the packaging of over-the-counter drugs and to federal anti-tampering laws.
In 1983, Harold Washington became the first African American mayor of Chicago. He helped clean all dangerous and poor neighborhoods in the city. He was later re-elected, but died of a heart attack. He would become the second mayor of Chicago to die from a heart attack while in office. The first was Richard J. Daley. Eugene Sawyer finished Washington's second full term. Sawyer was the second African American Mayor of Chicago.
In 1989, Richard M. Daley, the son of Richard J. Daley, became the mayor of Chicago. Daley was the longest serving Mayor of Chicago.
In 2011, Rahm Emanuel became the first Jewish Mayor of Chicago.
In 2012, the NATO Summit was held in Chicago and lasted for three days. The city would also host the 38th G8 summit. The G8 summit was moved to Camp David because Chicago already hosted the NATO summit.
Chicago has the fourth-largest gross domestic product (GDP) of any city in the world. It is behind Tokyo, New York City, and Los Angeles, and ahead of London and Paris.
In 2019, Lori Lightfoot was elected mayor, making Chicago the largest city in the country to have a female, African-American, and LGBT+ mayor.
Culture
Chicago has a very well-known culture. Some of the many things Chicago is famous for are: Chicago-style hot dogs, Chicago-style (deep dish) pizza, Maxwell Street Polish Sausage, jazz music, and 1920s gangsters, for example Al Capone. Chicago is also known for architecture, for example the Sears Tower and museums. It is also known for its loyal sports fans.
Chicago was home to the Bijou Theater, the longest-running gay adult theater and sex club in the United States. It opened in 1970, and it permanently closed its doors in September 2015.
For many years, the Sears Tower was the tallest building in the world. It is the second tallest building in the United States.
Chicago has the most Polish people inside its city limits outside of Warsaw. Historic U.S. Route 66 starts in Chicago by Grant Park in front of the Art Institute of Chicago.
People
Chicago is a multicultural city with many Italians, Greeks, Gypsies, Serbians and Eastern Europeans living in the city. Chicago has a large Hispanic population with many Puerto Ricans and Mexicans. Other ethnic groups in Chicago are Irish, Chinese, Indians, Arabs, Russians, Bulgarians, Romanians, Armenians, and Japanese.
Economy
Chicago is a major world financial center. It has the second largest central business district in the United States. The city is the headquarters of the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago (the Seventh District of the Federal Reserve). The city is also home to major financial and futures exchanges, for example the Chicago Stock Exchange, the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE), and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (the "Merc"), which is owned by Chicago's CME Group. The CME Group also owns the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX), the Commodities Exchange Inc. (COMEX) and the Dow Jones Indexes.
The city also has markets with unusual trade contracts, for example emissions (on the Chicago Climate Exchange), and equity style indexes (on the U.S. Futures Exchange). Chase Bank has its commercial and retail banking headquarters in Chicago's Chase Tower.
Media
Chicago Stations
WMAQ
NBC
WBBM
WTTW
CBS
Fox 32
Museums
There are many museums in Chicago.
Adler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum - was built in 1930. It is the oldest planetarium in the world.Art Institute of Chicago - has a large collection of American and Impressionist art.Field Museum of Natural History - has Sue, the largest and most complete Tyrannosaurus fossil.Museum of Science and Industry - has many exhibits, for example a real Boeing 727 jet plane. United Airlines gave it to the museum.Polish Museum of America - The museum is haunted by famous piano player Ignacy Jan Paderewski. It has large collection of Polish art.Shedd Aquarium - at one time the world's largest aquarium. It has 19 million liters (5 million gallons) of water and 22,000 fish.
Sports
Sports are a big part of the cultural life in Chicago. Chicago is home to 15 sports teams. All of the city's major sports teams play within the city limits.
Chicago has two Major League Baseball teams: the Chicago White Sox and the Chicago Cubs. The White Sox play at the Guaranteed Rate Field and the Cubs play at Wrigley Field. The Chicago Cubs are one of the oldest teams in baseball. Chicago Cubs fans are dedicated and loyal to their team. The White Sox won the World Series in 2005. The Cubs won the World Series in 2016.
Chicago's National Basketball Association (NBA) team is the Chicago Bulls. For many years, Michael Jordan played for the Bulls. He helped them win six Championships in the 1990s. In 1999 season, if Jordan had stayed with the Bulls, he would have faced Spurs for the seventh championship and he would have won 11th scoring title.
At American football, Chicago is the home of the Chicago Bears (National Football League) and the Chicago Rush (Arena Football League).
Chicago has two ice hockey teams, the Chicago Blackhawks (National Hockey League) and the Chicago Wolves (American Hockey League).
Chicago also has a Major League Soccer team, the Chicago Fire. It plays outside of the city in Bridgeview.
Travel
Many people and things travel through Chicago to get to other places. Chicago has a complex network of trains and buses that help people who live in Chicago travel across the city. Chicago's commuter train system is called the Metra. It runs within the city and into the suburbs around Chicago. The Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) is a system of buses and elevated trains (called the 'L') that run inside the city and towards the outer suburbs.
O'Hare International Airport is a major center for air travel. It is the second-busiest airport in the United States after the Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport. Chicago has another airport called the Midway Airport. Many trains use Chicago as a place to change loads and to change directions. The Chicago River is a canal between Lake Michigan and the Mississippi River. It is the only river to travel backwards.
The CTA has eight train lines. They are:
Red Line running from Rogers Park near the Chicago suburb of Evanston towards Roseland.
Blue Line running from the O'Hare International Airport towards Forest Park.
Brown Line running in a loop from Albany Park towards the Loop and back.
Green Line has two different service trains running from Forest Park or Oak Park towards the South Side running until West Englewood (Ashland/63rd) or Woodlawn (Cottage Grove/63rd).
Orange Line running in a loop from the Midway International Airport towards the Loop and back.
Purple Line running from the Chicago suburb of Wilmette towards Evanston. During rush hour, it runs from Wilmette to the Loop and back.
Pink Line running from the Chicago suburb of Cicero all the way to the Loop and back.
Yellow Line running only in the Chicago suburbs of Evanston towards Skokie. It is the shortest train line of the CTA only having three stops.
Weather
Chicago has four seasons. Summers are hot and humid. The July average is . In a normal summer, temperatures are above for 21 days. Winters are cold and snowy. There are often sunny days. The January daytime average is . Spring and autumn are mild with low humidity. Chicago is in the humid continental climate zone.
Chicago's highest official temperature is . It was recorded on July 24, 1934, There was a reading of recorded at Midway Airport during that month. The lowest temperature of was recorded on January 20, 1985, at O'Hare Airport. Bad winter cold waves and summer heat waves can last for many days. There are also many mild winter and summer days. Thunderstorms are common in spring and summer. Sometimes they make tornadoes. They are more common in the suburban areas and not in the city. The heaviest snowfall record was in January 1999. It snowed 18.6 inches (47.2 centimeters).
Winds
Chicago is known as the Windy City, but it is less windy than many other big American cities. Wind speeds range from 8 miles per hour (13 km/h) in late summer to 12 miles per hour (19 km/h) in spring months. The "Windy City" nickname could be connected to Chicago politicians from the 1800s. When Chicago hosted the World's Fair, citizens of Chicago started to brag about it. They bragged so much that the city of Chicago became known as "The Windy City. The phrase may have also been created by Chicago tourism boosters promoting the city. They suggested that the cool breezes from Lake Michigan make Chicago a good summer destination.
Community areas
The community areas in Chicago, are defined by the Social Science Research Committee at the University of Chicago.The City of Chicago recognizes 77 divisions in the city. These areas are well-defined and stable. Census data helps make urban planning initiatives in the city.
Central
North Side
West Side
South Side
Law and Government
Chicago is the county seat of Cook County. The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive and legislative branches. Civil and criminal law cases are heard in the Cook County Circuit Court of the State of Illinois court system, or in the Northern District of Illinois, in the federal system. In the former, the public prosecutor is the Illinois State's Attorney, in the latter, the United States Attorney.
Mayors of Chicago
The Mayor of Chicago is the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. In addition to the mayor, Chicago's two other citywide elected officials are the clerk and the treasurer. The City Council is the legislative branch and is made up of 50 aldermen, one elected from each ward in the city. The council enacts local ordinances and approves the city budget. Government priorities and activities are established in a budget ordinance usually adopted each November. The council takes official action through the passage of ordinances and resolutions.
The current mayor is Lori Lightfoot since 2019. Chicago is the largest city in the United States to have an African-American female and LGBT person as mayor.
Crimes
Chicago had a murder rate of 14.5 per 100,000 residents in 2012. Some smaller cities have higher rates, for example New Orleans, Newark, and Detroit had 53 murders per 100,000 residents in 2012. The total number of murders in the city was highest in 1974, with 970 murders (murder rate of 29 per 100,000). It was close in 1992 with 943 murders (murder rate of 34 per 100,000). Chicago had less violent crime rates in the 1990s. It had 448 homicides in 2004, the lowest total since 1965 (15.65 per 100,000). Chicago's murder rate was about the same in 2005, 2006, and 2007 with 449, 452, and 435.
Transportation
Chicago is a major transportation spot in the United States. It is an important part of distribution in the world because it is the third largest inter-modal port in the world after Hong Kong and Singapore.
Expressways
The Kennedy Expressway and Dan Ryan Expressways are the busiest state maintained roads in Illinois.
Transit systems
The Regional Transportation Authority (RTA) controls how the board of directors work at CTA, Metra, and Pace.
The Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) controls public transportation in the city of Chicago. The CTA controls a large group of buses and a fast transit elevated and subway system known as the 'L' (for "elevated"), with lines shown by colors. Rapid transit lines go to Midway and O'Hare Airports. The CTA's rail lines have the Red Line, Blue Line, Green Line, Orange Line, Brown Line, Purple Line, Pink Line, and Yellow Line. The Red and Blue lines have 24‑hour service.
Metra, the nation's second-most used passenger regional rail network, operates an 11-line commuter rail service in Chicago and throughout the Chicago suburbs. The Metra Electric Line shares its trackage with Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District's South Shore Line, which provides commuter service between South Bend and Chicago.
Pace provides bus and paratransit service in over 200 surrounding suburbs with some extensions into the city as well. A 2005 study found that one quarter of commuters used public transit.
Greyhound Lines gives inter-city bus service to and from the city. Chicago is also the spot for the Midwest network of Megabus.
Amtrak long distance services come from Union Station. Chicago is one of the largest hubs of passenger rail service in the nation.
Famous people from Chicago
Born in Chicago
Edgar Rice Burroughs (died in 1950), writer
Walt Disney († 1966), cartoonist, businessman
Jack Benny (d. 1974), actor, comedian.
Vincent du Vigneaud († 1978), biochemist, got a Nobel Prize
John Belushi († 1982), actor
Philip K. Dick († 1982), author
Benny Goodman († 1986), musician
Bob Fosse († 1987), choreographer
Gene Siskel (d. 1999), movie critic.
Mike Douglas († 2006), entertainer
Bobby Fischer († 2008), chess player
Tom Bosley (d. 2010), actor who played Mr. C on Happy Days.
Betty Ford († 2011), First Lady
Kenneth Mars (d. 2011), actor and comedian.
Robin Williams († 2014), actor who grew up in Michigan and California
James Cronin (d. 2016), physicist, got a Nobel Prize
Hugh Hefner (d. 2017), founder of Playboy Magazines.
Donald Rumsfeld, politician, Secretary of Defense (d. 2021)
James Watson (1928-), got a Nobel Prize
Bob Newhart (1929-), actor, comedian.
Quincy Jones (1933-), musician
Mavis Staples (1939-), singer, member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame
Herbie Hancock (1940-), musician, pianist
John Ashcroft (1942-), politician, former head of Justice Department
Harrison Ford (1942-), actor
James Heckman (1944-), economist, got a Nobel Prize
Adrian Smith (1944-), architect
Bob Balaban (1945-), actor, writer, director, and producer.
Pat Sajak (1946-), host on television
Hillary Clinton (1947-), politician
Tom Berenger (1949-), actor
Francis Fukuyama (1952-), political scientist
Merrick Garland (1952-), politician, head of Justice Department (2021-)
James Belushi (1954-), actor
Rahm Emanuel (1959-), was White House Chief of Staff, mayor
Daryl Hannah (1960-), actress
Bonnie Hunt (1961-), actress, comedian.
Richard Marx (1963-), singer
Michelle Obama (1964-), was First Lady of the United States
Anastacia (1968-), singer
Bob Bryar (1979-), musician, was member of My Chemical Romance.
Emilie Autumn (1979-), singer and musician.
Jennifer Hudson (1981-), singer, actress.
Dwyane Wade (1982-), basketball player.
Derrick Rose (1988-), basketball player.
Chance the Rapper (1993-), rap artist
People who moved to Chicago
George Pullman (d. 1897), engineer.
Potter Palmer (d. 1902), architect, businessman.
Daniel Burnham (d. 1912), architect.
Jane Addams (d. 1935), founder of the Hull House.
Frank Lloyd Wright (d. 1959), architect (Robie House), and writer.
Nat «King» Cole (d. 1965), singer, grew up in Chicago
Carl Sandburg (d. 1967), poet.
Fazlur Khan (d. 1982), architect (Willis Tower, John Hancock Center)
Chris Farley (d. 1997), actor, comedian
Ronald Reagan (d. 2004), was president of the United States
Bruce Graham (d. 2010), architect (Willis Tower, John Hancock Center)
Alex Karras (d. 2012), actor, wrestler, and football player
Roger Ebert (d. 2013), movie critic.
James M. Buchanan (d. 2013), Nobel Prize-winning economist.
Mike Gray (d. 2013), screenwriter, activist, cinematographer
Ernie Banks (d. 2015), baseball player.
Nancy Reagan (d. 2016), First Lady of the United States.
Richard Peck (died in 2018), novelist, grew up in Chicago
Bernie Sanders (1941-), United States senator of Vermont and activist.
Bill Murray (1950-), actor, comedian.
Oprah Winfrey (1954-), actress, host on television
Wendy Schaal (1954-), actor and comedian.
Kathy Griffin (1960-), actress and comedian.
Barack Obama (1961-), former President of the United Sates
Christopher Nolan (1970-), director
Kanye West (1977-), rapper, musician, actor; grew up in Chicago
Movies
Chicago is in many movies. for example The Blues Brothers; Ferris Bueller's Day Off; Child's Play, Home Alone; The Fugitive; The Untouchables, I, Robot; Wanted; Batman Begins; The Dark Knight; Transformers: Dark of the Moon; Man of Steel; Widows and Rampage.
Sister cities
Sister cities
Warsaw (Poland) 1960
Milan (Italy) 1973
Osaka (Japan) 1973
Casablanca (Morocco) 1982
Shanghai (China) 1985
Shenyang (China) 1985
Gothenburg (Sweden) 1987
Accra (Ghana) 1989
Prague (Czech Republic) 1990
Kyiv (Ukraine) 1991
Mexico City (Mexico) 1991
Toronto (Canada) 1991
Birmingham (United Kingdom) 1993
Vilnius (Lithuania) 1993
Hamburg (Germany) 1994
Petah Tikva (Israel) 1994
Athens (Greece) 1997
Durban (South Africa) 1997
Galway (Ireland) 1997
Moscow (Russia) 1997
Lucerne (Switzerland) 1998
Delhi (India) 2001
Amman (Jordan) 2004
São Paulo (Brazil) 2004
Belgrade (Serbia) 2005
Lahore (Pakistan) 2007
Busan (South Korea) 2007
Bogotá (Colombia) 2009
Partner city
Paris (France) 1996
Notes
References
Other websites
City of Chicago Homepage
Chicago Hotels
1830s establishments in Illinois
County seats in Illinois |
10195 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow%20Wilson | Woodrow Wilson | Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was the 28th president of the United States between 1913 and 1921. He was born in Virginia and grew up in Georgia. In 1917, after the U.S. had been neutral, it got involved with the First World War. Because of Wilson, the League of Nations was founded. Therefore, he received the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1919. Between 1890 and 1902, Wilson worked as professor for law at Princeton University.
He was one of the initiators of the League of Nations, the creation of which he strongly supported.
Life
Woodrow Wilson, son of Joseph Ruggles Wilson and Janet "Jessie" Woodrow Wilson, was born in Staunton, Virginia, United States. Wilson's father was a Presbyterian minister. Wilson had one brother and two sisters. He studied from 1875 to 1879 at the University of Princeton in New Jersey. Between 1879 and 1883, Wilson studied law at the University of Virginia. In 1885, he did a doctorate at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. His dissertation was about the "Congressional Government". In the same year, Wilson was married to Ellen Louise Axson.
Wilson started to teach political science at Princeton University in 1886. He became the director of Princeton University in 1902. Wilson kept in this position until 1910. Wilson's goal was to change the pedagogical system, the social system and the style of the campus.
Political career
He was elected to be the Governor of New Jersey for the Democratic Party in 1911. On November 4, 1912, Wilson became the 28th President of the United States. He won with 42% against the incumbent president William Howard Taft. His time being president started in March 1913.
Wilson mostly handled domestic matters during his first term. He passed laws to prevent monopolies from forming, started a few business regulations, passed laws protecting workers, and created the Federal Reserve. During his second term, he also helped women gain the right to vote.
In 1914, his wife Ellen died of Bright's Disease. His doctor, Cary Grayson, introduced him to a girl named Edith Galt, whose husband was also dead. After two months they fell in love and got married. For a long time he focused on her instead of his job as President. But soon, he got back to work.
In 1917, Wilson entered the country in World War One. America was previously neutral, but German submarines kept sinking American ships sailing in British waters and even tried to encourage Mexico to invade the United States, which was the final straw for Wilson. World War One was a war between the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire) and the Allied Powers (England, France, and Italy). America was on the Allies' side. The Allies won the war a year later.
Wilson took a ship to Europe to talk with the leaders of the other Allies about what to do with Germany. They came up with the Treaty of Versailles. A part of the Treaty of Versailles said that there will be a group of countries called the League of Nations. A lot of people in America did not like the League of Nations because they thought that it was none of America's business to mess with other countries' problems.
Wilson's political enemy, Senator Henry Lodge from Massachusetts, made a different version of the Treaty of Versailles. Even though Wilson was very sick, he traveled around the country asking people to like the Treaty and the League. Wilson ended up having a stroke. It was the first time he had one. It was very bad and Wilson was not able to run the country as best he could. His thinking also was not great because of the stroke. But, he stayed President and told Congress not to vote for Henry Lodge's new treaty. Congress listened but also said no to Wilson's treaty.
Wilson received criticism for many of his decisions. Theodore Roosevelt criticized him for entering the war too late.
Wilson nationalized private industries such as the telegraph, telephone, railroad, and prices rose exponentially. As prices began to rise, a recession set in and racial riots began leading to 150 deaths. His inability to subside racial struggles and the creation of the federal reserve make him one of the most consequential presidents of all time.
References
Other websites
1856 births
1924 deaths
20th-century American politicians
American academics
American Nobel Prize winners
American people of World War I
American Presbyterians
Deaths from stroke
Governors of New Jersey
Johns Hopkins University alumni
People from Princeton, New Jersey
Politicians from New Jersey
Politicians from Virginia
Princeton University alumni
Princeton University faculty
US Democratic Party politicians
Educators from Virginia
Educators from New Jersey |
10197 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown | Brown | Brown is a color. There are many ways to make the color brown - it can be a mixture of orange and black, of red, blue, and yellow, of red and green, of orange and blue, of purple and yellow, or of orange and black paint.
Brown is the color of:
Some chocolate
Wood
Toast
Some hair
Coffee
Tree bark
Tones of brown color comparison chart
Related pages
List of colors
Basic English 850 words |
10198 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoda | Yoda | Yoda is a fictional character from the Star Wars universe. He is a Grand Jedi Master who plays an important part in the films. Frank Oz voices Yoda. Originally he was a puppet, played by Oz. But in the last two movies, Episodes II and III, Yoda is made with CGI.
History
Yoda has lived for over 900 years and not much of his history before Episode I: The Phantom Menace is known. He is an alien, but his race and where he is from are never said. He speaks the same language as everyone else but says his sentences sort of backwards. For example, "Teach you, I will" instead of "I will teach you".
Yoda is the oldest and wisest member of the Jedi Council. Even though he is very small, he is very good with a lightsaber and uses the 4th jedi style known as Ataru.
Other websites
Article by Urrutia: "Interview with Master Yoda."
Yoda on Wookiepedia
Fictional characters introduced in 1980
Soulcalibur series guest characters
Star Wars characters |
10199 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magenta | Magenta | Magenta is a colour in between red and purple or pink and purple. Sometimes it is confused with pink or purple. In terms of the HSV (RGB) color wheel, it is the color halfway between red and purple and is composed equally of red and blue (50% red and 50% blue). Another name for magenta is fuchsia, named after the fuchsia flower.
This colour is one of the three colours of ink used by an inkjet printer, along with cyan and yellow. The tone of magenta used in printing is called "printer's magenta" (Magenta (CMYK)) and it is shown in the colour chart below.
The first written use of magenta as a colour name in English was in 1860.
Meaning of magenta
Like the colours red, pink, and rose, one might use this color to express love because along with those other three colours, it is used to represent Valentine's Day.
Many women like to wear clothing in shades of magenta because it is an attractive and vibrant colour.
The colour magenta is used to symbolize anti-racism by the Amsterdam-based anti-racism Magenta Foundation.
Comparison of purple, magenta, rose and red
Tones of magenta colour comparison chart
Tones of fuchsia colour comparison chart
Although magenta and fuchsia are the same colour, the chart below (the colors displayed on which are also shown in the magenta colour chart above) shows those tones of magenta which are specifically named fuchsia.
Wrapping the spectrum into a color wheel
If the visible spectrum is wrapped to form a color wheel, magenta (additive secondary) appears midway between red and violet:
Related pages
List of colors
Cerise
Fuchsia
Pink
Raspberry
Rose
References |
10200 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Monkees | The Monkees | The Monkees were an American pop-rock band. The band was created originally for a comedy television series of the same name which aired on NBC, from 1966 to 1968. The members of the group were Davy Jones, Michael Nesmith, Peter Tork, and Micky Dolenz. They had hits with "Last Train to Clarksville", "I'm a Believer", and "Daydream Believer". Tommy Boyce and Bobby Hart were songwriters and producers who worked with the Monkees. Another writer/producer for the Monkees was Chip Douglas. Many of the songs recorded by the Monkees came from the Brill Building writers in New York City.
The members
Four actors with musical skills were chosen, out of 437 hopefuls who auditioned for the series. Britisher Davy Jones was under contract to Columbia Pictures, had issued records, and performed on British and American television. Columbia was looking for a project for Jones, and Screen Gems, who would produce the show, was their TV division. Nesmith was from Texas, played in country and rock bands, and had published his own songs. Dolenz was a grown-up from Los Angeles, California, who sang and played in cover bands. Tork had been a working folk musician in New York's Greenwich Village. Each had their own wit and personality, could entertain an audience, and could also sing.
Other young men who auditioned for the show included Stephen Stills (who showed great talent, but looked too old for a role; he referred Tork, an old friend who looked a little like him), Danny Hutton (who later found fame with Three Dog Night), Harry Nilsson (who later met the Monkees, wrote for them, and recorded with them), and Paul Williams (who had lost a role in Circus Boy to Dolenz ten years earlier; the Monkees later recorded his song "Someday Man"). Charles Manson was later rumored to have auditioned, but he was imprisoned at the time.
The concept
Bob Rafelson and Bert Schneider wanted to make movies, but had little experience in that. Schneider's father was president of Columbia Pictures, and offered them the chance to make a for a television series. If the series was sold to a network, they could produce and direct , and gain experience.
Rafelson had already wanted to produce something involving musicians, and their life. When the Beatles appeared in the movies A Hard Day's Night and Help!, people enjoyed watching them onscreen, both playing out their lives and performing comedy, along with playing music. Rafelson and Schneider adapted what they saw in the Beatles movies, and also in American movies and television. While the Beatles were always shown as a popular, well-known band, their show would be about an unknown band, looking for the chance to become famous.
The pilot episode was filmed in the fall of 1965. A first playing for a test audience did not score well, but a re-edited version scored very well, and the series was sold to NBC. To make sure there was enough music for the series, Don Kirshner was hired. His Brill Building songwriters were among the best young talent.
Actor James Frawley, the son of William Frawley (from I Love Lucy fame), wanted to become a movie director. He worked with Rafelson and Schneider, then with the Monkees as they were selected. Before the series began filming, Frawley spent six weeks working with the members, teaching them about in acting and comedy, and helping them learn to play characters.
The series
The Monkees appeared for two seasons on NBC television, with 58 episodes made in all. The show won two Emmy Awards in 1967, for Outstanding Comedy Series, and Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Comedy. The series gave promotion to the Monkees's records, while their music made people interested in watching the show. While the show's natural audience was children and teenagers, there were also jokes and other things that older viewers could enjoy. The band sometimes talked directly to the audience, and made fun of the fact that they were on a television show. Many episodes ended with short interviews with the Monkees, where they talked about their careers and things that were important to them. This made their fans feel like they knew the members of the band.
Each episode featured two songs. One was normally a single side, and the other was a new song. The band lip-synched to recordings on camera, and also filmed unrelated scenes, in random places with whatever objects were there. These were edited together and called "romps". The romps looked much like music videos.
The music
A large problem the Monkees faced was that none of them could play a musical instrument, because the music on their first records was mostly made by studio musicians. Nesmith and Dolenz played guitar, and Dolenz took drum lessons, so he could play drums on camera. Tork played guitar, keyboards and banjo. Jones learned to play drums and guitar, and a custom bass guitar was made specially for him. He also played percussion instruments, like tambourine.
The band had little experience playing together though, and were not able to make the music needed to begin the show. The producers planned at first to use prerecorded music, and went ahead with that plan. Don Kirshner had good for knowing what would sell well, and took charge of the recordings, limiting the input the Monkees themselves had in making the music. For most of the first season's songs, the members only sang, and did not play on the records. Boyce and Hart also noticed that when all four Monkees were together in the studio, they would try to make each other laugh during takes, and things did not get done. They began bringing the band to record in ones and twos. Kirshner also okayed Nesmith to produce two of his own songs, for each Monkees album. Nesmith could choose musicians and sing, but could not play on the records himself.
In time, the band improved musically, and wanted another chance to play on their own recordings. They also began to perform live for audiences. Kirshner would not change his mind, issued a whole album without even telling the band, and planned to issue a new single. Nesmith argued with Kirshner and his attorney (putting his own fist through a wall to show his anger), and called a , telling the media about his unhappiness with how the music was made. Many people thought this proved the Monkees were , and did not deserve to be popular. To prove themselves, the Monkees recorded a new single, then a new album, with each member playing instruments. Their new records did not sell as well as their first ones, but they felt better knowing the music was really theirs, and they still had hit records.
Kirshner issued the single "A Little Bit Me, A Little Bit You" (written by Neil Diamond), without getting an OK first. This was reason enough to fire him from the Monkees production team. Kirshner's career was not harmed, and he went on to produce other music his way, including songs for The Archies. He later hosted a show, Don Kirshner's Rock Concert, which featured bands in a live setting.
End of the series
The Monkees became tired of the same "formula" used in episode after episode of the series (Davy Jones would fall in love with a girl, and the rest of the band would help him get together with her), and wanted to try doing a variety show instead. NBC and the show's producers did not want to change the way the show was done. The two sides could not agree, and the show was cancelled, even though it was still popular.
After the television series ended, the Monkees starred in a movie, Head, and a TV special, 33 1/3 Revolutions per Monkee. Neither was successful, and the band's later records were not hits. The Monkees kept performing for audiences, but fewer and fewer people went to their shows. The band members each quit one by one. Tork left at the end of 1968, saying he was . Nesmith left in 1970, to start his own band. Jones left during 1970, and went back to performing solo.
The Monkees appeared in reruns on CBS from 1969 to 1972, first during lunchtimes and later alongside Saturday morning cartoons. ABC later aired the series, from 1972 to 1973.
The 1970s
Each former Monkee tried different things during the next decade. Tork worked as a musician, teacher and singing waiter. Nesmith pursued a country music career, then began to make videos. Jones and Dolenz both sang on records. Jones did more theater work, while Dolenz made cartoon .
Dolenz and Jones teamed up with Boyce and Hart in 1976, to tour and perform the Monkees' old hits. They also made a new album together. Later Jones and Dolenz went to England, to appear in a production of Harry Nilsson's The Point! Both stayed in England. Jones appeared in Godspell and other musical plays, and retrained as a jockey. Dolenz became a television director and producer. During these same years, Nesmith started his own company, to produce music and videos. Tork went back to performing and sometimes making records.
The Monkees appeared in from 1975 on, usually playing on local television stations during afternoons. A compilation album, The Monkees Greatest Hits, was issued, and their old hits still played on radio stations. A second Greatest Hits album appeared later.
The 1980s and later
In 1986, Tork, Jones and Dolenz reunited, as part of an "oldies show" tour. MTV aired nearly every episode of their old series one Sunday, to promote the tour, and it became a surprise hit. Twenty years after they started, a new generation of young people were interested in the Monkees. The tour went from a small one to a major one, and the Monkees were back. MTV and the Monkees worked well together. Nickelodeon, a sister network to MTV, aired their series, and the band appeared on Nickelodeon and MTV during the late 1980s. Nesmith mostly did not join the reunion, because of his production career, but he did make a few rare appearances with them. The other members also kept their solo careers, between tours.
During the 1990s, the reunited Monkees continued to tour, and appear as guests on television. Nesmith rejoined them for a new album, Justus, a TV special, and he appeared with them onstage in England. He left when they began to tour the United States, though, and did not return. After 2000, they toured less often. Tork left again in 2001, and Jones and Dolenz last worked together in 2002.
Every episode of the TV series is for sale on DVD (as is their movie Head), and all their record releases are for sale on compact disc. Rhino Records bought the rights to all their works, and still oversees Monkees releases.
Dolenz, Tork and Jones toured the UK and USA throughout 2011. Davy Jones died on February 29, 2012 in Stuart, Florida. The Monkees then continued to tour with Nesmith, Dolenz, and Tork.
Peter Tork died on February 21, 2019, at a family home in Connecticut. Peter succumbed to a 10-year bout with adenoid cystic carcinoma, a rare cancer of the salivary glands.
Michael Nesmith died from heart failure at his home in Carmel Valley, California on December 10, 2021, at the age of 78.
Discography
The Monkees (1966)
More of The Monkees (1967)
Headquarters (1967)
Pisces, Aquarius, Capricorn & Jones Ltd. (1967)
The Birds, The Bees & the Monkees (1968)
Head (1968)
Instant Replay (1969)
The Monkees Present (1969)
Changes (1970)
Pool It! (1987)
Justus (1996)
Good Times! (2016)
Christmas Party (2018)
Related pages
The Monkees Tale, Eric Lefcowitz, Last Gasp Press, San Francisco, California
Monkeemania, Glenn A. Baker, Plexus Publishing, Medford, New Jersey
I'm A Believer, Micky Dolenz with Mark Bego, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, Maryland
References
1960s American music groups
1970s American music groups
1980s American music groups
1990s American music groups
2000s American music groups
2010s American music groups
American pop rock bands
Musical groups established in 1966
Musical groups from Los Angeles
1966 establishments in California |
10202 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Dhabi | Abu Dhabi | Abu Dhabi (, ʼAbū Ẓaby) is the capital city of the United Arab Emirates. It is in the emirate of Abu Dhabi. Abu Dhabi is one of the seven emirates which form the United Arab Emirates. The city is on a T-shaped island going into the Persian Gulf from the central western coast. The city is 972 km2 in size. The city had a population of 1.45 million people in 2021. Abu Dhabi is also the capital of UAE and is the largest emirate in UAE.
History
People started to live in the area and call it Abu Dhabi about 300 years ago. In the 1970s, the Bani Yas tribe made Abu Dhabi their capital city. Shakhbut bin-Dhiyab Al Nahyan became the leader of the city in 1818. People found oil in 1958 in Abu Dhabi. They started to sell the oil in the 1960s. In 1971 December the 2nd, Abu Dhabi joined the United Arab Emirates and became the capital city.
Weather
Abu Dhabi is in a desert and has a desert climate. There is not a lot of rain but it does rain a little in the winter months. The average rainfall per year is 51 cm. It can also be very hot. In the daytime, the average summer temperature is 42 °C. The average daytime temperature in the winter is more comfortable at 23 °C.
Tourism
Abu Dhabi has many tourist attractions such as the Sheikh Zayed Mosque , Abu Dhabi Louvre Museum, Mangrove Kayaking Tours , Ferrari World ,the Emirates Palace, Qasr Al-Hosn, bout towers, Abu Dhabi According to the Department of Culture and Tourism. The usual amount of people that come in Abu Dhabi is 10 million per year. Abu Dhabi also has Jabal Hafeet, which is the tallest mountain in the UAE.
References
Cities in the United Arab Emirates
Capital cities in Asia
Abu Dhabi (emirate) |
10258 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927 | 1927 |
Events
The Hardy Boys mystery series for children is launched.
January 1 – Cristero War erupts in Mexico when pro-Church rebels attack secular-minded government
January 7 – First transatlantic telephone call – New York City to London
January 9 – Military rebellion crushed in Lisbon
January 14 – Paul Doumer elected president of France
January 19 – Britain sends troops to China
January 30 – Right-wing veterans and the Republican Schutzbund clash in Schattendorf, Burgenland, Austria. One man and a child are killed by gunshots. See July 15.
February 12 – First British troops land in Shanghai
February 14 – Earthquake in Yugoslavia – 700 dead
February 19 – General strike in Shanghai in protest of the presence of the British troops
February 23 – The Federal Radio Commission (later renamed the Federal Communications Commission) begins to regulate the use of radio frequencies.
March 4 – A diamond rush in South Africa includes trained athletes that have been hired by major companies to stake claims
March 6 – In Britain, a 1000 people a week die from influenza epidemic
March 10 – Albania mobilizes in case of an attack of Yugoslavia
March 11 – In New York City, the Roxy Theatre is opened by Samuel Roxy Rothafel.
March 11 – First armoured car robbery, committed by the Flatheads gang.
Nobel prizes
Julius Wagner-Jauregg, Austrian doctor, won the 1927 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, (b. 1857) (d. 1940)
Births
March 17 - Patrick Allen, English actor (d. 2006)
April 10 – Marshall Warren Nirenberg, American biochemist, won the 1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, (d. 2010)
April 16 – Pope Benedict XVI
August 18 – Rosalynn Carter, First Lady of the United States
September 16 – Peter Falk, American actor, (d. 2011)
October 18 - George C. Scott, American actor, (d. 1999)
November 7 – Hiroshi Yamauchi, Japanese businessman, 3rd president of Nintendo
December 3 – Andy Williams, American singer (died 2012).
December 10 - Harvey Glatman, American serial killer (d. 1959)
December 25 – Ram Narayan, Indian musician
nv:1901 – 1950 |
10261 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944 | 1944 |
Events
January 4 – The Battle of Monte Cassino begins.
January 5 – Murder of Danish playwright Kaj Munk
January 17 – British forces, in Italy, cross the Garigliano River.
January 17 – Meat Rationing ends in Australia
January 20 – The Royal Air Force drops 2,300 tons of bombs on Berlin; the U.S. Army 36th Infantry Division, in Italy, attempts to cross the Rapido River.
January 22 – Allies begin Operation Shingle, the assault on Anzio, Italy. The U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division stand their ground at Anzio against violent assaults for 4 months.
January 27 – The two year Siege of Leningrad is lifted.
January 29 – The Battle of Cisterna takes place.
January 30 – United States troops invade Majuro, Marshall Islands.
January 31 – American forces land on Kwajalein Atoll and other islands in the Japanese-held Marshall Islands.
Births
January 9 - Jimmy Page, English guitarist (Led Zeppelin)
February 23 – Johnny Winter
March 1 - Roger Daltrey, English singer (The Who)
March 28 – Ken Howard (d. 2016)
April 7 – Gerhard Schröder
April 9 – Leila Khaled
May 8 – Gary Glitter
May 14 – George Lucas
May 19 – Peter Mayhew (d. 2019)
June 4 - Michelle Phillips, American singer and musician (The Mamas & the Papas)
July 13 – Ernő Rubik
July 19 - Tim McIntire (d. 1986)
August 21 - Peter Weir, Australian director
September 10 – Judit Pogány, Hungarian actress
September 18 - Veronica Carlson, British actor (d. 2022)
October 9 - John Entwistle, English bass guitarist (The Who) (d. 2002)
October 24 – Ray Downs
November 2 - Michael Buffer, American ring announcer
November 2 - Keith Emerson, English keyboardist (Emerson, Lake & Palmer) (d. 2016)
November 10 - Sir Tim Rice, English lyricist
November 25 – Ben Stein
Deaths
7 January 1944 – Lou Henry Hoover, First Lady of the United States
21 July 1944 – Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg, German army officer
14 October 1944 – Erwin Rommel, German army officer
26 October 1944 Princess Beatrice of the United Kingdom Princess Henry of Battenberg youngest daughter and youngest child of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha
New books
An American Dilemma – Gunnar Myrdal
Au rendez-vous allemand – (To the German Rendezvous) – Paul Éluard
A Bell for Adano – John Hersey
Beyond the Palisade (poetry) – James K. Baxter
The Book of Imaginary Beings – Jorge Luis Borges
Book of Naturalists – Charles William Beebe
The Case of Mrs. Wingate – Oscar Micheaux
Dangling Man – Saul Bellow
The Dawn Appears – Annie Greene Nelson
Friday's Child – Georgette Heyer
The Golden Fleece – Robert von Ranke Graves
The Horse's Mouth – Joyce Cary
Johnny Tremain – Esther Forbes
The Lost Weekend – Charles R. Jackson
Our Lady of the Flowers – Jean Genet
The Razor's Edge – W. Somerset Maugham
The Tall Book of Nursery Tales – Feodor Rojankovsky
Terras do Sem Fim (The Violent Land) – Jorge Amado
Thou That Dwellest in the Gardens – Hayyim Hazaz
Two Frontiers (poetry) – Edwin James Bradley
Nobel prizes
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Joseph Erlanger, American doctor, (1874-1965), and Herbert Gasser, American doctor (1888-1963) |
10262 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Rolling%20Stones | The Rolling Stones | The Rolling Stones are an English rock band that formed in London in 1962. The band members were: Mick Jagger (rhythm guitar and vocals), Keith Richards (lead and rhythm guitar and vocals), Brian Jones (lead guitar), Bill Wyman (bass guitar), and Charlie Watts (drums). The band were influenced by American blues and rock musicians like Howlin' Wolf, Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley and Muddy Waters. In the beginning they had their first hits with covers versions of songs of those artists. Along with the Beatles and the Kinks, they helped to lead the British Invasion of the early to mid 1960s.
Their fame rose quickly in 1965 with the song "The Last Time." The song "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" became a world-wide hit for the band. It was followed up by songs like "19th Nervous Breakdown" and "Paint It Black". In the 1967 they experimented with a psychedelic music style. But in 1968 they went back to a harder rock style with songs like "Sympathy for the Devil" and "Jumpin' Jack Flash" and "Honky Tonk Women."
In 1969, Brian Jones was fired from the band due to his growing drug addictions. A few weeks later Jones was found dead in his swimming pool. A highly respected young blues guitarist named Mick Taylor was named as his replacement. Taylor played on some of the band's most successful songs of the late 1960s and early 1970s including the hits "Brown Sugar", "Tumbling Dice", and "It's Only Rock n' Roll." Taylor left the band in 1974. Ronnie Wood was hired as Taylor's replacement and he has been with the band ever since. Long time bassist Bill Wyman retired from the band in 1992.
The band remained active as a consistently successful recording and touring act throughout the 1980s and 1990s and into the 2000s. In total they have released 30 studio albums, 33 live albums 121 singles, 29 compilation albums, 32 box sets, 48 video albums and 77 music videos.
In 1989 The Rolling Stones were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. And in 2004 they were ranked number 4 in Rolling Stone Magazines list of the "100 Greatest Artists of All Time."
In 2013 the group performed on the main stage at the Glastonbury Festival for the first time.
Notable LP-albums
England's Newest Hit Makers (1964)
12 X 5 (1964)
The Rolling Stones, Now! (1965)
Out of Our Heads (1965)
December's Children (And Everybody's) (1965)
Aftermath (1966)
Between the Buttons (1967)
Their Satanic Majesties Request (1967)
Beggars Banquet (1968)
Let It Bleed (1969)
Sticky Fingers (1971)
Exile on Main St. (1972)
Goats Head Soup (1973)
It's Only Rock 'n Roll (1974)
Black and Blue (1976)
Some Girls (1978)
Emotional Rescue (1980)
Tattoo You (1981)
Undercover (1983)
Dirty Work (1986)
Steel Wheels (1989)
Voodoo Lounge (1994)
Bridges to Babylon (1997)
A Bigger Bang (2005)
Blue and Lonesome (2016)
References
Other websites
Hear the Rolling Stones on the Pop Chronicles
1960s British music groups
1962 establishments in England
1970s British music groups
1980s British music groups
1990s British music groups
2000s British music groups
2010s British music groups
English rock bands
Musical groups established in 1962
Musical groups from London |
10264 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black%20Sabbath | Black Sabbath | Black Sabbath were an English heavy metal band. They are considered to be the inventors of heavy metal which they helped start the genre in the late 1960s and early 1970s. They have sold over one hundred million albums worldwide. The original line up was Ozzy Osbourne (vocals), Tony Iommi (guitar), Terence "Geezer" Butler (bass) and Bill Ward (drums).
History
Black Sabbath formed in 1968. The band was originally named Earth and they played blues-rock music. In the band's early days Tony Iommi had a work accident that cut off the tips of his middle and ring finger on his right hand. He began tuning his guitar lower to slacken his strings to make playing easier on his wounded fingers. The result was a darker, deeper tone to his guitar sound which the band felt made their music sound dark and scary. The music also featured unusual key changes and time signatures (metre). They released their first album Black Sabbath in 1970. Their most successful single, titled "Paranoid", produced by Rodger Bain, came off their second album of the same name, also released in 1970.
The third album in 1971 was called 'Master of Reality' and sounded even more doomy than the previous two albums. After that album, the band members became addicted to cocaine, and wrote a song called 'Snowblind' to celebrate this. Their fourth album in 1972 was meant to be named after the song, but their label did not want to release an album named after an illegal drug, so they gave it the name 'Black Sabbath Vol. 4' instead. Their fifth album 'Sabbath Bloody Sabbath' came out in 1973 and was the first of their albums to get good reviews from critics, although their opinion of the first four albums also changed to become much more positive over time.
In 1975, Sabbath released 'Sabotage', which featured some longer more progressive songs, and had a less doomy feel. This change in direction continued with 1976's 'Technical Ecstasy' which received mixed reviews. Ozzy lost some interest in the band and left for a short time, but decided to rejoin in time for an eighth album, 'Never Say Die!' which received bad reviews.
Ozzy Osbourne was fired from the band in 1979 because of his drug and alcohol addiction. American vocalist Ronnie James Dio was hired to replace him. The band recorded two studio albums and one live album with him. The first studio album of the two, 'Heaven And Hell' was considered a return to success and musical form, with 'Mob Rules', recorded with drummer Vinny Appice after Bill Ward left, also getting a good reaction. Dio and Vinny parted with Black Sabbath in 1982 over different musical ideas. Bill rejoined and the band hired Deep Purple singer Ian Gillan for the critically unsuccessful 'Born Again'.
Over the next few years after Bill left again along with Geezer, Iommi would hire several different singers to front the band, such as Glenn Hughes and Tony Martin, along with a variety of bassists (Dave Spitz, Neil Murray etc.) and drummers (Eric Singer, Cozy Powell etc.). Many of the albums released during this time were not meant to be released as Black Sabbath, with Tony Iommi wanting them to be his solo albums.
In 1991 Ronnie James James Dio and Vinny Appice rejoined the band again for one album and tour. After that, Tony Iommi once again hired Tony Martin alongside other different musicians. In 1997 the original line up reformed and continued to perform occasionally until 2006, when the band members were busy focusing on individual projects.
In 2005, Black Sabbath were inducted into the "UK Music Hall of Fame". In 2006 the band were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
In 2011, the original line up announced they were getting back together to tour and record a new album. However, Tony Iommi was diagnosed with cancer, forcing the band to cancel most tour dates, and Bill Ward left after being unsatisfied with the contract. Tony Iommi has since been recovering, and Sabbath hired drummer Tommy Clufetos to tour with them. However, Brad Wilk is drumming on the new album, which is called '13' and was released in June 2013. The band later retired in 2017.
Discography
Studio albums
Black Sabbath (1970)
Paranoid (1970)
Master of Reality (1971)
Vol. 4 (1972)
Sabbath Bloody Sabbath (1973)
Sabotage (1975)
Technical Ecstasy (1976)
Never Say Die! (1978)
Heaven and Hell (1980)
Mob Rules (1981)
Born Again (1983)
Seventh Star (1986)
The Eternal Idol (1987)
Headless Cross (1989)
Tyr (1990)
Dehumanizer (1992)
Cross Purposes (1994)
Forbidden (1995)
13 (2013)
The End (2016)
References
English heavy metal bands
Doom metal bands
Musical groups from Birmingham, West Midlands
English rock bands
1968 establishments in the United Kingdom
2017 disestablishments in Europe
1960s music groups
1970s music groups
1980s music groups
1990s music groups
2000s music groups
2010s music groups |
10265 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watt | Watt | The watt (symbol: W) is the SI unit of power. It is named in honour of the physicist James Watt (1736–1819).
Definition
The watt is a method of measuring the rate of energy transfer of an appliance. A one watt lightbulb, for example, will change one joule of electrical energy into light energy (and some heat/sound) every second, thus "consuming" it. It is a measure of an appliance's power (appetite for joules).
The watt is the rate a source of energy uses or produces one joule during one second, so the same quantity may be referred to as a joule per second, with the symbol J/s. It can also be written as kg·m2·s−3. The more watts, the more energy used per second. That is why a higher-watt electrical appliance works faster than a lower-watt appliance.
It is equivalent to one volt ampere (1 V·A) or 1/746 of a horsepower. The power of a light bulb is measured in watts. LEDs have much smaller consumption of power. Example small led can be used by what can be also written 15 milliwatts.
Watt is a unit of power, joule is a unit of work and energy, and time is a unit of time. An equation for solving Power, Work and Time is Power = Work ÷ Time, Work = Power × Time, or Time = Work ÷ Power.
Kilowatt
1000 watts is called a kilowatt, written as kW. It is also known as (103) watts. In many countries, electric bills are based on how many kilowatt-hours are being used.
Megawatt
1000000 watts is called a megawatt, written as MW. It is also known as (106) watts. This is used to describe how much electricity is needed by a large town.
Gigawatt
1000000000 watts is called a gigawatt, written as GW. It is also known as (109) watts. his is used to describe how much electricity is needed for a power grid.
Example
If 1000kJ of energy was used to power one lightbulb of 100W, how long will the lightbulb last for using that energy?
Because Time is unknown, but you know the other two, the correct equation would be "Time = Work ÷ Power", then 1,000,000J ÷ 100W = 10000 seconds. Then convert it into proper time and you'll get 2 hours, 46 minutes and 40 seconds.
Units of power |
10266 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koblenz | Koblenz | Koblenz is a city in northern Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany with about 107,000 inhabitants. It is the third biggest city in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate and one of its main centres. Koblenz is the base of the Campus Koblenz of the University of Koblenz-Landau and the seat of the Mayen-Koblenz municipality.
Geography
Koblenz is situated at the meeting of the Rhine and Moselle rivers, between Bonn ( downstream the Rhine) and Mainz ( upstream the Rhine). Parts of Koblenz belong to a UNESCO World Heritage site.
References
Other websites |
10268 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta | Delta | Delta (uppercase/lowercase Δ δ), is a letter of the Greek alphabet, used to represent the "d" sound in Ancient and Modern Greek. In the system of Greek numerals, it has a value of 4. Letters that came from it include the Roman D and Cyrillic Д.
In mathematics, the upper-case letter Δ can be used as symbol to represent "change" in a variable (e.g., ). It can also be used to represent discriminant—a key algebraic expression used to determine the number of roots a polynomial has. The lower-case letter , on the other hand, is often used to denote small quantities in proofs involving limit, a key concept on calculus is based on.
In molecular chemistry, the lower case Greek letter δ is used to represent a partial charge. This is always less than the unit charge associated with an ion, but has no real fixed value.
A river delta is so named because its shape approximates the upper-case letter delta.
Related pages
Greek alphabet
Epsilon
References |
10270 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe | Elbe | The Elbe River ( , , , ) is one of the major waterways of central Europe. It comes from the North West Czech Republic. It flows through much of Germany. At Cuxhaven, it flows into the Wadden Sea, which is part of the North Sea. Important big cities on the boards of the river are Hradec Králové, Pardubice and Ústí nad Labem in the Czech Republic, and Dresden, Magdeburg and Hamburg in Germany.
Each of mentioned cities in the Czech Republic has almost 100,000 inhabitants. There are about 500,000 people living in Dresden, and 250,000 in Magdeburg. With 1.8 million people in the city proper, Hamburg is the second largest city in Germany, and the sixth largest city in the European Union. Hamburg is still away from the estuary.
The port in Hamburg is the second most important seaport in the EU, after Rotterdam, and the third most important for container ships in the EU (after Rotterdam and Antwerp). Ships can travel up to Pardubice.
The Elbe is an important river, and is classified as a stream. Up to Cuxhaven, it is long, are in the Czech Republic. Officially, its length is , which is a point in the open sea.
Gallery
Hamburg
Geography of Brandenburg
Geography of Lower Saxony
Geography of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern
Geography of Saxony
Geography of Saxony-Anhalt
Geography of Schleswig-Holstein
Rivers of the Czech Republic
Rivers of Germany |
10271 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danube | Danube | The Danube (Latin name Hister) is the second-longest river in Europe (the Volga is the longest). It is the longest river of the European Union.
The river is 2,860 km (1,777 mi) long. Brigach and Breg join together in Donaueschingen (near the Black Forest) to "make" the Danube. The Danube flows through or makes part of the border of 10 countries: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria, Moldova and Ukraine. The river ends in the Black Sea through the Danube Delta.
Bigger cities include Ulm, Regensburg in Germany; Linz, Vienna in Austria; Bratislava in Slovakia, Budapest in Hungary; Vukovar in Croatia; Novi Sad and Belgrade in Serbia.
The Danube is named in many other languages: Esperanto: Danubo, Bulgarian: Дунав (Dunav), German and Plattdüütsch: Donau, Bavarian: Doana, Greek: Dounavis, Ancient Greek: Ister, Hungarian: Duna, Turkish: Tuna, Latin: Danuvius or Danubius, Romanian: Dunăre, Croatian: Dunav, Serbian: Дунав, Slovak: Dunaj, Ukrainian: Dunay.
The Danube is an important waterway. Ocean ships can go up to Brăila in Romania. River boats can go Kehlheim in Bavaria. Smaller ships can go up to Ulm.
There are three artificial waterways built on the Danube:
the Danube-Tisa-Danube Canal (DTD) in the Banat and Bačka regions (Vojvodina, in the northern province of Serbia)
the 64 km Danube-Black Sea Canal, between Cernavodă and Constanţa (Romania) finished in 1984, shortens the distance to the Black Sea by 400 km
the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal (about 171 km), finished in 1992, linking the North Sea to the Black Sea.
Images
Other websites
Danube in easy French
Geography of Baden-Württemberg
Geography of Bavaria
Geography of Bulgaria
Geography of Croatia
Rivers of Austria
Rivers of Germany
Rivers of Hungary
Rivers of Moldova
Rivers of Romania
Rivers of Serbia
Rivers of Slovakia
Rivers of Ukraine
Lower Austria
Upper Austria
Vienna |
10272 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main | Main | The Main (pronounced in German like the English word mine) is a river in Germany, 524 km in length, and one of the bigger tributaries of the Rhine river. Its average discharge at Frankfurt East Harbour is 190 cubic metres/second. It flows through the Bundesländer (states) of Bavaria, Hesse and 25 Kilometers along the border of Bavaria with Baden-Württemberg. The biggest city on the Main is Frankfurt, others are Bayreuth, Bamberg, Würzburg, Hanau and Offenbach. The mid Main valley is characterised by many vineyards. It is part of the region of Franken. Boats on the Main can use the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal to go to Eastern Europe.
The name of the river has nothing to do with the English word main, which means most important, or the French word main, which means hand. The river was named Mogin by the ancient celts after their god Mogon. Later, the Romans called the river Moenus in their language. In the Middle Ages, this name became Meyn and later Main.
Geography of Baden-Württemberg
Geography of Bavaria
Geography of Hesse
Rivers of Germany |
10274 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weser | Weser | The Weser is a river of north-western Germany. Formed at Hannoversch Münden by the confluence of the Fulda and Werra rivers, it flows through Bremen to the North Sea, and has a length of 440 km. Together with the Werra, its length is 730 km.
Bremen (state)
Geography of Hesse
Geography of Lower Saxony
Geography of North Rhine-Westphalia
Geography of Thuringia
Rivers of Germany |
10277 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide | Suicide | Suicide is when a person chooses to kill themselves. When someone kills themselves, people say that they have "committed suicide" "completed suicide" or "died by suicide”. When a person seriously considers killing themselves, the person is described as suicidal.
Suicide is one of the top three causes of death for young people aged 14–35 years-old. It is the second most common cause of death for college students. Every 3 seconds, a person somewhere in the world tries to kill themselves. Every 40 seconds, someone dies by suicide. For every suicide, at least six other people are seriously affected.(WHO 2000)
When people start having thoughts about killing themselves, it may be a medical emergency. They should get a suicide risk assessment as soon as possible. They should not be left alone.
There are many reasons why a person might think about suicide. Most people who are suicidal have some type of mental disorder. They may have a chronic condition, which means it has been going on for a long time. But it may be an acute condition , which means the first symptoms of mental illness happened rather quickly.
Depression is a mental illness during which may a person to have suicidal thoughts. Depression may also be a symptom of other mental or medical disorders. Another mental condition which may lead to self-harm or suicide is schizophrenia. The stress of life, and its events, like losing a job or getting sick are less likely to cause suicide. Other causes of suicidal thoughts are extreme cases of bullying and inceldom.
Although depression is the main factor in suicide, it is also treatable and suicide is often preventable.
Risk factors
There are many risk factors for suicide. However, it is important to remember that risk factors are not the same as causes. Risk factors do not cause suicide or suicidal thoughts. They only make it more likely that some people with those risk factors may become suicidal. If a person has a risk factor, that does not mean they are going to become suicidal.
Mental disorders
Mental illness is present at the time of suicide 27% to more than 90% of the time. Of those who have been hospitalized for suicidal behavior, the lifetime risk of completed suicide is 8.6%. Comparatively, non-suicidal people hospitalized for affective disorders have a 4% lifetime risk of suicide. Half of all people who die by suicide may have major depressive disorder; having this or one of the other mood disorders such as bipolar disorder increases the risk of suicide 20-fold. Other conditions implicated include schizophrenia (14%), personality disorders (8%), obsessive compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Those with autism spectrum disorders also attempt and consider suicide more frequently.
Among people who have a mental disorder, 25% also have alcohol abuse issues. People who abuse alcohol have a 50% greater risk of suicide compared to those who do not.
While acts of self-harm are not considered suicide attempts, a person who self-harms may be more likely to die by suicide.
Emotions
Hopelessness: Feeling like there is no chance that things will get better. Hopelessness is very common in people who die by suicide.
Perceived burdensomeness: When a person feels like they are a burden to others (like they just cause problems for other people). Suicidal people often feel hopeless at the same time.
Loneliness: Feeling alone. Sometimes people actually are alone; sometimes they just feel lonely. People are more likely to feel suicidal if:
They do not have people to support them, such as family and friends
They feel like they do not belong or fit in with other people
They live alone
Substance abuse
Substance abuse is the second most common reason for suicide and feeling suicidal. Only two serious mental illnesses - depression and bipolar disorder - cause more harm. A person is at greater risk for suicide whether they have been using drugs for a long time or just a short time. When a drug abuser is also sufffering from great sadness or grief, suicide is even more common.
Problem gambling
Problem gamblers have more suicidal ideation and make more suicide attempts compared to the general population. (Problem gambling is gambling that causes major problems in a person's life.)
If a person becomes a problem gambler earlier in life, they have a higher risk of suicide for the rest of their life. Gambling-related suicide attempts are usually made by older people with gambling problems. Substance use and mental disorders increase the risk of suicide even more in people with problem gambling.
Medical conditions
There is a link between suicidality and medical conditions, including chronic pain, mild brain injury, (MBI) or traumatic brain injury (TBI). People with these conditions had a higher rate of suicide that was not caused by depression or alcohol abuse. People with more than one medical condition had an even higher risk of suicide.
Problems with sleeping, such as insomnia and sleep apnea, may be risk factors for depression and suicide. In some people, the sleep problem itself, not depression, may be what increases their risk for depression.
People being treated for mood disorders should be checked by a doctor. This should include a physical examination and blood tests. This can make sure the person's mood disorder is not caused by a medical problem. Many medical conditions can cause problems with mood and thinking. Seeing a doctor will also help make sure that it is safe to prescribe medications for the person's mood disorder.
Biology
Some mental disorders that are risk factors for suicide may be partly caused by problems in the brain and body.
Serotonin is an important brain neurotransmitter (a chemical messenger). Some studies have found that people who tried to kill themselves had low levels of serotonin in their brains. People who died by suicide had the lowest levels. Low serotonin levels are a risk factor for suicide, even if a person has never had depression.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF): This is a protein that helps nerves grow. Problems with how BDNF works may help cause several mood disorders linked with suicidal behavior, including major depressive disorder. Studies of suicide victims have shown very low levels of BDNF in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, even in people who had no mental illness.
Even if they have the same risk factors, some people are at a higher risk for suicide than others. This is partly because of genetic inheritance. Genetics causes about 30–50% of the difference in suicide risk among different people. For example, a person whose parent died by suicide is much more likely to try to kill themselves. Epigenetics may also affect suicide risk.
Media coverage
How the media shows news stories of suicide may have a negative effect and trigger the possibility of copycat suicides (this is called the Werther effect). This risk is greater in teenagers and young adults.
The opposite of the Werther effect is the Papageno effect. This means that the media can help make suicide less likely if they cover good ways of dealing with stress and difficult things in life.
Others
A person is also more likely to die by suicide if:
They have an item they can use to kill themselves
Someone in their family has died by suicide
They have had a head injury
They do not have a job
They are poor or homeless
They have to deal with discrimination
They were physically or sexually abused as a child
They spent time in foster care
They are under stress from something, for example a school assignment or work.
They are afflicted with Gender dysphoria
They are being actively harassed, bullied or emotionally abused.
Protective factors
Protective factors make it less likely that a person will die by suicide. They help protect a person from the risk of suicide. They can also help protect a suicidal person from the effects of suicidal thinking.
Protective factors can be internal, such as a person's personal strengths and beliefs. For example:
Having skills like good ways of dealing with stress and solving problems
Having religious or cultural beliefs that say life is important
Having reasons for living
Protective factors can also be external, such as a person's relationships and life situation. These factors can include:
Having strong connections with family and friends, who are supportive
Not being able to get items which are very deadly if used for a suicide attempt (like a gun)
Having someone who helps the person get the treatment and help they need
Being able to easily get good care and treatment for mental, physical, and substance abuse disorders
Protective factors are as important to identify as risk factors. Just as risk factors can be reduced, protective factors can be increased.
Prevention
Suicide prevention tries to decrease the number of suicides by using protective measures. Some prevention strategies make it harder for people to get the most common things used to commit suicide. This includes taking away guns, poisons, and drugs.
Studies have shown that good treatment of depression, alcohol abuse, and drug abuse can decrease the number of suicides. So does follow-up contact with those who have made a suicide attempt.
In many countries, people who are at high risk of hurting themselves can check themselves into a hospital emergency department. In some countries or states, a doctor, judge, or police officer can force a person to go to the hospital if they seem suicidal, even if the person does not want to go. The person will be watched closely at the hospital to make sure they do not hurt themselves. A doctor or mental health professional will decide whether the person needs to go to a psychiatric hospital.
"SOS Signs of Suicide" is a suicide prevention program used in secondary schools for students between 13 and 17 years old. The program educations students about suicide, and tests them for suicide risk. Students who have done this program make less suicide attempts than students who have not done the program.
Suicide hotlines and crisis intervention centers help students who are at high risk. They help people who have suicidal thoughts.
A suicide risk assessment looks at how likely a person is to attempt suicide. A good assessment can help prevent a suicide. It is also the first step in coming up with a treatment plan. Even though suicide risk assessments are very important, they are usually not done. Many mental health care workers have little or no training in how to do a suicide risk assessment.
Epidemiology
Worldwide suicide rates have increased by 60% in the past 45 years, mainly in the developing countries. As of 2006:
Suicide was the tenth leading cause of death in the world
About a million people died of suicide every year (this means that 16 out of every 100,000 people in the world died from suicide every year)
A person completed suicide every 40 seconds
According to 2007 information, suicides happen twice as often as homicides in the United States. Suicide is the 11th leading cause of death in the country, ahead of liver disease and Parkinson's disease.
Suicide rates vary a great deal across the world. Lithuania has the highest suicide rate.
30% of deaths by suicide are by people who are intoxicated.(Source: SAMSHA)
In the United States, suicide has been increasing for African American teens. Native Americans and whites have the highest rate of suicide in the United States.More blacks than whites have committed suicide during the COVID-19 pandemic. White men are most likely to commit suicide. White males account for nearly 70% of suicide deaths. Middle-aged white men have the highest suicide rate.
Methods
The most common ways of death by suicide are not the same in every country. In different areas, they include hanging, pesticide poisoning, and firearms.
A 2008 report compared 56 countries, using information from the World Health Organization. It found that:
Hanging was the most common method in most of the countries. 53% of men who committed suicide, and 39% of women, used hanging.
Worldwide, 30% of people who die by suicide use pesticides. This method was most common in the Pacific area, where over half of people who died by suicide used pesticides. It was least common in Europe, where only 4% used this method.
In the United States 52% of suicides involve the use of firearms.
In the United States, asphyxiation and poisoning are also common. About 40% of suicides in the United States used one of these methods.
Other people in the world die by suicide by:
Blunt force trauma (for example, from jumping off a building)
Cutting themselves and bleeding to death
Drowning themselves
Setting themselves on fire
Electrocuting themselves
Starving themselves
Sometimes, suicidal people do something that will make another person kill them. For example, a suicidal person might point a gun at a police officer, so the police officer will shoot the person in self-defense. This is commonly called "suicide by cop."
Views of suicide
Modern medicine treats suicide as a mental health issue. When a person starts having many thoughts about killing themselves, it is considered a medical emergency.
The Abrahamic religions (like Christianity, Judaism, and Islam) think that life is sacred. They believe that when a person kills themselves, they are murdering what God has made. For this reason, many followers of Abrahamic religions thinks that when a person dies by suicide, they will go to Hell.
The Dharmic and Taoist religions (like Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Taoism, Confucianism, and Shinto) believe that someone who does by suicide will be reincarnated in the next life with a less enlightened soul. However, many people of these religions are more likely to die by suicide because they believe that there will be a next life. They think that by dying by suicide, they may have a better chance in the next life.
Suicide as a weapon
There are several famous examples of suicide attacks in history. The Kamikazes were one example. They were Japanese fighter pilots during World War II, who would try to kill American soldiers by crashing their planes into American ships. By crashing their planes, they would kill themselves as well.
The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the United States were also done by suicide attackers. They flew planes into the World Trade Center buildings and the Pentagon.
Related pages
Euthanasia
Mass suicide
Overdose
Suicidal ideation
Suicide pact
Copycat suicide
Right to die
Seppuku
References
Other websites
Live Through This (stories from people who survived being suicidal)
Landmark Study Finds Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale Predicts Suicide Attempt
Rating Scale Successfully Predicts Suicide Attempts
Help for suicidal people
Learn more about suicide and how to get help for yourself or others
Learn from the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline
Learn from the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention
Help for military veterans
Hotlines
United States:
The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline: (800) 273-TALK (available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week) or through online chat
List of hotlines for LGBT adults and young people (from the It Gets Better Project)
http://lostallhope.com Online help for suicidal people.
Canada:
Find a hotline near you (list from the Canadian Association for Suicide Prevention)
Kids Help Phone : (800) 668-6868 (for kids and teenagers)
Other countries:
To find a hotline in your country, use one of these lists from the International Association for Suicide Prevention or Befrienders Worldwide
Crisis Text Line: Text 741741
Law
Medical emergencies
Social sciences |
10278 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balkans | Balkans | The Balkans is a peninsula in Europe. The region has a combined area of 550,000 km² and an approximate population of 55 million people. The region takes its name from the Balkan Mountains, which run through the centre of Bulgaria into eastern Serbia and then continue to Slovenia as the Dinaric Alps.
Definitions and boundaries
Name
Balkans comes from the Turkish language meaning “chain of wooded mountains” or 'swampy forest'.
Geography
The Balkans are bordered by water on three sides: the Black Sea to the east and branches of the Mediterranean Sea to the south and west (including the Adriatic, Ionian, Aegean and Marmara seas). The Balkan Peninsula is bordered on the north by the Danube, Sava, and Krča rivers.
Member countries
Countries in the Balkan region are:
Albania
Kosovo
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Greece
Montenegro
North Macedonia
Romania (sometimes)
Serbia
Slovenia (sometimes)
Turkey (sometimes)
Related countries
Other countries that are not in the Balkan region but that are close to it and/or play or have played an important role in the region's politics, culture and history:
Austria (see also Austria-Hungary, Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria)
Cyprus (see also Cyprus dispute)
Hungary (see also Austria-Hungary)
Italy (see Trieste and History of the Republic of Venice)
Russia (see History of Serbia)
Population composition by nationality and religion
The region's principal nationalities include:
Albanians (5 million)
Bosniaks (4.5 million)
Bulgarians (6.6 million)
Croats (4.5 million)
Greeks (10.7 million)
Macedonians (1.3 million)
Montenegrins (0.3 million)
Romanians (22 million)
Serbs (8 million)
Slovenes (2 million)
Turks (80 million)
others (Roma, Gorani, Hungarians, Czechs ...)
The most common religions in the Balkans are Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Christianity and Sunni Islam. Many different specific kinds of each faith are practiced, with each of the Eastern Orthodox countries having its own national church with its own patriarch.
Eastern Orthodoxy is the principal religion in the following countries:
Bulgaria (Bulgarian Orthodox Church)
Greece (Greek Orthodox Church)
Montenegro (Serbian Orthodox Church or uncanonical Montenegrin Orthodox Church)
North Macedonia (Serbian Orthodox Church or uncanonical Macedonian Orthodox Church)
Romania (Romanian Orthodox Church)
Serbia (Serbian Orthodox Church)
Roman Catholicism is the principal religion in the following countries:
Croatia
Slovenia
Islam is the principal religion in the following countries:
Albania
Turkey
Bosnia and Herzegovina is a special case - 50% are Muslim Bosniaks, 31% are Serbian Orthodox, and 15% are Catholic Croats (therefore 46% are Christian). The remaining 4% adhere to other denominations of Christianity, other religions, or are irreligious.
For more detailed information and a precise ethnic breakdown see articles about particular states:
Albania (Demographics of Albania)
Croatia (Demographics of Croatia)
Bosnia and Herzegovina (Demographics of Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Bulgaria (Demographics of Bulgaria)
Greece (Demographics of Greece)
Montenegro (Demographics of Montenegro)
North Macedonia (Demographics of North Macedonia)
Turkey (Demographics of Turkey)
References
Banac, Ivo. Historiography of the Countries of Eastern Europe: Yugoslavia, American Historical Review, v 97 #4 (October 1992), 1084-1104.
Banac, Ivo. The National Question in Yugoslavia: Origins, History, Politics Cornell University Press, [1984].
Carter, Francis W., ed. An Historical Geography of the Balkans Academic Press, 1977.
Dvornik, Francis. The Slavs in European History and Civilization Rutgers University Press, 1962.
Fine, John V. A., Jr. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century [1983]; The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, [1987].
John R. Lampe and Marvin R. Jackson; Balkan Economic History, 1550-1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations Indiana University Press, 1982
Jelavich, Barbara. History of the Balkans, 2 vols. Cambridge University Press, [1983].
Jelavich, Charles, and Jelavich, Barbara, eds. The Balkans in Transition: Essays on the Development of Balkan Life and Politics since the Eighteenth Century University of California Press, 1963.
Király, Béla K., ed. East Central European Society in the Era of Revolutions, 1775-1856. 1984
Komlos, John, ed. Economic Development in the Habsburg Monarchy and in the Successor States: Essays 1990.
Mazower, Mark, The Balkans: A Short History, 2000
Traian Stoianovich; Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe 1994.
Other websites
South-East Europe Review
BalkanBaby travel writing, analysis and photos from the Balkans
Balkan History by Steven W. Sowards
SEEurope.net - news coverage on Southeastern Europe
Southeast European Times
The Centre for South East European Studies
Balkans region: Oil and Gas Fact Sheet - United States Department of Energy Analysis Brief
Balkans urged to curb trafficking - BBC
News from Balkans
Regions of Europe
Peninsulas |
10281 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicentennial | Bicentennial | A bicentennial is the two hundredth year of something. In the United States, bicentennial is commonly is used to refer to the year 1976. This is because 1976 is two hundred years after the country was started in 1776. In Australia it commonly means on of two bicentennials. The first, in 1970, was the two hundredth anniversary of James Cook finding Australia. The second, in 1988 was the two hundredth anniversary of the first white settlement on the continent.
Time |
10282 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shropshire | Shropshire | Shropshire, sometimes known as Salop and sometimes shortened to Shrops in print, is a ceremonial county of England. It has no cities and only a few large towns - Shrewsbury, Telford, Ludlow and Oswestry. It is a very rural county with many hills, forests, farms and rivers within its borders.
The county borders Cheshire to the north, Staffordshire to the east, Worcestershire to the south-east, Herefordshire to the south and Powys and Wrexham County Borough, counties of Wales, to the west.
The county's county town is Shrewsbury, the birthplace of evolutionist Charles Darwin, however its largest town is Telford. Telford is known for its tourist attraction, Ironbridge Gorge. Ironbridge Gorge is the world's first iron structure. Shrewsbury is also the location of the Ditherington Flax Mill, also known as the Flaxmill Maltings, the world's the first iron-framed building. It is seen as the world's first skyscraper, described as "the grandfather of skyscrapers".
Places of interest
Places of interest in Shropshire include:
Attingham Park, Atcham
Blists Hill Victorian Town, Madeley
Bridgnorth Castle, Bridgnorth
Ditherington Flax Mill, Shrewsbury
Haughmond Hill, near Shrewsbury
Hawkstone Park, near Hodnet
Ironbridge Gorge, Telford
Long Mynd, Church Stretton
Offa's Dyke Path
Severn Valley Railway, Bridgnorth
Shrewsbury Abbey, Shrewsbury
Shrewsbury Castle, Shrewsbury
Snailbeach, near Shrewsbury
The Stiperstones, Pontesbury
Wroxeter Roman Village, Atcham
Related pages
River Severn
West Midlands
British Isles
Shropshire
Ceremonial counties of England |
10286 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kermit%20the%20Frog | Kermit the Frog | Kermit the Frog is a Muppet created by Jim Henson. Kermit was Henson's trademark fictional character. He was originally performed by Henson himself. After Henson's death, Kermit was played by Steve Whitmire. In 2017, Whitmire stopped working with the Muppets. Matt Vogel replaced him and is the current person who plays Kermit.
Kermit has appeared on many TV shows including Sesame Street, The Muppet Show, Sam and Friends, The Ed Sullivan Show, and Muppet Babies. Kermit has also appeared in several films and has been a guest speaker.
Other websites
Fictional animals
Muppets
Sesame Street characters
de:Die Muppet Show#Kermit der Frosch |
10288 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton | Cotton | Cotton is a natural, soft fiber that grows with the seeds of the cotton plant. (Fiber is long and thin, like hair.) After, the cotton fiber is gathered from the plant, it can be spun into cotton thread. The cotton thread can then be made into cloth. The cloth can be used to make clothes for people and many other things. People often wear cotton clothing, especially in hot weather. Bandages are usually cotton.
There are different types of cotton plants. Some cotton plants grow wild in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. This is how cotton was discovered many years ago. Most of the cotton gathered to make cloth comes from crops grown on cotton plantations. Cotton is farmed in Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia, and the Americas. Cotton soaks up to 24-27 of its own weight in water (very absorbent). All parts of cotton plants are useful.
Cotton is in the mallow family and produces delicate, lovely flowers. Other members of the mallow family include hollyhocks and hibiscus, used to brighten gardens all over the world. The cotton fiber forms around the seeds of the cotton plant. It helps carry the seeds long distances on the wind so the baby plant can grow up far away. Early humans realized that the soft, fluffy fibers might be suitable for textile use and began to breed the plant, selecting for fluffy, easily spun varieties.
Cotton is one of the oldest fibers under human cultivation, with traces of cotton over 7,000 years old recovered from archaeological sites. Cotton is also one of the most used natural fibers in existence today, with consumers everywhere wearing and using cotton for various purposes. Millions of acres globally are devoted to the production of cotton, whether it be new world cotton, with longer, smoother fibers, or the shorter and coarser old world varieties.
After harvesting, cotton must be combed to remove the seeds. This was a laborious process until the industrial revolution and invention of the cotton gin, which quickly separates the seeds from the fiber and combs them for spinning. While a single cotton fiber is not terribly strong, when multiple curling fibers are straightened and twisted together, they form a strong, smooth thread that can be knitted or woven, as well as dyed.
Other websites
Cotton -Citizendium
Basic English 850 words
Fibers
Arabic words and phrases |
10289 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows%201.0 | Windows 1.0 | Windows 1.0 is a graphical personal computer operating environment developed by Microsoft. Microsoft had worked with Apple Computer to develop applications for Apple's January 1984 original Macintosh, the first mass-produced personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI) that enabled users to see user friendly icons on screen. Windows 1.0 was released on November 20, 1985, as the first version of the Microsoft Windows line. It runs as a graphical, 16-bit multi-tasking shell on top of an existing MS-DOS installation. It provides an environment which can run graphical programs designed for Windows, as well as existing MS-DOS software. Its development was spearheaded by the company founder Bill Gates after he saw a demonstration of a similar software suite known as Visi On at COMDEX.
Despite positive responses to its early presentations and support from a number of hardware and software makers, Windows 1.0 was received poorly by critics. Critics felt Windows 1.0 did not meet their expectations. In particular, they felt that Windows 1.0 put too much emphasis on mouse input at a time when mouse use was not yet widespread; not providing enough resources for new users; and for performance issues, especially on systems with lower computer hardware specifications. Despite these criticisms, Windows 1.0 was an important milestone for Microsoft, as it introduced the Microsoft Windows line. Windows 1.0 was declared obsolete and Microsoft stopped providing support and updates for the system on December 31, 2001.
History
Microsoft began developing a graphical user interface (GUI) in 1981. The development of Windows began after Microsoft founder Bill Gates saw a demonstration at COMDEX 1982 of VisiCorp's Visi On, a GUI software suite for IBM PC compatible computers. In 1983 Microsoft learned that Apple's own GUI software—based in part on Xerox PARC technology–was much more sophisticated, and decided that its own product would be different.
Microsoft first presented Windows to the public on November 10, 1983. Requiring two floppy disk drives and 192 KB of RAM, Microsoft described the software as a device driver for MS-DOS 2.0. By supporting cooperative multitasking in tiled windows when using well-behaved applications that only used DOS system calls, and permitting non-well-behaved applications to run in a full screen, Windows differed from both Visi On and Apple Computer's Lisa by immediately offering many applications. Unlike Visi On, Windows developers did not need to use Unix to develop IBM PC applications; Microsoft planned to encourage other companies, including competitors, to develop programs for Windows by not requiring a Microsoft user interface in their applications.
Many manufacturers of MS-DOS computers such as Compaq, Zenith, and DEC promised to provide support, as did software companies such as Ashton-Tate and Lotus. After previewing Windows, BYTE magazine stated in December 1983 that it "seems to offer remarkable openness, reconfigurability, and transportability as well as modest hardware requirements and pricing … Barring a surprise product introduction from another company, Microsoft Windows will be the first large-scale test of the desktop metaphor in the hands of its intended users".
From early in Windows' history Gates viewed it as Microsoft's future. He told InfoWorld magazine in April 1984 that "Our strategies and energies as a company are totally committed to Windows, in the same way that we're committed to operating-system kernels like MS-DOS and Xenix. We're also saying that only applications that take advantage of Windows will be competitive in the long run." IBM was notably absent from Microsoft's announcement, and by late 1984, the press reported a "War of the Windows" between Windows, IBM's TopView, and Digital Research's Graphics Environment Manager (GEM). Microsoft had promised in November 1983 to ship Windows by April 1984, but subsequently denied that it had announced a release date, and predicted that Windows would ship by June 1985. Deemphasizing multitasking, the company stated that Windows' purpose, unlike that of TopView, was to "turn the computer into a graphics-rich environment" while using less memory. After Microsoft persuaded IBM that the latter needed a GUI, in April 1987 the two companies announced the introduction of OS/2 and its graphical OS/2 Presentation Manager, which were supposed to ultimately replace both MS-DOS and Windows. In November 1987, Windows 1.0 was succeeded by Windows 2.0. Microsoft supported Windows 1.0 for 16 years, until December 31, 2001 – the longest out of all versions of Windows.
Windows 1.01
Version 1.01, released on November 20, 1985, was the first public release of Windows 1.0.
Windows 1.02
Version 1.02, released in May 1986, was an international release.
Windows 1.03
Version 1.03, released in August 1986, included enhancements that made it consistent with the international release like drivers for European keyboards and additional screen and printer drivers.
Windows 1.04
Version 1.04, released in April 1987, added support for the new IBM PS/2 computers, although no support for PS/2 mice or new VGA graphics modes was provided.
Related pages
MS-DOS
References
Other websites
Demo of Windows 1.01 running on VirtualBox, on The Non-Technical Technical Support
Demo of Windows 1.04 running on an original IBM XT, on YouTube
Windows 1.01 emulator
Microsoft operating systems |
10290 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hewlett-Packard | Hewlett-Packard | Hewlett Packard (HP) is a computer technology company. It was created in 1939 by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard, in a garage in California. It is based in Palo Alto, California. They are best known for making computers and computer hardware such as inkjet printers, laser printers, all-in-one printers, scanners and digital cameras.
In 2002, HP bought Compaq and re-branded together as one company that is stylized as hp. The letters in the latest logo are lower case.
Other websites
The Museum of HP Calculators
HP History Links
Protect 724 Community
hp drivers
Local HP
1939 establishments in the United States
American computer hardware manufacturers
Companies based in the San Francisco Bay Area
1930s establishments in California |
10291 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eminem | Eminem | Marshall Bruce Mathers III (born October 17, 1972), better known by his stage name Eminem, is an American rapper, songwriter, record producer, and actor. He gained rapid popularity in 1999 with the release of the album The Slim Shady LP, which won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album that year. His next work, The Marshall Mathers LP, became the best-selling solo album in U.S. history. This made him known around the world, and helped publicize his record label, Shady Records, and his group, D12.
The Marshall Mathers LP and his fourth album, The Eminem Show, also won the Grammy Awards. This made him the first artist to win the Best Rap Album of the Year award three times in a row. In 2003, he won an Oscar for Best Original Song with "Lose Yourself." That song was featured in his film called 8 Mile. "Lose Yourself" would become the single that for the longest time occupied the top spot of the hip-hop charts. In 2004, rumors about the end of his career were announced after the release of Encore. Those rumors were ended with the release of Relapse on May 19, 2009. According to Nielsen SoundScan, Eminem was the best selling artist of the 2000s in the United States and was the 30th best selling artist of all time in 2010, according to the ranking of the RIAA, with estimated sales of 220 million records worldwide, making him one of the world's best-selling music artists. In 2010, he released Recovery. Recovery was the best-selling album worldwide of 2010. Recovery became the sixth album in-a-row by Eminem to start in the first position of the United States.
Eminem was voted #79 on VH1's "100 Greatest Artists of All Time" list. On a similar list, he was ranked 82nd by Rolling Stone magazine. Including work with D12, Eminem piles up 9 albums at the top of the Billboard Top 200, 7 solo (6 studio, 1 compilation) and 2 solo with D12. He has 13 singles in the top position worldwide. Such a success made Eminem be recognized by the Billboard as the Artist of the Decade (2000-2009). According to the same Billboard, the rapper had two of the five best-selling albums between 2000 and 2009. Eminem has also sold more than 17 million downloads of his songs in the United States alone. In 2009, Eminem was elected, in popular voting, the best rapper of all time by Vibe magazine, beating Tupac in the finals.
Early life
Marshall Mathers was born on October 17, 1972 in St. Joseph, Missouri. He is the only son of Deborah Nelson Mathers-Briggs and Marshall Bruce Mathers, Jr. His ancestry is diverse, including Scottish, Welsh, English, German, Swiss, Polish, and possibly Luxemburgish ancestors. His father abandoned his family when he was a year and a half old, and Marshall was raised only by his mother in poverty. At age twelve, he and his mother Deborah had moved several times and lived in several towns and cities in Missouri (including Saint Joseph, Savannah, and Kansas City) before settling in Warren, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. Eminem had a very troubled and unstable childhood. He frequently had his house robbed, attempted to commit suicide multiple times, and had a rocky relationship with his mother. He was frequently bullied at school for his short height. When he was 9, he was beaten up until he got unconcious and was hospitalized with a Cerebral hemorrhage.
After getting a copy of the album Licensed to Ill, from the Beastie Boys group as a teenager, Marshall became interested in hip-hop. He began to make raps at the age of 14 under the pseudonym "M&M". Shortly after that, he joined the Bassmint Productions group, which released an EP titled Steppin' onto the Scene. After the release of the EP, Marshall left the group and changed his stage name to "Soul Intent", and released his first single called "Fuckin' Backstabber" in 1995 under the independent record label Mashin' Duck Records. Despite being a student at Lincoln High School in Warren, he would sneak out and often participated in freestyle battles at Osborn High School in eastern Detroit. Even though most of the hip-hop members in his state were African-Americans, Marshall ended up being well accepted by the underground hip-hop public. After repeating the ninth grade three times for truancy and low grades, he dropped out of school at age 17. Although he dropped out of school, he eventually got his GED. In 1991, his uncle, Ronnie Polkingharn, committed suicide. Mathers was very close to him and was devastated by this fact. He has a tattoo remembering him on his left arm that says "Ronnie RIP".
Career
1992–1996: Early career and Infinite
One of Mathers' early mentors as a rapper was the local rapper Champtown, who gave Mathers his first time in a studio. Mathers also starred in his first song in Champtown's "Do-Da-Dipity" from 1992. Mathers and Champtown later had relationship problems and their friendship ended in 1995. Champtown said Eminem falsely accused him of trying to get with his wife at the time, Kim. Before he began rapping, Mathers also had a few minimum wage jobs. Some of these were at a restaurant called Gilbert's Lodge and at Little Caesars.
Mathers was first signed to FBT Productions in 1992, run by brothers Jeff and Mark Bass. In 1996, his debut album Infinite, which was recorded at Bassmint, a recording studio owned by the Bass Brothers, was released on the independent company Web Entertainment. Eminem recalls "Obviously, I was young and influenced by other artists, and I remember several comments saying that I looked like Nas and AZ. Infinite served me to try to figure out what my rap style was, how my voice would sound on the mic and live. It was a growth phase. I felt ' infinite ' as a demo album that ended up being pressed to become studio." Subjects covered in Infinite included his problems in raising his newborn daughter, Hailie Jade Mathers, in a decent way while he had little money. Early in his career, Eminem formed a hip hop duo with another Detroit rapper, Royce da 5'9", called Bad Meets Evil. After the release of Infinite, Eminem's personal problems and abuse of drugs and alcohol were too much and he attempted suicide.
Jimmy Iovine, director of Interscope Records, asked for a demo from Eminem after he finished second in the 1997 Rap Olympics. Eminem had also won Wake Up show's Freestyle Performer of The Year, which helped him to land a recording contract. Iovine played the demo for hip hop producer Dr. Dre, the owner of Aftermath Entertainment. The two began recording songs for Eminem's upcoming album, The Slim Shady LP and Eminem had a cameo appearance on the album Devil Without a Cause by Kid Rock. Hip-Hop magazine The Source had Eminem in its "Unsigned Hype" article in March 1998.
1997–1999: The Slim Shady LP
Eminem signed to Aftermath and Interscope in 1998. He released his first major studio album, The Slim Shady LP, a year later in February 1999. Billboard praised the album as "light years ahead of the material he had written before". It went on to be one of the most popular albums of 1999, and it achieved three times platinum in the United States before the end of the year. The album's popularity also brought controversy around much of the albums lyrics. In '97 Bonnie and Clyde" he describes a trip with his newborn daughter, Hailie, when he discards his wife's body, and in another song called "Guilty Conscience", it ends with persuading a man to kill his wife and his lover. "Guilty Conscience" marked the beginning of the friendship and musical bond between Dr. Dre and Eminem. The two would later collaborate on a lot of hit songs, including "Forgot About Dre" and "What's the Difference" from Dr. Dre's album 2001, "Bitch Please II" from The Marshall Mathers LP, "Say What You Say" from The Eminem Show, "Old Time's Sake" and "Crack a Bottle" from Relapse and "I Need a Doctor" and "Die Hard" from Dr. Dre's Detox. Dr. Dre would appear to have at least one guest appearance on all of Eminem's studio albums for Aftermath Entertainment. The album has now achieved 4x platinum in the US. With this release, Eminem was accused of imitating the style and word choice of underground rapper Cage.
2000–2001: The Marshall Mathers LP
The Marshall Mathers LP was released in May 2000. The album sold more than 1.78 million copies in the US in its first week, breaking both the record for the best-selling hip hop album, last held by Snoop Dogg's Doggystyle, and the best-selling album in its first week in the U.S., last held by Britney Spears' ...Baby One More Time. The first single from the album, "The Real Slim Shady", was a huge success, although it created a lot of controversy by insulting celebrities and making negative claims about them. Among other things, he claims that Christina Aguilera had oral sex with Fred Durst and Carson Daly. On the album's second single, "The Way I Am", he tells his fans about the pressure his record company puts on him to surpass the sale of "My Name Is". Although Eminem parodies rock musician Marilyn Manson in the song, the artists are openly friends. Manson starred in the music video for "The Way I Am" and he was also part of a remix of the song for a concert with Eminem. On the album's third and most successful single, "Stan", he samples Dido's song "Thank You". In the song, Eminem plays the personality of an psychopathic fan who ends up killing himself and his pregnant girlfriend, similar to the song "'97 Bonnie & Clyde" from The Slim Shady LP. In the music video of "Stan", Eminem is shown writing with his left hand. This ended a debate between fans about his dominant hand. Q Magazine awarded Stan to be the third best selling rap song ever, while Top40-Charts.com placed the song to be the tenth best-selling rap song. The song has since been praised and the Rolling Stone Magazine ranked the song as #290 in their 500 Best Songs of All Time. In July 2000, Eminem became the first white person to come to the front page of The Source Magazine. The album has received 10x platinum status from the RIAA.
Eminem appeared alongside Elton John at the 43rd Grammy Awards in Los Angeles in 2001. The Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD), an organization that thought Eminem's lyrics were homophobic, didn't like the openly gay John's decision to perform with Eminem. Entertainment Weekly put the appearance on the matter with the words "It was the hug heard around the world. Eminem, under accusations of homophobic lyrics, shared the stage with a homo icon for a performance of Stan that would have been unforgettable in any context." On February 21, the day of the ceremony, GLAAD held a protest outside the Staples Center, the site where the distribution took place. He also participated in the Up In The Smoke Tour with Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg, Xzibit and Ice Cube. He also participated in the Family Values Tour with the band Limp Bizkit.
2002–2003: The Eminem Show
Eminem's third-major album, The Eminem Show, was released in the summer of 2002 and turned out to be another big hit for the rapper. The album peaked at the Billboard Hot 100, selling well over a million copies in its first week. The album's first single was the song "Without Me", in which Eminem made depressive comments about Limp Bizkit, Moby and Lynne Cheney, among others. Other singles from the album include "Cleanin' Out My Closet" and "Sing for the Moment". The album has been certified eight times platinum by the RIAA. The album speaks on topics such as his way to fame, his relationship with his wife and daughter, and his status in the hip-hop community. He also addresses his charge of assaulting a bouncer who kissed his wife in 2000. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic felt that even though anger was present on several of the album's tracks, the album was not as provocative as The Marshall Mathers LP. However, L. Brent Bozell III, who previously criticized The Marshall Mathers LP for being too tasteless and incoherent, noted that The Eminem Show used extensive obscene language and therefore gave Eminem the nickname Eminef, for the "clean version" of the word motherfucker, a word often used on the album. The album sold 10,600,000 copies, making it one of Eminem's two diamond-certified studio albums.
2004–2005: Encore
On December 8, 2003, The Media Research Center (MRC) said that the United States Secret Service admitted that it was "keeping an eye on Eminem" for his allegations and threats with the President of the United States. The lyrics in question are:
"Fuck money, I don't rap for dead presidents. I'd rather see the president dead. It's never been said, but I set precedents."
The song, "We as Americans" ended up on a bonus CD accompanying the Encore album. Encore was released in 2004 and became another chart-topping leader, driven by the single "Just Lose It", which disrespects pop singer Michael Jackson. On October 12 of the same year, a week after the release of "Just Lose It", Jackson was invited to a radio show in Los Angeles where he expressed his displeasure with the music video because it parodies the trial for child abuse, plastic surgeries, and the incident in which Michael's hair caught fire during the filming of a Pepsi commercial in 1984. Many of Jackson's supporters and friends commented on the video, including Stevie Wonder, who said that the video "is like kicking someone who is already on the ground" and "is idiocy". Steve Harvey also stated, "Eminem has lost his ghetto pass. We want the pass back". He also said he was not pleased with the way he chose to show the black community. The music video also makes fun of Pee-Wee Herman, MC Hammer and Madonna.
In contrast, the comedian "Weird Al" Yankovic made a protest to Eminem in the song "Couch Potato", in which he parodies the international success of "Lose Yourself" of the movie 8 Mile. Yankovic said: "Last year, Eminem forced me to stop the production of the parody video of "Lose Yourself" because he thought it would be detrimental to his image and his career. So the irony of the situation with Michael is not lost to me." Black Entertainment Television was the first channel to ask to stop displaying the video. However, MTV announced that it would continue to display "Just Lose It." President Raymond "Benzino" Scott of the Source magazine, wanted not only the video to be removed, but also the song from the album, and a public apology from Eminem to Jackson, which did not occur. In 2007, Jackson and Sony bought Famous Music LLC from Viacom. The acquisition thus gave them rights to the songs from Shakira, Beck and Eminem among others.
Despite the comic issue of the first single, Encore had along with him serious subject tracks, such as the song "Mosh". On October 25, 2004, a week before the United States presidential election, Eminem released the music video for "Mosh" on the internet. The song highlights a strong anti-Bush message, with parts like "Fuck Bush" and "This weapon of mass destruction that we call the president." The video shows Eminem gathering an army of people, including rapper Lloyd Banks, presented as victims of the Bush administration and were taken to the White House. However, at the moment the weapons break, it is revealed that people are there only to vote, and it ends with the words "Vote Tuesday November 2!" on the screen. After Bush was re-elected, Eminem modified the video, with demonstrators invading while the president was giving a lecture. In 2004 he also launched a satellite music channel, Shade 45, on Sirius XM radio, which was described by his manager as "essentially a destination to get and hear things that other people aren't playing."
2005–2008: Retirement Rumors
In 2005, many musical experts predicted that Eminem was thinking of ending his career after six years and albums with several certifications. This began in 2005, when a double album was about to be released under the name of The Funeral. Subsequently, it was revealed that the album was a compilation of greatest hits, and was sold under the name Curtain Call: The Hits. The album was released by Aftermath Entertainment in December 2005, and sold almost 441,000 copies in the first week in the U.S. It was Eminem's fourth consecutive album to be number one on the Billboard Hot 100. He was certified as platinum twice by the RIAA.
In July 2005, the Detroit Free Press published that this would be the final stage of Eminem's career, and that he would be more interested in becoming a producer or executive of a record label. On the same day of the release of his compilation, Eminem denied that he would be retiring through the radio Mojo in the Morning of Detroit, but stated that he would give a break in his career:
"I'm at a point in my life right now where I feel like I don’t know where my career is going. This is the reason that we called the new CD Curtain Call, because this could be the final thing. We don’t know."
In 2006, Eminem released a new compilation called Eminem Presents: The Re-Up, to help the growth of the newly created Shady Records label. Eminem was the subject of the book 100 People Who Are Screwing Up America by Bernard Goldberg, in which he was ranked in position 58. Goldberg quoted a column of Bob Herbert from The New York Times, who said, "In the world of Eminem, all women are whores and he is eager to rape them and then murder them". Goldberg also cited the song "No One's Iller" from The Slim Shady EP as an example of misogyny. In the summer of 2005, Eminem announced a tour called Anger Management Tour, featuring artists 50 Cent, G-Unit, Lil Jon, D12, Obie Trice and The Alchemist. In August, the European part of the tour was cancelled, as Eminem claimed that he had entered a drug rehab clinic for sleeping pill addiction treatment.
2008–2010: Relapse and Recovery
In September 2007, Eminem spoke with 50 Cent at the Hot 97 radio station in New York City about his rumored retirement, and if he was going to release more content. In response he said, "I'm always working. I'm always in the studio. It feels good right now, the energy of the label. For a while, I didn't want to go back to the studio... I went through some personal things. Now I'm coming out of those personal things and it feels good."
Eminem made his first appearance in a year in September 2008 at his radio station, the Shade 45, where he said: "I'm concentrating on my own stuff right now—just bangin' out tracks. The more I keep producing, the better it seems I get. I start knowing stuff, learning the boards like the back of my hands." In an interview with Billboard in December 2008, he revealed that the album would be released in the spring on 2009, be called Relapse, and most of the tracks would be produced by Dr. Dre.
In a statement on March 5, 2009, Eminem stated that he would release two albums that year. The first single, "We Made You", was released in April. Relapse, the first of the announced Records, was officially released on May 19, but did not achieve the sale success as in the previous four albums. However, Eminem still received positive reviews for his return to hip hop. On November 19, he announced the release of Relapse: Refill on December 21. It was a relaunch of Relapse with the addition of seven bonus tracks, including "Forever" and "Taking My Ball".
On April 14, 2010, Eminem said there was no Relapse 2. Although his followers thought he was not releasing an album, he had changed its title to Recovery. “I had originally planned for Relapse 2 to come out last year, but as I kept recording and working with new producers, the idea of a sequel to Relapse started to make less and less sense to me, and I wanted to make a completely new album. The music on Recovery came out very different from Relapse, and I think it deserves its own title."
Recovery was released on June 18, 2010. It sold 741,000 copies during its first week in the US, topping the Billboard 200 chart. The album also topped the charts in several other countries. Recovery remained atop the Billboard 200 chart for five weeks out of seven total.
Its first single, "Not Afraid", was released on April 29, and its music video was released on June 4. "Not Afraid" was followed by "Love the Way You Lie". Recovery was the best-selling album worldwide in 2010, with over 3.4 million copies sold.
2012–2014: The Marshall Mathers LP 2
On May 24, 2012, Eminem announced that he was working on his eighth studio album, scheduled for release the following year. Some magazines such as XXL and Complex placed this album among the most anticipated of 2013 despite no name or release date being given. During the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards, it was announced that the album would be named The Marshall Mathers LP 2 (following The Marshall Mathers LP) and was going to be released on November 5. The album was released with 16 tracks. On November 3, Eminem was named the first YouTube Music Awards Artist of the Year. Eminem was the first artist to receive two digital diamond certifications for sales and streams of 10 million and above by the RIAA for "Not Afraid" and "Love the Way You Lie". At the 2015 Grammy Awards, he received Best Rap Album award for The Marshall Mathers LP 2 and Best Rap/Sung Collaboration (with Rihanna) for "The Monster".
2017-Present
In February 2017, Eminem appeared on "No Favors", a track from Big Sean's album I Decided. In the song, Eminem calls Donald Trump a "bitch". He also raps about sexual assaulting Ann Coulter, who is a Trump supporter, with a "lamp post", a "bolt cutter", and many other objects.
Since then Eminem has released Revival, Kamikaze and Music to be Murdered By.
Personal life
Eminem has one biological daughter named Hailie Jade Scott Mathers. She was born on Christmas Day 1995 in Detroit, Michigan from ex-wife Kimberly Anne Scott. Eminem married her in 1999 and they separated in 2001. In 2002, he told Rolling Stone, "I would rather have a baby through my penis than get married again." He remarried Kim in January 2006 but divorced just three months later in April. He is the legal guardian of Alaina, the daughter of Kim's twin sister, and Whitney, Kim's daughter from another relationship. He has rapped about his daughters in many of his songs.
In July 2012, he became the first artist to reach 60 million likes on Facebook. Eminem is also an NFL fan, and supports the Detroit Lions and the Dallas Cowboys.
Legal Issues
On June 3, 2000, Eminem was arrested during an altercation at a car-audio store in Royal Oak, Michigan. He pulled out an unloaded gun and pointed it at the ground. The next day, in Warren, Michigan, he was arrested again for assaulting John Guerra and hitting him with a gun when he saw him kissing his wife. He was charged with possession of a concealed weapon and assault.
On June 28, 2001, Eminem was sentenced to one year's probation and community service and was fined about $2,000 on weapon charges that came from an argument with a Psychopathic Records employee.
In December 2003, the U.S. Secret Service reported that it was "looking into" accusations that Eminem threatened U.S. President George W. Bush in "We As Americans" when he said these lyrics: "Fuck money, I don't rap for dead presidents. I'd rather see the president dead, it's never been said but I set precedents."
Health issues
Eminem has spoken publicly about his addiction to prescription drugs, including Vicodin, Ambien, and Valium. In 2001, he said he believed to have been suffering from Tourette's syndrome. He revealed that he was taking up to 60 Valium and 30 Vicodin pills every day, and that doctors told him he was two hours away from dying at one point. In December 2007, Eminem overdosed on methadone. He fell on his bathroom floor while urinating and needed to be hospitalized. Due to this, he couldn't spend Christmas break with his kids. He was sent home a few days later, but was readmitted to the hospital again with a torn meniscus that required surgery. He got surgery in the following days and was released. A few days later, he was readmitted to the hospital again, this time with a seizure. Speaking about his addiction, he said, "In seven months I was able to accomplish more than I could accomplish in three or four years of doing drugs." During his heavy drug use period, he revealed that he gained 80 pounds, and was going to McDonald's and Taco Bell every day. He said, "I remember being somewhere and hearing these kids talking. One of them said, 'That’s Eminem,' and the other said, 'No, it’s not, man – Eminem ain’t fat.' I was like, Motherfucker. That’s when I knew I was getting heavy." He also said that Elton John was the person who helped him the most with his recovery and that Elton John called him once a week to check on him.
Discography
Infinite (1996)
The Slim Shady LP (1999)
The Marshall Mathers LP (2000)
The Eminem Show (2002)
Encore (2004)
Relapse (2009)
Recovery (2010)
The Marshall Mathers LP 2 (2013)
Revival (2017)
Kamikaze (2018)
Music to Be Murdered By (2020)
References
1972 births
Living people
Actors from Detroit, Michigan
Actors from Missouri
American movie actors
American rappers
Rap musicians from Missouri
American record producers
People from St. Joseph, Missouri
Singers from Detroit, Michigan
Singers from Missouri
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters |
10292 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bratwurst | Bratwurst | Bratwurst is a dish of German origin. It is a type of sausage. It is composed of pork or beef, and sometimes veal.
Where the word comes from
Bratwurst is a sausage in German cuisines, from Old High German brätwurst, from brät which is a derivative of the Old High German word "brato". "Brato" originally meant hacked meat, intestines. The other part of the word is wurst which means sausage.
Where the sausage comes from
Though originally Celtic in origin, the German "Bratwurst" comes from Franconia, specifically Weißenburg-Treuchtlingen.
Major Types of German Bratwurst
There are many different kinds of these sausages. All are special in their own way:
Coburger Bratwurst: A Bratwurst originating in the city of Coburg in Bavaria. It is made from a minimum of 15% veal or beef, and its seasonings include only salt, pepper, nutmeg, and lemon zest. It is coarse in texture and measures about 10 inches in length. Traditionally it is grilled over pinecones and served in a bread roll (Brötchen).
Fränkische Bratwurst: A relatively long (4-8 inches), thick, coarse sausage, originating from the Franconia (Franken) region in Bavaria. It dates back to 1573. The Fränkische Bratwurst is traditionally served with sauerkraut or potato salad, but with no mustard.
Kulmbacher Bratwurst: The Kulmbacher Bratwurst, from the city of Kulmbach in Bavaria, is made mainly from finely ground veal. They are long and thin.
Nürnberger Rostbratwurst: A small, thin bratwurst from the city of Nürnberg. It is no longer than 3-4 inches and weighs no more than 1 oz. They are traditionally served is sets of 6 or 12 (depending on your appetite) with horseradish and sauerkraut or potato salad.
Nordhessische Bratwurst: The Nordhessische Bratwurst (from Northern Hessen) is similar to the Thüringer Rostbratwurst in taste. It is made from coarsely ground pork and is heavily seasoned. It measures around 8 inches in length. Traditionally, it is grilled over a wood fire and served on a cut-open roll (Brötchen) with mustard.
Rote Wurst: The Rote Wurst is a favorite Bratwurst of the Swabian region. It is similar to the Bockwurst, and is made from finely ground pork and bacon. Its taste is spicy. To prevent splitting during grilling or pan frying, an X is cut into the ends of the sausage. The ends open during cooking, but the rest of the sausage remains in tact, giving it its traditional shape.
Thüringer Rostbratwurst: The Thüringer Rostbratwurst is a spicy sausage from Thüringen. It is long (6-8 inches) and thin in shape. Traditionally, it is grilled over a wood fire and eaten with mustard and bread.
Würzburger Bratwurst: The Würzburger Bratwurst, also known as the Winzerbratwurst, comes from the city of Würzburg. It's size is similar to the Thüringer Rostbratwurst, but its ingredients include white Franken wine.
A "Bratwurst meal" often is eaten with sauerkraut, mashed potatoes and roasted onions. Sometimes, it is also served with a potato sauce, or a potato salad.
How the sausage is prepared
Today, most kinds of Bratwurst are prepared by roasting them. Depending on the kind of Bratwurst, it may have been cooked beforehand. Sausages that use raw meat, and that are not roasted or cooked before they are eaten are usually not called Bratwurst.
How people eat the sausage
The sausage is usually eaten with a hot or sweet German mustard or sliced and eaten as Currywurst. Sometimes, some hot French mustard is served as well. Bratwurst is almost always served with a hard German roll and usually accompanied by a beer. It is a popular snack in German-speaking countries, where it is sold at various fast food outlets and is often consumed while standing.
Bratwurst in the US
In the United States, bratwurst are usually eaten with bread (a hot dog bun or a hardroll, for example) and topped with mustard and/or many of the other condiments often eaten with hot dogs, including onions (grilled and/or raw), relish, sauerkraut, etc. The bratwurst is occasionally eaten with a pair of brat links nestled in a buttered hardroll with these same toppings, which is called a 'double brat'.
Within the US, bratwurst is strongly identified with Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and other areas in a band stretching from the north side of Chicago up through Minnesota and scattered pockets elsewhere in the Midwest.
They are especially popular in areas of the US where German-Americans settled in large numbers, like Sheboygan, Wisconsin, which is informally known as the Bratwurst Capital of the World because of the city and county's very strong German roots and connections to bratwurst. Johnsonville Foods, the nation's largest bratwurst maker, is based in the nearby unincorporated village of Johnsonville. The city also celebrates Sheboygan Bratwurst Days, a community festival held on the first Thursday-Saturday of August each year that celebrates the bratwurst. Other traditional Wisconsin brat manufacturers include Klement's Sausage Company and Usinger's, both of which are based in Milwaukee.
The city of Madison, Wisconsin, holds an annual festival billed as the World's Largest Brat Fest. The four-day charity event sees tens of thousands of brats sold by "celebrity" cashiers, usually local television, radio, and government personalities. Brat Fest's self-proclaimed world record is 189,432 brats consumed during the 2004 event.
Another town with German-American roots associated with bratwurst is Bucyrus, Ohio, which is known for its unique recipe incorporating fennel. It holds a bratwurst festival annually in mid-August attracting over 100,000 visitors annually.
Bratwurst(s) is/are often simply called brat(s).
References
German food
Sausage |
10294 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1909 | 1909 | 800813 (MCMIX) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. It was the last year of the aughts 1900s.
Events
March 31 – Construction of the RMS Titanic is started
April 6 – Robert Peary arrived in the north pole.
April – The Adana massacre takes place in the Ottoman city of Adana
June 29 – Alfred Deakin becomes Prime Minister of Australia
The first model of the Model T is sold
The pH scale is developed.
Emil Theodor Kocher, Swiss doctor, won the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
Births
January 13 – Danny Barker, American musician (d. 1994)
February 9 – Carmen Miranda, Brazilian singer and actress (d. 1955)
March 20 – Juliana of the Netherlands (d. 2004)
May 27 – Dolores Hope, American singer
June 6 – Isaiah Berlin, Latvian philosopher and educator (d. 1997)
June 10 – Errol Flynn, American actor (d. 1959)
August 10 – Leo Fender, American guitar maker (d. 1991)
August 26 – Sylvère Maes, Belgian cyclist (d. 1966)
September 21 – Kwame Nkrumah, President of Ghana (d. 1972)
Dokaji Abubakar, Nigerian politician
Dauda Adegbenro, Nigerian politician (d. 1975)
Deaths
February 17 – Geronimo, Native American leader (b. 1829)
December 17 – Léopold II of Belgium, King of Belgium (b. 1835)
January 12 – Hermann Minkowski, German mathematician (b. 1864)
Art, music, theatre, literature
June 2 – Michel Fokine's Les Sylphides premieres in Paris. It stars Nijinsky and Anna Pavlova |
10298 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala | Guatemala | Guatemala is a country in Central America.
It is known for its mixed culture, a product of both Mayan and Spanish cultures, from the colonial period. Guatemala is known for its ever-changing weather, a product of the mountain range which crosses the center of the country. Guatemala has many languages, a total of 23. Because of its natural beauty, it is a popular tourist destination.
The capital of Guatemala is Guatemala City. The country suffers from extreme poverty, corruption, drug trafficking, and discrimination.
Guatemala is the world's largest producer and exporter of cardamom. It is considered to be a third world country.
Population
It is the country with the largest population in Central America. Its neighbors are the countries Belize, Mexico, El Salvador and Honduras. More than fourteen million people live in the 22 Guatemalan departments. Most of the population is made up of mestizo (mixed race) people, who are a combination of Native and European people. Mestizo people make up 40% of the population. Native Mayan people make up 49% of the total population, while 9% are direct descendants of Spanish and German people. Black people (including some others), make up 2% of population.
History
Most people believe that Guatemala City was the first choice for the capital city, but the capital was moved several times. This was caused by natural disasters. The first city was destroyed when the volcano Volcan de Agua erupted, forcing the move to what today is called Antigua Guatemala. This city was destroyed by earthquakes. Finally, the capital was moved to what we know as Guatemala City.
Photo
Guatemala Map
Guatemala photos
Related pages
Guatemala at the Olympics
Guatemala national football team
List of rivers of Guatemala
References
Spanish-speaking countries
1821 establishments in North America |
10306 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenochtitlan | Tenochtitlan | Tenochtitlan was the capital city of the Aztec Empire. The Aztecs built Tenochtitlan around 1325, right on a lake called Lake Texcoco.
As the Empire grew, so did Tenochtitlan. By the early 1500s, at least 200,000 people lived in the city. This made Tenochtitlan the largest city in the Americas before Christopher Columbus arrived.
Center of the Aztec Empire
Tenochtitlan was the center of the Aztec government and religion. It was also a very big trading center. When the Spanish arrived in 1519, they guessed that 60,000 people came to the market in Tenochtitlan every day. People bought and sold many things there, including slaves (prisoners of war from states the Aztecs had taken over). The entire city was decorated with art, architecture, and stone sculptures.
The Great Temple
The city had a huge pyramid called the Templo Mayor (Great Temple). At the top of the Temple, there were two small rooms. In these rooms, the Aztecs sacrificed people to two of their most important gods: Huitzilopochtli, the god of war and the sun, and Tlaloc, the rain god. The Aztecs believed that if they did not feed their gods blood, the gods would wither and die, causing the end of the world as they knew it.
Agriculture
The Aztecs had created canals all across the city. By bringing water to Aztec crops, these canals made it possible for the Aztecs to grow much more food than they normally could have. The Aztecs had also made levees to protect the city from flooding, and reservoirs for fresh water.
The Aztecs also built chinampas (small rectangular crops floating on lake beds) so that they could create more food to feed the thousands of people who lived around Tenochtitlan. In addition, they built waterways and dams so that they could receive fresh water, and block out the salty brackish water.
Fall of Tenochtitlan
In 1519, Spanish conquistadores led by Hernan Cortes arrived in Tenochtitlan. Cortes was impressed with the city, but still decided to attack it. The Spanish and their Tlaxcalan allies invaded Tenochtitlan, and the city fell in 1521.
Mexico City was built over the ruins of Tenochtitlan.
Photo gallery
Notes
Related pages
Aztec
Aztec Empire
References
Aztec
Cities in Mexico
History of North America
1325 establishments
14th-century establishments in Mexico
1521 disestablishments
Disestablishments in Mexico |
10317 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision%20Song%20Contest | Eurovision Song Contest | The Eurovision Song Contest is a song contest run by the European Broadcasting Union that started in 1956. Different singers representing countries in Europe compete every year.
Past famous winners include ABBA (1974), Céline Dion (1988), Lordi (2006), Loreen (2012), Duncan Laurence (2019) and Måneskin (2021).
The Eurovision Song Contest 2020 was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This is the first time the contest was cancelled. It was replaced by a replacement show called Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light, It showed the selected entries in place of the Grand Final on 16 May 2020
List of winners
Notes
In 1969 four countries were joint winners as there was no rule for a tie.
Cancelled in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Replaced by a programme called Eurovision: Europe Shine a Light.
Other websites
Eurovision.tv - the official website of the Eurovision Song Contest
ebu.ch - the official website of the European Broadcasting Union
The Official Eurovision Shop - Selection of Eurovision items
The Eurovision History - National Finals & Eurovision Entries
1956 establishments in Europe |
10318 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malleability | Malleability | Malleability is a substance's ability to deform under pressure (compressive stress). If malleable, a material may be flattened into thin sheets by hammering or rolling. Malleable materials can be flattened into metal leaf. One well-known type of metal leaf is gold leaf. Many metals with high malleability also have high ductility. Some do not; for example lead has low ductility but high malleability.
Malleability is a physical property of matter, usually metals. The property usually applies to the family groups 1 to 12 on the modern periodic table of elements. It is the ability of a solid to bend or be hammered into other shapes without breaking. Examples of malleable metals are gold, iron, aluminum, copper, silver, and lead.
Gold and silver are highly malleable. When a piece of hot iron is hammered it takes the shape of a sheet. The property is not seen in non-metals. Non-malleable metals may break apart when struck by a hammer. Malleable metals usually bend and twist in various shapes.
Zinc is malleable at temperatures between 100 and 200 °C but is brittle at other temperatures.
Related pages
Ductility
References
Metals |
10321 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay | Gay | Gay is a word used to describe someone who is homosexual. Today, the word usually means a person who is sexually attracted to people of the same sex. Often that person is also romantically interested in people of the same sex. A gay person can be a male who likes other males or a female who likes other females.
The word "gay" can mean any homosexual person, but sometimes it is used just for homosexual men. In that case, homosexual women are called "lesbian" instead. Sometimes, people use the word "queer" to mean the same thing as "gay" when talking about sexuality.
In the early 20th century and before, "gay" used to mean 'happy' or 'carefree', but now people use it to define sexuality.
People who don't like gay people are called homophobes (or homophobic.) Some people are homophobes because of how they were brought up as a child. Some might belong to a religion that believes homosexuality is not okay.
Related pages
Gay man
Lesbian
Other websites
The International Lesbian and Gay Association
The Human Rights Campaign
The Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation
LGBT variations |
10324 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam | Potsdam | Potsdam (Low Sorbian: Podstupim) is a small German city which is right next to Berlin. In fact it touches the border of Berlin, and is about 26 km southwest of Berlin's centre. It is the capital of the state of Brandenburg. Potsdam has a small population: about 176,000 people lived in this city in 2017.
On the other hand, it is the largest World Heritage site in Germany. Potsdam was a residence of the Prussian kings and the German Kaiser until 1918. It was planned in the Age of Enlightenment with a careful balance of architecture and landscape. Potsdam was intended as "a picturesque, pastoral dream" which would remind its people of their relationship with nature and reason.
Around the city there are a series of lakes and cultural landmarks. The parks and palaces of Sanssouci are the centre of the World Heritage Site. The Soviet Union did not return many of the Potsdam art treasures, and they remain to this day in Russia. The library of Frederick the Great was returned, but only 36 oil paintings.
The Potsdam Conference in 1945 was held at the palace Cecilienhof.
References |
10325 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen | Bremen | Bremen is a city in north Germany. It is the capital of the State of Bremen.
About 545,000 live in Bremen. It has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).
The city's official name today includes the name Hansestadt (hanseatic city) in memory of its history, where it has been important part in the hanseatic league. The architecture of the city and the region as well is influenced by this historic period.
Other hanseatic cities today are: Hamburg, Rostock, Wismar, Stralsund, Lübeck, Greifswald and Demmin.
References
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
Ports and harbours of Germany
Imperial free cities |
10326 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden | Wiesbaden | Wiesbaden (; Hessian: Wisbade, Latin: Aquae Mattiacae) is a German city near Frankfurt am Main. It is the capital of the federal state of Hesse. Wiesbaden is on the right (north) bank of the Rhine (German: "Rhein"), near the city of Mainz (about away from Wiesbaden centre) the opposite side of the river, and a short distance, about , from Frankfurt am Main, to the east. About 274,000 people live in the city (2005).
Wiesbaden has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).
Wiesbaden is the capital of the state Hesse, which is located in middle of Germany.
References
German state capitals |
10327 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover | Hanover | Hanover (German: Hannover) is a German city. It is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony. Hanover has 522,944 inhabitants (1 February 2007).
In Hanover there are some big industry companies like Volkswagen (Cars and Vans), Continental (tyres), Varta (batteries) and TUI (tourism).
Hanover has a very modern zoo and an international airport.
There are some very big fairs in Hanover like the CeBIT - Centre of Office, Information and Telecommunication (B is for Büro that means office) and the traditional Hanover fair that shows classical industrial products.
In the year 2000 the Expo-2000 was in Hanover.
Hanover has a large forest near the inner city, it is called the Eilenriede. There is also a lake (the Maschsee) of about three km length and 500 m width near the city centre. The famous gardens of Herrenhausen (Herrenhäuser Gärten) are also in Hanover. The gardens were heavily destroyed in WWII, but they are currently under reconstruction.
People in Hanover get around town by using the Hannover Hauptbahnhof, which has been around since 1843.
The mayor of the city is Stefan Weil who followed Herbert Schmalstieg in 2006. Both are from the social democratic party SPD. The city has been administered by social democratic city councils since the 1950s.
The (new) town hall is one of the famous buildings in the city, others are the Marktkirche (market church), the old (medieval) town hall, some castles like the Leineschloss and the Welfenschloss.
Hanover is located at the river Leine.
Some internationally famous inhabitants of the town are:
The classic rock band Scorpions, the former German chancellor Gerhard Schröder and the association football player Per Mertesacker.
Key employers in the region are Volkswagen, Continental, Talanx, Hannover Re, Nord LB and VHV.
Universities
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz University Hannover (Hanover University)
Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (Hanover Medical University)
Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover (Hanvover Veterinary School)
Hochschule für Musik und Theatre Hannover (Hanover Music and Theater University)
Fachhochschule Hannover (University of Applied Sciences)
Evangelische Fachhochschule Hannover (a Christian University of Applied Sciences - for social science. Hanover is the 11th largest city in Germany by population within city limits. According to 2005. estimate Hanover urban area had 766,000 inhabitants and today that population counts around 777,000 inhabitants (by 2008. estimate). Hanover metropolitan area has 1,129,000 inhabitants.
Climate
Hanover has an Oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification).
Sports
Hanover has a famous football club, Hannover 96, since 2002 (again) a member of the first German football league, the Bundesliga. Its home stadium is the AWD-Arena (capacity: 49000). Hanover is also a center for ice hockey.
References
Other websites |
10328 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf | Düsseldorf | Düsseldorf ((, , ; Low Franconian and Ripuarian: Düsseldörp ; archaic , Latin: Dusseldorpium) is a German city. It is on the east bank of the river Rhine. It is the capital of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia. Düsseldorf has about 600,000 inhabitants. About 1.3 million people live in the city and surrounding areas. The city has one international airport, a university, and the headquarters of many international companies.
History
In the 7th or 8th century there was a fishing or farming settlement at the place where the little river Dussel (which gave the name to the city) flows into the Rhine. Kaiserswerth is the first part of the city to be mentioned in writing. This was in 1135. Kaiserswerth became part of Düsseldorf in 1927.
In 1186 the Counts of Berg got to rule Düsseldorf and they made it their residence in 1280.
On 14th of August 1288 there was a great battle between the Archbishop of Cologne and the Duke of Limburg against the Duke of Brabant and the Count of Berg. The Duke of Brabant won and the Archbishop of Cologne became a prisoner of the Count of Berg. So he could not do anything against Düsseldorf getting the status of a city. So Düsseldorf became a city with full City Rights in 1288.
The Counts of Berg became more and more powerful and Düsseldorf became the capital of the Duchy of Berg-Mark-Kleve-Jülich in 1380.
in 1680 the Dukes of Berg-Kleve-Mark-Jülich died out and after some struggles the Earls of Palatine (they were Prince-Electors) became the new rulers of Düsseldorf. The most important duke of this line was Johann Wilhelm II. (1690-1716), called Jan Wellem. After Johann Wilhelm the Dukes moved to their new seat in Heidelberg, because they also got to rule the Duchy of Bavaria.
In the Napoleonic Wars the French won the Duchy and Düsseldorf. Napoleon gave the Duchy of Berg-Jülich to one of his generals, who married one of his nieces. This general became later King of Naples.
In the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century Düsseldorf grew a lot and had more than 100,000 inhabitants in 1882. This number had doubled by 1892.
Düsseldorf was almost completely destroyed in World War II. In 1946 Düsseldorf became capital of North Rhine-Westphalia.
Infrastructure
Düsseldorf is one of the most important commercial centres in Germany. It has an International Airport, which is the 3rd largest in Germany (after Frankfurt and Munich) with more than 16,000,000 passengers per year. The airport offers 180 destinations on 4 continents, and is served by 70 airlines.
Düsseldorf has two stations in the German high speed train network (Intercity, ICE) - its Central Station and the Airport Station. The Main Station offers international trains to the Netherlands, Belgium, France and Switzerland, too.
North Rhine-Westphalia has the closest network of motorways in Europe. Düsseldorf is one of the crosspoints. Düsseldorf is joined to the interstate motorways A3, A44, A46, A52, A57, A59 and A524.
Economy
Düsseldorf is one of the most important economical centres in Germany. It has a regional stock exchange.
More than 170 national financial institutions and 130 insurances work in Düsseldorf.
Two of the four leading mobile phone companies of Germany have their seat in Düsseldorf like 18 internet providers and more than 400 advertising agencies. Düsseldorf is one of the European centres of fashion industry and has one of the most important trading shows.
The TV channels CNN and NBC Giga have their German centres in Düsseldorf.
There is a lot of manufacturing industry too - like the chemical company Henkel.
Düsseldorf is the most important seat for Japanese companies in Europe.
Culture
Düsseldorf is one of the cultural centres in Germany. The poet Heinrich Heine was born in Düsseldorf in 1797. The classical musicians and composers Clara and Robert Schumann lived most of their lifetime in Düsseldorf and the romantic composer Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy spent two years in the town in the mid-1830s.
The Arts Academy of Düsseldorf is very famous. The modern artist Paul Klee and the modern sculptor Joseph Beuys worked there.
Düsseldorf has a lot of museums, especially for Arts of the 20th and the 21st century. Most important is the Arts Collection of North Rhine-Westphalia. "Kraftwerk", the first techno band worldwide and the punk rock band Die Toten Hosen come from Düsseldorf, too.
Düsseldorf has a university, the Heinrich-Heine-University with nearly all subjects in mathematics, sciences, philosophy, history, languages, economy, law, and medicine. Düsseldorf has also a university of applied sciences, the Fachhochschule Düsseldorf. These two institutes have almost 30.000 students.
The Clara und Robert Schumann Musikschule is a well-known college for classical music education. There is one technical college and a lot of other colleges, too.
Düsseldorf has an opera, more than 30 cinemas, a well-known theatre, and a rich cultural scene.
Sports
The traditional sport in Germany is football (soccer). For a long time Fortuna Düsseldorf 1895, the most traditional football team in Düsseldorf (est. 1895), was very successful and won, for example, the European Cup, after one year back in the Bundesliga Fortuna went down to the German 2nd division in 2013.
Most successful sports team in Düsseldorf is the icehockey team of the DEG Metro Stars, former DEG - Düsseldorfer Eislauf Gemeinschaft, the most successful icehockey team in Germany for a long time with famous players like John-Peter Lee, Chris Valentine or Helmut de Raaf.
Another very successful sports team from Düsseldorf was Rhine Fire, the American footballers of the city, who won the World Ball four times until the European Football League, called NFL Europa was closed down in 2007.
Education in Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf has one university, the Heinrich-Heine-University with subjects in sciences, arts, medicine, languages, history, laws, social sciences and economics, an colllege with subjects in engineering and social siences, the Fachhochschule Düsseldorf, an well-known academy of fine arts, the Kunstakademie Düsseldorf, a musics college, the Robert-Schumann-Musikhochschule and a lot of other colleges in applied fields.
Famous people who lived in Düsseldorf
Heinrich Heine, poet
Clara Schumann, composer and pianist
Robert Schumann, composer and pianist
Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, composer
Konrad Henkel, founder of the Henkel Company
Joseph Beuys, performance artist
Jürgen Mittelstrass, philosopher
Wim Wenders, movie maker
Die Toten Hosen, punk rock band
Liú Yángyáng (Yang Yang), kpop artist
Notes
References
Other websites
Website of the City of Düsseldorf
Website of the Technical College of Düsseldorf |
10330 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz | Mainz | Mainz (Palatine German: Määnz or Meenz, Latin: Mogontiacum) is a German city. It is the capital of the state of Rhineland-Palatinate.
Mainz is on the left side of the river Rhine, on the right side is the city Wiesbaden. Mainz has about 203,000 people. Its main economic product is wine. It has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).
Education
Mainz has some universities:
University of Mainz
Fachhochschule Mainz
Catholic University of Applied Sciences Mainz
References
Other websites
Official Homepage of Mainz (in english) |
10331 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel | Kiel | Kiel () is a city in the north of Germany. It is the capital of the state of Schleswig-Holstein. It has a population of 239,526 people. It is a port on the sea and has an oceanic climate (Cfb in the Koeppen climate classification).
References
Port cities and towns of the Baltic Sea
Ports and harbours of Germany
German state capitals |
10332 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt%20%28disambiguation%29 | Frankfurt (disambiguation) | Frankfurt is the name of two cities in Germany:
Frankfurt am Main in Hesse
Frankfurt (Oder) in Brandenburg
Historical territories and entities, centered in Frankfurt am Main:
Grand Duchy of Frankfurt, which existed from 1810 to 1813; its center was Aschaffenburg
the Free City of Frankfurt, which was one of four city states in the German Confederation. It existed from 1816 to 1866.
Historical territories and entititie, centered in Frankfurt (Oder):
Regierungsbezirk Frankfurt (1815-1945)
Frankfurt (Bezirk), was one of forteen Administrative divisions of East Germany. It existed from 1952 to 1989.
There is a city with a similar spelling:
Frankfort, Kentucky, the capital of Kentucky, USA
Franfurt is the family name of:
Harry Frankfurt, born 1929, US philiosopher
Suzie Frankfurt,1931-2005, US designer and artist |
10333 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Rogers | Fred Rogers | Fred McFeely Rogers (March 20, 1928 – February 27, 2003) was an American television personality, musician, puppeteer, writer, producer, and Presbyterian minister. He was known as the creator, composer, producer, head writer, and host of the preschool television series Mister Rogers' Neighborhood from 1968 until his retirement in 2001.
Rogers was not happy with the television shows that children were seeing. He began to write and perform local Pittsburgh-area shows for children. In 1968, Eastern Educational Television Network began nationwide distribution of Rogers's new show on WQED. For thirty years, Rogers became a television icon of children's entertainment and education.
Rogers supported many public causes. In the Betamax case, the U.S. Supreme Court used Rogers's testimony before a lower court in favor of fair-use television show recording. Rogers also testified before a U.S. Senate committee to support government funding of children's television.
In August 2001, Rogers retired from recording Mister Rogers' Neighborhood. In October 2002, he was diagnosed with stomach cancer and died from the disease a few months later on February 27, 2003, less than a month before his 75th birthday.
Rogers was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President George W. Bush, forty honorary degrees, and a Peabody Award. He was added into the Television Hall of Fame. He was listed number 35 of the TV Guide's Fifty Greatest TV Stars of All Time. The Smithsonian Institution has one of his sweaters as a "Treasure of American History".
Early life
Rogers was born in Latrobe, Pennsylvania to James Rogers and Nancy McFeely. His father was a businessman. His mother came from a rich Pittsburgh family and also was a hospital volunteer during and after World War II. His grandfather from his mother's side, Fred McFeely, was the president of McFeely Brick, one of Latrobe's largest businesses. Rogers grew up in a large brick mansion at 737 Weldon Street in Latrobe.
He had an adopted sister, Elaine. Rogers spent much of his free time with his grandfather McFeely, who loved music. Rogers began to play the piano when he was five and sang with his mother.
When growing up, Rogers was shy and overweight. He was home schooled many times because of his asthma. Rogers had a hard time making friends and would be bullied many times as a little boy for his weight, often called "Fat Freddy".
During his high school years in Latrobe, Rogers became more confident and popular. Rogers was president of the student council, a member of the National Honor Society and was editor-in-chief of the yearbook. He graduated in 1946. He studied at Dartmouth College from 1946 until 1948 and then went on at Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida to earn a BA in music composition in 1951.
While studying at Rollins, Rogers met Sara Joanne Byrd who was from Oakland, Florida. They were married on June 9, 1952. They had two sons: James, in 1959, and John, in 1961. Joanne Rogers died in January 2021, aged 92.
Rogers graduated from Pittsburgh Theological Seminary and was ordained a minister of the United Presbyterian Church in 1963. Rogers returned to Pittsburgh in the 1960s.
Television career
Early career
Rogers entered seminary after college but wanted to work with television. In an interview with CNN, Rogers said, "I went into television because I hated it so, and I thought there's some way of using this fabulous instrument to nurture those who would watch and listen". He applied for a job at NBC in New York City in 1951. He first worked as an assistant producer, and later as a network floor director on musical programs such as Your Hit Parade, The Kate Smith Hour, and The Voice of Firestone. He also worked on Gabby Hayes's children's show.
Rogers left NBC because he did not approve of the agency using children for advertisement. He began working as a puppeteer on the local children's show The Children's Corner for Pittsburgh public television station WQED in 1954. The show won a Sylvania Award for best children's show and was broadcast nationally on NBC.
Rogers studied theology at the nearby Pittsburgh Theological Seminary during his lunch breaks. However, he did not want to go into preaching and was told to continue making children's television after his ordination. He worked with the University of Pittsburgh's child development and care program.
In 1963, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) hired Rogers to create the 15-minute children's program Misterogers. Rogers moved to Toronto and the series ran for three seasons. Three years later, Rogers moved back to the United States.
In 1966, Rogers got the rights to his program from the CBC and moved the show to WQED in Pittsburgh, where he had worked on The Children's Corner.
Mister Rogers' Neighborhood
Mister Rogers' Neighborhood began in 1968 and ran for 895 episodes. It aired on National Educational Television, which later became The Public Broadcasting Service. The last set of new episodes was taped in December 2000 and began airing in August 2001. By 1985, eight percent of people living in the United States watched the show.
The program always started with Rogers coming home, singing his theme song "Won't You Be My Neighbor?". He would then change into sneakers and a zippered cardigan sweater. The sweaters were all knitted by his mother. In his show, Rogers would always go on trips, teach new things and show short movies on "Picture, Picture". Each episode included a trip to Rogers's "Neighborhood of Make-Believe" with a trolley, a castle, and the kingdom's citizens, including King Friday XIII.
Rogers always fed his aquarium fish during episodes. He would always say this to his audience he was feeding them because he received a letter from a young blind girl who wanted to know each time he did this. The program would end with Rogers winging "It's Such a Good Feeling".
Rogers believed not to act differently when he was being filmed to how he acted normally. He said that "One of the greatest gifts you can give anybody is the gift of your honest self. I also believe that kids can spot a phony a mile away". Rogers wrote almost all of the music on the program. He wanted to teach children to love themselves and others, and he talked about common childhood fears with comforting songs. He once took a trip to a children's hospital to show children that a hospital is not a place to fear.
Rogers would talk about social issues on his program including the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy, racism and divorce. One famous episode, Rogers soaked his feet with Officer Clemmons (François Clemmons), who was African-American, in a kiddie pool on a hot day. The scene was a message of inclusion during a time when racial segregation in the United States was common.
Rogers was also known for having children with disabilities on his show. In a 1981 episode, Rogers met a young quadriplegic boy, Jeff Erlanger, who showed how his electric wheelchair worked and explained why he needed it. Erlanger and Rogers both sang a duet of the song "It's You I Like". Before the taping, Erlanger had long been a fan of the program, and his parents wrote a letter to Rogers asking if they could meet.
Rogers would end each program by telling his viewers,
"You've made this day a special day, by just your being you. There's no person in the whole world like you; and I like you just the way you are"
Rogers never talked about his religious beliefs on the show because he did not want any viewer to feel ignored from the show. During the Gulf War, he comforted his audience that all children in the neighborhood would be well cared for. Rogers asked parents to promise to take care of their children.
In 1990, members of the Ku Klux Klan in Missouri played racist versions of Rogers's songs and this caused Rogers to file a lawsuit against the White supremacy group. A district court judge in Missouri ordered the Ku Klux Klan to stop using Rogers's songs and to give any records they have to Rogers saying the group had committed copyright infringement.
After the September 11 terrorist attacks, Rogers taped public service announcements for parents about how to discuss tragic world news events with their children. He told viewers to "look for the helpers". The quote continues to go viral following tragic news events. Rogers said in the public service announcement,
"When I was a boy and I would see scary things in the news, my mother would say to me, 'Look for the helpers. You will always find people who are helping.' To this day, especially in times of "disaster," I remember my mother's words and I am always comforted by realizing that there are still so many helpers – so many caring people in this world"
PBS funding
In 1969, Rogers appeared before the United States Senate Subcommittee on Communications. His goal was to ask the Senate to support funding for PBS and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, because proposed budget cuts. In about six minutes of testimony, Rogers spoke of the need for social and emotional education that public television gave. He argued that other television programming like his Neighborhood helped encourage children to become happy citizens.
The chairman of the subcommittee, John O. Pastore, did not know Rogers or his work and was sometimes said to be impatient. However, after Rogers, Pastore said that the testimony had given him goosebumps, and said, "I think it's wonderful. Looks like you just earned the $20 million". The Senate would soon increase PBS funding from $9 million to $22 million.
Role in Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
During the issues of households being able to record television programs with a VCR grew, Rogers was active in supporting VCR companies in court. His 1979 testimony, in the case Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., Rogers said he was not against home recordings of his television programs because families could watch them together at a later time.
When the case reached the Supreme Court in 1983, the majority decision thought about the testimony Rogers gave. The court found that the Betamax video recorder did not commit copyright violations. The court said that his views were an important piece of evidence "that many [television] producers are willing to allow private time-shifting to continue".
Other works
In 1978, while taking a break from taping new Neighborhood episodes, Rogers hosted an interview program for adults on PBS called Old Friends...New Friends. On the show, Rogers interviewed "actors, sports stars, politicians, and poets". The show was lasted only 20 episodes. In 1988, he appeared on the Soviet children's television show Good Night, Little Ones! where he brought his puppet Daniel Striped Tiger with him.
The only time Rogers appeared on television as someone other than himself was in 1996 when he played a preacher on one episode of Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman. Rogers voiced himself on the "Arthur Meets Mister Rogers" episode of the PBS Kids series Arthur.
Personal life
Rogers had an apartment in New York City and a summer home on Nantucket Island in Massachusetts. Rogers was red–green color blind. He had a healthy lifestyle as he swam every morning and neither smoked nor drank. He was a vegetarian because he believed eating meat was wrong, saying "I don't want to eat anything that has a mother". Despite popular rumors, he never served in the military as a Navy SEAL during the Vietnam War and never had tattoos.
In 1991, the Pittsburgh Penguins named Rogers as their celebrity captain, as part of a celebration of the National Hockey League's 75th anniversary. Card No. 297 from the 1992 NHL Platinum collection celebrated the event, making Rogers one of only twelve celebrity captains to be chosen for a sports card.
During his morning routine, Rogers would respond to every single fan mail and return them to the respective sender.
In 1992, he was awarded the Peabody Award. He was added into the Television Hall of Fame in 1999.
In an interview with Rogers' friend William Hirsch, Rogers said that if sexuality was measured on a scale, then: "Well, you know, I must be right smack in the middle. Because I have found women attractive, and I have found men attractive," leading some readers to describe Rogers as bisexual.
Death
After Rogers' retirement in 2001, he remained busy working from studying religion and spirituality, making public appearances, traveling, and working on a children's media center named after him at Saint Vincent College in Latrobe with Archabbot Douglas Nowicki, chancellor of the college.
By the summer of 2002 his constant stomach pain had become painful enough for him to see a doctor about it, and in October 2002 he was diagnosed with stomach cancer. He had surgery on January 6, 2003, which was unsuccessful. A week earlier, he was grand marshal of the Tournament of Roses Parade, with Art Linkletter and Bill Cosby.
Rogers died on the morning of February 27, 2003 after slipping into a coma, at his home in Pittsburgh. His wife was by his side when he died. He died less than a month before he would have turned 75.
More than 2,700 people went to his memorial service at Heinz Hall. Honorary guests included former Good Morning America host David Hartman, Teresa Heinz Kerry, philanthropist Elsie Hillman, PBS President Pat Mitchell, Arthur creator Marc Brown, and The Very Hungry Caterpillar author-illustrator Eric Carle. Speakers remembered Rogers for his love of children, devotion to his religion, love for music, and humor. Teresa Heinz Kerry said of Rogers, "He never condescended, just invited us into his conversation. He spoke to us as the people we were, not as the people others wished we were". Rogers is buried at Unity Cemetery in Latrobe.
Legacy and honors
President George W. Bush awarded Rogers the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2002 for his works to children's education. He said that "Fred Rogers has proven that television can soothe the soul and nurture the spirit and teach the very young".
In 2003, the United States Senate passed Resolution 16 to celebrate the life of Rogers. Following Rogers' death, the U.S. House of Representatives in 2003 passed Resolution 111 honoring Rogers for "his legendary service to the improvement of the lives of children, his steadfast commitment to demonstrating the power of compassion, and his dedication to spreading kindness through example".
On New Year's Day 2004, Michael Keaton, who worked on stage on Mister Rogers' Neighborhood before becoming an actor, hosted the PBS TV special Fred Rogers: America's Favorite Neighbor. His hometown of Latrobe and Pittsburgh host "Won't You Wear a Sweater Day" to honor Rogers. The event takes place annually on his birth date, March 20. In 2003, the asteroid 26858 Misterrogers was named after Rogers by the International Astronomical Union.
One of Rogers' famous sweaters was bought by the Smithsonian Institution, which has it shown on their "Treasure of American History" exhibit. The Fred Rogers Memorial Statue in Pittsburgh was dedicated in 2009.
On June 25, 2016, the Fred Rogers Historical Marker was placed near Latrobe, Pennsylvania in his memory.
In June 2018, the documentary Won't You Be My Neighbor? based on the life and legacy of Rogers, was released to positive reviews and became the highest money making biography-documentary (biodioc) of all time. Tom Hanks played Rogers in a movie based on his later life titled A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood (2019) directed by Marielle Heller. Hanks would soon be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Rogers.
Rogers was honored on a special United States postage stamp in March 2018. On September 21, 2018, Google Doodle honored him with a stop-motion video of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood. On October 23, 2018, during the first game of the 2018 World Series, Rogers's first television commercial aired for Google's Pixel 3 smartphone. In the ad, Rogers sings "Did You Know" which is the first time his voice or images has been used in a commercial for a product on television.
In December 2019, it was announced that a statue of Rogers would be placed in at Nantucket Park in Nantucket, Massachusetts.
At the 2020 Academy Awards, Janelle Monáe performed Rogers' "Its a Beautiful Day in This Neighborhood" during the opening ceremony while wearing a red cardigan sweater. During her acceptance speech for the Academy Award for Best Actress, Renée Zellweger listed Rogers as one of the heroes people should look for.
At the 2021 Grammy Awards, Rogers was posthumously awarded the Grammy Award for Best Historical Album for It's Such a Good Feeling: The Best of Mister Rogers.
Programs
Children's books
Our Small World (with Josie Carey, illustrated by Norb Nathanson), 1954, Reed and Witting,
The Elves, the Shoemaker, & the Shoemaker's Wife (illustrated by Richard Hefter), 1973, Small World Enterprises,
The Matter of the Mittens, 1973, Small World Enterprises,
Speedy Delivery (illustrated by Richard Hefter), 1973, Hubbard,
Henrietta Meets Someone New (illustrated by Jason Art Studios), 1974, Golden Press,
Mister Rogers Talks About, 1974, Platt & Munk,
Time to Be Friends, 1974, Hallmark Cards,
Everyone is Special (illustrated by Jason Art Studios), 1975, Western Publishing,
Tell Me, Mister Rogers, 1975, Platt & Munk,
The Costume Party (illustrated by Jason Art Studios), 1976, Golden Press,
Planet Purple (illustrated by Dennis Hockerman), 1986, Texas Instruments,
If We Were All the Same (illustrated by Pat Sustendal), 1987, Random House,
A Trolley Visit to Make-Believe (illustrated by Pat Sustendal), 1987, Random House,
Wishes Don't Make Things Come True (illustrated Pat Sustendal), 1987, Random House,
No One Can Ever Take Your Place (illustrated by Pat Sustendal), 1988, Random House,
When Monsters Seem Real (illustrated by Pat Sustendal), 1988, Random House,
You Can Never Go Down the Drain (illustrated by Pat Sustendal), 1988, Random House,
The Giving Box (illustrated by Jennifer Herbert), 2000, Running Press,
Good Weather or Not (with Hedda Bluestone Sharapan, illustrated by James Mellet), 2005, Family Communications,
Josephine the Short Neck-Giraffe, 2006, Family Communications,
A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood: The Poetry of Mister Rogers Neighborhood (illustrated by Luke Flowers), 2009, Quirk Books,
References
Other websites
PBS Kids: Official Site
The Fred M. Rogers Center
The Fred Rogers Company (formerly known as Family Communications)
The Music of Mister Rogers – Pittsburgh Music History
Fred Rogers at Voice Chasers
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Peabody Award winners
Emmy Award winners
1928 births
2003 deaths
Vegetarians
American puppeteers
American Presbyterians
American television actors
American children's writers
American singer-songwriters
American composers
American pianists
American television presenters
American activists
American television writers
American television producers
American voice actors
Writers from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Singers from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Musicians from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Actors from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
People from Latrobe, Pennsylvania
Cancer deaths in Pennsylvania
Deaths from stomach cancer
Educators from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania |
10337 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri%20Yukteswar%20Giri | Sri Yukteswar Giri | Sri Yukteswar Giri (May 10, 1855 - March 9, 1936) was an Indian guru and swami. His real name was Priya Nath Karar and was born in Serampore, West-Bengal, India.
He is one of the famous people who appears on the cover of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band.
He became known through "Autobiography of a Yogi" as the guru of the author Paramahansa Yogananda.
George Harrison, the beatle, was initiated in kriya yoga in USA in Self-Realization Fellowship, an organization created by the known writer and great spiritual master in the west Paramahansa Yogananda.
Other websites
kriya yoga institute
Kriya Yoga of Mahavatar Babaji website
1855 births
1936 deaths
Indian people
Hindu gurus |
10338 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleister%20Crowley | Aleister Crowley | Aleister Crowley (12 October 1875 – 1 December 1947) was a British mystic, occultist, writer, poet, mountain climber and nicknamed "The Wickedest Man In the World.".
He was an influential member in some occult organisations, such as the Golden Dawn, the A∴A∴, and Ordo Templi Orientis (O.T.O.), and is better known today for his occult books and papers. He was bisexual.
Crowley also started a mystical philosophy known as Thelema, the Abbey of Thelema, and revived the term magick.
Early life
Edward Alexander Crowley was born at 36 Clarendon Square in Royal Leamington Spa, Warwickshire, England, between 11:00pm and 11:59 p.m. on 12 October 1875.
In 1895, he went to Trinity College, Cambridge after going to Malvern College and Tonbridge School. In his three years at Cambridge, his father died and left him a large sum of money.
In December 1896, Crowley took interest in occultism and by the next year, he began reading books on alchemy and mysticism. A year later, he published his first book of poetry (Aceldama), and left Cambridge, only to meet Julian L. Baker who introduced him to Samuel Mathers and the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.
In November 1899, Crowley bought Boleskine House in Foyers on the shore of Loch Ness in Scotland.
The Golden Dawn
Samuel Mathers, acting leader of the Golden Dawn organisation, acted as his early mentor in western magic. Crowley lost faith in his mentor's abilities in 1900 but did not officially break with Mathers until 1904.
Death
Crowley died of a respiratory infection in a Hastings boarding house on 1 December 1947 at the age of 72. He had been addicted to heroin after being prescribed morphine for his asthma and bronchitis many years earlier.
Readings at the cremation service in Brighton included Hymn to Pan, and newspapers referred to the service as a black mass.
Popular culture
The mysterious occult character, Oliver Haddo, in William Somerset Maugham's novel The Magician (1908) is largely based on Crowley, whom Maugham met in Paris in 1906-1907.
Crowley is the second image on the first row of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.
Ozzy Osbourne released a song titled "Mr. Crowley" on his solo album Blizzard of Ozz.
Iron Maiden recorded two tracks that relate to Crowley: "Moonchild" from Seventh Son of a Seventh Son and "Revelations" from Piece of Mind.
Ernest Hemingway references Crowley in his memoir "A Moveable Feast". In it, Ford Maddox Ford claims to have "cut" a man he thinks was Hilaire Belloc, but which in fact turns out to be "Alestair Crowley, the diabolist".
In the song Quicksand on his 1971 album Hunky Dory, David Bowie sings : “I'm closer to the Golden Dawn, Immersed in Crowley's uniform of imagery”.
Crowley and his beliefs were the subject of testimony in the 1994 murder trial of Damien Echols, as shown in the documentary film Paradise Lost: The Child Murders at Robin Hood Hills.
His motto of "Do What Thou Wilt" was written into the vinyl records of Led Zeppelin's album Led Zeppelin III made in 1970. Jimmy Page, the band's guitarist and songwriter bought Boleskine House the same year. The land around the house is seen in the movie The Song Remains the Same, made in 1973.
Sources
The Magical Diaries of Aleister Crowley (Tunisia 1923) : Edited by Stephen Skinner
Bull, John. "The Wickedest Man in the World". Sunday Express, 24 Mar. 1923. Unverified that this is the article: Verification that the Sunday Express did make article:
Bogdan, Henrik; Starr, Martin P. (2012). "Introduction". In Bogdan, Henrik; Starr, Martin P. Aleister Crowley and Western Esotericism. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 3–14. .
References
Other websites
Aleister Crowley film project
1875 births
1947 deaths
Bisexual people
British esotericists
Deaths from bronchitis
English LGBT people
Infectious disease deaths in England
LGBT writers
Mystics
Occultists
Writers from Warwickshire |
10339 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlheinz%20Stockhausen | Karlheinz Stockhausen | Karlheinz Stockhausen (22 August 1928-5 December 2007) was a German composer. He was an important German composer in the years after World War II. During this time composers were exploring many new ideas. Stockhausen used serialism in new ways, and he invented many ways of composing electronic music. His works include an opera cycle Licht which includes seven operas.
Life
Stockhausen was born near Cologne. His father was a village school teacher. His mother was put in a sanatarium in 1933 where she died in 1942. She was probably killed there because the Nazis thought people who were mentally ill should not be allowed to live.
Stockhausen was a young man during the war. He trained to be a teacher and was sent to work in a military hospital near where the army was. His father died fighting in the war. After the war, with no parents, he went to work on a farm. Then, in 1947, he went to study at the Cologne Musikhochschule. He played the piano in bars and clubs and he improvised at the piano when playing for a magician’s magic shows. He was thinking of becoming a writer.
At this time many of Germany’s important composers met every summer in Darmstadt. The course was called Darmstadt Holiday Course for New Music. Stockhausen went there in 1951. There he performed some modern music and met important people such as the music critic and philosopher Theodor Adorno. He heard the music of Messiaen and, soon after marrying, he went to Paris to study with Messiaen. In Paris he met Pierre Boulez and Pierre Schaeffer who was working on musique concrète. He experimented with different sounds that percussion instruments can make, and he started composing electronic music. When he went back to Cologne he worked in a studio for electronic music where he studied communications theory. By this time Stockhausen, Boulez and Nono were the leading composers of avant garde or experimental music.
Stockhausen made Cologne an important centre for electronic music. He also helped to make the Darmstadt Summer Courses a famous centre for modern music. He did not invite John Cage to lecture there in 1958. This led to disagreements with Boulez and Nono. In California in 1967, Stockhausen married his second wife who was a painter. During the 1960s he bought land in the country near Cologne and had a house built there. Stockhausen did not design the house himself, because he was not an architect.
Stockhausen was by now world famous. He toured the United States and many other countries with a small group of musicians performing modern music. His music was not only listened to by fans of classical music but was also becoming part of popular youth culture. His picture was included on the front cover of the Beatles’s record Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. The record company Deutsche Grammophon sold more copies of his music than of any other modern composer except Stravinsky.
During the 1970s Stockhausen became even more popular. This was partly because other music, like the other arts, had become political and very left-wing in the 1960s, which made people angry. It was also partly because audiences wanted a change from music that was very complicated, and Stockhausen's music had become much simpler. His most popular compositions are Tierkreis (1974–75) and In Freundschaft (1977). Stockhausen broke with his publisher and started to publish his music himself. From 1977 to 2003 Stockhausen composed Licht ("Light"), a set of seven operas named for the days of the week.
Stockhausen died of heart failure on 5 December 2007 in Kuerten.
His music
In some student works Stockhausen used twelve tone composition. He became interested in Messiaen and his composition Kreuzspiel shows Messiaen’s influence. In Kontra-Punkte (1953) the music starts with very small bits played by ten instruments. Gradually these little bits come together and at the end the music concentrates on the piano.
From 1953 he worked seriously at electronic music. He thought that electronic music was going to be the music of the future. His Gesang der Jünglinge is a multi-track work, using 5 tracks (later reduced to 4). Gruppen (Groups) is a work for three orchestras and three conductors. They sit in different parts of the concert hall and play at different speeds at the same time. His piano piece Klavierstück XI (Piano Piece eleven) shows no influence of John Cage at all. The music is written on a huge sheet of paper and the pianist decides as he plays which part of the music to go to next and how to play it. This means that each performance of the work is different. This is not “chance” music, but "mobile" music.
He continued to experiment with new ideas. Kontakte is a work for piano, percussion and electronic music (the tape has been prepared beforehand). He composed “live electronic” music beginning in the 1960s. This means using electronics to change the sound of normal instruments that are amplified. His operatic cycle Licht was started in 1977 and took him 26 years to complete. There are seven operas: one for each day of the week. Some of the music for this includes microtonal scales, in which the notes are tuned so that they are less than a semitone apart.
References
1928 births
2007 deaths
21st-century German composers
Cardiovascular disease deaths in Germany
Deaths from heart failure
Disease-related deaths in North Rhine-Westphalia
20th-century German composers
Musicians from North Rhine-Westphalia |
10340 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.%20C.%20Fields | W. C. Fields | W. C. Fields (January 29, 1880 – December 25, 1946) was an American comic actor. He had a recognizable and unique style on stage, movies, and radio. His real name was William Claude Dukenfield and he started his career when he ran away from home at the age of 11.
Trivia
He is one of the famous people on the cover of the Beatles' Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band album.
1880 births
1946 deaths
American movie actors
Actors from Pennsylvania |
10341 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Jung | Carl Jung | Carl Gustav Jung (26 July 1875 – 6 June 1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist and writer. He created many theories and ideas that are still used in psychology today. Psychology is the science of how people think and feel. His kind of psychology was called analytical psychology or Jungian Analysis.
Jung worked for about seven years with Sigmund Freud early in his career, but they fell out over a theory and from 1913 went their separate ways. This was because they disagreed about what motivated people and how to understand psychology.
Jung is famous for many things that he did for psychology. The work he did was important for measuring what kind of personality people have. The test called the Myers Briggs Type Indicator is based on his ideas. He is also famous because of his ideas about the ancients - people from many years ago.
Jung spent his life learning from observation and read exceptionally widely subjects as different as philosophy, science, anthropology, religion, literature, art and historical books relating to alchemy and the occult. He thought he could learn important things about psychology from them. He investigated them to find out what symbols they contained and how ancient people tried to make sense of the world around them. Alchemy is considered a precursor of modern chemistry.
He wrote in academic German, for doctors, psychologists and many other educated people. Most people who study Jung start with the book Man and His Symbols. It was written by colleagues of Jung so that people would be able understand him. Another useful introduction to his work is his Biography, Memories, Dreams, Reflections, written mostly by his secretary, Mrs Aniela Jaffe, and to which he contributed three or four chapters.
Jung also created important terms called collective unconscious, archetypes, extraversion (outer world) and introversion (internal world).
Jung died a widower in his mid-eighties in Kusnacht, Canton of Zurich Switzerland.
Biography
Carl Gustav Jung was born on 26 July 1875 in Kesswil, in the Swiss canton of Thurgau.
In popular culture
The American rock band Tool was influenced by ideas of Jung for their album Ænima.
The Lighthouse (2019) by American movie director Robert Eggers has many references to Jung.
Works
Jung, C. G. 1953. Psychiatric Studies. The Collected Works of C. G. Jung Vol. 1. 1953, ed. Michael Fordham, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, and Princeton, N.J.: Bollingen. This was the first of 18 volumes plus separate bibliography and index. Not including revisions the set was completed in 1967.
References
1875 births
1961 deaths
Disease-related deaths in Switzerland
Psychiatrists
Psychoanalysts
Swiss psychologists
Swiss people |
10342 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar%20Allan%20Poe | Edgar Allan Poe | Edgar Allan Poe (January 19, 1809 – October 7, 1849) was an American writer. He wrote horror stories and poems. (Romantism)
Early life
Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809. His parents were two touring vaudeville actors, David Poe Jr. and Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins. David left the family under unknown circumstances while Poe was an infant. When Poe was two his mother died of tuberculosis, leaving Edgar an orphan. The wealthy John Allan took Edgar into his home in Richmond, Virginia. In 1815, the Allan family moved to England. Young Poe went to an English private school. After five years, the family moved back to Richmond, Virginia.
After moving back to Virginia, Poe entered the University of Virginia in 1826. While there, he gambled, lost money, and went into debt. John Allan became angry, and cut off all contact with Poe. In 1827, Poe published his first work, a collection of poetry titled, Tamerlane and Other Poems. Poe did not have his name published in the book; it was attributed to "a Bostonian."
Military life
Poe enlisted in the army. He used the name Edgar A. Perry and lied about his age. He was successful as a soldier and quickly became a sergeant major. While in the army his foster-mother Frances Allan died. Poe attempted to mend his relationship with John Allan. Poe soon left the army and enrolled at West Point in New York state.
Poe did not enjoy his time at West Point and got very bored. He was expelled in March 1831. At this point, John Allan disowned him. Poe was well-liked by other cadets. They contributed money to pay for Poe to publish a book of his poems called Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems. He soon moved to Baltimore, Maryland.
Baltimore, Philadelphia, New York
In Baltimore, Poe lived with his aunt, Maria Poe Clemm. She was the sister of Edgar's real father. Clemm also had a daughter named Virginia Clemm. Virginia admired Poe very much. In 1836, when Virginia was thirteen, she and Poe married.
Poe was writing a lot by this time. He sold his first short story in 1832. His writing did not earn very much money. He also worked as an editor for various magazines over the years, becoming very well known for his literary criticism. Poe also was drinking off and on during these years.
In 1842, while Poe was living with Clemm and Virginia in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Virginia became sick with tuberculosis. The family moved to the New York City area in 1843 before settling in The Bronx. On January 29, 1845, Poe published his most famous poem, "The Raven", making him very popular. Virginia died a few years later, on January 30, 1847.
Death
On September 27, 1849, Poe left Richmond after a short visit. It is unknown what happened to him until October 3, when he was discovered outside of Gunner's Hall by a man named Joseph W. Walker in Baltimore. He was taken to Washington College Hospital. While in the hospital he became delirious and started seeing hallucinations. He died on October 7, 1849, in the hospital. Though it is not known what was his cause of death, there are several possible theories, including congestion of the brain, alcoholism withdrawal, tuberculosis, and rabies.
Poe was buried in the grounds of the Westminster Church and Burying Ground after a small funeral with only a few people. On May 17, 1875, Poe was reburied at the front of the churchyard after a city-wide campaign to raise money to build a large monument. He is buried there alongside his wife Virginia, and Virginia's mother Maria Clemm.
Selected works
Short stories
"Berenice" (1835) Horror story about obsession
"The Black Cat" (1845) Horror story about a cat
"The Cask of Amontillado" (1846) A story of revenge
"A Descent Into The Maelström" (1845) Man vs. Nature, Adventure Story
"Eleonora" (1841) A love story
"The Facts in the Case of M. Valdemar" (1845) Talking with a dead man
"The Fall of the House of Usher" (1839) An old house and its secrets
"The Gold Bug" (1843) A search for pirate treasure
"Hop-Frog" (1845) A dwarf seeks revenge
"The Imp of the Perverse" (1845) Procrastination and confession
"Ligeia" (1838) A haunting supernatural tale
"The Man of the Crowd" (1845) How to follow someone
"Manuscript Found in a Bottle" (1833) Adventure at sea
"The Masque of the Red Death" (1842) The horror of the plague
"Mesmeric Revelation" (1849) Conversation with a hypnotized dying man
"The Murders in the Rue Morgue" (1841) A detective story
"Never Bet the Devil Your Head" (1841) A comedy with a moral
"The Oval Portrait" (1842) A tragic love story
"The Pit and the Pendulum" (1842) A torture chamber
"The Premature Burial" (1844) About being buried alive
"The Purloined Letter" (1845) A detective story
"Silence - A Fable" (1838) A dream
"Some Words With a Mummy" (1845) A mummy speaks
"The Spectacles" (1844) A comedy about love at first sight
"The System of Dr. Tarr and Prof. Fether" (1845) Inside an insane asylum
"The Tell-Tale Heart" (1843) A murderer's guilt
"William Wilson" (1839) A doppelganger story
Poems
"The Conqueror Worm"
"The Raven"
"To Helen"
"The Bells"
Related pages
Lycée Edgar-Poe
Other websites
Poe's resting place
Poe's life, poems, works
Poe Museum
Best Edgar Allan Poe Poems
1809 births
1849 deaths
19th-century American poets
Short story writers
Unexplained deaths
Writers from Baltimore
Writers from Virginia
People from the Bronx |
10345 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred%20Astaire | Fred Astaire | Fred Astaire, born Frederick Austerlitz (10 May 1899 – 22 June 1987), was an American dancer, singer and actor. He was the most famous stage, movie and television dancer of his day.
Life
Astaire started dancing on the stage with his sister Adèle, and when she married he started a movie partnership with Ginger Rogers. After that, he danced with a succession of talented American dancers on movie and on television. He appeared in 32 movies. His movie partners included Eleanor Powell, Ann Miller, Vera-Ellen, Cyd Charisse: all high-class dancers, and on TV with Barrie Chase. Their An evening with Fred Astaire won nine Emmy Awards in 1958.
Many male dancers of the 20th century were influenced by him, and said so. He owed something to the choreography of Hermes Pan, but more to his own perfectionism and relentless practice.
Astaire was also an excellent actor, and a successful, though personally modest, singer. He introduced some of the most celebrated songs from the Great American Songbook. He married Phyllis Potter in 1933; they had two children. After her death, he remarried in 1980 to Robyn Smith, a female jockey 45 years his junior.
Sources
Astaire, Fred. Steps in Time, 1959,
Billman, Larry. Fred Astaire — a bio-bibliography, Greenwood Press 1997,
Freeland, Michael. Fred Astaire: an illustrated biography, Grosset & Dunlap, 1976.
Thomas, Bob. Astaire, the man, the dancer. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1985.
Other websites
(Astaire is the first biographical entry in the IMDB database.)
Fred Astaire biography at Allmovie Guide
Fred Astaire tribute site.
Fred Astaire biography at AlsoDances.Net
Time.com: The Great American Flyer Fred Astaire:1899-1987
Time Magazine archive: Astaire essay by Richard Corliss
Astaire's religious views incl. many extracts from his biographers
Ava Astaire discusses her father's legacy. (BBC Television - Realplayer required)
Fred Astaire at Find-A-Grave
"He's in Heaven..." - In Memoriam Fred Astaire
1899 births
1987 deaths
Academy Award Honorary Award winners
Actors from Omaha, Nebraska
American dancers
American movie actors
American stage actors
American television actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Deaths from pneumonia
Emmy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
Infectious disease deaths in Los Angeles
Kennedy Center honorees
Singers from Nebraska |
10369 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game%20Boy%20Advance | Game Boy Advance | The Game Boy Advance, commonly abbreviated as GBA, is a 32-bit handheld video game console. It was manufactured by Nintendo. The predecessor to the Game Boy Advance was the Game Boy Color. The Game Boy Advance was eventually succeeded by the Nintendo DS in 2004.
The Game Boy Advance was released in Japan on 21 March 2001. Nintendo later released it in North America on 11 June 2001, in Australia on 20 June 2001, and in Europe on 22 June 2001.
Other models
Game Boy Advance SP
The Game Boy Advance SP (announced in 2002) is one of the two Game Boy Advance variations, first released in Japan on February 14, 2003, in Europe on March 23, 2003, in North America on March 28, 2003, and in Australia on April 10, 2003. It is similar to the original model, but it has a "clamshell" design, meaning that it can be folded to open and close which was later used in all the DS and 3DS models except the original 2DS. The Game Boy Advance SP has a rechargeable battery, and it does not run on two AA batteries. The Game Boy Advance SP has a backlit screen, meaning it has a bright screen (older versions of the GBA SP have a frontlit screen). Like its predecessor, it is backwards compatible with GB and GBC games.
Game Boy Micro
The Game Boy Micro is one of the two variations of the Game Boy Advance and is the last model in the Game Boy Line (alongside the AGS-101 model of the SP) announced at E3 2005. Development of the Micro began in 2004. It is smaller than most handhelds and is designed to fit inside coin pockets. It retains a rechargeable battery and backlit screen from the Game Boy Advance SP. The Game Boy Micro removed backwards compatibility with original Game Boy and Game Boy Color games as it is not compatible with accessories made for the GBA and SP. It also is incompatible with the Nintendo e-Reader. The Game Boy Micro also has a removable face plate for alternative designs. The Micro did not sell well as it was overshadowed by its successor, the Nintendo DS, which also plays GBA games.
Size: 50×101×17.2 mm (2×4×0.7 in)
Weight: 80 g (2.8 oz)
Processor: 32-bit 16.8 MHz ARM processor (ARM7TDMI)
Colors: various
Screen: 51 mm / 2 inches, backlit with adjustable brightness.
Resolution: 240×160 pixels
Battery: built-in rechargeable lithium-ion battery. It has up to five hours of battery life with top brightness and sound and eight hours with both features on default.
Headphones: standard 3.5mm headphone jack
The Game Boy Micro has a switch on its right side to make the volume lower or higher. If the player presses the L shoulder button, it can be used to adjust the backlit screen between 5 different brightness levels.
References
Game Boy
Nintendo video game consoles |
10375 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerie | Amerie | Amerie or Ameriie (born Amerie Mi Marie Rogers, married name Nicholson, January 12, 1980), is an American R&B singer.
Early life
Amerie was born to a South Korean mother and African American father. Her first language is Korean.
Personal life
In 2004, Amerie began dating her manager, Lenny Nicholson. On March 1, 2010, they were engaged. The couple married on June 25, 2011, in an oceanfront ceremony in Anguilla.
Albums
All I Have (2002) number 9 in US charts
Touch (2005) number 5 in US charts; number 28 in UK charts
Because I Love It (2007), number 7 in UK chart
In Love & War (2009)
Cymatika (2012)
Singles
"Why Don't We Fall In Love" (with Ludacris) (2002) number 23 in US charts, number 40 in UK charts
"Talkin' To Me" (2002) number 51 in US charts
"Paradise" (LL Cool J with Amerie) (2002) number 36 in US charts, number 18 in UK charts (2003 release)
"1 Thing" (2005) number 8 in US, number 4 in UK, number 9 in Canada.
References
1980 births
Living people
African American actors
African American musicians
American R&B singers
American singer-songwriters
Singers from Washington, D.C.
Singers from Massachusetts
Musicians from Massachusetts
Musicians from Washington, D.C.
Musicians from Alaska
Singers from Alaska
American movie actors
Actors from Washington, D.C.
American bloggers |
10376 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Stein | Ben Stein | Ben Stein (November 25, 1944) is an American attorney, writer, actor, comedian, and television personality.
He was a lawyer, then speech writer for Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford. He went into show business helping some liberal writers write accurate portrayals of conservatives for a television show. He soon turned to acting, landing his most famous role as a boring teacher in the movie Ferris Bueller's Day Off. He was also the main person in the 2008 movie Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed. His nerdy appearance and dead-pan manner have made him a popular fixture on movies and TV till this day. From 1997 to 2003 he had his own game show, Win Ben Stein's Money. He also wrote many books and had articles that appeared in popular magazines and newspapers. He is also spokesperson for a product named "Clear Eyes".
References
Other websites
1944 births
Living people
American movie actors
American television actors
American game show hosts
Actors from Washington, D.C.
Writers from Washington, D.C. |
10395 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft%20rock | Soft rock | Soft rock is subgenre of rock music. Some people find it lighter and more relaxing than rock and roll while some cannot stand it. Some singers and musicians who sing soft rock are: Bread, The Carpenters and Chicago.
Rock music |
10405 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela%20Merkel | Angela Merkel | Angela Dorothea Merkel (born Angela Dorothea Kasner on 17 July 1954 in Hamburg) is a German politician, and was Chancellor of Germany from 22 November 2005 to 8 December 2021.
She was born in Hamburg, at the time part of West Germany, and grew up in the former German Democratic Republic, where she lived until the reuniting of Germany in 1990. Merkel is now married to Joachim Sauer, a professor of chemistry. From 2000 to 2018, she was the chairperson (was in charge of) the German conservative party, the Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU).
Merkel became Germany's first female chancellor on 22 November 2005 in a coalition of the two biggest German political parties, the CDU/CSU and SPD. After the next election in 2009, she formed a coalition with the German liberal party FDP. After the 2013 and 2017 Federal Elections, she again emerged as chancellor of a coalition government.
Her father was a Lutheran pastor and her mother was a school teacher. Before becoming a politician, she worked as a researcher in Physical Chemistry. In December 2015, she was named as Time magazine's Person of the Year.
In October 2018, Merkel announced her permanent retirement from politics, as she said she would not seek reelection as leader of the CDU at the party convention in December 2018 and as Chancellor in 2021. After this, another female politician, Annegret Kramp-Karrenbauer, replaced her as CDU leader.
References
1954 births
Living people
Chancellors of Germany
East German people
German chemists
German Lutherans
Government ministers of Germany
Former members of the German Bundestag
Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Politicians from Hamburg
Politicians of the Christian Democratic Union of Germany
Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients
Time People of the Year
Women politicians |
10436 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese%20dragon | Chinese dragon | A Chinese dragon was the symbol of the Emperor of China. The dragon in the Qing Dynasty came out on national flags.
Dragons are often found in Chinese art and stories. Since people discovered dragons in Chinese art and stories, dragons are sometimes thought of as a symbol for China.
There are people inside Chinese dragons. Dragons are very popular in China. The phoenix is a dragon that has five claws and was a powerful symbol for the emperors in China.
References
Legendary creatures
Chinese culture |
10454 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Duvall | Robert Duvall | Robert Selden Duvall (born January 5, 1931) is an American actor and director. Duvall won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in Tender Mercies (1983). He has also won the Screen Actors Guild Award, several Golden Globe Awards, and a BAFTA Award.
Early life
Duvall was born in San Diego, California. His parents were Mildred Virginia Hart and William Howard Duvall. He studied at Severn School in Severna Park, Maryland and The Principia in St. Louis, Missouri. He graduated, in 1953, from Principia College in Elsah, Illinois.
Career
Duvall's career began in 1952. His first role was as Arthur "Boo" Radley in the 1962 movie To Kill A Mockingbird. He then appeared on Captain Newman, M.D. (1963).
He landed many of his most famous roles during the early 1970s, such as Major Frank Burns in the blockbuster comedy MASH (1970) and the lead role in THX 1138 (1971), as well as Horton Foote's adaptation of William Faulkner's Tomorrow (1972). This was followed by a series of critically lauded performances in commercially successful films.
Personal life
Duvall's political views are variously described as libertarian or conservative.
Duvall was married to Barbara Benjamin from 1964 until they divorced in 1975. Then, he was married to Gail Youngs from 1982 through 1985. Then he was married to Sharon Brophy from 1991 through 1996. He has been married to Argentine actress Luciana Pedraza since 2005.
Duvall has no children. He lives in The Plains, Virginia.
Movies
He has appeared in many other films including:
To Kill A Mockingbird (1962)
M*A*S*H (1970)
The Godfather (1972)
Tomorrow (1972)
Network (1976)
Apocalypse Now (1979)
True Confessions (1981)
Colors (1988)
The Apostle (1997)
The Judge (2014)
Widows (2018)
Legacy
In 2015, at age 84, Duvall became the oldest person ever nominated for Best Supporting Actor at the Academy Awards, with a nomination for the movie The Judge.
References
Other websites
Academy Award winning actors
Golden Globe Award winning actors
BAFTA Award winning actors
Emmy Award winning actors
Screen Actors Guild Award winners
Actors from San Diego, California
Actors from Virginia
Actors from Maryland
Actors from Illinois
Actors from St. Louis, Missouri
Movie directors from California
Movie directors from Illinois
Republicans (United States)
American movie actors
American television actors
American stage actors
American voice actors
American activists
1931 births
Living people |
10459 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie%20Wonder | Stevie Wonder | Stevland Hardaway Judkins (born May 13, 1950) known by his stage name Stevie Wonder, is an American musician, singer-songwriter, record producer, and multi-instrumentalist.
A child prodigy,Wonder became one of the most successful and well-known artists on the Motown label. He has recorded 23 albums and more than 30 U.S. top ten hits,such as Superstition, Sir Duke and I Just Called To Say Love You (which topped all the charts the board it faced). He has written and produced songs for many of his labelmates and other artists as well. His music, which concerns love, peace, care and knowledge about the outside world has won him 25 Grammy Awards(the most awarded to a male solo artist). Wonder plays the drums, guitar, synthesizers, congas, and most famously the piano, harmonica, and the keyboard. In 2009, United Nations dubbed him "Messenger of Peace".
Early life
He was born on May 13, 1950 at St. Mary's of Michigan Medical Center in Saginaw, Michigan. His real name is Stevland Hardaway Judkins but he later dropped the name Morris and it has been his name for his life.
He has been blind since shortly after his birth. While in the hospital his incubator was left too warm, which caused his retina to detach and resulted in severe optical nerve damage.
Career
In 1961, Wonder sang his own composition , "Lonely Boy" for Smokey Robinson of The Miracles. This earned wonder his contract with Motown and he was mentored by Clarence Paul.Wonder's first album, The Jazz Soul of Little Stevie, was released by Motown Records in 1962 when Wonder was 12 years old. This album was to showcase Stevie's instrumental talents and contained to compositions that Wonder and Paul co-wrote - Session Number 112 and Wondering. He released his second album Tribute to Uncle Ray later that year, mostly covers of Ray Charles's songs including a fresh song, Sunset. These two albums were released in reverse order of recording and failed to gain recognition.Clarence, feeling a song was coming on set Mother Thank You for release as a single, which was pulled and replaced with I Call It Pretty Music But The Old People Call It The Blues. The song almost broke into the Billboard Hot 100, appearing at 101 before dropping out of sight. The followups Little Water Boy and Contract on Love had no success, despite the latter appearing on the Uptight album. His first live album Recorded Live: The 12 Year Old Genius reached number one in the Billboard 200 and contained the live two part single Fingertips, This made him the youngest musician ever to have a number one album in the United States and the youngest artist ever to top the chart.
His next few singles were not successful; his voice was changing as he got older and Motown was considering cancelling his contract. To save him, a fresh single "Up-Tight", co-written with Wonder was recorded in 1965 with reports saying it was based on a rhythm he had been humming and during recording the lyrics were sung back to Wonder as they were unavailable in Braille and that he "never missed a beat". The single charted at No.1 and an album was rushed into production the following year to back it success. This established Wonder as a genuine Motown hitmaker. Since then, he has used a Hohner clavinet.
In 1971, Wonder released the album Where I'm Coming From, an album he expected to see what was going wrong with the world (featured the single "If You Really Love Me". Around the same time his label mate, Marvin Gaye released a similar album, What's Going On, which spawned three singles. The albums have been compared with Marvin's seen as successful, whereas Wonder's seen as "self-indulged, undistinguished, pretentious" and overall lacking in unity and flow. Wanting to become a more independent artist, Wonder allowed his old Motown contract to expire.
Wonder moved to a new studio and was taught synthesiser engineering. He then met Malcolm Cecil and Robert Margouleff who introduced him to an electric orchestra known as TONTO (The Original New Timbral Orchestra) Around the time of its release the previous year, it garnered a lot of attention. On March 3, 1972 Wonder released a new album by the name of Music of My Mind, with all songs flowing together thematically. The album spawned the singles Superwoman and Keep On Running. The album was a success with critics finding it representative of his artistic growth. Although he was separate from Motown, he would still submit his albums to his old record label, Tamla. Cecil and Margouleff helped him engineer the TONTO synthesiser and so were listed as associate producers. This began Wonder's classical period and marked a long collaboration with TONTO's Expanding Head Band.
The albums that followed were Talking Book and Innervisions, the latter winning album of the year in 1973. Wonder won his first four Grammy Awards in 1973. Two of the awards were for his single "Superstition" from Talking Book. In 1974, Wonder's seventeenth album Fulfillingess' First Finale was released, also winning album of the year. It featured two number one singles, "Boogie on Reggae Woman", and "You Haven't Done Nothin", a hit which launched criticism against The Nixon Federation - funny enough, 2 days later, Richard Nixon resigned. Wonder won another four Grammys for the album that year. It was Wonder's second number one album. Wonder's next album Songs in the Key of Life also reached number one. This was Wonder's most critically acclaimed album and the Library of Congress called it culturally, historically or aesthetically significant. It spawned five singles , Sir Duke, a song explaining the pleasures of music, I Wish wishing for childhood days to come back As a ballad of love which will last till The Impossible happens, Another Star a fast-paced Cuban style heartbreak ballad which featured on BBC's promotional video for the 2014 World Cup and Isn't She Lovely a song inspired by the birth Wonder's daughter, Aisha Morris.(Wonder would not release it as a single although instructed by a Motown executive to do so.) The former two songs reached No.1 on the Billboard charts.
In 1979, he released a soundtrack album, Journey Through The Secret Life Of Plants for a documentary The Secret Life Of Plants. The album used a computer melodian virtually throughout. The album contain the No.1 ballad Send One Your Love. The album had been called odd goofy nerdy and foolish. Wonder blamed Motown for not promoting the album properly. In 1980, Wonder released Hotter Than July which included I Ain't Gonna stand For It, a country-style song about a man whose property has been repeatedly trespassed, Master Blaster (Jammin'), a reggae tune dedicated to Bob Marley, "Lately", a ballad and "Happy Birthday", a song in memory of Martin Luther King Jr used for Wonder's campaign to make Luther's birthday a national holiday. His next was a greatest hits album titled Original Musiquarium I featuring 4 new singles That Girl, Do I Do, Front Line and Ribbon in The Sky. In 1983, Wonder contributed Stay Gold to the drama The Outsiders. He then scheduled an album to be titled People Work, Human Play. The album never surfaced and instead 1984 saw the release of his next soundtrack album The Woman in Red.It spawned the hit single "I Just Called to Say I Love You" which reached number one in all the countries with charts at the time, therefore becoming his bestselling record. It was Wonder's only number one in the UK. It was number one there for six weeks. In 1985 Wonder released the digital album In Square Circle and featured on Dionne Warwick's single "That's What Friends Are For" with Elton John and Gladys Knight. It reached number one in the US. Wonder shared the Grammy Award for Best Pop Performance by a Duo Or Group With Vocal. In 1987 Wonder released the album Characters which featured hit singles "Skeletons" and "You Will Know", but was subject to mixed reception. Michael Jackson's album Bad was released. Wonder featured on the album's fifth song "Just Good Friends". In December 1987 Wonder released a single called "Get It", a duet with MJ in turn for Just Good Friends.
In 1991, Wonder's 3rd soundtrack album, Jungle Fever was released a month before the drama film of the same name. The album helped Wonder climb back into the Top Ten in album charting.
In 1995 Wonder released Conversation Peace. It was his first album that was not a soundtrack since 1987. One single, "For Your Love", was released from the album. It won 2 Grammy awards for Best R&B Male Vocal Performance and Best R&B Song.
In 2005 Wonder released his first album in ten years, A Time to Love. Reviewers were upset with the fact it took ten years for him to release a new album with fresh material. On June 25, 2011, Wonder performed at the opening ceremony of the 2011 Special Olympics World Summer Games in Athens, Greece.
Wonder said in 2013 that he will release 2 new albums in 2014, and is making a third. The current working titles are Ten Billion Hearts, When The World Began and Gospel Inspired By Lula.
References
Other websites
Official website
Stevie Wonder at The Songwriters Hall of Fame website
1950 births
Living people
People from Saginaw, Michigan
African American musicians
American activists
American pianists
American R&B musicians
American R&B singers
American singer-songwriters
American soul musicians
Best Original Song Academy Award-winning songwriters
Blind people
Grammy Award winners
Multi-instrumentalists
Musicians from Michigan
Singers from Michigan |
10460 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littleton%2C%20Colorado | Littleton, Colorado | Littleton is a community in Colorado, near Denver. It is most famous in 1999 because of the Columbine High School massacre at Columbine High School, which is not actually in the city of Littleton, but is in a ZIP code assigned to Littleton.
Cities in Colorado
County seats in Colorado |
10462 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motown | Motown | Motown is a famous record label founded in Detroit, Michigan in the late 1950s by Berry Gordy. It is known for signing many well-known rhythm and blues singers and groups. Some of the artists who sang on the label include:
Smokey Robinson and the Miracles
The Temptations
The Supremes
The Jackson 5
The Four Tops
Gladys Knight and the Pips
Marvin Gaye
The Isley Brothers
Rick James
"Motown" can also refer to the city of Detroit itself, or to the genre of music made by artists like those listed above.
Other websites
1959 establishments in the United States
American record labels
Detroit, Michigan
Music genres
1950s establishments in Michigan |
10469 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893 | 1893 |
Events
September 11 - Swami Vivekananda began his first conference in Parliament of World's Religions
Births
June 29 – Aarre Merikanto, Finnish composer
July 30 – Fatimah Jinnah, Pakistani Mother of the Nation.
August 17 – Mae West
Hit Songs
"Happy Birthday to You"
"The Cat Came Back" |
10471 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustelid | Mustelid | Mustelids are a family of carnivorous mammals. They are the family Mustelidae, in the order Carnivora.
They are the largest family of mammals. They are diverse, from weasels who eat mice to wolverines that can kill prey much larger than themselves. Mustelids live in many habitats: otters for example, live mostly in the water, while one species of weasel lives in the Arctic.
One kind of mustelid, the ferret, has been tamed and used for hunting for a long time. These days it is mostly kept as a pet. Because the ferret looks a bit like a rat that has been stretched out in the middle, it is sometimes called a tube rat.
These are other well-known animals from the mustelid family.
Ferrets
Badgers
Ratels (or Honey badgers)
Martens
Minks
Polecats
Sables
Stoats
Otters
They can be thought of as two subfamilies, the Lutrinae (the otters), and the Mustelinae (the rest) |
10474 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanilla%20Ninja | Vanilla Ninja | Vanilla Ninja is a music group made up of four girls named Lenna Kuurmaa, Katrin Siska, Piret Järvis. Previous members are Triinu Kivilaan & Maarja Kivi.
The band has had some popular songs in Europe and they were in the Eurovision Song Contest in 2005.
Discography
All released singles and their chart peak position: Estonia (EST), Germany (GER), Austria (AUT), Switzerland (SWI), Poland (POL), and Finland (FIN).
Albums
Singles
Music videos
DVDs
2004 - Traces of Sadness (Live in Estonia)
2005 - Best Of: The Video Collection
Band members
Current
Lenna Kuurmaa – vocals, guitar
Katrin Siska – keyboard, vocals
Piret Järvis – guitar, vocals
Former
Maarja Kivi – vocals, bass (2002 - 2004)
Triinu Kivilaan – bass, vocals (2004 - 2005)
Other websites
Vanilla Ninja Official Estonian Website
Vanilla Ninja Official Latinoamerican Website
Vanilla Ninja Fansite in English
Vanilla Ninja Portaal
VN-VIP Community (German)
Vanilla Ninja Lithuania (Lietuva)
Vanilla Ninja Argentina
Vanilla Ninja Mexico
Vanilla Ninja Chile
VN-LINN The International Vanilla Ninja Fanclub
Estonian musical entertainers
2000s music groups
Rock bands
Pop music groups |
10477 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/1835 | 1835 |
Events
January 1 – Ole Pedersen Hoiland breaks into the Bank of Norway and steals 64.000 dalers (Swedish dollars)
January 30 – Unsuccessful assassination attempt against President Andrew Jackson in the United States Capitol – first assassination attempt against a President of the United States.
February 20 – Concepción, Chile is destroyed by an earthquake
March 2 – Ferdinand becomes Emperor of Austria.
April 18 – Lord Melbourne becomes the new British Prime Minister.
May 5 – In Belgium a railroad opens from Brussels to Mechelen. It is the first railway in continental Europe.
May 6 – James Gordon Bennett, Sr. makes the first issue of the New York Herald.
July 4 – The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad finishes the Thomas Viaduct, at the time the longest bridge in the United States, and the second longest in the world. (London Bridge was the longest in the world at the time)
September 7 – Charles Darwin gets to the Galapagos Islands aboard HMS Beagle.
October 2 – Texas Revolution begins: Battle of Gonzales – Mexican soldiers try to get the people of Gonzales, Texas to give up their weapons, but the Texans fight back
December 9 – The Army of the Republic of Texas captures San Antonio.
December 16 – Fire in New York City destroys 530 buildings
December 19 – Toledo Blade newspaper begins publishing.
December 28 – Seminole fighter Osceola and his warriors attack U.S. government agent Thompson outside Fort King in Central Florida, starting the Second Seminole War.
The State of Ohio and the Michigan Territory fight the Toledo War over the city of Toledo and the Toledo Strip.
De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestum, Copernicus' book on the motion of the Earth, is removed from the Index of Prohibited Books.
Samuel Colt patents the first revolver
Civil war erupts in Uruguay between supporters of Blanco and Colorado parties
The first Bulgarian-language school opens in the Ottoman Empire.
The French word for their language changes to français, from françois
The Australian city of Melbourne is founded by John Batman and John Pascoe Fawkner.
Art, music, theatre, and literature
May 8 – Hans Christian Andersen publishes his first four fairy tales
June 2 – P.T. Barnum and his circus begin their first tour of the United States
September 26 – Donizetti's opera Lucia di Lammermoor is performed for the first time
Births
March 15 – Eduard Strauss, Austrian composer (d. 1916)
April 9 – King Léopold II of Belgium (d. 1909)
June 2 – Pope Pius X (d. 1914)
October 23 – Adlai E. Stevenson, Vice President of the United States (d. 1914)
November 25 – Andrew Carnegie, American industrialist and philanthropist (d. 1919)
November 30 – Mark Twain, American writer and humorist (d. 1910)
Deaths
March 2 – Emperor Francis I of Austria (b. 1768)
April 21 – Samuel Slater, American industrialist (b. 1768)
May 13 – John Nash, English architect (b. 1752)
June 18 – William Cobbett, English journalist and writer (b. 1763)
July 28 – Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier, French marshal (b. 1768)
September 23 – Vincenzo Bellini, Italian composer (b. 1801) |
10481 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haile%20Selassie%20I | Haile Selassie I | Haile Selassie I ( born Tafari Makonnen July 23, 1892 - August 27, 1975) was the Emperor of Ethiopia from April 2, 1930 to September 12, 1974. He was Regent Plenipotentiary of Ethiopia from 1916 to 1930, when he was crowned Emperor of Ethiopia as one of the Solomonid dynasty. He fought against Italy, shortly before World War II. He was one of the founding fathers of the League of Nations and the United Nations and the 8th person to be recognized the Time Person of the Year.
Tafari was made into local governor of Sidamo in 1907 and Harar in 1911. In Harar, he had a huge following, but he agreed not to remove Lij Iyasu from power as regent in exchange for Iyasu not removing him as governor of Harer. However, Iyasu became a Muslim and broke his agreement by trying to remove Tafari as governor. Tafari said that he now did have to keep the agreement and so he removed Iyasu as regent.
Because Iyasu was Muslims, the nobles replaced him with Empress Zauditu on September 27, 1916 and made Tafari regent. From to then on, Tafari controlled Ethiopia. He was made negus (king) in 1928 and was crowned "Haile Selassie I, King of Kings of Ethiopia, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, Elect of God" on November 2, 1930. His coronation was given widespread publicity throughout the world, especially in two TIME Magazine articles. The publicity created interest on the faraway island of Jamaica, where a belief in his divinity (Godliness) soon arose because of his titles, and he was seen as a symbol of black liberation.
In 1936, he left Ethiopia after an invasion by Benito Mussolini's Italy. The Emperor gave a speech at the League of Nations that asked the world to stop the Italians, but it failed to act. With the help of the British in World War II, he returned to Ethiopia in 1941. In 1963, the Emperor did everything he could to help start the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), with its headquarters in Addis Ababa. In 1966, he visited Jamaica, where he met the Rastafarian community of Jamaica.
On September 12, 1974, he was overthrown by a Marxist coup. He was said to have died of natural causes in August 1975, but evidence later showed that he had been murdered. However, many Rastafarians claim that he is still alive.
Foreign relations
Haile Selassie contributed Ethiopian troops to the United Nations operation in the Congo peacekeeping force during the 1960 Congo Crisis to preserve Congolese integrity, according to United Nations Security Council Resolution 143. On 13 December 1960, while Haile Selassie was on a state visit to Brazil, his Kebur Zabagna (Imperial Guard) forces staged an unsuccessful coup and briefly proclaimed Haile Selassie's eldest son, Asfa Wossen, as emperor. The regular army and police forces crushed the coup attempt since it lacked broad popular support; was denounced by the Ethiopian Orthodox Church; and was unpopular with the army, the air force, and thr police. The effort to depose the Emperor, however, had support among students and the educated classes. The coup attempt has been characterized as a pivotal moment in Ethiopian history, when Ethiopians "for the first time questioned the power of the king to rule without the people's consent". Student populations began to empathise with the peasantry and the poor and advocate on their behalf. The coup spurred Haile Selassie to accelerate reform, which was manifested in the form of land grants to military and police officials.
The Emperor continued to be a staunch ally of the West although he pursued a firm policy of decolonisation in Africa, which was still largely under European colonial rule. The United Nations conducted a lengthy inquiry regarding Eritrea's status, with each of the superpowers vying for a stake in the state's future. The British administrator suggested Eritrea's partition between Sudan and Ethiopia to separate Christians and Muslims. The idea was instantly rejected by Eritrean political parties, as well as the United Nations.
A UN plebiscite voted 46 to 10 to have Eritrea be federated with Ethiopia, which was later stipulated on 2 December 1950 in resolution 390 (V). Eritrea would have its own parliament and administration and be represented in what had been the Ethiopian PA, which would become the federal parliament. Haile Selassie would have none of the European attempts to draft a separate constitution under which Eritrea would be governed, and he wanted his own 1955 Constitution protecting families to apply to both Ethiopia and Eritrea. In 1961, the 30-year Eritrean Struggle for Independence began, followed by Haile Selassie's dissolution of the federation and shutting down of the Eritrean Parliament.
In September 1961, Haile Selassie attended the Conference of Heads of State of Government of Non-Aligned Countries in Belgrade, Yugoslavia. That is considered to be the founding conference of the Non-Aligned Movement.
In 1961, tensions between independence-minded Eritreans and Ethiopian forces culminated in the Eritrean War of Independence. The emperor declared Eritrea the fourteenth province of Ethiopia in 1962. The war would continue for 30 years. Haile Selassie and then the Soviet-backed junta that succeeded him attempted to retain Eritrea by force.
In 1963, Haile Selassie presided over the formation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), the precursor of the today's African Union (AU). The new organization would establish its headquarters in Addis Ababa. In May that year, Haile Selassie was elected as the OAU's first official chairperson, a rotating seat. Along with Modibo Keïta of Mali, the Ethiopian leader would later help successfully negotiate the Bamako Accords, which brought an end to the border conflict between Morocco and Algeria. In 1964, Haile Selassie would initiate the concept of the United States of Africa, a proposition later taken up by Muammar Gaddafi.
On 4 October 1963, Haile Selassie addressed the General Assembly of the United Nations that referred to his address to his earlier speech to the League of Nations:Twenty-seven years ago, as Emperor of Ethiopia, I mounted the rostrum in Geneva, Switzerland, to address the League of Nations and to appeal for relief from the destruction which had been unleashed against my defenseless nation, by the fascist invader. I spoke then both to and for the conscience of the world. My words went unheeded, but history testifies to the accuracy of the warning that I gave in 1936. Today, I stand before the world organization which has succeeded to the mantle discarded by its discredited predecessor. In this body is enshrined the principle of collective security which I unsuccessfully invoked at Geneva. Here, in this Assembly, reposes the best – perhaps the last – hope for the peaceful survival of mankind.Emperor Haile Selassie standing in front of throne c. 1965
On 25 November 1963, the Emperor was among other heads of state, including French President Charles de Gaulle, ti traveed to Washington, DC, and attend the funeral of assassinated President John F. Kennedy.
In 1966, Haile Selassie attempted to replace the historical tax system with a single progressive income tax, which would significantly weaken the nobility, which had previously avoided paying most of their taxes. Even with alterations, the law led to a revolt in Gojjam, which was repressed although enforcement of the tax was abandoned. Having achieved its design in undermining the tax, the revolt encouraged other landowners to defy Haile Selassie.
A parade in honoir of Emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie I, turns onto Pennsylvania Avenue from New York Avenue; crowds line the street. Washington, D.C 1963
While he had fully approved and assured Ethiopia's participation in UN-approved collective security operations, including Korea and Congo, Haile Selassie drew a distinction between it and the non-UN-approved foreign intervention in Indochina, consistently deplored it as needless suffering and called for the Vietnam War to end on several occasions. At the same time, he remained open toward the United States and praised it for making progress with civil rights legislation in the 1950s and the 1960s. He visited the US several times during those years.
Titles and styles
Main article: List of titles and honours of Haile Selassie
23 July 1892 – 1 November 1905: Lij Tafari Makonnen
1 November 1905 – 11 February 1917: Dejazmach Tafari Makonnen
11 February 1917 – 7 October 1928: Le'ul-Ras Tafari Makonnen
7 October 1928 – 2 November 1930: Negus Tafari Makonnen
2 November 1930 – 12 September 1974: His Imperial Majesty Haile Selassie I, King of Kings, Lord of Lords, Conquering Lion of the Tribe of Judah, Elect of God and Light of the Universe.
134th Christian ruler of Ethiopia ?
On 21 January 1965, Haile Selassie I was venerated with the title of "Defender of the Faith" by the Patriarchs of the Oriental Orthodox Churches of the World.
National orders
Chief Commander of the Order of the Star of Ethiopia (1909)
Grand Collar of the Order of Solomon (1930)
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Seal of Solomon
Grand Cordon with Collar of the Order of the Queen of Sheba
Grand Cordon of the Order of the Holy Trinity (Ethiopia)
Grand Cordon of the Order of Menelik II
Order of Fidelity
References
1892 births
1975 deaths
Ethiopian people
Rastafari
Time People of the Year
Emperors and empresses
Recipients of the Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria |
10484 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopia | Ethiopia | Ethiopia (, , , , Oromo: Itiyophiyaa, , Tigrinya: ኢትዮጵያ) is a country in the Horn of Africa. It has one of the longest and most well known histories as a country in Africa and the world. Ethiopia was one of the few countries in Africa that escaped the Scramble for Africa. It avoided being colonized until 1935, when it was invaded by the Italians, who took over the country for a brief time. Ethiopia used to be called Abyssinia. The word "Ethiopia" is from the Greek word Αἰθιοπία (IPA: /ˌaitʰioˈpia/) meaning sun light burned face. It is the most populous landlocked country in the world. It lost its Red Sea ports when Eritrea gained independence in 1993.
History
The conception of an Ethiopian nation is stated to have begun with the Aksumite Kingdom in the 4th century A.D. The Aksumite Kingdom was a predominantly Christian state that at the height of its power controlled what is now the Ethiopian Highlands, Eritrea, and the coastal regions of Southern Arabia. The Aksumite Kingdom was responsible for the development of the religious movement that became the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. However, the expansion of Islam in the 7th century caused the decline of the Aksumite Kingdom, and most of the lowland populations converted to Islam, while the highland people remained Christian. Since the Aksumite people became divided between Christian highlands and Islamic lowlands, religious and tribal tensions and rivalries between the people intensified. The Aksumite society changed into a loose confederation of city-states that maintained traditions and languages influenced by Aksum.
After the fall of Aksum due to declining sea trade from fierce competition by Muslims and changing climate, the power base of the kingdom migrated south and shifted its capital to Kubar (near Agew). They moved southwards because, even though the Axumite Kingdom welcomed and protected the companions of Prophet Muhammad to Ethiopia, who came as refugees to escape the persecution of the ruling families of Mecca and earned the friendship and respect of the Prophet. Their friendship deteriorated when South-Arabians invaded the Dahlak islands through the port of Adulis and destroyed it, which was the economic backbone for the prosperous Aksumite Kingdom. After a second golden age in the early 6th century the Aksumite empire began to decline in the mid 6th century, eventually ceasing its production of coins in the early 7th century. Around this same time, the Aksumite population was forced to go farther inland to the highlands for protection, abandoning Aksum as the capital. Arab writers of the time continued to describe Ethiopia (no longer referred to as Aksum) as an extensive and powerful state, though they had lost control of most of the coast and their tributaries. While land was lost in the north, it was gained in the south; and, though Ethiopia was no longer an economic power, it still attracted Arab merchants. The capital was moved to a new location, currently unknown, though it may have been called Ku'bar or Jarmi.
Under the reign of Degna Djan, during the 10th century, the empire kept expanding south, and sent troops into the modern-day region of Kaffa, while at the same time undertaking missionary activity into Angot and Amhara.
Local history holds that, around 960, a Jewish Queen named Yodit (Judith) or "Gudit" defeated the empire and burned its churches and literature. While there is evidence of churches being burned and an invasion around this time, her existence has been questioned by some western authors. Another possibility is that the Aksumite power was ended by a southern pagan queen named Bani al-Hamwiyah, possibly of the tribe al-Damutah or Damoti of the Sidama people. It is clear from contemporary sources that a female usurper did indeed rule the country at this time, and that her reign ended some time before 1003. After a short Dark Age, the Aksumite Empire was succeeded by the Agaw Zagwe dynasty in the 11th or 12th century (most likely around 1137), although limited in size and scope. However, Yekuno Amlak, who killed the last Zagwe king and founded the modern Solomonic dynasty around 1270 traced his ancestry and his right to rule from the last emperor of Aksum, Dil Na'od. It should be mentioned that the end of the Aksumite Empire didn't mean the end of Aksumite culture and traditions; for example, the architecture of the Zagwe dynasty at Lalibela and Yemrehana Krestos Church shows heavy Aksumite influence.
Fearing of what recently occurred, Axum shifted its capital near Agew In the middle of the sixteenth century Adal Sultanate armies led by Harar leader Ahmed Gragn invaded the Ethiopian Highlands in what is known as the "Conquest of Habasha". Following Gragn invasions the southern part of the Empire was lost to Ethiopia and scattered several groups like the Gurage people were cut off from the rest of Abyssinia. In the late sixteenth century the nomadic Oromo people penetrated the Abyssinian plains occupying large territories during the Oromo migrations. Abyssinian warlords often competed with each other for dominance of the realm. The Amharas seemed to gain the upper hand with the accession of Yekuno Amlak of Ancient Bete Amhara in 1270, after defeating the Agaw lords of Lasta.
The Gondarian dynasty, which since the 16th century had become the centre of Royal pomp and ceremony of Abyssinia, finally lost its influence as a result of the emergence of powerful regional lords, following the murder of Iyasu I, also known as Iyasu the Great. The decline in the prestige of the dynasty led to the semi-anarchic era of Zemene Mesafint("Era of the Princes"), in which rival warlords fought for power and the Yejju Oromo enderases ("regents") had effective control. The emperors were considered to be figureheads. Until a young man named Kassa Haile Giorgis also known as Emperor Tewodros brought end to Zemene Mesafint by defeating all his rivals and took the throne in 1855. The Tigrayans made only a brief return to the throne in the person of Yohannes IV in 1872, whose death in 1889 resulted in the power base shifting back to the dominant Amharic-speaking elite prior to Yejju Oromo and Tigrayan rule. His successor Menelik II an Emperor of Amhara origin seized power. League of Nations in 1935 reported that after the invasion of Menelik's forces into non Abyssinian-proper lands of Somalis, Harari, Southern Oromo, Sidama, Shanqellaetc, the inhabitants were enslaved and heavily taxed by the gebbar-feudal system leading to depopulation.
Some scholars consider the Amhara to have been Ethiopia's ruling elite for centuries, represented by the Solomonic line of Emperors ending in Haile Selassie I. Marcos Lemma and other scholars dispute the accuracy of such a statement, arguing that other ethnic groups have always been active in the country's politics. This confusion may largely stem from the mislabeling of all Amharic-speakers as "Amhara" even though they were from a different ethnic group, and the fact that many people from other ethnic groups have adopted Amharic names. Another is the claim that most Ethiopians can trace their ancestry to multiple ethnic groups, including the last self-proclaimed emperor Haile Selassie I and his Empress Itege Menen Asfaw of Ambassel of having both Amhara and Oromo linage.
Oromo migrations, occurred with the movement of a large pastoral population from the southeastern provinces of the Empire. A contemporary account was recorded by the monk Abba Bahrey, from the Gamo region. Subsequently, the empire organization changed progressively, with faraway provinces taking more independence. A remote province such as Bale is last recorded paying tribute to the imperial throne during Yaqob reign (1590-1607).
By 1607, Oromos were also major players in the imperial politics, when Susenyos I, raised by a clan through gudifacha(or adoption), took power. He was helped by fellow Luba age-group generals Mecha, Yilma and Densa, who were rewarded by Rist feudal lands, in the present-day Gojjam districts of the same name.
The reign of Iyasu I the Great (1682-1706) was a major period of consolidation. It also saw the dispatching of embassies to Louis XIV's France and to Dutch India. During the reign of Iyasu II (1730-1755), the Empire was strong enough to undertake a war on the Sennar Sultanate, where the emperor leading its army to Sennar itself, was afterwards forced to retreat upon defeat along the Setit river. Iyasu II also conferred the dignity of Kantibai of the Habab (northern Eritrea) after homage by a new dynasty.
The Wallo and Yejju clans of the Oromo people rise to power culminated in 1755, when Emperor Iyoas I ascended to the imperial throne in Gondar. They would be one of the major factions contending for imperial power during the ensuing Zemene Mesafint, starting from 1769, when Mikael Sehul, Ras of Tigray killed Iyoas I and replaced him with Yohannes II.
The establishment of modern Ethiopia was led by the Shawan people (which included both Amharas and Oromos), particularly Amhara emperors Tewodros II of Gondar, who governed from 1855 to 1868, Yohannis IV, who was from Tigray governed from 1869 to 1889 and managed to expand his authority into Eritrea, and Menelik II, who governed from 1889 to 1913 and repelled the Italian invasion of 1896.
From 1874 to 1876, the Empire, under Yohannes IV, won the Ethiopian-Egyptian War, decisively beating the invading forces at the Battle of Gundet, in Hamasien province (in modern day Eritrea). In 1887 Menelik king of Shewa invaded the Emirate of Harar after his victory at the Battle of Chelenqo.
Beginning in the 1890s, under the reign of the Emperor Menelik II, the empire's forces set off from the central province of Shoa to incorporate through conquest inhabited lands to the west, east and south of its realm. The territories that were annexed included those of the Western Oromo (non-Shawan Oromo), Sidama, Gurage, Wolayta, and Dizi. Among the imperial troops was Ras Gobena's Shewan Oromo militia. Many of the lands that they annexed had never been under the empire's rule, with the newly incorporated territories resulting in the modern borders of Ethiopia.
Ethiopia, unlike the rest of Africa, had never been colonized. Ethiopia was accepted as the first independent African-governed state at the League of Nations in 1922. Ethiopia was occupied by Italy after the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, but it was liberated by the Allies during World War II.
After the war, Ethiopia annexed Eritrea. However, ethnic tensions surged between the Amhara and the various ethnic groups of Eritrea, as well as Oromo, Somali, and Tigray peoples, in Ethiopia proper, each of whom had formed separatist movements dedicated to leaving Ethiopia. After the overthrow of the Ethiopian monarchy by the Derg military junta, the country became aligned with the Soviet Union and Cuba after the United States failed to support it in its military struggle with Somali separatists in the Ogaden region. After the end of military government in Ethiopia in 1993, Eritrea separated from Ethiopia.
The Kingdom of Aksum, the first known kingdom of great power to rise in Ethiopia, rose during the first century AD. The Persian religious figure Mani listed Axum with Rome, Persia, and China as one of the four great powers of his time. It was in the early 4th century that a Syro-Greek castaway, Frumentius, was taken to the court and over time changed King Ezana to Christianity, making Christianity Ethiopia's religion. For this, he received the title "Abba Selama". At different times, including a time in the 6th century, Axum ruled most of modern-day Yemen just across the Red Sea.
The line of rulers of the actual Axumite kings ended around 950 AD when they were overthrown by the Jewish Queen Gudit; then it was followed by the Zagwe dynasty for around 300 years. Around 1270 AD, the Solomonid dynasty came to control Ethiopia, claiming that they were related to the kings of Axum (though their claim was unscientific, they were even southern Ethiopia people, like from Shewa and such). They called themselves Neguse Negest ("King of Kings," or Emperor), basing their claims on their direct relation to king Solomon and the queen of Sheba.
During the rule of Emperor Lebna Dengel, Ethiopia made its first good contact with a European country, Portugal in 1520. When the Empire was attacked by Somali General and Imam, Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi, Portugal responded to Lebna Dengel's request for help with 400 musketeers, helping his son Gelawdewos beat al-Ghazi and remake his rule. However, Jesuit missionaries over time offended the Orthodox faith of the local Ethiopians, and in the mid-17th century Emperor Fasilidos got rid of these missionaries. At the same time, the Oromo people began to question the Ethiopian Christian authorities in the Abyssinian territories, and wanted to keep their own religion.
All of this led to Ethiopia's isolation during the 1700s. The Emperors became figureheads, controlled by warlords like Ras Mikael Sehul of Tigray. But Amharic is the national language of Ethiopia. Ethiopian isolationism ended following a British mission that made friendship between the two nations; however, it was not until the reign of Tewodros II that Ethiopia began to take part in world matters once again.
In 1896 Italy was decisively defeated in the battle of Adwa by Emperor Menelik; an Amhara Emperor from the province of Shewa. This battle dispelled the notion that Europeans were superior and could not be defeated by a black army. It gave rise to the Pan African movement, and hope to other African countries who were conquered. This victory made Ethiopia the only African country to successfully repel a European power during the Scramble of Africa. In 1936 Italy again attacked, and succeeded in occupying Ethiopia until 1941. With British help the 5 year occupation ended and Emperor Haile Selassie regained the throne.
Revolutionaries overthrew and killed the emperor in 1974. The resulting civil war lasted until 1991. Eritrea became independent and later fought the Eritrean–Ethiopian War.
Ethiopians
Ethiopians are the native inhabitants of Ethiopia, as well as the global diaspora of Ethiopia. Ethiopians constitute several component ethnic groups, many of which are closely related to ethnic groups in neighboring Eritrea and other parts of the Horn of Africa.
Ethiopia's population is highly diverse with different languages and ethnic groups. Most of its people speak a Semitic or Cushitic language which are both part of the Afroasiatic language family, while others speak Nilo-Saharan languages. The Oromo, Amhara, Somali and Tigrayans make up more than three-quarters (75%) of the population, but there are more than 80 different ethnic groups within Ethiopia. Some of these have as few as 10,000 members.
Component Ethnicities
Component Ethnicities
Major ethnic groups
Oromo 34.9%
Amhara 27.9%
Tigrayan 7.3%
Sidama 4.1%
Gurage 2.8%
Welayta 3%
Somali 2.7%
Hadiya 2.2%
Afar 0.6%
Other ethnic groups 12.6%
Ethiopian diaspora
Ethiopian Americans
Ethiopian Australians
Ethiopian Canadians
Ethiopian Jews in Israel
Ethiopians in Italy
Ethiopians in the United Kingdom
Ethiopians in Denmark
Ethiopians in Norway
Ethiopians in Sweden
Eritreans
Habesha peoples
Eritrean people of Ethiopian descent
Ethiopian people of Eritrean descent
National identity
Ethiopian nationalism, also referred to as Ethiopianism, Ethiopianness, Pan-Ethiopian nationalism, Ethiopian national identity, and Civic Nationalism in Ethiopia and the Ethiopian Community, asserts that Ethiopians are a nation and promotes the equality of all component ethnic groups. Ethiopian people as a whole regardless of ethnicity constitute sovereignty as one polity. Ethiopian nationalism is a type of civic nationalism in that it is multi-ethnic in nature and promotes multiculturalism. The view espoused by Ethiopian nationalists is that Ethiopian civic nationalism is in contrast to and in opposition against ethno-nationalist supremacism fueled by ethnic federalist policies introduced by the EPRDF in which Ethiopian nationalists claim that regional subdivisions of the state were segregated according to ethnicity brought about by the partitioning and dissolution of traditionally multi-ethnic regions causing the internal displacement of people through internal population transfers. However, there has been opposition to multi-ethnic Ethiopian civic nationalism from ethnic nationalist and separatists groups as seen in the surge of ethnic tensions between various Ethiopian ethnic groups and political parties most notably among the most populous ethnic groups in the country such as the Amhara, Oromo, Somali, and Tigray peoples, most of whom who have separatist movements among their ranks, and conflict between Ethiopia and various ethnic groups that make up the Eritrean population with Eritrean Provincial Separatists vying for and later accomplishing the independence of Eritrea (who had already formed their own region specific Eritrean Nationalism and national identity of the Eritreans which has keen similarities to that of Ethiopian civic nationalism because of its multi-ethnic nature). In the aftermath of the Shewan Neftenya period that occurred, as a result of feudal lords from Shewa settling in the southern regions, other ethnic groups assimilated into the royal court culture by adopting the Amharic language, Orthodox Christianity, and other aristocratic cultural traits. The Amhara culture-influenced royal court culture dominated throughout the eras of military and monarchic rule. Both peasant Amhara culture and Ethiopian Empire royal court culture have heavily influenced each other; this Ethiopian royal court culture (that influenced and was influenced by Amhara culture) but is separate from traditional peasant Amhara culture, dominated throughout the eras of military and monarchic rule. The difference between the average Amhara people (generally those of the peasant class) and high status royal court class (which was multi-ethnic but adopted the Amharic language) are described by Siegfried Pausewang says that "the term Amhara relates in contemporary Ethiopia to two different and distinct social groups. The ethnic group of the Amhara, mostly a peasant population, is different from a mixed group of urban people coming from different ethnic background, who have adopted Amharic as a common language and identify themselves as Ethiopians". Due to language and certain cultural similarities, the multi-ethnic ruling class of the military and monarchic era has erroneously been described as an Amhara ruling class, in addition to the questionable existence of an ethnic group known as the Amhara people during the time periods in question, has erroneously made the terms interchangeable (even within this article). Aspects of Ethiopian nationalism have been described as a political principle centered at unification of Ethiopian identity. The ideology was promulgated throughout ancient history, from Ethiopian Empire and the Derg rule. For more than a century, Amhara ruling elite used this ideology to pursue an assimilation policy and consolidate power. The conflict started between Abyssinia, ruled by Amhara ethnic groups, and various subjugated ethnic groups such as Oromo, Sidama, and Tigray. In 1991 Eritrea achieved independence as the Derg collapsed and the TPLF assumed power and created an ethnic-federal state. The Amhara culture dominated throughout the eras of military and monarchic rule. Both the Haile Selassie and Derg governments relocated numerous Amharas into southern Ethiopia including the present-day Oromia Region, where they served in government administration, courts, church and even in schools, where Oromo texts were eliminated and replaced by Amharic. As a result of these steps, ethnic tensions surged against the Neftenya system where the Oromo, Somali, and Tigray peoples, each of whom had formed separatist movements such as the OLF, TPLF, ELF and ONLF struggled to leave the Ethiopian Empire, which led to the Ethiopian Civil War. Oromo ethnic nationalists and Ethiopian civic nationalists continue to have conflicting narratives over the status of Addis Ababa. Oromo ethnic nationalist claim that Addis Ababa should be ceded to Oromia Region and/or lead by Oromo people, while Ethiopian civic nationalists believe that it should stay as an independent city with leadership open to all people regardless of ethnicity. The Abyssinian elites perceived the Oromo identity and languages as hindrances to Ethiopian national identity expansion.
Regions, zones, and districts
Before 1996, Ethiopia was divided into 13 provinces. Ethiopia now has ethnically based regional countries, zones, districts, and neighborhoods.
There are nine regions, sixty-eight zones and two chartered cities. Ethiopia is further divided into 550 woredas and several special woredas.
The nine regions and two chartered cities (in italics) are:
Economy
Coffee production is a longstanding tradition in Ethiopia.
Related pages
Ethiopia at the Olympics
Ethiopia national football team
List of rivers of Ethiopia
References
Ethiopia
Italian-speaking countries
Least developed countries
1991 establishments in Africa |
10485 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah | Utah | Utah is a state in the west United States. The capital and largest city is Salt Lake City. Utah became a state in the U.S. on January 4, 1896.
Geography
Utah is bordered by Idaho and Wyoming in the north and Colorado in the east. It touches a single point of New Mexico to the southeast at Four Corners. Utah is bordered by Arizona in the south, and by Nevada in the west. It covers an area of 84,899 square miles (219,887 km²).
Utah is mostly rocky with three distinct geological regions: the Rocky Mountains, the Great Basin, and the Colorado Plateau. Utah is a great geographical tourism place. Utah is known for its natural diversity and is home to features ranging from arid deserts with sand dunes to thriving pine forests in mountain valleys.
Climate
Utah has a dry, semi-arid to climate, although its many mountains have large, wide, differences of climates, with the highest points in the Uinta Mountains being above the . The dry weather from the state lying mostly in the rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada in California. The eastern half of the state is in the rain shadow of the Wasatch Mountains. The primary source of rain for the state is the Pacific Ocean, with the state normally lying in the path of large Pacific storms from mid-October through April, although northern Utah often sees these large storms earlier and later. In summer, the state, normally southern and eastern Utah, is in the path of monsoon from the Gulf of California. Most of the lowland areas get less than 12 inches (300 mm) of rain a year. The Great Salt Lake Desert is the driest area of the state, with less than 5 inches (125 mm). Snowfall is common in all but the far southern valleys. Although St. George only gets about 3 inches (7.5 cm) per year, Salt Lake City sees about 60 inches (150 cm), enhanced by the lake-effect snow from the Great Salt Lake, which increases snowfall totals to the south, southeast, and east of the lake. Some areas of the Wasatch Range in the path of the lake-effect get up to 700 inches (1,770 cm) per year. The dry, fluffy, snow led Utah's ski industry to get the slogan "the Greatest Snow on Earth" in the 1980s. In the winter, temperature are a phenomenon across Utah's low basins and valleys, leading to thick humidity and fog that can sometimes last for weeks at a time, normally in the Uintah Basin.
Population
The center of population of Utah is in Salt Lake County in the city of "Salt Lake City". As of July 1, 2008 the Census Bureau believes Utah has a population of 2,736,424. In 2008, the US Census Bureau determined Utah to be the fastest growing state in the country in terms of population growth.
Much of the population lives in cities and towns along the Wasatch Front, a region that runs north-south with the Wasatch Mountains rising on the eastern side. Growth outside the Wasatch Front is also increasing. The St. George metropolitan area is right now the second-fastest growing in the country after the Las Vegas metropolitan area, while the Heber metropolitan area is also the second-fastest growing in the country (right in front of Palm Coast, Florida).
Economy
The University of Utah says that the gross state product of Utah in 2005 was $92 billion, or 0.74% of the total United States GDP of $12.4 trillion for the same year. The per capital personal income was $24,977 in 2005. Major companies of Utah are: mining, cattle ranching, salt production, and government services.
In eastern Utah petroleum making is a big industry. Near Salt Lake City, petroleum refining is done by a number of oil companies. In central Utah, coal mining accounts for much of the mining activity.
Age and Gender
Utah has a high total birth rate, and the youngest population of any U.S. state. It is also one of the few non-Southern states that has more males than females.
In 2000, the gender percents of Utah were estimated as:
49.9 percent female
50.1 percent male
Religion
Most of the state's people are members of "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints", commonly referred to as the Mormons or the LDS Church. As of 2007, 60.7 percent of everyone in the state are members of "The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints". Mormons are not as common as they used to be in Salt Lake City. Usually, rural areas are almost all Mormon. Though the LDS Church does not support or oppose any political parties, the church's doctrine has a strong connection with politics. In the past, many of Utah's lawmakers have been church members; the effect has contributed to the state's towards alcohol (sales and content) and gambling. Another effect can be seen in Utah's high birth rate (25 percent higher than the national normal; the highest for a state in the U.S.). The Mormons in Utah normally have conservative views when it comes to most political . Most voter-age Utahns do not belong to a political party (60%), but vote mostly for Republicans. John McCain got 62.5% of the vote in the 2008 Presidential Election while 70.9% of people of Utah chose George W. Bush in 2004.
Popular towns and cities
Utah's population is concentrated in two areas, the Wasatch Front in the North-Central part of the state, with a population of over 2 million; and southwestern Utah, locally known as "Dixie", with nearly 150,000 people who live there.
According to the 2000 Census, Utah was the fourth fastest growing state (at 29.6 percent) in the United States between 1990 and 2000. St. George, in the southwest, is the second-fastest growing area in the United States, right behind Greeley, Colorado.
The state's two fastest growing counties are: "Summit" (at 91.6 percent; ranking it 8th in the country) and "Washington" (at 86.1 percent; ranking it 12th). The cities (defined as having at least 9,000 people living there in 2000) that saw the greatest increases between 1990 and 2000 were: "Draper" (248 percent), "South Jordan" (141 percent), "Lehi" (125 percent), "Riverton" (122 percent), and "Syracuse" (102 percent). Between 1990 and 2000 the five fastest-growing cities of any size were "Cedar Hills" (302 percent), "Draper" (248 percent), "Woodland Hills" (213 percent), "Ivins" (173 percent), and "South Jordan" (141 percent). The U.S. Census Bureau estimates, the five fastest-growing cities of any size between 2000 and 2008 were "Saratoga Springs" (1,501%), "Herriman" (1,061%), "Eagle Mountain" (934%), "Cedar Hills" (209%), and "Lehi" (146%).
Related pages
Colleges and universities in Utah
List of counties in Utah
References
1896 establishments in the United States |
10487 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Bahamas | The Bahamas | The Bahamas (officially called Commonwealth of the Bahamas) is a group of islands in the West Indies. The country's capital, Nassau, is on New Providence Island.
The Taino were the first people living there. In 1492, Christopher Columbus found the Americas by landing on another of the islands, San Salvador. The Eleutheran Adventurers soon came along, making a home in Eleuthera.
The islands' mostly black population speaks English, the country's main language.
The Bahamas are a popular place for people to visit for holidays, the 700 islands and cays attract many visitors from nearby America, as well as Europe and other countries.
History
Lucayanss were the first people to arrive in the Bahamas. They moved into the southern Bahamas from Hispaniola and Cuba around the 11th century AD, having come there from South America. They came to be known as the Lucayan. About 30,000 Lucayan lived the Bahamas when Christopher Columbus arrived in 1492. Columbus' first landfall in the New World was on an island named San Salvador, which some scholars believe to be present-day San Salvador Island.
The Spanish forced much of the Lucayan population to move to Hispaniola. They were used for forced labour. This and the exposure to foreign diseases led to most of the population of the Bahamas dying. Smallpox alone wiped out half of the population in what is now the Bahamas.
In 1670, King Charles II rented out the islands to the Carolinas, along with rights of trading, tax, and governing the country. During this time, the Bahamas became a haven for pirates, including the infamous Blackbeard. To restore proper government, Britain made the Bahamas a crown colony in 1718. The first governor was Woodes Rogers.
After the American War of Independence, the British resettled some 7,300 Loyalists and their slaves in the Bahamas from New York, Florida, and the Carolinas. The first group of loyalists left St. Augustine in East Florida in September 1783. These Loyalists established plantations on several islands. British Americans were outnumbered by the African-American slaves they brought with them, and ethnic Europeans remained a minority in the territory.
On 10 July 1973 The Bahamas gains full independence within British Commonwealth.
People
Nearly 500,000 people live in the Bahamas. The ethnic groups of the population is: 82% African descent 15% European & Mixed descent 3% Asian and other.
Languages
The official language of the Bahamas is English, but they also speak a local dialect called Bahamianese. The Bahamian dialect is based based on the West Country England accents along with South Hiberno English dialects with strong influences from West African languages.
Geography and climate
In 1864 the Governor of the Bahamas reported that there were 29 islands, 661 cays, and 2,387 rocks in the colony.
The closest island to the United States is Bimini. The southeasternmost island is Inagua. The largest island is Andros Island. Nassau, capital city of The Bahamas, is on the island of New Providence.
All the islands are low and flat. The highest point in the country is Mount Alvernia on Cat Island. It is high.
Climate
The climate of The Bahamas is subtropical to tropical. The Gulf Stream can be very dangerous in the summer and autumn. This is when hurricanes pass near or through the islands. Hurricane Andrew hit the northern islands during the 1992 Atlantic hurricane season. Hurricane Floyd hit most of the islands during the 1999 Atlantic hurricane season.
There has never been a freeze reported in The Bahamas. The temperature can fall as low as .
Districts
The Bahamas are divided into 32 districts and the town of New Providence.
The districts are:
Military
The Bahamas does not have an army or an air force. The Royal Bahamas Defence Force (RBDF) is the navy. The Defence Force has a fleet of 26 coastal and inshore patrol craft along with 2 aircraft and over 850 personnel including 65 officers and 74 women.
References
Related pages
Bahamas at the Olympics
Bahamas national football team
List of rivers of the Bahamas
Other websites
Official Government Website
The Ministry of Tourism's Site
Commonwealth realms
English-speaking countries
Caribbean Community
1973 establishments in North America |
10489 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu | Vanuatu | Vanuatu is a country in the Pacific Ocean. The official languages of Vanuatu are Bislama, English and French. Vanuatu has a population of over 250,000 people. The capital of Vanuatu is Port Vila. The country was ruled as a colony by England and France. It got its independence in 1980. During the colonial time, it was named the "New Hebrides" or "Nouvelles Hebrides".
History
Evidence shows, that people lived in Vanuatu by 1300 BC. Portuguese explorer Pedro Fernández de Quirós first discovered the islands in 1606. British explorer, navigator James Cook discovered the islands in 1774. Cook mapped the islands and named them New Hebrides.
Geography
Vanuatu is an island archipelago. It has about 82 small islands. The islands were made from volcanoes. 65 of the islands are inhabited. There is about north to south distance between the outermost islands. Two of the islands (Matthew and Hunter) are also claimed by France. Fourteen of Vanuatu's islands have surface areas of more than .
The highest point in Vanuatu is Mount Tabwemasana, at , on the island of Espiritu Santo.
Flora and fauna
Even though it has tropical forests, Vanuatu has a small number of plant and animal species. There are no large mammals. The 19 species of native reptiles include the flowerpot snake, found only on Efate. The Fiji Banded Iguana (Brachylophus fasciatus) was introduced as a feral animal in the 1960s. There are 11 species of bats and 61 species of land and water birds.
The region is rich in sea life. There are more than 4,000 species of marine molluscs. Coneshell and stonefish carry poison that will kill humans. The giant East African land snail arrived only in the 1970s but already has spread from the Port-Vila region to Luganville.
There are three or possibly four adult saltwater crocodiles living in Vanuatu's mangroves and no current breeding population. It is said the crocodiles reach the northern part of the islands after cyclones. This is because of the island chain's closeness to the Solomon Islands and New Guinea, where crocodiles are very common.
Cuisine
The national dish of Vanuatu is the lap lap.
Locations
There are six provinces in Vanuatu. They are Malampa, Penama, Sanma, Shefa, Tafea and Torba.
Some of the cities are:
Bunlap
Forari
Ipikil
Ipota
Isangel
Lakatoro
Lamap
Loltong
Longana
Lorevilko
Luganville
Lénakel
Port Olry
Port Vila - Capital
Rovo Bay
Sola
Sulphur Bay
Whitesands
Gallery
References
Commonwealth member states
Least developed countries
1980 establishments in Oceania |
10496 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack | Jack | Jack is a male given name. It might also mean:
Jack (1996 movie), a 1996 movie directed by Francis Ford Coppola and starring Robin Williams
Jack (Tekken), a character in the Tekken series of video games
Jack (tool), a tool used for lifting
A playing card that has a J on it
A Phone connector |
10497 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuff | Stuff | Stuff is a mass of many things listed below, matter, or events.
Stuff (cloth), a type of woollen or worsted cloth or fabric.
Stuffing, something that is used to fill the inside of foods
Stuffed animal, a soft children's toy
Stuffed or preserved animals, created through the art of taxidermy
In computing:
Bit stuffing, a technique using in communication protocols
HowStuffWorks, a website explaining how various things work
In sports:
Stuff, a slang term for a pitcher's ability to make a pitch move dramatically in baseball |
10500 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayola | Crayola | Crayola is an American brand of crayons and other writing and drawing utensils, such as markers, chalk and colored pencils. The company used to be called "Binney & Smith Company". It is based in Northampton, Massachusetts. Since 1984, it has been owned by the company Hallmark Cards.
History
Binney and Smith made industrial products before 1900, but in 1903 started to make Crayola crayons. The name came from a word used by the wife of Mr. Binney. The first box had eight colors: blue, green, red, yellow, black, brown, orange and violet. They became well-known because they were the best crayons at that time. Later, the company made more products, including boxes of 48, 64, 96, 120 and 200 Crayons, colored pencils and markers.
References
Art |
10505 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringo%20Starr | Ringo Starr | Sir Richard Starkey MBE (born 7 July 1940), known professionally as Ringo Starr, is an English actor and musician. He is known as a former member of the Beatles. He joined the group in 1962 as a replacement for their first drummer Pete Best. He quickly became well-liked and very popular. He sang lead on some of the band's songs including "Yellow Submarine", "Act Naturally", "Don't Pass Me By", and "Octopus's Garden".
After the group broke up he became a solo artist; his songs included "It Don't Come Easy", "Photograph" (written with George Harrison), "You're Sixteen" (featuring Paul McCartney and Harry Nilsson), and "Only You (And You Alone)" (with John Lennon and again with Nilsson).
Starr acted in several movies aside from the ones he did with the Beatles, including The Magic Christian (1969), That'll Be The Day (1973), Caveman (1980), and the role of Mr. Conductor on the children's show Shining Time Station, during its first season (1989). (Comedian George Carlin later took over the role). He also narrated the children's show Thomas the Tank Engine and Friends for the first two seasons (1984-1986). He also made a movie with the Beatles called A Hard Day's Night in 1964. He guest starred in the first episode of Courage the Cowardly Dog as an Alien Duck.
Discography
Studio albums
Sentimental Journey (1970)
Beaucoups of Blues (1970)
Ringo (1973)
Goodnight Vienna (1974)
Ringo's Rotogravure (1976)
Ringo the 4th (1977)
Bad Boy (1978)
Stop the Smell the Roses (1981)
Old Wave (1983)
Time Takes Time (1992)
Vertical Man (1998)
Ringo Rama (2003)
Choose Love (2005)
Liverpool 8 (2008)
Y Not (2010)
Ringo 2012 (2012)
References
Other websites
Ringo Starr's official website
1940 births
Living people
Academy Award winners
Actors from Liverpool
English drummers
English movie actors
English movie producers
English voice actors
Grammy Award winners
Knights Bachelor
Members of the Order of the British Empire
Musicians from Liverpool
The Beatles members |
10506 | https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo | Oslo | Oslo is the capital city of Norway. It is Norway's largest city, with a population of 647,676 people in 2015. The area near the city has a total population of 1,546,706. The city government of Oslo and the county are the same thing.
Oslo today
The city is an economic and cultural epicenter. Many important institutions are in Oslo. Among these are the Norwegian government and parliament, the University of Oslo and Ullevål Stadium, the stadium of Norway's soccer team. The city also has many museums, theaters and concert venues. Some good cultural places are Frognerparken, the Oslo Opera, the National Museum and the National Theatre. Travelling inside the city is easy with public transportation. Using tram, subway and bus is easy.
Oslo feels divided into to two parts. West end and East end, with the West traditionally being the upper/middle class area and the East end being a working class and poor area. This has faded in the last 50 years. Fewer people are manual workers and more people are employed in better paid middle-class jobs. Oslo is a very expensive city, with high prices in bars and restaurants, as well as high prices for houses and apartments.
Currently, the mayor of Oslo is Marianne Borgen from The Socialist Left Party.
Oslo has a humid continental climate (Dfb in the Koeppen climate classification).
History
The Saga of Norwegian Kings (written by Snorre Sturlason) says that king Harald III Sigurdsson founded Oslo around 1048. Recent archaeological research has found Christian graves from before 1000. Because of these two facts, Oslo celebrated its 900-year anniversary in 1950 and its 1000-year anniversary in 2000.
One of the more famous landmarks in Oslo is Akershus Fortress. It was first built around 1290. Oslo was destroyed in fire in 1624, and the fortress was rebuilt closer to Akershus Fortress by the order of King Christian IV of Norway. The king gave the new city the name Christiania, which later also written as Kristiania. In 1925 the name of the city was changed back to Oslo.
Other websites
Oslo Kommune official website
Olympic cities
Port cities and towns of the North Sea
11th-century establishments in Europe
Establishments in Norway |